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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Bacchus of Aldaia (Baco de Aldaya) is a Roman marble statue of the Roman god Bacchus (Dionysus) that was found in La Ereta dels Moros in Aldaia, Valencia, in Spain, in fragments between the years 1884 and 1924. The god is depicted naked except for a deer skin and wearing sandals and a floral crown. The sculpture is exhibited in the National Archaeological Museum of Spain in the capital Madrid.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lower part of the sculpture was found in 1884 in the La Ereta dels Moros farm, in Aldaia, while a man named Pascual Simón was plowing his fields. The family decided to keep the findings, believing that they were part of an image of Saint Roch. Around 1924, by which time the man who made the discovery was already deceased, his son stumbled upon the rest of the sculpture while tilling the same field. It was then, upon seeing the complete naked sculpture, when they realized that it could not be the image of a saint and sold it to a Valencian scholar. In 1931 it was already part of the catalogue of the National Archaeological Museum of Spain, where it was reconstructed and restored.", "title": "Discovery" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Bacchus of Aldaia is made of white marble, and at a height of 109 cm he is smaller than lifesize. The god is represented as a young man, wearing a crown of flowers and a ribbon (taenia) on his head. He is naked, except for a deerskin draped across his torso, and wears sandals. In his right hand he carries a wine jug, under which a panther appears vigilant. In his left hand he would be carrying his emblematic pinecone staff (thyrsus), which is not preserved.", "title": "Description and dating" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The movement of the body is minimal; the hips are still, despite the fact that Bacchus rests his weight on his right foot (contrapposto). The arms are also not accompanied by a movement of the shoulders, so the figure suffers from a certain stiffness. Due to its characteristics, it has been ruled out that the work is based on a Greek model. For this reason in addition, it can probably be dated to the second century, although some scholars date it to the first century.", "title": "Description and dating" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Bacchus being a god means that the statue's features can be those of an idealization. However, since the features and expression are undoubtedly those of a young man, certain authors speculate that it is a portrait of a person with the attributes of divinity, a relatively common occurence within the Greco-Roman statuary tradition.", "title": "Description and dating" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The marble has not been yet analyzed, so it cannot be known without a doubt whether it was created in Tarraconese workshops or it was imported. However, even if the material was imported, it would be difficult to verify if it was sculpted after importation or if the piece was already sculpted. Due to its small size, it is more likely than not that it was made for private use, since public worship preferred larger sculptures. Furthermore, due to it having been found on the site of a Roman rural villa, its location within it would have been in the decorative sculptural space of the garden or peristyle of a house, places where the sculptures of Dionysus/Bacchus, who is related to nature, were always located.", "title": "Origin and use" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "HMNZS Aroha was one of eight steel New Zealand-built Castle-class ships built and commissioned by the Royal New Zealand Navy during World War II. She was the first steel Castle-Class trawler launched for the navy.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The vessel was ordered after the New Zealand government, facing a requirement for more minesweepers to operate in home waters, chose the Castle-class design because it was simple enough to be built with the country's limited ship construction facilities at the time.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Aroha was the First of the nine minesweepers constructed for the Royal New Zealand Navy and was commissioned on 17 November 1943. the others being Awatere, Hautapu, Maimai, Pahau, Waiho, Waima, Waipu, and Waikato (never commissioned). She would serve with the 97th Auxiliary Minesweeping Group, located at Auckland. Aroha would run aground twice during her career, first on 28 August 1943 off North Head, and then 3 days later near the Whangarei Harbour entrance, damaging her rudder and stern post. With repairs would take 2 months. In October 1944, Aroha would tow the badly damaged Flower-class Corvette Arbutus to from Fiji to Auckland after suffering damage to her rudder, propeller and her hull. In 1945, Aroha was offered on loan to the British Pacific Fleet, Along with Waipu, Arabis, Kiwi, And Tui. Only Aroha was required and would sail from Wellington to Sydney, serving there for six weeks. After the six weeks ended, she would sail to Auckland to be paid off. In 1946, along with Waiho and Waima, Aroha was sold to Red Funnel Trawlers, and would begin fishing the same year. She would be laid up in 1958 and sold for scrap in 1963.", "title": "Operational history" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Women's Basketball National League (WBNL) is the pre-eminent basketball league for women's basketball teams in South Africa. The league was founded in 2021 after the model of the Basketball National League for men's teams. The league consists of 11 teams.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Egoli Magic won the inaugural 2021 title.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The following 11 teams play in the 2023 season:", "title": "Teams" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Robin Hood Raider is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Kid Colt, Outlaw #139 (March 1968).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Robin Hood Raider was a criminal skilled with the bow and arrow, and was defeated by Kid Colt.", "title": "Fictional character biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Joshua Xavier Gutierrez, known professionally as Xavi, is a Mexican-American singer-songwriter.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Conostylis neocymosa is a rhizomatous, tufted perennial, grass-like plant or herb in the family Haemodoraceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has flat, green leaves with bristles on the edges, and yellow, tubular flowers.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Conostylis neocymosa is a rhizomatous, tufted, perennial, grass-like plant or herb. It has flat, linear leaves 100–250 mm (3.9–9.8 in) long, 1.0–4.0 mm (0.039–0.157 in) wide and glabrous, apart from bristles on the edges, rarely more than 3 mm (0.12 in) apart. The flowers are borne groups of usually less than 10 on a flowering stem 50–150 mm (2.0–5.9 in) tall, each flower 8–15 mm (0.31–0.59 in) long on a pedicel 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long. The perianth is yellow with lobes 6–10 mm (0.24–0.39 in) long, the anthers 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) long and the style 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) long. Flowering occurs from July to September.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Conostylis neocymosa was first formally described in 1980 by Stephen Hopper in the journal Botaniska Notiser, from specimens he collected near the Eneabba store in 1975. The specific epithet (neocymosa) means \"new cymose\", referring to the inflorescence.", "title": "Taxonomy and naming" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "This conostylis grows in deep sand in heath and mallee in disjunct populations near Northampton, Eneabba, Watheroo, Wubin and Merredin in the Avon Wheatbelt Geraldton Sandplains bioregions of south-western Western Australia.", "title": "Distribution and habitat" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Conostylis neocymosa is listed as \"not threatened\" by the Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.", "title": "Conservation status" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Irish actor Cillian Murphy has received several accolades, including nominations for two BAFTA Awards, two Critics' Choice Movie Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, an AACTA Award, and 12 IFTA Film & Drama Awards, winning three. His most nominated work is in the Irish war drama film The Wind That Shakes the Barley (2006), the British period crime drama series Peaky Blinders (2013–2022), and the biographical thriller film Oppenheimer (2023).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Other awards" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Indian general election in the Indian state of Puducherry will be held in April or May 2024 to elect one member of the 18th Lok Sabha.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Super Rugby Women's season will be the seventh edition of the competition. The season is expected to begin on 15 March, with the Grand final taking place on 27 April.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Teams will be playing three pre-season games, which will see Australian teams host sides from Oceania and Japan. This season will feature 12 double headers alongside the Super Rugby fixtures in both Australia and Fiji. The top four teams at the end of the regular season will qualify for the semi-finals where they will compete for a place in the Grand Final, which is expected to be held on April 27.", "title": "Competition format" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Magazines in Iceland appeared during the late 18th century in the form of secular reading materials. The number of magazines significantly expanded in the last decades of the 19th century.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "One of the earliest lifestyle magazines in Iceland is NýttLíf which was founded in 1978. The National Union of Icelandic Journalists publishes a biannual magazine covering journalistic activities in the country.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The following is an incomplete list of current and defunct magazines published in Iceland.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Brigadier Hugh Fred Rupasinghe, VSV (12 June 1931 - 11 May 2019) was a senior Sri Lanka Army officer, who was the former Commander Security Forces Headquarters - Jaffna (SF HQ (J)).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Educated at St. Joseph's College, Colombo, he entered the Ceylon Law College. While studing law, he enlised and was commissioned in the Ceylon Army on 17 May 1958. On completing the first young officer course at the Army Recruit Training Depot, Diyatalawa, he was posted to the Ceylon Artillery as a Second Lieutenant where he served as an artillery officer, gaining promotion to the ranks of Lieutenant in September 1959, Captain in December 1962 and Major in Augest 1969. He followed Advance Gunnery courese at the Indian Army School of Artillery. Rupasinghe, carryouy extra-regimental duties as Officer Instructor, Army Training Center, Diyatalawa; Staff officer 3, Admin branch, Army Headquarters; Staff officer 2, Headquarters Support Group, Panagoda Cantonment and Officer for Recruiting Amateurs, Army Headquarters.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in May 1979, he served as the Staff officer 1, Personal administration branch, Army Headquarters and commanded his parent regiment, as Commanding officer of the 4th Field Regiment, Sri Lanka Artillery from Janurary 1982 to September 1983. He attended the Senior Command courese at the College of Combat, Mhow. Promoted to the ranks of Colonel in January 1984 and Brigadier in January 1986, he went on to serve as the Commander, Security Forces Headquarters – Jaffna; Commander, Security Forces Headquarters – Central and Commander (Coordinating), Administrative Distric - Jaffna. He was transfered to the Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force in June 1986 and retired on 31 March 1995.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He had been awarded the Vishista Seva Vibhushanaya (VSV) for distinguished service in 1986. His other medals include the Republic of Sri Lanka Armed Services Medal, Sri Lanka Army 25th Anniversary Medal, Ceylon Armed Services Long Service Medal, Sri Lanka Armed Services Long Service Medal and the President's Inauguration Medal.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Parvocantharellus is a subgenus of fungi in the genus Cantharellus. Species in this subgenus is found in Asia and Africa.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The stipe is slender and yellow to brown. Clamp connections are abundant.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The subgenus was established in 2013 based on phylogenetic analysis.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Accepted species:", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rebecca Bartosh is a footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Guam women's national football team. Born in Canada, she is a Guam international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Bartosh started playing football at the age of four. She spent time living in Virginia as a child.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Bartosh attended the University of Pittsburgh in the United States.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Bartosh played for American side FC Virginia, where she captained the club.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Bartosh represented Guam internationally at the 2024 EAFF E-1 Football Championship.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Bartosh mainly operates as a midfielder and is two-footed.", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Bartosh is the daughter of a policeman.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Interlay is an American post-punk band from Madison, Wisconsin.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The band originally went by the name Wash, forming in the spring of 2018. They released their first EP, Ritual under that moniker. The band released their first EP as Interlay in 2020 titled Cicada. According to lead singer Alexandria Ortgiesen, the name Interlay comes from a surgical procedure called \"interlay tympanoplasty\". In 2022, the band released a song titled Androgynous.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Current", "title": "Band members" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Former", "title": "Band members" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The band cites Slint, American Football, Weed, Joy Division, Sonic Youth, and The Cure as influences.", "title": "Influences" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kranthi Naidu Boya (born 23 August 1991) is a Student Leader, Professional Turned Politician. He Served as Pesident for Sri Krishnadevraya University Engineers Association and He Worked as Professional officer in Central Secretriat Services before coming into politics upto 2019. He Contested as MLA for Pattikonda Assembly Constituency Pattikonda and now He is Working hard to contest from Congress party for Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. He is a well-known person and popular for Social Service and His Works On EEEHW (Education, Employement, Establishments, Health and Water) through HELPS Society and Valmiki Boya Community through Andhra Pradesh Valmiki Boya Sangam APVBS.