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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rudolph Speid (born February 22, 1962) is a Jamaican football manager who manages Cavalier.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Speid worked as an accountant and treasurer.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Speid worked as technical director of Jamaican side Cavalier.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Speid obtained a CONCACAF A Coaching License.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Battle of Piacenza, which took place in January 217 B.C. during the Second Punic War, represented a double clash of secondary importance between the army of the consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus and the Carthaginian army led by Hannibal. This occurred following Hannibal's victories at the Ticinus.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In December 218 B.C., approximately ten thousand Romans who survived the defeat at the Trebia retreated to the fortified city of Piacenza, They successfully defended the city against an attack by Hannibal's cavalry.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After a brief wintering, Hannibal, unable to cross the Apennines due to harsh weather, returned to Piacenza, where Consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus had recently arrived. Hannibal deployed with twelve thousand infantry and five thousand cavalry. The consul left the city, initiating the battle. Initially, the Romans had the advantage, pushing the Carthaginians back into their camp and beginning a siege. Hannibal, leaving only a few troops in the entrenchment, regrouped the majority toward the center with orders not to move. Frustrated in their attempts to take the camp by force, the Romans eventually withdrew. Hannibal counterattacked with cavalry on both flanks and personally led his elite troops in the center. A bloody combat ensued, halted by nightfall.", "title": "Battle" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "According to Livy, the losses were balanced, with 600 infantry and 300 cavalry casualties on each side. However, the Romans suffered the loss of several knights, five military tribunes, and three allied prefects. Following this inconclusive clash, both parties abandoned the Po Valley. Sempronius retreated to Lucca, while Hannibal headed to Liguria.", "title": "Aftermath" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hindustani Academy is an autonomous literary organization runs under the Language Department of the Government of Uttar Pradesh. Founded in 1927, it is based in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. The organization is dedicated to the preservation, promotion, and development of languages such as Hindi, Urdu, Braj Bhasha, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, etc., and their respective literature.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Hindustani Academy, situated in Prayagraj, was founded by the Government of the United Province on January 22, 1927. The inauguration ceremony took place on March 29, 1927, in Lucknow, with the then Governor William Morris presiding over the event. Hindustani Academy was founded with the assistance of the then Education Minister of the United Provinces, Rajeshwar Bali, Pandit Yajnanarayan Upadhyay from Banaras, Hafiz Hidayat Hussain and Tej Bahadur Sapru.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The organization was established to enrich and popularize Hindi and its allied languages. Apart from preserving and promoting Hindi, its literature, and other forms like Urdu, Brajbhasha, Bhojpuri, and Awadhi, the academy aims to translate literary works from non-Hindi Indian languages and foreign languages into Hindi and promote original Hindi works and creative literature.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru served as the first president of the Hindustani Academy. It had its first council comprising writers like Premchand, Ayodhya Prasad Upadhyay, and Shyam Sundar Das. After Sapru, Rai Rajeshwar Bali, Dr. Ramkumar Verma, Dr. Jagdish Gupt, Dr. Yogendra Pratap Singh, Justice Dr. Surendranath Dwivedi, Justice Kamalakant Verma, Kailash Gautam, and others have served as the president of the Hindustani Academy.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In the past, the academy hosted prominent Hindi and Urdu writers like Munshi Premchand, Rahul Sankrityayan, Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, Mahadevi Verma, Firaq Gorakhpuri, Jagadish Gupta in open discussions and talks.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2014, as part of its initiative, Hindustani Academy revived its legacy by publishing rare pre-Independence Hindi and Urdu works. It re-published 20 rare books, including Raja Bhoj (1932), Awadh Kosh (1934), Prayag Pradeep' (1937), Hindustan Ka Naya Dastoore-Hukumat, Karuna Vasta me Hindustani Tehjeeb and Intkhabe Daag from the pre-independence era, along with a collection of letters of Mirza Ghalib.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "A large library is situated at the Hindustani Academy where ancient books, literary works, and manuscripts are preserved. In the Hindustani Academy library, there are 25,000 books available in Hindi, Urdu, Sanskrit, English, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, and other Indian languages. It also includes three hundred ancient manuscripts, comprising handwritten and monoblock printed copies, along with a collection of over 8,000 literary magazines and newspapers.", "title": "Library" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Hindustani Academy has undertaken the digitalization and preservation of its library collection, comprising thousands of books. Approximately 25,000 books from the library have been scanned and uploaded in digital format, which includes 15,000 Hindi books, 2,000 Urdu books, and 300 manuscripts. The digitalization efforts extend to Hindustani Academy's magazines, Hindustani, Hans, Chand, Saraswati, Madhuri, and Madhyam Patrika. The process of digitizing these literary works took three years.", "title": "Library" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Hindustani Academy encourages writers by awarding national and state-level honors. At the national stage, it presents the Guru Gorakhnath Shikhar Samman (₹5,00,000), Goswami Tulsidas Samman (₹5,00,000), and Sant Kabir Das Samman (₹4,00,000) for literary contributions in early Hindi literature, Bhakti-era literature, and contributions to the Nirguna Bhakti tradition, respectively.", "title": "Activities" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "At the state level, the academy presents awards such as the Bharatendu Harishchandra Samman (₹2,00,000), Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi Samman (₹2,00,000), Mahadevi Verma Samman (₹1,00,000), Firaq Gorakhpuri Samman (₹1,00,000), Bhikhari Thakur Bhojpuri Samman (₹1,00,000), Banadas Awadhi Samman (₹1,00,000), Kumbhandas Brajbhasha Samman (₹1,00,000), and Isuri Bundeli Samman (₹1,00,000). It also recognizes young writers with an award named Hindustani Academy Yuva Lekhan Samman of 11,000 rupees.", "title": "Activities" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The appointment of Sunil Jogi as the chairman of the Hindustani Academy in April 2013 stirred controversy, as literary associations questioned his alleged lack of significant contributions to the field of literature and raised concerns about the selection process and Jogi's suitability for the role. A signature campaign was launched by three writers' associations, the Progressive Writers' Association (PWA), Janvadi Lekhak Sangh (JLS) and Jan Sanskrit Manch.", "title": "Controversies" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Je-Geun Park (Hangul 박제근, Chinese character 朴濟根, born 1965) is a physicist in the Republic of Korea. He is a condensed matter physicist known for his work on wide-ranging problems of magnetism, in particular strongly correlated electron systems. He is credited with discovering a new class of magnetic 2D materials, also known as van der Waals magnets. He has worked as a professor at Seoul National University.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He was born on October 14, 1965, in Gosung, Republic of Korea. He is married with one daughter. He graduated from Dae-Ah High School in 1984 and attended the Department of Physics at Seoul National University from 1984 to 1988. After his undergraduate, he went on to do his MSc in the group of Professor Se-Jung Oh and worked on core-levels spectroscopy of Mn dihalides and graduated in 1990. He won a national overseas scholarship from the Korean government in 1989 and went to Imperial College, London, to study PhD under Prof. Bryan Coles, FRS. Before returning to Korea, he spent a few years of stints at Lab. Louis Neel, Grenoble, France and Birkbeck College, London. He worked at Inha University (1996–2001) and Sungkyunkwan University (2001–2010). He moved to Seoul National University as a university professor in 2010 and has since built a world-renowned group with pioneering works on van der Waals magnets. He is currently a professor at the Department of Physics and Astronomy of Seoul National University.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Je-Geun Park worked at Lab. Louis Neel, Grenoble, France and Birkbeck College, London, as a post-docs after getting PhD from Imperial College, London, in 1993. He then returned to Korea to take up an assistant professor position at Inha University from 1996 to 2000 and was promoted to associate professor in 2001. He then worked as an associate professor at SungKyunKwan University from 2001 to 2006 before becoming a professor from 2006 to 2009 and SKKU fellow from 2009 to 2010. He later moved to Seoul University in 2010 as a professor. He is currently a director at the Center for Quantum Materials.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Jeong Ho Lee's patents include Probe System For Low-Temperature High-Precision Heat Transport Measurement And Measurement Device Including Same registered in 2022 and Magnetic Memory Using Spin Current, Operating Method Thereof, And Electronic Apparatus Including Magnetic Memory registered in 2023.", "title": "Patents" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "La Cavale du Dr Destouches (lit. 'The Escape of Dr. Destouches') is a 2015 French comic book with scenario by Christophe Malavoy and art by Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi. It is about the writer Louis-Ferdinand Céline and his time with his wife Lucette and cat Bébert [fr] at the Sigmaringen enclave, where leaders and collaborators of Vichy France gathered in 1944.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The book is loosely based on Céline's novel trilogy about these events. It was published by Futuropolis [fr] on 10 September 2016 .", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Amaru Topa Inca, also known as Amaru Inca Yupanqui, (Quechua: Amaru Tupaq Inka) was an Inca prince and co-ruler of the Hanan dynasty, who reigned around 1450.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Amaru Topa Inca was the son of Pachacuti and Mama Anawarki.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Around 1450, Pachacuti decided to name him his co-ruler and successor. His reign lasted between five and ten years.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He chose the palace of Hatuncancha, in Cuzco, as his residence, and married Curi Ocllo, also called Chimpu Ocllo. Although he was skilled in the administration of the state, he could not familiarize himself with his military tasks. This became evident when a revolt of the Colla broke out around lake Titicaca, while Pachacuti was campaigning in the Amazon rainforest. At first, Pachacuti put down the rebellion himself. However, following his return to Cusco, the Colla revolted again. This time, Amaru, as co-ruler, led the army, accompanied by his two brothers. The Inca armies were victorious, but all the decisions of Amaru Yupanqui, if he would not have been assisted by his brothers, would have been disastrous. Due to the lack of military talent found in the joint prince, Pachacuti changed his decision and instead, with the support of the nobility, who disliked Amaru, decided to name another one of his sons, Tupac Yupanqui, who in turn had a reputation as a talented warrior, as his co-ruler and successor. Mariano Babtista Gumucio believes that Amaru was not forced to abdicate, and that he succeeded to his father in 1478, before quickly being overthrown by his brother Tupac Yupanqui.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On the other hand, the French historian Henri Favre, rejecting the idea of a \"co-government\", writes that Tupac Yupanqui, with the support of the army, forced his father to abdicate, and to name him successor instead of Amaru Topa Inca.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Spanish chronicles last mention him when his brother, now sole ruler of the Inca Empire, was on a campaign in Chile.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Inca Garcilaso de la Vega mentions an Inca Yupanqui, an Inca emperor whose reign took place between those of Pachacuti and Tupac Yupanqui, and who was the father of the latter; this theory is supported by Peruvian historian Julio Rolando Villanueva Sotomayor. Garcilaso writes that most Spanish chroniclers confused the names of the sovereigns, and that the Inca Yupanqui, present in the names of Pachacuti and Tupac (Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, Tupac Inca Yupanqui), is a separate person. Pedro Cieza de León also mentions an Inca Yupanqui, but he is referring to Pachacuti. Most chroniclers acknowledge the existence of Amaru, but write that he is only co-sovereign with his father, and that Tupac succeeds the latter. María Rostworowski indicates that Garcilaso de la Vega avoids mentioning the Inca diarchy, out of fear that this would make his chronicle less comprehensible to the European reader, who could deduce that Tupac Yupanqui is a usurper.", "title": "Inca Yupanqui" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 Santa Clara Broncos women's basketball team represents Santa Clara University in the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Broncos are led by eighth year head coach Bill Carr. The Broncos were members of the West Coast Conference and play their home games at the Leavey Center.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Broncos finished the 2022–23 season 15–17, 6–12 in WCC play to finish in a tie for seventh place. As the No. 8 seed in the WCC tournament, they lost in the first round to Pepperdine.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "There was no recruiting class of 2023.", "title": "Offseason" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dianne Saulney Gaines (born September 29, 1940) is an American attorney and civic activist known for her significant contributions to the legal profession and civil rights advocacy. She is recognized for her groundbreaking achievements including being the first Black woman elected to the Florida Bar Board of Governors, as well as serving on many boards and leading or establishing various legal organizations.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Gaines was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, on September 29, 1940, to René Saulney and Anita Prevost Saulney. She attended Xavier University in New Orleans for her undergraduate studies. During her time at Xavier University Preparatory School in 1957, Gaines authored an opinion piece in the Louisiana Weekly discussing racial unrest in the South, demonstrating her early commitment to civil rights and education.", "title": "Early Life and Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After completing her undergraduate education at Xavier University in 1962, she embarked on a career in teaching, in Miami, Florida. She left that because of the race-based pay disparities between Black and white teachers. After the birth of her first child, she became a counselor for the Neighborhood Youth Corp, a federal work-study program aimed at providing employment opportunities to disadvantaged youth.", "title": "Early Life and Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Inspired by the landmark Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision and driven by a desire to fight for civil rights and equality, Gaines decided to pursue a legal education. In 1968, following the passage of the Fair Housing Act, she entered the field of real estate and became the first Black realtor to work for the Keyes Company, a major white-owned realty company. She recognized the potential of the legislation to address housing discrimination and create avenues for racial integration. By actively engaging in the real estate industry, Gaines aimed to place Black families in historically white neighborhoods. During this time, Gaines' own children also faced instances of racism and discrimination in their new environments.", "title": "Career and Advocacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "At the age of 37, Gaines enrolled in the University of Miami School of Law and earned her law degree in 1980. Following her graduation, she worked as an assistant county attorney for the Miami-Dade County Attorney's Office, specializing in public finance law and serving as bond counsel.", "title": "Career and Advocacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1985, Gaines founded the Gwen S. Cherry Black Women Lawyers Association, an organization empowering and supporting Black women in the legal profession. She addressed issues of racial and gender discrimination within the legal community and promoted the professional development of Black women attorneys.", "title": "Career and Advocacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On her second run, Gaines made history as the first Black woman elected to the Florida Bar Board of Governors, promoting diversity and inclusion within the legal profession. Throughout her tenure, she actively worked to promote diversity and inclusion within the legal community.", "title": "Career and Advocacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Gaines's commitment to advocacy extended beyond her legal career. She served as a member of the United Way Board, a renowned organization focused on improving the lives of individuals and families through community-driven initiatives, and many other boards and community organizations, such as the Off-Street Parking Authority.", "title": "Career and Advocacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In 1991, Gaines served as special counsel to Senator Bob Graham in Washington, D.C. In 1993, Senator Bob Graham named Gaines to chair the Southern District of the Florida Federal Judicial Nominating Commission.", "title": "Career and Advocacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In 1993, Gaines married the renowned author, Ernest J. Gaines, five years after meeting him at a festival in Miami, Florida,where she was living with her four children, Jonathan, Maria, Jennifer and Stephen, from an earlier marriage to John Andrew Smith, an artist.", "title": "Personal Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1973 Mississippi Indoors, also known by its full name Mississippi International Indoor Tennis Championships, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Mississippi Coliseum in Jackson, Mississippi in the United States that was part of the 1973 USLTA Indoor Circuit. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from March 19 through March 25, 1973. Eddie Dibbs won the singles title and earned $3,000 first-prize money.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Eddie Dibbs defeated Frew McMillan 5–7, 6–1, 7–5", "title": "Finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Zan Guerry / Frew McMillan defeated Jaime Pinto-Bravo / Tito Vázquez 6–2, 6–4", "title": "Finals" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kurzeme Region (Latvian: Kurzemes reģions), officially Kurzeme Planning Region (Latvian: Kurzemes plānošanas reģions) is one of the five planning regions of Latvia, it is situated in the western part of Latvia. The state institution was founded on 2 October 2006, based on the creation of the region territory as prescribed by Regulations No. 133 of the Cabinet of Ministers as of 25 March 2003, the \"Regulations on Territories of Planning Regions\". After the 2021 reform Tukums Municipality was incorporated into Kurzeme.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Emily Yvette Maver (born January 13, 1993) is a Guadeloupean footballer who plays as a winger or striker for the Guadeloupe women's national football team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A native of Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, Maver started playing football at the age of five. She studied in the United States and Canada.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Maver is the first and only Guadeloupean female professional footballer.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Maver mainly operates as a winger or striker and is known for her speed.", "title": "Style of play" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Júlia Rajk (born Júlia Földi, Budapest, 9 February 1914 — Budapest, 6 September 1981) was a Hungarian politician. She was married to László Rajk and after he was executed in 1949, she worked to have him rehabilitated and to preserve the legacies of opponents to the communist Hungarian regime.