Datasets:

---

hpprc

/

enwiki

like 4

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland in June 1886.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The 30 elected members of the Althing were elected from single or double member constituencies by a three-round system; in the first two rounds, a candidate receiving a majority of the vote was elected; if seats were still unfilled after the second round, a third round was held using first-past-the-post voting. Voting took place at a single polling place in each constituency and was done publicly. A further six members were appointed to the upper house by the Danish monarch.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Suffrage was limited to men aged 25 or over who were not in receipt of poor relief and who met one of several set requirements including being a civil servant, being a graduate of a university or seminary, or meeting various tax criteria (for farmers, paying more than the minimum tax; for burghers or fishermen, paying eight króna of local taxes; for property owners, paying twelve króna of local property taxes). This limited the number of voters to 6,648 from a population of 72,449.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "2,036 of the 6,648 registered voters participated in the elections.", "title": "Results" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Icelandic elections", "Template:Politics of Iceland", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland in September 1880.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The 30 elected members of the Althing were elected from single or double member constituencies by a three-round system; in the first two rounds, a candidate receiving a majority of the vote was elected; if seats were still unfilled after the second round, a third round was held using first-past-the-post voting. Voting took place at a single polling place in each constituency and was done publicly. A further six members were appointed to the upper house by the Danish monarch.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Suffrage was limited to men aged 25 or over who were not in receipt of poor relief and who met one of several set requirements including being a civil servant, being a graduate of a university or seminary, or meeting various tax criteria (for farmers, paying more than the minimum tax; for burghers or fishermen, paying eight króna of local taxes; for property owners, paying twelve króna of local property taxes). This limited the number of voters to 6,557 from a population of 72,646.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "1,618 of the 6,557 registered voters participated in the elections.", "title": "Results" } ]

[ "Template:Cite book", "Template:Icelandic elections", "Template:Politics of Iceland", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Los Farad is a Spanish thriller television series created by Mariano Barroso and Alejandro Hernández which stars Miguel Herrán.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The plot explores the entourages of Costa del Sol's jet set and the geopolitics of Cold War through the eyes of an outsider, Oskar, ambitious aerobics instructor from Aluche who falls for Sara, heiress of the Farad, a wealthy clan of weapon dealers in 1980s Marbella.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A MOD Producciones and Espotlight Media production, the series was directed by Mariano Barroso and Polo Menárguez. It was lensed by Ángel Iguácel. Shooting locations included Motril and Almuñécar.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The series debuted on Prime Video on 12 December 2023.", "title": "Release" } ]

[ "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Infobox television", "Template:Cast listing", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Authority control" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland in the autumn of 1874. The elections were the first after the introduction of a new constitution, which granted legislative and financial powers to the Althing and increased the number of members from 27 to 36.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The 30 elected members of the Althing were elected from single or double member constituencies by a three-round system; in the first two rounds, a candidate receiving a majority of the vote was elected; if seats were still unfilled after the second round, a third round was held using first-past-the-post voting. Voting took place at a single polling place in each constituency and was done publicly. A further six members were appointed to the upper house by the Danish monarch.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Suffrage was limited to men aged 25 or over who were not in receipt of poor relief and who met one of several set requirements including being a civil servant, being a graduate of a university or seminary, or meeting various tax criteria (for farmers, paying more than the minimum tax; for burghers or fishermen, paying eight króna of local taxes; for property owners, paying twelve króna of local property taxes). This limited the number of voters to 6,183 from a population of 70,595.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "1,211 of the 6,183 registered voters participated in the elections.", "title": "Results" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Icelandic elections", "Template:Politics of Iceland", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ximena Alexandra Mideros Gongora (born 15 November 1997) is a Colombian footballer who plays as a Defender for Saudi Women's Premier League side Eastern Flames FC.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2018, Mideros signed her first professional contract with Deportivo Pereira.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After spending three years with Deportivo Pereira, Gongora joined the Israeli Maccabi Kishronot Hadera in the Ligat Nashim.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On December 26, 2022, announced that Ximena Gongora, the Colombian center-back, would be transferring to Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Flames. This move was made to participate in the second half of the inaugural edition of the Saudi Women's Premier League. The club decided to extend her contract on August 27, 2023.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web", "Template:Soccerway", "Template:Colombia-women-footy-bio-stub", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Family name hatnote", "Template:Infobox football biography", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jonathan Drach (born c. 1981) is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Union College; a position he will hold in 2024. He was the head football coach for Wilkes University from 2018 to 2023. He also coached for Hobart. He played college football for Western Michigan as a quarterback.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist", "Template:Amfoot-coach-stub", "Template:Short description", "Template:CFB Yearly Record Subhead", "Template:CFB Yearly Record Subtotal", "Template:CFB Yearly Record Start", "Template:CFB Yearly Record Entry", "Template:CFB Yearly Record End", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Union Garnet Chargers football coach navbox", "Template:Use mdy dates", "Template:Infobox college coach", "Template:Circa" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Copa Grão-Pará is a state association football tournament organized by the Federação Paraense de Futebol. The tournament is made up of four teams eliminated in the quarter-finals of the Campeonato Paraense and two more from the semi-finals, making a total of six teams. The champion qualify for the Copa do Brasil first round.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox football tournament", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Brazilian Football Competitions" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sir Alan Arthur Bates, CBE (1934–2003) is an English actor who hails from Derbyshire, England. He had a prolific career that spanned six decades across stage and screen, with several award-winning portrayals and defining interpretations. His parents were musicians, who encouraged him to pursue music. However, he felt compelled to pursue acting instead, and acquired a scholarship to the RADA in London. Among his fellow aspiring thespians were Peter O'Toole and Albert Finney—each of whom, along with Bates, would be Oscar-nominated by the end of the 1960s.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Bates made his stage debut in Coventry, in a play called You and Your Wife. After joining the Royal Court Theatre's repertoire for several Off West End plays, he soon made his West End debut in the one of the quintessential \"kitchen sink realism\" dramas, John Osborne's Look Back in Anger—a role which he reprised on television. His portrayal of younger son, Edmund Tyrone, in Eugene O'Neill's classic Long Day's Journey into Night garnered him notice from the Clarence Derwent Awards. After some further TV work, he landed his (verified) film debut in The Entertainer (1960), starring Laurence Olivier, and co-starring, among others, Finney and the future Mrs. Olivier, Joan Plowright. It was the film debuts of the latter two as well. He succeeded this with breakthrough performances in Whistle Down the Wind (1961) and A Kind of Loving, the latter of which brought him his first BAFTA Film Award nomination.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "What followed in the 1960s was a very bountiful decade of well-received performances in an eclectic array of films: reprising his role from the Harold Pinter play, The Caretaker (1963, a.k.a. The Guest); The Running Man (1963); Nothing but the Best (1964); and King of Hearts (1966). In between these were two of his most successful films thus far: Zorba the Greek (1964) and Georgy Girl (1966). The former obtained numerous accolades, including three Academy Awards out of seven nominations. The latter garnered four nominations from the Oscars; and six from the Golden Globes, including two for Bates: one for Best Actor in a Comedy/Musical Film and the other for Most Promising Male Newcomer. The following year, he earned yet another Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Drama Film for Far from the Madding Crowd (1967).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Come 1968, he would receive his highest set of recognition yet for The Fixer. He earned another Golden Globe (Best Drama Actor) nomination, coupled with his only Academy Award for Best Actor nomination, for his role as Yakov S. Bok (based on the real-life case of Menahem Mendel Beilis), a Russian Jew who was falsely accused of a blood libel murder. One year later, in Women in Love (1969), Bates and Oliver Reed achieved notoriety for an infamous homoerotic fireplace-lit wrestling scene, containing full-frontal nudity of both actors—which was groundbreaking for that taboo at that time. Bates earned his second BAFTA nom for that performance.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Within the next decade, the 1970s, Bates continued tackling a plethora of complex roles. One such role was in playwright Simon Gray's Butley (1974). Prior to its aforementioned film adaptation, the original 1971 play won Bates an Evening Standard Theatre Award in London, in 1971. Afterwards, it was swiftly rendered onto the Broadway stage—for which he won a Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Play, plus an equivalent Drama Desk Award and Drama League Award as well, in 1973. Other films of his from this era included The Go-Between (1971), A Day in the Death of Joe Egg (1972); In Celebration (1975), from David Storey, and another in which he originated on stage; Royal Flash (1975), The Shout (1978), An Unmarried Woman (1978), and The Rose (1979). He was also involved with Lord Laurence Olivier's production of Three Sisters at The Old Vic, including the subsequent 1970 film adaptation, re-released as part of the American Film Theatre series (alongside Butley and In Celebration).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He also began appearing on television more frequently, in anthology series such as Play for Today (episodes: \"Plaintiffs and Defendants\" and \"Two Sundays\", for which he jointly earned a BAFTA TV Award nomination) and Great Performances (the Laurence Olivier Presents rendition of Pinter's The Collection); and the miniseries, The Mayor of Casterbridge (1978). Bates has described the latter as his personal favourite role. Meanwhile, from their success from Butley, the Bates/Gray collaborative duo cultivated their working friendship and relationship into continued creative output. Gray began writing plays with Bates specifically in mind, starting next with Otherwise Engaged (1975). This was another successful venture for Bates, whose performance was once again praised and earned him his first Variety Club Award in the UK.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "During the 1980s, his output tapered down. But his roles continued to bring him recognition. On television, he starred in a remake of Separate Tables (1983), as well as An Englishman Abroad (1983), Pack of Lies (1987), and The Dog It Was That Died (1989). \"Abroad\" would become his most decorated screen performance, including his only BAFTA (TV) win. His film work this decade included such films as Nijinsky (1980), The Return of the Soldier (1982), a cameo appearance in Britannia Hospital (1982), Duet for One (1986); and We Think the World of You (1988), in which he and Gary Oldman played lovers who were separated when Oldman was sent to prison, leaving Bates in charge of their German Shepherd. And in theatre, he reunited with Osborne, whose play, A Patriot for Me (1983) earned Bates his only Olivier Award nomination and a second Variety award win.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Sudden tragedy struck in 1990 when one of his twin sons, Tristan, died from a sudden asthma attack at age 19. Bates persevered, although his 1990s film output featured far less critical acclaim than in the previous decades. However, he still did receive another BAFTA Film nomination for Hamlet (1990) and another BAFTA TV nom for Unnatural Pursuits (1992). Other efforts include the television movie Nicholas's Gift (1999), based on the true story of Nicholas Green; the TV biopic on Marcel Proust, 102 Boulevard Haussmann (1991) (via the weekly anthology series Screen Two); the miniseries Oliver's Travels (1995); and the films, Mister Frost (1990) and The Cherry Orchard (1999).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "He instead devoted more of his time to the stage. He and his surviving twin son, Benedick Bates, established the Tristan Bates Theatre. (Now known as the Seven Dials Playhouse.) His array of roles from Gray plays included Stage Struck (1979), Melon (1987), Life Support (1997)—and Simply Disconnected (1996), which was a sequel to Otherwise Engaged. Other theatrical ventures included fringe theatre at the Stratford Festival in Ontario of Richard III (1967); thrust stage performances at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre of The Taming of the Shrew (1973) as Petruchio; a one-man show entitled A Muse of Fire (1989); Poor Richard (1964); The Dance of Death (1985); Ivanov (1989) by Anton Chekhov (performed concurrently with Much Ado About Nothing, as his son's namesake, Benedick); Stages (1992) by Storey; The Showman (1993); The Master Builder (1995) by Henrik Ibsen; and Pinter's 1984 double-bill: One for the Road/Victoria Station.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Prior to his death, Bates was working continuously. He was part of the vast ensemble of Gosford Park (2001), which earned seven Oscar nominations. It acquired many accolades as an ensemble cast, garnering him a number of prizes as a result, including a win at the Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Ensemble Motion Picture Cast. On television, he appeared in the miniseries Love in a Cold Climate, earning his seventh and final BAFTA nomination. He also received another Drama Desk Award nomination and was a Lucille Lortel Awards winner as lead actor, for the Off-Broadway play The Unexpected Man (2001).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The stage brought him one final triumph, with the play Fortune's Fool (2002). He took home a hat-trick of awards, winning the Outer Critics Circle Award in addition to both the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play and the equivalent Tony Award, each of the latter for the second time. His final few films included Evelyn (2002); The Sum of All Fears (2002); The Mothman Prophecies (2002); and his final theatrical film, The Statement (2003), which was critically lambasted. His final work, a two-parter titled Spartacus (2004), was released posthumously. Just one year prior to his death, Bates was officially knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In addition to these cinematic awards, Bates was also inducted into two honorary statures for his services to drama, via Queen Elizabeth II:", "title": "Awards" } ]

[ "Template:Won", "Template:Okay", "Template:Notelist-la", "Template:IMDb name", "Template:Lost", "Template:Dynamic list", "Template:Efn", "Template:N/a", "Template:Nom", "Template:Unofficial", "Template:Reflist", "Template:In-use", "Template:Aka" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Sherman Expedition was an expedition made by Guatemalan, Salvadoran, and Honduran rebels supported by Costa Rica in an attempt to change the governments of Honduras and Guatemala in 1873.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The conservative party, defeated in Guatemala in 1871, organized a counter-revolution in 1873 with an expedition led by General Enrique Palacios aboard the General Sherman steamship. Their goal was to change the governments of Honduras and Guatemala by attempting to seize the port of Omoa. However, the small garrison at the castle in Omoa skillfully defeated them through a clever maneuver on August 7, 1873, forcing the expedition to hastily re-embark.", "title": "Conflict" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Another part of the expedition, having entered the country through Puerto Cortés to San Pedro Sula, confronted General Gregorio Solares and his 600 Guatemalan troops entrenched north of the Chamelecón River, about two leagues from the city. On August 9 of the same year, the invading expedition, comprising 450 men, suffered a defeat with significant casualties, including General Casto Alvarado. This defeat rendered them incapable of further actions.", "title": "Conflict" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Category:Military history Category:Politics", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Drafts moved from mainspace", "Template:AfC submission", "Template:Infobox military conflict", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Siegfried of Ballhausen (or Balnhusen) was a priest of Ballhausen who wrote a universal history in Latin. His history is known from two versions. The original Historia universalis was completed in 1304, but he later revised it and continued it down to 1306 under the title Compendium historiarum. The autograph manuscripts of both versions survive.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Both versions are divided into three parts. The first two are devoted to antiquity, mainly the Old Testament and New Testament periods. This includes a list of Roman emperors and kings of the Romans down to Albert I and a list of popes down to Benedict XI (Historia) or Clement V (Compendium). The third part covers Christian history. In this section, increasingly particular attention is paid to Siegfried's homeland of Thuringia. The works marks the beginning of the \"Thuringian historical tradition\".", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In titling his first edition Historia universalis, Siegfried coined the term \"universal history\". In opting for a less ambitious title for his revision, he seemingly recognized that his work was not truly universal.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist", "Template:Refbegin", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Cite encyclopedia", "Template:Refend", "Template:Sfn" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Khaki Chokka (transl. Khaki shirt) is a 2001 Indian Telugu-language action drama film directed by Vicky and starring Sai Kumar and Nilambari.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The film features no songs and the score was composed by Vandemataram Srinivas.", "title": "Soundtrack" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A critic from Idlebrain.com rated the film 3 1⁄4 out of 5 and wrote that \"This film may not be a great film. But, it is going to cater to the needs of its target audiences. This film dishes out more than what you expect from a Sai Kumar's police oriented film\". A critic from Sify wrote that \"Saikumar is the only saving grace of this film. Unlike in his earlier films, Saikumar just throws his hands and legs around to a poor sound track\". A critic from Full Hyderabad wrote that \"Vicky (director, dialogues, screenplay, stunts) has an opinion about everything from law and politics to social ills and even graveyard bookings (yes, you read right). Sai Kumar's true calling in Tollywood is in full cry only after the interval, and this is the only thing that sustains interest\".", "title": "Reception" } ]