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kranthi Naidu Boya was born in 23 August 1991 and brought up in Pattikonda, The Most Backward Constituency of Kurnool District Pattikonda. Native Village is []. The village is part of the Alur constituency, which is most backward and faction based mandal of the District. Kranthi's father Hanumanthu Naidu and His mother Bramramba Both are Teachers. He has an elder brother, Vikram Naidu, who works as a Medical Officer with a Reputed Hospital. His family members have traditionally been supporters of Education and they used to work on Social Empowerment and Development throught a Social Service Organisation Named HELPS Society.", "title": "Early life and Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Kranthi Naidu studied till Class V at St.Joesh School Pattikonda, before joining Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kurnool in Banavasi. During his school days, Kranthi took part in several plays and activities organized by JNVK and JNV Samiti, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya (JNV) is a system of central schools for talented students predominantly from rural areas in India, targeting gifted students who lack access to accelerated learning due to financial, social and rural disadvantages. He cleared his Class X board exams in 2006 and 12th and NJC with a first division. He then graduated with a degree in B.Tech Computer Science from the SKU College of Engineering and Technology (SKUCET) in 2012, earning a \"Distinction\". later on during his service with CSS, he did his Post graduation in MA Political Science and Public Administration from Sri Venkateswara Univeristy, Tirupati [] and LLB and PGDCLCF from NLSIU Bengaluru and Rayalaseema University.", "title": "Early life and Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He worked Extensively through out Kurnool District and Pattikonda Constituency on EEEHW and also did many yatras named Mahaprasthnam visiting all villages through HELPS Society. The activites of Helps Society were Taking Different Initiatives to attract Investments in the Region where all Mandals were Draught declared and doesn’t have even one investment. Taking Initiatives to create different types of Channels to Connect State and District Head Quarter in all ways like Education, Employment, Health and Other requirements for the People in region as it was Very backward and doesn’t have many Facilities. Conducting Medical Health Camps for the Poor and Needy in Draught and Remote areas of the Constituency and around Kurnool District. Conducting Camps on Water Conversation and effective use of it for farming and etc.., Taking some initiatives to make region Friendly to setup Government and Private Institutions to attract different types of other related Investments. Conducting different types of camps on Education, Literacy Promotion, and Public Policy Schemes in near villages by empowering them how to get public schemes in a hassle free way and what are the different schemes available for them etc.., Conducting Social Welfare camps to eradicate migration in Rural Backward areas and enlightening them with the new methods of cultivation to avoid crop loss and Schemes to Use to get benefit while they face loss. Joining the Poor Students and Rejoining the Dropouts in near residential schools and counseling the remote villagers about compulsory education and benefits of Education who are facing lack of development in many ways due to no type of profession. Taking initiatives in the name of Village Comeback those who are settled in towns and Cities due to worst conditions of region to come back to Villages and Participate in the Village Development and Empowerment Activities through different ways.", "title": "Social Organisations Works" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He set up a Community Organisation named Andhra Pradesh Valmiki Boya Sangam (APVBS) and conducted many activites for the most backward in all ways, exploited, cheated, depressed and vandalized community of Andhra Pradesh. He also conducted a state wide Bike Yatra named \"Valmikula Melukolupu Yatra\" for Valmiki Boya Community from Mantralayam to Amaravati on the issues of Valmiki Boya Community for 3800 Kiolemeters covering all the Mandals, Constituencies of Kurnool, Anantapur, Nandhyal, Sri Satya Sai, Kadapa, Annamiah, Chittoor, Sri Balaji, Nellore, Prakasham, Bapatla, Guntur, Palnadu, NTR Krishna Districts which are Non Agency Regions of Andhra Pradesh State. His Works and Efforts in Valmiki Melukolupu Yatra were recognised and awarded Record by Indian Book of Records and Elite Book Of Records. He in the Position of State General Secretary of APVBS along with the Organisation representatives had also Visited Honorable Governor of Andhra Pradesh and Honorable President of India and requested to solve the Issues of Valmiki Boya Community which they are facing from 1956 to till now. He is also working as State Secretary for National BC Welfare Association Registered.", "title": "Social Organisations Works" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Kranthi Naidu Boya is an All India Congress Committee, All India Professionals Congress and Netrutva Sangam Member. He is a National Observer for RGPRS, AP State Chairman for Indian Youth Congress Research and Policy. He is also APCC State Spokesperson and Pattikonda Assembly incharge and PCC Member in Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee.", "title": "Political Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Kranthi Naidu Boya had participated from Pattikonda constituency as an Indian National Congress Party (INC) candidate in the 2014 state assembly elections.", "title": "Political Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Constitution for Sri Krishnadevaraya University College of Engineering and Technology (SKUCET), Anantapur Guided By SKU Engineers Association (SKUEA). Development, Displacement, and Sub Regional Movements- A Comparative study of Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema Regions in ANDHRAPRADESH. A Case Study on Pattikonda Constituency of Kurnool District Andhra Pradesh on “EEEHW Mission for Employment, Establishments, Education, Health and Water”. “BHARATHAMATHA PILICHINDI” – Patriotic Songs for Youth on National Integration, Unity, Development, Empowerment of Poor and Needy. A Typical Case Study of Valmiki Boya Community a De-Notified Tribe of AP & TS. Swathantra Bharatham lo Valmiki Boyala Ghosha. (The Boisterousness of Valmiki Boyas In Independent India.", "title": "Books Published" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "", "title": "Books Published" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "1. Swatantra-Bharatam-lo-Valmiki-Boyala-Ghosha-The-Boisterousness-Of-Boyas-In-Independent-India 2. Valmiki issues by Kranthi Naidu 3. pattikonda inc candidate 4. political Harrasment Case 5. Kurnool Web", "title": "References" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "1linkedin Profile 2. Facebook Profile of Kranthi Naidu Boya 3. Personal Web Link 4. Helps Society Weblink 5. APVBS Web Link 6. Twitter Link", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Foreign policy of East Germany was characterized by the close ties of East Germany (German Democratic Republic, GDR) to the Eastern Bloc. During its existence, the most important partner was the Soviet Union (USSR), which acted as a protecting power and most important trade and economic partner, which is why the GDR was called a satellite state. The GDR remained closely linked to the other socialist states through organizations such as the Warsaw Pact and Camecon. While the GDR was relatively isolated outside the communist world in the first two decades of its existence due to the Hallstein Doctrine of West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany, FRG), a change took place in the 1970s with the rapprochement with West Germany under Chancellor Willy Brandt's new Ostpolitik. As a result, the GDR was able to gain international status and establish diplomatic relations with almost 130 countries. While the Marxist-Leninist state ideology played a major role in the foreign policy of the East German government (which was reflected in the close alignment with the socialist partner states and the support of anti-Western rebel movements in the Third World), it was however also influenced by their own economic and political interests. From the 1970s onwards, the GDR increasingly emancipated itself from the Soviet Union and pursued an independent policy towards West Germany, as loans from the West became had become vital for the GDR's survival. In the 1980s, Erich Honecker refused to liberalizing implement reforms, which alienated the GDR from the USSR under Mikhail Gorbachev. After the revolutions of 1989, the Eastern Bloc collapsed and Germany was reunified, ending the period of an independent East German foreign policy.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Due to its great dependence on the Soviet Union, the GDR's sovereignty was limited. As part of the Brezhnev Doctrine, the Soviet Union reserved the right to intervene in its sphere of influence if the line it had set was deviated too much. It intervened militarily in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968 when it saw its interests threatened. This doctrine was only abandoned under Gorbachev in the 1980s.", "title": "Orientation of East German foreign policy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The GDR foreign policy was based on the principles of Marxism-Leninism. The highest ideological primacy was international solidarity with other socialist states and movements. Accordingly, a political distinction was made between relations with other socialist states, those with the western capitalist states and with the non-aligned states (“Third World”). According to the state ideology, foreign policy had to serve the worldwide realization of socialism (Aufbau des Sozialismus) and the world revolution. To implement these goals, there was close cooperation with the friendly states of the “socialist world system”. Peaceful and subversive methods were used to establish a global “classless society.” Peaceful methods included financing communist parties abroad and providing technical and economic support to friendly states. The subversive methods included political and military support for armed movements and the espionage activities of the Main Directorate for Reconnaissance of the Ministry of State Security (Stasi). Since the possible outbreak of a Third World War was an existential threat for the GDR, which was located directly on the border between East and West, it tried to play a constructive role in international negotiations about disarmament and the preservation of world peace. The GDR launched disarmament initiatives for zones free of chemical and nuclear weapons in its immediate surroundings.", "title": "Orientation of East German foreign policy" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "There was a certain tension between the basic ideological goals and the pursuit of one's own interests. In particular, relations with West Germany were perceived as a question of prestige for the GDR leadership, which is why they tried to bring their own initiatives into German-German relations. But there were also tangible economic interests of our own in the relationship with the Federal Republic. That is why the GDR was prepared to neglect relations with the socialist camp in the 1970s and 1980s when it signed bilateral agreements with the Federal Republic against the will of the Soviets.", "title": "Orientation of East German foreign policy" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In its early days, GDR foreign policy, to the extent that it existed at all, was dominated by the Soviet Union. The Soviet Control Commission existed as a control body until 1955. With the GDR gaining sovereignty, the Soviet embassy remained in East Berlin, which monitored GDR policy through the KGB and reported back to Moscow.", "title": "Primary institutions and actors" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Ministry for Foreign Affairs was responsible for carrying out foreign relations. The Ministry for Internal German Trade, Foreign Trade and Material Supply and the Ministry for National Defense also played a role in the state's foreign policy. The State Council was responsible for signing international treaties until the GDR constitution of 1974 transferred most of its foreign policy powers to the Council of Ministers. As with domestic policy, decisions on all foreign policy issues were made by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), which dominated the political system as a bloc party without separation of powers. Due to the high importance of the governing parties in the socialist states, the SED's relations with other socialist governing parties also played an important role on the informal level, in addition to the \"official\" bilateral state relations. This has also been referred to as a “substitute foreign policy.”", "title": "Primary institutions and actors" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Under the rule of Erich Honecker, there was also a strong concentration of foreign policy decision-making authority on his own person.", "title": "Primary institutions and actors" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In East Germany, there were numerous “friendship societies” to maintain relations with individual states, which were merged in 1961 to form an umbrella organization, the League for Friendship of Nations. These organizations played a major role, especially before the GDR was internationally widely recognized. The GDR also carried out extensive foreign propaganda, which was entrusted to the Central Committee for Foreign Information, Propaganda and Agitation at the party level and the Foreign ministry at the state level. Through the GDR Peace Council, the GDR also exercised influence on the communist-infiltrated World Peace Council and the global peace movement. Through inter-societal organizations and its secret service, the GDR maintained contacts with the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) until the KPD was banned in 1956 in West Germany and also with the West German student movement. The GDR also tried to infiltrate West German government; the exposure of the East German spy Günter Guillaume in the Guillaume affair led to the fall of the Brandt government in 1974.", "title": "Primary institutions and actors" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The GDR emerged from the Soviet occupation zone in Germany as a legacy of the division of Germany after the Second World War, when the Soviet Union began to build its establish its own system on the occupied territories of Germany. Josef Stalin commissioned the German exiled communist Walter Ulbricht and his Ulbricht group to build new state structures. As a result, the Soviets also oversaw the merger of the SPD with the KPD in 1946 to form the new socialist unity party SED. After this was completed, Ulbricht carried out internal party purges against the existing remnants of social democracy on behalf of Stalin, whereby he was rewarded by the Soviets with the role of leading politician in the German Democratic Republic, which was proclaimed in 1949 after an East-West agreement over the future of Germany had failed to materialize and the Cold War had begun.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "After its founding, the GDR remained closely linked to the Soviet Union by joining the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) and initially functioned as a bargaining chip for the possible neutrality of a united Germany. In 1952, West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and the Western powers rejected the offers of German reunification made in the Stalin Note because the West distrusted Stalin. As a result, the GDR strengthened its socialist character and the East German uprising of June 1953 was suppressed by Soviet forces. On March 25, 1954, the Soviet government declared the recognition of the sovereignty of the GDR, which from now on was to decide “at its own discretion about its internal and external affairs”, but remained closely tied to the Eastern Bloc via the Warsaw Pact founded in 1955. In the same year, West Germany adopted the Hallstein Doctrine, which classified diplomatic relations of third countries with the GDR as an “unfriendly act” and sanctioned it with breaking off all diplomatic contacts. West Germany wanted to avoid international recognition of two German states with this policy. As a result, the GDR's diplomatic contacts remained limited to the socialist states and some third world countries, as most countries gave priority to relations with West Germany. Successes for the GDR were the establishment of diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia (1957), which led to West Germany breaking off relations with Yugoslavia in response, and increased economic cooperation with third world states. The GDR's subordinate role vis-à-vis the Soviets during the Berlin Crisis (1958) and in the closure of the inner-German border ordered by Nikita Khrushchev (1961) demonstrated the Soviet Union's continued dominance over GDR foreign relations at this time.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In the 1960s, the GDR's foreign policy apparatus began to expand and foreign policy became more professional, as foreign policy became more important for the young state from the second half of the 1950s onwards. More commercial representations were set up abroad instead of official foreign embassies, the establishment of which was hindered by the Hallstein Doctrine. The GDR's allegiance to the Soviets was reaffirmed in 1964 with the conclusion of a treaty of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance. The GDR tried to promote its international recognition through friendship societies, which acted as a lobby for diplomatic recognition of the GDR in numerous countries. In 1967, the establishment of diplomatic relations with the West Germany by the People's Republic of Romania led to disputes between the East German and Romanian party leadership. In response, the Warsaw Pact states adopted the Ulbricht Doctrine, which only allowed the Warsaw Pact states to normalize relations with West Germany if the latter in turn recognized “the existing borders and the existence of two German states”.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The attempts in the Prague Spring of 1968 to establish reform communism or “socialism with a human face” were dogmatically condemned by the GDR leadership and perceived as a threat. The GDR indirectly supported the military suppression of the Czechoslovak reform movement by securing supplies for the Warsaw Pact intervention troops. The GDR supported the Brezhnev Doctrine announced after Leonid Brezhnev's intervention.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "West German Chancellor Willy Brandt, who was elected into office in 1969, announced a new Eastern policy for West Germany, which was intended to improve relations with the GDR and the other Warsaw Pact states. A diplomatic breakthrough came with the conclusion of the Treaty of Moscow in 1970 between West Germany and the USSR, which marked the start of a series of treaties. During the negotiations that began in 1969, East Berlin found itself caught between the fronts of both powers, with Moscow rejecting any excessive rapprochement between the GDR and the FRG. The Soviets also disliked Ulbricht's attempt to take an independent position here and his ambitions to challenge the Soviets on economic policy within the socialist camp. This was also one of the reasons why Brezhnev supported the dismissal of Ulbricht and his replacement by Erich Honecker in 1971. Brezhnev warned the new head of state Honecker with the words “without us there is no GDR.” After the four-power agreement on Berlin on September 3, 1971 on the legal status of the city of Berlin and an inter-German transit agreement of December 17, 1971, the basic treaty between East and West Germany came into force on June 21, 1973. With the treaty, West Germany recognized East Germany de facto as an independent German state. The Hallstein doctrine had already been abandoned before then. The treaty represented a breakthrough for the GDR's international position and, in addition to third world states, Western countries also established relations with the GDR. In 1973 alone, diplomatic relations were established with 46 countries, which enabled the GDR to send numerous new ambassadors and conclude more international treaties. On September 18, 1973, the East and West finally joined the United Nations (UN) together. As part of the policy of détente between East and West, the GDR and the FRG also cooperated together in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe from 1973 onwards. A year later in 1974, the western superpower, the United States, also established diplomatic relations with the GDR.