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11,720 | There is little plausibility to the claim that it is absurd to criticize anyone for being critical. Obviously, people must assess one another and not all assessments will be positive. However, there is wisdom behind the injunction against being judgmental. To be judgmental is not merely to assess someone negatively, but to do so prior to a serious effort at understanding. | The main conclusion drawn in the argument is that there is some plausibility to the claim that it is absurd to criticize anyone for being critical. | not-entailment |
3,705 | The desert in northern China shrank greatly compared with the last glacial maximum from 26000 to 16000 years ago, and expanded obviously compared with the holocene warm period from 900 to 5000 years ago. Therefore, the researchers believe that the climate change, and even the ice amount change in the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are the main factors affecting the surface environment changes of deserts and sandy lands in China. | The statement "During a certain period of time, the temperature in northern China rose, rainfall increased, and the area of quicksand shrank by half than before" can best strengthen the above argument. | entailment |
4,545 | Driving is a risky traffic behavior. The psychological, physiological and behavioral characteristics of drivers have a great impact on driving safety, which often determines whether potential accidents may occur. The research shows that female drivers have low discrimination ability to complex traffic environment, and respond less actively than men in stress environment, so they can't cope with emergencies. In addition, There are also significant differences in physical conditions between male and female drivers. The average gap between men and women is quite obvious in terms of vision, physical strength and spatial ability. Therefore, it is suggested that compared with male drivers, female drivers do have the side of road killer, that is, they are more likely to cause serious traffic accidents. | The statement "the ratio of male and female drivers is 7:3" cannot refute the view that there are a large number of female drivers with driver's licenses. | entailment |
13,677 | The Green Peas Grocery Store in the remote wealthy enclave of Luxville charges more than the Green Peas Grocery Store in Oak City charges for the same items. Clearly, on any given item, the Green Peas grocery franchise is taking advantage of its location in Luxville to reap higher profits on that item. | In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to compare the cost of transporting merchandise to the Oak City location with the comparable cost to the Luxville location. | entailment |
710 | Social assistance refers to the system that the state provides assistance to social members who cannot maintain the minimum living standard due to natural disasters or other economic and social reasons through the redistribution of national income, so as to ensure their minimum living standard. | According to the above definition, each rural household with five guarantees can receive a certain amount of support from the Ministry of civil affairs according to a certain standard every year does not belong to social assistance. | not-entailment |
12,345 | Claude: Because of the relatively high number of middle-aged people in the workforce, there will be fewer opportunities for promotion into upper-management positions. Since this will decrease people' s incentive to work hard, economic productivity and the quality of life will diminish. Thelma: This glut of middle-aged workers will lead many people to form their own companies. They will work hard and thus increase economic productivity, improving the quality of life even if many of the companies ultimately fail. | Claude and Thelma are committed to agreeing that the quality of life in a society affects that society's economic productivity. | not-entailment |
3,282 | Only those with good logical thinking ability and physics major background can be qualified for this position. | If the statement that Xiao Li had never studied physics is true, then it cannot be true that Xiao Li was qualified for the post. | entailment |
626 | Remote sensing geophysical prospecting refers to the method of detecting electromagnetic wave information radiated (or reflected) by ground objects with various sensors at a considerable distance to find out various geological or geological conditions. | Remote sensing geophysical prospecting includes the use of mine detection devices to find mines buried in the ground. | not-entailment |
1,906 | In the process of policy implementation, there is still a lack of strong institutions from top to bottom to inspect and supervise the implementation of various policies. Often, whenever there are problems that need to be solved, they issue a document, make some new regulations, or set up new institutions, and pay less attention to the implementation of these policies. Due to the lack of supervision and guarantee system for the implementation of laws, regulations or policy documents, whether they are implemented or not is the same. Over time, the wind that orders are not carried out and prohibitions are still arbitrary will naturally prevail. | The argument is supported by the sentence 'The supervision and inspection of policy implementation must be strengthened.' | entailment |
6,707 | The door is a symbol of secrecy and avoidance, a symbol of the quiet or sad secret struggle of the mind hiding in bliss. A house without a door is not a house, but a hallway. Wherever a man is, he can make himself at ease as long as he is behind a closed door. The mind works most effectively in a closed door. People are not horses that graze together. | People need to have a way to eliminate external interference in order to improve the thinking power of the brain is the correct interpretation of this paragraph. | not-entailment |
14,950 | The journalistic practice of fabricating remarks after an interview and printing them within quotation marks, as if they were the interviewee' s own words, has been decried as a form of unfair misrepresentation. However, people' s actual spoken remarks rarely convey their ideas as clearly as does a distillation of those ideas crafted, after an interview, by a skilled writer. Ttherefore, since this practice avoids the more serious misrepresentation that would occur if people' s exact words were quoted but their ideas only partially expressed, it is entirely defensible. | Concluding that a practice is right on the grounds that it is necessary is a questionable technique used in the argument. | not-entailment |
13,041 | Philosopher: Scientists talk about the pursuit of truth, but, like most people, they are self-interested. Accordingly, the professional activities of most scientists are directed toward personal career enhancement, and only incidentally toward the pursuit of truth. Hence, the activities of the scientific community are largely directed toward enhancing the status of that community as a whole, and only incidentally toward the pursuit of truth. | The reasoning in the philosopher's argument is flawed because the argument improperly draws an inference about the scientific community as a whole from a premise about individual scientists. | entailment |