[ "Template:Translation", "Template:Fraction", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:IMDb title", "Template:Infobox film" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2010–11 LSU Tigers basketball team represented LSU during the 2010–11 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Tigers, led by 3rd-year head coach Trent Johnson, played their home games at the Pete Maravich Assembly Center and were members of the Southeastern Conference. They finished the season 11–21 and 3–13 in SEC play to finish last in the West division. They lost to Vanderbilt in the first round of the SEC Basketball tournament.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Tigers finished the 2009–10 season 11–20 overall and 2–14 in SEC play. They were not invited to either the NCAA tournament or the NIT.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Schedule Source", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:CBB roster/Player", "Template:Cite news", "Template:CBB roster/Header", "Template:LSU Tigers basketball navbox", "Template:CBB schedule start", "Template:CBB schedule entry", "Template:Cite press release", "Template:Use mdy dates", "Template:Infobox NCAA team season", "Template:2010–11 SEC men's basketball standings", "Template:CBB roster/Footer", "Template:CBB schedule end", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ronald William Meadows (2 December 1931 — 26 September 1985) was an Australian rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A native of Newcastle, Meadows attended North Sydney Boys High School, before undergoing studies at Duntroon Military College and the University of Sydney. He was a civil engineer by profession.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Meadows, nicknamed twinkletoes, was a hooker and played his rugby for Wanderers after returning to Newcastle in 1957. Following representative appearances for NSW Country, he made the Wallabies squad for the 1957–58 tour of Britain, Ireland and France, as an understudy to Jim Brown. He played in 19 uncapped matches on the tour. When New Zealand Māori toured Australia in 1958, Meadows was hooker for all three Tests, with Brown having recently retired. He was capped a further three times on the 1958 tour of New Zealand.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Cite news", "Template:Cite web", "Template:ESPNscrum", "Template:Infobox rugby biography", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Peace & Love\" is a song by Italian record producer Charlie Charles, with vocals by Sfera Ebbasta and Ghali. It was released by Universal Music on 4 May 2018.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The song peaked at number 1 on the FIMI single chart and was certified triple platinum in Italy.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Credits adapted from Tidal.", "title": "Personnel" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Certification Table Entry", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Authority control", "Template:2010s-single-stub", "Template:Infobox song", "Template:Single chart", "Template:Certification Table Top", "Template:Certification Table Bottom", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Ghali (rapper)" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Alan Richard Simpson (21 June 1890 – 3 February 1972) was an English first-class cricketer and an officer in the British Indian Army.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Simpson was born at Shaftesbury in June 1890. He served in the First World War with the British Indian Army Reserve of Officers, being commissioned as a second lieutenant in July 1915. A further promotion to lieutenant followed in July 1916. Following the war, he was promoted to captain in April 1920, prior to retiring from the Indian Army in April 1923. Shortly before his retirement, he made a single appearance in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team against the Parsees at Poona in the 1922–23 Bombay Quadrangular. Playing in the Europeans team as a bowler, he took figures of 6 for 73 in the Parsees first innings and 2 for 42 in their second innings; despite this, the Europeans lost the match by 118 runs. Simpson batted twice in the match, being dismissed in the Europeans first innings for 4 runs by P. H. Daruwala, while in their second innings he was unbeaten on 20.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "By October 1929, Simpson had returned to service in the Indian Army as a captain; however, his return to service last for just under two years, with Simpson resigning his commission in June 1931. He later died at Hastings in February 1972.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist", "Template:London Gazette", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cricinfo", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Infobox cricketer" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mark Owon Lomuket (born 10 January 1999) is a Kenyan long-distance runner specializing in the 5000 metres. On 12 May 2021, he upset Olympic medallists Selemon Barega and Hagos Gebrhiwet to win the Bergamo Tuscany Camp Silver Meeting 5000 m in a time of 13:01.68.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lomuket is from Elgeyo-Marakwet County, Kenya. At the 2018 Elgeyo-Marakwet County cross country championships, he finished 10th in the under-20 race. After a 10th place finish at the 2019 Kenyan Athletics Championships 5000 m and only one race in 2020, Lomuket had a breakout year in 2021.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On 12 May 2021, Lomuket was entered in a Bergamo 5000 m race that then-Worlds silver medallist (and future Olympic gold medallist) Selemon Barega had set up as a time trial. Most expected Barega to win, if not the other more accomplished runners in the field like Hagos Gebrhiwet or Edward Zakayo. But after a quick first half, Barega faded over the second half and with 150 metres remaining in the race, Lomuket surprisingly took the lead and won the race in a world-leading time of 13:01.68.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Despite hitting the Olympic qualifying standard in the race, on 19 June Lomuket finished just 7th at the Kenyan Olympic Trials, and was not selected for the 2021 Kenyan Olympic team.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Later that year on 26 July, Lomuket won the Giro di Castelbuono road race, the oldest road race in Europe. He was said to have broken a \"curse\" preventing Kenyans from winning the race.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The following month on 21 August, Lomuket ran the two miles Diamond League race at the 2021 Prefontaine Classic. Though he was well-beaten in 8th place, his time of 8:15.54 was the fastest eighth-place result ever in any two miles race.", "title": "Biography" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web", "Template:World Athletics", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox sportsperson", "Template:Gold1", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Bombardment of Omoa was an assault by the British ship Niobe under the command of Sir Lambton Loraine, to the Honduran fortress of Omoa between 19-20 August 19 1873.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The ship Niobe, previously in Trujillo under the control of the Arias government, returned to Puerto Cortés and reappeared off Omoa during the night of 18 August 18. On the morning of the 19th, an officer from the frigate approached General Streber with a communication from Captain Sir Lambton Loraine.", "title": "Bombardment" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The message outlined the following events:", "title": "Bombardment" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Upon receiving this communication, the Commander of the Niobe requested the release of British subjects held by General Streber, both military and prisoners. He demanded a payment of $100,000 in gold and silver to compensate for the losses suffered by British subjects during the looting of the town on the 17th. The British Consul's stolen possessions were also to be returned. Lastly, General Streber was required to indicate the reparations he intended to make regarding the insult on August 19, when the British Consulate was forcibly opened and looted by his officers and troops.", "title": "Bombardment" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Commander of Omoa sought an audience with the Captain of the Niobe, but it was denied. Meanwhile, an incident unfolded: the Castle Commander, aiming to boost morale, announced General Solares' victory in Chamelecón, celebrating with three cannon shots. In response, the Niobe immediately initiated a bombardment, raising the British flag. The bombardment continued throughout the day and night of the 19 until 6 a.m. on the 20 when the Fortress Commander raised a white flag.", "title": "Bombardment" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Under the threat of cannons, the Omoa Commander agreed to a treaty, committing to release prisoners, return the claimed jewelry, and sign a document promising that the Government of Honduras would pay in cash for all losses incurred during the looting of Omoa.", "title": "Bombardment" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Category:Battles involving Honduras Category:Military history of Honduras Category:1870s in Honduras", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Draft topics", "Template:AfC topic", "Template:AfC submission", "Template:Infobox military conflict", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Short description", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Drafts moved from mainspace" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kurt Müller was the deputy chairman of the Communist Party of Germany (German: Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands; KPD). He was one of the victims of the Stalinist purges in the early 1950s. Müller was arrested in East Germany in March 1950. He traveled from West Germany, believing he would be attending an important metting, only to be accused of being an enemy agent and Trotskyite. While in Soviety custody, he was interrogated by the Stasi chief Erich Mielke, and spent six years imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen camp, the former Nazi concentration camp which continued operating as NKVD special camp Nr. 7 under NKVD control in the Soviet Occupation Zone.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Müller was not the inspiration for the anti-Nazi character Kurt Muller from Lillian Hellman's play Watch on the Rhine (upon which the 1943 film is based); that character was based the Soviet spy Otto Katz.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Lang-de", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite book" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Peter Keith Dunn (29 October 1936 — 15 March 2019) was an Australian rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A Manly RUFC product, Dunn was a prop and gained five caps for the Wallabies. He played all three Tests on the 1958 tour of New Zealand, which included a win in Christchurch, then both Tests against the 1959 British Lions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Dunn was later a rugby league player, for Collegians and Wentworthville.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox rugby biography", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite news", "Template:Citation", "Template:ESPNscrum" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2018 FIBA 3x3 U23 World Cup consists of two sections:", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Set index", "Template:FIBA 3x3 U23 World Cup" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The proposed EU regulation on ESG rating transparency and integrity aims to improve clarity in the EU's ESG rating processes, focusing on transparency rather than a uniform methodology of ESG rating providers (ERP). It details a set of definitions on the ESG rating key players, necessary disclosures and requirements for third country ERP and a supervision framework under ESMA's umbrella, which is set to become the sole ESG rating supervisor in the EU.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Following the ordinary legislative procedure with the Council of the European Union and its preparatory bodies, an amended version of the proposal was published on July 14, 2023. This revised proposal was subsequently presented to the European Parliament for the first reading . Its adoption, in its current form or with minimal amendments, is anticipated to be a crucial step in sustainable finance regulations in the EU and worldwide.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Responsible investing through ESG has known a golden age globally driven by the COP21 or the Paris agreement , and the UN 2030 development goals sustainable.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The EU has a leading position in the sustainable funds market, commanding 84% of global assets in this sector. Additionally, it stands as the most advanced and diversified market for ESG investments. In comparison, the US, following at a distance, accounted for 11% of these global sustainable fund assets by September 2023. (See Exhibit 1)", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Furthermore, it is to be noted that amid allegations of greenwashing and stricter regulations, there's a notable decrease in funds incorporating ESG-related terms into their names. An increasing number of funds in the United States are removing ESG-related terms from their names, a trend not observed in Europe. (See Exhibit 2)", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "ESG rating agencies are the main infomediaries of ESG investing. The number of ESG-rating companies in the ecosystem is not clear. Sustainalytics estimated it at over 600 in 2018.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "However, the ESG market is going through an increasing trend of concentration. For instance, the data aggregator Morningstar took 40% of Sustainalytics stakes by 2017. Following that, the rating agency Moody’s acquired Vigeo Eiris in 2019, the former leader of European ESG rating agencies. ISS (Institutional Shareholder Services) acquired Germany’s Oekom, while S&P Global acquired the ESG rating business of RobecoSAM. The market's structure is divided between a few very large non-EU providers on one side, and numerous smaller EU providers on the other.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In this highly concentrated ecosystem, small groups of big index providers, like MSCI, play a pivotal role in setting the standards for what is generally accepted as sustainable finance. As for categorizing ESG rating agencies by purpose, it is crucial to distinguish between two private ESG rating clusters.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "First, the ESG risk rating agencies (eg : MSCI, Sustainalytics, S&P, FTSE Russell), they are meant to measure how exposed a company is towards ESG risks -meaning the negative externalities impact on the company- more than concrete action on the three factors. Secondly, the ESG impact rating agencies (eg : Refinitiv, Moody s, ECPI, Sensefolio, Inrate) which measures ESG factors commitment, integration and results and therefore outward impact on society.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "This classification is helpful for understanding the confusion around ESG ratings inefficiency in facing the big challenges ahead on the three factors. Indeed, a company with a higher score doesn’t necessarily mean that it has strong environmental, social and governance impact on the world, but rather a low exposure to ESG risks .", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "As for a legal point of view, the EU was soon sensitized to green legislation. For instance, the Netherlands launched a “green lending scheme” in 1995 and held that subject at heart since. The German government is also a major issuing body of ESG regulations.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "As a whole, the engagement of EU in matter of a greener world blossomed through a flow of regulations, directives and proposals in line with the Green Deal package launched in 2020 and the EU sustainable finance Action plan.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "In this regard, sustainable financial investment is a central piece of the strategy to bridge the climate finance gap reassured by COP 28. Between 2018 and 2022, the European commission accumulates a total of 574 in-force legislations regarding ESG, pushes forward problematic on ESG rating reliability and their safeguards.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Among this package of initiatives, the EU taxonomy regulation and its delegated acts aims to classify sectors and activities on their greenness and whether they are “Taxonomy-aligned”, “Taxonomy-eligible” or have a “transition exposure”( Allessi & Battiston, 2023). It depends thus on 2 axis: the level of transparency and disclosure of information, and the adequacy of the per se disclosed content to sustainable indicators updated through delegated acts.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "In the context of corporate regulation, the EU taxonomy revolves around measures such as the Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD), which was revised by the Corporate sustainability reporting directive (CSRD) in January 2023. This amendment expanded the scope of non-financial reporting to encompass nearly all companies, with a few exceptions, and introduced more detailed disclosure requirements. Despite these changes, concerns have been raised regarding the directive's impact on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The shift from voluntary to mandatory reporting, coupled with the increasing demands for data availability, accuracy, reliability, and understandability, is likely to result in higher administrative and training costs, potentially affecting the financial performance of SMEs. To mitigate these challenges, SMEs have been afforded additional preparation time, permitted to use simplified reporting models, and are anticipated to benefit from the disclosures through lower capital costs and reputation boosts .", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "In February 2023, the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFRD) pushes through this momentum and applies filters onto to all financial market participants (FMP) as well as their financial products as to categorize them as “Light Green” if they are broadly ESG-related (article 8) or “Dark Green” (article 9) if they are fully committed to sustainability matters. If the SFRD improved capital allocation towards global ESG friendly investments, a significant issue is referred to as the “ESG Capital Allocation Gap”. This gap states the dominance of the broad “Light Green” ESG indices, which do not meaningfully facilitate sustainability, as opposed to \"Dark Green\" indices that have better sustainability impact. This highlights the need for more effective capital allocation in ESG funds that integrate impactful initiatives to achieve real sustainability of the economy.FISMA is hamstrung by this issue knowing that a said 260 billion euros a year are the estimated need to put Europe on a good track to reach the 2030 ecological targets.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "In the same line, since November 2023, the EU green bond standards regulation (EuGBS) adds up and guarantees that the profits made on green bonds sells are effectively directed towards “taxonomy-aligned activities” and ESMA's oversight.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "The incoming regulation on the transparency and integrity of ESG rating activities (proposal on June, 2023; adoption by mid-2024) is now willing to enhance transparency, integrity, quality and independence of ERP in hope to shackle potential greenwashing linked to these infomediaries. For instance, ESMA outlined the correlation between the growth of ESG-related funds and greenwashing. The exponential rise of funds integrating vague ESG-related language in their names started since the Paris Agreement (2015), and is effective to deceivingly attract more investors. The 2020-2024 agenda of FISMA reflects dual objectives: increasing capital for sustainable investments and bolstering trust and investor protection in European financial markets .", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Indeed, in the context of escalating concerns regarding the authenticity of corporate ecological sustainability claims, greenwashing has emerged as a significant issue and poses a real challenge on sustainable finance regulations gaps. This practice, wherein companies depict themselves as more environmentally responsible than they actually are, encompasses a range of deceptive tactics. According to the \"Corruption and Integrity Risks in Climate Solutions\" report, greenwashing manifests through misleading public communications and advertisements, the misrepresentation of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) credentials, and the propagation of false or deceptive claims regarding carbon credits. The same report underscores that current regulations are markedly less rigourous for misleading ESG credentials compared to the other means.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "Notably, in the jurisdictions surveyed, ESG rating agencies and auditors are not subject to any specific regulatory framework. This absence of oversight, coupled with the opacity of internal scoring methodologies- likely as a result of overprotectiveness of their proprietary methodologies - and a lack of uniformity in ESG assessments - that can be referred to as the ESG rating gap -, paves the way for potentially misleading claims. In extreme cases, this could escalate to bribery or fraud.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "Recognizing these challenges, regulatory authorities are intensifying their scrutiny of ESG ratings. Efforts are underway to establish more stringent criteria for entities eligible to produce these ratings, with a focus on shrinking the risks of greenwashing and conflicts of interest. Consequently, the European Commission has introduced a proposal aimed at bolstering transparency and integrity within this domain.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "In the proposal, a special part should be regulated for the extension of the regulation to third-country providers in the EU. Secondly, it should outline conditions for ESG ratings in the EU. The new regulation should prescribe ESMA to maintain an approved ESG rating providers register. It should outline the ESMA’s supervisory powers and cooperation with national authorities. Final articles should grant the Commission authority for delegated acts as it was the case for the EU taxonomy.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "The proposal of regulation on ESG integrity highlights concerning limitations in the regulatory framework on sustainable finance. Among them, the blurriness of the basic definition of what ESG ratings are, the delegation of executive power to an external EU agency, and the enforcement of new requirements and rules to take part of the EU responsible finance playfield.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "The current Proposal does not distinguish between public and private companies that can provide ESG ratings.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "As regard to the globality of the ESG raters, the regulation will apply for both EU and non-EU companies with a relative ease on small and medium undertakings largely represented by EU raters. It is expected that the regulation obligations will have an impact on small providers with some administrative burden and costs of organizational changes, but on the other hand notable benefit for the small providers should be better visibility and reputation gain .", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "The term Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) was officially coined in 2004 by the UN Global Compact Initiative (UN, 2004). It set the ambitious goal to regroup three of the main ethical finance pillars: environmental, social and governance.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "After near two decades, finding a unique definition of ESG rating is still challenging. This is even the case in what is considered a forefront of ESG investing and a leading regulator, the European Union. Recent efforts to define this concept stemmed from EU financial supervisors or official texts from institutions that failed to find yet a consensus.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "About the former, ESMA (2021), in its letter to the European Commission, proposed the following broad definition when introducing their suggestion of a regulation on ESG rating activities :", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "\"ESG rating means an opinion regarding an entity, issuer, or debt security s impact on or exposure to ESG factors, alignment with international climatic agreements or sustainability characteristics, issued using a defined ranking system of rating categories.\"", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "The current proposal for a regulation on the transparency and integrity of ESG rating activities (2023), at the core of this article, builds upon that pushing forward in its definition as following:", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "“An opinion, a score or a combination of both, regarding an entity, a financial instrument, a financial product, or an undertaking’s ESG profile or characteristics or exposure to ESG risks or the impact on people, society and the environment, that are based on an established methodology and defined ranking system of rating categories and that are provided to third parties, irrespective of whether such ESG rating is explicitly labelled as ‘rating’ or ‘ESG score”. (article 3, Proposal on the transparency and integrity of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) rating activities regulation).", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "Both sources corroborate that ESG ratings assess the environmental, social, and governance characteristics, exposures to ESG risks or the impact on the environment and society in general of an entity, a financial instrument or a financial product, through a set of methodologies that can nevertheless differ. Thus, the regulation acknowledges and maintains the diversity of opinions and flexibility of ESG ratings, rather than a harmonizing measurement.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "This contrast on the basic definitions highlights the difficulty the challenge surrounding the regulation of ESG rating providers. Adopting clear definitions are key to regulation of the ESG ecosystem thus the need to define an ESG rating provider, the requirements needed to be met in this regard, the enforceability measures of this regulatory framework and the compliance supervision.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "This challenging role is granted to ESMA.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 34, "text": "According to the Commission proposal, conducting ESG ratings will require legal entities to apply for authorization to the European Securities and Markets (ESMA), the backbone of this proposal.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 35, "text": "The addition of overseeing Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) rating providers to the European Securities and Markets Authority's (ESMA) responsibilities can be seen as a coherent extension of its existing mandate and expertise. ESMA would have supervisory powers over ESG rating providers in addition to the supervision of rating agencies. Since there are similarities between supervisory functions, ESMA will have much more facilitated future supervision.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 36, "text": "ESMA’s birth is intimately intertwined with the 2008 financial crisis and the 2010 Eurozone crisis. At the light of these major turmoils, the prevailing EU financial supervision framework put on place by Lamfalussy did not stand the shock and was replaced by De Larosière regulatory framework. Therefore, what was known as the level 3 Lamfalussy agencies, the 3L3 Commitees (CESR, CEIOPS, CEBS) in this four level framework, were taken over by the current European Supervisory Authorities (ESA are composed of ESMA, EIOPA, EBA) in the European System of Financial Supervision (ESFS) launched in 2011 in answer to the debt crisis (Spendzharova, 2012).", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 37, "text": "However, this incremental change was subject to a whole new flow of criticism treating about the EU administrative landscape and, more specifically, the literature around agencification. In fact, scholars studied the rise of EU agencies with executive powers through a critical lens as it raised questions on the democratic principle of the delegation of these powers to external agents (Spendzharova, 2012), the threat toward the institutional balance of the EU, the impact on the European Parliament and the council of the EU co-decision process, the fragmentation it can cause within member states as capitals battle to host them (Lord, 2011).", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 38, "text": "ESMA started the first page of its history and enjoyed a succession of executive delegations from the commission starting with the Omnibus I (2010) and Omnibus II (2011), which made the ESA operational and gave ESMA the role of direct supervisor of Credit Rating Agencies and trade repositories. Similarly, ESMA's role in overseeing ESG rating providers can help ensure consistency in how these ratings are applied and interpreted across the European Union.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 39, "text": "In 2012, its competences were enhanced through the EU regulation on short selling and credit defaults swaps. The year 2014 marked an intensive regulatory pressure on financial markets. The MiFID II and MiFIR gave ESMA the responsibility of implementing technical standards in the financial market. The incorporation of ESG aspects into its supervisory activities reflects an understanding that financial markets are not just influenced by traditional economic factors but also by sustainable finance too.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 40, "text": "Its mandate includes investor protection and financial integrity and transparency with the Market abuse regulation (MAR), which is increasingly tied to ESG factors. Ensuring that ESG ratings are reliable and not misleading is an essential part of this role.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 41, "text": "As of its growing power, they are heavily criticized by some member states. The most vocal of them were the former EU country: UK. As a matter of fact, the growing weight of the agency was seen as a threat to national sovereignty and the matter grew to a litigation process in front of the European Court of Justice on the particular case of the possibility of ESMA to block short-sellings in time of crisis. UK argument, based on the Meroni case (case 9-56), was that this delegation of power was anti-constitutional and was a breach to national sovereignty. However, the ECJ held against UK in this matter reassuring ESMA of outmost trust in dealing with financial regulations in case of emergency.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 42, "text": "Each of these regulations and judgements have served as a springboard and settled ESMA as a key player in the financial realm regulatory framework and its association through the proposal of a regulation on ESG ratings activities integrity and transparency therefore aligns with the aim to concentrate a comprehensive EU Finance Single Rulebook on the hand of ESMA.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 43, "text": "However, if ESMA is said to be accountable, independent and competent in EU financial supervision, a glance on its relations and network signals potential conflict of interests while dealing with ESG investing. The surveillance of the ESMA is up the European parliament that still has a double discourse regarding agencification and might use this supervisory power for the sake of advancing a set of personal preferred policies.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 44, "text": "Under the proposed regulations, any entity wishing to offer Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) rating services within the European Union must obtain official authorization. Entities based in the EU are obliged to seek this authorization from the European Securities and Markets Authority. ESMA will grant authorization upon determining that the applicant meets the criteria outlined in the Proposal and the right to apply fines in case of non-compliance to the set of requirements on quality, integrity, independence and transparency.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 45, "text": "ESG rating provider comes from a third country, it will have to fulfil the following requirements, once it has informed ESMA of its intention to conduct ESG rating activities in the EU. The conditions are as follows", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 46, "text": "When authorized, the information on the identity of ESG rating providers that have received authorization, recognition or that complied to the proposed Equivalence Regulation will be available in the European Single Access Point (ESAP).", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 47, "text": "Studies like Miller’s (2002) or Kuncoro’s (2011) confirms that transparency has a great impact on companies, investors, creditors, and information intermediaries in the capital market, specifically helping to reduce information asymmetry. In this regard, the proposal requires ESG rating providers to:", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 48, "text": "Under the current system, self-regulated and based voluntary disclosure, the information produced by companies and ratings firms is often incomplete and inconsistent. The SFDR and NFDR/CSRD aim to gear toward more compulsoriness. When ESG disclosure become mandatory, standards become clearer, and reporting becomes more consistent and comparable (El-Hage, 2021, p378). As of the proposal divergence, it tackles the question of quality of ESG rating through the requirement and checking of the ERP knowledge and previous expertise proofs.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 49, "text": "The integrity of ESG, on ESMA’s surveillance, require the EU agency’s tasks are not hampered by any mean and therefore the future Eu ERP would be asked to:", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 50, "text": "In addition to these, the independence of ESG rating is set to an unseen level before, and measure for hindering potential conflict of interests are setting the bar high as none of the rating agency can undergo consulting, investments, Audit, Banking, reinsurance, credit rating activities nor elaborations of green benchmarks.", "title": "Content" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist", "Template:Citation", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite journal" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The East Turkestan Revolutionary Party (ETRP) was a clandestine communist party active from 1946 to 1947, in what is now Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. Abdulkerim Abbas, a Uyghur revolutionary who served as the interior minister of the Second East Turkestan Republic (ETR), led the party as chairman of a seven-member central executive committee.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The ETRP emerged from the more moderate East Turkestan Revolutionary Youth League (ETRYL), a group of young, progressive-minded intellectuals who opposed the conservative faction of the ETR government. Many party members came from the ETRYL, and the ETRYL later became the party's youth wing. Marxist–Leninist in its orientation, the ETRP's constitution, program, and organisational structure drew from those of the Soviet and Chinese communist parties.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Sources differ as to the official name of the party, but Abbas' handwritten copy of the party constitution is titled \"Constitution of the East Turkestan Revolutionary Party\". The first chapter of the constitution, titled \"On the Name of the Party\", further states:", "title": "Names" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Our party is established with a base of the most progressive intellectuals; in line with the international situation at present and East Turkestan's current stage of historical development, the name of the party shall be set as the East Turkestan Revolutionary Party.", "title": "Names" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Chinese sources generally describe the party as the People's Revolutionary Party. The names Three Districts People's Revolutionary Party and Xinjiang People's Revolutionary Party are sometimes used to differentiate from the similarly named East Turkestan People's Revolutionary Party of the 1960s and 1970s.", "title": "Names" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Prior to the party's founding, the Soviet leadership in Moscow suggested to Abbas and his Soviet contacts that the party be named the People's Party of Xinjiang, as such a name would appeal to all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and appease the Chinese authorities. The latter reason was particularly important to Moscow, which hoped to improve Sino-Soviet relations while maintaining influence in Xinjiang. Abbas rejected the proposal.", "title": "Names" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The East Turkestan Revolutionary Party (ETRP) was active in the \"Three Districts\" – Ili, Tarbaghatay, and Altay – when the region was governed by the Second East Turkestan Republic (ETR). The ETR was proclaimed on 12 November 1944, following successful uprisings in the Three Districts, particularly in the city of Ghulja (Yining), which became the ETR's capital. The uprisings came to be known collectively as the Ili Rebellion. The ETR government consisted of Turkic intellectuals of various ideologies and political goals. The leadership was dominated by religious conservatives, who viewed the rebellion as a war of national liberation to restore the First East Turkestan Republic which had been founded exactly eleven years earlier. More progressive-minded members of the leadership viewed the rebellion as an anti-imperialist revolution against the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalists). The latter view held by the progressives was supported by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which called the rebellion the \"Three Districts Revolution\".", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The Soviet Union covertly backed the rebels and supported the ETR, which was receptive to Soviet interests in the region. However, at the same time, the Soviets did not wish to antagonise its wartime ally China. The Soviet leadership overlooked the fact that the ruling party of China at the time, the Kuomintang, was anti-communist; they hoped to create cordial relations with the Kuomintang to ensure postwar security along their shared borders. As such, the Soviets were careful not to openly support communists in the region during the time of the ETR, which would make their negotiation efforts with the Kuomintang appear disingenuous.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The ETRP's origins can be traced to the East Turkestan Revolutionary Youth League (ETRYL), which was founded by disgruntled members of the ETR government. A group of young, progressive-minded intellectuals within the government opposed the presidency of Elihan Tore, who headed the government's conservative leadership. In November 1945, they formed the ETRYL, the leadership of which consisted of the progressive faction of the ETR government headed by Abbas. However, not all progressive leaders of the ETR were involved in the ETRYL's founding; most significantly, the pro-Soviet foreign minister Ehmetjan Qasim was preoccupied with peace negotiations with the Kuomintang. The ETRYL quickly gained support amongst Soviet- and Chinese-educated youth; in a matter of weeks, its membership ballooned to 14,000, spread over 27 counties of the Three Districts.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "At its onset, the ETRYL was not ideological; it advocated an ethnically inclusive form of civic nationalism and centered its platform on a narrow set of issues, chiefly opposition to the Kuomintang. However, members of the ETRYL's central committee, particularly Abbas, felt that it was necessary to establish a vanguard party to guide the ETRYL toward revolutionary action. In his memoirs, Anwar Hanbaba, an ETRYL central committee member, described the then necessity of a vanguard party:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In human societies of every epoch, the training of youths and the grooming of successors have been important matters, and the Three Districts Revolution was no different in this regard. In order to meet these important tasks, the provisional government and peoples of the Three Districts needed to train, organize, and utilize the youthful energy of the young people to ... consolidate, unite, and galvanise them in the fight against the Kuomintang reactionaries.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Sources differ as to when the ETRP was founded. Saifuddin Azizi, another ETRYL central committee member, wrote in his memoirs that the ETRP was founded in December 1945. This is repeated in Xinjiang's Local History, the Chinese government-approved textbook used in Xinjiang's secondary schools. Party records published by the ETRP's successor, the Democratic Revolutionary Party, gave the date 26 April 1946. Hanbaba meanwhile stated that the party was founded on 5 May 1946.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The ETRP was founded with the blessing of the Soviet leadership, with whom Abbas consulted when drafting the party's program and organisational framework. The party modelled itself after the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), with adjustments to account for the material conditions of the Three Districts. The ETYRL became the party's youth wing. A seven-member central executive committee (CEC) was elected with Abbas serving as its chair. Other members of the CEC were unaware of Abbas' communications with the Soviets. For example, Azizi incorrectly believed that the ETRP's existence had been kept secret from the Soviets to avoid their interference.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "In December 1946, Abbas travelled to the then Chinese capital Nanjing, ostensibly to attend a session of the Chinese National Assembly as a delegate from Xinjiang. In actuality, he was attempting to establish contact with the CCP to ask for help in starting a second revolution in the Three Districts, in the same vein as the October Revolution in Russia. Dong Biwu, a CCP delegate from Yan'an, secretly met with Abbas in Nanjing. Abbas explained to Dong that the ETRP had been working closely with the Han Chinese-majority Communist League of Xinjiang headquartered in Dihua (Ürümqi), and that together they numbered in the tens-of-thousands. Both groups hoped to integrate their membership into the CPSU, but the Soviet leadership had not yet received their request. Abbas therefore reached out to the CCP for its support. Dong immediately relayed this information back to the CCP central committee in Yan'an via telegraph and scheduled a second meeting with Abbas.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "At their second meeting, Dong provided Abbas documents from the CCP's 7th National Congress and the opinions of the CCP leadership. Dong extended the warm greetings of Zhou Enlai, the vice chairman of the military commission of the central committee. Zhou agreed in principle to CCP membership for leaders of the ETRP and Communist League. However, Zhou also relayed the CCP central committee's opinion that the ETRP's name was \"inappropriate\" as it implied support for an independent East Turkestan. Abbas responded by agreeing in principle to table the \"Xinjiang national question\". Before Abbas left to return to Ghulja, Dong gave him radio equipment for the ETRP to contact the CCP with. The radio, however, was not sufficiently powerful to reach Yan'an from Ghulja and the two communist groups could not establish regular communication.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Abbas returned to Ghulja in early 1947 and immediately made arrangements to meet with the leaders of the Communist League. On 3 February 1947, the leaders of the ETRP and the Communist League met in Dihua. Abbas informed the attendees of the CCP central committee's opinions and recommendations, and the two groups agreed to a CCP-recommended merger. The dissolution of both groups and the formation of the Democratic Revolutionary Party was declared later that day.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "The ETRP's program was reviewed and edited by the Soviets before its founding. In late 1945, a draft party program, approved by Abbas, was submitted to the Soviet leadership in Moscow by Usman Yusupov, the first secretary of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan (Bolsheviks). The Soviet ministries of interior and state security wrote their own draft and submitted it to Mikhail Suslov, the head of the foreign policy department of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). After reading and comparing the two drafts, Suslov sent an amended version to the Soviet party secretary for ideology, Andrei Zhdanov. Owing to the Soviets' wishes to not further antagonise the Chinese, Suslov's draft included sentences which clarified that the ETRP's request for internal autonomy in the Three Districts would not deny China's claims of sovereignty over the region, and that the ETRP would \"support all progressive measures of the government of the Republic of China.\"", "title": "Ideology and program" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "The ETRP was founded with the goal of becoming a vanguard party for the masses of the ETR, particularly the youth through the ETRYL. Article 8 of the ETRP's constitution stated that the party's purpose was to \"raise the youth to become fighters, patriots, and internationalists.\" The ETRP's founders felt that the ETRYL, as an above-ground organisation, was too moderate and hindered by the constant interference of the ETR's conservative leadership. The foundation of an underground, strictly Marxist–Leninist organisation would therefore serve to guide future revolutionary action in a socialist direction, in contrast to the non-ideological, civic nationalist platform of the ETRYL. The constitution of the ETRP drew from the CCP constitution at the time, particularly Mao Zedong's concept of \"New Democracy\".", "title": "Ideology and program" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "The ETRP's central executive committee (CEC) consisted of seven members, five of whom were also members of the ETRYL's central committee. The CEC was multiethnic; five members were Uyghur, one Tatar (Asgat Iskhakov), and another Uzbek (Anwar Hanbaba). CEC embers referred to each other by Uyghur-language code names, the initials of which spelled out the word Lëninchi, meaning \"Leninist\". Abbas led the CEC as chairman.", "title": "Central executive committee" } ]

