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13,228 | To use the pool at City Gym, one must have a membership there. Sarah has a membership at City Gym. She must ttherefore use the pool there at least occasionally. | The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument treats a statement whose truth is required for the conclusion to be true as though it were a statement whose truth ensures that the conclusion is true. | entailment |
3,337 | Last year, a shopping mall sold 20 million yuan in two days on national day. This year, the shopping mall is expected to reach 70 million yuan during National Day. | The statement "During the National Day every year, the mall found that the daily sales were almost the same" best supports the above reasoning. | entailment |
15,038 | Naturalist: The recent claims that the Tasmanian tiger is not extinct are false. The Tasmanian tiger' s natural habitat was taken over by sheep farming decades ago, resulting in the animal' s systematic elimination from the area. Since then naturalists working in the region have discovered no hard evidence of its survival, such as carcasses or tracks. In spite of alleged sightings of the animal, the Tasmanian tiger no longer exists. | The assumption that the Tasmanian tiger did not move and adapt to a different region in response to the loss of habitat is on which the naturalist's argument depends. | entailment |
8,329 | Versailles literature refers to a way of speaking in a low-key but actually self-showing way of speaking in a variety of public occasions by suppressing and then raising, openly derogating and praising. | The option 'Friends envied Mr. Zheng's good living habits, and he explained many times why: when he was a child, his family was very poor, and he often had a bowl of gruel for dinner in the evening. In order not to starve, he had to go to bed early and get up early to form such a habit' belongs to Versailles literature. | not-entailment |
8,483 | The level of governance of a city is often measured not by how many high-rise buildings it has built, but also by how much dignity the vulnerable groups have and whether their lives can be basically guaranteed. This is usually the case, and the same is true during the prevention and control of the epidemic. The task of prevention and control is arduous, and it is not easy to take care of all aspects and every group. But the more under these conditions, the more we should pay attention to the people who need the most attention: the more the public's life is pressed the pause button, the more we should pay attention to those who do not have a sustainable life, and provide them with warmth and confidence. | Through this passage, it is intended that the author emphasizes that it is particularly important to protect people's livelihood during the prevention and control of the epidemic. | not-entailment |
13,050 | Economist: Countries with lower tax rates tend to have stronger economies. Although higher taxes raise more revenue, highly taxed consumers have less disposable income. An economy can never grow if consumers aren' t able to purchase goods and services. Ttherefore, the government should lower tax rates across the board. | The economist's argument depends on assuming that consumers' disposable income is directly related to their ability to purchase goods and services. | entailment |
5,616 | The total population of a country has declined since 2005. It is estimated that by 2100, the total population of the country will be only half of the current one. Therefore, the government has issued a series of policies to encourage fertility. However, so far, the average number of children born by women in the country is only 1.3, far lower than the level of maintaining the normal renewal of the population (2.07) Therefore, some people believe that these policies to encourage fertility implemented by the government have not achieved the expected results. | If the government did not introduce a policy to encourage fertility, the total child population would be much lower than it is now can best refute the above assertion. | entailment |
12,966 | Household indebtedness, which some theorists regard as causing recession, was high preceding the recent recession, but so was the value of assets owned by households. Admittedly, if most of the assets were owned by quite affluent households, and most of the debt was owed by low-income households, high household debt levels could have been the cause of the recession despite high asset values: low-income households might have decreased spending in order to pay off debts while the quite affluent ones might simply have failed to increase spending. But, in fact, quite affluent people must have owed most of the household debt, since money is not lent to those without assets. Ttherefore, the real cause must lie elsewhere. | The argument is structured to lead to the conclusion that high levels of household debt have little impact on the economy. | not-entailment |
7,063 | When we are suffering from some psychological pain, such as loneliness, social isolation, self doubt, negative emotions, and feel that life is meaningless, nostalgia can play a role in coping mechanism. These troubles make the brain begin to screen its own memory bank and summarize some fragments with specific narrative characteristics. Through nostalgia, we can resurface past successful experiences and close interpersonal relationships, At that time, our lives were safe and orderly. The psychologist explained: you are reiterating to yourself that 'I have done great things' and hope this sentence can predict the future development.' although I am not sure now, looking at my past, I know that I am a lovable person. I am destined to achieve great things'. | Nostalgia will make us escape from reality is inconsistent with the original text. | entailment |
12,409 | The waters off the coast of Iceland are filled with pods of killer whales, which migrate there during the summer. Wildlife parks that rely on the killer whales for entertainment hunt the killer whale almost exclusively in the water of Iceland, because strict sanctions forbid them from doing so off the coast of North America, an area also abundant in killer whales. Since Iceland recently gave into pressure from international groups opposed to the hunting of killer whales, it too will forbid the hunting of killer whales off its coast. Ttherefore, all wildlife parks will be forced to end their shows featuring killer whales once their current killer whales are unable to perform. | In-park killer whale births have become increasingly common, especially in those wildlife parks that harbor a large number of killer whales, and does not cast doubt on the conclusion of the argument. | not-entailment |
7,668 | Lao Zhang, Lao Zhang's sister, Lao Zhang's son and Lao Zhang's daughter have a table tennis match. After the competition, it was found that the age of the first place was the same as that of the fourth place, but the sex of the first twin (one of the above four) was different from that of the fourth place. | Based on the above information, Lao Zhang's son is No. 1. | not-entailment |
6,633 | In British education, children are expected to respect not only family and friends, but also love and responsibility for all life. It is the nature of children to love small animals. To cherish and cherish small animals as the entry point and hand over to children to cherish life is a common way adopted by kindergartens and primary schools in Britain. In addition, some wildlife parks or rescue centers in the UK also work with primary and secondary schools to organize visits for injured animals and abandoned pets. Under this educational background, parents will deliberately teach their children to understand the meaning of life and pass on rationality and warmth from generation to generation. | The main content of the discussion refers to respect for life conveying rationality and warmth. | entailment |