12,171 | Researchers wanted to know if secondhand tobacco smoke is a significant factor in contracting lung diseases. They conducted a study comparing the health of a group of nonsmoking spouses of smokers with that of a group of nonsmoking spouses of nonsmokers. It was discovered that the spouses of smokers were significantly more susceptible to lung diseases than were the spouses of nonsmokers. The researchers concluded that secondhand tobacco smoke is indeed a factor in the development of lung diseases. | The fact that the group of spouses of smokers was selected from a heavily industrialized urban area, while the group of spouses of nonsmokers was chosen from a rural area most calls into question the researchers' conclusion. | entailment |
4,767 | Parents of a student: Now the students are under too much pressure to study, and they don't have the joy of childhood when they do their homework every day until ten o'clock in the evening! Teachers of the school: The school itself did not put too much pressure on the children and assigned very little homework. It was because the parents enrolled too many tuition classes for the children, which caused all kinds of homework to be completed very late. The children did not have time to play, so there was no happy childhood. | The statement 'Although the teacher did not assign much written homework, the requirements of the homework made students have to apply for tuition' would most question the explanation of the school's teacher. | entailment |
3,592 | Apparent agency means that the actor has no power of agency, exceeds the power of agency or terminates the power of agency to conclude a contract in the name of the principal, and the counterpart has reason to believe that the actor has the power of agency, the agency is effective. | A, a salesperson of enterprise B who was removed for receiving kickbacks but still has a blank contract with the official seal of enterprise B, using this contract to sign a purchase and sales agreement with C is an apparent agency according to the above definition. | entailment |
12,013 | High-technology medicine is driving up the nation' s health care costs. Recent advances in cataract surgery illustrate why this is occurring. Cataracts are a major cause of blindness, especially in elderly people. Ten years ago, cataract surgery was painful and not always effective. Thanks to the new technology used in cataract surgery, the operation now restores vision dramatically and is less expensive. These two factors have caused the number of cataract operations performed to increase greatly, which has, in turn, driven up the total amount spent on cataract surgery. | The total amount spent on cataract surgery has increased because the increased number of people electing to have the surgery more than offsets the decrease in cost per operation can be inferred from the passage. | entailment |
9,679 | Body image disorder refers to a person who compulsively thinks that some parts of his body have a serious defect and adopts special ways to cover up or repair. These perceived defects are usually imagined; even if they do exist, their severity is exaggerated. | Xiao Li, who likes to be clean, spends an hour washing in the bathroom every morning conforms to the performance of body image disorder. | not-entailment |
13,163 | Council member P: Alarmists are those who see an instance of pollution and exaggerate its significance into a major character fault of society. Such alarmists fail to distinguish the incident and the behavior that caused it from the disposition of people not to pollute. Council member Q: To think that there is a lot of pollution based on the discovery of a serious single instance of pollution is simply an application of the widely accepted principle that actions tend to follow the path of least resistance, and it is surely easier to pollute than not to pollute. | Council members P and Q disagree over whether people can change their behavior and not pollute. | not-entailment |
4,136 | S enterprise and J enterprise produce and sale the same instrument. Both the wages of employees in the S and J Enterprises account for 40% of the production instrument. S enterprises are seeking a competitive advantage over J enterprises. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, s enterprises should reduce the wages of employees. | The salary paid by S enterprises to its enterprises being on average 10% higher than that of J company would most weaken this argument if it is true. | not-entailment |
2,622 | A foreign professor recently pointed out that a person with a baby face means he will enjoy a longer life, because people's living conditions are easily reflected in their faces. Since the spring of 1990, the professor's team has conducted physical and cognitive tests on 1826 pairs of twins over the age of 70 and took pictures of their faces. Without knowing their exact age, three research assistants first assessed the age of twins in different age groups and found that even twins were very different in age. The team then followed the twins' lives in their later years for several years until they died. The older the twins, the more likely they are to die first, according to the survey. | The statement 'The three research assistants are relatively young and have not been engaged in the research for a long time' is the most likely to refute the professor's findings. | not-entailment |
1,962 | If China wants to make great achievements in the 21st century, it should not only make efforts on the general skills of international competition and interaction, but more importantly, it should have a clear understanding of the evolution and development trend of world political characteristics in time, so as to stimulate greater strategic wisdom, have a keen insight into the possible trends of the world in the future, timely eliminate all kinds of drawbacks that are not suitable for future development, and safeguard national security and interests. Seek the all-round development of society. In other words, the mission of international strategy is not and cannot be to design some kind of self-righteous outcome for the world. | China's international strategy should clearly recognize the evolution of world political characteristics and the general trend of development is intended to be emphasized in this passage. | not-entailment |
521 | The study found that people aged 20 to 39 are more keen on using sports applications in smart phones. The main reason is that most of them have participated in work, and sub-health is more common in this group, so more and more white-collar workers and young people pay more attention to physical health. At the same time, the obesity rate of young people is relatively high, and young people's pursuit of beauty is far more than that of middle-aged and elderly people, so they care more about sports. In addition, users in this age group are also more familiar with the operation of smart phones. | Many young people work overtime for a long time and sleep is far from enough weakens the above findings. | not-entailment |
5,878 | The popularization of computer and the emergence of the network are changing the way of social information transmission, also changing people's entertainment, but also make the traditional media by a huge impact. Many people spend so much time in front of the computer that they even become Internet autistic. | Internet autism is caused by computers can be inferred. | not-entailment |