[ "Template:Sfn", "Template:Snd", "Template:Lang", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Distinguish", "Template:Blockquote", "Template:Multiple image", "Template:Notelist", "Template:Refend", "Template:Short description", "Template:Efn", "Template:Infobox Chinese", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Infobox political party", "Template:Refbegin", "Template:Citation", "Template:Cite thesis" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Back Cove South Storage Facility will be the result of a large construction project begun in 2020 in the Back Cove neighborhood of Portland, Maine. Centered on Back Cove Park, between Preble Street to the southwest, Franklin Street to the northeast and Interstate 295 to the southeast, the project is estimated to cost $40 million. It is designed to reduce, by 40%, combined sewage overflow into both Back Cove and Portland's harbor. Currently, after heavy rainfall, storm water mixes with sewage and discharges into Casco Bay. The soil removed from Back Cove Park will be used to raise the area's elevation.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Four concrete tanks, with a total capacity of 3.5 million gallons, will be installed below ground. The project is being undertaken by Sargent.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:In use", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Trey Brown is an American college football coach. He is the special teams coordinator and quarterbacks coach for Muhlenberg College; a position he has held since 2020. He was the head football coach for Wilkes University from 2014 to 2017. He also coached for Stanford, Penn, and Lehigh.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:CFB Yearly Record Subtotal", "Template:CFB Yearly Record End", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:CFB Yearly Record Start", "Template:Use mdy dates", "Template:Infobox college coach", "Template:CFB Yearly Record Subhead", "Template:CFB Yearly Record Entry", "Template:Wilkes Colonels football coach navbox", "Template:Amfoot-coach-stub", "Template:Short description" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Official Albums Streaming Chart is a weekly music chart in the United Kingdom which calculates the most popular albums on audio streaming sites.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "MediaWiki:Toc", "Template:Cite news", "Template:UK Music Charts", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Abbr", "Template:Sortname", "Template:Dts", "Template:Notelist", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:UK Streaming Charts" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nina Gorodetzky (Hebrew: נינה גורודצקי; born 1981) is an Israeli para-badminton player and the first badminton player to represent Israel in the Summer Paralympics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Gorodetzky was born in Georgia and emigrated aged 11 to Israel, where six years later she was severely injured in a traffic collision and confined to a wheelchair.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Gorodetzky competes in Para-badminton for singles and doubles. As a single player she won the 2008 European Para-Badminton Championships and in mixed doubles she won the 2018 European Para-Badminton Championships alongside Amir Levi.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox sportsperson", "Template:Lang-he", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Sports links" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ardaghy (from Irish Ard Eachaidh 'Eachaidh’s height') is a rural townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. It has an area of 372.6 acres (1.51 km). It is situated in the civil parish of Kilcoo and the historic barony of Iveagh Upper, Lower Half, located 3.5 miles west of Castlewellan.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Down-geo-stub", "Template:County Down", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox UK place", "Template:Etymology" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Forok is a Torricelli language of Papua New Guinea. It is sometimes classified as a dialect of Bungain.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Torricelli languages", "Template:Languages of Papua New Guinea", "Template:Papuan-lang-stub", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox language", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dame Pania Tyson-Nathan DNZM JP is a New Zealand businesswoman who has served as the cheif executive officer of New Zealand Māori tourism since 2008. During her tenure, the value of the Māori tourism sector has increased from about $500 million to almost $2 billion.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Of Māori descent, Tyson-Nathan affiliates to Ngāti Rongomaiwahine, and grew up in the Hawke's Bay. She says that she inherited her work ethic from her parents.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In the 2018 New Year Honours, Tyson-Nathan was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to services to Māori and business. She was promoted to Dame Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to Māori and business, in the 2024 New Year Honours.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2018, Tyson-Nathan received the University of Auckland's Māori Woman Business Leader award. At the 2020 Matariki Awards, she won Te Tupu-ā-Nuku award for business and innovation, and the following year she was named as one of the top 50 global tourism innovators. In 2022, Tyson-Nathan was inducted into the New Zealand Business Hall of Fame.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Cite news", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Māori-stub", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Use New Zealand English", "Template:Infobox person", "Template:Post-nominals", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Authority control" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "General elections were held in the Faroe Islands in 1852 after the Løgting was reconstituted. Sixteen members were elected from seven constituencies, with the Danish administrator (Amtmaður) and the local dean (Próstur) also serving as members. The administrator was the speaker.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "D.P. Christiansen, Niels Winther and Peter H. Sivertsen were elected.", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Guttorm Absalonsen and Hans David Matras were elected.", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "H.J.J. Sørensen and M.A. Winther were elected.", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Hans Djurhuus and Daniel J. Mortensen were elected.", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Andreas Djurhuus, H.C. Müller and Napoleon Nolsøe were elected.", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Poul Edward Lange and Jacob Zachariasen were elected.", "title": "Results" } ]

[ "Template:Politics of the Faroe Islands", "Template:Election results", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Faroese elections" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Liz Conmy is an American politician. She is serving as a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives from the 11th district, alongside Gretchen Dobervich. She is a member of the Democratic–NPL.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox officeholder", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite news", "Template:North Dakota House of Representatives", "Template:NorthDakota-politician-stub" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Born To Conquer (B2C) Entertainment also known as Kampala Boys is a Ugandan music group of three musicians who sing together. B2C is made of [Delivad Julio] (born Kasagga Julius), [Mr. Lee] (born Mugisha Richard) and [Bobby Lash] (born Ssali Peterson). Delivad Julio and Mr. Lee sing with soothing soft RnB vocals while Bobby Lash sings the Ragga and dancehall vibes. The three formed B2C entertainment from school as they were students at Crested secondary school in Makindye Division in Kampala. Because of their consistency, the trio decided to start professional music in 2016 with their breakthrough song known as Tokigeza produced by Diggy Baur.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2017, B2C Entertainment released a collaboration with Spice Diana, a Ugandan popular musician which increased their fanbase on the local market. Still in the same year, the trio released a another music collaboration with Goodlyfe Crew titled Gutamiza which performed well in their career. Gutamiza won different awards which helped B2C penetrate to the lists of top artistes on Ugandan music charts.", "title": "Controversies and collaborations" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2017, B2C released a music collaboration titled Kapande with one of the most popular Ugandan musicians known as Eddy Kenzo. In 2018, the trio produced a song with The Ben a popular singer from Rwanda.", "title": "Controversies and collaborations" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2018, B2C Entertainment ended their working contract with their brand manager Andrew Mugerwa known as \"Andy Events\" who claimed to have started the B2C entertainment as a musical group. The music trio claimed Andy events had different dreams and ambitions which could not match their desires.", "title": "Controversies and collaborations" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2019, B2C entertainment released another collaboration with one of Uganda's best female vocalists Rema Namakula titled Gutujja produced by Nessim.", "title": "Controversies and collaborations" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2023, the trio has released two collaborations which have performed well, they released a song with Ugandan singer Carol Nantongo titled Ndabula and later released another music collaboration with Fik Fameica titled Crazy Company.", "title": "Controversies and collaborations" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2018, B2C Entertainment (Kampala Boys) held their first concert at Freedom City Mall along Entebbe road in Namasuba.", "title": "Concerts" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 2022, the music trio had their second career concert at Freedom City mall.B2C have then announced their third concert dates scheduled for 2024 at hotel Africana in Kampala.", "title": "Concerts" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox musical artist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Citation" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The atomic binding energy of the atom is the energy required to disassemble an atom into free electrons and a nucleus. It is the sum of the ionization energies of all the electrons belonging to a specific atom. The atomic binding energy derives from the electromagnetic interaction of the electrons with the nucleus, mediated by photons.", "title": "" } ]

[]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This article lists feature-length British films and full-length documentaries that have their premiere in 2024 and were at least partly produced by the United Kingdom. It does not feature short films, medium-length films, made-for-TV films, pornographic films, filmed theater, VR films or interactive films, nor does it include films screened in film festivals in previous years that have theatrical premieres in 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The following list comprises films not produced by a British or UK film studio but is strongly associated with British culture. The films in this list should fulfil at least three of the following criteria:", "title": "Film premieres" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Civil War fulfills two of these criteria as it was produced in the UK and has a significant amount of British cast and crew members including Sonoya Mizuno, Rob Hardy, Jake Roberts and Alex Garland. Speak No Evil also fulfills two criteria by having British cast and crew members, and being produced in the UK.", "title": "Film premieres" } ]

[ "Template:Britishfilmlist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Imdb country year", "Template:2024 films", "Template:Cinema of the United Kingdom", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Filmsbycountry" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jim Jonas is an American politician. He is serving as a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives from the 13th district, alongside Austen Schauer. He is a member of the Republican Party.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox officeholder", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite news", "Template:North Dakota House of Representatives", "Template:NorthDakota-politician-stub" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rock Paper Scissors is an upcoming American animated comedy series created by Kyle Stegina and Josh Lehrman for Nickelodeon. It is set to premiere on February 12, 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Rock Paper Scissors at IMDb", "title": "External link" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox television", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:IMDb title" ]

[]

[ "Template:Redirect category shell" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Joe Gow (born 1960) is an American academic, musician, and pornographic actor. He was the chancellor of the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse from 2007 until his termination from the position in December 2023, when it was discovered that he and his wife had publicly produced pornographic films.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Newark, New York, Gow initially enrolled at West Chester University of Pennsylvania before transferring to New York University and transferring again to Pennsylvania State University, where he earned an undergraduate degree in journalism in 1982. Gow received a master's degree in Speech Communication from the University of Alabama, then returned to Penn State to earn a Ph.D. in Speech Communication. Before pursuing his advanced degrees, he spent two years as the guitarist and frontman of a rock band called Johnny Deadline, which released an EP titled Whatever Happened to Rock & Roll in 1982. The band broke up later that year, but reunited for shows in 1987, while Gow was teaching for a year at the University of Cincinnati, and had a reunion tour in 1999, while Gow was employed as a professor of communications at Alfred University. While at Alfred, Gow, then director of the communications studies program, published a 1993 study on the influence of MTV, concluding that male performers were substantially over-represented, despite the \"revolutionary\" status of the enterprise, MTV \"finds itself in the incongruous position of presenting videos that reinforce very traditional gender definitions\".", "title": "Early life, education, and musical endeavors" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2001, Gow became dean of the College of Liberal Arts at Winona State University in Winona, Minnesota, and in February 2004, Gow was hired as dean of liberal arts at Nebraska Wesleyan University. In 2006, Gow was promoted to serve as interim president of Nebraska Wesleyan for one year, insisting on a salary tens of thousands of dollars lower than the salary that was offered. Described as \"a student and faculty favorite\", his salary decision presented a stark contrast with that of his predecessor, who had secured a $750,000 retirement package when leaving the position.", "title": "Academic administration" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Gow began as chancellor of the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse on February 1, 2007. Shortly after taking over as chancellor, he performed for students at a battle of the bands at the Cartwright Center's \"Cellar\" restaurant. In 2018, Gow courted controversy when he brought pornographic actress Nina Hartley to the campus to speak as part of a campus \"Free Speech Week\", paying her $5,000 out of university funds for her appearance. Gow was reprimanded for this event, and was one of a handful of university chancellors in the Wisconsin state system who was denied an annual raise. In August 2023, Gow announced that he planned to step down as chancellor in 2024, and at the time the announcement was met with praise for his work during his tenure. In December 2023, however, Gow was informed by email that he had been terminated as chancellor, presumably due to the discovery that he and his wife had created and uploaded pornographic content to various websites. Gow challenged the decision as a violation of his freedom of speech.", "title": "Academic administration" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In December 2023, Gow was terminated from his position as chancellor when it was discovered that he and his current wife, Carmen Wilson, uploaded adult videos of themselves to websites such as OnlyFans and PornHub. According to Gow, he did not use University of Wisconsin resources in the production of the videos or mention his connection to the college. also wrote two books together, Married with Benefits: Our Real-Life Adult Industry Adventures, and Monogamy with Benefits: How Porn Enriches Our Relationship, under the pen names of Geri and Jay Hart. The couple created social media profiles on several services under the name, \"Sexy Happy Couple\", and hosted a YouTube channel titled \"Sexy Happy Cooking\", which featured videos of them cooking with pornographic actors.", "title": "Adult Film Controversy" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite news" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kassi Ashton is an American country music singer-songwriter from California, Missouri signed to UMG Nashville and Interscope Records.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Cite magazine", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox musical artist", "Template:N/a", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "* Note: Not to be confused with Wild Wing Restaurants", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Wild Wing Roadhouse is a Canadian franchised restaurant concept that specializes in a extended menu and services. The restaurant is set to open its doors in early 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Wild Wing was opened the first location in Sunderland, Ontario on March 17, 1999 by Rick Smiciklas. Not to long after the opening the franchise got acquired by Clark McKeown on March 5, 2015.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The first location opened in Chatham, Ontario, Canada.", "title": "Location" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The difference between Wild Wing Restaurants and Wild Wing Roadhouse is a advanced menu including Smash Burgers, Grilled Cheese and more to be announced. This location will also include a never seen before karaoke and band stage and dart boards, with more to be announced in 2024. As not much has been told just yet about this concept we'll learn more as the restaurant opens in early 2024.", "title": "The Concept" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Wild Wing Hospitality Inc. headquarters is located in King, Ontario and Aurora, Ontario, Canada.", "title": "Headquarters" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox company", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Chicken chains", "Template:Bar", "Template:Canada-restaurant-stub" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Iowa Aviation Heritage Museum is an aviation museum located at the Ankeny Regional Airport in Ankeny, Iowa.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Iowa Military Aviation Heritage Museum was founded in 2001 when a group associated with the Hawkeye State Squadron of the Confederate Air Force and led by Roger Pointer received funding to build a hangar. The since renamed the Iowa Aviation Heritage Museum planned to open to the public in 2004.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Exhibits include a collection of fifth scale model planes from the 1990 Des Moines Aviation Expo.", "title": "Exhibits" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web", "Template:Infobox museum", "Template:Div col", "Template:Div col end", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite news" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Cocktail d'amore\" is a song written by Cristiano Malgioglio, Corrado Castellari and Marcello Mancini, and performed by Italian singer Stefania Rotolo.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The song was the ending theme of the television program Tilt, broadcast by Rai 1 and hosted by Rotolo herself. \"Cocktail d'amore\" was released as a single together with the opening theme \"Tilt\" by EMI and peaked at number 2 of the Italian hit parade.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "\"Cocktail d'amore\" is considered a \"cult song\" by the Italian LGBT community. In 2002, Amanda Lear hosted a television program named Cocktail d'amore and released a cover version of the song as the show's opening theme. The Cocktail d'Amore queer party in Berlin was named after the song.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox song", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:1970s-single-stub" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Cocktail d'amore\" is a song by Italian singer Mahmood. It was released as a digital download and for streaming on 3 November 2023 by Island Records and Universal Music. The song was written by Alessandro Mahmoud, Alessandro Buongiorno, Charlie Charles, Francesco Fugazza and Marcello Grilli, and produced by Dardust.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A music video to accompany the release of \"Cocktail d'amore\" was first released onto YouTube on 9 November 2023. The video was directed by Torso and shot in Naples.", "title": "Music video" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Credits adapted from Tidal.", "title": "Personnel" } ]