11,898 | Planetary bodies differ from one another in their composition, but most of those in the Solar System have solid surfaces. Unless the core of such a planetary body generates enough heat to cause volcanic action, the surface of the body will not be renewed for millions of years. Any planetary body with a solid surface whose surface is not renewed for millions of years becomes heavily pockmarked by meteorite craters, just like the Earth' s Moon. Some old planetary bodies in the Solar System, such as Europa, a very cold moon belonging to Jupiter, have solid icy surfaces with very few meteorite craters. | If the claims above are true, then some planetary bodies whose cores generate enough heat to cause volcanic action do not have solid icy surfaces must, on the basis of them, be true. | not-entailment |
324 | Xiao Wang and Xiao Li are now second-year students in the Department of Economics. When assessing the scholarship based on the total scores of the first-year course, it is known that they both have the same scores in the course of economic principles, while the other six courses such as English and Advanced Mathematics have slight differences. In the end, Xiao Wang won the scholarship. | If Xiao Wang's lowest score is much higher than Xiao Li's, we can judge that Xiao Wang's total score is higher than Xiao Li's. | not-entailment |
11,459 | Humans began to spread across North America around 12, 000 years ago, as the climate became warmer. During the same period the large mammals that were once abundant in North America, such as the mastodon, the woolly mammoth, and the saber-toothed tiger, became extinct. Thus, contrary to the myth that humans formerly lived in harmony with the rest of nature, it is clear that even 12, 000 years ago human activity was causing the extinction of animal species. | The argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that the evidence it cites is consistent with the alternative hypothesis that the large mammals' extinction was a direct result of the same change in climate that allowed humans to spread across North America. | entailment |
11,560 | On the basis of the available evidence, Antarctica has generally been thought to have been covered by ice for at least the past 14 million years. Recently, however, three-million-year-old fossils of a kind previously found only in ocean-floor sediments were discovered under the ice sheet covering central Antarctica. About three million years ago, ttherefore, the Antarctic ice sheet must temporarily have melted. After all, either severe climatic warming or volcanic activity in Antarctica' s mountains could have melted the ice sheet, thus raising sea levels and submerging the continent. | The main conclusion of the argument is that the ice sheet covering Antarctica has not been continuously present throughout the past 14 million years. | entailment |
12,966 | Household indebtedness, which some theorists regard as causing recession, was high preceding the recent recession, but so was the value of assets owned by households. Admittedly, if most of the assets were owned by quite affluent households, and most of the debt was owed by low-income households, high household debt levels could have been the cause of the recession despite high asset values: low-income households might have decreased spending in order to pay off debts while the quite affluent ones might simply have failed to increase spending. But, in fact, quite affluent people must have owed most of the household debt, since money is not lent to those without assets. Ttherefore, the real cause must lie elsewhere. | The conclusion of the argument is that high levels of household debt have little impact on the economy. | not-entailment |
2,169 | Psychologists have long supported the theory of mathematical talent; mathematical ability is the ability that human beings have from birth, even animals have this ability. They believe that there is a natural mathematical core, through self development, this mathematical core will eventually grow into all the mathematical abilities we are familiar with. Recently, some opponents have put forward a different point of view; mathematical ability has no talent and it can only be the product of culture. | The statement 'Babies aged 10 to 12 months already know that three black spots and four black spots are different' can best support the views of opponents. | not-entailment |
8,614 | Ordinary consumers are limited by the status of professional and vulnerable groups and cannot effectively identify false or distorted negative information. Even if companies try to clarify, in the current public opinion dissemination environment of good things don't go out, bad things spread thousands of miles, the strong memory effect will It makes it difficult for people who pursue risk aversion to change their original misconceptions, and they will still use it as a guide for consumer decision-making for a long time in the future, which makes it difficult to clarify the injustice of some law-abiding companies, and also gives Businesses have suffered serious losses. | The statement 'The regulatory department establishes credit files for enterprises and provides consumers with a dynamic panorama of the company's situation' would most weaken the above argument. | entailment |
13,155 | The mayor boasts that the average ambulance turnaround time, the time from summons to delivery of the patient, has been reduced this year for top-priority emergencies. This is a serious misrepresentation. This reduction was produced simply by redefining top priority. Such emergencies used to include gunshot wounds and electrocutions, the most time-consuming cases. Now they are limited strictly to heart attacks and strokes. | One half of all of last year's top-priority emergencies were gunshot wounds and electrocution cases would strengthen the author's conclusion that it was the redefinition of top priority that produced the reduction in turnaround time. | entailment |
4,203 | Financing refers to the monetary transaction means or acquisition of assets to pay more than the purchase price of cash, and the monetary means used to raise funds | According to the above definition, Xiao Zhang in order to facilitate commuting, take out their 80,000 yuan savings, find parents borrowed 30,000 yuan, bought a car is not financing. | entailment |
13,196 | Federal investigators, called in at the request of the management of Ploutos National Bank, recently apprehended a ring of seven embezzlers from among the bank' s employees. The bank management decided to call in the federal investigators when they were unable to account for millions of dollars missing in their budget for this year. All the funds those seven individuals embezzled have been returned to the bank, and that accounts for about two thirds of the total amount missing. All seven of the accused have plea-bargained to avoid trial and are now serving in prison on reduced sentences. | The conclusion that the Ploutos National Bank still has reason to suspect more embezzlers beyond the seven apprehended by Federal investigators can most properly be drawn from the information above. | entailment |
4,567 | Some people believe that high levels of testosterone are the main cause of heart attack in men. However, this view is wrong, because testosterone levels in men with heart disease are generally lower than those in men without heart disease. | The above discussion is based on the assumption that hormone levels other than testosterone significantly affect a person's likelihood of heart disease. | not-entailment |
10,731 | Correctly measuring the productivity of service workers is complex. Consider, for example, postal workers: they are often said to be more productive if more letters are delivered per postal worker. But is this really true? What if more letters are lost or delayed per worker at the same time that more are delivered? | The objection implied above to the productivity measure described is based on doubts about the truth of the statement that 'The number of letters delivered is relevant to measuring the productivity of postal workers.' | not-entailment |