9,310 | One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks. | For any acceptable arrangement, G must happen to be scheduled the week before O. | not-entailment |
10,752 | Recently an unusually high number of dolphins have been found dead of infectious diseases, and most of these had abnormally high tissue concentrations of certain compounds that, even in low concentrations, reduce dolphins' resistance to infection. The only source of these compounds in the dolphins' environment is boat paint. Ttherefore, since dolphins rid their bodies of the compounds rapidly once exposure ceases, their mortality rate should decline rapidly if such boat paints are banned. | The statement that the compounds break down into harmless substances after a few months of exposure to water or air most strengthens the argument. | entailment |
11,050 | The size of northern fur seals provides a reliable indication of their population levels -- the smaller the average body size of seals in a population, the larger the population. Archaeologists studied seal fossils covering an 800-year period when the seals were hunted for food by Native peoples in North America and found that the average body size of the seals did not vary significantly. | The statements above, if true, provide the most support for the claim that during the 800-year period studied, seal hunting practices did not vary substantially between different groups of Native peoples in North America. | entailment |
2,091 | Beber's law means that when someone experiences a strong stimulus, the first big stimulus can dilute the influence of the second small stimulus. | According to the above definition, the verse 'I dreamt vaguely that I rode a war horse in iron armor across the frozen river' does not conform to the connotation of Beber's law. | entailment |
4,416 | Vice President: I advocate that at most one of Mr. Wang and Mr. Qiu can be recommended as a candidate for national famous teaching teachers. President: I disagree. | Neither Mr. Wang nor Mr. Qiu can be recommended as candidates for national famous teachers best expresses the principal's opinion. | not-entailment |
2,735 | Because the image of the photo is formed by the contact between the light and the film, each photo has a certain degree of authenticity. However, the photos taken from different angles always reflect the truth of one side of the object rather than the whole truth. in this sense, the photos are not true. Therefore, under the current technical conditions, it is not appropriate to use photographs as evidence, especially in court. | If true, the statement 'In the court trial, although some photos can not be used as evidence, they have important reference value' most weakens the above argument. | not-entailment |
7,072 | Due to fierce competition for survival in the ecological zone, the number of old elephants is decreasing year by year and the survival rate of young elephants is increasing. | The proportion of young elephants will rise within two years. | entailment |
14,461 | In polluted environments, dolphins gradually accumulated toxins in their body fat, and the larger the dolphin the more accumulated toxin it can tolerate. Nearly 80 percent of the toxins a female dolphin has accumulated pass into the fat-rich milk her nursing calf ingests. Ttherefore, the unusually high mortality rate among dolphin calves in the industrially contaminated waters along Florida' s Gulf Coast is probably the result of their being poisoned by their mother' s milk. | The statement 'The rate at which adult dolphins living in the waters along Florida's Gulf Coast accumulate toxins is no higher than that of adult dolphins in comparably polluted waters elsewhere' most strengthens the argument. | not-entailment |
7,517 | Some of Zhao, Qian, Sun and Li won the special prize in the latest lottery. I know now that Zhao can win the special prize only if he plays at the A betting station. If Qian wins the special prize, the lottery must be held after 10:00. The lottery started at 8: 30 a.m. and lasted only 20 minutes, and the lottery number is self-made. | Sun and Li won the special prize can be inferred based on this. | not-entailment |
12,850 | The solution to any environmental problem that is not the result of government mismanagement can only lie in major changes in consumer habits. But major changes in consumer habits will occur only if such changes are economically enticing. As a result, few serious ecological problems will be solved unless the solutions are made economically enticing. | The conclusion drawn in the argument above follows logically if it is assumed that few serious ecological problems are the result of government mismanagement. | entailment |
2,091 | Beber's law means that when someone experiences a strong stimulus, the first big stimulus can dilute the influence of the second small stimulus. | The verse 'After seeing the rough sea, the water in other places is not worth mentioning' does not conform to the connotation of Beber's law according to the above definition. | not-entailment |
14,399 | By competing with rodents for seeds, black ants help control rodent populations that pose a public health risk. However, a very aggressive species of black ant, the Loma ant, which has recently invaded a certain region, has a venomous sting that is often fatal to humans. Ttherefore, the planned introduction into that region of ant flies, which prey on Loma ants, would benefit public health. | The statement 'The sting of Loma ants can also be fatal to rodents' most strengthens the argument. | not-entailment |
10,623 | Jessica: The budget surplus should be used only to increase government payments to those who are unemployed. Marcie: A better use of the money would be for a public works project that would create jobs. | Jessica and Marcie are committed to disagreeing about the truth of there being a better way to use the budget surplus than increasing government payments to those who are unemployed. | entailment |
10,173 | In an electoral society, every politician has to pander to the voters in order to get elected. Cheng Bian was a super politician who wanted to be elected. So he will try his best to pander to voters. In many cases, you can't pander to voters without writing a lot of lip service. In fact, Cheng Bian was elected. | Mr Cheng is likely to offer voters a lot of empty promises is the conclusion that can best be deduced from the question. | entailment |
9,280 | A former vice president of the Shanxi vinegar industry association said that only 5% of the Shanxi aged vinegar sold on the market is the real Shanxi aged vinegar without additives. A vice president of the China seasoning Association said in an interview with reporters on the incident: as long as additives are added according to national standards, there is no safety problem. Some enterprises emphasize that they do not add additives, which is unfair to enterprises that add additives according to normal standards. | The national standard of an industry is too high, which is not conducive to the healthy development of the industry can be logically derived from the words of the vice president of the seasoning association. | entailment |