[ "Template:2020s-single-stub", "Template:Infobox song", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Mahmood" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Castleford Civic Centre is an events venue in the town of Castleford, in West Yorkshire, in England.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The building was constructed on the initiative of the Municipal Borough of Castleford, to house the council's administration and also provide a venue for events. The council organised a competition in 1964, which was won by the Griffiths Lewis Goad Partnership, described by Nikolaus Pevsner as \"three very young architects\". The winning design offered two large function rooms, the largest with a capacity of 700 people. Sculpture for the building was commissioned from Diana Dean. The first phase of the building, consisting of the offices and events venue, was opened in March 1970; the proposed second phase, a council hall, was never built.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1979, Henry Moore donated a sculpture, \"Draped Reclining Figure\", which was placed outside the building, but was removed the following year due to vandalism.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1974, the borough council became part of the City of Wakefield Council, which continued to use the offices and manage the events space. In 2022, it considered closing the events spaces due to increases in energy prices. The following year, the council described the building as \"under-utilised\", and proposed to sell it off.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The five-storey offices and three-storey events space form two sides of a square, on Ferrybridge Road, and the two are linked only at ground floor level. They are clad in precast concrete. There is a basement car park. The offices consist of two blocks linked by a staircase and lift tower, with each storey stepped back from the one below.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite news", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Guri (transl. Target) is 2004 Indian Telugu-language action drama film directed by Bharat and starring Srihari, Vadde Naveen and Sanghavi.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The film was released to negative reviews and was a box office failure.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The film began shooting in November of 2003.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "A critic from Idlebrain.com rated the film 1 1⁄2 out of 5 and wrote that \"The positive points of the film are Srihari's performance and the main flashback episode. The narration of this film is very contrived. This film suffers from bad direction and screenplay\". A critic from Sify wrote that \"Srihari is back after a long break in this age-old revenge saga which is an action packed drama. This rehashed story has no sense or logic and has no twists in the climax\". A critic from Full Hyderabad wrote that \"Guri is completely a one-man show. That doesn't mean that there was only a single person in the entire theater. It means that it's Srihari all the way. He's given a good performance\".", "title": "Reception" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:IMDb title", "Template:Infobox film", "Template:Translation", "Template:Fraction" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sir Scott Duncan Macfarlane KNZM is a New Zealand paediatric oncologist. Over his career, he was intimately involved in the development of a nationally coordinated approach to child cancer, which saw the survival rate for child cancer in New Zealand improve from 50 percent to better than 80 percent.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Macfarlane studied medicine at the University of Auckland, graduating MB ChB in 1977. He undertook further training in Melbourne, and began his paediatrics career at Waikato Hospital in 1986. Ten years later, he moved to Starship Hospital in Auckland, rising to become clinical director of Starship. He was particularly involved in the establishment of the National Child Cancer Network in 2011, heading the body until retiring in November 2021.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Macfarlane served as Oceania president of the International Society for Paediatric Oncology and president of the Australia New Zealand Children's Haematology Oncology Group. In 2015, he was made a life member of the Child Cancer Foundation.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In the 2024 New Year Honours, Macfarlane was appointed a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to health.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Infobox person", "Template:Cite news", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use New Zealand English", "Template:Post-nominals", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite book" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Peter Robert Ian Scott (born 1 January 1940) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Scott was born in Bombay and raised in Canberra, attending Telopea Park Secondary School.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A Canberra Royals centre, Scott was a renown goal-kicker ACT rugby. He was a representative player for the ACT, NSW and NSW Country. His role in a win for New South Wales over the visiting All Blacks in 1962 saw him selected by the Wallabies for the 1st Test in Brisbane, as outside centre. He kept his place for the 2nd Test in Sydney.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Scott's younger brother Gordon was the first Eastern Suburbs player to appear in 300 grade games.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox rugby biography", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite news", "Template:ESPNscrum" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Francisco de Paula y Castañeda, (Buenos Aires 1776 - Paraná 1832) also known as Padre Castañeda (\"Father Castañeda\") and self-dubbed \"El Gauchipolítico\", was an Argentine political activist, journalist, writer, teacher and Catholic priest who played an important role in the political life of his country during the first years of the new-born Provincias Unidas del Rio de la Plata. A member lof the Franciscan Order, Castañeda was a fierce opponent to laicist policies promoted by Minister of State Bernardino Rivadavia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Buenos Aires from the Spanish bussinesman Ventura Castañeda and his wife María Andrea Romero Pineda, Francisco Castañeda completed his first studies at San Carlos school, where he graduated in 1790. A member of the Franciscan Order since 1793, Castañeda was ordained priest in Córdoba in 1800. He was shortly after appointed chair of philosophy for the University of Córdoba and later chair of moral theology at the Recoleta monastery in Buenos Aires.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "During the British invasions of the Rio de la Plata, Castañeda served as chaplain of the Catholic Irish troops. A supporter of the Reconquista, he is reputed with helping Irish soldiers to desert and join the Spanish forces.", "title": "British invasions and May Revolution" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "A strong advocate of the May Revolution, Castañeda made good use of his rhetorical talent in defense of the patriots position in front of his parishioners. His scathing preaching gained him the nickname of \"collector of enemies\". Castañeda was the only member of Buenos Aires clergy to preach a sermon on 25 May 1815, the fifth anniversary of the revolution. Ferdinand VII had been restored as King of Spain and the Quadruple Alliance vowed to counter republican and liberal revolutions, and a royalist reaction was feared among the former Spanish colonies in America.", "title": "British invasions and May Revolution" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "As a teacher, Castañeda established a craft and arts school at the Recoleta monastery in 1817. The school was eventually merged into the University of Buenos Aires in August 1821.", "title": "British invasions and May Revolution" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "A defender of the Hispanic culture values against enlightenment, Castañeda used to publish short-lived rags to publicly debate with his critics. Martín Rodríguez was appointed governor of Buenos Aires in 1820 and in 1821, through his Minister of State, Bernardino Rivadavia, he decreed a number of reforms, among them a law of emphyteusis of public lands and restrictions to the power of the church. Castañeda resorted once again to the tactics of publishing ephemeral papers in favour of the clergy to circumvent censorship. This position eventually granted him the exile. Castañeda settled in Santa Fe, then ruled by strongman Estanislao Lopez, where in 1823 he founded an arts and crafts school. Lacking of funds to sustain his project, Castañeda moved to Paraná, capital of the neighbour province of Entre Ríos in 1827, where he established a primary school under the auspices of governor Pascual Echague. Castañeda passed away there on 11 March 1832. Castañeda's remains were buried in Buenos Aires on 28 July, and the funeral rites were celebrated on 22 December. The oration was given by Franciscan brother Nicolás Aldazor.", "title": "Journalism and exile" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox officeholder", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite book" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sheriauna Elaine Haase (born October 1, 2006) is a Canadian para-athletics athlete, actor, and dancer. She won two bronze medals at the 2023 Parapan American Games. She plays Adele in the ninth season of The Next Step.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Haase was born with a congenital limb reduction. She began running in elementary school. Haase's mother, Sherylee Honeyghan, wrote the children's book, I am Sheriauna, about her daughter and her disability, published in 2017, She attends the Wexford Collegiate School for the Arts in Toronto.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Hasse made her world championships debut in 2023 at the World Para Athletics Championships in Paris, placing fifth in the women's T47 100m. She set a Canadian record of 12.42 seconds in the final. She competed in the women's T47 100m and 200m at the 2023 Parapan American Games and was the youngest Canadian athlete on the para-athletics team. Haase won the bronze medal in both races.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Haase is an ambassador for Holland Bloorview Children's Rehabilitation Hospital. She was a face of the hospital's seventh annual Capes for Kids campaign.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2023, it was announced that Haase would play Adele on the ninth season of the Canadian television series, The Next Step. She also appeared in the series, Circuit Breakers.", "title": "Career" } ]

[ "Template:Cite news", "Template:Cite AV media", "Template:IMDb name", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox sportsperson", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a list of the current Irish medium secondary schools in Northern Ireland.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web" ]

[]

[ "Template:Rcat shell" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Ypsilanti Transit Center (also known as the YTC) is the secondary hub for the Ann Arbor Area Transportation Authority, the primary public transit service running in Ypsilanti, Ann Arbor, and surrounding communities in Washtenaw County, Michigan.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox building", "Template:Michigan-struct-stub" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Katherine Margaret Sproehnle (1894 – August 29, 1976) was an American writer, publicist, and journalist, a contributor to The New Yorker, Woman's Day, Vanity Fair, Mademoiselle, Collier's, Vogue, and The Saturday Evening Post.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sproehnle was born in Chicago, the daughter of Albert William Sproehnle and Isabel Grace Kuh Sproehnle. Her father and brother were jewelers. Journalist Franklin P. Adams was her cousin. She graduated from the University of Chicago in 1915.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Sproehnle was a reporter for the Chicago Tribune after college. She worked with Edward Bernays in publicity, and at a bookstore owned by Fanny Butcher. After she moved to New York City, she was an occasional guest at the Algonquin Round Table gatherings.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Sproehnle regularly contributed fiction, reviews, and humorous commentary to The New Yorker, from the 1920s into the 1940s, She co-wrote some pieces with Jane Grant, James Thurber, and Robert M. Coates. In the 1940s she was the theatre critic for Mademoiselle magazine. She also wrote for Vogue, Woman's Day, Vanity Fair, Collier's, and The Saturday Evening Post.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1926, Sproehnle married Alfred Rheinstein, a construction company owner and housing official in New York City. They had three children, including television news producer Frederic Rheinstein. Her husband died in 1974, and she died in 1976, at the age of 81, in New York City. Designer Kate Rheinstein Brodsky is her granddaughter.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "Template:Cite journal", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Cite news", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox person", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Tasmania Award for Enduring Architecture is an architecture prize presented annually by the Tasmania Chapter of the Australian Institute of Architects (AIA) since the inaugural award was presented in 2010. The award recognises significant, long lasting and innovative architecture with usually more than 25 years passed since the completion of construction.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Enduring Architecture Award recognises achievement for the design of buildings of outstanding merit, which have remained important as high quality works of architecture when considered in contemporary cultural, social, economic and environmental contexts in the state of Tasmania. Nominations for the award can be made by AIA members, non–members and non–architects, but they must provide adequate material and information supporting the nomination for consideration of the jury. The award was initially known as the 25 Year Award, but was renamed in line with the national and other state based awards in 2013.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The average age of the 13 projects recognised to from 2010 to 2023 is 41.4 years from completion of construction to year of award.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Recipients of the state–based award are eligible for consideration of the National Award for Enduring Architecture presented later in the same year, as part of the Australian National Architecture Awards.", "title": "National Award Winners" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Only one project located in Tasmania has won the national award. In 2010 the Supreme Court Complex in Salamanca Place, Hobart by the Department of Public Works (Architect Peter Partridge) won both the state and national award 35 years after the building was completed in 1975.", "title": "National Award Winners" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "", "title": "List of award recipients" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "William Paterson Carr (6 November 1901 – April 1990) was a English professional footballer who played as a full-back, he is most notable for playing for Derby County.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Cambois, Carr grew up in the North East and played football locally at Seaton Delaval, before being signed by professional Football League club Derby County in February 1924.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "At Derby, Carr would play 109 times for club, where he would play a part in Derby's promotion campaign to the First Division in the 1925–26 season. He also helped the club finish runners-up in the 1929–30 league championship.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "After leaving Derby, Carr would have spells at Queens Park Rangers and Barrow before retiring from the game.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Carr died in April 1990, aged 88 in Derby.", "title": "Death" } ]

[ "Template:Cite book", "Template:England-footy-defender-1900s-stub", "Template:Infobox football biography", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Shaniel Thomas (born 14 September 2001) is a Jamaican footballer who plays as a forward for Cavalier and the Jamaica national football team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Thomas attended the traditional all-boys high school Jamaica College where he began his football career playing schoolboy football in the Manning Cup competition. Thomas helped Jamaica College to their fifth consecutive Manning Cup title in 2017 by scoring a goal in the finals.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Thomas made his debut with Cavalier in the 2018–19 season.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Thomas bagged his first hat-trick of his career and the first in CONCACAF Caribbean Cup history in Cavalier’s 3-0 win over Moca of the Dominican Republic, in the group stage of the 2023 CONCACAF Caribbean Cup. Thomas scored another hat-trick in the following fixture versus Golden Lion, becoming the only player in the competition to score back-to-back hat-tricks. Though Thomas was sent off in the finals of the competition, he still finished as the top goal scorer with 8 goals. Thomas was praised by head coach, Rudolph Speid, for his performace in the competition.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "As a reward of for his impressive form at the 2023 CONCACAF Caribbean Cup, Thomas earned his first call-up to the Jamaica national team to face Guatemala in an international friendly at the Red Bull Arena in New Jersey. Thomas came on as a substitute replacing Tyreek Magee in the 83rd minute.", "title": "Career" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox football biography", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Soccerway" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Abu Kamal Tamim bin Ziri bin Ya'la Al-Yafrani, was the leader of the Berber Zenata tribe known as Banu Ifren from 1029 to 1035 during the Middle Ages in the Maghreb. He is the grandson of Yala Ibn Mohammed.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He is known for the construction of the Grand Mosque of Salé in 1028, which was later reconstructed by the Almohads in the 12th century.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1033, Fez, Morocco, under Maghrawa leader Hammama, Temim, leading the Banu Ifran, sent troops, seized Fez from the Maghrawa, and forcing Hammama to flee to Oujda. There, Temim perpetrated violence, killing 6,000 Moroccan Jews, seizing their possessions, burning Their homes, and enslaving Their women. Hammama Rallied his forces and reconquered fez in 1039", "title": "Life" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox military person", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Glanzberg is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Surname" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sunnyside Cemetery, is a cemetery established in 1906 in Long Beach, California. It is adjacent to Long Beach Municipal Cemetery.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The cemetery encountered financial troubles in the 1990s when its owner, Dean A. Dempsey, stole over half the cemetery's endowment fund.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox cemetery", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite news" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "August Moon (August 7, 1937 - July 12, 2023) was an American R&B singer known as Mr. Wiggles, a songwriter, producer, record label owner, and community activist.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "August Moon was born Alexander Randolph in a two-room shack in the Blackwell neighborhood on the Southside of Richmond, Virginia. His father was Freddie Price and his mother was Gladys Randolph Crawley. Moon was one of five siblings. He was raised for the most part by his great-grandmother. As a child he danced for tips on the streets of Richmond, where he got the nickname Mr. Wiggles. He said it was all about the moves, claiming no one could outdance him. Asked by interviewer Nick Spitzer in 2004 if he could dance, Mr. Wiggles told him, \"I can do more tricks with my body than a monkey does with a peanut.\" Moon recalled how as a ten-year-old he \"used to carry groceries, shine shoes, (and) carry newspapers\" to make money. He and his friends formed a washboard band, and \"I'd sing and dance and play a little plastic saxophone.\" Moon got into minor scrapes, and was made a ward of the state because he didn't have a father. He was put into the Hanover Juvenile Correctional Center for three years. After his release in 1954, he joined the U.S. Navy and served four years on the aircraft carrier USS Midway.", "title": "Early Years" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Upon returning to Richmond, Moon had success in talent shows hosted by disc jockey Allen Knight at the Hippodrome Theater. Knight helped guide Moon into a career as a singer, which led to performing on package tours with Ruth Brown, Chuck Berry and Fats Domino. He moved to New Jersey and performed in the New York area. Besides being known as Mr. Wiggles, Moon worked using other names including Little Red and Dickie Diamond. He later recounted how he was scheduled to appear on Alan Freed's TV show \"The Big Beat\" the day Freed's payola scandal broke, but never got his chance. In the mid-1960s he recorded a series of singles at Bell Sound Studios in New York City as Mr. Wiggles, including his signature song \"Home Boy\", a paean to his hometown. He also laid down tracks in Philadelphia and Muscle Shoals. Moon had a few regional hits, including \"Fat Back\" and \"Wash My Back\". He taught himself about studio production and learned to operate sound equipment, releasing his own music as well as recordings of his protegees. The first time he worked in a studio was on tracks by the Upsetters, formerly Little Richard's backup band. Moon said of his own trademark \"Fatback\" sound, \"Fatback ain't nothing but bottom- baritone and bass.\" He started several record labels in the 1960s, including Sound of Soul, Soul International, and Golden Triangle, releasing his own discs as Mr. Wiggles and others for such R&B artists as Little Tommy, Larry Saunders, Dickie Wonder, and Sebastian Williams.", "title": "Music career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Moon is best known for the 1976 album by The Whole Darn Family, a group he managed, recorded, and produced. At the height of their fame the band toured the U.S. and appeared on the music program \"Soul Train\". Their album \"The Whole Darn Family Has Arrived\" featured an integrated R&B band playing original material. Bassist Woudy Hughes played the funky bass part on track four \"Seven Minutes Of Funk\", a song sampled in 51 subsequent recordings by artists such as Jay-Z, Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five, Busta Rhymes, Public Enemy, and Wu-Tang Clan.", "title": "Music career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In the 1980s Moon started Urban Beat and Style Records, among Richmond's first rap labels. He released recordings by acts including Cool Carl, American Express, and M.C. Rockwale.", "title": "Music career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Moon twice served time in prison in New Jersey. In the early 1960s he was sentenced for selling drugs. He also served four years in the 1970s for a second degree murder conviction. He filed suit in the United States Court of Claims in 1981 against the Department of Justice's Witness Protection Program for breach of an alleged implied contract. Moon claimed that in return for his testimony against organized figures and corrupt government officials the Department of Justice promised him money and new identities for him and his family. The case was dismissed after the court ruled that participants in the Witness Protection Program have no contractual rights with the United States of a nature to be enforceable in the United States Court of Claims.", "title": "Legal Problems" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Virginia governor Douglas Wilder restored Moon's voting rights in 1993. Four years later then-governor George Allen proclaimed August 7, 1997 as August Moon Day for his \"remarkable and adventurous life\" and \"the many contributions he made to the people of the Commonwealth.\" His lifelong support of his Blackwell neighborhood gained him the sobriquet \"Mayor of Hull Street\". \"He wasn't afraid to say it like it was, and people didn't boss him around,\" former governor Wilder said of August Moon. J.J. Minor, president of the Richmond branch of the NAACP, called Moon \"an icon, a legend, a mentor, a man who was not afraid to stand up for what's right.\" He hosted a public access TV program called \"Tell It Like It Is\", dealing with community and political issues, reminding his audience that \"if you don't stand for something, you'll fall for anything.\" Moon told writer Vernal Coleman, \"All my life I wanted to be an activist. I didn't want to be a politician. I didn't want to be a preacher. I just want to be what I am, in show business and an activist.\"", "title": "Later Years" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Moon died at age 85 on July 12, 2023, after a long illness. He was survived by his wife Michon, formerly the Victim-Witness program director of the Office of the Commonwealth's Attorney, and his two daughters, Dr. Sesha Joi Moon, the director of the Office of Diversity and Inclusion with the U.S. House of Representatives and Enjoli Moon, assistant curator for film and public programs at VCU's Institute for Contemporary Art, and the founder and organizer of Richmond's Afrikana Film Festival. August Moon was buried on the Southside of Richmond in Maury Cemetery.", "title": "Later Years" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Mr. Wiggles & His Sound Of Soul Family – Sound Of Soul Records (2002) CD", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Mr. Wiggles Instrumental Soul – Sound Of Soul Records (2003) CD- SOS 115", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Mr. Wiggles Again – Sound Of Soul Records (2004) CD- SOS 1002", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Mr. Wiggles Classic Soul – Sound Of Soul Records (2004) CD", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Mr. Wiggles A Classic Soul Journey – Sound Of Soul Records CD", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Where Did Peace Go – Sound Of Soul Records (2005) CD", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Lookey Dookey- Rhythm & Blooz Records (Germany) CD- CR-CD-TTRB 5463", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox musical artist", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite news", "Template:Cite AV media notes" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Paul Douglas Perrin (born 26 March 1940) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Perrin is the son of 1930s Wallabies number eight Tom Perrin. He was born in the Sydney suburb of Pymble and educated at The Southport School on the Gold Coast in Queensland.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A lock, Perrin played for the Brisbane based GPS club and was capped once for the Wallabies, against the All Blacks at the Brisbane Exhibition Ground in 1962, with Rob Heming unavailable.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Perrin was the inaugural captain-coach of the Gold Coast Eagles in the Queensland Sub-District competition.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite news", "Template:ESPNscrum", "Template:Infobox rugby biography", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "West Georgia is a sixteen-county region in the U.S. state of Georgia, bordering Alabama. Encompassing a portion of the Southern Rivers, West Georgia is anchored by Columbus, the state's second-largest city by population; its metropolitan statistical area, as of 2020, was Georgia's fourth-most populous metropolitan area. Tabulating the region's counties, West Georgia had a 2020 U.S. census population of 368,953.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "According to the Georgia Department of Economic Development, West Georgia made up the following counties: Chattahoochee, Clay, Crisp, Dooly, Harris, Macon, Marion, Muscogee, Quitman, Randolph, Schley, Stewart, Sumter, Talbot, Taylor, and Webster.", "title": "Geography" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox settlement", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Georgia (U.S. state)" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Itsik Vaynshenker (Yiddish: איציק װײַנשענקער; 1914–1 December 1978), born as Yitskhok Vaynshenker (Yiddish: יצחק װײַנשענקער), was a Bessarabian Jewish writer, journalist, and literary critic. He was renowned in the Uruguayan Jewish writer circles following World War II.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Multiple issues", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox person", "Template:Lang-yi", "Template:Bio-stub" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sean Griffin is a critical queer film theory scholar and professor at the Meadows School of the Arts. His work includes Tinker Belles and Evil Queens: The Walt Disney Company from the Inside Out, which was adapted from his dissertation.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Tinker Belles and Evil Queens (2000) suggests that The Walt Disney Company, despite having a focus on heterocentric \"family values\" in its films, has long attracted gay audiences, particularly through queercoding and gay subtext of its films. It was described by journalist Nico Lang of Harper's Bazaar as \"the book on the gay history of Disney\". According to Jonathan Alexander, Griffin argues that Disney did this out of economic considerations of LGBT consumers paying for Disney products.", "title": "Tinker Belles and Evil Queens" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2023, Hbomberguy accused James Somerton of plagarising text from Griffin's Tinker Belles in one of his YouTube video essays.", "title": "Tinker Belles and Evil Queens" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite journal", "Template:Cite news" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Park Bench is a 2014 American romantic comedy film directed by Ann LeSchander, starring Walter Perez and Nikki Danielle Moore.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Katie Walsh of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film is a \"sweet tale with a smart storytelling device and charming performers, but not much more beyond the cute.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Scott Tovias of Variety praised the performances of Perez and Moore but wrote that LeSchander \"barely skims the surface of her book-smarts and his street-smarts, much less the cultural forces that keep them apart.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the performances of Perez and Moore but wrote that the \"narrative skimpiness makes their efforts for naught.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