3,340 | A unit selects students to study abroad on the condition that they are proficient in business and fluent in English or French. Xiao Hong was not selected. | If Xiao Hong is proficient in business, she is not fluent in English and French can be derived from the above information. | entailment |
11,053 | Morris High School has introduced a policy designed to improve the working conditions of its new teachers. As a result of this policy, only one-quarter of all part-time teachers now quit during their first year. However, a third of all full-time teachers now quit during their first year. Thus, more full-time than part-time teachers at Morris now quit during their first year. | The argument's reasoning is questionable because the argument fails to rule out the possibility that Morris High School employs more new part-time teachers than new full-time teachers. | entailment |
1,313 | When the development of the enterprise organization is slow and bad problems occur internally, the enterprise must change the management mode. When the external change has little impact, the enterprise can make small adjustments from the daily management details to adapt to the change. When small adjustments cannot adapt to changes, enterprises need to consider management change. It should be noted that adaptive adjustment and management change may not be 100% successful, but if they do not make adjustments or changes, the operation of enterprises will inevitably fail. | If there are bad problems within the enterprise, adaptive adjustment can be considered first is an accurate understanding with regard to this paragraph. | entailment |
1,064 | Induced motion refers to the illusion of motion of an adjacent stationary object due to the motion of an object. | According to the above definition, when we look at the night sky and see the moon moving and the clouds stationary, it is an example of induced motion. | entailment |
8,953 | There are five volcanic islands E, F, G, H and I along the eastern coast of a country, which are arranged in a straight line from north to south. At the same time, it is found that: (1) F is adjacent to H and to the north of H. (2) I and E are adjacent. (3) G is somewhere to the north of F. | If G is found to be the northernmost island, the possible order of the group of islands is 4. | entailment |
5,386 | When the problem is difficult to be solved directly, Application of Transforming Thought refers to the characteristics of the nature, conditions and relations of the problem; Adopt appropriate transformation methods to transform the problem, and finally turn it into an easy, simpler or solved problem. | Application of Transforming Thought applies to legal researchers theorizing legal methods, which rise to legal methodology. | not-entailment |
3,247 | Recessive hunger is the hunger symptom of the hidden nutritional requirement, which is caused by the imbalance of nutrition or the lack of some vitamins and essential minerals, and the excessive intake of other nutrients. | Uncle Wang uses clear porridge and hot soup as his main diet because of his weak intestines and stomach. He does not often eat big fish and meat and raw and cold melons and fruits. Later, due to lack of protein and vitamins in his diet, his memory loss was caused is recess | entailment |
64 | Modern Western Aesthetics, instead of applying the traditional philosophical methods in the past, it moves towards psychological aesthetics and scientific aesthetics. Psychological aesthetics uses scientific methods to study human aesthetic psychology, focusing on the subject; scientific aesthetics uses scientific methods to analyze the structure and function of aesthetic objects, focusing on the object. But no matter which method is adopted, they think that endless philosophical and speculative discussions on the essence of beauty (the definition of beauty) are meaningless. | It can be seen from this that psychological aesthetics studies the aesthetic psychology of people, focusing on the study of the subject and content of aesthetic. | not-entailment |
13,389 | Essayist: Human history is filled with the longing for eternal youth and immortality. Yet aging and death are normal and inevitable, indeed even desirable. Just imagine the ethical, social, and economic consequences that would result if it ever became possible to prevent them. | The claim that human history is filled with the longing for eternal youth and immortality is one of the conclusions of the argument, though it is not the main conclusion. | not-entailment |
6,123 | In the cinema chain in the United States, whether it is a blockbuster movie or a low-cost production, the ticket price is the same. This does not seem to be in line with the economic theory that the size of demand determines the price. Some researchers pointed out that the ticket prices of all movies released in any theater at the same time were the same, and this phenomenon formed in the 1970s. This is not only the case in the film industry, but also sports events and performances. Although in certain times and in certain regions, mobile pricing can make film companies and theaters obtain higher revenue, but for theaters, keeping the same ticket prices for different movies still has more advantages than disadvantages. | Reasons why the same ticket price for different movies is more beneficial to the cinema is most likely to be said next in this passage. | entailment |
10,692 | Real estate agent: Upon selling a home, the sellers are legally entitled to remove any items that are not permanent fixtures. Legally, large appliances like dishwashers are not permanent fixtures. However, since many prospective buyers of the home are likely to assume that large appliances in the home would be included with its purchase, sellers who will be keeping the appliances are morally obliged either to remove them before showing the home or to indicate in some other way that the appliances are not included. | If a home's sellers have indicated in some way that a large appliance is included with the home's purchase, then they are morally obliged not to remove that appliance after showing the home is a principle that most helps to justify the real estate agent's argumentation. | not-entailment |
10,364 | There are 6 pieces of blue and white porcelain: S, Y, M, Q, K, X. The age of each piece is different, and the exhibition is sorted from the earliest to the latest from left to right. The known conditions are as follows: (1) the age of M is earlier than that of X. (2) if the age of Y is earlier than that of M, then the age of Q is earlier than that of K and X. (3) if the age of M is earlier than that of Y, then the age of K is earlier than that of Q and X. (4) the age of S is either earlier than Y or M, and it can't have both. | The option Y cannot be the earliest porcelain. | not-entailment |
9,854 | Sonic boom is that when the aircraft breaks through the sound barrier, due to the compression of the air can not spread rapidly, it will gradually form a shock surface. The highly concentrated acoustic energy on the shock surface causes a loud sound, which makes people feel a short and extremely strong explosion. Sonic boom occur only when they break through the sound barrier, that is, flying at supersonic speeds. The sonic booms cloud is a conical cloud with the aircraft as the central axis and spreads uniformly from the front of the wing to all sides. It is mainly due to the fact that the velocity of the air flow is faster than the conduction speed of the air when breaking through the speed of sound, which can not effectively pull down the airflow, resulting in a decrease in density, a decrease in air pressure, and water vapor condensing into tiny water droplets, which looks like a cloud-like state to the naked eye. Sonic boom cloud often appear in transonic flights, but not only in transonic flights. | According to the above definition, when a sonic boom is produced, there will be a sonic boom cloud. | not-entailment |