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The GDR used the new international recognition in the second half of the 1970s to deepen economic and political contacts with numerous developing countries in Africa, Asia and the Americas. The GDR courted numerous non-aligned states and provided technical and economic assistance. The GDR trained security and police forces in countries such as Angola and Mozambique. From 1977 onwards, “anti-imperialist solidarity” was coordinated by a separate commission of the SED Politburo. The increased international cooperation ensured an increasing number of foreigners in the GDR, as more and more foreign workers were trained or worked here or studied as students at GDR universities.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Relations with the states of the Eastern Bloc remained intensive. Agreements with Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia on “friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance” were renewed in 1977. Two years earlier, the GDR and the USSR had sworn to “eternal friendship” with an “irrevocable alliance” in a bilateral treaty. Honecker followed the Soviet model closely and was a loyal ally. Nevertheless, the Soviets' influence on the GDR declined with time. The GDR's deepened relations with West Germany were driven by economic necessity, as the GDR's ailing planned economy was increasingly dependent on loans from the West. With the intensified confrontation with the West after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan at the end of the 1970s, the Soviets wanted to force an end to the GDR's rapprochement with West Germany. However, the GDR refused and, despite the displeasure of the Soviets, signed a new German-German transport agreement in 1978. In 1981, the Soviets reduced their oil deliveries, whereupon West Germany offered aid payments in return for an agreement on easier travel for GDR citizens. Due to the poor economic situation, the GDR was forced to accept the offer, which Moscow once again didn't like. Under the aging Brezhnev, Honecker increasingly tried to take on a leading role among the socialist heads of state.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "In the 1980s, the crisis of communist economies became increasingly apparent. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in Moscow and adopted an ambitious reform program (Glasnost and Perestroika). The dynamic reformer's rise to power was initially welcomed in East Berlin, even though Gorbachev and Honecker had had a strained relationship since 1984. A year after coming to power, Gorbachev abolished the Brezhnev Doctrine and gave the socialist states the freedom to chart their own course (Sinatra Doctrine), which initiated the collapse of the Warsaw Pact. Honecker saw the danger and increasingly distanced himself from the Soviet reform projects, while Gorbachev, in return, criticized the GDR leadership's unwillingness to reform. In contrast to the Soviets, Honecker announced his own form of socialism for the GDR at the end of 1988, distancing himself. However, the GDR had no concept to combat the beginning dissolution of the Soviet bloc. The opening of Hungary's border with Austria in May 1989 led to a mass exodus of GDR citizens and initiated the downfall of the GDR. After the first free Volkskammer elections in 1990, the new CDU-led government distanced itself from the foreign policy legacy of the SED era. With the Two Plus Four Treaty of September 12, 1990, both German states laid the foundation for German reunification in negotiations, which led to East Germany joining the Federal Republic of Germany on October 3, 1990.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "The German-German relationship was of great importance for both sides. After the founding of two German states, West Germany claimed exclusive representation for the divided Germany, while East Germany pursued the goal of being internationally recognized as the second German state. With the Hallstein Doctrine, West Germany tried to isolate the East internationally and until 1966 all government contacts with East Berlin were categorically rejected, even if trade contacts existed. Contact was finally made for the first time under Kurt Georg Kiesinger in 1967, after the construction of the Berlin Wall in the early 1960s had created facts. Under Chancellor Willy Brandt, the old German policy positions were abandoned and the basic treaty of 1972 laid the basis for cooperation between the two states. As a result, numerous agreements concerning trade, transport, freedom of travel, culture and other areas were concluded between the two states. Even the Soviets' distrust of the inner-German rapprochement after the intensified bloc confrontation from 1979 and the assumption of office of the conservative Chancellor Helmut Kohl in 1982 could no longer stop the rapprochement. During the Soviet-American tensions of the early 1980s, the two German states tried to mediate between the blocs in order to defuse the situation. The GDR received loans from the Federal Republic and trade with the West became vital for its survival, which led to the GDR becoming increasingly economically dependent, which West Germany used to achieve political goals, e.g. making travel easier for GDR citizens. In 1987, Erich Honecker made a historic visit to West Germany, the first and only state visit by a head of state from the East to West Germany. The GDR saw this as the long-sought recognition of the GDR as an independent German state by the FRG. Soon afterwards, however, the Berlin Wall came down and, after the SED was ousted from power, Germany was reunified.", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "As the most important state in the Eastern Bloc, relations with the Soviet Union were of paramount importance. The GDR emerged under the influence of the Soviet Union and remained tied to it throughout its existence. The influence of the USSR as a role model and socialist brother state was not only limited to politics and economics, but also to culture. Erich Honecker summed this up when he announced in 1974 that “there is practically no crucial area of everyday life in which friendship with the Soviet Union is not reflected.” Russian was taught as the first foreign language in school and the Society for German-Soviet Friendship was the second largest mass organization in the GDR with six million members. Soviet-Russian culture, music, cuisine and media products were widespread in the GDR. As part of the “socialist brotherhood of arms,” between 300,000 and 500,000 soldiers from the Soviet Union were permanently stationed in the GDR, more than in any other country outside the USSR. The Soviets were also the most important trade and economic partner, with which almost 38 percent of the GDR's foreign trade was transacted in 1981. The Soviets supplied petroleum and other raw materials to the GDR, while uranium from the GDR was very important for the Soviet nuclear industry.", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Despite the ongoing official assurances of mutual friendship, there was also an underlying mistrust on both sides, which was based on the difficult shared legacy of the Second World War and the GDR's great dependence. The Soviets repeatedly intervened in the GDR's internal affairs. As the “ruling” ambassador, the Soviet ambassador Pyotr Abrasimov (1962–1971 and 1975–1983 ambassador to the GDR) liked to give direct instructions to GDR politicians. He later described the GDR as the Soviets' \"homunculus,\" and said \"without us it would not have survived a year.\" With an independent foreign policy towards the Federal Republic of Germany, the GDR finally began to emancipate itself more strongly from the Soviets in the 1970s. Glasnost and perestroika were rejected by the GDR in the 1980s. In the final phase of the GDR, the government even had Soviet media such as Sputnik censored because they began to report critically as part of Gorbachev's reforms.", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "Towards the end of the Second World War, Stalin pushed through Poland's westward shift and in 1945 handed over large parts of the German eastern territories to the People's Republic of Poland, which, like the GDR, was also a Soviet satellite state. The GDR and the People's Republic of Poland established diplomatic relations in 1949 and Poland demanded that the GDR recognize the Oder-Neisse line as the border between the two states. Under pressure from the Soviets, the GDR had to give in and in July 1950 the Treaty of Zgorzelec was signed, in which the GDR recognized the border, which West Germany in turn rejected. In 1954, Poland waived reparations to the GDR for damage from the Second World War, also under pressure from the Soviets. The relationship between the two states can be characterized as a \"forced friendship\". Economically, however, the relations were close due to deliveries of coal and food from Poland to the GDR. For a long time, contacts between the two societies remained primarily state-based, personal contacts were restricted and the border between the two states was only opened in 1972. The East German leadership watched the emergence of the anti-communist Solidarity movement with concern and in 1980 the GDR stopped free travel with Poland as a “cordon sanitaire” against the “Polish fever”. Honecker also repeatedly spoke out in favor of an invasion of Poland by the Warsaw Pact in order to crush the “counter-revolution” militarily. After martial law was declared in Poland in 1981, Honecker offered support from the National People's Army.", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic diplomatically recognized the GDR in 1949 and both states subsequently concluded several agreements on economic, cultural and military cooperation. In the Treaty of Prague of July 1950, both states renounced mutual territorial claims, declared the Munich Agreement of 1938 invalid and the resettlement or expulsion of the German population of the Sudetenland as “final” and “just”. Both states were subsequently able to establish cooperative relationships and in 1964 the visa requirement between the two states was lifted, meaning Czechoslovakia could become a popular travel destination for East German tourists. However, the GDR was suspicious of Prague reform communism and Walter Ulbricht supported the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, although the GDR did not participate directly. After the installation of a loyal regime in Prague, both states jointly rejected Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms in the 1980s until the Velvet Revolution occurred in 1989.", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "The Hungarian People's Republic and the GDR established diplomatic relations in 1949. Both supported each other in industrialization, collectivization of agriculture and ideological education of the population in the spirit of \"building socialism\". The GDR supported the Soviets' suppression of the Hungarian uprising in 1956 diplomatically, as the SED cadres feared for their own power in the event of a successful revolution. It was possible for East German citizens to travel to Hungary, which is why the Stasi established cooperation with the Hungarian security authorities in order to prevent flights to the West and to monitor overly close East-West contacts. From the 1970s onwards, Hungary pursued a so-called goulash communism, which allowed more economic and social freedoms than the orthodox line of the GDR. The GDR saw Hungary as a potential deviant from the socialist camp and put pressure on the Hungarian leadership to adhere to Soviet guidelines. The break came when Hungary opened the border with Austria in 1989, allowing many GDR citizens to escape to the West, which the East German leadership decried as \"betrayal of socialism\".", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "Under Josip Tito, Yugoslavia was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and maintained good diplomatic contacts with the West, although it was nominally socialist. This independent line of Yugoslavia complicated relations with the GDR. In 1948, Tito criticized the “democratic centralism” of the GDR and in 1951 the SED came to the conclusion that “the Tito regime had become a fascist agency and a loyal tool of the dollar empire.” With de-Stalinization, relations improved and in 1957 both countries finally established diplomatic relations. After the GDR agreed to pay compensation for forced laborers during the Second World War in 1963, Tito made a state visit to the GDR in 1965, where he was awarded the Star of People's Friendship by Walter Ulbricht. After Yugoslavia criticized the suppression of the Prague Spring in 1968, relations soured again. Under Erich Honecker, both states maintained cooperative relations from 1971 and emphasized their “friendship” in 1977. However, due to its independent line, Yugoslavia remained largely taboo as a holiday destination for East German citizens until the fall of the Berlin Wall.", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "The GDR and Socialist Republic of Romania were allies within the Warsaw Pact. The Stasi and the Securitate worked closely together to monitor opponents of the regime. Both services were responsible for the kidnapping of the Romanian dissident Theodor Bucur in 1953, who was arrested in East Berlin and taken to Romania. However, when Romanian President Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej took a course independent of the Soviet Union in the 1960s (national communism), relations became more distant as the GDR continued to align itself closely with the USSR. As a result, the close cooperation between the secret services was stopped. The GDR disliked the fact that Romania continued to pursue its independent policy under Nicolae Ceaușescu. The two states finally came closer together in the 1980s, when both opposed the reform policies of the USSR and censored critical media from the Soviet Union. As a result of this rapprochement, Honecker awarded Ceaușescu the Order of Karl Marx in November 1988.", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "The People's Republic of China was proclaimed by Mao Zedong in 1949, the same year that East Germany was founded. Due to their shared socialist orientation, both states established diplomatic relations in the first year of their existence. Both states subsequently established trade relations. Until 1971, the GDR remained the only German state with diplomatic relations with the People's Republic. However, the Chinese rift with the Soviet Union in the 1960s also strained relations with the GDR, which, like most socialist states, sided with the Soviets. Erich Honecker saw the danger of a split in the socialist camp and tried to mediate between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic during a state visit in 1986, but the latter had long since turned towards the West as part of its reform and opening policy. When the Tiananmen square massacre occurred in 1989, the GDR approved the violence against the demonstrators in Beijing. The Volkskammer passed a resolution in which the GDR announced its support for the suppression of the “counter-revolutionary unrest”. The first freely elected Volkskammer reversed this in 1990 and condemned the violence.", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "The GDR and North Korea maintained excellent relations. Diplomatic contacts were established as early as 1949 and an ambassador was sent to Pyongyang in 1954. North Korea remained the only country that maintained diplomatic relations only with this German state during the existence of the GDR. Both countries intensified trade relations and technical cooperation in the 1950s. In the 1960s, the future North Korean dictator Kim Jong-il has received training in the GDR, according to some reports. Erich Honecker visited North Korea in 1977 and 1986 and expressed his “complete agreement on all issues discussed” with the totalitarian North Korean leader Kim Il-sung, with whom he developed a good personal relationship. As late as 1989, both countries supported the suppression of the democracy movement in China and North Korea later offered asylum to “old friend” Honecker.", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "The GDR established diplomatic contacts with socialist North Vietnam and supported them with humanitarian and financial aid during the Vietnam War, meanwhile West Germany supported South Vietnam. Numerous East German citizens provided help under the slogan “Solidarity with Vietnam” against the “imperialist aggressor” (the USA). In 1968, 50,000 trade unionists donated blood during a relief campaign. The Stasi also provided support in establishing the North Vietnamese secret service. After the reunification of Vietnam, close relations continued. Due to an acute labor shortage, the GDR and Vietnam signed a contract for the deployment of contract workers in April 1980. In return for development aid totaling one billion East German marks, Vietnam subsequently sent 200,000 guest workers to the GDR. The GDR was also able to import scarce goods such as coffee, tea, rubber and pepper from Vietnam. In the year of change in 1989, the 60,000 Vietnamese in the country were the largest group of foreigners in the GDR.", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "After Fidel Castro took power in Cuba in 1959, East Germany established close ties with Latin America's only socialist regime. Che Guevara visited Leipzig in 1962 to establish trade relations and Cuban students came to the GDR, while engineers and scientists from the GDR in Cuba began to support the development of the tropical island. Some ideological differences arose in the 1960s, before the GDR leadership praised Cuba's orientation towards the Soviet planned economy in 1968 as a “maturation process”. Castro's erratic foreign policy and his involvement in the Non-Aligned Movement also caused some frustration. The GDR developed close economic ties with Cuba and imported citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons at inflated prices and in return donated machinery and engines and also helped to set up the education system. From the 1970s onwards, 30,000 