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Júlia Földi was born in 1914 to a family of Communist workers. During the 1930s, she lived in Paris and took part in the work of the International Red Aid. Földi returned to Hungary at the beginning of the Second World War. She met László Rajk as he was imprisoned in Budapest in 1941 and she served as courier between him and the then-clandestine Hungarian Communist Party. They married in 1946. From that date, she worked as a direector of the Democratic Alliance of Hungarian women (MNDSZ). In June 1949, László Rajk, then serving as foreign minister, was arrested by the regime of Prime Minister Mátyás Rákosi and Interior Ministre János Kádár on charges of Titoisme.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Júlia Rajk was arrested at thee same time and sentenced to five year imprisonment in March 1950. Their son László, then only five month old, was taken to an orphanage, probably the Lóczy Institute, under the assumed name \"István Kóvács\" (the most common name in Hungary), and later adoptd by Júlia's sister's family under the name of \"István Györk\".", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "At her liberation in June 1954, she received identity documents with the name Györk, as the regime aimed at erasing the name Rajk. The following month, she went into an appeal court, where the documentation and archives of her trial proved to be missing; the missing documents had to be reconstituted as far as possible yielding her acquittal in July 1955 for a lack of evidence and her rehabilitation. Reacquainting herself with her contacts within the Communist Party, she managed to have her membership restored in August 1955. Meanwhile, the new administration at the Interior Ministry launched an inquiry into Rajk's trial; amongst the new elements taken into account were Júlia Rajk's activities and her informal communications with her networks, which jeopardised Rákosi's official version. Júlia Rajk testified during the revision of the trial as \"Mrs László Györk\", but made every effort to sign her testimonies with her married name. In November 1955, László Rajk was acquitted of a number of charges, but remained under suspicion. Dissatisfied with the outcome, Rajk requested an audience with the Central Committee of the Communist Party and obtained a meeting in early December, of which no written notes remain.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "As part of he work to rehabilitate her husband, and in order to obtain a public inhumation ceremony, she gave a speech on 18 June 1956 at the Petöfi Circle, a reformist-leaning organisation. When the rehabilitation committee granted her a financial compensation, she donated the funds to the popular universities, then about to reopen in Hungary. On 27 September, she received the news that the body or her husband had been found, along with those of three other victims, and would be buried, after identification, in a ceremony restricted to the Party on 1 October. After tense negotiations with the authorities, where she threatened to boycott any ceremony closed to the public, Júlia Rajk obtained a public ceremony for 5 October with arrangements to allow the workers to witness the event.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On 6 October 1956, László Rajk was buried at Kerepesi Cemetery in Budapest. Júlia Rajk attended, as well as Imre Nagy, leading a 300 000 person march. The event was a prelude to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 which started at the end of that same month. Rajk was in Berlin at the start of the events, and only returned to Budapest on 2 November. Imre Nagy chose her for new Information Minister Géza Losonczy's team. As the Soviet Army occupied the city on 4 November, Júlia Rajk sought shelter at the Yugoslav Embassy, along with her son, and requested political asylum; she was brought to Snagov, in Romania, with other members of Nagy's team. She was freed in 1958. From then she worked at rehabilitating Imre Nagy, took part in the first NGO to be authorised in Hungary since 1951 (a dog shelter), and promoted access to abortion.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Besides her activism, she worked at the national archives of Hungary until she retired. She died of cancer in 1981.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Hungarian historian Andrea Petö published a monograph and several research articles based on interviews of Júlia Rajk's son and part of her archives, as well as journal sources of the era.", "title": "Posterity" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Media related to Júlia Rajk at Wikimedia Commons", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Yala Ibn Mohamed (9th century, Achir - 958, Ifgan) was a Berber leader of the Banu Ifren tribe. He led the tribe from 950 to 958 and was allied to the Fatimids.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He founded Ifgan, now called Frenda. The Umayyad rulers sought to enlist this leader in their cause, and Yala Ibn Mohamed would establish his power in the Maghreb. Yala captured Oran, displacd the entire population, and then set the city of Oran on fire. He captured Tiaret and the entire western Maghreb. Yala celebrated with a public prayer from Tiaret to Tangier.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Yala was initially allied with the Fatimids, but he would be assassinated by Jawhar al-Siqilli as the Fatimids suspected treason due to Yala's correspondence with the Umayyad rulers. The assassination of Yala would lead to significant changes in the Maghreb. The Zenata and the Maghrawa would wage war against the Fatimids.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "South Georgia is a seventeen-county region in the U.S. state of Georgia, with a 2020 population of 292,759.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "South Georgia, according to the Georgia Department of Economic Development, consists of the following counties: Appling, Bleckley, Candler, Dodge, Emanuel, Evans, Jeff Davis, Johnson, Laurens, Montgomery, Tattnall, Telfair, Toombs, Treutlen, Wayne, Wheeler, and Wilcox.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Tabulating South Georgia's counties according to the 2020 U.S. census, the region had a population of 292,759, making of Georgia's least-populated regions statewide.", "title": "Demographics" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "According to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, Baptists formed the largest Christian tradition for the region, being part of the Bible Belt. The single largest Christian denominations were the Southern Baptist Convention, United Methodist Church, Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee), National Missionary Baptist Convention of America, and the Catholic Church in the United States. Overall, non-denominational Protestants were the second-largest collective Christian tradition in South Georgia.", "title": "Demographics" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Non-Christian religions accounted for a minority in South Georgia, with Buddhism being the second-largest religion, followed by the Baha'i Faith.", "title": "Demographics" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1868 Victorian colonial election was held from 21 January to 20 February 1868 to elect the 6th Parliament of Victoria. All 78 seats in 49 electorates in the Legislative Assembly were up for election, though seven seats were uncontested.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "There were 24 single-member, 21 two-member and 4 three-member electorates.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The circumstances leading to the 1868 general election in Victoria were linked to the controversial term of Sir Charles Darling, the colony's third Governor from September 1863 to May 1866. During his term of office Darling had supported Sir James McCulloch's ministry in its efforts to pass protectionist customs tariff legislation which was rejected on several occasions by the Legislative Council, dominated by conservative free-trade pastoralists. Darling was recalled in 1866 as a result of a petition of complaint by Council members. In April 1867 the Legislative Assembly voted a grant of £20,000 to Lady Darling, which was rejected by the Council. Darling resigned from the colonial service to bypass colonial regulations and enable the grant to be accepted. In August 1867 the grant to Lady Darling was included in the supplementary estimates of expenditure in the annual Appropriation Bill, but in October the Legislative Council rejected the bill, claiming that such a grant ought to have been the subject of a separate measure. The general election held in January and February 1868 was primarily fought on the question of the inclusion of the grant in the estimates of expenditure.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "McCulloch's liberals won the election with a large majority.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Immediately after the election the Governor received a despatch from the Colonial Secretary in London, the Duke of Buckingham, which forbade the linking of the grant to Lady Darling with the Appropriation Bill, thereby enabling the Legislative Council \"to exercise their discretion respecting it\". When this was conveyed to the ministers of McCulloch's re-elected government, they expressed their displeasure on 6 March 1868 by tendering their collective resignation.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "When the parliament convened a week later, for the first time after the election, the assembly was paralysed while the Governor sought various ways to form a new ministry. Eventually, on 6 May 1868, a stop-gap ministry of conservatives from both houses of parliament was formed, under the premiership of the prominent Council member Charles Sladen. With little support in the Assembly, Sladen's government had no prospect of long-term survival. Despite the defeat of two ministers in the elections for the Upper House and a vote of no-confidence in the Assembly on June 9, his premiership lasted until July 7. Sladen's ministry finally come its end when the Legislative Assembly voted to refuse supplies. On the day before Sladen resigned, a message reached the colony that served to dissipate the Darling controversy. The Colonial Office and the ex-Governor had reached an agreement: Darling withdrew his resignation and stated that neither he nor his wife \"could accept the generous bounty of his Victorian admirers\", in return for which the British government granted him a pension of one thousand pounds a year (backdated to the day of his recall). In his two-month term of office, Sladen was the only member of the Legislative Council ever to serve as Premier in Victoria. His term in the Council expired soon afterwards and he did not renominate.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "McCulloch returned to office in July 1868 with a more radical ministry, but a number of his supporters became discontented with his non-consultative style. On various occasions during his tenure McCulloch \"repeatedly insulted many of his most steadfast supporters by the singularity of the selections made for filling-up Cabinet vacancies\". In early September 1869 McCulloch appointed George Rolfe to the vacant office of Commissioner of Customs. Rolfe was the president of the Loyal Liberal Association, but not a member of parliament of either House, and his appointment precipitated another ministerial crisis. A motion of no confidence over the issue was carried in the Legislative Assembly by 34 votes to 26, prompting McCulloch and his ministers to resign.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "On September 20 a new ministry was announced under the premiership of John MacPherson, \"a comparatively young squatter with conservative instincts\". Writs were then issued for by-elections in the constituencies represented by the new ministers, at which two of MacPherson's ministers were defeated. MacPherson's support base was substantially made up of disaffected McCulloch supporters and many of the ministers were inexperienced, but it managed to survive until April 1870 with support from the conservative opposition. Its most significant achievement was the passing of the Land Act in December 1869, which consolidated and amended all previous legislation on the sale and occupation of Crown Lands and remained in force until 1878. Under the Act, land on pastoral runs was opened to selection, initially under a lease arrangement, but with an option to purchase after improvement and enclosure conditions were met.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In January 1870 the protectionist liberal Graham Berry was asked to take on the role of treasurer in the MacPherson ministry. MacPherson's first choice for treasurer, Robert Byrne, had been defeated in an October 1869 by-election and Berry's appointment came from the necessity of finding a minister with financial experience in a safe seat. Berry introduced a budget in early March 1870, a complex document which attempted to placate free-trade supporters of the government. After a month-long budgetry debate amidst shifting alliances in the parliament, a no confidence motion was carried in April 1870, after which MacPherson tendered the resignaton of his ministry to the Governor. Sir James McCulloch was once again called upon to form a cabinet.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The ministry formed by McCulloch in April 1870 was moderate and with a depth of experience, though one surprise inclusion was the appointment of the defeated ex-premier MacPherson as Minister of Lands. An early success for the new government was a bill for the abolition of state aid to religion which passed both Houses in July 1870. McCulloch's government remained in place until the general election in early 1871, at which the central issue put forward to electors was a proposal to introduce a secular education bill.", "title": "Aftermath" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Melchor Terrazas Virreira (6 June 1825 – 3 November 1898) was a Bolivian politician and statesman who served as Minister of Government and Foreign Affairs and also as Minister of Justice, Public Instruction, and Worship during the presidencies of Tomás Frías and Agustín Morales. A lawyer and educator, he was an advocate for democratic, civilian governments and opposed caudillismo.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Terrazas was born in Cochabamba, Bolivia, on June 6, 1825, the son of Pedro Pablo Terrazas Villanueva and Micaela Petrona Virreira López. He belonged to a family of wealthy landowners, allowing him to travel abroad in his youth and study at the then prestigious University of San Francisco Xavier.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A lawyer by 1850, Terrazas began working at the Higher University of San Simón in 1852. By 1855, he was Vice-Chancellor at the university and had earned acclaim across Bolivia for his administrative capabilities.", "title": "Educator and politician" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He began his political career in 1857, when he officially joined the linarista movement of the civilian caudillo José María Linares. The overthrow of Jorge Córdova that year facilitated the rise of Linares to the presidency. Despite his early support for Linares, Terrazas soon found himself alienated for his critical views on the policies of the new President. Twice Terrazas was twice exiled during the Linares administration.", "title": "Educator and politician" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1860, Terrazas returned from Chile and upon his entry to the city of Cochabamba, denounced the presidency of Linares, who had by then declared himself dictator. The uprising in Cochabamba was a violent one as the garrison loyal to Linares resisted. On November 2, 1860, the garrison was defeated and Terrazas proclaimed the rule of José María de Achá in Cochabamba.", "title": "Educator and politician" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Despite his leading role in the overthrow of Linares, Terrazas was prohibited from returning to the public sphere, although he was able to become Chancellor at the Higher University of San Simón. Achá was particularly unpopular among the scholarly elite, a fact which was reflected when most of the country’s foremost educators, including Terrazas, rose in rebellion against the President in 1864. After months of turmoil, Manuel Isidoro Belzu had seized power, counting on the support of Terrazas.", "title": "Educator and politician" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "However, days after his entry to La Paz, Belzu was assassinated by Mariano Melgarejo, who had launched a counter-coup against the belcistas. Terrazas decried the barbaric Melgarejo and fled to Peru. For the majority of Melgarejo’s presidency, Terrazas was away from Bolivia. In 1870, Terrazas heard of the revolution against Melgarejo and immediately left Puno for La Paz. Arriving in December, Terrazas joined the cause of General Morales, who ousted Melgarejo after he had defeated General José María Calderón.", "title": "Educator and politician" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Once Morales became President, he formed the new Ministry of Justice, giving the portfolio to Terrazas on October 22, 1871. Terrazas was one of the many politicians alienated when Morales closed the National Assembly on November 25, 1872. With most politicians expecting an impending coup, Morales was assassinated in the early hours of November 27. Despite the death of Morales, Tomás Frías maintained the cabinet intact awaiting for the upcoming elections.", "title": "Educator and politician" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "On January 27, 1873, Frías appointed Terrazas as Minister of Government and Foreign Affairs, a position he held until May 9, 1873, when Adolfo Ballivián was elected President.", "title": "Educator and politician" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Terrazas continued his political and diplomatic career, serving as the Bolivian ambassador to Peru during the War of the Pacific, where he engaged in talks with the Peruvians about a possible federal union between the two Andean states.", "title": "Educator and politician" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Terrazas married María Manuela Benigna Urquidi Aguilar on July 16, 1848. The couple had eleven children: Melchor Fidel, Benigna, Melchor, Josefa Gavina, Pablo José, Guillermo, José Manuel, Carmen, María Teresa, María Alvina, and Benigno. He is a relative of Manuel Terrazas, Hernán Terrazas Céspedes, and David Terrazas.", "title": "Marriage and family" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "David Jakubovich (Hebrew: דוד יעקובוביץ', born 1948) is a former Paralympic athlete representing Israel.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Jakubovich was born in Teplice and emigrated to Israel in 1964. He enlisted to the Israeli Combat Engineering Corps and was injured in 1968 from a mine, causing him severe burn and the loss of his eyesight.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Jakubovich participated in three Summer Paralympics from 1980 to 1988 and took part in nine events, all in athletics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "At the 1980 Summer Paralympics Jakubovich won a bronze medal in pentathlon. He also competed in three other events, ranking 12th in the Men's 1500 metre event and 19th in the Men's 60 metre event. He was not ranked at the Men's 400 metre event.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "At the 1984 Summer Paralympics Jakubovich competed in the men's events for 100, 400, 800 and 1500 metres.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "At the 1988 Summer Paralympics Jakubovich won a silver medal in the Marathon B1 event.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Jakubovich's was the subject of a short documentary \"Long distance running in the dark\".", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nonhlanhla Mthandi (also Nhlanhla; born 19 August 1995) is a South African professional soccer player and football freestyler who plays as a midfielder for SAFA Women's League club Mamelodi Sundowns and the South African women's national team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2015, Mthandi joined SAFA Women's League side Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies. In 2021, she was part of the treble winning Sundowns Ladies team. She scored in the final of the inaugural Cosafa Women's Champions League as they won 3-0 against Black Rhino Queens from Zimbabwe. This win qualified them to the CAF Women's Champions League held in Cairo, Egypt. The team won the inaugural CAF Women's Champions League. They completed the treble by defending their Hollywoodbets Super League title in December 2021.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2022, she starred in the clubs documentary Banyana ba Style: The First Queens of African Football. The film celebrates the journey of the Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies players as they achieved the historic milestone of claiming the first ever CAF Women’s Champions League.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "They were runner's up for the 2022 Cosafa Women's Champions League and the 2022 CAF Women's Champions League. They won the Hollywoodbets Super League for the third consecutive year in November 2022.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2023, they won their second treble starting with the 2023 Cosafa Women's Champions League with Mthandi scoring twice in the tournament. They reclaimed their Champions League title when they won the 2023 CAF Women's Champions League. They completed the treble with the 2023 Hollywoodbets Super League title in December.