432 | The careful design of some products makes the products convenient and efficient, brings comfort to customers, and customers don't have to read complex instructions or ask for help from others. On the contrary, some products are designed without considering users' habits and needs, so people will encounter difficulties or confusion in the process of use. This kind of products are called Norman Products. | The shape and size of car radio buttons are the same as those of other equipment switches. It is difficult for users to distinguish which radio button is, according to the above definition, a Norman Product. | entailment |
2,375 | When you think about the origin of the fertile land, you can't help but feel a feeling that can be passed down from generation to generation. The planet on which we live was a lonely boulder in the oldest times, without a layer of soil. It took hundreds of millions of years for the power of the sun's wind and rain and the remains of primitive creatures to create layers of soil, and only a thin layer of soil was added to the earth every thousand years. Think of our loess plateau in North China, where the soil is 50 meters thick. That should be the masterpiece of nature for how long! | With the power of the sun, wind and rain, coupled with the remains of primitive creatures, it took hundreds of millions of years to create layers of soil for the earth has a wrong understanding of the original text. | not-entailment |
2,673 | The Campus Food Festival of Jianghai University opened. Five people from a female dormitory actively signed up for the activity. Their names are Jin can, Mu Xin, Narcissus, Huoshan and Tulun. The organizers require each applicant to make only one dish to participate in the evaluation, but bring their own ingredients. Limited to conditions, the dormitory has only five kinds of ingredients: Flammulina velutipes, fungus, peach, ham and potatoes. It is required that only 2 people can choose each kind of food. Each person can only choose two kinds of ingredients, and the first word of the name of the food selected by each person is different from his or her surname. It is known that: (1) if Jin can chooses peaches, daffodils do not choose Flammulina velutipes; (2) if Mu Xin chooses Flammulina velutipes or potatoes, she must also choose Auricularia auricula; (3) if Huo Shan chooses peaches, she must also choose fungus and potatoes; (4) if Mu Xin chooses ham, Huoshan does not choose Flammulina velutipes. | Based on this, it can be concluded that Huoshan chooses fungus and peach is correct. | not-entailment |
5,714 | A traveler wants to go to the railway station. In the morning, he starts from the hotel and arrives at an intersection. The intersection leads to four directions: Southeast and northwest. There are hotels, hotels, bookstores and railway stations in the four directions. The bookshop is in the northeast of the hotel and the hotel is in the northwest of the railway station. | The traveler should go south to reach the railway station. | entailment |
724 | Economies of Scope is an economy brought about by the business scope rather than scale of manufacturers. It is an economic phenomenon that the cost of producing two products at the same time is lower than that of producing the second product respectively | A dairy factory that produces cheese and yogurt together, and has improved their products and increased their sales volume as a result of their production processes learning from each other, belongs to Economies of Scope according to the above definition. | not-entailment |
9,598 | Semantic generalization refers to a word that originally refers to a specific thing or phenomenon, and later can generally refer to a number of related things or phenomena. | In ancient times, river specifically refers to the Yellow River, but now it can also refer to other rivers belongs to semantic generalization. | entailment |
9,673 | Since ancient times, the study of rhetoric has always included the level of ethics. The so-called rhetoric is the skill, skill or art of using language to persuade others effectively. The ethical value of rhetoric as a public discourse includes good motivation, goodwill to others and the truth of the content of the discourse. If you leave or turn your back on such ethical values, speech skills will become a kind of improper rhetoric, a means that can be used to achieve an end, an improper sophistry or clever speech. | The central topic of this passage is the connotation of ethical value. | not-entailment |
13,994 | Mysterious ancient tracks cut into limestone have recently been found on the island of Malta. The tracks wander, sometimes disappearing under modem structures. Their origin and purpose are unknown, but evidence indicates that they could have connected settlements or water sources. One archaeologist hypothesizes, based on the tracks' physical appearance and surroundings, that they were made in about 1000 B. C. by animal-drawn carts. | The statement 'Areas near the tracks have yielded relatively large amounts of fossilized animal excrement dating from approximately 1000 B. C.' most helps to support the archaeologist's hypothesis mentioned above. | entailment |
2,573 | In a certain institute, all the engineers are union members, some managers are masters, some engineers are masters, all union members have applied for credit cards, there is no manager to apply for credit cards. | A manager who doesn't apply for a credit card is a counterexample of the above premise. | not-entailment |
392 | Courtyard economy refers to a form of operation in which farmers make full use of the family courtyard space, surrounding non contracted empty land and various resources to engage in highly intensive commodity production, mainly including planting, breeding and processing industry. | According to the above definition, planting flowers and plants on the balcony to beautify the living environment is a courtyard economy. | not-entailment |
10,348 | Critical thinking in Business, a core subject at the University of Sydney's business school, was taken by 1200 students in the final exam, but more than 400 failed, 80 percent of whom were Chinese students. The University of Sydney explained: Chinese students lack critical thinking and are not good at English.The student's representative L complained: The level of English for the students admitted by the school is recognized by the school, and the entrance examination required IELTS to be 7, and we have all reached this level. | The assumption that student representative L's complaint depends on is that the school's requirements for the English proficiency of students for admission are the same as those for the completion of each subject after admission. | entailment |
13,799 | Sunflowers growing in pots were placed, with their roots submerged, in the pond contaminated with radioactive elements. The sunflowers kept growing; in the process, they absorbed radioactive elements. Within twelve days, 85 percent of the radioactive elements were removed from the water, which is no less than can be accomplished with the much more expensive conventional filtration techniques. Scientists ttherefore propose using sunflowers for decontamination wherever there are radioactively contaminated ponds. | The statement 'Some plants other than sunflowers can also remove radioactive elements from water' points to a limitation on the applicability of the proposed method of decontamination. | not-entailment |