[ "Template:No plot", "Template:Infobox film", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:IMDb title", "Template:Rotten-tomatoes" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lili (born 2000) is a Chinese freestyle wrestler of Mongol ethnicity. She won a bronze medal in the 65kg event at the 2023 World Wrestling Championships held in Belgrade, Serbia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lili was born in 2000 and is from Tongliao, Inner Mongolia in China.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2017, Lili joined the Inner Mongolia provincial wrestling team.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2020, Lili was admitted as an undergraduate to Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities where she majored in Physical education.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2023, Lili won a bronze medal in the 65kg event at the 2023 World Wrestling Championships by defeating Kadriye Aksoy.", "title": "Background" } ]

[ "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Infobox sportsperson", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Sports links", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Short description" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Eutaw House was a notable 19th-century hotel of Baltimore, Maryland in the United States.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:In creation", "Template:Circa", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite book" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Augusta Merrill Hunt (1842-1932) was an American philanthropist, suffragist, and temperance leader.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Augusta Merrill Barstow was born in Portland, Me., 6th June, 1842. She was the youngest daughter of George S. and Ellen Merrill Barston, of Portland, Me.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1863 she married George S. Hunt, a prominent and successful merchant of Portland.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She was identified with many of the prominent charitable organizations of Portland, notably that of the Portland Fraternity, the Associated Charities, the Home for Aged Women, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and the Woman's Suffrage Association. For seven years she served as the president of the Ladies' History Club, the first literary society organized by the women of Portland, which was originated in 1874.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In the spring of 1876 a public meeting was called in Portland, composed of two women delegates from each church in the city, to consider the feasibility of forming a Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Mrs. Hunt was present as one of the representatives from the First Universalist Church, and was called to preside over the meeting, and when, as its result, the Woman's Temperance Society was formed, the members called her to the position of president Under her direction the coffee-house, diet kitchen and diet mission and the flower mission were successfully organized and carried forward.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1878 the society became auxiliary to the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union (W.C.T.U.). Mrs. Hunt continued as its president. Three times, she held the position of national superintendent in the W.C.T.U., the last department being that of higher education. In 1890, she was obliged to resign that position on account of ill health. In 1884, she was appointed by the governor of Maine as a member of the Reform School Committee. At the end of three years she declined a re-appointment on account of the pressure of other duties. In 1873, after the death of her mother, Hunt assumed the placement made vacant on the board of managers of the Home for Aged Women, and in 1889, was unanimously elected president of that association. She appeared several times before the Maine legislative committee in advocacy of the establishment of a reformatory prison for women in Maine, of better laws for the protection of young girls, of municipal suffrage for women, and of the cottage system in the Reform School for Boys.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Source-attribution", "Template:Wikisource-inline", "Template:Portal", "Template:Authority control" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Canada Water Agency (French: Agence canadienne de l'eau) is an agency of the Government of Canada responsible for freshwater governance. It coordinates and administers federal programs and policies relating to the management and conservation of freshwater ecosystems.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The establishment of a federal water agency was a part of the Liberal platform during Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's campaign for both the 2019 and 2021 elections. After the Liberals won in 2021, the initiative was included in the mandate letter to Environment Minister Steven Guilbeault.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The founding of the agency was officially announced by Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Chrystia Freeland as part of the 2022 budget. The 2023 budget provided 85.5 million in funding to establish the agency.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Canada Water Agency was established as a part of Environment Canada in 2023, with legislation planned later that year to elevate it to a stand-alone agency. In November 2023, legislation formally establishing the agency was tabled by Freeland as part of the 2023 Fall Economic Statement.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The agency's first major initiative is to lead the modernization of the Canada Water Act.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The agency is headquartered in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It is currently co-located with Environment Canada in the department's office in the city, with a agency-specific site planned for the future. The Agency will also have regional offices in Vancouver, Toronto, Quebec City, and Halifax. Like other Canadian government agencies, it is responsible to Parliament through a minister, namely the Minister of Environment and Climate Change.", "title": "Organization and functions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The role of the agency is to assist the Minister in exercising their powers and functions relating to freshwater, particularly under the Department of the Environment Act and the Canada Water Act, and the Minister delegates their powers to the agency to this effect. The Canada Water Agency is not a law enforcement agency, nor does it directly wield any regulatory power. Instead, it focuses on coordination and funding. It also provides policy advice and expertise, an example of which is the modernization of the Canada Water Act, the agency's first major initiative.", "title": "Organization and functions" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The Agency administers several programs that fund conservation and restoration of freshwater resources. These include EcoAction, a program that provides grants to nonprofit, non-governmental organizations for local projects that improve water quality and freshwater ecosystem health. As well as lake-specific restoration plans, such as the Great Lakes Freshwater Ecosystem Initiative.", "title": "Organization and functions" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox government agency", "Template:Lang-fr", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite news" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 Jacksonville Dolphins women's basketball team represents Jacksonville University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Dolphins, led by first-year head coach Special Jennings, play their home games at Swisher Gymnasium located in Jacksonville, Florida as members of the ASUN Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Dolphins finished the 2022–23 season 12–17, 6–12 in ASUN play to finish in a tie for ninth place. As the #10 seed in the ASUN tournament, they were defeated by #9 seed Stetson in the first round.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On March 15, 2023, the school announced that head coach Darnell Haney would be departing after 5 years with the program. On April 10, Montverde Academy women's basketball head coach Special Jennings was named as Haney's successor.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Sources:", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

[ "Template:Use mdy dates", "Template:CBB roster/Header", "Template:CBB roster/Footer", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Jacksonville Dolphins women's basketball navbox", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox NCAA team season", "Template:CBB roster/Player", "Template:CBB schedule start", "Template:Cite news", "Template:2023–24 ASUN women's basketball standings", "Template:CBB Schedule Entry", "Template:CBB schedule entry", "Template:CBB Schedule End" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jazz for the Carriage Trade is a 1956 album recorded by George Wallington's quintet with Donald Byrd on trumpet and Phil Woods on alto saxophone and released by Prestige Records the same year. The pianist and the front line were joined by Teddy Kotick on bass and Art Taylor on drums to make up the rhythm section.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Jazz critic Scott Yanow noted, \"The music falls between bebop and hard bop with Woods sounding quite strong while Byrd comes across as a promising (but not yet mature) youngster. A fine example of this somewhat forgotten but talented group, easily recommended to bop collectors.\" Richard Cook of The Penguin Guide to Jazz gave the album 3 of 4 stars, describing it as more straight-ahead than Wallington's album The New York Scene.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "All compositions by George Wallington unless otherwise indicated", "title": "Track listing" } ]

[ "Template:Italic title", "Template:Infobox album", "Template:Album rating", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Citation", "Template:Cite book" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Juanita Urrea Posada (born September 13, 2000) is a Colombian industrial engineer, model and beauty pageant titleholder who was the 3rd Runner-Up of Miss Colombia 2022. She will represent Colombia at Miss International 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Juanita Urrea was born in Armenia, Quindío on September 13, 2000. She is the only child of Andrea Posada and the industrial engineer Alonso Urrea, during her childhood and youth she lived between Buenaventura, Cartago and Cali where she finished her high school studies at the Colegio Hispanoamericano.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Later she completed her university studies at the ICESI University in the undergraduate degree in Industrial Engineering. In addition to her native Spanish, she speaks fluent English.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Juanita was designated as Miss Valle after an evaluative process of interviews, photographs and general and intellectual preparation.", "title": "Pageantry" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On November 13, 2022, the final of Miss Colombia (National Beauty Contest) was held in Cartagena where Juanita achieved the title of Segunda Princesa Nacional (3rd Runner-Up), with Sofía Osío de Atlántico being the winner of the contest.", "title": "Pageantry" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "After the 2023 edition of the Miss Colombia was canceled, which would be held as usual in November of the same year in the city of Cartagena, On December 29, 2023, the contest's board of directors made the decision to designate Juanita Urrea as the representative of Colombia in the Japanese Miss International contest for the 2024 edition.", "title": "Pageantry" } ]

[ "Template:Family name hatnote", "Template:Infobox pageant titleholder", "Template:S-bef", "Template:Portalbar", "Template:S-ach", "Template:S-aft", "Template:S-end", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:S-ttl", "Template:Miss International 2024 delegates", "Template:Short description", "Template:Instagram", "Template:S-start" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Turība Station is a station on the Riga-Jelgava railway line in Riga, Latvia. It was made to serve the Turība University, so all trains stop at the station, excluding diesel trains to Liepaja and Vilnius.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The station was opened August 29, 2003.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Arthur Guo is an American chess grandmaster.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2018, Guo founded Eagle Chess School along with his older sister Ingrid. The school aims to provide chess camps to underprivileged children in the metropolitan Atlanta area.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In July 2018, Guo earned the International Master title, and was the youngest American to hold the title until surpassed by Christopher Yoo just six months later.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In June 2021, Guo won the National Open in Las Vegas ahead of Illia Nyzhnyk, Andrew Hong, Emilio Córdova, and Lázaro Bruzón due to having the best tiebreaker results.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Guo won the Denker Tournament of High School Champions in both 2022 and 2023. In August 2023, he won the tournament with a perfect score of 6/6.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In June 2023, Guo achieved his final GM norm at the First Saturday GM Norm Tournament in Budapest, scoring five wins and four draws with a final score of 7/9.", "title": "Chess career" } ]

[ "Template:American GMs", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox chess player", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lin Carter's Flashing Swords! #8 is an anthology of fantasy stories in the sword and sorcery subgenre, edited by Robert M. Price. It was first published in trade paperback and ebook by Cushing Publishing in December 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The book collects several stories by several authors, featuring sword and sorcery protagonists Thongor of Valkarth, Simon of Gitta, Duar the Accursed, Ki-Gor, White Lord of the Jungle, Kothar of the Magic Sword, Elak of Atlantis, Tara of the Twilight, Ansell of the Dreamlands, Varla of Valkarth, and Tonga of Lost Lemuria.", "title": "Summary" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox book", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Lin Carter (books)" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lāči is a train station on the Jelgava–Liepāja railway in Latvia. Trains do not serve the station.", "title": "" } ]