12,883 | Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle. A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used. It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little. Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years. | The statement 'When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak' provides the strongest justification for the experts' prediction. | not-entailment |
12,231 | Many bird and reptile species use hissing as a threat device against potential predators. The way these species produce hissing sounds is similar enough that it is likely that this behavior developed in an early common ancestor. At the time this common ancestor would have lived, however, none of its potential predators would have yet acquired the anatomy necessary to hear hissing sounds. | The statement 'The production of a hissing sound would have increased the apparent body size of the common ancestor of bird and reptile species' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above. | entailment |
14,412 | Grammarians have for years condemned as ungrammatical the English phrase between you and I, insisting that the correct phrasing is between you and me, with the objective case after a preposition. Such condemnations, however, are obviously unfounded, because Shakespeare himself, in The Merchant of Venice, wrote, All debts are cleared between you and I. | The phrase between you and I appears infrequently in Shakespeare's writings most seriously weakens the argument above. | not-entailment |
9,234 | The same number of eggplant seedlings were planted in the two experimental greenhouses, and only fertilizer A was applied to the first greenhouse, but not to the second greenhouse. The first greenhouse produces 1200 kilograms of eggplant and the second greenhouse produces 900kg eggplant. Nothing but water was applied to the two greenhouses, so fertilizer A must have led to a higher yield of eggplant in the first greenhouse. | The statement 'The quality of the soil and the amount of sunshine in the two greenhouses are different' most seriously weakens the above argument. | entailment |
4,274 | Some studies claim that cancer cells are afraid of heat, and high body temperature can fight cancer. The organs most prone to cancer include lung, stomach, large intestine, breast and so on. The high-temperature organs such as the heart are not easy to get cancer. Therefore, you can raise your body temperature by exercising, drinking hot water, bathing and other methods to fight cancer. | There is a precise regulation mechanism of human body temperature, which basically maintains a stable state, and there is no obvious temperature difference between various organs in the body can best refute the above assertion. | entailment |
2,463 | Some members of a gymnastics team are from Guangxi. | The objects of the above judgment are all members of a gymnastics team. | entailment |
10,516 | A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England. | The list of students going to England can be M, U, and W. | entailment |
14,577 | Years ago, consumers in Frieland began paying an energy tax in the form of two Frieland pennies for each unit of energy consumed that came from nonrenewable sources. Following the introduction of this energy tax, there was a steady reduction in the total yearly consumption of energy from nonrenewable sources. | There was a steady decline in the yearly revenues generated by the energy tax in Frieland must be true on the basis of the statements in the passage. | entailment |
14,835 | Two paleontologists, Dr. Tyson and Dr. Rees, disagree over the interpretation of certain footprints that were left among other footprints in hardened volcanic ash at site G. Dr. Tyson claims they are clearly early hominid footprints since they show human characteristics: a squarish heel and a big toe immediately adjacent to the next toe. However, since the footprints indicate that if hominids made those prints they would have had to walk in an unexpected cross-stepping manner, by placing the left foot to the right of the right foot, Dr. Rees rejects Dr. Tyson' s conclusion. | The statement 'Certain species of bears had feet very like human feet, except that the outside toe on each foot was the biggest toe and the innermost toe was the smallest toe' most seriously undermines Dr. Tyson's conclusion. | entailment |
14,808 | It is undeniable that regular consumption of fast food can lead to serious health problems. However, most people agree that fast food companies should not be held liable for the effects their product has on the health of consumers. Few people, however, disagree with holding tobacco companies liable for the serious health problems caused by cigarette usage. Ttherefore, fast food must not be as unhealthy as cigarettes. | That health concerns are the only reason people believe tobacco companies should be held liable is assumed in the passage. | entailment |
6,966 | Needless to say, bringing economic development into the plan is conducive to maintaining socialist public ownership, preventing the imbalance of economic development, and avoiding periodic economic crises and the resulting waste. However, a perfect economic operation system depends on perfect people to ensure its perfection. For China, a large country with a population of 1.3 billion, these perfect people who make and implement economic plans must have absolutely superhuman wisdom and absolutely noble moral character, like the gods and saints that people worship. | The main argument supported in this paragraph is that we should not approve of bringing the economy fully into the planned track. | entailment |
5,779 | Social insurance is a system adopted by the state to distribute and redistribute national income by coercive means, to form a special consumption fund, and to provide workers with a system of social assistance to help ensure their basic life in the event of incapacity or loss of employment opportunities. | Employment injury insurance is social insurance. | entailment |
7,277 | Not all people can become civil servants. | There must be some people who can't be civil servants can be inferred. | entailment |
7,794 | In the process of studying the situation of a certain town, the following information has been obtained: (1) the villagers in the rich village of Zhang are very industrious; (2) some villagers in the relatively poor village of Li are also very industrious. | Some very industrious people are not villagers in Zhang Village can be inferred. | entailment |
3,272 | A German scientist did a study in which he showed a group of 6-month-old babies pictures of the same size and color. Some pictures showed flowers or fish, and others showed spiders or snakes. They found that the babies did not respond significantly to pictures of flowers or fish, but all had significantly larger pupils when shown pictures of spiders or snakes. As a result, the scientist believes fear of dangerous animals is something we are born with, not learned. | The statement 'Everyone expresses fear in different ways' is the premise of the above argument. | not-entailment |