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Mthandi competed for the South Africa women's national soccer team at the 2020 Cosafa Women's championship where they were crowned champions. She was one of the scorers in the 7-0 crashing of Comoros at the tournament.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Cosafa Women's Championship: 2020", "title": "Honours" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Great Strike of February 7th or Peking-Hankow Railway Workers Great Strike was a general strike which took place in February 1923. At the beginning it was only an internal rally, but under the intervene of Beiyang cliques it eventually developed into a general strike. The situation uncontrollably escalated into bloody clashes in which soilders and polices shot workers, 52 of whom sacrified. In the strike also about hundred people injured and thousands of workers were expelled.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Mack is the first soundtrack and fourth album by singer Willie Hutch released on the Motown label. It is the soundtrack of the 1973 flim The Mack.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ron Wynn from AllMusic gave the album 4.5 out of 5 stars stating, When an act called Sisters Love were offered a cameo in the blaxploitation film The Mack, their manager suggested that Willie Hutch do the soundtrack. It came to be one of the great '70s film scores, including a pair of classic funk tunes, \"Brothers Gonna Work It Out\" and the title cut. The results proved to be another soundtrack that far surpassed the quality of its film.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On May 5, 1973, the song from the soundtrack, Brother's Gonna Work It Out, first appeared at No. 47 on the Hot Soul Singles chart. It peaked at No. 18, on June 21, 1973, as reported from Jet. On September 15, 1973, Slick, appeared at No. 65 on the same chart, as it did on August 25, 1973, at No. 81, and on September 1, 1973, at the same position. On September 22, 1973, it peaked at No. 23 on the same chart the next week shortly after peaking at No. 65.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Adapted from Discogs.com.", "title": "Personnel" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Mack at Discogs", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nicola Bozzo (born 1 August 2004) is an Italian rugby union player, who plays for USA Perpignan in Top 14.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Signed in Summer 2022 for Espoirs team, he made his debut for Benetton in Round 2 of the 2023–24 EPCR Challenge Cup against Benetton.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2023, Bozzo was named in Italy U20s squad for annual Six Nations Under 20s Championship.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Marina Kapoor, stage name of Marina Quispe Pérez (born Lima, 23 December 1987), is a Peruvian singer, actress, and activist for the rights of transgender people.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "At 15 years old, Kapoor came out as gay. Four years later, at 19, she came out and transitioned as a trans woman.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "At age 19 in 2007 before her transition, she first appeared on television on Trampolín Latino, which she won.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Kapoor is a singer and an actress. Her first role in film was in Sin vagina, me marginan, a 2017 camp film directed by Wesley Verástegui, in which Kapoor played La Microbio, a transgender full-service sex worker. It was one of the first Peruvian films to have two trans people as protagonists, since it shared the main role with the model Javiera Arnillas. In 2020, she was cast in the movie El niño que no quería matar. In 2022, she played the protagonist in the film Un romance singular, playing Tifanny.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2018, she participated in the television contest Los cuatro finalistas with the song \"Ven mi amor\" by Chacalón. In 2019, she published her first single, \"Esta es mi fiesta\", composed for the documentary film Miss Amazonas. As a professional impersonator of Laura León, she has participated in the Peruvian reality television show Yo soy since 2020.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In February 2020, she denounced Dina Boluarte through a book and police report for transphobic treatment when the Peruvian president was head of the RENIEC office in the Surco district.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Media related to Marina Kapoor at Wikimedia Commons", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nicolás Cataldo Astorga (born 22 June 1984) is a Chilean politician who has been serving as Minister of Education since 16 August 2023. Previously, he served as the Undersecretary of Regional Development and Education between 2022 and 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Cataldo studied pedagogy in history and social sciences at the University of Valparaíso. He also has a postgraduate diploma in emotional education. During his time of study, he was a student leader and joined the Student Federation of the University of Valparaíso.", "title": "Early life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Fernando Méndez-Leite Serrano (born 6 May 1944) is a Spanish film critic, lecturer and filmmaker. He has also worked in theatre and television. He became the president of the Academy of Cinematographic Arts and Sciences of Spain in 2022.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Fernando Méndez-Leite Serrano was born in Madrid on 6 May 1944, son to Fernando Méndez-Leite von Haffe [ca], a falangist film writer, author of a History of the Spanish Cinema. He studied filmmaking at the EOC [es] for two years after graduating in law from the University of Madrid in 1968.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He has been active as a film critic since 1966, writing for publications such as Pueblo [es], Diario 16, Fotogramas and Guía del Ocio de Madrid, and, from 1968 to 1981, as a lecturer on Film Theory and History of Contemporary Cinema at the University of Valladolid.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Among other institutional and academic positions, he has helmed the ICAA (1986–1988), the ECAM (1994–2012), and, since 2022, the Academy of Cinematographic Arts and Sciences of Spain. A member of the Málaga Film Festival's managing committee since its inception, he was worked as a film festival programmer and as a liaison with the press there.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He has had one daughter with her parter Fiorella Faltoyano: actress and acting teacher Clara Méndez-Leite.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Big Sky Conference men's basketball tournament is the upcoming postseason tournament for the Big Sky Conference, to be held March 9–13 at Idaho Central Arena in Boise, Idaho. It will be the 49th edition of the tournament, which debuted in 1976. The winner will receive the Big Sky's automatic bid to the 2024 NCAA Tournament.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The ten teams will be seeded by conference record, with a tiebreaker system for identical conference records. The top six teams will receive a first-round bye.", "title": "Seeds" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Source:", "title": "Bracket" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Zambia Academy of Sciences (ZaAS) is a non-profit organisation that provides perspectives on scientific matters and contributes to the nation's scientific education. It includes 42 members and fellows from various scientific disciplines, including academia, public and private sectors. The academy has a draft constitution and is subject to an Act of Parliament.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Zambia Academy of Sciences was established at the National Science and Technology Council offices in 2005. An interim governing council was formed and a draft constitution was prepared. The Academy was registered as a Society in the same year and joined the Network of African Science Academies (NASAC) in 2006. From January 2016, the academy implemented policy documents for nominating and electing members and fellows.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "As of 2021, ZaAS had 42 members and fellows from fields such as agricultural and animal sciences, biological sciences, chemistry, engineering, food science, medical sciences, mineral sciences, and veterinary science. The membership includes scientists from academia, public and private sectors. The Academy conducted its first induction ceremony in September 2017. The academy is in the process of being legislated by an Act of Parliament and aims to provide opinions on scientific matters and contribute to the country's science education. Members of ZaAS include Prof. Kelly Chibale, Prof. Kavwanga Yambayamba, Prof. Imasiku Nyambe, Prof. Phillip Nkunika, and Prof. Stephen Simukanga.", "title": "Membership" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Zambia Academy of Sciences participates in activities such as publishing reports on scientific developments in Zambia and advocating for media coverage of the country's research. The academy organises events related to science and technology, including workshops, seminars, symposia, and conferences. It works with national, regional, and international scientific organisations and networks, including the Network of African Science Academies, the International Science Council, the African Academy of Sciences, and the World Academy of Sciences. The academy also takes part in projects and initiatives that focus on science and technology challenges and opportunities in Zambia and Africa, such as the Science Granting Councils Initiative, the African Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative, the African Open Science Platform, and the Science Advice for Policy by European Academies.", "title": "Activities" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Phillip George Fike (1927 – 1997) was an American metal smith and jeweler. He is known for his work in the decorative metal technique of niello as well as reintroducing the fibula brooch to contemporary metalsmiths.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Fike was born in 1927 in Baraboo, Wisconsin. He attended University of Wisconsin under the G.I. Bill. Fike taught art at Wayne University in 1953 and continued teaching there for 45 years.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Fike was a founding member of the Society of North American Goldsmiths. In 1983 he was named a Master Metalsmith by the Metal Museum in Memphis. In 1988 he was named a fellow of the American Craft Council.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Fike died in Grosse Pointe on December 8, 1997.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "His work is in the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Metal Museum, the National Gallery of Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1974 Mississippi Indoors, also known by its full name Mississippi International Indoor Tennis Championships, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Mississippi Coliseum in Jackson, Mississippi in the United States that was part of the 1974 USLTA Indoor Circuit. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from March 18 through March 24, 1974. Second-seeded Sandy Mayer won the singles title after defeating first-seeded Karl Meiler in the final. Mayer was still an amateur and therefore not entitled to receive first-prize money.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sandy Mayer defeated Karl Meiler 7–6, 7–5", "title": "Finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Fred McNair / Grover Raz Reid defeated Byron Bertram / John Feaver 3–6, 6–3, 6–3", "title": "Finals" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a list of films which placed number one at the weekly box office in the United States during 1948 per Variety's weekly National Boxoffice Survey. The results are based on a sample of 20-25 key cities and therefore, any box office amounts quoted may not be the total that the film grossed nationally in the week.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Local elections were held in Pasig on May 14, 2007, within the Philippine general election. The voters elected for the elective local posts in the city: the mayor, vice mayor, the congressman, and the councilors, six of them in the two districts of the city.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mayor Vicente \"Enteng\" Eusebio was on his fourth non-consecutive term. Although eligible to run for re-election, he doesn't ran. His son, three-termer Second District Councilor Robert \"Bobby\" Eusebio ran in his place instead. Eusebio was challenged by Rep. Robert Vincent Jude \"Dodot\" Jaworski Jr.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Vice Mayor Rosalio \"Yoyong\" Martirez was on his first term, and he ran for re-election for second term. He was challenged by Briccio \"Echie\" Ramos, Jaworski's running-mate.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Rep. Robert Vincent Jude \"Dodot\" Jaworski Jr. was on his first term, and although eligible for re-election, he doesn't ran. He ran as mayor instead. His place were contested by his previous opponents, Atty. Roman Romulo and former Rep. Noel \"Toti\" Cariño.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Atty. Roman Romulo defeated former Rep. Noel \"Toti\" Cariño.", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Second District Councilor Robert \"Bobby\" Eusebio won in a tight election against his closest rival, Rep. Robert Vincent Jude \"Dodot\" Jaworski Jr..", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Vice Mayor Rosalio \"Yoyong\" Martirez won against Briccio \"Echie\" Ramos for the second time.", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "On May 16, 2007, hundreds of supporters of Eusebio and Jaworski gathered around Pasig City Hall. The supporters trooped because of fear that cheating would occur in the canvassing of ballots by the Commission on Elections’ Board of Canvassers.", "title": "Before Proclamation of Winners" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2019 NCAA Division I women's soccer championship game (also known as the 2019 NCAA Division I Women's College Cup) was played on December 8, 2019, at Avaya Stadium in San Jose, California, and determined the winner of the 2019 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament, the national collegiate women's soccer championship in the United States. This was the 38th. edition of this tournament organised by the NCAA.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The match featured University of North Carolina (24–2–1), which played its 26th. final, and Stanford University (24–1), which made its 5th. appearance in the final. After the match ended 0–0 throughout regulation and overtime, Stanford defeated North Carolina 5–4 on penalties to win its third NCAA women's soccer title. It was the first time in NCAA championship history that a final finished overtime scoreless.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Goalkeeper Katie Meyer was the key player for Stanford after two saves in the penalty shootout, while defender Kiki Pickett took the shot for the decesive 5–4 that allowed Stanford to win its third title since 2011. This championship also became the 125 NCAA title (151 championships overall) won by the University in its sports program history.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament, sometimes known as the College Cup, is an American intercollegiate soccer tournament conducted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and determines the Division I women's national champion. The tournament has been formally held since 1982, when it was an twelve-team tournament.", "title": "Road to the final" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1986 Sovran Bank 500 was the eighth stock car race of the 1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the 37th iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, April 27, 1986, before an audience of 38,500 in Martinsville, Virginia at Martinsville Speedway, a 0.526 miles (0.847 km) permanent oval-shaped short track. The race took the scheduled 500 laps to complete.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In a race of attrition, Bud Moore Engineering's Ricky Rudd took advantage of numerous mechanical failures given to other drivers during the race, lapping the field and leading the final 149 laps. The victory was Rudd's fifth career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his first victory of the season. To fill out the top three, King Racing's Joe Ruttman and Hagan Enterprises' Terry Labonte finished second and third, respectively.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Martinsville Speedway is an NASCAR-owned stock car racing track located in Henry County, in Ridgeway, Virginia, just to the south of Martinsville. At 0.526 miles (0.847 km) in length, it is the shortest track in the NASCAR Cup Series. The track was also one of the first paved oval tracks in NASCAR, being built in 1947 by H. Clay Earles. It is also the only remaining race track that has been on the NASCAR circuit from its beginning in 1948.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Qualifying was split into two rounds. The first round was held on Thursday, April 24, at 1:30 PM EST. Each driver had one lap to set a time. During the first round, the top 10 drivers in the round were guaranteed a starting spot in the race. If a driver was not able to guarantee a spot in the first round, they had the option to scrub their time from the first round and try and run a faster lap time in a second round qualifying run, held on Friday, April 25, at 1:30 PM EST. As with the first round, each driver had one lap to set a time. For this specific race, positions 11-30 were decided on time, and depending on who needed it, a select amount of positions were given to cars who had not otherwise qualified but were high enough in owner's points; up to two were given.", "title": "Qualifying" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Tim Richmond, driving for Hendrick Motorsports, won the pole, setting a time of 20.893 and an average speed of 90.716 miles per hour (145.993 km/h) in the first round.", "title": "Qualifying" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Two drivers failed to qualify.", "title": "Qualifying" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Gordon Walter Grey Davis (19 June 1925 — 22 July 1999) was an Australian rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born and raised in Sydney, Davis was the nephew of 1920s Test prop Tom Davis. His younger Clarrie was capped four times for the Wallabies as a winger. He attended Chatswood Junior High School.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Davis, a centre three quarter, played his immediate post war rugby with Manly and made his New South Wales representative debut in 1948. He moved to the the town of Yeoval in 1952 and two years later toured New Zealand with NSW Country, scoring 10 tries from 10 matches. Further New South Wales representative appearance in 1955 and teamed up well with Wallabies centre James Phipps. He was subsequently named in the squad for the 1955 tour of New Zealand, where he was capped in the 2nd and 3rd Tests, the latter in a rare win at Eden Park.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Clarence Clive Davis (4 March 1928 — 25 August 2006) was an Australian rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Davis, born in Auburn, was the nephew of 1920s Test prop Tom Davis and younger brother of Wallabies centre Gordon Davis. He was educated at North Sydney Boys' High School.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A speedy three quarter, Davis played first-grade for Manly and earned his first Wallabies call up in 1949 to play the touring New Zealand Māori team. Due to a thigh injury, he had to withdraw a day before the 1st Test and missed the entire series, but got another opportunity three months later on the 1949 tour of New Zealand, gaining his first cap in a win over the All Blacks in Wellington. He was capped a further three times in the home series against the All Blacks in 1951. Although best suited to playing centre, he was utilised as a winger by the Wallabies. He retired from rugby in 1954 because of injury.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Charalambos Delagrammatikas (Greek: Χαράλαμπος Δελαγραμμάτικας; 18 August 1887 – 17 September 1947) was a Hellenic Navy officer, who served as Chief of the Hellenic Navy General Staff.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Charalambos Delagrammatikas was born in Chalkis on 18 August 1887. He entered the Hellenic Naval Academy on 4 November 1902, and graduated as a line ensign of the Royal Hellenic Navy on 8 July 1906. In 1909 he participated in the Goudi coup, as well as the subsequent naval mutiny led by Konstantinos Typaldos-Alfonsatos. Promoted to sub-lieutenant on 28 February 1911, he was sent to France to receive training on submarines in 1912.