12,456 | When the famous art collector Vidmar died, a public auction of her collection, the largest privately owned, was held. I can' t possibly afford any of those works because hers is among the most valuable collections ever assembled by a single person, declared art lover MacNeil. | The flawed pattern of reasoning in MacNeil's argument is most closely parallel to the statement 'This paragraph is long. So the sentences that comprise it are long.' | entailment |
1,971 | As far as the world is concerned, in mature markets, large enterprises earn more profits through continuous innovation. Only in the immature market, there is room to make high profits by other means. In an era of increasingly symmetrical information, abnormal high profits are abnormal, and enterprises that make use of factors such as immature consumer psychology to obtain high profits will no longer be welcome. As the domestic market and consumers become more mature and rational, the future of enterprises will provide consumers with better and more diverse products. | In the future, enterprises can make high profits only through more fancy marketing is not in line with the author's point of view. | entailment |
2,213 | It is often said that reading can increase knowledge and cultivate sentiment. Some experts have pointed out that reading can also cure diseases, especially for mental diseases caused by some social factors, such as depression, depression, panic and so on. | Patients can get emotional recognition and comfort from reading intentionally or unintentionally and release their inner anxiety can best support the views of the above experts. | entailment |
8,520 | Linguistics is a discipline that studies the patterns and evolutional laws of language structure. The search for pattern and law is the common goal of linguistics and other sciences. However, scientific goals are far from enough. The common methodological features of modern science, such as deduction and induction, qualitative and quantitative, description and interpretation, hypothesis and testing, are exactly what Chinese traditional linguistics lacks. At the same time, Chinese linguistics is also faced with the problem of internationalization. Our voice in the international academic community of linguistics is still very weak. The reason for this situation can not be completely attributed to the different objects of study, and the international academic language is the language barrier of English, and there are also problems of research ideas and research methods. | The main content of this text is the problems of research ideas and methods restricting the scientization and internationalization of Chinese linguistics. | entailment |
8,192 | A foreign company buys insects such as pseudo-walkers and crickets from farmers and processes them into powder or oil, which is then mixed with other ingredients to make delicious food that makes people unable to eat the taste of insects. The company made a profit of millions of dollars by selling the food in 2019. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization affirms the practice of the company and points out that eating insects helps to deal with food shortages and malnutrition around the world. | Insects are rich in protein, fat, vitamins, iron and other nutrients, which are large and low-cost supplementary foods is a prerequisite that must be added if the above argument is to be established. | entailment |
10,569 | A committee works for two years and is composed of 4 members each year, 2 of which are from the following 4 judges: F, G, H and I, and the other 2 members are from the following 3 scientists: V, Y and Z. Each year, the committee is chaired by one member. A member who chairs the first year must retire from the committee during the second year. The person who chairs the second year must be a member of the committee during the first year. The committee members must meet the following conditions: G and V cannot be members of the committee in the same year. H and Y cannot be members of this committee in the same year. Each year, only one of I and V is a member of this committee. | If F was a member of the committee in a given year, G may not be a member of the committee in that year. | entailment |
10,648 | In the first phase of the Industrial Revolution, machines were invented whose main advantage was that they worked faster than human workers. This technology became widely used because it was economically attractive; many unskilled workers could be replaced by just a few skilled workers. Today managers are looking for technology that will allow them to replace highly paid skilled workers with a smaller number of less-skilled workers. | The statement 'Employers utilize new technology because it allows them to reduce labor costs' best illustrates the examples presented above. | entailment |
3,282 | Only those with good logical thinking ability and physics major background can be qualified for this position. | If the above statement is true, Xiao Li, who had never studied physics, cannot be qualified for the post. | entailment |
6,527 | Nostalgia is a lingering feeling of people. The reason why nostalgia lasts forever after being washed over the years is not because it has much charm in itself, but because it can provide people with material for reflection, so that people can trigger the perception of life or draw power from it in the process of some kind of drastic or broken change that people have experienced or are experiencing. | The reason for nostalgia is that old things have a specific positive effect on people matches the content of this passage. | entailment |
5,366 | Structural mobility refers to large-scale changes in the social environment, social class, and the nature and distribution of the population caused by changes in production technology or social structure, which are often not shifted by human wills. | According to the above definition, the movement of a large number of citizens of a certain country into neighboring countries due to a domestic military coup is not a structural mobility. | not-entailment |
8,288 | Nowadays, people often complain that it is difficult for them to get enough sleep, and the quality of sleep is often poor. Some experts believe this has something to do with many products of modern technology, such as Changming street lamps, televisions, computers and mobile phones, where the light generated by artificial light sources and electronic devices disturbs sleep and makes it difficult for people to fall asleep. | When individuals are exposed to light, falling asleep becomes more difficult than before, and sleep is fragmented can best support the above conclusion. | entailment |
10,565 | One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks. | If O happens to be scheduled the week before J, K is scheduled a week before G must be true. | entailment |
1,649 | The development of the Internet of things, an emerging industry, is strong. In only a few years, the industrial scale of the Internet of things has shown a compound growth rate of more than 30% a year. Intellectual property rights such as patents provide strong support for the rapid rise of this sunrise industry. It is predicted that in the next few years, the global Internet of things market will grow rapidly. China's Internet of things market will reach 750 billion yuan in 2015, and the market prospect will far exceed the computer, Internet, mobile communications and other markets. From the current situation of patent applications in China, the number of core technology patents and international patent applications submitted through the Patent Cooperation Treaty is obviously insufficient. Therefore, industry experts point out that it is necessary to accelerate the patent layout of the Internet of things industry in China. | The statement "The development of Internet of things industry in China needs the support of independent intellectual property rights" does not match the meaning of this passage. | not-entailment |