4,115 | Some animal eggs will hatch by the heat generated when microorganisms in the soil and compost decompose organic matter, but these microorganisms (including bacteria) will also penetrate the eggshell and infect embryos. Naturally, this ratio is higher than 20%. However, in In Australia, there is a bird named Congzhong pheasant , whose eggs are only 9% infected. Researchers have found that their eggshells contain lysozyme. Based on this, the researchers believe that the key factor is that this substance is likely to resist Bacteria infestation. | The amount of lysozyme contained in the eggshell of the Congzhong pheasant is roughly the same as that of other animals is true and does not weaken the above conclusion. | not-entailment |
8,074 | The paddy field is not only a rice planting area, but also a farm where the rice is perfumed and the fish is fat and shrimp is strong. Traditional dwarf rice is densely planted because of the pursuit of maximum yield. In addition, the plant stalk is short and the space in the paddy field is narrow, resulting in poor air circulation and reduced effective oxygen content in the water. The high-stalk rice has a tall plant type, luxuriant leaves and a high canopy, and the plant spacing is relatively sparse, which can provide a good habitat for rice field animals such as frogs, fish and loach, and has the advantage of being suitable for the combination of planting and breeding. The problem of insufficient air convection and insufficient space above the paddy field caused by too dense plants. Compared with the current common paddy field comprehensive planting and breeding model, the economic benefits of this model are significantly improved, which will greatly enhance the enthusiasm of farmers for planting. | The statement 'It will become the development direction of rice farming in the future' is this passage intended to illustrate the cultivation of high stalk rice. | not-entailment |
14,674 | The Blackridge Company, a software retailer, recently implemented a service offering free telephone support for its customers. After 3 months of service, the average length of a technical support call was 15 minutes, 3 minutes higher than the company's target length of 12 minutes. After studying the operations of the new telephone support division, the company discovered that customer support agents were putting customers on hold for an average of 4 minutes per call while these agents researched possible solutions to the technical issues at hand. | The Blackridge Company could reduce the average length of its customer support calls by providing an online support service in addition to the telephone support service. | not-entailment |
4,170 | Motto: Originally refers to the aphorisms written on the side of the seat to motivate, alert and restrain one's behavior. Later, one or a few aphorisms that are remembered by a person or often remind oneself are also called a motto. | Based on the above definition, the statement 'If nature knows, it will perceive the immutable law of prosperity and decline. It is the inevitable law of the development of human society to change, develop and advance constantly' is not suitable for use as a motto. | entailment |
7,174 | Environmentalists pay attention to the high cost of protecting endangered animals and propose that we should decide which animals to be protected by evaluating the value of various endangered animals to human beings. This method is not practical, because it is impossible to predict the future value of an animal. It is also impossible to evaluate the value of animals that make indirect but important contributions to human beings today. | The main argument of the above is that because the method of judging the value of animals to human beings is not perfect, the decisions made on this basis are not reliable. | entailment |
15,186 | A chemical present in all grapes helps reduce blood cholesterol in humans. The chemical is also present in red wine and grape juice, bECACAut not in white wine. Both red wine and grape juice are produced using whole grapes; white wine is produced without using the grape skins. | The skins of red grapes but not of other grapes contain the chemical that reduces blood cholesterol most strongly supports which of the following conclusions. | not-entailment |
12,815 | Nearly everyone has complained of a mistaken utility bill that cannot easily be corrected or of computer files that cannot readily be retrieved. Yet few people today would tolerate waiting in long lines while clerks search for information that can now be found in seconds, and almost no one who has used a word processor would return to a typewriter. | The principle that the fact that people complain about some consequences of technology cannot be taken as a reliable indication that they would choose to live without it conforms most closely to the information above. | entailment |
11,121 | At Tromen University this semester, some students taking French Literature 205 are also taking Biology 218. Every student taking Biology 218 at Tromen is a biology major. Ttherefore, some of the students taking French Literature 205 are not French-literature majors. | The conclusion drawn above follows logically if it is assumed to be true at Tromen University that it is not possible to major in both biology and French literature. | entailment |
1,981 | There is a saying that the human brain has a reward circuit for sugar, that is, sugar intake, which causes the brain to secrete substances that make people happy. Dopamine is the eloquent salesman who makes you fall into a sugar trap before you know it. However, eating too much can be counterproductive. The study found that the consequences of long-term high sugar may lead not only to physical obesity, but also to psychological depression. But it will not take overnight to understand the relationship between food and human body and mind. It will be a long-term study. | People who eat sugar for a long time are more likely to be depressed according to this passage. | entailment |
8,333 | Throughout history, we will find that people are eager to know what will happen in the future. From primitive myths, religious stories to folk legends, there are many contents about prediction. A common feature of these predictions is mystery-knowing what it is but not why. In the history of natural development, scientists have also made predictions many times, and their methods are very different from those of mysticism. For example, in the early days of ancient Greek civilization, the philosopher Fengles traveled to Babylon, learned the periodic law of solar and lunar eclipses and successfully predicted a solar eclipse. This prediction is based on hundreds of years of astronomical observations and laws of Babylonian astronomers, which anyone can do as long as they study hard. There are many such successful predictions of solar and lunar eclipses in ancient China. | The intended description of this passage is "There are a large number of successful cases of scientific prediction at all times and all over the world." | not-entailment |
12,895 | Critic: It is common to argue that there is a distinction between literary and genre fiction. The first should be interpreted, so this argument goes, while the second is merely a source of easy pleasure. But this is a specious distinction -- not because every work should be interpreted, but because no work should be. When we evaluate a work principally for its themes and ideas, we cut ourselves off from the work' s emotional impact. | The claim that when we evaluate a work principally for its themes and ideas, we cut ourselves off from the work's emotional impact is offered as support for the conclusion in the critic's argument. | entailment |