[]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Peranakans (/pəˈrɑːnəˌkɑːn, -kən/) are an ethnic group defined by their genealogical descent from the first waves of Southern Chinese settlers to maritime Southeast Asia, known as Nanyang (Chinese: 南洋; pinyin: nán yáng; lit. 'Southern Ocean'), namely the British Colonial ruled ports in the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian Archipelago, as well as Singapore. Peranakan culture, especially in the dominant Peranakan centres of Malacca, Singapore, Penang, Phuket and Tangerang, is characterized by its unique hybridization of ancient Chinese culture with the local cultures of the Nusantara region, the result of a centuries-long history of transculturation and interracial marriage.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Immigrants from the southern provinces of China arrived in significant numbers in the region between the 14th and 17th centuries, taking abode in the Malay Peninsula (where their descendants in Malacca, Singapore and Penang are referred to as Baba–Nyonya); the Indonesian Archipelago (where their descendants are referred to as Kiau–Seng); and Southern Thailand, primarily in Phuket, Trang, Phang Nga, Takua Pa and Ranong. Intermarriage between these Chinese settlers and their Malay, Thai, Javanese or other predecessors in the region contributed to the emergence of a distinctive hybrid culture and ostensible phenotypic differences.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Peranakans are considered a multiracial community, with the caveat that individual family histories vary widely and likewise self-identification with multiracialism as opposed to Chineseness varies widely. The Malay/Indonesian phrase \"orang Cina bukan Cina\" (\"a not-Chinese Chinese person\") encapsulates the complex relationship between Peranakan identity and Chinese identity. The particularities of genealogy and the unique syncretic culture are the main features that distinguish the Peranakan from descendants of later waves of Chinese immigrants to the region.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The word Peranakan is a grammatical inflection of the Malay and Indonesian word anak, meaning child or offspring. With the addition of the prefix per- and the suffix -an to the root anak, the modified word peranakan has a variety of meanings. Among other things, it can mean womb, or it can be used as a designator of genealogical descent, connoting ancestry or lineage, including great-grandparents or more-distant ancestors. On its own, when used in common parlance, the word \"peranakan\" does not denote a specific ethnicity of descent unless followed by a subsequent qualifying noun. For example Peranakan Tionghoa/Cina may simply mean \"Chinese descendants\"; likewise Jawi Peranakan can mean \"Arab descendants\", or Peranakan Belanda \"Dutch descendants\".", "title": "Terminology" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "However, in a semantic shift, the word peranakan has come to be used as a \"metaphorical\" adjective that has the meaning of \"locally born but non-indigenous\". In Indonesian, it can denote \"hybrid\" or \"crossbred\". Thus the term \"Peranakan Cina\" or \"Peranakan Tionghoa\" can have the literal or archaic meaning of \"Chinese womb\" or \"Chinese descendants\" or \"Chinese ancestry\" or \"descended from the Chinese\"—but more latterly has come to mean \"locally born but non-indigenous Chinese\" or even \"half-caste Chinese\". The semantic shift is presumed to have arisen from the thorough hybridization or assimilation of the earliest Chinese or other non-indigenous settlers in the Malay Archipelago such that their ethnic heritage needed to be specified whenever referring to them, either to avoid confusion or to emphasise difference. The designator peranakan—in its original sense simply connoting \"descendant of X ethnicity\", or \"the wombs of X\"—emerged as the name for entire ethnic groups that were \"locally born but non-indigenous\" or perceived to be \"hybrid\" and \"crossbred\", and, in time, the latter meaning has come to predominate. It should also be noted that the broadness of the semantic range of peranakan means that it can have significantly different connotations in different parts of the Nusantara region and across different dialects or variants of the Malay and Indonesian languages.", "title": "Terminology" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The word Peranakan, which can have very broad and labile meanings in Malay and Indonesian and, when used in common parlance, is simply an indicator of heritage or descent, may also be used to refer to other ethnic groups in the same region. Owing to the broad meaning of the term 'peranakan', the term is also encountered when referring to other communities in the region with similar histories of immigration and assimilation. For example, the Chitty may accurately refer to themselves as 'Indian Hindu Peranakans', meaning \"of Indian Hindu descent\" or \"locally born but non-indigenous Indian Hindu\". Likewise the Kristang may accurately refer to themselves as 'Eurasian Peranakans'. The name of the Jawi Pekan people is derived from 'Peranakan', Jawi being the Javanised Arabic script, and Pekan being a colloquial contraction of Peranakan.", "title": "Terminology" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The prominence of Peranakan Chinese culture, however, has led to the common elision whereby 'Peranakan' may simply be taken to refer to the Peranakan Chinese, i.e. the culturally unique descendants of the earliest Chinese settlers in the Malay Archipelago, as opposed to the other smaller groups that also justifiably call themselves 'peranakan'. For some Peranakans of Chinese descent, calling oneself \"Peranakan\" without the qualifier \"Chinese\" can be a way of asserting an ethnic identity distinct from and independent of Chineseness (though such a use of \"Peranakan\" as a single-word ethnonym may clash with the desire of other groups of non-Chinese descent to equally call themselves \"Peranakan\").", "title": "Terminology" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Later waves of immigrants to South East Asia are generally referred to using larger umbrella terms such as Malaysian Chinese, Chinese Singaporean, Chinese Indonesian or Tionghoa, or Thai Chinese.", "title": "Terminology" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "One of the sub-groups of Chinese-Peranakan, Straits Chinese or Straits-born Chinese were defined as those born or living in the Straits Settlement: a British colony consisting of Penang, Malacca and Singapore which was established in 1826. Straits Chinese were not considered Baba Nyonya unless they displayed certain Sino-Malay syncretic attributes, in terms of attire worn, food, spoken language, choice of education, preferred career choices, choice of religion and loyalties.", "title": "Terminology" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "However, given that 'Straits Chinese' is a geographical designator specific to the former British colonies in the region, whereas 'Peranakan Chinese' is a broader genealogical designator covering all parts of the Nusantara region where Chinese people settled (including areas colonized by the Dutch, who would not have used the word 'Straits'), the two terms cannot be said to fully overlap or be interchangeable. Someone who is said to be 'Straits Chinese' in British colonial documents might, for example, be non-Peranakan, i.e. a person who arrived in the Nusantara region during much later periods of Chinese migration.", "title": "Terminology" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Conversely, the other Dutch, Malay and Siamese-speaking Peranakan Chinese in Dutch East Indies, Siam and Malaya would be unlikely to refer to themselves using the English term 'Straits Chinese'.", "title": "Terminology" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The Peranakan Chinese commonly refer to themselves as Baba-Nyonya. The term Baba is an honorific for Straits Chinese men. It originated as a Hindi (originally Persian) loan-word borrowed by Malay speakers as a term of affection for one's grandparents, and became part of the common vernacular. In Penang Hokkien, it is pronounced bā-bā (in Pe̍h-ōe-jī), and sometimes written with the phonetic loan characters 峇峇. Female Straits-Chinese descendants were either called or styled themselves Nyonyas. Nyonya (also spelled nyonyah or nonya) is a Malay and Indonesian honorific used to refer to a foreign married lady. It is a loan word, borrowed from the old Portuguese word for lady donha (compare, for instance, Macanese creole nhonha spoken on Macau, which was a Portuguese colony for 464 years). Because Malays at that time had a tendency to address all foreign women (and perhaps those who appeared foreign) as nyonya, they used that term for Straits-Chinese women as well. It gradually became more exclusively associated with them. In Penang Hokkien, it is pronounced nō͘-niâ (in Pe̍h-ōe-jī), and sometimes written with the phonetic loan characters 娘惹.", "title": "Terminology" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Many Peranakans identify as Holoh (Hokkien) despite being of numerous origins, such as the descendants of adopted local Malaysian aborigines. A sizeable number are of Teochew or Hakka descent, including a small minority of Cantonese.", "title": "Ancestry" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Baba Nyonya are a subgroup within Chinese communities. Peranakan families occasionally arranged brides from China for their sons or arranged marriages for their daughters with newly arrived Chinese immigrants.", "title": "Ancestry" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "There are parallels between the Peranakan Chinese and the Cambodian Hokkien, who are descendants of Hoklo Chinese. Likewise the Pashu of Myanmar, a Burmese word for the Peranakan or Straits Chinese who have settled in Myanmar.", "title": "Ancestry" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "They maintained their culture partially despite their native language gradually disappearing a few generations after settlement.", "title": "Ancestry" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Popular accounts of the Peranakan Chinese in Malacca, Singapore, and Penang sometimes state exclusive descent from the royal retinue of a purported Ming Dynasty princess named Hang Li Po or Hong Li-Po—mentioned in the Malay Annals as having made a marriage of alliance with the Sultan of Malacca in the fifteenth century—but the historical evidence for this (likely romanticized) claim is unreliable.", "title": "Ancestry" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "A 2021 genetic study of Peranakans in Singapore found that on average, their ancestry was 5–10% Malay.", "title": "Ancestry" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "The language of the Peranakans, Baba Malay (Bahasa Melayu Baba) or Peranakan Malay, is a creole language related to the Malay language (Bahasa Melayu), which contains many Hokkien words. It is a dying language, and its contemporary use is mainly limited to members of the older generation. It is common for the Peranakan of the older generation (particularly among women) to latah in Peranakan Malay when experiencing unanticipated shock.", "title": "Language" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "The Peranakan Malay spoken by the Malaccan Peranakans community is strongly based on the Malay language as most of them can only speak little to none of the language of their Chinese forebears. Whereas in the east coast of Peninsula Malaysia, the Peranakans are known to not only speak a Hokkien version of their own but also Thai and Kelantanese Malay in Kelantan and Terengganu Malay in Terengganu. Unlike the rest of the Peranakans in Malaysia, Penang Peranakans are much heavily influenced by a dialect of Hokkien known locally as Penang Hokkien.", "title": "Language" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "In Indonesia, the Peranakan language is mainly based on Indonesian and Javanese, which is mixed with elements of different Chinese varieties, mostly Hokkien. Speakers of the Peranakan language can be found scattered along the northern coastline area throughout West Java, Central Java and East Java, and also in Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Young Peranakans can still speak this creole language, although its use is limited to informal occasions.", "title": "Language" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "The first Chinese immigrants to settle in the Malay Archipelago arrived from Guangdong and Fujian provinces in the 10th century C.E. They were joined by much larger numbers of the Chinese in the 15th through 17th centuries, following on the heels of the Ming emperor's reopening of Chinese-Malay trade relations in the 15th century.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "In the 15th century, some small city-states of the Malay Peninsula often paid tribute to various kingdoms such as those of China and Siam. Close relations with China were established in the early 15th century during the reign of Parameswara when Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho), a Muslim Chinese, visited Malacca and Java during his expedition (1405–1433). According to a legend in 1459 CE, the Emperor of China sent a princess, Hang Li Po, to the Sultan of Malacca as a token of appreciation for his tribute. The nobles (500 sons of ministers) and servants who accompanied the princess initially settled in Bukit Cina and eventually grew into a class of Straits-born Chinese known as the Peranakans.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "Chinese men in Melaka fathered children with Javanese, Batak and Balinese slave women. Their descendants moved to Penang and Singapore during the period of British rule. Chinese men in colonial southeast Asia also obtained slave wives from Nias. Chinese men in Singapore and Penang were supplied with slave wives of Bugis, Batak, and Balinese origin. The British colonial government tolerated the importation of slave wives since they improved the standard of living for the slaves and provided contentment to the male population. The usage of slave women or house maids as wives by the Chinese was widespread.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "It cannot be denied, however, that the existence of slavery in this quarter, in former years, was of immense advantage in procuring a female population for Pinang. From Assaban alone, there used to be sometimes 300 slaves, principally females, exported to Malacca and Pinang in a year. The women get comfortably settled as the wives of opulent Chinese merchants, and live in the greatest comfort. Their families attach these men to the soil; and many never think of returning to their native country. The female population of Pinang is still far from being upon a par with the male; and the abolition therefore of slavery, has been a vast sacrifice to philanthropy and humanity. As the condition of the slaves who were brought to the British settlements, was materially improved, and as they contributed so much to the happiness of the male population, and the general prosperity of the settlement, I am disposed to think (although I detest the principles of slavery as much as any man), that the continuance of the system here could not, under the benevolent regulations which were in force to prevent abuse, have been productive of much evil. The sort of slavery indeed which existed in the British settlements in this quarter, had nothing but the name against it; for the condition of the slaves who were brought from the adjoining countries, was always ameliorated by the change; they were well fed and clothed; the women became wives of respectable Chinese; and the men who were in the least industrious, easily emancipated themselves, and many became wealthy. Severity by masters was punished; and, in short, I do not know any race of people who were, and had every reason to be, so happy and contented as the slaves formerly, and debtors as they are now called, who came from the east coast of Sumatra and other places. John Anderson – Agent to the Government of Prince of Wales Island", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "People of Chinese ancestry in Phuket, Thailand make up a significant population, many of whom having descended from tin miners who migrated to the island during the 19th century. The Peranakans there are known as \"Phuket Babas\" in the local tongue, constitute a fair share of members Chinese community, particularly among those who have family ties with the Peranakans of Penang and Malacca.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "Chinese who married local Javanese women and converted to Islam created a distinct Chinese Muslim Peranakan community in Java. Chinese rarely had to convert to Islam to marry Javanese abangan women but a significant number of their offspring did, and Batavian Muslims absorbed the Chinese Muslim community which was descended from converts. Adoption of Islam back then was a marker of peranakan status which it no longer means. The Semaran Adipati and the Jayaningrat families were of Chinese origin.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "Peranakans were held in high regard by Malays. Some Malays in the past may have taken the word \"Baba\", referring to Chinese males, and put it into their name, when this used to be the case. This is not followed by the younger generation, and the current Chinese Malaysians do not have the same status or respect as Peranakans used to have.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "In Penang, Thai women replaced Nias slave women and Batak slave women as wives of Chinese men after the 1830s when slavery was abolished.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "Many Peranakan in Java, Indonesia are descendants of non-Muslim Chinese men who married abangan Javanese Muslim women. Most of the Chinese men did not convert to Islam since their Javanese wives did not ask them to, but a minority of Javanese women asked them to convert so a Chinese Muslim community made out of converts appeared among the Javanese. In the late half of the 19th century, Javanese Muslims became more adherent to Islamic rules due to going on hajj and more Arabs arriving in Java, ordering circumcision for converts. The Batavian Muslims in the 19th century completely absorbed the converted Chinese Muslims who originally had their own separate kapitan and community in the late 18th century. The remaining commoner non-Muslim Chinese Peranakans descended from Chinese men and Javanese Muslim women generally stopped marrying Javanese and the elite Peranakans stopped marrying Javanese completely and instead started only marrying fellow Chinese Peranakans in the 19th century, as they realized they might get absorbed by the Muslims. DNA tests done on Chinese Peranakan in Singapore showed that those Peranakan who are mixed with Malays are mostly of paternal Han Chinese descent and of maternal Malay descent. Peranakans in Malaysia and Singapore formed when non-Muslim Chinese men were able to marry Malay Muslim women a long time ago without converting to Islam. This is no longer the case in modern times where anyone who marries Malay women is required to convert to Islam.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "Peranakan, Straits Chinese, Baba Nyonya are all names for the descendants of Han Chinese men and their Javanese, Sumatran and Malay wives. Han Chinese men did not allow their women to leave China, so they married local Muslim Javanese and other Southeast Asian women. Dayak women were married by Han Chinese men who settled in Borneo as noted in the 18th century. One Dayak man named Budi mentioned a Chinese man married Budi's sister and that he liked Chinese but he hated Madurese as he was talking about the massacres of Madurese settlers. Malay and Dayak ethnically cleansed Madurese settlers from their and in West Kalimantan starting in Sambas from December 1996 to February 2001 after the Sampit fights in December 2000.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "The Chinese are perhaps the most important people in Borneo. They have been traders and settlers on the coast from beyond historic times, and, as has just been stated, have for an equally long period mixed with the natives; so that some Dyaks—the Dusuns especially might almost be classed with them. They are not only traders who amass wealth merely to return with it to their own empire, but miners, agriculturists, and producers, without whom it would be difficult to develop the country. The Philippines, Singapore, and Borneo receive, perhaps, a larger number of these immigrants than any other countries. In Borneo they are scattered over the whole seaboard, carrying on a good deal of the river trade, and supplanting in many ways the less energetic Malay. But they are chiefly to be found in West Borneo, especially in the mining districts, as in Sambas and Montrado (Menteradu) in Dutch territory. Numbers are settled around Bau and Bidi, in Sarawak, and in the capital, Kuching. In North Borneo an irruption of some thousands occurred on the opening up of the country, and great numbers are employed on the tobacco plantations lately established. In Labuan, and in Pengaron in South Borneo, the coal mines were worked by Chinese, and they still act as sago-washers in the former island. Bound together by societies with stringent laws, their system of co-operation enables them to prosper where others would fail. In West Borneo they thus became so powerful as to defy the Dutch Government, who had great difficulty in subduing them. In 1912, Chinese engaged in mass violent riots against Dutch colonial rule in Surayaba and Batavia in the Dutch East Indies.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "Among the Straits Chinese (Peranakan) descendants in Sulu, the Philippines is Abdusakur Tan II, the governor.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "Many Straits Chinese (Peranakans) migrated from Singapore to Jolo, Sulu and Mindanao to live and trade among the Moro Muslims like the Tausug people and Maguindanaons and sell weapons, rifles, cannon and opium to them in exchange for gutta-percha. Tausug and Chinese married each other and Chinese also converted to Islam. Moros carried out suicide juramentado attacks against the Japanese. Moro juramentados used opium in their attacks against US soldiers. American military officers Charles Wilkes saw Sulu Moro Sultan Mohammed Damaliel Kisand (spelling error of Jamalul Kiram) and his sons smoke opium and he had bloodshot eyes because of it. Datu Uto received Spencer and Enfield rifles from Straits Chinese (Peranakan) merchants. Lantaka swivel bronze cannon were sold by Chinese to the Moros who were fighting the Americans. A novel was written about this.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 34, "text": "Balinese women, Bugis women and other native women in Indonesia who married Han Chinese men were buried according to Chinese custom with Chinese characters on their gravestones instead of being cremated.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 35, "text": "The Peranakan retained most of their ethnic and religious origins (such as ancestor worship), but assimilated the language and culture of the Malays. The Nyonya's clothing, Baju Panjang (Long Dress) was adapted from the native Malay's Baju Kurung. It is worn with a batik sarong (batik wrap-around skirt) and three kerosang (brooches). Peranakan beaded slippers called Kasot Manek were hand-made with much skill and patience: strung, beaded and sewn onto canvas with tiny faceted glass cut beads (known as Manek Potong) from Bohemia (present-day Czech Republic).", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 36, "text": "Traditional kasot manek design often have European floral subjects, with colours influenced by Peranakan porcelain and batik sarongs. They were made into flats or bedroom slippers. But from the 1930s, modern shapes became popular and heels were gradually added.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 37, "text": "In Indonesia, the Peranakans develop their own kebaya, most notably kebaya encim, derived from the name encim or enci to refer to a married Chinese woman. Kebaya encim was commonly worn by Chinese ladies in Javan coastal cities with significant Chinese settlements, such as Semarang, Lasem, Tuban, Surabaya, Pekalongan and Cirebon. It marked differently from Javanese kebaya with its smaller and finer embroidery, lighter fabrics and more vibrant colours. They also developed their own batik patterns, which incorporate symbols from China. The kebaya encim fit well with vibrant-coloured kain batik pesisiran (Javan coastal batik), which incorporated symbols and motives from China; such as dragon, phoenix, peony and lotus. For the Baba they will wear baju lokchuan (which is the Chinese men's full costume) but the younger generation they will wear just the top of it which is the long-sleeved silk jacket with Chinese collar or the batik shirt.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 38, "text": "Most Peranakans generally subscribed to Chinese beliefs systems such as Taoism, Confucianism and Han Buddhism, and even Roman Christianity nowadays. Just like the Chinese, the Peranakans also celebrate Lunar New Year, Lantern Festival and other Chinese festivals, while adopting the customs of the land they settled in, as well as those of their colonial rulers. There are traces of Portuguese, Dutch, British, Malay and Indonesian influences in Peranakan culture.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 39, "text": "Just like in any other cultures, the Peranakans still believe in pantang larang (meaning taboos) especially among the older generations. In some cases, quite a number the Peranakan's pantang larang are deemed too strict and complex. But today, most Peranakans no longer practice complex pantang larang to keep up with the modern times.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 40, "text": "A significant number of the modern Peranakan community have embraced Christianity, most notably in Indonesia.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 41, "text": "In 2019, a new branch of Singapore-specific Peranakan intermarriages were found to exist within the early Roman Catholic Church starting from 1834. This early church was set up by French missionaries (Mission Enstrangeres de Paris Order) in 1832 on Bras Basah Road, on the grounds of the present day Singapore Art Museum. Approximately 26 intermarriages between mainly China-born Teochew men and Melaka Serani, Malay, Peranakan Chinese and Indian women, took place under the auspices of this church, between 1834 and the early 1870s. Most, if not all descendants, identify as Teochew Peranakans today.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 42, "text": "In Singapore, the Kampong Kapor Methodist Church, founded in 1894 by an Australian missionary, Sophia Blackmore, is considered one of the first Peranakan churches. During its establishment, Sunday service were conducted in Baba Malay language, and it is still one of the languages being used in their services.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 43, "text": "Despite living in Muslim majority countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia, converting to Christianity allows Peranakans to continue eating pork which is a key part of the Peranakan diet. Moreover, Peranakans were traditionally English educated at missionary schools, notably in Penang.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 44, "text": "In Indonesia, Peranakan referred to all Indonesian Chinese who had converted to Islam up until the 19th century. This indicated the importance of Islamic identity as a \"criterion of indigenization.\" Later, Peranakan referred to all Indonesian Chinese born in the country, including those of descendants of mixed race unions. Large numbers of Peranakans, many from Fujian having prior experience with foreign Muslims who had a dominant position in that provinces most important seaport, adopted Islam in Java, strongly Muslim areas of Indonesia, and Malaysia. As in the case of the Peranakans in Cirebon, this conversion process occurred over several centuries and was even recorded before the Dutch seized Jakarta. Many of these Peranakans in Indonesia who converted to Islam would marry into aristocratic dynasties. One organisation of Indonesian Peranakan Muslims is the Persatuan Islam Tionghoa Indonesia (Association of Indonesian Chinese Muslims), which was formed in 1936 in Medan. Some prominent Peranakan Muslims include the Indonesians Junus Jahja, Abdul Karim Oei Tjeng Hien and Tjio Wie Tay and from Pattani, the Peranakan convert to Islam, Datu Seri Nara, who according to Wybrand of Warwijck was the most important commercial and military figure in Pattani in 1602.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 45, "text": "Due to the culture of Nyonya and Babas is merged between Malay and Chinese and influence by Indonesia. Malacca was once the world's merchant gathering point enabling the birth of Baba and Nyonya ethnic group. Therefore, the Nyonya food can be summarized as \"Malay Archipelago Delicacies of Nanyang Cuisine\".", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 46, "text": "From the Malay influence, a unique \"Nyonya\" cuisine has developed using typical Malay spices. Examples are chicken kapitan, a dry chicken curry and inchi kabin, a Nyonya version of fried chicken. Pindang bandeng is a common fish soup served in Indonesia during the Chinese New Year and so is a white round mooncake from Tangerang which is normally used during the Autumn Festival. Swikee purwodadi is a Peranakan dish from Purwodadi, a frog soup dish.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 47, "text": "Nyonya laksa is a very popular dish in Malacca, Malaysia while another variant called asam laksa is famous in Penang, Malaysia. Pongteh is also another popular and savoury dish of the Malaccan Peranakan community. The main ingredient is onion, black mushroom (optional), chicken (at times pork is used instead of chicken, hence it's called babi pongteh) and fermented bean sauce. The Malaccan Nyonyas are well known for this dish.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 48, "text": "Other dishes from the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia Peranakans in Kelantan include telur kesum, ayam kerabu and khau jam are influenced by Chinese, Malay and Thai cuisine. While in Terengganu, popular Peranakan foods are such as the local version of crab cake, ayam pachok which resembles satay with a stronger flavour, fish in spicy tamarind sauce and slow-cooked chicken with palm sugar.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 49, "text": "Besides that, Peranakans of Malacca are also well known for a wide variety of traditional cakes (kueh or kue) such as lepak kacang, ang ku kue (a black variant is called kueh ku hitam), kueh tae or nastar, Nyonya bak chang, apom balik (Peranakan's version closely resembles Indonesian's serabi), kueh bakol, tapae, kueh kochi, kueh bongkong, rempah udang, pulot enti, kueh gulong (another variant is kueh kapit), kueh bolu, galeng galoh (also known as seri muka), kueh bangket and many more. Traditional kueh (or kue) are sometimes made in conjunction with festivals that the Peranakans celebrate. For example, kueh genggang (also commonly known as kueh lapis), is a type of multi layered cake, most often eaten during Chinese New Year to symbolise a ladder of continued prosperity.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 50, "text": "A small number of restaurants serving Nyonya food can be found in Penang and Malacca in Malaysia; and Jakarta, Semarang and Surabaya in Indonesia.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 51, "text": "It was not uncommon for early Chinese traders to take Malay women from Peninsular Malaya or Sumatra as wives or concubines. Consequently, the Baba Nyonya display a mix of Sino-Malay cultural traits.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 52, "text": "Written records from the 19th and early 20th centuries show that Peranakan men usually took brides from within the local Peranakan community. Peranakan families occasionally imported brides from China and sent their daughters to China to find husbands.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 53, "text": "Marriages within the community and of similar stature were the norm during that time. Wealthy men prefigured to marry a chin choay: or matrilocal marriage where husband moved in with the wife's family.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 54, "text": "Proposals of marriage were made by a gift of a pinangan, in a 2-tiered lacquered basket known as Bakul Siah in Malaysia or Tenong Keranjang in Indonesia, to the intended bride's parents brought by a go-between who speaks on behalf of the suitor. There are rare cases where wealthy Peranakans in the past used highly decorative glided pagoda trays (Botekan Candi in Indonesian) instead of the Bakul Siah or Tenong Keranjang. Most Peranakans have retained the traditions of ancestor worship of the Chinese, though some have converted to Christianity and Islam.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 55, "text": "The wedding ceremony of the Peranakan is largely based on Chinese tradition, and is one of the most colourful wedding ceremonies in Malaysia. At Malacca weddings, the Dondang Sayang, a form of extempore rhyming song in Malay sung and danced by guests at the wedding party, was a highlight. Someone would begin a romantic theme which was carried on by others, each taking the floor in turn, dancing in slow gyrations as they sang. It required quick wit and repartee and often gave rise to laughter and applause when a particularly clever phrase was sung. The melodic accents of the Baba-Nonya and their particular turns of phrase lead to the charm of this performance.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 56, "text": "The important wedding rites had to be commenced on auspicious days at specific times, according to the pek ji, the eight Chinese characters annotating one's birth date and time. At these rites, pantangs (taboos) were carefully observed – the wedding rituals had to be legitimised and witnessed by elders, deities and ancestors. Marriages were typically match-made. Parents and elders made the final decision, but the potential bride and bridegroom were also consulted in the process. Wedding items commonly utilised the prosperous colours of red, pink, orange, yellow and gold and were embellished with special motifs to ensure a good marriage. Similar to the Chinese, Peranakans believed that good things always come in pairs, therefore many wedding items came in pairs.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 57, "text": "Historical and cultural items from the Peranakan culture are displayed in Baba Nyonya Heritage Museum, Straits Chinese Jewellery Museum and other cultural establishments on Heeren Street, Jonker Street and other streets in the same neighbourhood in Malacca; the Pinang Peranakan Mansion in Penang, Malaysia; and at the Peranakan Museum, Baba House and the Intan Museum in Singapore. Furniture, food, and even traditional clothes of the Baba and Nyonya are exhibited. Free weekly street shows featuring Baba performances, and traditional and pop Chinese cultural performances are found in Jonker Street in Malacca. The shows are part of the night market scene, and are usually crowded with shoppers, both local and foreign.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 58, "text": "On 11 November 2011, Benteng Heritage Museum in Tangerang, near Jakarta is opened to display mainly about Benteng Chinese uses an old genuine traditional Chinese Peranakan house. And in August 2013, the Museum Peranakan Indonesia was officially opened by the Yayasan Budaya Tionghoa Indonesia. The museum is located at the Cheng Ho Museum, next to the Hakka Museum, at the pavilion of Taman Budaya Tionghoa Indonesia, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah in Jakarta.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 59, "text": "Other Peranakan cultural collections such as batik and bead works can also be found in museums outside of South East Asia. Honolulu Museum of Art and Australian Museum are known to exhibit such collections.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 60, "text": "Apart from that, exhibition of Peranakan Chitty history, antiques and culture can be seen at the Chitty Museum in Kampung Chitty, Malacca, Malaysia. In 2013, there were controversies of development at the expense of demolishing part of Kampung Chitty, a historical and cultural village. A proposal to construct a condominium, a hotel and a road cutting through the village are seen as a threat affecting the residents and a temple built in 1827.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 61, "text": "In Kelantan, the Persatuan Peranakan Cina Kelantan or the Kelantan Chinese Peranakan Association (abbreviated as PPCK) have opened a gallery which provides visitors with various insights into the Kelantanese Chinese Peranakan culture.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 62, "text": "Many Peranakan were active in trade and considered supportive of continued European rule in Malaysia and Indonesia. Peranakans often played the role of middleman of the British and the Chinese, or the Chinese and Malays, because they were mostly English educated and spoke Malay more fluently than newer Chinese immigrants.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 63, "text": "By the middle of the twentieth century, most Peranakan were English or Dutch-educated at Western-style institutions. Peranakans readily embraced Western culture and education as a means to advance economically thus administrative and civil service posts were often filled by prominent Straits Chinese. Many in the community chose to convert to Christianity due to its perceived prestige and proximity to the preferred company of British and Dutch officials.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 64, "text": "The Peranakan community thereby became very influential in Malacca and Singapore and were known also as the King's Chinese due to their loyalty to the British Crown. Because of their interaction with different cultures and languages, most Peranakans were (and still are) trilingual, being able to converse in Chinese, Malay, and English. Common vocations were as merchants, traders, and general intermediaries between China, Malaya and the West; the latter were especially valued by the British and Dutch.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 65, "text": "Things started to change in the first half of the 20th century, with some Peranakans starting to support Malaysian and Indonesian independence. In Indonesia three Chinese communities started to merge and become active in the political scene.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 66, "text": "They were also among the pioneers of Indonesian newspapers. In their fledgling publishing companies, they published their own political ideas along with contributions from other Indonesian writers. In November 1928, the Chinese weekly Sin Po (Chinese: 新報; pinyin: xīn bào) was the first paper to openly publish the text of the national anthem Indonesia Raya. On occasion, those involved in such activities ran a concrete risk of imprisonment or even of their lives, as the Dutch colonial authorities banned nationalistic publications and activities.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 67, "text": "Chinese were active in supporting the independence movement during the 1940s Japanese occupation, when the all but the so-called \"Overseas Chinese Association\", or residents of Chinese ancestry (Chinese: 華僑中會; pinyin: Huáqiáo Zhōnghuì) were banned by the Japanese military authorities. Some notable pro-independence activists were Siauw Giok Tjhan, Liem Koen Hian, and Yap Tjwan Bing, a member of Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, who in the 1960s became a citizen of the United States.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 68, "text": "Muslim Southeast Asians adopted Chinese symbols like the colour yellow for royals, including Malays, Javanese and Moros.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 69, "text": "One Dutch mentioned \"yellow Chinese belts which only the Javanese will buy.\"", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 70, "text": "Malays and Dayaks in Borneo did not use milk or dairy probably due to Chinese influence.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 71, "text": "Malays adopted the Chinese zodiac. The Dragon (Loong) is normally equated with the nāga but it is sometimes called Big Snake (ular besar) while the Snake sign is called Second Snake (ular sani). This is also recorded in a 19th-century manuscript compiled by John Leyden.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 72, "text": "Peranakan culture has started to disappear in Malaysia and Singapore. Without support from the colonial government for their perceived ethnic independence, government policies in both countries following independence from colonial rule have resulted in the assimilation of Peranakans back into mainstream Chinese culture. Singapore classifies the Peranakans as ethnically Chinese, so they receive formal instruction in Mandarin Chinese as a second language (in accordance with the \"Mother Tongue Policy\") instead of Malay. In Malaysia, the standardisation of Malay as Bahasa Melayu—required for all ethnic groups—has led to a disappearance of the unique characteristics of Baba Malay.", "title": "Current status" }, { "paragraph_id": 73, "text": "In Indonesia, the Peranakan culture appears to be losing popularity to modern Western culture, but to some degree the Peranakans are still trying to retain their language, cuisines and customs. Young Peranakans still speak their creole language, although many young women do not wear the kebaya. Marriages normally follow the western culture because the traditional Peranakan customs are losing popularity. Only three communities of Peranakan still uphold the traditional Peranakan wedding customs, Tangerang (by the Cina Benteng people), Makassar and Padang. Of the three communities the Cina Benteng people are the most adherent to the Peranakan culture, but their numbers are dwindling.", "title": "Current status" }, { "paragraph_id": 74, "text": "Cina Benteng people are normally poor people and many seek, or have sought, opportunities in other areas. Some organisations do try to ease their burden of living. As of May 2012, 108 Cina Benteng families are facing eviction from their traditional homes, the reason given by the Tangerang government being that the area they occupy is actually meant as a green space for the city. Most of these families are low income and have nowhere to move to, as the government is not providing enough money for them to relocate. Several traumatic eviction attempts at 2010 and 2011 ended in violence.", "title": "Current status" }, { "paragraph_id": 75, "text": "The migration of some Peranakan families, particularly the well-to-do, has led to a small Peranakan diaspora to neighbouring countries, mainly from Vietnam to Australia. The 1998 anti-Chinese riots in Indonesia during the fall of Suharto terrorised many Chinese Indonesians and Peranakans alike, causing Chinese Indonesian communities affected by the riots to leave the country. However, these communities are very small, and with the increasing use of the various languages in their respective countries, the use of Peranakan Malay or Baba Malay has been diluted, especially among the younger generation.", "title": "Current status" }, { "paragraph_id": 76, "text": "Associations of Chinese Peranakans include The Peranakan Association Singapore (TPAS), Aspertina (Asosiasi Peranakan Tionghoa Indonesia) and the Gunong Sayang Association (GSA), a performing arts group in Singapore. The Peranakan Association Singapore has over 2,000 members, and the Gunong Sayang Association has about 200 members. The Peranakan Association Singapore consists of a mix of young and old members, while the Gunung Sayang Association has primarily elderly or retired members. In Malacca, there is an Indian Peranakan Association known as the Chitty Melaka. This is a tightly knit community of Saivite Hindus. Chitty Peranakans display considerable similarity to Chinese Peranakans in terms of dressing, songs, folk dances and pantun.", "title": "Current associations" }, { "paragraph_id": 77, "text": "In Malaysia, there are Peranakan associations in Malacca, KL, Penang, Kelantan, and Terengganu. The Peranakan association that is based in Kelantan is named the Persatuan Peranakan Cina Kelantan (lit. the \"Kelantan Chinese Peranakan Association\", abbreviated as PPCK) while the one that is located in Terengganu is the Persatuan Peranakan Cina Terengganu (lit. the \"Terengganu Chinese Peranakan Association\").", "title": "Current associations" }, { "paragraph_id": 78, "text": "The Thai Peranakans live largely in Phuket and have an Association as well.", "title": "Current associations" }, { "paragraph_id": 79, "text": "There are also Peranakan associations in Australia: Melbourne, Perth and New South Wales.", "title": "Current associations" }, { "paragraph_id": 80, "text": "Interest in the Peranakan culture had begun as early as the 1950s with films from Hong Kong such as the Niangre / Nyonyah (Yue Feng, 1952), Fengyu Niuche Shui / Rainstorm in Chinatown (Yan Jun 1956), Niangre Yu Baba / Nonya And Baba (Yan Jun 1956), and Niangre Zhi Lian / Love With A Malaysian Girl (Lui Kei, 1969).", "title": "In popular culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 81, "text": "In Malaysia, a comedy drama series, Baba Nyonya was popular in the 1990s. The series is recognised by the Malaysian Book Of Records as the longest-running TV series in the country ever, lasting from the late 1980s until 2000, with 509 episodes in total.", "title": "In popular culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 82, "text": "Along the passing of the Reform Era in Indonesia and the removal of the ban on Chinese culture, in 1999, Indonesian writer Remy Sylado released a novel called Ca-Bau-Kan: Hanya Sebuah Dosa raised the Peranakan culture and history in Indonesia. The novel was adapted into a film called Ca-Bau-Kan by Nia Dinata in 2002. Riri Riza directed a biographical film on an Indonesian student activist named Soe Hok Gie (played by Nicholas Saputra), entitled Gie in 2005. The film is based on a diary Catatan Seorang Demonstran written by Soe Hok Gie, features a glimpse into the everyday life of an Indonesian Peranakan family in the 1960s. A novel that elevates the history and culture of the Benteng Chinese (Cina Benteng is another term in Indonesian referring to Peranakan) titled Bonsai: Hikayat Satu Keluarga Cina Benteng written by Pralampita Lembahmata and published by Gramedia in 2011.", "title": "In popular culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 83, "text": "In 2008, a Singaporean drama series The Little Nyonya was aired in Singapore, and later gained popularity in Asia especially within South East Asia region. The filming of the drama took place in Malacca, Penang and Ipoh, Malaysia.", "title": "In popular culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 84, "text": "In Yasmin Ahmad films Sepet and Gubra has featured Peranakan character as the lead actor's mother played by Peranakan actress Tan Mei Ling. Lead actors from the 1990s Baba Nyonya series were also featured in Namewee's multi-language and multi-cultural film, Nasi Lemak 2.0 in 2011, showcasing Peranakan culture.", "title": "In popular culture" } ]