contract workers from Cuba came to the GDR. In 1972, during a state visit by Erich Honecker, a small Cuban island was renamed Ernst Thälmann island as a sign of friendship.", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "Although Syria was not nominally socialist, it followed closely the Eastern Bloc in its fight against Israel. Unofficial cooperation was established as early as the 1960s before official diplomatic relations were established in 1969 after Syria broke off relations with West Germany in 1965. The GDR had already provided extensive economic aid to Syria, which was ruled by the Baath Party. For example, East German advisors helped establish a centrally managed economy in Syria and Syrian security forces were trained by the Stasi and their Syrian equivalents were modelled on the GDR, which has influenced the structure of the Syrian state into the 21st century. Numerous Syrians also studied in the GDR. When the less socialist Syrian nationalist Hafiz al-Assad came to power in 1970, relations with the GDR were scaled back and in 1974 relations with the West Germany were resumed.", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "The GDR recognized the FRELIMO (Mozambican Liberation Front) as the legitimate representative of the Mozambican people and supported them in the armed struggle against Portuguese colonial rule since the 1960s. The socialist People's Republic of Mozambique was recognized by the GDR in 1975 and became a priority area for East German development aid in Africa. The GDR also sent thousands of experts, teachers, doctors and technicians to Mozambique to help with reconstruction. Mozambique acted as a frontline state against the apartheid regime in South Africa, with East Germany providing military training to the African National Congress (ANC). However, the civil war in Mozambique hindered the continuation of relations and East German development workers were killed in the Unango attack, after which the GDR withdrew almost 1,000 development workers. Mozambique also sent 21,000 contract workers to East Germany, some of whose wages went to the Mozambican government and were withheld from the workers.", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "The GDR supported the Marxist MPLA in Angola in the fight against the Portuguese colonial power and during the Angolan Civil War with weapons and ammunition. Over 1,000 officers and non-commissioned officers from the GDR armed forces were sent to Angola as trainers and friendship brigades from the SED youth organization Free German Youth were active as development workers in the country. The Angolan police were trained in the GDR. The GDR hoped to get its “coffee crisis” under control in the 1970s by importing coffee from Angola. A contract worker agreement was also concluded with the People's Republic of Angola, as a result of which almost 6,000 Angolans were sent to the GDR as guest workers from 1985 onwards.", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "In the 1970s official cooperation was established with other socialist states, such as the Derg regime of Ethiopia, People's Republic of the Congo, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Somali Democratic Republic, Libya, and the People's Republic of Benin.", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "As the Western superpower of the Cold War, the United States was viewed as an enemy of the party and state media. The GDR's official anti-Americanism condemned US foreign policy as imperialist and the Americans in turn saw the GDR as a mere puppet of the Soviet Union. The U.S. was the most important ally of West Germany. After rapprochement with West Germany in the 1970s, the GDR and the U.S. established diplomatic relations in December 1974 with Rolf Sieber became the first ambassador of the GDR to the U.S. From July 30 to August 1, 1975, President Gerald Ford met with Erich Honecker and had a brief conversation during a meeting in Helsinki, which led to the adoption of the Helsinki Accords. This was the first high-level government contact between the two countries. On June 11, 1990, Prime Minister Lothar de Maizière was the first and only head of state of the GDR to visit the United States meeting President George H. W. Bush at the White House. The United States was a supporter of German reunification and played a key role in the relevant negotiations.", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "The GDR saw itself as an anti-fascist state and refused to take responsibility for German guilt in the Holocaust. Reparation payments to Israel were therefore rejected, which is why diplomatic relations were not established. After initially taking a balanced position, the GDR and the Soviet Union ultimately clearly sided with the Arabs during the Arab–Israeli conflict. The GDR was one of the earliest supporters of the Palestinians. The GDR supported the PLO and later other armed groups financially and with weapons and also trained fighters who, in the GDR's interpretation, were anti-imperialist liberation fighters. Honecker and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat were friends and GDR propaganda regularly crossed the threshold into open anti-Semitism, for example, the accusation that Israel would plan a “final solution for the Palestinian question”. In 1975, East Germany supported UN General Assembly Resolution 3379, which condemned Zionism as “a form of racism.” A change only occurred in the final phase of the GDR, when the first freely elected Volkskammer passed a declaration in June 1990 in which it \"formally apologized for the anti-Israel and anti-Zionist policies that had been practiced in this country for decades.\"", "title": "Significant bilateral relations" }, { "paragraph_id": 34, "text": "Foreign Minister of the GDR was the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the GDR. In terms of actual political influence, the Foreign Minister was behind the respective Central Committee Secretary for International Relations, Hermann Axen from 1966 to 1989. The foreign ministers of the GDR were:", "title": "List of foreign ministers" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Afghanistan cricket team are scheduled to tour Sri Lanka in January and February 2024 to play the Sri Lanka cricket team. The tour will consist of one Test, three One Day International (ODI) and three Twenty20 International (T20I) matches. In November 2023, Sri Lanka Cricket (SLC) announced its international calendar for 2024 and confirmed the bilateral series. This will be the first Test match played between the two sides.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "On 19 October 2005, 75-year-old Wee Keng Wah was found dead at the door of her HDB block in Chai Chee. On that same day, her 26-year-old Indonesian maid Barokah was arrested and charged with murder. It was later found through investigations that Barokah murdered Wee after the latter caught her sneaking out to meet her lover and Wee threatened to sack her, and Barokah thus had a fight with Wee before pushing her out of the flat window and leading to Wee's fall to death.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Later, after a psychiatrist found that Barokah was suffering from diminished responsibility as a result of depression and dependent personality disorder, her charge of murder was reduced to manslaughter, and Barokah was sentenced to life imprisonment. Later, due to new psychiatric evidence, Barokah's case was approved for a re-trial but eventually, Barokah's life sentence was re-imposed after the trial court found that it was the only suitable sentence to be meted out in light of Barokah's psychiatric state and the cold-blooded nature of the crime. The re-trial verdict was later upheld by the Court of Appeal, which dismissed Barokah's second appeal against her life sentence.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On 19 October 2005, an elderly woman was found dead at the foot of a HDB block in Chai Chee. On the same date, an Indonesian maid was arrested for the suspected murder of the woman, who was the maid's employer.", "title": "Murder investigations" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The deceased elderly woman was identified as 75-year-old Wee Keng Wah, who was a resident of the block where she was discovered dead. At the time of her death, Wee, nicknamed Hainan Aunty, was survived by her husband, two sons and one sister. Wee was living together with her 78-year-old husband Lee Tang Seng in a ninth-floor unit of the same HDB block, while their children were living separately and married with children. The maid, who was reportedly married with a son, was alleged to be responsible for pushing Wee to her death, after she was caught sneaking out to meet a man. It was revealed that the maid has previously worked for two families before being hired by Wee, but she switched families within one year before she worked for Wee. Her diary was also seized by police as evidence.", "title": "Murder investigations" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "An autopsy was conducted on the victim and the pathologist (who was unidentified) revealed that there were multiple bruises and injuries were discovered on Wee's body, and her face was \"flattened\" from the fall. These injuries were consistent with Wee having fallen from a height. Several fingernail marks were also found on the elderly woman's neck, implying that Wee had been strangled before she fell, and the various injuries Wee sustained during her fall was sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death. A search at the flat also revealed spots of blood on the floor and bedsheets in Wee’s bedroom, suggesting that a fight had took place and the window grille also did not have signs of contact with Wee’s body, which also ruled out the possibility of suicide. Swabs were made on the maid's hands, which discovered traces of Wee's DNA on her fingernails and hands.", "title": "Murder investigations" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On 21 October 2005, Wee's 26-year-old Indonesian maid Barokah was officially charged with murder in the Subordinate Courts of Singapore, and if found guilty of murder in Singapore, she faced the death penalty. Barokah was first placed under police detention for a week to assist in investigations, before the order was extended to one more week due to the police requiring more time to complete investigations.", "title": "Murder investigations" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On 2 November 2005, Barokah returned to court, and she was ordered to be placed under psychiatric remand for three weeks at Changi Women’s Prison while awaiting trial for her late employer’s murder. On that same day, the police also returned back to Wee’s flat to collect evidence, including an air conditioner. On 23 November 2005, the police returned to the crime scene a second time to re-enact the crime, and used a mannequin to re-enact Wee's fall to her death.", "title": "Murder investigations" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "On 25 October 2005, Wee's funeral took place, and over a hundred friends and relatives attended the wake.", "title": "Murder investigations" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Born in Central Java, Indonesia on 15 May 1979, Barokah was the youngest of several children in her family. Her father was an odd-job labourer and her mother was a rice field worker, and the family lived in a village in Central Java. Barokah, who underwent religious studies in school until the third year of secondary school, was married at the age of 16 in 1995, and her husband Isnaini Mislani worked as a labourer in Malaysia. In August 2003, Barokah had an affair with another married Indonesian man and gave birth to a baby boy, who was later entrusted under the care of a friend after Barokah refused the man's offer to be his second wife, and this refusal also led to the end of the affair. Barokah also subsequently discovered that her husband was also having an affair and she was emotionally affected by it.", "title": "Background of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In June or July 2005, she met Ali, a Bangladeshi man who befriended her, and she began an intimate relationship with Ali, and she became pregnant with Ali's child. While she was held in remand for murdering Wee Keng Wah, Barokah gave birth to a daughter on 3 July 2006, although many sources at first wrongly stated that Barokah gave birth in May 2006.", "title": "Background of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Barokah worked for a total of three families in Singapore before she was hired by Wee. The first was a Malay family living in Bukit Batok, where Barokah had worked for 16 months between January 2000 and April 2001. The second was a family living in Frankel Estate in September 2004, and it lasted for six months. Barokah's third employer was a resident of a condominium in the eastern part of Singapore in March 2005, but it also lasted for a few months. At one point, in 2003, Barokah also worked for a family in Malaysia for one year.", "title": "Background of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "On 20 September 2005, Barokah was hired by Wee Keng Wah, who was her fourth employer in Singapore. Wee hired Barokah to take care of her husband Lee Tang Seng, who suffered from multiple health problems, like Parkinson’s disease, weak limbs, severely impaired hearing, diabetes, hypertension and ischaemic heart disease.", "title": "Background of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The following was the official version of the murder of Wee Keng Wah, based on Barokah's confession and other evidence related to the crime.", "title": "Account of the murder" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "During the early morning hours of 19 October 2005, Barokah sneaked out of the flat to meet up with her Bangladeshi boyfriend Ali. After the meeting, Barokah returned back to the flat. However, she was caught red-handed by Wee Keng Wah, who discovered her absence from the flat prior to Barokah's return. Angered by Barokah's actions, Wee harshly scolded Barokah and threatened to fire her and send her back to Indonesia. In defiance, Barokah challenged the older woman to send her back to Indonesia. The commotion grew heated and it escalated into a fight between Wee and Barokah.", "title": "Account of the murder" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Not knowing that his wife and maid were having a fight, Wee's husband Lee Tang Seng overheard the commotion and he rushed to the bedroom of Wee. By then, Barokah had overpowered Wee, who fell unconsious but was still breathing and alive at the end of the fight. When Lee probed Barokah on what happened, Barokah feigned ignorance and claimed she had no idea what happened to Wee (whom she lied might have fell down), and even slapped her employer's face to try to revive her. After Lee left the flat to seek help from one of his neighbours Richard Chew Jhing Liang, Barokah pretended to go out with Wee's husband but she returned to the flat, and carried Wee's body to the elderly woman's bedroom window, and threw it out. As a result, 75-year-old Wee Keng Wah died after falling nine storeys to the ground. Prior to the fall, Barokah had strangled Wee before throwing her off.", "title": "Account of the murder" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "After Lee returned to the flat with Richard Chew, Barokah claimed that Wee was not inside the flat, and she even said that Wee must have gone out for morning exercise like she usually did. Later, Wee's youngest son Lee Seng Lim, his wife Lim Yock Hoon and their two sons also arrived at the flat after his father called him, and they also searched for Wee. Similarly, when she was probed by Lee Seng Lim about his mother's whereabouts, Barokah feigned ignorance and said she did not know, and also stated Wee might have gone out for morning exercise. After Wee's body was discovered later that morning, Barokah was brought in for questioning due to the police suspecting her in light of her numerous inconsistencies in her account, which led to her arrest.", "title": "Account of the murder" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "In July 2006, Barokah's case was transferred to the High Court, where she was set to stand trial for killing her employer Wee Keng Wah.", "title": "Trial of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Before the start of her trial, Barokah's murder charge was reduced to a lesser offence of culpable homicide not amounting to murder, also known as manslaughter in Singapore's legal terms, and the reduction of the charge allowed Barokah to no longer face the death penalty for murdering Wee. The stipulated penalty for manslaughter was either life imprisonment or up to ten years in prison. According to Dr Tommy Tan, a government psychiatrist, Barokah suffered from both depression and a dependent personality disorder that draws her to men, and the combination of these disorders were sufficient to impair her mental responsibility at the time of the murder. Therefore, Barokah's murder charge was reduced on the grounds of diminished responsibility. The defence's psychiatric expert Dr R Nagulendran similarly diagnosed Barokah with both dependent personality disorder and depression.", "title": "Trial of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "On 26 November 2007, Barokah, who was represented by Senior Counsel Harpreet Singh Nehal (plus Kelly Fan and Wendell Wong), pleaded guilty to the reduced charge at the High Court, and her sentencing was carried out that same day. The trial judge, Justice Tay Yong Kwang, gave his full grounds of decision on 11 February 2008 to explain his verdict on sentence, finding that the victim concerned in the present case was a vulnerable person with an advanced age of 75 and also defenceless during the maid's attack on her. Justice Tay also explained that while the fight between Wee and Barokah was spontaneous and unpremeditated, and there was no prior intention on Barokah's part to cause death, he nevertheless found that there was a huge time lapse between the first assault and Barokah's subsequent decision to push the unconscious and helpless Wee down from the ninth storey, and she would have had time to recover