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "During the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, Delagrammatikas initially served aboard the torpedo boat tender Kanaris, with which he participated in the capture of Agios Efstratios and the operations for the capture of Lesbos by the Greek fleet. In January 1913, he joined the crew of the submarine Delfin, whose captain he became later in the year, with the rank of lieutenant. On 3 November 1914 he was promoted to lieutenant first class (with date of promotion on 17 October).", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "During World War I Delagrammatikas served aboard the ironclad Hydra and the cruiser Elli. He also participated in the Southern Russia Intervention by the Allies, on board the battleship Kilkis, and in the Asia Minor Campaign, again on Hydra, and finally as captain of the torpedo boat Smyrni. He was promoted to lieutenant commander on 25 February 1920 (retroactive to 26 December 1917) and commander on 2 December 1920.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "After the disastrous end of the Asia Minor Campaign and the 11 September 1922 Revolution, he was dismissed from active duty, before finally retiring in October 1923 with the rank of captain. His retirement did not last long, as he was restored to active service, with his prior rank of commander, by the dictatorship of Theodoros Pangalos on 24 July 1925. In 1926–1930 he led the Greek naval mission supervising the construction of the submarine Papanikolis (Y-2) and the subsequent Protefs class of submarines. In 1931 he captained the cruiser Elli. After studies in the Naval War School in 1931–1932, he served as commander of the Naval Academy in 1933–1935. Promoted to captain on 29 March 1934 and rear admiral on 30 December 1938, he served as commandant-general of the naval training establishments in 1935, of light craft in 1937, and of submarines in 1937–1939.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Delagrammatikas served as commandant of the Salamis Naval Base from 1939 and during the Greco-Italian War and the Battle of Greece. In April 1941, he briefly served as Chief of the Navy General Staff, shortly before Athens was captured by German troops. He remained in Greece during the Axis occupation of the country, serving in the Navy General Directorate of the collaborationist governments' Ministry of National Defence. After liberation, he was formally placed in retirement on 14 February 1945, but recalled to active service and promoted to vice admiral from 6 September 1946 to 2 May 1947. In addition, on 31 August 1946 he received the Greek War Cross, First Class and the Distinguished Actions Medal for his role in preparing the submarine command for the war, and keeping the Salamis Naval Base operational during the 1940–41 conflict.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John III of Soltaniyeh (Latin: Iohannes Sultaniensis archiepiscopus) was a Dominican friar, diplomat and archbishop of Soltaniyeh, often mistaken for his namesake, Johannes de Galonifontibus, with whom he shared a post - Bishopric of Nakhchivan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He was probably born to Paduan Italian merchant family in Kastamone, then ruled by Candar dynasty.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He succeeded Johannes de Galonifontibus as bishop of Nakhchivan in late 14th century, then appointed as Archbishop of Soltaniyeh by Pope Boniface IX on 9 May 1398. He was granted papal bull by Boniface on 19 August 1398 during his visit to Rome on granting indulgences to all Christians who contributed to the restoration of churches destroyed by Timur in Georgia and Armenia and to the ransom of Christians captured and enslaved.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1402, after his victory over the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Ankara, Timur sent Johannes on an embassy to European courts to announce his victory. Timur proposed treaties to facilitate commercial exchanges between European powers and his realm. He also carried a portrait of Timur and a letter from his son Miran Shah. Henry IV of England and Charles VI of France replied by congratulating Timur. During his travels, he visited Martin of Aragon, Robert of the Palatinate, as well as Konrad von Jungingen. Despite Timur's death in 1405, John never returned to his post. In June 1407, John was in Venice, in September 1408 in Pisa, then with a delegation of participants in the Council of Pisa he visited Hungary, where negotiations were held with Sigismund regarding the Papal schism. He was tasked with sending invitations to Manuel II, Prince Mircea the Elder and Alexander the Good. He granted undulgencies in Church of St. Mary, in Kronstadt (now Braşov, Romania). He remained in Pisa after 2 April 1409.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On December 1410, Antipope John XXIII named him as administrator of Archdiocese of Khanbaliq. Latest document by him was dated to 12 February 1412, where granted the indulgencies to visitors of Dominican Church in Lviv.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He wrote Timur's biography, as well as Libellus de notitia orbis (Book of the Knowledge of the World), where he described his own travel impressions and information received from other travelers, mainly merchants about Caucasus, Asia Minor, Iran and other regions. A part of his book was published by Anton Kern, the librarian of Graz University. According to Raymond-Joseph Loenertz he spent his last years in Crimea.", "title": "Legacy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Luis Rodríguez Zúñiga (Barcelona, 1942 — May 1991, Madrid) was a Spanish sociologist, who from 1988 until his death was president of the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Obtaining his bachelor's degree at ICADE, Rodríguez graduated from the 1970 class of the Complutense University of Madrid with his Doctor of Law, his thesis being on French academic Raymond Aron. From 1969 to 1971, he studied sociology at the University of Pau and the Adour Region, collaborating with Spanish exiles like Manuel Tuñón de Lara. As such, Rodríguez was anti-Francoist, advocating for democracy during the early 1970s. Consequently, in addition to his studies on Alexis de Tocqueville, he was described by Carlos Moya as a \"Tocquevillian socialist sociologist\".", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "From 1972, he taught social philosophy at the Faculty of Law at the Complutense University of Madrid. In 1982, he became an associate professor in the Faculty of Political Science and Sociology, obtaining the chair of sociological theory the following year. During this time he was also director of the Centro Español de Estudios de América Latina (CEDEAL).", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "From 1988, he was president of the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, directing the journal Reis. On 4 May 1991, he died in Madrid from lung cancer.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Sources:", "title": "Works" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "50°58′09″N 02°26′06″E / 50.96917°N 2.43500°E / 50.96917; 2.43500 The Abbey of Saint Winnoc (French: Abbaye de Saint-Winoc is a former monastery in Bergues, in the department of Nord in northern France. It traces its origins to the 7th century, and from the early 11th century became a Benedictine abbey and grew in wealth. The monastery was damaged by fire twice, and heavily rebuilt in the 18th century. Following the French Revolution, the abbey was disbanded, sold and most of the buildings dismantled. Only two towers remain, as they were used as navigational aids.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The abbey traces its origins to the late 7th century, when a monastery dedicated to Saint Winnoc was founded by the abbot of the Abbey of Saint Bertin in Wormhout. In 899 Baldwin II, Margrave of Flanders, had the relics of Saint Winnoc moved to Bergues and constructed a new church there. Circa 1020 Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders had yet another church built in Bergues and the relics transported there. It was originally a collegiate church, but in 1022 Count Baldwin expelled the canons and turned the monastery into a Benedictine abbey. Until 1068, the abbot of the monastery was chosen from the ranks of the Abbey of Saint Bertin.", "title": "Origins" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The new abbey was located on an important trade route and close to important commercial centres, and attracted plenty of pilgrims and patrons. It had also been generously bestowed with land and tithes by Count Baldwin, and thus quickly became a rich monastery. From an early date, it began issuing its own coins and received permission to hold a yearly market in Wormhout. The abbey also actively sought to enhance its attractiveness by acquiring the relics of two further saints, Oswald of Northumbria and Lewina, and by producing a written narrative of the reported miracles of Saint Winnoc.", "title": "Origins" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1083 the entire abbey was destroyed in a fire, but appears to have been rebuilt by 1133. In that year the new abbey church was consecrated. The choir was substantially enlarged by works which were begun in 1288 and ended during the early 14th century. Another fire damaged the monastery in 1558.", "title": "Later history and dissolution" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The monastery was largely rebuilt in 1753–1770; however soon thereafter, following the French Revolution and the ensuing suppression of monasteries, the monastery was closed and sold in 1798. Soon thereafter it was almost entirely dismantled. Only the former gate of the monastery (later moved somewhat) and two towers were preserved, the latter because they served as daymarks, a form of navigational aid for sailors. The western tower collapsed in 1812, and was rebuilt the following year with an octagonal plan.", "title": "Later history and dissolution" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Abbots of the Abbey of Saint-Winnoc who gained importance beyond the monastery include Gérard de Haméricourt (1504–1577, first bishop of Saint-Omer) and Guillaume Dubois (1656 – 1723, French cardinal and statesman).", "title": "Abbots" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Levantine Iron Age Anomaly (LIAA) was a geomagnetic anomaly which occurred between 1050 and 700 BC.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The anomaly was identified and dated via iron oxide grains baked into ancient bricks from Mesopotamia. The names of Mesopotamian kings inscribed into the cuneiform tablets helped scientists to determine the dates of the anomaly.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jonas Adjei Adjetey (born 13 December 2003) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays for Swiss Super League side FC Basel. He plays mainly in the position of centre-back, but can also play as defender on either side.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Accra, Ghana, Adjetey played his youth football with the local clubs in that area. In 2020 he moved from the youth department of Great Olympics to the youth of Berekum Chelsea.", "title": "Football career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "At the end of June 2022 FC Basel started their new training week with the Ghanaian guest Adjetey, following which he was offered a contract and thereafter joined the U-21 team, who played in the Promotion League, the third tier of Swiss football. That Autumn he played 16 of the U-21's 19 matches, then, during the winter break, he was brought up to Basel's first team for the second half of their 2022–23 FC Basel season. However, appart from test matches, he never had any competition appearances with the first team during this time.", "title": "Football career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Then at the beginning of their 2023–24 season Adjetey played his Swiss Cup debut for his new team in the away game on 20 August. Adjetey (19) played centre-back over the full 90 minutes, in a chain of three defenders, with the likewise young Nasser Djiga (20) and Finn van Breemen (20) on his sides. Both Djinga and van Breemen each scored a goal during the first half, as Basel went on to win 8–1 against amateur club FC Saint-Blaise.", "title": "Football career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Following this Adjetey returned to the U-21 team, so that he could obtain more playing experience, and he played nine further matches with them. Then, after playing in two test games for the first team, he played his domestic league debut for the club in the home away game in the Swissporarena on 17 December as Basel won 1–0 against Luzern.", "title": "Football career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Adjetey was called up to the Ghana U-20 team for the first time in May 2022, to represent them in the 2022 Maurice Revello Tournament. He made his debut for them, and played the full 90 minutes, on 30 May 2022 against Mexico U-23. In the tournement's second match against Indonesia U-20 he came on as substitute.", "title": "International career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Alexander Kostellow (c.1897 - September 1, 1954) was a Persian-American industrial designer and educator, best known for his work developing the industrial design academic programs of Carnegie Institute of Technology and Pratt Institute.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Alexander Jusserand Kostellow was born in Isfahan, Persia around 1897. He left Persia in the early 1900s to study art in Paris and Germany, graduating from the University of Berlin with degrees in philosophy and psychology. When World War II broke out, Kostellow refused to join the German army and fled the country through Holland. He arrived in the United States in 1916, first landing in Boston, where he evaded immigration officials, before moving to New York City. Kostellow worked in construction upon arriving in New York, before taking a job as an inspector and chemist at a construction company in New Castle, Delaware. Although he attempted to join the U.S. Army, recruiters deemed his construction work too important for the war effort; in his spare time, he designed war posters. His colleagues noted his artistic talents and encouraged him to study art. Kostellow returned to New York, working for an advertising agency while he studied at the Art Students' League, the New York School of Fine and Applied Arts, and the National Academy of Design.", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In the early 1920s, Kostellow studied at the Kansas City Art Institute, where he met Rowena Reed. They married on September 26, 1921. In 1922, he taught briefly at the Kansas City Art Institute, before the couple returned to New York City, where he continued to study, teach, and create art. He became a noted painter and muralist, and in 1929 moved to Pittsburgh to teach painting at the Carnegie Technical Institute. While teaching at Carnegie, he continued to paint, exhibiting his work in the Museum of Modern Art and the 1934 Whitney Biennial. In 1933, his work was awarded a prize from the Associated Artists of Pittsburgh.", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Although Kostellow had been hired as a painting instructor at Carnegie, he had been heavily influenced by his time in construction and engineering, as well as Peter Behrens, who he had studied under in Europe. These influences led him to focus his energies on the emerging academic field of industrial design. Various institutions had begun developing curricula for engineers and designers, with pioneers such as Donald Dohner, Kem Weber, and Viktor Schreckengost teaching courses at Pratt Institute, the Chicago Art Institute, the University of Cincinnati, and the Art Center School. Dohner, a graphic artist and Carnegie administrator, enlisted Kostellow and together they designed and implemented the first degree-granting program in industrial design in the United States in 1934.", "title": "Industrial design career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1938, both Kostellow and Reed followed Dohner to Pratt Institute, where he had been invited to organize a similar industrial design program. The trio developed a program that would be noted internationally for its influence and modernity; Arthur Pulos described their contributions as \"Alexander Kostellow representing the philosophical, Rowena Reed Kostellow the aesthetic, and Dohner the practical–they laid the triangular foundation for Pratt's program in industrial design.\" The department, formally established in 1934, attracted designers such as Robert Kolli, Ivan Rigby, and Eva Zeisel. Kostellow also played an instrumental role in developing the Foundation Year curriculum at Pratt, which introduced first-year students to basic elements and principles of visual design. In 1939, he helped organize the First American Congress for Aesthetics alongside Felix Gatz and Max Schoen, where the American Society for Aesthetics was founded.", "title": "Industrial design career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Along with John Vassos, Kostellow worked to formalize the industrial design program at Pratt and beyond in the early 1940s; he served on the education committee of the American Designers' Institute, which produced a template for four-year industrial design degrees in 1944. Upon Dohner's departure from Pratt in 1944, Kostellow became a full professor as well as the head of the Industrial Design Program. He taught courses in auto design, which were influenced by shape and color abstraction theory and the modernist Bauhaus movement, but ultimately prepared students for practical design careers.", "title": "Industrial design career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 1952, Kostellow established the Experimental Design Laboratory at Pratt, creating opportunities for students to work with major companies and corporations on various projects, including Monsanto Chemicals, Reynolds Metals, Sears and Roebuck, and Shell Oil. The lab helped to establish Pratt as a leading design school, as students were prepared for practical production work.", "title": "Industrial design career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In the summer of 1954, Kostellow and Reed traveled to Detroit to work on a kitchen design project with General Motors, to be exhibited at the annual Motorama. While there, Kostellow suffered a heart attack and passed away on September 1, 1954. Following the death of her husband, Reed took over the position of chair of Pratt's Industrial Design department, where she would remain until 1966.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Samuel Madden may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Shaqueil Bradford (born 6 December 2023) is a Jamaican footballer who plays for Harbour View Football Club.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Bradford began playing football at the schoolboy level and was a standout at Camperdown High School. Known for his diminutive stature, Bradford made his debut in the Manning Cup at age 16, netting a hat-trick in the opening game of the 2017 season. He was named team captain for the 2019 season, scoring another hat-trick in what would be his final season at the school.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Bradford signed his first professional contract with his hometown club Boys' Town. While still a schoolboy, aged 17, he made his debut in the Jamaica Premier League in the 2017–18 season, coming on as a substitute versus Tivoli Gardens. Bradford was awarded his first senior start a week later against F.C. Reno, scoring and getting an assist in the game. Bradford was described as 'one for the future' by head coach Andrew Price.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Bradford was transferred to Waterhouse at the start of the 2018–19 season. At Waterhouse he became a regular starter and one of main attacking threat, scoring several crucial goals for the club. Bradford received his first taste of regional football while at Waterhouse, featuring against Canadian team Pacific in the 2022 CONCACAF League.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2022 Bradford went on a 15-day trial in Portugal at Campeonato de Portugal club Sertanense Futebol Clube.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Bradford was unveiled as a Harbour View player in the 2023–24 pre-season and was immediately selected for the 2023 CONCACAF Caribbean Cup squad. He scored his first brace in a regional competition, doing so versus S.V. Robinhood in the group stage.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Bradford received his first call-up to Jamaica's national senior men’s football team for an international friendly against Guatemala at the Red Bull Arena in Harrison, New Jersey in November 2023. He featured as a substitute coming on for Romario Williams in the 93rd minute.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Southeast Asia transnational human trafficking incident occurred in Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Philippines and United Arab Emirates.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Philippines and United Arab Emirates became the strongholds for the illegal organizations.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "KK Park, Myawaddy, Myanmar.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The scammers site migrated to Philippines from Myanmar. They targeted Ton Pheung district border, building new foundation, in order to avoid internal conflict in Myanmar and suppression of China.