11,237 | There is evidence to suggest that our cave-dwelling ancestors polished many of their flints to a degree far surpassing what was necessary for hunting purposes. It seems, ttherefore, that early humans possessed an aesthetic sense. | Any benefits that an aesthetic sense would have given to cave-dwelling humans are poorly understood most seriously weakens the argument. | not-entailment |
8,742 | After many elimination competitions, four contestants A, B, C and D competed for the final ranking, and there was no juxtaposition of the rankings.Analysts predict that ,1. The first place is A or B; 2. If C is not the first place, nor is it the first place; 3. A is not the first place. | The option "D" is number one in the analyst's prediction if only one sentence is correct. | entailment |
5,104 | Limonene, commonly known as lemon essential oil, is usually used to make citrus flavors. It is one of the chemical constituents that are used in many fragrances such as air fresheners, body sprays, etc. Limonene is not terrible in itself, because it does not cause great harm to human body. In fact, it can be used as seasoning agent for food. However, once it is sprayed into the air, limonene will soon change. When limonene is exposed to ozone, which generally exists in the air, two limonene molecules will form a single molecule compound methanol. When a large number of limonene in the room is converted into methanol, its effects will be very different. | Using limonene as a food flavoring agent will do harm to human body can be introduced. | not-entailment |
13,817 | Manager: This company' s supply chain will develop significant weaknesses unless we make changes to our vendor contracts now. Some will argue that this problem is so far in the future that there is no need to address it today. But that is an irresponsible approach. Just imagine if a financial planner offered the same counsel to a 30-year-old client: Don' t worry, Jane, retirement is 35 years away; you don' t need to save anything now. That planner would be guilty of gross malpractice. | The overall conclusion drawn in the manager's argument is that some people argue that the supply-chain problem is so far in the future that there is no need to address it now. | not-entailment |
1,550 | Have you ever thought about the question that when you go somewhere, the return journey seems to be very short and takes very little time? why? This is because we do not know the exact length of the mileage is only estimated by some other clues, when we go to a strange place, the journey seems to be longer than the round trip.Because what we saw at that time was a series of new things, but on the return trip, we only need to identify some road signs instead of forming new memories, so the brain feels that time shortens and space becomes smaller. | According to the above materials, the correct option is that time affects our sense of space. | not-entailment |
10,774 | Curator: If our museum lends Venus to the Hart Institute for their show this spring, they will lend us their Rembrandt etchings for our print exhibition next fall. Having those etchings will increase attendance to the exhibition and hence increase revenue from our general admission fee. Museum Administrator: But Venus is our biggest attraction. Moreover the Hart' s show will run for twice as long as our exhibition. So on balance the number of patrons may decrease. | The point of the administrator's response to the curator is to question whether the number of patrons attracted by the Hart Institute's Rembrandt etchings will be larger than the number of patrons who do not come in the spring because Venus is on loan. | entailment |
11,432 | Psychologist: Satisfaction and happiness with one' s family cannot exist unless families have established strong values of mutual trust, love, and respect. Such bonds are formed and strengthened only through making these key values the basis for all actions within the family. It is obvious then that widespread reliance on movies and electronic media for entertainment has an inherently corrosive effect on one' s family life. | People who rely on movies and electronic media for entertainment are generally not as happy with their families as those who do not is an assumption on which the psychiatrist's argument depends. | not-entailment |
9,517 | F, G, H and J are university classmates. They all took part in the postgraduate examination, but in the end, only one person was admitted to the postgraduate examination. The other three became composers, high school teachers and civil servants. During the review of the graduate exam, one day they sat together to predict everyone's future life. F said: G will definitely not become a composer; G: H will definitely be admitted to graduate school; H: J will not become a civil servant; J predicts that he will marry a foreign wife in the future. But only one of their predictions was correct, and the person who was correct was admitted to graduate school. | The statement that "H became a civil servant" can be inferred from this to be false. | entailment |
11,808 | Critics: Not so. The farms the academy selected to study were the ones that seemed most likely to be successful in using natural methods. What about the farmers who have tried such methods and failed? Which one of the following is the most adequate evaluation of the logical force of the critics' response? | The critics show that the result of the study would have been different if twice as many farms had been studied. | entailment |
13,507 | Physics professor: Some scientists claim that superheated plasma in which electrical resistance fails is a factor in causing so-called ball lightning. If this were so, then such lightning would emit intense light and, since plasma has gaslike properties, would rise in the air. However, the instances of ball lightning that I observed were of low intensity and floated horizontally before vanishing. Thus, superheated plasma with failed electrical resistance is never a factor in causing ball lightning. | All types of ball lightning have the same cause is an assumption required by the physics professor's conclusion. | entailment |
13,924 | Asa general rule, the larger a social group of primates, the more time its members spend grooming one another. The main purpose of this social grooming is the maintenance of social cohesion. Furthermore, group size among primates tends to increase proportionally with the size of the neocortex, the seat of higher thought in the brain. Extrapolating upon the relationship between group size and neocortex size, we can infer that early human groups were quite large. But unexpectedly, there is strong evidence that, apart from parents grooming their children, these humans spent virtually no time grooming one another. | The statement 'Early humans developed languages, which provided a more effective way of maintaining social cohesion than social grooming' would do most to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above. | entailment |
5,665 | Achieved-status refers to a person's social status obtained by going through some kind of open and competitive struggle or having some special ability. | Do those gentry have bule blood certainly is consistent with the statement of achieved-status. | entailment |
12,681 | The gray squirrel, introduced into local woodlands ten years ago, threatens the indigenous population of an endangered owl species, because the squirrels' habitual stripping of tree bark destroys the trees in which the owls nest. Some local officials have advocated setting out poison for the gray squirrels. The officials argue that this measure, while eliminating the squirrels, would pose no threat to the owl population, since the poison would be placed in containers accessible only to squirrels and other rodents. | The statement 'No indigenous population of any other bird species apart from the endangered owls is threatened by the gray squirrels' most calls into question the officials' argument. | not-entailment |