[ "Template:More citations needed", "Template:Ethnic groups in Thailand", "Template:EngvarB", "Template:Main", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Ethnic Groups of Indonesia", "Template:Google books", "Template:Zh", "Template:Excessive citations inline", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Infobox Chinese", "Template:IPAc-en", "Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia", "Template:Commons category", "Template:About", "Template:Infobox ethnic group", "Template:Rp", "Template:Library resources box", "Template:Han subgroups", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:ISBN", "Template:Cite journal", "Template:Webarchive", "Template:Overseas Chinese2", "Template:Ethnic groups in Singapore", "Template:Citation needed", "Template:Lang", "Template:In popular culture", "Template:For", "Template:Missing information", "Template:Cite news" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Wu Yu (born 13 January 1995) is a Chinese boxer.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "She won a gold medal at the 2023 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web", "Template:Sports links", "Template:Footer World Womens Amateur Champions Flyweight", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Infobox boxer", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Melturi Station is a railway stop in Latvia on the Riga-Lugaži railway line. Not all trains stop at the station.", "title": "" } ]

[]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Bhoomi Sena or Bhumi Sena was a tribal army organization founded by Kaluram Dhodade in 1970 in Maharashtra to regain the lands of Adivasis from Indian National Congress party leaders, Sahukars and other rich personalities and fight for the rights of tribals and poors.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Bhoomi Sena demanded the Government of Maharashtra a daily minimum wage of Rs. 12 for agricultural workers in unirrigated areas and Rs. 16 in irrigated areas.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Bhoomi Sena was spread over the 100 villages of Palghar district of Maharashtra. In Jawhar Taluka, Bhoomi Sena came into conflict with Shiv Sena (a regional rightist party), which was backed by the local sahukars. Shiv Sena tried to intimidate Bhoomi Sena workers and supporters and one evening attempted to attack Kaluram Dhodade while he was resting in a adivasi hut but Kaluram was protected by adivasis.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Bhoomi Sena was formed in 1970 by Kaluram Dhodade who was a full time working leader of Praja Socialist Party. When the lands of tribals were grabbed by Indian National Congress party's leaders, the Praja Socialist Party showed the intrest in tribals and under the leadership of Kaluram Dhodade, Praja Socialist Party started an Satyagraha to regain the lands of tribals. After that, Kakuram Dhodade was imprisoned for fifteen days in Palghar jail. During his imprisonment, Kaluram Dhodade realised that PSP is showing interest in tribal's Bhoomi Mukti Andolan because of their politics and to gain the popularity in tribals areas to get votebank and PSP was aggressive whe he was in jail so Kaluram Dhodade decided to form an own tribal dominated army or organisation named Bhoomi Sena and collected an army of 800 tribals in Palghar region.", "title": "Formation" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The first action taken by Bhoomi Sena was a dramatic example of direct action aimed at moving local government to implement laws that were in the best interest of the poor adivasis and not of the landlords. The laws in question were a series of Tenancy Acts that were designed, and refined over the years, to establish \"protected tenants\" tenants with fixity of tenure. they later gave rights of ownership to tenants cultivating the land, Bhoomi Sena's first activity was to organize an investigation of land ownership in ten villages.", "title": "Activities and history" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The investigation revealed that there were innumerable cases where the Sahukars were actually occupying the land which the revenue records showed as belonging to the adivasis or the sawkars had managed to transfer the title of adivasis land to themselves.", "title": "Activities and history" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The initial tactic used by Bhoomi Sena was to forcibly harvest the crops on adivasi land that had been-illegally-cultivated by the sahukars. In the first action, some 600 adivasis bearing sickles harvested the crops on one Sahukars land. Initially, there was no resistance from the surprised landowners. But as the harvesting continued, they called in the police. The police threatened the adivasis with arrest, but they stood their ground, explaining to the police that they were acting legally by taking the crops from lands that rightfully belonged to them; they told the police it was they who were acting illegally by defending the Sahukars.", "title": "Activities and history" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "While these confrontations were occurring locally, they were publicized at the state level by the MLA for Palghar, Navinit Shah, Shah was a member of the Praja Socialist Party and had been an important influence on Kaluram's political development; he was wholly in sympathy with Bhoomi Sena's actions. Shah argued in the Maharashtra Assembly that the government should give protection to the adivasis, who were only demanding that the law be enforced. As a result of these dual pressures, the District Sub-Divisional Officer agreed to come to Palghar, and to decide cases of disputed land ownership on the spot. To the surprise of Bhoomi Sena, and of Shah, the Sub-Divisional Officer not only brought his court to the villages, be ruled in favor of the adivasi complainant in 799 of the 800 cases he heard: the adivasis won back several thousand acres of land.\" Navinit Shah firmly believes that it was the power of the organized adivasis that had produced the most impact; in previous years, when he as MLA had tried to get the land laws implemented, he had not been successful. As MLA he could be useful to the movement by adding pressure and bringing its case to the attention of state officials but bureaucrats, he found. would not listen to an MLA unless he had an organized movement behind him.", "title": "Activities and history" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Following this victory, the Bhoomi Sena came to the attention of a number of outside, urban-based political activists. Control over the development of the movement was soon yielded by the local adivasis to a voluntary organization for adivasi uplift, the Bhumi Putra Pratisthan, which was intent on improving the production methods used by the adivasis. New agricultural methods, it was hoped, would lead to general social and economic uplift. In 1972, the Shetkari Mandal (Farmers Association) was established in Palghar to administer loans provided by the Bank of Maharashtra, which agreed to cooperate with the program on the urging of the Bhumi Putra Pratisthan.\" Over the next three years, the Shetkari Mandal undertook a number of economic schemes they hoped would bring increased", "title": "Activities and history" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "prosperity to the adivasis: in addition to administering the bank loans, it entered the grass trade, serving as middleman between the adivasis and the grass traders in a failed effort to secure higher prices, and dug costly wells, a number of which proved to be dry. The major failing of the Shetkari Mandal, however, was its mismanagement of the bank loan program. Although an audit by the bank showed that there had been no misappropriation of funds, the funds had been diverted for unauthorized and uneconomic projects.\" Kaluram, the adivast leader, had lent his support to this venture, and in 1975 he publicly admitted his part in its failure. In 1976, the Bhumi Putra Pratisthan workers left the area, and Kaluram and others worked once again to establish Bhoomi Sena under local control.", "title": "Activities and history" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Now in its third incarnation, Bhoomi Sena has worked to become a grass roots political organization with sufficient power to have an impact on local officials and landlords and to insure the application of the law. In addition to taking on specific issues-notably the struggle against illegal land alienation and bonded labor, and for the implementation of the minimum wage law-Bhoomi Sena has worked for \"conscientization, or what westerners might call consciousness raising, among the adivasis. The effort is to educate and politicize, both to eliminate wasteful social evils, such as alcoholism and gambling, and in order to create a pressure group capable, like the vested interests, of being heeded. The effort is entirely within the legal structures of society, and is gradualist; but it is potentially threatening to the dominant class in the countryside whose support has been important to state and union governments. To the extent that such pressure can motivate local officials to vigorously enforce the law, and can push on the state level for more progressive legislation which then in turn serves as a rallying point for more organization, such movements can have a gradual but potentially profound effect. Government cannot legitimately move against groups acting entirely within the law and, indeed, embarrassing the government into enforcing the law. The attention paid to the rural efforts by urban intellectuals and journalists is thus absolutely crucial to widening the impact that can be made at the local level, for government must be pushed to act vigorously by a wide audience. in last years, Bhoomi Sena tried to form as a political party to get more power in state.", "title": "Activities and history" } ]

[ "Template:AfC topic", "Template:AfC submission", "Template:Sfn", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Draft topics", "Template:Not to be confused", "Template:Infobox organization", "Template:Draft categories", "Template:Short description" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2013–14 Bangladesh Cricket League is the 2nd edition of the Bangladesh Cricket League (BCL), a first-class cricket competition that is being held in Bangladesh from 12 January 2014 to 13 May 2014. Central Zone were champion on previous season, they beat North Zone by 31 runs in Final.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "South Zone is champion of this season, by defeating North Zone in Final.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Four (4) Franchise teams will play with each other on a single league basis where each team getting 3 (Three) four-day matches, Top two teams in the point table will be played in the final.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Scoring of Points", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "League matches will be played on points systems that are as follows:", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "i) For a win, 16 points, plus any bonus points scored in the first innings. ii) In a tie, each side to score 8 points, plus any bonus points scored in the first innings. iii) In a drawn match, each side to score 3 points, plus any bonus points scored in the first innings iv) If a match is abandoned without a ball being bowled, each side to score 3 points.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "First Innings Bonus Points:", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "First Innings Bonus Points as follows", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "a) Batting and Bowling Bonus Points only will apply for each team's first innings only up to the end of 110 overs and retained whatever the result of the match.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "i) A maximum of five batting bonus points to be available as under:", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "200 to 249 runs................................................... 1 point 250 to 299 runs................................................. 2 points 300 to 349 runs................................................. 3 points 350 to 399 runs................................................. 4 points 400 runs or over................................................ 5 points", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "ii) A maximum of three bowling bonus points to be available as under:", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "3 to 5 wickets taken............................................ 1 point 6 to 8 wickets taken.......................................... 2 points 9 to 10 wickets taken........................................ 3 points", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "b) First Innings Lead…………………………….1 point", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "c) If for adverse condition playing time has been lost for 6(six) hour or more then No Bonus Points will be awarded unless both Team have completed their first innings.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Determination of position of teams in the league:", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "At the completion of the league phase position of the teams will be determined by total accumulated points.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "i) If two (02) or more teams' achieved points become equal in the points table after the conclusion of the league, then the standings of the teams will be determined by the higher number of outright wins. ii) If the numbers of outright wins are still equal then team having the first innings lead in the match concerned will be placed higher in the standing. iii) If still equal then the position will be determined by taking into account the number of runs conceded per wicket taken by the teams concerned in the match played.", "title": "Format" } ]