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The illegal organizations attract targets with high salary jobs. The victims included Chinese people, Taiwanese people, Hongkongers people and Malaysian Chinese. Victims arrived at the fraud park were confiscated passport and cellphone. Victims who failed job performance were electric shocked and beaten.", "title": "Methods" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Netizens supported a post which criticized on the persons who went to Cambodia to seek for wealth despite it is a underdeveloped and heavily corrupted country.", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The topics of human trafficking job fraud, transnational crime and Myanmar were the discussion focused on the 42nd ASEAN Summit Meeting.", "title": "Combats" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In September 2021, The Malaysian police started to disclose the cases.", "title": "Effects" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Live! at the Cafe Bohemia is a live album by George Wallington's quintet that was recorded in 1955 and released in 1992 by the label Original Jazz Classics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Jazz critic Scott Yanow praised the album and classified its content as both bebop and hard bop. He noted that the band's \"brand of hard bop will be enjoyed by straightahead jazz fans.\" Allmusic's assigned rating for the album was 4.5 of 5 stars.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Penguin Guide to Jazz described the album as \"tough and darting\" and assigned it three stars.", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Duke Joachim Ernst Memorial Badge (German: Herzog Joachim Ernst Erinnerungszeichen) was created on 11 January 2021 by Eduard Prinz von Anhalt on the occasion of the birthday of his father Joachim Ernst, Duke of Anhalt (11 January 1901 – 18 February 1947), the last ruler of the Duchy of Anhalt. This way, the Duke Eduard commemorated the 120th anniversary of the birth of his father in 2021. It is an award given by Prince Eduard, head of the House of Ascania. The Memorial Badge, presented on the occasion of the Prince's 120th birthday, can be obtained by people who have contributed in some way to preserving the memory of Duke Joachim Ernst. Considering the small number of awarded badges, this is a rare award of the Anhalt's Ducal House.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The shape of the Memorial Badge takes the form of a 16-millimeter-high oval made of base metal. The obverse shows the conjoined letters \"J\" and \"E\" surrounded by a scrolled laurel wreath, and the reverse bears the dates 1901, 11 January and 2021. The decorations were created by the jeweler according to historical designs and customs of the House of Anhalt. A diploma (decree) was issued for each Memorial Badge. Such and similar memorial badges were and are dedicated to anniversaries of reigns and weddings in Princely and Royal Houses, as well as on occasions of special awards of special loyalty and, last but not least, to the birthdays of members of the royal, princely or grand ducal families. Nowadays, they are issued rarely and only in exceptional cases.", "title": "Appearance" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Edward Madden may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Styphelia exserta is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with broadly egg-shaped leaves, and white, tube-shaped flowers.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Styphelia exserta is an erect shrub that typically grows to a height of 30–90 cm (12–35 in) and has slender branchlets. Its leaves are broadly egg-shaped, less than 4 mm (0.16 in) long, tapering to a very short petiole, the leaves concave and down-turned at the end. The flowers are arranged on a short pedicel with very small bracts and bracteoles less than 0.5 mm (0.020 in) long at the base. The sepals are slightly more than 2 mm (0.079 in) long, the petals white and joined at the base to form a tube 4 mm (0.16 in) long, with lobes about the same length as the petal tube, turned back and bearded inside.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This species was first formally described in 1863 by Ferdinand von Mueller who gave it the name Leucopogon exsertus in his Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae from specimens collected near the Phillips River by George Maxwell. In 1964, Hermann Otto Sleumer transferred the species to Styphelia as S. exserta in the journal Blumea. The specific epithet (exserta) means \"protruding\", referring to the stamens.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Styphelia exserta grows on limestone in the Coolgardie, Esperance Plains, Hampton and Mallee bioregions of south-western Western Australia.", "title": "Distribution and habitat" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Styphelia exserta is listed as \"not threatened\" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.", "title": "Conservation status" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Outline of Pakistan military-related articles", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The following is an outline of English Wikipedia articles related modern Pakistan's military history from 1947 to the present.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Pizza kebab\" is a song by Italian rapper Ghali. It was produced by Charlie Charles, and released on 3 February 2017 as the second single of Ghali's first studio album Album.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The song peaked at number 3 of the Italian singles' chart and was certified double platinum.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The UK Albums Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling albums of the week in the United Kingdom. Since 2004 the chart has been based on the sales of both physical albums and digital downloads. Since 2015, the album chart has been based on both sales and streaming. This list shows albums that peaked in the top ten of the UK Albums Chart during 2023, as well as albums which peaked in 2022 but were in the top 10 in 2023. The entry date is when the album appeared in the top 10 for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ten albums have been in the top 10 so far this year (as of 4 January 2024, week ending). One album from 2021, one album from 2022 and five albums from 2023 remained in the top ten for several weeks at the beginning of the year. Christmas by Michael Bublé, originally released in 2011, was the only album from 2023 so far to reach its peak in 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The first new number-one album of the year was Christmas by Michael Bublé. Overall, forty-three different albums peaked at number-one in 2023, with Damon Albarn, Ed Sheeran and Taylor Swift (2) having the joint most albums hit that position.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "An asterisk (*) in the \"Weeks in Top 10\" column shows that the album is currently in the top 10.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The following table shows artists who have achieved two or more top 10 entries in 2023, including albums that reached their peak in 2022. The figures only include main artists, with featured artists and appearances on compilation albums not counted individually for each artist. The total number of weeks an artist spent in the top ten in 2023 is also shown.", "title": "Entries by artist" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hapsatou Malado Diallo (born April 14, 2005) is a Senegalese footballer who plays as a striker for Eibar.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Diallo is a native of Tambacounda, Senegal.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2023, Diallo signed for Spanish side Eibar, becoming the first female Senegalese player to play in Spain.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Diallo mainly operates as a striker and has been described as \"the prototype of a modern-day striker. It is technically very clean, fast and punchy\".", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Diallo has regarded Portugal international Cristiano Ronaldo as her football idol.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Regular estimators are a class of statistical estimators that satisfy certain regularity conditions which make them amenable to asymptotic analysis. The convergence of a regular estimator's distribution is, in a sense, locally uniform. This is often considered desirable and leads to the convenient property that a small change in the parameter does not dramatically change the distribution of the estimator.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "An estimator θ ^ n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\theta }}_{n}} of ψ ( θ ) {\\displaystyle \\psi (\\theta )} based on a sample of size n {\\displaystyle n} is said to be regular if for every h {\\displaystyle h} :", "title": "Definition" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Definition" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

[]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sylvio de Paula Ferreira (22 February 1934 – 13 January 2017), simply known as Sylvio, was a Brazilian professional footballer and who played as a right winger.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sylvio started in the amateur sectors of EC Taubaté, and in 1954 scored the winning goal for Taubaté over Comercial de Ribeirão Preto in the late First Division (current Série A2). He later played for São Paulo, once again being champion, as Maurinho reserve on the winning team in 1957.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Sylvio died in the city of São José dos Campos, 13 January 2017, aged 81.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Air Victory Museum is an aviation museum located at the South Jersey Regional Airport in Lumberton, New Jersey.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The museum was founded by Steve Snyder, the president of Steve Snyder Enterprises and a former Air Force reservist, in 1989, with the goals of \"airpower advocacy\", \"education\" and \"honoring the winners\". The previous year, he had purchased the South Jersey Regional Airport at a bankruptcy auction.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1994, the museum began construction on a 48,000 sq ft (4,500 m) hangar, which was to be the restoration and storage portion of an eventual 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m) facility. The museum began acquiring additional aircraft and on 25 February 1995 an A-7 and an F-4 arrived by helicopter from Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst. A third aircraft, an RA-5C, was destroyed when the crew of the helicopter was forced to drop it. After four years of work, the museum opened to the public.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Then, on 19 June 1999, before construction could begin on additional buildings, Snyder was killed in the crash of his F-86 at the airport. As a result of the crash, plans for expansion of the museum and the airport were opposed by local residents.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The museum has a library with 3,000 books.", "title": "Facilities" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The museum holds an annual Living History Day. It also previously held an annual Air Fair/Air Show.", "title": "Events" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Attack on Tichla took place on July 12, 1979, in the town of Tichla, in Western Sahara. It marks the final conflict between Mauritania and Polisario before the peace treaty in Algiers and Mauritania's withdrawal from the conflict.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "On July 10, 1978, facing a severe economic crisis due to the cost of the war, the regime of Moktar Ould Daddah was overthrown by Colonel Moustapha Ould Mohamed Saleck and his National Recovery Military Committee (CMRN), later renamed the National Salvation Military Committee (CMSN). Immediately after this coup d'état, the Polisario declared a unilateral ceasefire, assuming that Mauritania intended to peacefully withdraw from the conflict However, mindful of maintaining his country's alliance with Morocco, negotiations between Mauritania and the Polisario stall. Meanwhile, Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Ahmed Louly overthrows Moustapha Ould Mohamed Saleck The attack occurs on the eve of the Organization of African Unity conference in Monrovia, where a resolution regarding the Western Sahara war is expected to emerge.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On July 12, 1979, the Polisario breaks the ceasefire and captures the town of Tichla, causing heavy casualties among the Mauritanian garrison.", "title": "Battle" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Following this attack, Mauritania threatens to seek assistance from France and Morocco in the face of potential further attacks. Meanwhile, the Polisario declares that any Mauritanian retaliation would prompt them to launch new attacks, extending beyond Tichla into undisputed Mauritanian territory Panicked by the prospect of continuing the war, Mauritania, nonetheless, signs a positive vote on the referendum requested by the Polisario and endorsed by the heads of state of the Organization of African Unity On July 29, 1979, the Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed, announces the release of the 73 Mauritanian soldiers captured during the attack. This response comes following a request made on behalf of the ad hoc committee of the Organization of African Unity on Western Sahara by the heads of state of Mali and Nigeria. The release follows that of the Mauritanian prefect of Tichla, Abdoullahi Ould Mokhtar Ould Kabd, who was also captured during the attack.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Following the announcement of the release of the Mauritanian soldiers, Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla, the Mauritanian Prime Minister, declares that his country has chosen to definitively withdraw from this \"fratricidal and unjust war,\" emphasizing that Mauritania has no territorial claims over Western Sahara On August 5, 1979, Mauritanian President Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Ahmed Louly signs a peace treaty in Algiers, officially confirming the withdrawal of Mauritanian troops from the Río de Oro region, which is immediately annexed by the Moroccan army.", "title": "Aftermath" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Habibi\" is a song by Italian rapper Ghali. It was produced by Charlie Charles, and released on 1 September 2017 as the fourth single of Ghali's first studio album Album.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The song peaked at number 7 of the Italian singles' chart and was certified quadruple platinum. \"Habibi\" also featured in the soundtrack of the videogame FIFA 19.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The music video for \"Habibi\", directed by Matthew Dillon Cohen, was released on 26 July 2017 via Ghali's YouTube channel.", "title": "Music video" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Beena Masroor is a Pakistani actress, writer and director. She is known for roles in dramas Dil Banjaara, Betiyaan, Agar and Jaan-e-Jahan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Beena was born in 1958 in Hyderabad, Sindh at Pakistan. She completed her early education from Hyderabad School and later she graduated from Univeristy of Sindh. Beena's father Salahuddin Ahmed Baloch was a Deputy Superdent and her mother was housewife. Beena's sister Sahar Imdad is sindhi poet and writer.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Beena was interested in acting and used to act on stage plays and theatre plays during school later in college.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "During her college days she visited PTV Centre and was noticed by producer Zulfikar Naqvi. He approched her and asked her to work for his drama which was he producing then she accepted the offer but she told him that she has to take permission from her parents after she took permission from her parents they allowed her and supported her to work in dramas and she called Zulfikar Naqvi and told him that she will work in his drama.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "She was cast by producer Zulfikar Naqvi in his drama Manzil in a lead role alongside Parveen Akbar the drama in sindhi language which was written by Shamshirul Haidari and it was a success then she later got more offers from many directors. The she worked in many sindhi dramas Obeyant, Travel and Companion, Mathar, Keedu Karonbhar, Peera, Nakili, Bare Han Bhanbhur Mein and Khali Gohar.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Since she appeared in dramas Vasl-e-Yaar, Dil Banjaara, Tarap, Betiyaan, Agar and Jaan-e-Jahan.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Beena married singer Bedil Masroor and she has seven children.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Happy Days\" is a song by Italian rapper Ghali. It was produced by Charlie Charles, and released on 12 May 2017 as the third single of Ghali's first studio album Album.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The song peaked at number 4 of the Italian singles' chart and was certified quadruple platinum.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Arthur Fils was the defending champion but chose not to defend his title.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Simhachalam is a 2003 Indian Telugu-language action drama film directed by Indra Kumar and starring Srihari, Prakash Raj and Meena. The film has the same storyline as Simhadri (2003), which released prior to this film.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Jeevi of Idlebrain.com rated the film 3 1⁄4 out of 5 and wrote that \"This film starts on a routine note. The first half is average. Second half is good with interesting twists (thanks to Prakash Raj). The 'counseling episodes' by hero in the first half are good. However, there are many characters in this film that were left without giving them an ending\". A critic from Sify wrote that \"Srihari’s new film Simhachalam is racy with a good screenplay and punchy dialogues\".", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "H. Pearl Adam was the pen name of Helen Pearl Adam (1882 – 1957), an English journalist who documented her experience in Paris during World War I.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "She was born Helen Pearl Humphry in St John’s Wood, London, on 30 April 1882, the only child of Irish journalist C.E. Humphry and her husband Joseph Alfred Humphry, who managed the advertising department of a newspaper.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Trained by her mother, she began her own journalistic career at the age of 17. As H. Pearl Humphry she wrote for several magazines and also appeared as Mrs Varden in a production based on Barnaby Rudge.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1909, she married fellow journalist George Jeffreys Adam. In 1910, she was invited to visit Galicia by the Association for the Promotion of Tourism in Galicia as part of a press junket for the Lady’s Pictorial and Sheffield Daily Telegraph.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In wartime Paris, Adam wrote for several British newspapers, also publishing an edited collection of International Cartoons of the War (1916) and Paris Sees it Through: A Diary (1914–1919), based on her diaries from the time. Remaining in Paris in the 1920s, she wrote for the Evening Standard, the Observer and the Sunday Times.", "title": "Paris career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1924, Adam met Ella Lenglet (Jean Rhys), who tried to sell her some translations of her husband’s articles. Adam instead saw potential in Rhys’s diary, and invited her to live with them in their Paris flat while she edited Rhys’s writing into a novel, Suzy Tells. She passed this unpublished manuscript on to Rhys' future mentor Ford Madox Ford, who published an extract of it under the title ‘Vienne’ (claiming it was 'from the novel Triple Sec'), and suggested that Lenglet adopt the pen name Jean Rhys.", "title": "Paris career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Back in England, Adam became involved with the National Council of Women of Great Britain, editing their jubilee book in 1945.", "title": "Paris career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "She died in London on 2 January 1957.", "title": "Paris career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sander Arends and David Pel were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ann-Shyn Chiang (Chinese: 江安世; born 1958) is a Taiwanese entomologist and neuroscientist.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Chiang obtained a bachelor of science in entomology at National Chung Hsing University in 1981, earned a master's degree in plant pathology and entomology from National Taiwan University, then moved to the United States, where he completed a doctorate in entomology at Rutgers University in 1990. Chiang's doctoral dissertation was titled Developmental Regulation of Juvenile Hormone Biosynthesis in Female Cockroaches. Upon completing his postdoctoral research under Coby Schal at Rutgers in 1992, Chiang returned to Taiwan.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Chiang began his teaching career as an associate professor at National Tsing Hua University, and was promoted to a full professorship in 1997. He led NTHU's Institute of Biotechnology from 2002 to 2008, and since 2004, has been director of the NTHU Brain Research Center. In 2007, Chiang was appointed to a Tsing Hua Chair Professorship, which became a Distinguished Tsing Hua Chair Professorship and the deanship of the NTHU College of Life Sciences in 2014. He has held an adjunct professorship at National Central University since 2005, an adjunct chair professorship at Kaohsiung Medical University since 2014, and an adjunct distinguished chair professorship at China Medical University since 2016.