13,573 | Alissa: If, as the mayor says, the city can no longer continue to fund both the children' s museum and local children' s television programming, then it should cease funding the television programming. The interactive character of the exhibits at the museum makes for a richer educational experience than watching television, which is largely passive. Greta: We should stop funding the museum, not the television programming, because, as the mayor has also pointed out, the museum reaches a much smaller audience. | On the basis of their statements, it can be inferred that Alissa and Greta disagree on whether the city should cease funding local children's television programming if continuing to fund it would mean that the city would have to cease funding the children's museum. | entailment |
6,328 | Among the 40 countries participating in the Third International Mathematics and Science, the United States is ranked 28th in mathematics, England is ranked 25th, Scotland is 29th, and the 4 richest countries and regions in East Asia (Singapore, South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong) rank in the top 4 in mathematics, but the United States' children's education expenditure is three times that of South Korea. The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Slovenia perform significantly better than their economically developed Western neighbors, although their education funding is much lower than that of Western countries. | Generally speaking, the education level of children in a country does not depend on how much the country spends is correct. | not-entailment |
2,051 | The parody on the Internet means that there is no restriction on the object of the parody. The concept of harmony requires members of society to be honest and friendly, while parody completely ignores the feelings of others. parody says it is humor, but does not regard itself as the object of parody. And the idea requires that one's own interests be expressed in a rational way, while the parody does not consider whether the means adopted are reasonable and legitimate. Innovation lies in creating new things, and parody is keen to point the spearhead at famous characters and classic works, which precisely shows its lack of innovative ability. Parody constantly impacts the moral bottom line, legal bottom line and mainstream consciousness of the society, which leads to the emergence of cultural nihilism and requires a high degree of vigilance. | The most suitable title for this paragraph is 'Firmly establish the socialist concept of honor and disgrace and consciously resist the trend of parody on the Internet.' | entailment |
12,944 | Experienced gardeners advise against planting snap peas after late April because peas do not develop properly in warm weather. This year, however, the weather was unusually cool into late June, and ttherefore the fact that these snap peas were planted in mid-May is unlikely to result in crop failure despite the experts' warnings. | The pattern of reasoning displayed above is most closely paralleled in the statement 'Where flowers are to be planted under shade trees, gardening experts often advise using impatiens since impatiens does well in conditions of shade; however, it is unlikely to do well under maple trees since maple tree roots are so near the surface that they absorb all available moisture.' | not-entailment |
316 | All venous blood samples were tested and no positive HIV antibodies were found. | Some venous blood samples have not been tested, or positive HIV antibodies have been found must be true if the above assertion is false. | entailment |
5,397 | A research institution investigated and analyzed 208 patients with symptoms such as heartache and arrhythmia. When they began to receive surgical treatment, they reported their views on the condition through a questionnaire. About 20% of them were very worried about the deterioration of the condition, some were even afraid of death, and others were not so worried. Later, the follow-up survey showed that, the recurrence rate in half a year after operation was higher in people with serious worry before operation than in others. Researchers believe that worry is not conducive to the recovery of heart disease | Worry is a potential threat to health, and people lead to many diseases such as cancer, diabetes and so on best supports the above conclusion. | not-entailment |
12,245 | Acme Corporation offers unskilled workers excellent opportunities for advancement. As evidence, consider the fact that the president of the company, Ms. Garon, worked as an assembly line worker, an entry-level position requiring no special skills, when she first started at Acme. | Acme regularly hires top graduates of business schools and employs them briefly in each of a succession of entry-level positions before promoting them to management most weakens the reasoning above. | entailment |
3,434 | Intelligence refers to the use of certain media (carriers) , across space and time to specific users to solve the scientific research, production, business needs of specific knowledge and information. | Based on the above definition, every time before going on a trip, Xiao Sun and his friends check the route on the internet with an electronic map and send the route to their mobile phones is not intelligence. | entailment |
10,292 | Over the past year, China has been increasing its investment in Africa, which has caused unease in Western countries, and criticisms such as China has plundered resources of Africa have been heard incessantly. A Chinese official retorted: one of the most important bases for criticism is that China takes oil from Africa, but last year China accounted for only 8.7% of all oil exports from Africa, while Europe accounted for 36%. The United States accounted for 33%. If 8.7% of imports are suspected of plundering resources, what about 36% and 33%? | If Europe and the United States are suspected of plundering resources of Africa, then China has not plundered the resources of Africa. | not-entailment |
4,071 | Information industry refers to the group of related industries directly related to the production, circulation, distribution and consumption of information industry and information services in national economic activities. | According to the above definition, a company training enterprise information managers for social compensation according to the development of national information process is not the information industry. | not-entailment |
10,449 | Critics: as the practice of electronic monitoring of employees becomes more and more common, it is becoming more and more intrusive to personal privacy. I have also heard more and more defences from employers for this practice. They explain that the purpose of monitoring is to keep employees honest, efficient and polite to customers. In my opinion, this explanation is obviously in the service of the employer himself and does not justify the unreasonable invasion of personal privacy at all. | The option 'attack employers' motives rather than refute their defenses' best points out the flaw in the critic's argument. | entailment |
3,364 | Economic activity is people's production, exchange, distribution, consumption and closely related activities under the premise of certain economic relations. Economic relations are the mutual relations formed by people in economic activities. Among all kinds of economic relations, the dominant one is production relations. | On mutual assistance and cooperation in agricultural production relates to the premise discussed above. | not-entailment |
10,597 | A certain cultivated herb is one of a group of closely related plants that thrive in soil with high concentrations of metals that are toxic to most other plants. Agronomists studying the growth of this herb have discovered that it produces large amounts of histidine, an amino acid that, in test-tube solutions, renders these metals chemically inert. Hence, the herb's high histidine production must be the key feature that allows it to grow in metal-rich soils. | In evaluating the argument, it would be most important to determine whether others of the closely related group of plants also produce histidine in large quantities. | entailment |