4,975 | In the United States, the average life span of cancer patients, that is the life span from being diagnosed with cancer to death is 7 years, while the average life span of cancer patients in Asia is only 4 years. Therefore, the United States has a higher level of medical care in extending the lifespan of cancer patients than Asia. | On the whole, the United States' awareness of self-care is higher than that of Asians, so the early diagnosis rate of cancer patients in the United States is higher than that in Asia is true and will weaken the above argument most. | entailment |
10,821 | Smith' s new grazing land consists entirely of fescue grass. Half of the grass contains a species of fungus that makes cows ill when they eat it. Smith' s cows will most likely learn to graze exclusively on the grass that does not contain the fungus, since, like many other animals, cows will avoid eating a patch of grass if they sense a substance in it that has made them ill. | At least some cows that have been made ill by the fungus are capable of sensing the fungus in fescue grass is an assumption required by the argument. | entailment |
9,949 | A class plans to select two from three girls, including Fang Rufen, Guo Yanran, and he Zhilian, and three from five boys, including Peng Youwen, Qiu Zhijie, Ren Xiangyang, Song Wenkai, and Tang Xiaohua, to form a group of five college students to teach on a voluntary basis in the mountain area. Requirements: (1) Guo Yanran and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time; (2) Peng Youwen and Song Wenkai are not selected at the same time; (3) Qiu Zhijie and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time. | If He Zhilian is not selected, Tang Xiaohua is also not selected. | entailment |
12,939 | By examining the fossilized leaves of any prehistoric plant it is possible to determine the climate in which that specimen grew because the size and shape of a leaf are unique to a given climate. Since the climate at a given location depends on the altitude at that location, it follows that the size and shape of a fossilized leaf also indicates the altitude at which the plant grew. | The reasoning in the argument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to demonstrate that no species of plant can long survive a violent change in its environment. | not-entailment |
1,683 | Artificial intelligence refers to the intelligence shown by artificial systems. The core issues of artificial intelligence include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception, movement and the ability to manipulate objects. | The technological breakthrough 'By using the digital theorem proving program, scientists have proved 38 theorems in the second chapter of the book Mathematical principles' has nothing to do with artificial intelligence. | entailment |
7,922 | The baby has built up a certain model of the outside world in his mind, a certain view of the outside world. If the model fits the outside world, they are satisfied; If it is not, that is, the desired result does not occur, they feel dissatisfied. | If a baby smiles at a familiar face, it means that the face corresponded to some expectation in his mind according to the text. | entailment |
11,577 | Veterinarians generally derive some of their income from selling several manufacturers' lines of pet-care products. Knowing that pet owners rarely throw away mail from their pet' s veterinarian unread, one manufacturer of pet-care products offered free promotional materials on its products to veterinarians for mailing to their clients. Very few veterinarians accepted the offer, however, even though the manufacturer's products are of high quality. | The statement 'Many pet owners have begun demanding quality in products they buy for their pets that is as high as that in products they buy for themselves' most helps to explain the veterinarian's reaction to the manufacturer's promotional scheme. | not-entailment |
12,638 | The current proposal to give college students a broader choice in planning their own courses of study should be abandoned. The students who are supporting the proposal will never be satisfied, no matter what requirements are established. Some of these students have reached their third year without declaring a major. One first-year student has failed to complete four required courses. Several others have indicated a serious indifference to grades and intellectual achievement. | A flaw in the argument is that it distorts the proposal advocated by opponents. | not-entailment |
14,541 | Over the past few decades dozens of people have claimed to have sighted the Yeti in the Himalayas. This provides strong evidence that the creature exists. | The argument's reasoning is questionable because it fails to consider alternative explanations for the reported sightings. | entailment |
4,853 | Mr. Zhao, Mr. Qian, Mr. Sun and Mr. Li took part in a skills competition and won the first four places in the competition. It is understood that their relationship is as follows. First, Mr. Sun and Mr. Li often meet to play basketball together. Second, the first and third place just met in this competition; Third, the second can't ride a bike, nor play basketball; Fourth, Mr. Zhao's rank is higher than That of Mr. Qian. Fifth, Mr. Qian and Mr. Li ride bicycles to work together every day. | According to the above conditions, the correct order to judge the winner of the first, second, third and fourth places in this competition is Mr. Li, Mr. Zhao, Mr. Sun, and Mr. Qian. | not-entailment |
4,178 | A, B, C, D and E live in houses 1,2,3,4 and 5 in the same neighborhood. It is now known that A and B are not neighbors. B's room number is smaller than D's. The number of rooms in room C is even number. Room number A is 3 higher than E. | According to the above conditions, D Lives in room number 3. | entailment |
10,791 | Nuclear fusion is a process whereby the nuclei of atoms are joined, or fused, and in which energy is released. One of the by-products of fusion is helium-4 gas. A recent fusion experiment was conducted using heavy water contained in a sealed flask. The flask was, in turn, contained in an air-filled chamber designed to eliminate extraneous vibration. After the experiment, a measurable amount of helium-4 gas was found in the air of the chamber. The experimenters cited this evidence in support of their conclusion that fusion had been achieved. | The statement 'The amount of helium-4 found in the chamber's air did not exceed the amount of helium-4 that is found in ordinary air' would cast doubt on the experimenters' conclusion. | entailment |
8,563 | More than 400 East Asian languages, including Chinese, Tibetan, Qiang and Burmese, are considered to share a common ancestral language, collectively known as the Sino-Tibetan language family, whose mother tongue is second only to the Indo-European family. For a long time, linguists have long disputed the genetic relationship, the time of differentiation and the place of origin of each language branch within the Sino-Tibetan language family. Recently, the research team of Fudan University announced that, using analytical methods such as linguistics and genetics, they found that the Sino-Tibetan language family originated in northern China in the Neolithic Age and was divided for the first time about 6,000 years ago. The results were recently published online in the British journal Nature in the form of original research papers. | The relationship between the Sino-Tibetan language family and the Indo-European language family is not likely to be introduced in this passage next. | entailment |