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Chiang was awarded the 2012 TWAS Prize in Biology, and The World Academy of Sciences elected him as a fellow in 2016. In 2014, he was elected a member of Academia Sinica.", "title": "Awards and honors" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Robert Zelčić is a Croatian chess grandmaster.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In December 2012 at the Zadar Open, Zelčić was one of a few grandmasters who were defeated by Borislav Ivanov, who was later found to have been cheating.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In July 2020, Zelčić finished as runner up in the Croatian Chess Championship, alongside Zdenko Kožul, Hrvoje Stević and Ante Brkić.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In November 2023, Zelčić participated in the Tournament of Peace in Zagreb. He was the lowest-rated player in the field, but managed to hold draws against higher-rated players such as Ante Brkic and Anton Korobov.", "title": "Chess career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Noëlle Amouzoun is a Beninese footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Benin women's national football team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Amouzoun is a native of Azovè, Benin.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2020, Amouzoun signed for French side Angers, becoming the first female Beninese player to play in Europe.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Amouzoun mainly operates as a midfielder and has been described as \"like a certain Casemiro. His presence in front of the defense comforts and gives confidence to his partners. Noëlle is a defensive midfielder, but she has incredible dribbling skills. These ball controls and his dribbling reveal a high level. With the ball stuck to her foot, she dribbles past her opponents without any difficulty\".", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Amouzoun has worked as a youth manager.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Major Owen Jones Ellis Nanney (27 September 1790 - 27 October 1870) was a Welsh politician, who very briefly represented Carnarvon in Parliament in 1833.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Standing as a Tory, Nanney contested the Carnarvon District of Boroughs seat (now Caernarfon) at the 1832 general election, the first after it had been expanded by the Reform Act 1832. He was initially recorded as defeated by Sir Charles Paget, the Whig incumbent, with a small majority. Nanney brought an election petition challenging some of the votes, which was found in his favour on 6th March, and he took his seat on 8th March. However, a counter-petition was then brought, alleging that the votes were indeed valid. After scrutiny, Paget was again declared elected on 22nd May, and Nanney lost his seat.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The World Security Network Foundation (WSN) is an American independent, non-profit organisation for world politics, foreign affairs, and defence policy issues.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "WSN was founded in New York City, the United States of America in 2002 by Dr Hubertus Hoffmann and Pentagon strategist, Fritz G.A. Kraemer. The founding meeting included 22 generals and admirals. WSN was inspired by Dr Kraemer who was known as a mentor of Dr Henry Kissinger and General Alexander Haig.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "WSN was formed as a social network. In 2012, it had 300 authors and 100 editors in 34 countries.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Professor Friedbert Pflüger, Ambassador J.D. Bindenagel, Dr August Hanning, General Klaus Naumann joined the international advisory board. The international advisory board have included former ministers, former generals, former admirals, members of parliament, ambassadors, academics, state secretaries, academics, authors, and journalist.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The UK Dance Singles Chart is a weekly music chart compiled in the United Kingdom by the Official Charts Company (OCC) from sales of songs in the dance music genre (house, drum and bass, dubstep, etc.) in record stores and digital downloads. The chart week runs from Friday to Thursday with the chart-date given as the following Thursday.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This is a list of the songs which were number one on the UK Dance Singles Chart during 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Number-one artists" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "David Terrazas Villegas (14 December 1908 – 22 August 1955) was a Bolivian military officer who was Commanding General of the Bolivian Army during the last years of the so-called 'oligarchic republic'. Terrazas fought during the Chaco War, where he earned several promotions in rank. He was one of the few military personnel from Bolivia to actively participate in the Korean War, for which he received the Legion of Merit in 1951 for \"for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States\". Because of his political affiliations, he was exiled when the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement took power in 1952. Three years later, he was assassinated most likely because of his continued support for the opposition in Bolivia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Terrazas was born in Vallegrande, Santa Cruz Department, on December 14, 1908. He was the son of Julián Terrazas Antezana and Beatriz Villegas. His family was originally from Cochabamba, relocating to Vallegrande when his father found work there. When Terrazas was fifteen, he was sent to La Paz to attend military school. In 1929, he graduated from the Military College of La Paz as a second lieutenant of Infantry.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Promoted to lieutenant in 1932, he participated in the first phase of the Chaco War as the Chief Officer of the third division. In the second phase of the war, he took part in the combats of Ingavi, Platanillos, Campo Jurado; in significant operations like La China, Strongest, Laguna Loa, Campo Santa Cruz, and November 27 as the Commander of the Montes Regiment. In the third phase, Terrazas participated during the retreat of the Cavalry Corps of the Second Army Corps. Later, in Carandaiti, Villamontes, Aguara, Parapeti, Laguna Camatindi, where he was wounded. Terrazas was also a part of the offensive in the central sector; the retaking of Boyuibe; the advancement to Huirapitini and Mandeyapecua as the commander of the Beni 16th Infantry Regiment. In 1935, he was promoted to the rank of captain in the midst of the battlefield. He earned several citations for his high morale and courageous action against the enemy.", "title": "Chaco War" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Through competitive examination, he obtained a scholarship to France, where he earned the diploma as a Chief of Staff Officer at the École militaire in Paris, ranking first among the latinamerican students. Upon returning to his country, he was served as Battalion Commander at the Military College of La Paz from 1941 to 1943. In 1944, he served as Military Attaché at the Embassy of Bolivia in Chile. In 1946, he was appointed Commanding General of the Army during a time of institutional crisis, which he successfully navigated. He left the position in 1949 and took on the role of Military Attaché at the Embassy of Bolivia in Washington, D.C.. In this role, Terrazas was sent as an attaché from Bolivia to Korea, representing his country in the Korean War, where he saw some action.", "title": "Senior military officer" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He received all the possible decorations awarded by the Bolivian Army for acts of war. The nation bestowed upon him the Condor of the Andes, in rank of Commander and Grand Cross. He held the Legion of Honor from France, the Order of the Liberator General San Martín of Argentina, Grand Officer of Order of Military Merit of Brazil, and another from the United States of America.", "title": "Senior military officer" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1951, Mamerto Urriolagoitía launched a self-coup, known as mamertazo, that placed the army in command of the country. Hugo Ballivián, as Commanding General of the Army, became President of Bolivia that year. Terrazas remained in his position in Washington D.C. until the Bolivian National Revolution of 1952 ousted the incumbent government. With the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement in power, Terrazas was recalled to Bolivia. Harassed by his detractors within the Armed Forces, in 1952 he went into exile in the Republic of Peru. There, he lived in Lima, where he managed a prestigious industrial company.", "title": "Exile and assassination" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "However, despite his exile, he maintained contact with dissidents within Bolivia. His correspondence intercepted in 1953, he was deemed a threat to national security. While his plots may have been harmless, Terrazas was implicated in a movement to oust Víctor Paz Estenssoro. A few years later, Terrazas traveled to Argentina for personal reasons, where was assassinated on August 22, 1955, presumably for political motives. His assassination remains a mystery, although his support for the opposition in Bolivia might have ultimately led to his demise.", "title": "Exile and assassination" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Terrazas married Bethsabe Virrueta Aponte, a member of a wealthy family from Cochabamba. He was a member of the Terrazas family, which includes Melchor Terrazas, Manuel Terrazas, and Hernán Terrazas Céspedes. He was a second cousin of Hernán, who was also a military officer and served as Mayor of Cochabamba.", "title": "Marriage and family" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Chiqa Beret or Tchika-Beret is the ruins of an ancient Christian settlement dating back to the Aksumite period lying just 10 km south east of Kombolcha, on the outskirts of Ancharo. The area most notably possesses the Geta Lion Statue, a stone sculpture of a lion's head on the top of a hill that dates back to the early 4th century.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The area was excavated by French archeologist Francis Anfray in 1964, who described it as \"some remains of Christian settlements around the vicinity of Kombolcha.\" He also notes that on the stone's base of the lion sculpture was an engraving of a Christian cross, on both sides of the cross were two heavily eroded pre-Christian monograms. Similar monograms were found in the coinage of King Wazeba of Axum, which suggests that the statue was constructed during his reign in the early 4th century AD.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Monique Barry (born 21 June 2002) is a tennis player from New Zealand. She has a career high singles ranking if 597 achieved on 25 September 2023, and a career high doubles ranking of 470 achieved on 20 November 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in New Plymouth, Barry moved to Queensland with her family at the age of 4 years-old before basing herself in Melbourne.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2019, Barry won the singles title at the Warrnambool grasscourt tournament.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Barry was named the New Zealand player of the year in 2022 and 2023. She won her first doubles title on the ITF Women's World Tennis Tour in July 2022 in Caloundra, Australia with fellow Kiwi Vivian Yang. In July 2023, she won her second ITF title, playing doubles with Indian player Shrivalli Rashmikaa Bhamidipaty in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand with a straight sets win over home pairing Punin Kovapitukted and Sugapitch kuearum. That month, she represented New Zealand in the 2023 Billie Jean King Cup, playing doubles alongside Vivian Yang in a 3-0 win over Malaysia.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In December 2023, she won the wildcard playoff match at the ASB Tennis Arena in Auckland to earn a debut on the WTA Tour at the 2024 ASB Classic.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ryan Maiuri (born c. 1983) is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for the University of Dubuque; a position he will hold 2024. He also coached for Lakeland, Winona State, Adrian, Minnesota, Central (IA), and the La Crosse Spartans of the Indoor Football League (IFL). He played college football for Lakeland as a quarterback and professionally for the Hamburg Blue Devils of the German Football League (GFL), the RiverCity Rage of the United Indoor Football (UIF), and the Milwaukee Bonecrushers of the Continental Indoor Football League (CIFL), and the La Crosse Spartans of the IFL.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "These are the Official Charts Company's UK Dance Albums Chart number ones of 2024. The chart week runs from Friday to Thursday with the chart-date given as the following Thursday.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "See also" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The First Battle of Sidi Abu Urqub Occuered on May 13, 1915, was a battle between the Senussi's and Italy.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "an Italian battalion, hailing from the strategic Azizia region, embarked on a daring mission their objectif was to lift the siege, Between the Senussi and Italians in Tarhuna, more specifically in the Wadi Al-Kharrouba region.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In a subsequent attempt by the Italian forces to rescue their besieged troops in Tarhuna, a smaller force departed from the Azizia region. At the Abu Urqub Mountain, towering a thousand feet high, a remarkable battle unfolded on May 13, 1915, between the Italian forces and the mujahideen led by Mujahid Masoud Al-Shweik. The mujahideen achieved a clear victory, with most of the Italian forces being annihilated, and around 200 Italian prisoners were captured.", "title": "Battle" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Following the battle, the Italian prisoners were taken into captivity, marking a significant victory for the mujahideen and highlighting the resilience of their defense in the face of Italian attempts to rescue their besieged forces.", "title": "Aftermath" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "These are the Official Charts Company's UK Independent Singles Chart number-one singles of 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Vidzeme Region (Latvian: Vidzemes reģions), officially Vidzeme Planning Region (Latvian: Vidzemes plānošanas reģions) is one of the five planning regions of Latvia, it is situated in the northern part of Latvia. The state institution was founded on 2 October 2006, based on the creation of the region territory as prescribed by Regulations No. 133 of the Cabinet of Ministers as of 25 March 2003, the \"Regulations on Territories of Planning Regions\". After the 2021 reform part of Riga Planning Region was incorporated into Vidzeme.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Oxneriopsis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has four species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The genus was circumscribed in 2017 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Dalip Kumar Upreti, and Jae-Seoun Hur, with Oxneriopsis oxneri assigned as the type species. The genus name honours the Ukrainian lichenologist Alfred Mycolayovych Oxner (1898–1973).", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Oxneriopsis features crustose lichens with a thallus that can be continuous, cracked, or divided into small, isolated units (areoles). Often, this thallus forms vegetative reproductive structures (propagules), known as phyllidia or schizidia, which are typically bright yellow or greenish-yellow, contrasting with the greyish or greenish-grey background of the main thallus.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Their fruiting bodies (apothecia) vary from lecanorine (with a thalline margin) to zeorine (without a thalline margin), and exhibit a range of colours from yellow and orange-brown to dark brown or even blackish brown. The thalline margin of the apothecia is usually a striking bright yellow. The hymenium, the tissue layer containing the spore-producing asci, is interspersed with oil. Each ascus typically contains eight spores that are polarilocular (having two distinct chambers) and hyaline (translucent). The conidia (asexual spores) of Oxneriopsis are rod-shaped (bacilliform), measuring between 2.5 and 3.5 μm in length and 0.8 to 1 μm in width.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Chemically, the genus is noted for the presence of fragilin in some species, but the chemical composition across all species within the genus is not thoroughly studied.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rachel Marie Powell (born 1979 or 1980), also known as \"Pink Hat Lady\" and \"Bullhorn Lady\", is an American woman known for her participation in the January 6 United States Capitol attack, in which she wore a pink hat and used a bullhorn to instruct other rioters.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "On July 18, 2023, Powell was found guilty on nine counts, including three felony charges and six misdemeanors. On October 17, 2023, Powell was sentenced to 57 months in prison, followed by 36 months of supervised release.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Powell was born in Anaheim, California and raised in Fresno. At the time of the Capitol attack, she was a single mother of eight residing in Mercer County, Pennsylvania.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In an interview with The New Yorker, Powell stated that she was initially critical of Donald Trump, though voted for him in the 2020 United States presidential election. Powell posted misinformation about both the election and COVID-19 on Facebook.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Powell was a participant in the January 6 United States Capitol attack, in which she entered a restricted section of the United States Capitol while carrying an ax and a large wooden pole. During the riot, Powell wore a pink hat and used a bullhorn to instruct other rioters, causing her to become known as the \"Pink Hat Lady\" and the \"Bullhorn Lady\". She also destroyed a window with a pipe, causing over $1,000 in damage.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Powell was arrested by the FBI on February 4, 2021. Additionally, Powell's home in Sandy Lake, Pennsylvania was raided by the FBI, all of her weapons were confiscated, and she was placed under house arrest.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On April 5, 2023, a federal grand jury indicted Powell on nine counts, including three felonies and six misdemeanors. On July 18, 2023, following a bench trial, Powell was found guilty on all charges, which included civil disorder and destruction of government property.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Federal prosecutors recommended a sentence of 96 months in prison, describing Powell as a \"leading participant in the most violent insurrection to occur at the U.S. Capitol in over 200 years\". Powell's attorney argued against jail time, pointing to her lack of a criminal record and the fact that she had not physically harmed anyone during the riot.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "On October 17, 2023, Powell was sentenced to 57 months in prison and 36 months of supervised release. She was also ordered to pay over $8,000 in restitution, fines, and fees.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On December 28, 2023, Powell posted a tweet that included a photo of her wearing an ankle monitor. The tweet was widely criticized, with many users mentioning Powell's actions during the Capitol attack.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 10 September 1914. They were the last parliamentary elections in which only men could vote.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The elected members of the Althing were elected from single or double member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting, with six members appointed to the upper house by the Danish monarch. Suffrage was limited to men aged 25 or over and who met one of several set requirements including being a civil servant, holding a medical (or similar) degree, being a graduate of a university or seminary, or paying tax of at least four króna (or for farmers, any level of tax), and who were not in receipt of poor relief.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "7,475 of the 13,400 registered voters participated in the elections.", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 28 October 1911.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The elected members of the Althing were elected from single or double member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting, with six members appointed to the upper house by the Danish monarch. Suffrage was limited to men aged 25 or over and who met one of several set requirements including being a civil servant, holding a medical (or similar) degree, being a graduate of a university or seminary, or paying tax of at least four króna (or for farmers, any level of tax), and who were not in receipt of poor relief.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "10,303 of the 13,136 registered voters participated in the elections.", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rowshan Reordan is the founder and CEO of Green Leaf Lab LLC. Founded in 2011, as the first accredited, woman-owned cannabis and hemp CBD analytical testing laboratory in the United States certified Women Business Enterprise National Council (WBENC).