13,109 | Foster: Many species of extremely large North American mammals became extinct during the last ice age, which was also the time of the first human migration to North America. These species could not survive the dramatic changes wrought by this human migration. Fisch: Those extinctions were caused by the dramatic shift to a harsher climate. The climate changed so rapidly that the species could not adapt. | The statement 'Similar species living in parts of the world where there were dramatic changes in climate did not become extinct' most strengthens Fisch's argument. | not-entailment |
14,944 | Etiquette firmly opposes both obscene and malicious talk, but this does not imply that speech needs to be restricted by law. Etiquette does not necessarily even oppose the expression of offensive ideas. Rather, it dictates that there are situations in which the expression of potentially offensive, disturbing, or controversial ideas is inappropriate and that, where appropriate, the expression and discussion of such ideas is to be done in a civil manner. | The judgment that journalists at a news conference should not ask a politician potentially embarrassing questions about a controversial policy issue most closely corresponds to the principles of etiquette stated above. | not-entailment |
11,711 | Ethicist: People who avoid alcoholic beverages simply because they regard them as a luxury beyond their financial means should not be praised for their abstinence. Similarly, those who avoid alcohol simply because they lack the desire to partake should not be praised, unless this disinclination has somehow resulted from an arduous process of disciplining oneself to refrain from acting indiscriminately on one' s desires. | The principle 'A person is praiseworthy for a particular behavior only if, in order to adopt that behavior, the person at some point had to overcome a desire to do something that she or he felt able to afford to do' most helps to justify the ethicist's claims. | entailment |
13,113 | Psychiatrist: Breaking any habit is difficult, especially when it involves an addictive substance. People who break a habit are more likely to be motivated by immediate concerns than by long-term ones. Ttherefore, people who succeed in breaking their addiction to smoking cigarettes are more likely to be motivated by the social pressure against smoking -- which is an immediate concern -- than by health concerns, since __. | The statement 'most people who succeed in quitting smoking succeed only after several attempts' supports the conclusion of the psychiatrist's argument. | not-entailment |
11,419 | Baking for winter holidays is a tradition that may have a sound medical basis. In midwinter, when days are short, many people suffer from a specific type of seasonal depression caused by lack of sunlight. Carbohydrates, both sugars and starches, boost the brain' s levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that improves the mood. In this respect, carbohydrates act on the brain in the same way as some antidepressants. Thus, eating holiday cookies may provide an effective form of self-prescribed medication. | Lack of sunlight lowers the level of serotonin in the brain can be properly inferred from the passage. | not-entailment |
13,742 | Mayor: There has been a long debate in city council about how to accommodate projected increases in automobile traffic. Today, our choice is clear: either we adopt my plan to build a new expressway, or we do nothing. Doing nothing is not a viable option because our existing system of roads would be in gridlock within ten years given even a conservative estimate of future traffic levels. City council should ttherefore adopt my plan. | The reasoning in the mayor's argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it presents a choice that is limited to two options, without giving reasons for not considering any other options. | entailment |
10,026 | Plants must blossom before they can produce seeds there are two kinds of dragons, the Russian dragon and the French dragon, they look very similar. Russian dragons blossom, but French dragons do not blossom.However, the leaves of the Russian dragon pole do not have the unique fragrance that makes the French dragon pole an ideal seasoning. | A plant that grows from the seeds of a dragon, not a French dragon can be inferred from the above discussion. | entailment |
7,050 | Put the happiness sensor on the surface of the human body or implanted into the human body, and the happiness index of people every moment can be measured through various indicators. No happiness sensor will be perfect, and there is no need. The thermometer was also very inaccurate when it was invented, but with the passage of time, the design of the thermometer has become increasingly refined, and it is now an indispensable commodity. Scientists believe that happiness Sensors will follow a similar evolutionary process. Although they will always have a certain degree of uncertainty in assessing people's psychological state, wearable sensors are more low-key and easier to use than traditional tools to measure happiness. | The passage is intended to emphasize that human beings do not need perfect happiness sensors. | not-entailment |
435 | Policy losses refer to the losses incurred by enterprises due to national price restrictions and other reasons in the process of realizing the social public welfare service objectives stipulated by the government and producing and operating certain commodities in order to ensure the coordinated development of the national economy and the stability of people's life. Such losses shall be reasonably compensated after being reviewed by the financial department. | In the process of operating the parity grain and oil stipulated by the government, the grain purchase and sales enterprise in a county suffered losses due to the high national grain protection price but the low sales price of finished grain and oil products, and the financial department gave quota subsidies is a policy loss according to the above definition. | entailment |
11,715 | Adult frogs are vulnerable to dehydration because of their highly permeable skins. Unlike large adult frogs, small adult frogs have such a low ratio of body weight to skin surface area that they cannot survive in arid climates. The animals' moisture requirements constitute the most important factor determining where frogs can live in the Yucatan peninsula, which has an arid climate in the north and a wet climate in the south. | The information above most strongly supports the conclusion that large adult frogs can live in more of the area than small adult frogs can. | entailment |
8,856 | Both Zhang Fei and Li Bai applied for the MBA this year, and there are four assertions about their exams as follows: (1) at least one of them passed the exam; (2) Zhang Fei did not necessarily pass the exam; (3) Li Bai did pass the exam; (4) it is not that Zhang Fei may not have passed the exam. The final admission results show that two of the four assertions are true and two are false. | Li Bai passed the exam, but Zhang Fei failed can be inferred from the above conditions. | not-entailment |
4,770 | Illusion is a kind of visual error. When people observe an object, because the object is interfered by shape, light, and color, plus people's physical and psychological reasons, they misrecognize the object, which will produce judgments that are inconsistent with the reality. | According to the above definition, the illusion of seeing trees moving outside the window while sitting on a moving train is not an illusion. | not-entailment |
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