[ "Template:Two-innings cricket match", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Infobox cricket tournament", "Template:Abbr", "Template:Plainlist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Israelis in Armenia or Israeli Armenians are citizens or residents of Armenia who were originally from Israel, are of Israeli descent or hold dual citizenship with Israel.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Like other immigrant communities in Armenia, Israelis are overwhelmingly concentrated in the country's capital, Yerevan. The community remains small but has been growing since 2022 thanks to the influx of Russian immigrants following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which included a number of Russian-Israelis previously residing in Russia, and increasing yerida from Israel related to the 2023 judicial reform and the Israel–Hamas war.", "title": "Community in Yerevan" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Yerevan is home to two Israeli-owned and Israel-themed restaurants, Hummus Kimchi and Mama Jan. Mama Jan was established by cultural activist Julia Kislev who moved to Armenia in 2016. Today, it serves as a meeting point for the city's growing Jewish community and routinely hosts secular parties on Jewish holidays.", "title": "Community in Yerevan" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2013, an honorary consulate of Israel was opened on Komitas Avenue in Arabkir, Yerevan. It is headed by Achot Chakhmouradian.", "title": "Community in Yerevan" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Other notable Israelis residing in Yerevan include composer William Weiner, contemporary artist Vanane Borian, journalist Dor Shabashewitz and chef Dmitry Shingarev.", "title": "Community in Yerevan" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Armenia is an increasingly popular destination for Israeli tourists. The 13th-century Jewish cemetery in the Armenian village of Yeghegis, Vayots Dzor Province, is one of the major attractions for Jewish visitors.", "title": "Tourism" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Amidst rising levels of antisemitism across the world during the Israel–Hamas war, Israel's National Security Council ranked Armenia as the safest country in the South Caucasus and Central Asia for Israeli visitors.", "title": "Tourism" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 2017, it was reported that the Israeli Ministry of Health asked the police to investigate a potential fraud scheme where Arab Israeli medical students were allegedly getting certificates from Armenian universities in exchange for bribes without actually completing their education.", "title": "Issues and controversies" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox ethnic group", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Israelis abroad and their descendants", "Template:Ethnic groups in Armenia" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Buqdarkayn is a village in the state of Sool region of Somaliland. The village is situated between the village of Muraayda and east of the village of Yagori, where another Somaliland base is also situated.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox settlement", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Somaliland-geo-stub", "Template:Orphan" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Neetho Cheppalani (transl. To talk with you) is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by and starring Akash and newcomer Anupriya.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "According to the director, \"'The entire story focuses on situations during college vacation. The hero goes to his native place for the holidays and falls in love with a beautiful girl (Anupriya) there. And he gets full support from his grandfather (M. S. Narayana) who has a modern outlook. He wishes that his grandson also should go in for a love marriage, like him. But our hero falls short of words to express his love for the girl even though it is love at first sight for him. His travails in expressing his feelings have been depicted as funny anecdotes. While the hero's ambition is win her over, the girl has something else on her mind'\".", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The music is composed by Koti. The song \"Meghala Aakashame\" is based on \"Jeeta Tha Jiske Liye\" from Dilwale (1994). A ballad song was filmed with Giribabu, M. S. Narayana, Sudhakar, Krishnaveni, and Telangana Sakunthala.", "title": "Soundtrack" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "A critic from Idlebrain.com rated the film one out of five stars and wrote that \"This film is one of the best examples of bad direction and screenplay in the recent films I have seen. The screenplay of the film makes you squirm with grudge in your seat. The direction is very amateurish\". A critic from The Hindu wrote that \"Akash has a lot of improving to do in acting. The dubbing is equally poor. Anupriya is better, but looks older than Akash. The talent of quite a few senior artistes like Giribabu, Brahmanandam, Sudhakar, M.S. Narayana is wasted. Music by Koti is like a remix of vintage tunes\". A critic from Full Hyderabad wrote that \"Oh well, cheppalani vundaa? Vaddhu babu! (transl. Oh well, is there anything to say? No dude!)\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox film", "Template:Translation", "Template:Cast listing", "Template:Track listing", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:IMDb title" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "There have been widespread doxxing, swatting, and threats against local, state, and federal American politicians since December 2023, predominately those who are members of the Republican Party or conservatives.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Swatting is a criminal harassment tactic that involves false reporting in order to generate a police response. Information in the hoaxes is often obtained through data broker websites, compromised accounts, and leaked databases to obtain, often through legal means, personally identifying information about the individual which can be used for swatting.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Maine Secretary of State Shenna Bellows was swatted a day after ruling Trump's ballot access.", "title": "Activities" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In Ohio, at least four Republican politicians were reported swatted. This includes Attorney General Dave Yost, State Representative Kevin Miller, and former Representatives Rick Carfagna and Senator Andrew Brenner.", "title": "Activities" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Georgia Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene was swatted.", "title": "Activities" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Florida Senator Rick Scott was swatted.", "title": "Activities" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "George Washington University law professor Jonathan Turley, who defended former President Donald Trump during his two impeachment trials, was also targeted.", "title": "Activities" } ]

[ "Template:Use mdy dates", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite news", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Aflah ibn Abd al-Wahhab (Arabic: أفلح بن عبد الوهاب بن عبد الرحمن بن رستم) is the third Imām of the Ibadi dynasty of the Rustamids in central Maghreb. His exceptionally long reign (823-872) is regarded as the golden age of the Imāmat. However, it was primarily characterized by the Mu'tazilite movement.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Aflah ibn Abd al-Wahhāb is the third Imām (823-872) of the Ibadi dynasty of the Rustamids. This dynasty was founded by his grandfather, Ibn Rustam, in Tahert, During Aflah's time, Ibadi Islam still enjoyed considerable popularity in central Maghreb, southern Ifriqiya, and Tripolitania. The Imāmat, of which he was the leader, stood as one of the most influential powers in North Africa, Under his rule, the city of Tahert became a thriving center for the slave trade, facilitated by its privileged connections with the Mediterranean, the East, and the trade routes of the Sahara.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Aflah made significant contributions to improving agricultural infrastructure by constructing farm buildings and expanding irrigation systems extensively. Aflah's exceptionally long reign is considered the golden age of the Rustamid Imāmat. Despite disturbances in the eastern province of the kingdom, his rule remained relatively peaceful. Through flexible diplomacy and generosity, he successfully asserted authority over the nomadic tribes in the region, consolidating his power, During that time, relations with the Umayyads of Cordoba were also favorable. In 853, upon his ascension to the throne, Emir Muhammad I sent a lavish gift to Imām Aflah.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Aflah faced growing opposition, a combination of tribal conflicts and anti-authoritarian Kharijite tendencies, According to later tradition, Aflah was depicted as a defender of orthodoxy, having fought against Yazid b. Fandin, the leader of the Nekkarites, as well as the Mu'tazilites. He is said to have written epistles against the Nafathiyya, a recently formed schismatic movement led by Farj b. Na'r.", "title": "Politics" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Aflah's reign was primarily marked by the Mu'tazilite movement. He faced the repercussions of its rise and triumph, as well as its subsequent decline. In his youth, Aflah witnessed the controversies his father, Abd al-Wahhab, had to confront against the Mu'tazilites. As an adult, he led a violent crackdown against them. Later on, Aflah reintegrated the Mu'tazilites into the community of Tahert and became the Imam of the Ibadi-Sufri-Waçili faction (Mu'tazilites). They gained significant influence, being part of his inner circle and even entrusted with his protection. They were nomads residing in the vicinity of Tahert.", "title": "Politics" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The division in the Djebel Nefoussa came to an end with a decisive defeat inflicted upon Kh̲alaf in 836. This movement, stemming from the second split under Imam Abd al-Wahhab, then lost much of its prestige.", "title": "Politics" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The power of Imam Aflah raised such concern among the Abbasids that he was accused of conspiring against their dynasty and preparing to seize power in Baghdad. His son, Abu-l-Yaqdan, who allegedly gathered Kharijite leaders from the East in Mecca during his pilgrimage, was captured there and later transferred to and imprisoned in Baghdad until the death of Al-Mutawakkil.", "title": "Politics" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "This marked the beginning of a new era. Qadi Sahnun expelled the Kharijites from his mosque in Kairouan, while Imam Aflah ordered the burning and razed an entire city named Al 'Abbasiyya by the Aghlabids.", "title": "Politics" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "After Aflah's death, the internal history of the Rustamid kingdom became tumultuous. His succession by his younger son, Abū Bakr, after the Abbasids captured his designated heir, Abū al-Yaqẓān, quickly led to a political crisis.", "title": "Politics" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Aflah al-Wahhāb was also involved in the transfer of knowledge from the East. He had the opportunity to meet Abū Ghānim al-Khurāsānī, the author of the first known Ibadi canonical compilation called Mudawwana. Aflah studied the writings of Abū Sufyān and transmitted the traditions of the Prophet's early companions. In line with the Rustamids' reputation as the \"house of knowledge\" (bayt al-ʿilm), Aflah al-Wahhāb was considered a mufti and theologian, even gathering three study circles (halaqa) around him before reaching puberty. Little is known with certainty about Aflah's own writings. He is credited with a short didactic poem celebrating the pursuit of religious knowledge, titled \"Qaṣīda fī faḍl al-ʿilm wa-l-mutaʿallim\", but it is never mentioned in medieval literature. On the other hand, his unpublished Jawābāt (\"Answers\") are mentioned, but only from the 14th century onwards. Some manuscripts indicate that these responses were intended for one or more specific interlocutors, although their identity has not been established. Most manuscripts contain only a selection of legal material, likely extracted from longer versions of the Jawābāt.", "title": "Ibadite Works" } ]

[ "Template:Citation", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Infobox military person" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Stefania Rotolo (23 February 1951 – 31 July 1981) was an Italian singer, dancer, showgirl and television presenter.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "She hosted various TV shows on the Italian national television in the late 1970s, such as Piccolo Slam (1977-1978), Non stop (1978) and Tilt (1979). Rotolo also performed the shows' opening themes, respectively \"Toccami\", \"Go!!\" and the hit \"Cocktail d'amore\", written by Cristiano Malgioglio, which peaked at number 2 of the Italian hit parade.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Rotolo's first and only studio album, Uragano Slam, was released in 1978. She died of cancer on 31 July 1981 in Rome.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox musical artist", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite news", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Italy-singer-stub", "Template:Short description", "Template:Expand Italian" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Wu Yu (born 13 January 1995) is a Chinese boxer.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "She won a gold medal at the 2023 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web", "Template:Sports links", "Template:Footer World Womens Amateur Champions Light Welterweight", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Infobox boxer", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Goodrich is an unincorporated community in Linn County, Kansas, United States.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Use mdy dates", "Template:Cite gnis2" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Paxson Vickers (died October 22, 1865) was an American politician and pottery manufacturer from Pennsylvania. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Chester County in 1857.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Paxson Vickers was born to Abigail (née Paxson) and John Vickers. His father manufactured pottery and was a member of the Underground Railroad in Caln Township, Pennsylvania.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Vickers followed his father as a pottery manufacturer in Lionville.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Vickers was a Republican. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Chester County in 1857.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Vickers married Ann Lewis. They had at least three children, including John, Sara Louisa and a daughter who died in July 1865. His daughter Sara was a writer.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Vickers accidentally shot himself in the knee in the fall of 1865. He died a few weeks later from his wound on October 22, 1865, aged 48 or 49.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use mdy dates", "Template:Infobox officeholder", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Open access", "Template:Cite news" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Missouri House of Representatives election will take place on November 5, 2024, as part of the biennial 2024 United States elections. All 163 seats in the Missouri House of Representatives were up for election.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox election", "Template:Elections in Missouri sidebar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Distinguish" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Boicourt is an unincorporated community in Linn County, Kansas, United States.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Use mdy dates", "Template:Cite gnis2" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 India Open (officially known as the Yonex Sunrise India Open 2024 for sponsorship reasons) is a badminton tournament that will take place at the K. D. Jadhav Indoor Stadium, New Delhi, India, from 16 to 21 January 2024 and has a total prize of US$850,000.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The 2024 India Open is the second tournament of the 2024 BWF World Tour and is part of the India Open championships, which had been held since 1973. This tournament is organized by the Badminton Association of India with sanction from the BWF.", "title": "Tournament" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This tournament will be held at the K. D. Jadhav Indoor Stadium in New Delhi, India.", "title": "Tournament" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Below is the point distribution table for each phase of the tournament based on the BWF points system for the BWF World Tour Super 750 event.", "title": "Tournament" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The total prize money is US$850,000 with the distribution of the prize money in accordance with BWF regulations.", "title": "Tournament" } ]

[ "Template:TOC-right", "Template:Colend", "Template:4TeamBracket-Tennis3", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Succession box", "Template:Infobox badminton event", "Template:8TeamBracket-Tennis3", "Template:India Open (badminton)", "Template:Short description", "Template:Colbegin", "Template:Flagicon", "Template:S-end", "Template:2024 BWF World Tour", "Template:Cite web", "Template:S-start" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Spotted Bullhead (Ameiurus serracanthus) is a species of Bullhead catfish endemic to the Southeastern United States.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The spotted bullhead is the smallest of the bullhead catfish, with its maximum length being only 9 inches (23cm). The spotted bullhead is one of the more striking members of the bullhead family, with yellow spots being its most distinguishing feature. It is a member of a group of bullhead species having a black blotch at the base of the dorsal fin and a relatively large eye. The spotted catfish has a strongly serrated pectoral spine which has 6-20 large serrae. All the fins are edged in black, and the caudal fin is moderately emarginate.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The spotted bullhead has confirmed records spanning Florida's northwest, northern, central and eastern Alabama, and northern and western Georgia.", "title": "Distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The spotted bullhead is a freshwater demersal fish, known to inhabit mainstem and large tributaries. It inhabits rocky or sandy substrates with moderate currents and is particularly fond of deep holes in the river systems. The spotted bullhead has been occasionally spotted over mud near vegetation, stumps and impounded portions of rivers.", "title": "Habitat" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "While no detailed studies of the diet of the spotted bullhead have been made, residents of northern Florida often refer to the spotted bullhead as \"snailcat,\" (not to be confused with the Snail bullhead) due to is being known to consume mollusks. Four different species of mollusks identified from stomach contents.", "title": "Diet" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Unreferenced", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Desnianskyi District (Ukrainian: Деснянський район, Desnianskyi raion) is one of two administrative urban districts (raions) of the city of Chernihiv, located in northern Ukraine.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox settlement", "Template:Lang", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Chernihiv Oblast", "Template:Chernihiv-geo-stub", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Lang-uk", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Short description" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Novozavodskyi District (Ukrainian: Новозаводський район, Novozavodskyi raion) is one of two administrative urban districts (raions) of the city of Chernihiv, located in northern Ukraine.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Lang-uk", "Template:Lang", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Chernihiv Oblast", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Infobox settlement", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Chernihiv-geo-stub", "Template:Short description" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Copa de la Liga Profesional (officially the Copa Sur Finanzas 2024 for sponsorship reasons) will be the fifth edition of the Copa de la Liga Profesional, an Argentine domestic cup. It will begin on 28 January and will end on 5 May 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The competition will be contested by 28 teams, 26 returning from the 2023 season as well as 2 promoted teams from the 2023 Primera Nacional (Independiente Rivadavia and Deportivo Riestra). Rosario Central will be the defending champions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "For the group stage, the 28 teams were drawn into two groups of fourteen teams each, playing on a single round-robin basis. Additionally, each team will play one interzonal match against its rival team in the other zone. In each group, the top four teams will advance to the quarter-finals. The final stages (quarter-finals, semi-finals and final) will be played on a single-legged basis.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The 28 teams were drawn into two groups of fourteen containing one team from each of the interzonal matches. The groups will be the same as the 2023 Copa de la Liga Profesional, except that the 2023 relegated teams, Colón and Arsenal, were replaced by the 2023 promoted teams, Independiente Rivadavia and Deportivo Riestra, respectively.", "title": "Draw" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In the group stage, each group will be played on a single round-robin basis. Additionally, in the seventh round, each team will play one interzonal match against its rival team in the other zone. Teams will be ranked according to the following criteria: 1. Points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, and 0 points for a loss); 2. Goal difference; 3. Goals scored; 4. Fair play ranking; 5. Draw.", "title": "Group stage" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The top four teams of each group will advance to the quarter-finals.", "title": "Group stage" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "", "title": "Group stage" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "", "title": "Group stage" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Source:AFA Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.", "title": "Group stage" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Starting from the quarter-finals, the teams will play a single-elimination tournament on a single-leg basis with the following rules:", "title": "Final stages" } ]

[ "Template:Resize", "Template:OneLegStart", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Copa de la Liga Profesional", "Template:2024 in South American football (CONMEBOL)", "Template:Infobox football tournament season", "Template:8TeamBracket", "Template:OneLegResult", "Template:Football box", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Elisa Torres Durney is a Chilean social entrepreneur and STEM activist. She is the founder and executive director of Girls in Quantum. In 2023 she became one of the 10 best students in the world (Top 10 Global Student Prize).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Torres's interests have always been broad, taking her into the world of theater and the arts from a young age. But science and languages are her passion. She first became interested in quantum computing when she enrolled in IBM's Qubit x Qubit Coding School, where she met and subsequently invited women and young people from around the globe to be a part of Girls in Quantum.", "title": "Activism STEM" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Additionally, at the age of sixteen, she established Girls in Quantum, an international network of students whose goal is to provide girls and adolescents with free access to quantum computing, regardless of their place of birth, nationality, or financial means.", "title": "Activism STEM" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Since then, she has given guest lectures at both domestic and international STEM conferences, while broadening her knowledge with different programs, such as Young Global Scholars at Yale University, Future Scholar Program at the University of Cambridge, and the Junior Academy of the New York Academy of Sciences.", "title": "Activism STEM" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In April 2023 she collaborated with an initiative that was created to celebrate World Quantum Day 2023 and answer quantum science related questions submitted to Q-12 partners by teachers and students. The National Q-12 Education Partnership receives support from NSF, the Boeing Corporation, NASA, Caltech, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and IBM.", "title": "Activism STEM" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Torres was a member of the technical staff of the \"Digital Revolution\" panel of the National Council of Science, Technology, Knowledge, and Innovation for Development (CTCI), along with leading academics and professionals from the technology industry. In representation of Chilean students, the technical panel is part of the \"Chile makes the Future\" (#ChileCreaFuturo) trend anticipation exercise, which aims to develop recommendations for the best design of public policies. Results were presented to the president of the Republic of Chile in June 2023.", "title": "Activism STEM" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In November 2023 Torres was part of the organizing committee of the first Spanish-speaking quantum computing school Qiskit Fall fest.", "title": "Activism STEM" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Her work in scientific dissemination has earned recognition from:", "title": "Awards and recognition" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox person", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Authority control" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Akhtar Usman (born: 4 April 1969), is a Pakistani poet, critic, columnist and writer. He belongs to Islamabad.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Usman is known for his poems on unconventional themes. He has written extensively in Urdu, Persian, Pothohari, Punjabi and English. He has also written in many genres including ghazal, Nazm and poem.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Several books of Akhtar Usman's poetry have been published. Some of his notable works include:", "title": "Works" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "His book Chirag Zaar is his latest book of poetry published in 2017 by Rumail House of Publications, Rawalpindi. This book consists mostly of Ghazal, one of the most popular genres.", "title": "Works" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Akhtar Usman's poetry provides a subtle expression of the interplay of tradition and modernity in accordance with the centrality of the creative process and the transformative potential of art. His poetry transcends ethnicity, creed and all other layers and touches the basic principles of humanity. His poetry also offers some solace and momentary solace even if we do not believe in the process of change.", "title": "Works" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Usman's work has been critically reviewed by Halqa-i-Arbab-i-Zauq, which is known for its tradition of literary criticism. The organization recognized Usman as its Adab Satara (literary star) and praised his poetry and critical skills. His literary approach, which encompasses a global perspective, has been appreciated for enriching discussions at constituency meetings.", "title": "Critical evaluation" } ]

[ "Template:Cite book", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Magic 91 may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Dab" ]