11,641 | Nutritionist: The food pyramid was amended to provide the public with a healthier nutrition plan to combat the obesity epidemic. The base of the previous food pyramid -- the grains group -- advised people to eat six-to-eleven servings of pasta and bread per day. In contrast, the updated pictorial nutrition guide shows a plate, and it reduces the percentage of dietary intake of grains and replaces the difference with lean proteins and vegetables. The updated guide has been wildly successful, as citizens have lost a significant amount of weight. | The statement 'Eating six-to-eleven servings of pasta and bread increased citizens' risk of heart disease' most strengthens the nutritionist's conclusion. | not-entailment |
8,866 | The coach of a provincial go team selects four of the seven players E, F, G, H, J, K and M to participate in the professional league. The selection must meet the following conditions: one of E or F will participate, but not both. One of J or K participates, but not both. If J participates, G participates. M will not participate unless F participates. | G or H, or both, will definitely take part in the competition. | not-entailment |
513 | Projective identity refers to a behavior pattern in which a person induces others to respond in an established way, which is reflected in interpersonal relationships. It is often that A projects the good or bad object in his heart onto B and thinks that B is good or bad. And B accepts this projection fantasy, so he treats A in the way envisaged by A, Then A further verified his hypothesis and thought that B was the person he thought. | According to the above definition, projective identity is an outstanding father can naturally raise excellent children. | entailment |
2,461 | It is impossible that all Hong Kong people can speak Mandarin. | Inevitably, all Hong Kong people can't speak Mandarin has the closest meaning to the above judgment. | not-entailment |
14,103 | Albumin, one element of blood plasma, is an effective substitute for plasma in treating or preventing shock, the collapse of blood vessels due to a drop in the liquid volume of the bloodstream. Injected into the bloodstream, albumin absorbs enough liquid from surrounding tissues to keep the blood vessels open. It has an advantage over plasma because it can be made available for emergencies while taking up a fraction of the shipping and storage space of plasma. | Dehydrated foods have much the same food value as ordinary foods and are more convenient for hikers because they are lighter and take up less space in backpacks best illustrates the principle illustrated by the stated advantage of using albumin as a substitute for plasma. | entailment |
2,455 | At the end of the Second World War, women of childbearing age in a country reached the lowest point. In the mid-1950s, 10 years after the end of the Second World War, the average family had 4.5 children. Ten years ago, the number of women of childbearing age in the country reached an all-time high. At present, the average family has only 1.82 children. | The number of women of childbearing age has nothing to do with fertility can be drawn from the above. | not-entailment |
12,137 | Lobsters and other crustaceans eaten by humans are more likely to contract gill diseases when sewage contaminates their water. Under a recent proposal, millions of gallons of local sewage each day would be rerouted many kilometers offshore. Although this would substantially reduce the amount of sewage in the harbor where lobsters are caught, the proposal is pointless, because hardly any lobsters live long enough to be harmed by those diseases. | Humans often become ill as a result of eating lobsters with gill diseases most seriously weakens the argument. | entailment |
8,344 | Youth A, B, C, D and E from a village applied for employment in a housing maintenance company. According to their respective expertise, five of them were employed as welders, bricklayers, electricians, carpenters and plumbers. It is known that each of them does only one type of work, and one of their five people does each type of work, and it is also known that: (1) if A works as a welder, C works as a carpenter; (2) if one of B and D works as a plumber, then A works as a welder; (3) C or works as a bricklayer, or an electrician. | If E works as a bricklayer, it can be inferred that A works as a plumber. | entailment |
1,279 | Generally speaking, broken objects are always unbeautiful. But how to explain the fact that the remains of so many ancient buildings, sculptures and even daily necessities are considered beautiful? It may be because these remains with aesthetic value are of great value, either because of their considerable scale, or because of important practical functions, such as magnificent palaces, mausoleums, temples, city walls, ancient bridges, ancient pagodas, etc., it contains the extraordinary wisdom and great hard work of our predecessors, whether it is destroyed in war or natural disasters, it will arouse people's regret and caress the remains to think of the whole. There are a large number of such ancient buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage project, such as the Great Wall of China, the Parthenon in Greece, Angkor Wat in Cambodia and so on. | The main content of this text is why ruins are beautiful. | entailment |
11,559 | Politicians often advocate increased overall economic productivity while ignoring its drawbacks. For example, attempting to increase the productivity of a corporation means attempting to increase its profitability, which typically leads to a reduction in the number of workers employed by that corporation. Thus, attempting to increase productivity in the economy as a whole may benefit business owners, but will increase the number of unemployed workers. | The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument presumes, without providing justification, that increased unemployment is sufficient reason to abandon increased productivity as an economic goal. | not-entailment |
3,569 | Digital divide: refers to the trend of information gaps between different countries, regions, industries, companies, and communities in the global digitalization process due to differences in the degree of ownership, application, and innovation capabilities of information and network technologies. | According to the above definition, the phenomenon of large companies having the ability and capital to establish big data systems, while small companies often look to them, belongs to the digital divide. | entailment |
12,723 | Geneticist: Ethicists have fears, many of them reasonable, about the prospect of cloning human beings, that is, producing exact genetic duplicates. But the horror-movie image of a wealthy person creating an army of exact duplicates is completely unrealistic. Clones must be raised and educated, a long-term process that could never produce adults identical to the original in terms of outlook, personality, or goals. More realistic is the possibility that wealthy individuals might use clones as living organ banks. | The statement 'It is a reason for discounting one possible fear concerning the cloning of human beings' plays the role of the claim that cloning will not produce adults with identical personalities in the geneticist's argument. | entailment |