and reflect on the incident after Wee was rendered unconscious from the fight. This lethal decision made Justice Tay conclude that Barokah was a dangerous and cold-blooded killer, and even with her depression, she was still able to fully understand right and wrong and also had a collected thought process since she took steps to deny her involvement.", "title": "Trial of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "Aside from this, Justice Tay pointed out that Barokah had betrayed the trust reposed in her as the caregiver of Wee's home by killing Wee in cold blood at the sanctity of Wee's home, and there was a need for deterrence in sentencing maids for committing offences against their employers to uphold the domestic worker-employer relationship, as is the case of employers who abused their maids. Justice Tay also took note that Barokah did not have strong familial support, since her husband spent most of his time working in Malaysia and would likely do so in the future as well, and the family income of Barokah was quite low, which may further add to her husband's need to work overseas. While her prognosis was relatively good and she could still recover with treatment, Barokah was likely to suffer a relapse, and in view of her dependent personality disorder and history of having affairs with other men and becoming guilty each time it happened, it was likely that a reoccurrence of such a matter might exacerbate her depression, and her mental disorders also signaled the high possibility of re-offending should similar situations of \"push comes to shove\" happen to Barokah, as demonstrated by the manner of the killing and her reaction to Wee's berate on the date of the killing.", "title": "Trial of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "Therefore, in summary of these above factors, Justice Tay found that the aggravated nature of Wee's manslaughter had sufficiently called for the higher tier of punishment allowed for manslaughter under the law. As such, 28-year-old Barokah was sentenced to life imprisonment, the maximum penalty for manslaughter in Singapore. Justice Tay additionally ordered her life term to commence from the date of her arrest on 19 October 2005.", "title": "Trial of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "In accordance with the landmark ruling of Abdul Nasir Amer Hamsah's appeal on 20 August 1997, an offender sentenced to life imprisonment must remain behind bars for the rest of his or her natural life. Previously, before the landmark ruling, a life sentence in Singapore was construed as a jail term of 20 years. The legal change was applicable to offences that were committed after 20 August 1997. Since the manslaughter of Wee Keng Wah was committed on 19 October 2005, eight years and two months after the legal reform, Barokah was to be imprisoned for the remainder of her whole life under her life sentence with pursuant to the amended law.", "title": "Trial of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "After her sentencing, Barokah filed an appeal against her sentence. Her defence counsel applied to the Court of Appeal for leave to adduce a further report to determine whether Barokah's pregnancy (which was not detected during her remand) had a substantial impact on her mental responsibility at the material time, and they also submitted new psychiatric evidence to support their other points of appeal.", "title": "Barokah's first appeal" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "On 20 August 2008, the Court of Appeal meted out their judgement. They ordered the case to be remitted back to the High Court for a re-trial with respect to Barokah's sentence, and ordered the trial judge to re-evaluate the psychiatric evidence and decide on whether to impose a life sentence or a jail term of ten years or less for Barokah's conviction, which the Court of Appeal upheld.", "title": "Barokah's first appeal" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "The re-trial of Barokah was held between 16 and 19 February 2009, with the original trial judge Tay Yong Kwang presiding over the proceedings at the High Court. The psychiatrists Tommy Tan and R Nagulendran summoned in court to testify about Barokah’s mental state, which also included their differing opinions on whether Barokah’s pregnancy had a substantial bearing on her mental state. Dr Tan, who appeared for the prosecution, testified that during his interviews with Barokah, there was no observation that she was aware of her pregnancy and he also cited medical evidence that showed no correlation between pregnancy and mental impairment, and it could not have been a stressor of her depression, although Dr Nagulendran disagreed with Dr Tan’s testimony when he appeared to testify for the defence.", "title": "Re-trial of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "Lee Seng Lim, the youngest son of Wee, also appeared as a witness in the re-trial, and he told the court that the relationship between his parents and Barokah was good and he also noticed the maid repeatedly giving answers that she did not know when he arrived at the flat and asked her repeatedly about his mother on the date of her death. On the stand, Lee reportedly broke down and he wanted a fair answer for his mother’s death. Other witnesses include Wee’s neighbour Richard Wee and two police officers - SSGT Mohamad Kamil bin Hassan and SGT Nor Hida binte Nasib - who first arrived at the scene, and they all testified that Barokah had a calm and collected demeanor when they asked her about Wee’s whereabouts. Additionally, the police officers testified that when they informed Barokah of Wee's death, she appeared shocked and sad but never cried.", "title": "Re-trial of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "Aside from the defence's mitigation plea to impose a sentence lower than life, the embassy of Indonesia to Singapore also pledged to ensure that Barokah would adhere to her treatment once she was released and repatriated to Indonesia, and asked for leniency from the courts. Barokah's 31-year-old husband Isnaini Mislani also stated he was willing to take care of the daughter his wife bore with Ali, and also forgave her for her infidelity. The girl was entrusted to her grandparents by Barokah, who took care of her for 20 months while in prison.", "title": "Re-trial of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "On 26 February 2009, three days after closing submissions were made, Justice Tay Yong Kwang delivered his re-trial verdict and re-instated the life sentence he first imposed on Barokah back in 2007. In his judgement, Justice Tay disagreed that Barokah's mental state was not affected by her pregnancy. He found that regardless of whether Barokah was suffering from diminished responsibility or not, she was still an inherent menace to society, even though she did not possess a high possibility to commit another offence. He also found that Barokah still had the propensity to become involved in extra-martial relationships and feeling guilty and depressed about it, and as a result of her psychiatric condition, her employer Wee Keng Wah died an unjust and brutal death, and such a \"devastating\" consequence only corroborated the fact that Barokah was a cold-blooded and dangerous killer. He also stated that the witnesses’ testimonies of Barokah’s calm demeanor in the aftermath of the killing also supported his observation that she had a collected state of mind.", "title": "Re-trial of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "Justice Tay ruled that the killing of Wee, which arose from the matter of Barokah sneaking out, was \"cruel and inhumane\" and it was totally unjustified in light of the circumstances. Justice Tay also determined that Barokah had a \"brittle, volatile and violent temperament\", and her depression was caused by her own decision to repeatedly engage in illicit affairs with other men and there were no encouraging signs that Barokah could change. On these grounds, Justice Tay was convinced that a strong signal for retribution was needed when imposing the most appropriate punishment in Barokah’s case. The judge also stated that while sympathy could be given to the defendants, justice must also be prioritized and cannot be solely about the defendants, and in his own words, he quoted:", "title": "Re-trial of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "Justice is also about the victims and their families and the good of society at large. While we are concerned about the future of accused persons and their families, we must never forget the victims and their families. The victim in this case has no voice but the court’s and has no future to even think about as a result of the crime.", "title": "Re-trial of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "In conclusion, Justice Tay decided that the appropriate punishment he could impose in the case of Barokah would be none other than life imprisonment, and he found no need to depart from his original decision back in 2007.", "title": "Re-trial of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "Wee's youngest son Lee Seng Lim, who was present in court to hear the judgement, told the press that while the sentence could not bring back his mother, he nonetheless hoped that the case can be closed for good in the future and he and his family wanted to move on, and he was still struggling with grief over the loss of his mother.", "title": "Re-trial of Barokah" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "After her life sentence was reinstated by the High Court, Barokah filed a second appeal to the Court of Appeal against the re-trial verdict.", "title": "Barokah's second appeal" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "On 20 August 2009, in spite of the defence's plea to reduce Barokah's sentence on the grounds that the killing was unpremeditated, her mental condition had a bearing on her actions and she did not pose as a risk to society, the Court of Appeal elected to dismiss the appeal. One of the appellate judges, Justice V K Rajah, told Singh that they acknowledged Barokah's psychiatric condition, but this was not an excuse to reduce her culpability and her psychiatric condition had already been duly considered, and it was sufficient to spare her from the murder charge, which would have warranted her a death sentence should she be convicted of murder. Overall, the appellate court affirmed the ruling of the trial judge Tay Yong Kwang and therefore upheld the life sentence imposed on Barokah.", "title": "Barokah's second appeal" }, { "paragraph_id": 34, "text": "The case of Wee Keng Wah's death was one of the high-profile killings in Singapore which involved maids killing their employers and/or the family member(s) of their employers. Nearly all of the maids in these cases were, like Barokah, spared the gallows and convicted of manslaughter due to either diminished responsibility, sudden and grave provocation or other factors.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 35, "text": "In July 2012, Senior Counsel Harpreet Singh Nehal spoke about the case of Barokah, which was one of the memorable cases he took pro bono as a lawyer. He encouraged lawyers to continue providing pro bono services to those in need, stating that it could help bring about a difference to the lives of those who need help. Singh also stated that whenever he visited Barokah in prison, he would often get to see her daughter, whom he described as a beautiful girl, and he felt saddened that Barokah would be separated from her daughter permanently since she would be serving a life sentence in another country away from Indonesia, and it also sent Singh an equal reminder that the victim Wee Keng Wah's bereaved family had to deal with their permanent loss as well.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 36, "text": "Barokah is currently serving her life sentence at Changi Women's Prison since 19 October 2005. If Barokah serves with good behaviour while in jail, she will become eligible to be released on parole after completing at least 20 years of her sentence.", "title": "Aftermath" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Benjamin DuVal should link here", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Benjamin T. DuVal (1822-1905) was a state legislator in Arkansas. He served in the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1858-1861 and 1895-1896.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He was the eldest of William DuVal's (1786-1851) six children. His father was a pioneer resident of Fort Smith, Arkansas who arrived with his family in 1822 and established a trading business.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "During the Civil War he served on James Fleming Fagan's staff.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Alif Jana Khattaka (February 28, 1929 - September 14, 2019) was a Pashto revolutionary poet and a prominent activist of the Karwan Khudai Khidmatgar Tehreek led by Fakhre Afghan Bacha Khan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Ahmadi Banda, Karak during British occupation, Khattaka was raised in a family actively involved in Bacha Khan's movement. Due to the prevailing circumstances, she received home education and later pursued formal education, earning a master's degree in Pashto and Urdu, as well as a Bachelor of Arts.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A collaborator with poet Haleem Muhammad, Khattaka contributed to the monthly magazine \"Pashtun\" published in Bacha Khan's office. She gained recognition as a regular writer for \"Pashtun\" and expressed critical views, earning praise from Bacha Khan for developing critical skills among Pashtun women.", "title": "Literary contributions" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Khattaka dedicated her poetry to the freedom and prosperity of her people, actively participating in the Muslim freedom movement. Her verses reflect a keen awareness of the political situation, exposing British machinations and urging Pashtuns to rise against oppression.", "title": "Literary contributions" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Post-independence, Khattaka continued to advocate for Pashtun rights, especially highlighting the plight of the community in Pakistan. Despite adopting a quieter life later on, she remained committed to preserving the legacy of Bacha Khan and other freedom heroes.", "title": "Literary contributions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Alif Jana Khattaka's contributions endure, with her poetry included in educational curricula, and a college named after her in Bandha Dawood Shah district of Karak. She died on September 14, 2019 due to a cerebral vascular accident.", "title": "Death and legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Alif Jana Khattaka married Muhammad Zafar but the marriage faced challenges, leading to differences between the couple. She later served in various schools in Karak and Kohat, eventually retiring as a Divisional Education Officer.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Karam Singh Raju was an Indian bureaucrat who joined the Punjab State Civil Service just after the Independence of India. He was one of the very few first dalits who joined this prestigious service.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He was born in Hoshiarpur and his father, Duni Chand, used to work as a leather worker.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Raju retired from the Indian Administrative Service in the year 1986. At the time of retirement, he was Principal Secretary and, before that, he served as Deputy Commissioner for many districts of Punjab.", "title": "Professional and personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Raju was a staunch follower of Guru Ravidass and Sikhism, and he penned several books.", "title": "Professional and personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "During his lifetime Raju wrote several books and few of them are as the follows-", "title": "Professional and personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights taking place in the year 2024.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "F. R. Earle should link here", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Fontaine Richard Earle (January 9, 1831 - September 6, 1908) was an officer in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, a Presbyterian minister, a college president, and a state legislator in Arkansas.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He was born January 9, 1831 in Pond River, Kentucky to Jane Woodson and Samuel Baylis Earle. He graduated from Cumberland University with a degree in arts and divinity in 1858. He moved to Cane Hill in 1858. His home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places called the Greek Revival Earle House was constructed in 1859 with little remaining apart from some foundations and chimneys.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In the American Civil War he had served as a major for the Confederate States Army in the 34th Arkansas Infantry Regiment. He was in command of the 34th at the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry. After the war he returned to Cane Hill and married Amanda Buchanan, a teacher.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Earle was elected to the Arkansas Senate to represent the third senatorial district, Washington, and served from 1866-1867. He was Arkansas' first secretary of education and served as president of Cane Hill College until it closed in 1892. His grammar book, called The English Grammar was published in 1867. He was a Presbyterian preacher for 50 years.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Earle died September 6, 1908 at his home in Cane Hill from dropsy. His wife had preceded him dieing in 1894.