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Rowshan was among the early innovators in the cannabis sector. In 2021 and 2022, her company was listed as one of the Top 50 Most Trustworthy Companies. Recognized as a leader in the standardization of chemical lab testing of cannabis and CBD, Reordan runs certified testing labs in the states of Oregon and California.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Rowshan Reordan dropped out of high school at 15 and left home at 17 to travel throughout North and Central America, shaping her interest in justice through the use of the law. She later earned a Juris Doctorate from the University of New Mexico School of Law in 2006. She also holds a Master's degree in political science with a focus on human rights.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Reordan began to be interested medical and recreational cannabistesting was after seeing the struggles of a close friend living with HIV, who often used medical cannabis. Their death led her to wonder if medical cannabis products were safe and uncontaminated. At that time, the industry lacked state or federal regulations to ensure the safety of cannabis as a consumed product. Reordan saw Colorado and Washington legalize recreational cannabis without product safety testing standards, leading her to open Green Leaf Lab in Oregon in 2011 as the first woman-owned analytical cannabis testing laboratory. The lab focused on pesticides and mold in cannabis to ensure the product would be safe for consumers.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Green Leaf Lab trademarked their \"Cannalysis\" process of analytic cannabis testing and employed trained chemists using standardized and peer reviewed analytic testing equipment to set new industry standards.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2019, Green Leaf Lab filed a complaint ending in a legal battle that centered around the critical need to protect proprietary lab procedures and transparency in the emergent cannabis industry's regulatory standards, for which Reordan has been a leader. Her work in analytical chemical testing of cannabis potency and accusations of impropriety were dismissed in U.S. California Central District Court.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2013, Reordan was invited to join a subcommittee on testing medical marijuana for Oregon's House Bill 3460 to provide recommendations from the industry. In 2015, Reordan gave a statement before the Oregon Legislature outlining eight product safety and public health recommendations to better regulate the cannabis industry:", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The UK R&B Singles Chart is a weekly chart that ranks the 40 biggest-selling singles and albums that are classified in the R&B genre in the United Kingdom. The chart is compiled by the Official Charts Company, and is based on both physical, and digital sales.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The following are the songs which have topped the UK R&B Singles Chart in 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Number-one singles" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2018 FIBA 3x3 U23 World Cup – Men's tournament is the inaugural edition of this championship. The event was held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. It was contested by 20 teams.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "United States won their first title with a win against Turkey in the final.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Mongolia's capital, Ulaanbaatar, was given the hosting rights on 31 October 2018. This marks the first time that Mongolia is hosting a world championship in a team sport.", "title": "Host selection" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "FIBA announced the qualified teams on 20 December 2018.", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The pools were announced on 6 March 2019. The seeding and groups were as follows:", "title": "Seeding" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "All times are local.", "title": "Knockout stage" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "These players were given the awards after the competition:", "title": "Awards" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Shadows on a Dime is a folk-rock album by the Canadian singer-songwriter Ferron. It was originally released in 1984 on the independent label Lucy Records; subsequently it has been re-released on LP, CD and cassette by Redwood Records and Cherrywood Station.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "All songs written by Ferron. The tracks on the CD are on the same order as on the LP.", "title": "Track listing" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Don Shewey in Rolling Stone called the album \"a feast of excellent musicianship and fine songwriting\" and \"a thing of beauty\" and says of the production, \"The album's many moods are superbly reflected in Terry Garthwaite's production, and ideal instrumental touches keep the more contemplative songs from sounding drab\".", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Washington Post published a good review which compares the album favourably with other albums released by other artists associated with the \"Women's music\" genre at the time, including Barbara Higbie and Teresa Trull who appear on this album: \"With her haunting folk drone, her jabbing gypsy guitars and fiddles, her torrents of metaphors (and her descriptions of lesbian relationships), she challenges the field as it's never been challenged before. She is the first major artist to emerge from its ranks,\" wrote Geoffrey Himes. The album \"fulfills the potential hinted at on 1980's 'Testimony'\", he writes. Regarding how her songs address friends facing difficulties in relationships he writes, \"With a courage too rare in pop music, Ferron doesn't offer her friends easy solutions for their problems, but forces them to face up to difficult reality\".", "title": "Critical reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "William Newton Mercer was a surgeon and prominent civic leader in New Orleans during the nineteenth century. His residence later became the headquarters of the Boston Club, which has been associated with the history of business and Carnival in New Orleans.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "William was born in Cecil County, Maryland, in 1790. He studied medicine at The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine under Benjamin Rush. He then served as a surgeon for United States Army during the War of 1812, stationed in New Orleans, Louisiana, then Natchez, Mississippi, before resigning there into private practice.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In Mississippi, Mercer owned four plantations in Adams County—Laurel Hill, Buckhurst, Ellis Cliffs, and Ormond—and property in Coahoma County. Mercer owned 342 slaves, and was the twelfth largest slave owner in the state. Mercer also owned property in Illinois and New Orleans. He utilized Charles P. Leverich as a factor.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He served as president of the Bank of Louisiana, trustee at Natchez Academy, and president and chairman of the Board of Administrators of the University of Louisiana. He was a member of Christ Church Cathedral and president of St. Anna’s Asylum in New Orleans.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1823, Mercer married in Natchez, Ann Eliza Farar, daughter of Benjamin Farar and Mary Ellis, heiress of Richard Ellis, the original recipient of the Royal Spanish land grant of 20,000 ha (49,000 acres), including Ellis Cliffs, Mississippi, and Laurel Hill Plantation in Adams County, Mississippi. The family resided at their Laurel Hill Plantation in Adams County, where Mercer built St. Mary's Episcopal Chapel. His wife's brother's daughter, Margaret Ellis, married Stephen Duncan.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Mercer died in New Orleans at age 83.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Szkoła Główna Warszawska (Warsaw Main School) was an educational institution in Warsaw, Poland, operating from 1862 to 1869 with lectures conducted in Polish.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Established in June 1862 by the director of the Government Commission of Religious Denominations and Public Enlightenment, Aleksander Wielopolski, under the decree of Emperor Alexander II, the Warsaw Main School was created by reorganizing the dissolved Medical and Surgical Academy in 1862. It occupied the buildings of the University of Warsaw, which had been closed in 1831 by Russian authorities. The first rector was Józef Mianowski.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The institution was closed in November 1869 as part of the repressive measures following the January Uprising.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Faculties:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "References:", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland in June 1903.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The 30 elected members of the Althing were elected from single or double member constituencies by a three-round system; in the first two rounds, a candidate receiving a majority of the vote was elected; if seats were still unfilled after the second round, a third round was held using first-past-the-post voting. Voting took place at a single polling place in each constituency and was done publicly. A further six members were appointed to the upper house by the Danish monarch.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Suffrage was limited to men aged 25 or over who were not in receipt of poor relief and who met one of several set requirements including being a civil servant, being a graduate of a university or seminary, or meeting various tax criteria (for farmers, paying more than the minimum tax; for burghers or fishermen, paying eight króna of local taxes; for property owners, paying twelve króna of local property taxes). This limited the number of voters to 7,786 from a population of 79,632.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "4,155 of the 7,786 registered voters participated in the elections.", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Stocksbridge Town Hall is a municipal building in the town of Stocksbridge, in South Yorkshire, in England.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The stone building was commissioned by Stocksbridge Urban District Council, to replace an earlier town hall. It was designed by H. M. Aitchison, the municipal architect and surveyor, and constructed by David Brearley & Sons. It was officially opened on 26 March 1928, by James Hinchliffe, chair of the council. In addition to meeting space and offices for the council, it housed the local fire service, and a mortuary.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The building was extended in the 1960s. In the 2010s, it was refurbished and reorganised, to house Stocksbridge Town Council, Stocksbridge's Future Partnership, and the local police service.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2018 FIBA 3x3 U23 World Cup – Women's tournament is the inaugural edition of this championship. The event was held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. It was contested by 20 teams.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "United States won their first title with a win against Turkey in the final.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Mongolia's capital, Ulaanbaatar, was given the hosting rights on 31 October 2018. This marks the first time that Mongolia is hosting a world championship in a team sport.", "title": "Host selection" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "FIBA announced the qualified teams on 20 December 2018.", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The pools were announced on 6 March 2019. The seeding and groups were as follows:", "title": "Seeding" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "All times are local.", "title": "Knockout stage" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "These players were given the awards after the competition:", "title": "Awards" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland in June 1902.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The 30 elected members of the Althing were elected from single or double member constituencies by a three-round system; in the first two rounds, a candidate receiving a majority of the vote was elected; if seats were still unfilled after the second round, a third round was held using first-past-the-post voting. Voting took place at a single polling place in each constituency and was done publicly. A further six members were appointed to the upper house by the Danish monarch.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Suffrage was limited to men aged 25 or over who were not in receipt of poor relief and who met one of several set requirements including being a civil servant, being a graduate of a university or seminary, or meeting various tax criteria (for farmers, paying more than the minimum tax; for burghers or fishermen, paying eight króna of local taxes; for property owners, paying twelve króna of local property taxes). This limited the number of voters to 7,539 from a population of 79,181.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "3,968 of the 7,539 registered voters participated in the elections.", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland in September 1900.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The 30 elected members of the Althing were elected from single or double member constituencies by a three-round system; in the first two rounds, a candidate receiving a majority of the vote was elected; if seats were still unfilled after the second round, a third round was held using first-past-the-post voting. Voting took place at a single polling place in each constituency and was done publicly. A further six members were appointed to the upper house by the Danish monarch.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Suffrage was limited to men aged 25 or over who were not in receipt of poor relief and who met one of several set requirements including being a civil servant, being a graduate of a university or seminary, or meeting various tax criteria (for farmers, paying more than the minimum tax; for burghers or fishermen, paying eight króna of local taxes; for property owners, paying twelve króna of local property taxes). This limited the number of voters to 7,329 from a population of 78,203.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "3,573 of the 7,329 registered voters participated in the elections.", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ruka Fukagawa (Japanese: 深川 瑠華, Hepburn: Fukagawa Ruka, born 6 September 2004) is a Japanese singer and voice actress affiliated with Hibiki. She started her career portraying Kurumi Shiratori as part of Lyrical Lily, one of the musical groups in Bushiroad's D4DJ franchise. She also portrays Ryoko Kobato in Bushiroad's Revue Starlight franchise.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ruka Fukagawa was born on 6 September 2004 in Kanagawa Prefecture and raised in Tokyo.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In April 2020, Fukagawa became part of Bushiroad's D4DJ franchise as Kurumi Shiratori, one of the four members of Lyrical Lily; the same month, she and her Lyrical Lily co-star Ruka Fukagawa joined Bushiroad's talent agency Hibiki. She voiced the character in D4DJ Groovy Mix (2020), D4DJ Petit Mix (2021), and D4DJ All Mix (2023). She also reprised her role in the stage productions Senri! no Michi mo Ippo Kara and Arisugawa Gakuin Cultural Festival Live Stage.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She also voices Ryoko Kobato in the game Revue Starlight: Re LIVE (also part of a Bushiroad franchise), and she portrayed her in the Revue Starlight stage plays The LIVE Edel Delight (2022) and The STAGE Chūtō-bu Rebellion (2023). She is part of Siegfeld Institute of Music Junior High, a voice acting unit that she appeared in for the musicals, and two of their singles charted in the top 40 of the Oricon Singles Chart: Regalia: Keishō/Afuregu! Aufregendes Leben (2022) and Rebellion/Yumemiro (2023).", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2023, she was cast as Flasher in Azur Lane. She also voices minor characters in the games Assault Lily Last Bullet, Brown Dust, and Lost Decade.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland in June 1894.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The 30 elected members of the Althing were elected from single or double member constituencies by a three-round system; in the first two rounds, a candidate receiving a majority of the vote was elected; if seats were still unfilled after the second round, a third round was held using first-past-the-post voting. Voting took place at a single polling place in each constituency and was done publicly. A further six members were appointed to the upper house by the Danish monarch.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Suffrage was limited to men aged 25 or over who were not in receipt of poor relief and who met one of several set requirements including being a civil servant, being a graduate of a university or seminary, or meeting various tax criteria (for farmers, paying more than the minimum tax; for burghers or fishermen, paying eight króna of local taxes; for property owners, paying twelve króna of local property taxes). This limited the number of voters to 6,733 from a population of 73,230.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "1,779 of the 6,733 registered voters participated in the elections.", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Yuzuki Watase (Japanese: 渡瀬 結月, Hepburn: Watase Yuzuki, born 18 February 2003) is a Japanese actress and singer from Chiba Prefecture, affiliated with Hibiki. She started her career portraying Miiko Takeshita as part of Lyrical Lily, one of the musical groups in Bushiroad's D4DJ franchise. She is also a guitarist for the band Ave Mujica of the BanG Dream! multimedia franchise, which includes portraying the character Mortis/Mutsumi Wakaba.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Yuzuki Watase, a native of Chiba Prefecture, was born on 18 February 2003.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In April 2020, Watase became part of Bushiroad's D4DJ franchise as Miiko Takeshita, one of the four members of Lyrical Lily; the same month, she and her Lyrical Lily co-star Yuzuki Watase joined Bushiroad's talent agency Hibiki. She voiced the character in D4DJ Groovy Mix (2020), D4DJ Petit Mix (2021), and D4DJ All Mix (2023). She also reprised her role in the stage productions Senri! no Michi mo Ippo Kara and Arisugawa Gakuin Cultural Festival Live Stage.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In September 2023, the finale of BanG Dream! It's MyGo!, where she starred as Mortis/Mutsumi Wakaba, announced that she was a guitarist of the heretofore-anonymous BanG Dream! band Ave Mujica as said character. She will reprise her role in the sequel BanG Dream! Ave Mujica.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "She also voiced minor characters in D Cide Traumerei, Joran: The Princess of Snow and Blood, The Fruit of Evolution, The Great Cleric, and My Tiny Senpai. In video games, she also voices Auria in Quiz RPG: The World of Mystic Wiz and Iserin in Brown Dust. On 14 May 2021, she debuted at Korakuen Hall as a ring announcer for Bushiroad subsidiary World Wonder Ring Stardom.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The UK R&B Albums Chart is a weekly chart, first introduced in October 1994, that ranks the 40 biggest-selling albums that are classified in the R&B genre in the United Kingdom. The chart is compiled by the Official Charts Company, and is based on sales of CDs, downloads, vinyl and other formats over the previous seven days.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The following are the number-one albums of 2024", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland in September 1892.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The 30 elected members of the Althing were elected from single or double member constituencies by a three-round system; in the first two rounds, a candidate receiving a majority of the vote was elected; if seats were still unfilled after the second round, a third round was held using first-past-the-post voting. Voting took place at a single polling place in each constituency and was done publicly. A further six members were appointed to the upper house by the Danish monarch.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Suffrage was limited to men aged 25 or over who were not in receipt of poor relief and who met one of several set requirements including being a civil servant, being a graduate of a university or seminary, or meeting various tax criteria (for farmers, paying more than the minimum tax; for burghers or fishermen, paying eight króna of local taxes; for property owners, paying twelve króna of local property taxes). This limited the number of voters to 6,841 from a population of 72,481.