4,781 | There is a report that: Those who think that the zoo's safety management measures are already in place should be sober in the face of the following news reports. Yesterday, a man fell into the monkey mountain. Fortunately, the management arrived in time to disperse the monkeys, The man was sent to the hospital for emergency treatment, and it did not cause serious consequences. Therefore, the zoo's safety measures should be further improved. | The statement "It was extremely accidental that the man fell into the Monkey Mountain, and there has been no such incident in the zoo for ten years" is the most effective to refute the viewpoint of the above report. | not-entailment |
10,657 | The cost of manufacturing automobiles is considerably greater in Esteria than in Burdistan. In order to stimulate Esterian consumers' purchases of domestically manufactured automobiles, the Esterian government has historically charged taxes on automobiles manufactured in Burdistan. Five years ago, however, the Esterian government dropped those taxes; in those five years, the number of workers employed in Esterian automobile factories has decreased by 30%. Ttherefore, the number of vehicles manufactured and sold in Esteria must have decreased in the last five years. | The statement 'Because vehicles manufactured in Esteria have a reputation for high quality, many Esterian consumers have continued to purchase domestically manufactured vehicles since the tax was abolished' most weakens the argument. | not-entailment |
2,236 | From the perspective of top-level design, the cultivation and construction of craftsman spirit in China should be based on building a cooperative guarantee platform, carrying out pluralistic dialogue among different subjects, constructing a cooperative development mechanism of industry, teaching and research, and strengthening the function of spiritual cultivation in vocational colleges. From the perspective of coordinated development, the main body of craftsman spirit in our country urgently needs to strengthen the market management system, cultivate high-quality consumer market, constantly improve the salary system of technical and skilled personnel and construct vocational colleges according to their own role orientation and functional attributes, training center, enterprise three-station interaction mechanism. | Building a collaborative platform is the focus of cultivating the spirit of craftsmen is the main description of this paragraph. | not-entailment |
7,655 | After comparing bone changes in people living in Europe over the past 33,000 years, the researchers found that the strength of both leg bones continued to decline from the Middle Stone Age 10,000 years ago to the Roman Empire 2,000 years ago, but the strength of the upper arm bone, which was not related to running, remained stable. It was during this period that agriculture began to rise and human beings gradually changed to a settled way of life. The rise of agriculture has led to lighter bones in modern humans, but the strength of the two later leg bones has barely changed. The researchers concluded that the effects of mechanization and urbanization on bone strength were not significant. | The most likely hypothesis for the researchers' conclusion is that from 33,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago, the human way of life has not changed significantly. | not-entailment |
10,433 | One study showed that eating celery could help curb aggressive emotions. 151 women were surveyed. Of the women who said they ate celery regularly, 95 percent said they were rarely aggressive or outright provoked. Of the women who didn't eat celery regularly, 53 percent said they were often anxious, angry, and aggressive. | The statement 'Those women who often eat celery pay more attention to fitness, and fitness consumes a lot of physical energy, is very tired, and suppresses aggressive emotions' weakens the above conclusion, except. | not-entailment |
1,404 | The number of human genes is almost the same as that of mammals such as cats and dogs, and very close to that of mice. What is even more exasperating is that rice has twice as many genes as humans. | The point of view you want to express in this paragraph is that the number of genes does not represent the level of species. | entailment |
14,003 | Researchers have discovered that caffeine can be as physically addictive as other psychoactive substances. Some people find that they become unusually depressed, drowsy, or even irritable if they do not have their customary dose of caffeine. This is significant because as many people consume caffeine as consume any one of the other addictive psychoactive substances. | If alcohol is a physically addictive psychoactive substance, there are not more people who consume alcohol than consume caffeine can be logically concluded from the information above. | entailment |
11,767 | Art historian: This painting, purportedly by Mary Cassatt, is a forgery. Although the canvas and other materials are consistent with most of Cassatt' s work, and the subject matter is similar to that of Cassatt' s finest paintings, the brush style of this painting is not found in any work known to be Cassatt' s. Hence this painting is definitely not a genuine Cassatt. | The art historian's argument depends on assuming that none of Cassatt's works is painted using a brush style that is not exhibited in any of her known works. | entailment |
8,646 | The newspaper group of a certain city encountered difficulties in operation and went to a consulting company for assistance. The consulting company sent Dr. Zhang to investigate the period of the publishing of the target newspaper. There is a morning paper in the morning, a daily newspaper in the morning and an evening paper in the afternoon, all of which are not prepared for night. Dr. Zhang suggested that they should set up a Metropolitan Night News to occupy this market. | The period of the publishing of the newspaper and the reading time of the reader being different can properly point out the problems in Dr. Zhang's analysis. | entailment |
8,783 | Harbin people are all northerners, and some Harbin people are not workers. | If the above proposition is correct, some workers must also be northerners. | entailment |
14,144 | Geneticist: Billions of dollars are spent each year on high-profile experiments that attempt to link particular human genes with particular personality traits. Though such experiments seem to promise a new understanding of human nature, they have few practical consequences. Meanwhile, more mundane and practical genetic projects -- for example, those that look for natural ways to make edible plants hardier or more nutritious -- are grossly underfunded. Thus, funding for human gene research should be reduced while funding for other genetic research should be increased. | Experiments that get little media attention and are not widely supported by the public are more valuable than are those that get much media coverage and have wide public support is a principle that, if valid, most helps to justify the geneticist's reasoning. | not-entailment |
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