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The University of Arkansas has papers related to him including an interview with him. A collection of his sermons, letters, and clippings was published in 1999 from the collection called the Fontaine Richard Earle Papers.", "title": "Notes" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hydrographical research vessel build in 1930 for Swedish biologist fil. dr L. Gunnar Sjösted (1892-1975), teaching college, Kristianstad, Sweden for use in marine biological studies in the Sound/Øresund.", "title": "Thor (1930)" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sold in 1933 to the Danish Captain Alf Trolle and refitted for use in polar waters. The refitting was substantial and included installation of a new engine (30 Hp Bolinder hot bulb engine), electric generators (12/18V, 50A, and 110V, 2 kW; Titan, Copenhagen), electric winches for anchor and a 4000 m hydrographical wire (3.5 mm steel wire), radio (short wave radiotelegraph and MF radiotelephone), echosounder (Echometer, The International Marine Sounding Device, Bruxelles).", "title": "Thor (1930)" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Thor was used for two hydrographical expeditions to East Greenland in 1934 and 1935, paid for by the \"Alf Trolle and wife's fund in the memory of the Danmark-expedition 1906-1908\". The first expedition was led by Trolle himself, the second by Poul Gjessing.", "title": "Thor (1930)" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The fate of the ship after returning from the second expedition is unknown.", "title": "Thor (1930)" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Alianne Matamoros Reyes (born January 19, 2000) is a Cuban footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Municipal and the Cuba women's national football team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Matamoros played volleyball as a child.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Matamoros played for Cuban side Santiago de Cuba, where she was described as a \"mainstay for Santiago de Cuba's runners-up finish in the national league\". In 2023, she signed for Guatemalan side Municipal.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Matamoros plays for the Cuba women's national football team, where she has been regarded as one of the team's most important players.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Matamoros has been described as \"her enviable size and fierce leadership on the field distinguish her from the rest of the soccer players\".", "title": "Style of play" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2022-23 season was the 31st season in the existence of Aldershot Town Football Club and the club's ninth consecutive season in the Vanarama National League. In addition to the league, they also competed in the FA Cup and the FA Trophy.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Marta Irene Lois González (born 1969) is a Spanish politician of Sumar appointed as its spokesperson in the Congress of Deputies in August 2023. Later, in December 2023, she was selected as the platform's candidate for the 2024 Galician regional election.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Yoru no Hit Studio (夜のヒットスタジオ, Yoru no Hitto Sutajio), was a Japanese music television program. Broadcast live weekly on Fuji TV from 1968 until 1990. During its broadcast history, it frequently changed its titles, presenters, air time and day. The program is also colloquially known as Yoru Hit (夜ヒット, Yoru Hitto) and Hit Studio (ヒットスタジオ, Hitto Sutajio).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "During its broadcast time since 1978, a superior TBS music program The Best Ten (ザ・ベストテン, Za Besuto Ten) start broadcast, which unlike Yoru no Hit Studio, includes its own music ranking chart, which was similar to Oricon Music Charts and their rankings were equally recognized.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Since the end of program in 1990, between 1991 and 1997 various special programs were broadcast once a year. The program has been re-broadcast on the cable television channel Fuji TV One from 1999 until 2011. The order of broadcasting was from the July 1976 broadcast until March 2009 (later again in October 2023), and from April 2009 onward 2011, the broadcasts were broadcast retroactively from the April 1974.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In May 2010, Oricon Style published the results of the national survey of \"Music programs that I would like to see revived\", Yoru no Hit Studio placed second place behind The Best Ten, which placed first place. In November 2023, news website Shunkan Josei Prime published the same survey, Yoru no Hit Studio placed second place behind The Best Ten, which placed first place, both of them regaining same place as in 2010 survey charts. The surveyors answered the reason behind revival for Gorgeous stage sets, full chorus singing with live orchestra performance, singers performing songs from a wide range of genres, collaboration projects, beautiful costumes.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Yoru no Hit Studio was a weekly one-hour (in later years almost two-hour) music program. Many Japanese musical acts make their television performance debut on Yoru no Hit Studio, but the show has also hosted many artists from all around the world. For the solo artist, they were always accompanied by Fuji TV studio's orchestral band, who played on live. In the span of 22 years, over 1131 episodes were broadcast, more than 1,000 artists performed and approximately 13,000 songs were performed.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "From October 24, 1968, to March 25, 1985, Yoru no Hit Studio was broadcast live on Sundays from 22:00–22:54 JST. Until the second half of 1970s, the show was divided into comic variety and music show within the time spawn.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "From April 3, 1985, to September 27, 1989, Yoru no Hit Studio has been renamed to Yoru no Hit Deluxe (夜のヒットスタジオDELUXE, Yoru no Hitto Sutajio Derakkusu) and changed its broadcast day from Sundays to Wednesdays from 21:02–22:52 JST, at the same time renewed broadcast time from 54 minutes to 1 hour and 50 minutes. The reason behind the changes were announced during the time \"to please people with more international type of music and extend length of the performance to the full chorus\". Reflecting the upcoming changes, there occasional were sets up that featured live appearances by that-time popular overseas artists.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "From April 3, 1985, to September 27, 1990, Yoru no Hit Studio Deluxe has been renamed to Yoru no Hit Super (夜のヒットスタジオSUPER, Yoru no Hitto Sutajio Sūpa) and changed its broadcast day from Sundays to Wednesdays from 22:00–22:54 JST, at the same time broadcast time shortened to its half and origin time, 54 minutes.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The reason for the change was for the viewership ratings that suffered from a serious decline, and from around this time onwards, the huge production costs expended on each broadcast began to rise. Following the drastic budget cut, frequency of appearances by big-name artists, who has appeared regularly weekly, has rapidly decreased to make only appearance once in one or two months. By transferring the name of period from Shōwa to Heisei, coupled changes for the composition of the program, such as live music by a big band, the use of handwritten captions, and the relay medley at the opening, and the formula itself began to have a strong impression to younger audience that it was being \"outdated,\" which further accelerated the loss of viewers.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "As a result of a bad management choices for changes and week by week rapid decrease of the view ranting, on September 4, 1990, Fuji Television officially decided to end the program. In response to this, three episodes of a special program entitled \"22 Years of Thank You Month\" broadcast on the same month, and then on October 3 of the same year, a special program \"Thank You & Goodbye Night Hit\" was broadcast in a 3-hour time slot. Studio\" broadcast.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "By the end of Yoru no Hit Studio, the new music program successor Hit Parade 90's start broadcast and was moved to Fridays at 23:00 JST. The success way below the expectations, within the year the broadcast was canceled. Until 1993, there was no music program on Fuji TV. In 1994, a new true successor of Yoru no Hit Studio Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ began to air and was hosted from the beginning until the end by the comedy duo Downtown, which consists of Hitoshi Matsumoto and Masatoshi Hamada. The broadcast lasted until 2012.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Yoru no Hit Studio has been hosted during its entire history of broadcast in total by 4 male presenters and 2 female presenters, marking Mari Yoshimura the longest among the all presents in span of 17 years.", "title": "Presenters" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "In 2020, Furutachi launched his YouTube channel. In some of his video, he talks about inside-stories during his time of hosting the program. Some of the stories are exclusively published only in the news websites. In 2017 Fraglab interview, Yoshimura confessed about wearing over 2000 different outfits during her time as presenter.", "title": "Presenters" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Yoru no Hit Studio was home to various weekly and monthly segments, the most common being the opening medley, which occurred weekly. The other segments were discontinued after some time of period or not be part of the weekly schedule.", "title": "Segments" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "The singer sings a phrase from another singer's song, then hands the microphone to the owner of the song that was just sung. The following sings repeats the same thing to next singers. Similar to a baton relay, person sing a medley of other person's songs, only one phrase at a time, and at the very end, the singer on the final sings the 1-chorus of his own song sung by the previous singer. By that time the performers assemble together and after songs ends, the segment ends. In broadcasts around Christmas time, the medley songs were sometimes changed to only Christmas themed songs.", "title": "Segments" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "A viewer participation corner was held at the ending of the broadcast. After extracting the last four or five digits of the phone number from a random number table, applicants among the viewers corresponding to those phone numbers are searched from the applicant data registered in advance on the computer, and then one applicant is selected at random. The prize money at the beginning of the program was 50,000 yen, but it was later increased to the maximum amount 100,000 yen. In some cases, if only slot numbers are 0, the maximum amount was automatically given. In 1987, the segment changed its name to Yoru Hit Telephone Card (夜ヒットテレカ, Yoru Hitto Tereka). Instead of the money, photos which were taken during the broadcast of the program turned into telephone cards and were presented to viewers, who applied.", "title": "Segments" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "A segment, where either family, relatives or friends, staff the recording company or label related to guest singers are invited to the studio and have a conversation with the singer/host. Another part of the segment was where guests were directly connected over the phone to the singer from the studio, and the host led the show in order to hear about the singer's past or childhood memories and hidden episodes in his personal life.", "title": "Segments" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "A special segment, which aired only during the times, when a singer retired or a music group disband, making their final television appearance. In the most of cases, only one part of the program featured a special section called \"Sayonara\", however in case, when a singer Momoe Yamaguchi retired, the entire broadcast episode was devoted to the Goodbye project. The final farewell corner aired in 1988.", "title": "Segments" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "An acting performance of sings with the fictional story and artist themselves being part or main character of the story. The drama segment only aired during its beginning of the broadcast until 1976.", "title": "Segments" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "In annual occasions, Yoru no Hit Studio held various specials from various places in Japan and sometimes broadcast location in Europe and Asia. Some of these include, broadcast anniversary specials and such. These can range from the regular broadcast time from 2 to 3 hours in length. There will also be various specials with no actual artists performances, these will often be the current hosts discussing the history of the shows and playing some of the more notable performances from archived videotape recorder (known in Japanese as VTR).", "title": "Specials" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "Notes: Broadcast times, unless otherwise noted, were aired in the regular broadcast time.", "title": "Specials" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "Prior from the 2010s decade until present, a numerous of special DVD-box sets were released by the high demand of the artist fans. The discs include full footage of the performances, however in some occasions before-performance talks were completely cut off and not showed at all.", "title": "Releases" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Any Wednesday is a 1966 American Technicolor romantic comedy film starring Jane Fonda, Jason Robards, and Dean Jones. It was directed by Robert Ellis Miller from a screenplay by producer Julius J. Epstein based on the play of the same name by Muriel Resnik, which ran for 984 performances from 1964 to 1966. The film was titled Bachelor Girl Apartment in the UK.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The story centers on a Manhattan woman (Fonda) who is trying to decide between two suitors, one married (Robards) and one not (Jones), on the day of her 30th birthday.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "John Cleves (Jason Robards) is a businessman with an office in New York and a home in New Jersey. On one day of each week, Wednesday, he spends the night in the city, lying to wife Dorothy (Rosemary Murphy) that he is out of town on business when he actually is seeing Ellen, his mistress (Jane Fonda).", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "A business client from Akron, Ohio, Cass Henderson (Dean Jones), comes to town and is unable to find a hotel room for the night. Cleves' new secretary knows of an \"executive suite\" the boss maintains in town, so Cass is sent there for the night. When he meets Ellen, he mistakenly assumes she is a certain kind of lady hired by Cleves to entertain him.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The secretary compounds the error by telling Dorothy about the apartment. Dorothy goes there and discovers Ellen and Cass, assuming them to be a young couple. The women take a liking to each other so Dorothy invites them to spend an evening out on the town with her and John.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Dorothy eventually catches on to what her husband is up to and leaves him. Ellen invites her to use the apartment. John goes there and tries to win his wife's love back, but she just tells her husband to come visit her on any Wednesday.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Exterior location scenes for Any Wednesday were filmed in Manhattan, New York City.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "During the course of the 28-month run of the play Any Wednesday on Broadway, the role of Ellen was played by Sandy Dennis – who won a Tony Award for her performance – and Barbara Cook. Don Porter and Gene Hackman also appeared in it.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Richard F. Shepard of The New York Times was fairly positive, writing that the story had made the transition from stage to screen \"not much the worse for wear,\" though he felt \"it might have been better if it were shorter. The funny lines, and there are a good number, would have been even sharper.\" Variety called it \"an outstanding sophisticated comedy\" with \"solid direction and excellent performances.\" Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times wrote, \"Neither Jason Robards nor Jane Fonda strikes me particularly as a 'natural' comedian (whatever that may be) and the timing of both seems off ... In the case of Robards, a superior actor whenever he is permitted to be, I must admit to some surprise that he was willing to waste his time and talents on such a contrived and cinematically weak affair as this.\" Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post called Fonda \"miscast\" because she \"is simply not the sort of girl who doesn't know what she is doing.\" He thought Rosemary Murphy stole the film with an \"immensely amusing\" performance. The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, \"A moderately entertaining film version of a Broadway stage production; but it could have been much more so if director Robert Ellis Miller had a lighter touch.\"", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Jane Fonda was nominated for a 1966 Golden Globe Award in the category \"Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy\".", "title": "Awards and honors" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "On August 18, 2009, Warner Home Video released the movie on DVD-R as part of the Warner Archive Collection.", "title": "Home media" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Notes", "title": "References" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Naya Vialva is a footballer who plays as a defender for the United States Virgin Islands women's national soccer team. Born in the United States, she is a United States Virgin Islands international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Vialva is the daughter of Mona Ressaissi and Devon Vialva. Raised in Mount Olive Township, New Jersey, she played prep soccer at Mount Olive High School.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Vialva played for the Princeton Soccer Academy, helping the club win the league championship.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Vialva represented the United States Virgin Islands internationally at 2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup qualification.