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "2,085 of the 6,841 registered voters participated in the elections.", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Historic Uptown neighborhood is located in the city of Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States. The neighborhood's boundaries are Cache La Poudre St. to the north, Bijou St. to the south, the alley situated between Wahsatch Ave. and Corona St. to the east, and Monument Valley Park to the west. It was called the Near North End neighborhood until 2023 when it was renamed to the Historic Uptown Neighborhood by the Historic Uptown Neighborhood Board to avoid confusion with the Old North End Neighborhood.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Situated directly north of downtown Colorado Springs, an array of amenities are easily accessible on foot, ranging from parks and restaurants to boutiques, museums, performing arts centers, sports facilities, and more.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Originally part of the initial townsite established in 1871 and later expanded in 1873, the Historic Uptown Neighborhood boasts a rich historical legacy. It holds a notable presence on the National Register of Historic Places, with key districts such as the Weber-Wahsatch Historic District, Boulder Crescent District, Monument Valley Park, and many other historically significant buildings.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "General William J. Palmer and his Colorado Springs Company devised the city plan with the aim of creating a resort-like atmosphere, targeting affluent individuals from the eastern United States and the British Isles. The development along N. Cascade, N. Tejon, and N. Nevada avenues serves as a testament to the transformation from a frontier town to a well-established community with modern conveniences.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Historic Uptown Neighborhood encompasses part of the original town site and Addition #1 (1871), which expanded to the north, south, and east. In 1883, Addition #5 was plotted west of Cascade Ave. with curvilinear streets and picturesque sites overlooking Monument Creek—a rare and elaborate street design for a Western community. This design reflected the concerted efforts of the town company to impart a distinctive and charming character to their settlement.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The 1880s witnessed the city's most significant population growth, increasing by 11,140 residents (164% growth) by 1890. Immigrants were drawn in by promotional efforts and the city's favorable health conditions. The construction of architecturally rich structures, representing styles such as Queen Anne, Shingle, Italianate, and Tudor, adorned the main thoroughfares north of downtown toward Colorado College. Churches were also erected, embodying the envisioned culture and refinement by General Palmer.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The 1890s to the early 20th century marked a second phase of development following the Cripple Creek and Victor gold mining boom. Opulent houses built during this period reflected the wealth of mine owners, merchants, and industrialists drawn to the mining industry. Architectural styles ranged from Tudor stone castles to Mediterranean Palazzos and Spanish Mission haciendas.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Historic Uptown underwent changes over the years, with economic crises in the 1930s leading to the conversion of large residences into boarding houses or apartments. Housing shortages post-World War II contributed to further conversions, and businesses repurposed residential properties for commercial use. The area stands as a testament to the historical evolution of Colorado Springs, with buildings over fifty years old selected for description based on their eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, State Register of Historic Properties, or local historical significance.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The Boulder Crescent Historic District, situated in the northeastern portion of the block bounded by Boulder Street, Cascade Avenue, Boulder Crescent, and Monument Valley Park in Colorado Springs, is characterized by its collection of five contributing residential buildings constructed between 1894 and 1901. Enveloped within the mature landscaping of the commercial core, the district showcases a mix of architectural styles, including Dutch Colonial Revival, late Victorian, and Colonial Revival. Despite minor alterations, these two to two-and-a-half-story wood-frame structures offer a historical glimpse into the turn of the century in Colorado Springs. Notable properties within the district include 11 West Boulder Street, exemplifying the Colonial Revival style, and 320 North Cascade Avenue, featuring Queen Anne elements. The district's significance lies in its representation of the late 19th and early 20th-century residential development, fueled by a construction boom spurred by the influx of people drawn to the region's health benefits and scenic beauty. Preserving the area's historical character, the district serves as a testament to Colorado Springs' rapid growth during this transformative period.", "title": "Historic Districts" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The North Weber Street-Wahsatch Avenue Historic District, situated just north of downtown Colorado Springs, boasts a rich architectural and cultural heritage that spans from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century. During the turn of the century, the area witnessed the construction of various rental housing forms, including duplexes and multi-family units like those at 709-711 North Wahsatch and a block of row houses, a unique addition related to the extension of the streetcar line along North Tejon Street and North Nevada Avenue. The neighborhood also saw the establishment of essential services, such as the 1896 City Fire Department's Company No. 2 station and the grand Cumberland Presbyterian church at North Weber Street and Cheyenne Avenue. Additionally, the period witnessed the rise of commercial buildings, predominantly at block corners, housing grocery stores, drugstores, and other essential services.", "title": "Historic Districts" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The early 20th century brought forth challenges of rapid growth, prompting civic organizations like the Civic League to advocate for comprehensive planning. In response, \"Colorado Springs, The City Beautiful,\" a plan crafted by planning consultant Charles Mulford Robinson, influenced the addition of raised dividers along Wahsatch Avenue and Willamette Street in the 1910s. The district continued to be a desirable residential area, witnessing limited but high-quality construction, exemplified by the 1924 Calvary Evangelical church at Uintah Street and Wahsatch Avenue.", "title": "Historic Districts" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The neighborhood evolved in the 1910-1935 period, marked by the prevalence of bungalows, often part of small developments or sandwiched among older Victorian homes. Notable was the transition in landscaping and outdoor living spaces, with smaller front yards reflecting the changing cultural practices of the time. Post-World War II, however, saw shifts in the neighborhood's character, with larger homes converted to multi-family dwellings, and southern portions repurposed for commercial use. Unfortunately, deferred maintenance and misguided modernizations took a toll on the district's historic fabric.", "title": "Historic Districts" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "In recent decades, there has been a positive resurgence in the preservation and revitalization of the North Weber Street-Wahsatch Avenue Historic District. New households have moved in, contributing to a substantial reinvestment in the area's buildings. Efforts have been made to restore homes to their original appearances, reversing the trend of deterioration that threatened the neighborhood's integrity. Today, the district stands as a testament to Colorado Springs' early history, providing a unique sense of time and place, and its recognition on the National Register emphasizes the importance of preserving this historic enclave for future generations.", "title": "Historic Districts" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Constructed in 1885 by Colorado railroad magnate James John Hagerman, the Hagerman Mansion stands proudly at 610 North Cascade Avenue in Colorado Springs. Originally designed as a splendid stone Victorian eclectic mansion, significant alterations were made in 1927, transforming it into a luxury apartment building with 22 units while preserving its architectural integrity. The three-story mansion faces east and features a \"T-shaped\" plan, with the original 1885 structure augmented by additions before 1899 and further expansions in 1927. The exterior showcases pink, rock-faced sandstone, with notable design elements such as stepped parapet gable ends and a two-story, half-round tower added before 1899. The interiors boast rich materials and exquisite craftsmanship, particularly on the first floor, where rooms radiate from a central hall, displaying medium-stained oak, birch, walnut, and mahogany finishes. The mansion's historical significance lies not only in its architectural grandeur but also in its association with Hagerman, the builder of the Colorado Midland Railway, and its adaptive use as a luxury apartment building in the 1920s, contributing to the architectural heritage of Cascade Avenue.", "title": "Notable Structures" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Constructed in 1886, the Gwynne-Love House at 730 North Cascade Avenue stands as an imposing Victorian-era residence, prominently situated on a bluff overlooking Monument Valley Park. This architectural gem, now housing professional offices and apartments, retains its original grandeur and serves as a testament to the affluent lifestyle of its early inhabitants. Exhibiting a combination of Queen Anne forms and English detailing, the house features an irregular, multi-planed roof, a hexagonal tower, and decorative half-timbering, showcasing the distinctive architectural influences of \"Little London\" in Colorado Springs. The exterior, adorned with rock-faced ashlar, wood shingles, and intricate detailing, further adds to its historic charm.", "title": "Notable Structures" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Noteworthy for its historical and social significance, the Gwynne-Love House has witnessed transformations in ownership and use throughout the past century. Originally commissioned by Edmiston Gwynne, the house became a residence guest house during the turn of the century, adapting to the town's growth spurred by the Cripple Creek gold discovery. Its subsequent role as a private residence for the Love family in the early 1900s contributed to the preservation of its architectural integrity. Today, the house stands as one of the last large, intact historic homes in central Colorado Springs, providing a visual link to the city's early history and earning recognition on the National Register of Historic Places.", "title": "Notable Structures" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "The McAllister House, dating back to 1873–74, stands at 423 North Cascade Avenue as one of the three oldest houses in the Pikes Peak Region and holds particular historical significance. Constructed by Major Henry McAllister, a key figure in the early development of Colorado Springs and a close associate of General William J. Palmer, the house is the sole publicly accessible and meticulously preserved museum in the region. What sets it apart is its restoration to the original architectural plan, distinguishing it as a fine example of late Victorian architecture. Major McAllister's influential role in political, civic, and social spheres, including his contributions to the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad and education, further elevates the house's historical value. Today, owned and maintained by the National Society of Colonial Dames in the State of Colorado, the McAllister House serves as a significant tourist attraction, offering a glimpse into Victorian-era living and hosting educational tours for various groups. Its preservation efforts have been bolstered by substantial gifts and grants, underscoring its enduring importance to both locals and visitors alike. The house remains a cherished venue for meetings, emphasizing its role as a community hub and cultural landmark.", "title": "Notable Structures" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "The Plaza Hotel, constructed in 1901, stands at 830 North Tejon Street as a notable architectural landmark in Colorado Springs, embodying a unique blend of Renaissance Revival and Spanish influences. This four-story H-shaped structure, originally described in Facts Magazine as a \"first-class hotel,\" was designed by local brick masons turned contractors, W. W. and G. F. Atkinson. The building features distinct elements such as twin towers, arched windows, and brick bands resembling stone, contributing to its Renaissance Revival aesthetic. Its historical significance lies in its role as a response to the growth of Colorado College and the booming mining activity in Cripple Creek, reflecting the expansion era of the town and its educational institutions. Over the years, the Plaza Hotel served various purposes, housing women students and accommodating male student overflow during different periods. In 1969, it underwent a transformation into office space, retaining its significance as a key element in the downtown area and the broader Colorado Springs community, both architecturally and historically.", "title": "Notable Structures" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "The Burgess House, situated at 730 North Nevada Avenue on a tree-shaded corner lot just north of downtown Colorado Springs, stands as a historic testament to the city's early settlement period. Built in 1888, this three-story wood structure exemplifies the vernacular Queen Anne style prevalent in late 19th-century Colorado. Noteworthy features include an irregular shape, multiple gable roofs, a prominent corner tower, and decorative detailing such as clapboard, fish-scale, and square shingles. The 1988 rehabilitation preserved the exterior's historic color scheme and repaired deteriorated elements, maintaining the house's architectural integrity.", "title": "Notable Structures" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "The interior, featuring poplar woodwork, showcases a well-preserved 1880s design, including a central staircase with turned balusters and decorative detailing throughout. The rehabilitation focused on stabilizing and enhancing significant features while upgrading systems and ensuring compliance with preservation standards. The property includes two historic outbuildings—a child's playhouse dating from the 1870s and a barn used as a carriage house and garage. The Burgess House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is historically significant as one of the few remaining examples of early Colorado Springs architecture, representing the prosperous mercantile class in the late 1800s. The property's continuous preservation, recognized with a 1989 Stephen H. Hart Award, contributes to the city's cultural heritage.", "title": "Notable Structures" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "Grace and St. Stephen's Episcopal Church, located at 631 North Tejon Street in downtown Colorado Springs at the corner of Tejon and Monument Streets, is an architectural gem representing the Gothic Revival and Tudor Revival styles. The church complex, spanning approximately 41,000 square feet, was constructed in three main phases over a period of 60 years. The original St. Stephen's Church, built in 1895, exhibits Gothic Revival characteristics with its pointed arches, stained glass windows, and steep gabled slate roof. In 1925, a sanctuary and bell tower were added, designed in a more elaborate Gothic Revival style. Subsequent Tudor Revival elements were incorporated in the 1955 educational wing. A glass atrium, added in 1993, seamlessly connects the various components. Despite minor alterations, the church retains its architectural integrity, showcasing the work of notable local and national architects. Beyond its architectural significance, the church played a crucial role in shaping the religious and cultural landscape of Colorado Springs, serving as the focal point for Episcopal traditions and outreach activities since its establishment in 1872. Today, Grace and St. Stephen's Episcopal Church stands as a testament to the rich history and enduring legacy of the Episcopal community in the region.", "title": "Notable Structures" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "The Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center located at 30 West Dale Street is a remarkable architectural gem that seamlessly blends elements of the Southwest, modernism, Art Deco, and classicism. Constructed as a one- and two-level Pueblo-style monolithic poured concrete structure, the building stands as a testament to the vision of its architect, John Gaw Meem. The exterior showcases a multi-level Native American terraced pueblo design, with textured walls and minimal fenestration, situated on a bluff overlooking Pikes Peak. Virtually unchanged since its inception, the building has been meticulously preserved, retaining its important original elements, including massive walls with horizontal wooden concrete form marks and limited exterior decoration.", "title": "Notable Structures" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "Internally, the Fine Arts Center is characterized by its use of costly materials and custom-designed details, housing galleries, museum storage space, performing arts facilities, art studios, a museum shop, a library, and offices. The entrance lobby, theater, theater lounge, loggia, library, and music room are outstanding interior areas with unique features such as mahogany flexwood walls, ornamental aluminum panels, and murals by renowned artists like Boardman Robinson and Frank Mechau. A major addition in 1972 provided a fourth side to the courtyard, allowing for improved circulation through the galleries. The Fine Arts Center represents a successful integration of various art activities into a complete art center and remains a lasting symbol of the community's commitment to the preservation and extension of culture. Founded by philanthropist Alice Bemis Taylor, the center's historical importance is deeply intertwined with its role in enriching the cultural life of Colorado Springs since its opening in 1936. The building's unique design, recognized with the silver medal at the Fifth Pan American Congress of Architecture in 1940, reflects Meem's ability to combine regional style with modernism, resulting in a timeless architectural masterpiece.", "title": "Notable Structures" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "The First Congregational Church at 20 East St. Vrain Street in Colorado Springs was established in 1874. The church holds historical significance as a key player in the creation and development of Colorado College and is a reflection of the vision of city founder William Jackson Palmer. Designed by architect Henry Rutgers Marshall, the church stands as a notable example of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture in Colorado Springs, featuring distinctive elements such as a Greek cross plan, a tower inspired by Trinity Church in Boston, and high-quality craftsmanship. Its architectural significance extends to being one of only two known churches designed by Marshall in the country. The church played a crucial role in supporting Colorado College during its early years and remains a symbol of the Richardsonian Romanesque style's impact on institutional architecture in the state. Today, it continues to serve as a house of worship while being recognized for its historical associations, architectural merits, and enduring ties to the community.", "title": "Notable Structures" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "The Judson Moss Bemis House, located at 506 North Cascade Avenue in Colorado Springs, stands as a remarkable example of late Victorian architecture, built in 1885 by architect W. F. Ellis. Combining Queen Anne style with elements of Stick Style and hints of Federal or Colonial influences, the house boasts a distinctive and irregular design. Originally a three-story structure with 10 rooms, the building underwent additions in 1886 and 1887, completing its present form. Noteworthy features include cut random ashlar masonry foundations, cedar clapboard siding, and ornate gables with decorative elements. Renovated in 1935 to house 10 apartments, the Bemis House has since been meticulously restored by architects William Odum and Al Feinstein.", "title": "Notable Structures" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "The house holds historical significance as the residence of Judson Moss Bemis, founder of the J.M. Bemis Company, and his wife Alice Cogswell Bemis. Judson Bemis, a philanthropist and business leader, played a vital role in the community, contributing to Colorado College and establishing the School of Business Administration and Banking. Their daughter, Alice Bemis Taylor, continued the family's legacy as a philanthropist, supporting education, child care, and the arts. The house remained in the family for decades, witnessing the generous contributions of Alice Bemis Taylor, including the donation of the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center during the Great Depression. Today, the Bemis House stands as a well-preserved testament to Victorian architecture and the influential individuals who shaped Colorado Springs' history.", "title": "Notable Structures" } ]

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