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Vialva mainly operates as a central defender.", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Vialva has a brother and two sisters.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Aubrey Maurice Sinden (16 November 1917 – 13 January 1988) was an English first-class cricketer.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sinden was born at East Grinstead in November 1917. During the Second World War, he served in the Royal Air Force. While serving in British India shortly after the war, Sinden played one first-class cricket match for the Europeans cricket team against the Hindus at Bombay in the 1945–46 Bombay Pentangular. Batting twice in the match, he was dismissed for 20 runs in the Europeans first innings by Dattu Phadkar, while in their second innings he opened the batting and was run out for 56 runs, in an opening partnership of 75 alongside Reg Simpson. Sinden returned to England after the war, where he played club cricket for East Grinstead Cricket Club and [[association football|football] for East Grinstead Town as a centre-forward.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Outside of sport, Sinden was by profession an accountant. He was also involved in local politics in East Grinstead, and was a candidate for election in 1953. Sinden died in January 1988 at Copthorne, Sussex.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Omar Keshelashvili (Georgian: ომარ ქეშელაშვილი or ომარა ქეშელაშვილი, Russian: Омар Кешелашвили) is an Economist, Political scientist, Professor and the founder of the Georgia Business University with his brother Nikoloz Keshelashvili. Omar graduated from The Agricultural Institute of Georgia in 1963, he became a senior Scientist, sector Manager and deputy director at the Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Economy and Organization. Omar worked in the agriculture industry like his father, Grigol Keshelashvili [ka].", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1991 Omar and his brother Nikoloz Keshelashvili founded the Georgian Business Univeristy, Omar has been the director of the Institute of Economics and Business LLC based on the base of the university.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Omar was born in the capital Tbilisi in the Georgian SSR of the Soviet Union. His parents were both scientists and professors, his father Grigol Keshelashvili was an Agricultural scientist and professor of the field while his mother, Elisabed Mkheidze, was a professor of International politics and world affairs. Omar graduated from the Faculty of Economics and Organization of the Agricultural Institute of Georgia in 1963.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Since 1966, he worked in the Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Economy and Organization: as a senior scientist, sector manager, deputy director, director; In 1968, he defended the scientific degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences, and in 1978, Doctor of Economic Sciences; His doctoral dissertation was recognized as a new scientific direction in the field of economic evaluation of agricultural chemicalization, during which, as an innovative approach, the author used the possibilities of information technology. He has been awarded the scientific title of professor, he also wrote various books and investigations on economics and agricultural science.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "1991-2011 For 20 years, Omar was the rector of the private higher education institution he founded - Georgia Business University; Since 2011, he has been the director of the Institute of Economics and Business LLC based on the base of this university; 2007-2011 Director of the newly established Institute of Agrarian Economics of the State Agricultural University, and then the Chairman of the Scientific Council; Since 2008, the chairman and chief editor of the editorial-scientific board of the international, refereed, scientific-methodological and practical journal \"Agrarian-Economic Science and Technology\" founded by him; With his research, he created new directions in Georgian agrarian-economic science; He was the first to develop a very specific methodology, with a computer program, and based on it, he gave us an economic assessment of the use of chemical means in Georgian agriculture and its scientific foundations, taking into account zonal features; laid the foundation for research on the problems of agricultural risk management in farms and was the first (2008-2009) to determine the economic shifts in the appropriateness of risk and the optimal levels of return, taking into account the zonal characteristics of farms; In 2009, the territory of Georgia was divided into 13 zones and 8 subzones in terms of agricultural production specialization; In 2019, following the development of the integration of production processes, which led to the functional convergence and connection of agriculture and the food industry, it made some changes to this scheme, and it adapted to the development of the food industry for the first time in a period of almost 70 years since 1950; Since 1980, he has been giving lectures at Tbilisi State University and Georgian State Agrarian University; 31 postgraduate and doctoral students have been educated; has taken part in 5 world congresses; He has published 1050 scientific works, including 230 books, of which 53 monographs, 9 textbooks, 136 brochures, 275 newspaper scientific - publication works, the total number of scientific and scientific - publication works is 1325. In 2013, he was awarded the \"Best Scientist of the Year\" honor in the agricultural field rank in the field of economy, in 2018 he was awarded with an honorary certificate of the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports of Georgia for long and fruitful scientific and educational activities in the field of higher education and science. Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Below is a list of books and parts of books which were fully or partially writen by Omar Keshelashvili.", "title": "Notable works" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kálmán Hamar (October 12, 1928 – June 11, 1989) was a Hungarian historian from Slovakia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "From 1960 to 1963, Hamar was the head of the Hungarian editorial office of the Slovakian Pedagogical Book Publisher (textbook publisher) in Bratislava where he taught Hungarian.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Hamar was a professor at the Marx-Lenin Institute of the Bratislava College of Economics.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He was first a member of the Bratislava city committee of Csemadok, and then its president. From 1970, he was the first president of the Hungarian Historical Society of Czechoslovakia.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Hamar primarily dealt with labor movement topics considered important at the time,", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He rests in the urn cemetery in Lamac.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Some of the critics was related to his works failing to comply with archived materials.", "title": "Critics" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John W. Grabiel should link here", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "John Wellington Grabiel (1868-1928) was a lawyer and politician in Arkansas. He was a lawyer in Fayetteville and was a Republican candidate for governor of Arkansas in 1922 and 1924.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Madhulita Mohapatra (born 1978) is a dancer from India. She is one of the exponents of Indian classical dance Odissi. She is also a Sambalpuri folk dancer for more than 20 years. She has been performing and teaching Odissi and Sambalpuri folk dance since the last 15 years. She started an Odissi school at Bengaluru in June 2008. She is also a performer, choreographer and trainer.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mohapatra is born in Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi district, Odisha. She did her post-graduation in Commerce and Business Administration. She learnt her basics from Guru Krushna Chandra Sahoo at Kalahandi Kala Kendra, Bhawanipatna before receiving her Nrutya Acharya from Odisha Dance Academy under the guidance of Padma Shri Guru Gangadhar Pradhan, Padma Shri Guru Aruna Mohanty and Guru Pabitra Kumar Pradhan. She married Imaraan. After marriage, with the support of her husband, she quit her job and moved to Bengaluru in 2008 and later started a dance school, Nrityantar Academy of Performing Arts, to spread the Odissi dance culture in South India.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She choreographed 'Colours of Krishna', the 12th edition of 'Naman', held at ADA Rangmandira in Bengaluru in September 2023. In March 2021, she performed at Jagriti Theatre in Bengaluru. In April 2020, she performed along with her students at the International Dance Day celebrations at Bhubaneshwar. In September 2019, SPIC Macay, North Kerala Chapter, featured her Odissi show at the Amritavidyalaya Institute campus. She regularly conducts SPIC-Macay classes in schools and colleges. In 2018, she performed in London along with her ward Gairika Mathur. In 2017, she performed Harirabhisarati on ashtapadi, Madhave ma kuru manini manam aye from Geeta Govinda at the sixth Kelucharan Guna Keertanam at Gyan Manch in Kolkata. For the sixth anniversary of Nrityantar, an annual dance festival, Naman was organised at the ADA Rangamandira, Bengaluru on 2 August 2016. In 2010, Odisha Dance Academy founder Guru Gangadhar Pradhan inaugurated Naman and since then it is being organised every year. One of her first shows was at the 1st Odissi International on 21 December 2010, where she was felicitated Guru Daksha Mushruwala from Mumbai. For the first time, she performed in Kerala in 2012 at the famous Guruvayoor Temple and now she regularly visits the southern state not only for shows but teaches in schools.", "title": "Performances" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In October 2023, under her tutelage Nrityantar Dance Ensemble performed a free show title Eternal Enchantment... timeless charm of Odissi dance. The new show was performed at Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mylapore, Chennai.", "title": "Performances" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "She is an empanelled artiste of Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) and she is also a graded performer on Doordarshan.", "title": "Performances" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Mohapatra started performances featuring a fusion of Odissi and Manipuri dance forms after collaborating with popular Manipuri artiste Bimbavati Devi from Kolkata titled Odissi-Manipuri Jugalbandi in November 2023.", "title": "Fusion of Odissi and Manipuri dance forms" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Marcus Daniell and Wesley Koolhof were the reigning champions from 2019, when the men's event was last held, but Koolhof chose to compete in the United Cup instead. Daniell partners Michael Venus.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "All seeds received a bye into the second round.", "title": "Seeds" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Events in the year 1918 in Finland.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ongoing - Finnish Civil War", "title": "Events" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Solheim Cup is the 19th edition of the Solheim Cup matches, held 13–15 September at the Robert Trent Jones Golf Club in Virginia, United States. The Solheim Cup is a biennial team competition between the top women professional golfers from Europe and the United States. The Solheim Cup returns to even-numbered years in 2024, the first time since 2002 after the Ryder Cup returned to an odd-year schedule after 2020, as competition was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The previous U.S. competition in 2021 was won by Europe, 15 points to 13. Europe retained the cup in Spain in 2023 after a tie of 14 points to 14.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The competition was a three-day match play event between teams of 12 players with a similar format to the Ryder Cup, with each match worth one point. The format is as follows:", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "With a total of 28 points, 141⁄2 points are required to win the Cup, and 14 points are required for the defending champion to retain the Cup. All matches are played to a maximum of 18 holes. If the score is even after 18 holes, each team earns one-half point.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In order to be eligible to be a member of the European team, players were required to:", "title": "Team qualification and selection" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Team Europe was made up of eight automatic qualifiers – the top two players from the LET Solheim Cup standings, followed by the top six LET members on the Women's World Golf Rankings who were not already qualified via the Solheim Cup standings – and four captain's selections.", "title": "Team qualification and selection" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In order to be eligible to be a member of the United States team, players were required to be current members of the LPGA Tour and meet one of these three citizenship criteria:", "title": "Team qualification and selection" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Team USA was made up of nine automatic qualifiers – the leading seven players from the LPGA Solheim Cup points rankings and the top two players in the Women's World Golf Rankings not already qualified via the points rankings – and three chosen by the team captain. LPGA Solheim Cup points were earned for top-20 finishes on the LPGA Tour over a two-year period.", "title": "Team qualification and selection" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "2023 captains Stacy Lewis and Suzann Pettersen will reprise their roles at the 2024 cup.", "title": "Teams" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Stadionul Soda nicknamed Stadionul Dragostei is a romanian multi-use stadium in Ocna Mureș, Alba County is mostly used for football matches and is the home ground of CS Ocna Mureș. In 2015 the stadium was renovated. Also in 1936 the stadium was opened and there was the first football match at nightime in Romania. The stadium holds 2.000 seats where 500 of them are covered.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Juan Carlos Ferrero was the reigning champion from 2002, when the men's event was last held, but he retired from professional tennis in 2012.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The top four seeds received a bye into the second round.", "title": "Seeds" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Terence Frank Small (6 January 1927 – 10 December 1983) was an international motorcycle speedway rider from England. He earned one international cap for the England national speedway team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Small, born in Southampton, raced grasstrack in Egypt, while serving with the British Army. He began his British leagues career riding for Poole Pirates during the 1949 Speedway National League Division Three season. He quickly became a regular in the team and made significant progress over the following two seasons, averaging an impressive 9.60 during the 1951 season. The 1951 season ended with honours as Poole won the league title.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Poole moved up a division in 1952 and Small was an integral part of the team when they won the league and cup double with relative ease. He became a fans favourite and was still with the club when they won another league and cup double during the 1955 season.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He rode once for for Rayleigh Rockets in 1957 before deciding to take a break form speedway. He returned to Poole for two more seasons from 1958 to 1959. When he retired, he had ridden 296 times for Poole and scored 2165 points. He was inducted into the Poole Hall of Fame in 1994.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "{{Infobox football biography |name = Nadia Fadhil |image = |full_name = |birth_date = |birth_place = Iraq |height = |position = [[Midfielder |currentclub = |clubnumber = |years1 = |clubs1 = Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya |nationalteam1 = Iraq }} Nadia Fadhil (Arabic: نادية فاضل) is an Iraqi footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Iraq women's national football team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Fadhil is a native of Wasit Governorate, Iraq.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Fadhil attended the University of Baghdad in Iraq.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Fadhil was the top scorer of the Iraq She played for Saudi Arabian side Al-Himma, helping the club achieve promotion.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Fadhil mainly operates as a midfielder or striker.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Fadhil has regarded Iraq international Hawar Mulla Mohammed as her football idol.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John Battista Rubino (26 June 1945 – 16 January 2023) was a prominent Western Australian businessman in the engineering and construction industry. After he emigrated from Sicily to Australia in 1966, Rubino co-founded the engineering company UGL, and later acquired Monadelphous, a company which he helped to revive.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Rubino was born on 26 June 1945, in Delia on the island of Sicily in Italy. He was a surveyor in Italy. In 1966, at 21 years old, Rubino emigrated to Western Australia.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Embarking on his Australian career as a trade assistant, Rubino found a pivotal opportunity in 1970 when he became a sub-contractor on the Ord River Dam project, marking the commencement of his influential career in engineering and construction. Collaborating with fellow migrants John Trettel, Charlie Bontempo and Sam Castelli, Rubino played a crucial role in establishing UGL, a major player in the Australian contracting industry.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1987, UGL acquired a stake in Monadelphous, which faced receivership shortly after. Undeterred, Rubino, alongside his partners, embarked on salvaging their investment. Despite facing challenges during the early 1990s recession, Rubino assumed the role of managing director at Monadelphous. Rubino's leadership was initially panned to be temporarily, but lasted for over 30 years in the positions of chairman or managing director. Under his adept leadership, Monadelphous underwent revitalization, and by the 2010s was one of Australia's largest contracting companies.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Rubino was featured in The West Australian's WA Rich List in 2012, and was recognised as one of the most influential Western Australian businesspeople in the newspaper's 2013 list of the 100 most influential.", "title": "Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Rubino retired from Monadelphous in October 2022 due to health reasons, and died a few months later on 16 January 2023.", "title": "Legacy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ogbomoso Baptist church nestled in the bustling heart of Ogbomoso at Oba Jimoh Oladunni Oyewumi Street, Okelerin, Ogbomoso and can be described metaphorically as the hub of the Baptist Christian Faith in Nigeria from which the spokes of the gospel radiated to other towns like Ajawa, Iluju, Ikoyi, Igbon, Iresa, Ejigbo, Ede, Iree, Iresi, Igbajo, etc. , in the West and Ilorin, Offa, Jebba, Minna, Zungeru, Zaria, Jos, Gombe, Kano, Sokoto, Bauchi, Bida, Kafanchan, Keffi, Gusau and other towns in the North.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Tragically, the 1862 Yoruba Civil War engulfed Ijaye town, leaving its First Baptist Church in ruins. This destruction propelled the First Baptist Church of Okelerin, Ogbomoso as one of the oldest standing Baptist churches in Nigeria today.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Driven by the spirit of faith, Thomas Jefferson Bowen, a pioneering missionary from the Southern Baptist Convention of the U.S., planted the seeds of Christianity in Nigeria by establishing the church in Ogbomoso in 1855. This bold step, undertaken during the reign of Baale Odunaro the ruler of Ogbomoso then, marked a turning point in the religious landscape of the region.", "title": "Founder" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Nurturing young minds and fostering faith, the church proudly operates two schools in Ogbomoso: Okelerin First Baptist Church Nursery and Primary School, and Premier Baptist Academy. Additionally, their commitment to higher education extends to Bowen University in Osun State, where they stand as a pillar of financial support.", "title": "Schools" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Dawlis Mill–Spring Mills Historic District is a 134-acre (54 ha) historic district located at 525 and 530 NJ 31 in the townships of East Amwell and West Amwell in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 27, 2004, for its significance in architecture, commerce, industry, and settlement. The district includes six contributing buildings, two contributing sites, and one contributing object.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jamila Bio Ibrahim is a Nigerian medical doctor and politician who is currently serving as Nigeria's Minister of Youth. She was appointed to the position by President Bola Tinubu in September 2023. Prior to her appointment, she served as the president of the Progressive Young Women Forum (PYWF). She has also served as the Senior Special Assistant to the Kwara State Governor on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Jamila Jummai Bio Ibrahim was born on February 7, 1986. Her father is Ibrahim Isa Bio, a former minister of transportation in Nigeria, who hailed from Baruten LGA, Kwara state. She attended NEPA Staff School in New-Busse, Borgu LGA, Niger state, for her primary education. She proceeded to Federal Government Girls' College, Bwari, Abuja where she had her secondary education, and graduated in 2002. She obtained a bachelor of medicine and bachelor of surgery (M.B.B.S) from the University of Lorin in 2010, and later pursued a six-month course on health management and leadership at the University of Washington.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After her brief study stint in the US in 2017, Ibrahim established a non-governmental organisation (NGO) named Yon Seno Foundation in November of that same year. She was then named a member of the think-tank of the national policy summit in 2017. She volunteered on the presidential committee on the north-east initiative (PCNI) established by former President Muhammadu Buhari to serve as the primary national strategy, coordination and advisory body for all humanitarian interventions, and transformational and developmental efforts in the region. She worked with the PCNI for two years, conducting assessments of major health facilities in Maiduguri to identify gaps in manpower and mass casualty response.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2019, she served as the secretary of the subcommittee on health, women's affairs, population, and environment of the transition committee of AbdulRahman AbdulRasaq, governor of Kwara state. After completing her assignment in AbdulRasaq's transition committee, she was appointed the senior special assistant to the governor on sustainable development goals (SDGs). She became Kwara's focal person for both the National Human Capital Development Programme and the African Union Development Agency-New Partnership for Africa's Development (AUDA-NEPAD). She was also the secretary of the Kwara state \"tractorisation\" programme and was named the national vice president of the All Progressives Congress Young Women Forum (APC-PYWF) in June 2021. In preparation for the 2023 elections, she was appointed a member of the APC presidential campaign committee on sustainable development.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Ibrahim is the daughter of Ibrahim Bio, a former minister of transportation in Nigeria. She is an avid fan of Polo and serves as a non-executive director of the Emirates Equestrian Club in Ilorin.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jan-Michael Gambill and Graydon Oliver were the reigning champions from 2002, when the men's event was last held, but they have since retired from professional tennis.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Edith Helen Pratt OBE (1882 – 1959) was a British civil servant and Women's Army Auxiliary Corps and Women's Royal Air Force officer. In 1917, she received her OBE in recognition of her service during the First World War, and later achieved the rank of deputy commander.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Pratt was born 20 December 1882 at the family home of Prattshayes, Littleham, Devon. She attended Southlands School, Exmouth, which carries a blue plaque for her. Educated at Girton College, Cambridge, she gained her BA (Hons) from the University of London in 1905. Between 1909 and 1917, she was a teacher of modern languages and philosophy.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "During the First World War, Pratt held the posts of Staff Inspector of National Filling Factories (August 1915 – March 1917) and Deputy Chief Controller In France for the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (March 1917 – 1918), during which time she was awarded the OBE in the first honours list in 1917.", "title": "Service during First World War" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She became Deputy Commandant of the WRAF, but resigned in 1918 after mistreatment by Commandant Violet Douglas-Pennant.", "title": "Service during First World War" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1920 Pratt was appointed general inspector of women's agricultural education at the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. From 1921 to 1933 she was joint honorary secretary of the British Federation of University Women.", "title": "Civil service and other positions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "She passed the bar examination in 1923.", "title": "Civil service and other positions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In the 1920s and 1930s, she published journal articles on the role of women in agriculture and campaigned for women's employment rights.", "title": "Civil service and other positions" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "She supported the domestic food production efforts of the Women's Land Army and the Women's Institute in World War II.", "title": "Civil service and other positions" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "After her retirement from the civil service, she became honorary secretary of the Associated Country Women of the World.", "title": "Civil service and other positions" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Pratt died in London on 14 May 1959.", "title": "Death and legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "From the 1920s, the Pratt family home, Prattshayes, had hosted camping trips for local children. Edith left Prattshayes to the National Trust in 1960, intending that it continue to be used for camping.", "title": "Death and legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In August 2017, the blue plaque commemorating Edith Pratt was unveiled at The Swallows Guest House, the former site of the Southlands School. The event took place exactly 100 years after news of her OBE was first published in The Times.", "title": "Death and legacy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Maakana Show is a 3D computer-animated comedy in the Maldives directed by Yamin Rasheed. It was shown on Raaje TV.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A’long-running animated political satire show over the use of “socially unacceptable” slang or obscene language.”, it facde censorship issues in 2019.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Agu is a 2023 Nigerian Showmax Original legal television series directed by Anis Halloway, and written by Stephanie Dadet, Jemine Edukugho, Uchechukwu William, and Uche Ikejimba. The series stars Mofe Duncan, Iretiola Doyle, Nonso Odogwu, with Kanayo O. Kanayo, and Ruby Okezie, who finds themselves entangled in a court case for the murder of Jonathan, a close friend of Pius.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Agu follows the lives of an estranged father, Etim Inyang, and daughter Victoria Atem as they battle on two opposing sides of the law. When a murder case is presented before the judge. Which raises the question: does witchcraft have a case in a court of law?", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Each episode was released weekly for six weeks, every Thursday on Showmax from 14 December 2023 to 18 January 2024.", "title": "Episodes" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The series premiered on 14 December 2023 and was released to over 50 African countries via Showmax.", "title": "Premiere and release" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship is scheduled to be the 94th staging of the All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1928. The championship is scheduled to run from 23 March to June 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Clare wil be the defending champions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On 30 September 2023, Special Congress voted to make some structural changes to the All-Ireland series, resulting in the creation of two new rounds of games. The preliminary quarter-finals will be played between the third and fourth-placed teams in Munster and Leinster, with the two teams from each province playing each other. The winners of those games advance to the All-Ireland quarter-finals against the beaten Munster and Leinster finalists. That draw will be subject to the avoidance of repeat pairings where possible. The Munster and Leinster champions progress straight into the All-Ireland semi-finals.", "title": "Format change" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "PMSS Kashmir is the lead ship of the Kashmir-Class of Multipurpose Patrol Vessels (MPVs) that was commissioned on 20 July 2018 at Haungpu Shipyard, Guangzhou, China and was formally inducted into Pakistan Maritime Security Agency Fleet as part of OSRON-26 Squadron on 7 September 2018. This ship has been designed by China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC)'s marine engineering subsidiary 708 Research Institute. It has been built by Huangpu Wenchong Shipbuilding in the Chinese city of Guangzhou. The second ship of the Kashmir-class patrol vessel, PMSS Kolachi was built locally by Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works (KS&EW) with assistance from CSSC as part of a technology transfer agreement. It is one of six PMSA patrol vessels to be built under the agreement. The five other ships include Kolachi's near identical sister and the four smaller 600-tonne vessels of the Hingol-class. PMSS Kashmir is capable of undertaking multifarious missions such as surveillance, policing, anti-smuggling and anti-poaching operations, security and law-enforcement patrolling in maritime zones, pollution monitoring and control and search and rescue operations while operating independently or as part of a task force in a multi-threat environment for extended duration at sea due to having that capability of replenishment and shipboard helicopter operations.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hsieh Su-wei and Barbora Strýcová were the reigning champions from 2020, when the event was last held, but Strýcová has since retired from professional tennis. Hsieh partners Elise Mertens.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "All seeds received a bye into the second round.", "title": "Seeds" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Majid Vahid Barimanlou (Persian: مجید وحید بریمانلو; born 2 July 2000) is an Iranian Kurash And Judoka.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He participated at the 2023 World Kurash Championships winning a silver medal. He won a silver medal at the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou.. She won a silver medal at the World c'ship.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences (ZAS) is a national academy of sciences in Zimbabwe, formed in 2004 by the Research Council of Zimbabwe (RCZ). It addresses subjects such as tropical resources, ecology, and environmental and climate studies. The academy is affiliated with the InterAcademy Partnership and the Network of African Science Academies.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "ZAS was established in October 2004 after the RCZ conducted a study of global science academies. The RCZ held discussions with existing professional bodies to discuss the need for a national science academy in Zimbabwe. The formation of ZAS was supported by policymakers consulted by the foundation committee.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "By 2005, ZAS 10 fellows and 25 members, makinga total of 35 scientists. The academy was seeking funding from various sources, including the government, the private sector, and international donors.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "ZAS's objectives include promoting scientific research in Zimbabwe and the region, providing advice on science-related issues, fostering cooperation among scientists and scientific institutions, recognising contributions to science and society, and disseminating scientific knowledge.", "title": "Objectives" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "ZAS conducts activities to achieve its objectives, such as organising scientific events, publishing scientific literature, participating in scientific networks, providing scientific advice, recognising scientists and researchers with awards, and promoting science education and outreach programs.", "title": "Activities" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "ZAS publishes the Zimbabwe Journal of Science and Technology, a peer-reviewed journal that covers science and technology, including natural, applied, and social sciences, as well as engineering and mathematics. ZAS also produces the Zimbabwe Science News, a quarterly newsletter that includes news, events, and activities of ZAS and its members, and articles on current scientific issues.", "title": "Publications" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Current members of the ZAS include Christopher Magadza, David Simbi, Christopher Chetsanga, Francisca Mutapi and Idah Sithole-Niang.", "title": "Membership" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Júlio Maria dos Reis Pereira ComIH (1 November 1902 – 17 January 1983), was a Portuguese painter and poet. He is better known by the two pseudonyms he used: Júlio, as a painter; and Saul Dias as a poet. He was an important artist of the second generation of Portuguese Modernism. His art features a strong expression of lyricism and artistic explorations that could be connected with the expressionist and surrealist movements.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Júlio was the younger brother of writer José Régio, with whom he formed n artistic partnership his whole life, illustrating many of his books.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Svein Eirik Fauskevåg (5 August 1942 – 29 July 2022) was a Norwegian literary historian.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He was born in Harstad. He finished the mag.art. degree in the history of ideas at the University of Oslo in 1969. In 1978 he took dr.philos. degree, defending a doctoral thesis about Marquis de Sade. From 1981 Fauskevåg was a professor of Romance literature at the University of Trondheim, mainly French. Fauskevåg was inducted into the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters in 2003.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Fauskevåg mainly published his works in France. In addition to his study objects being French, another reason was that Sade studies were frowned upon at the University of Oslo in the 1970s. According to Martin Wåhlberg, Fauskevåg was also seen as an outsider in the 1960s, being homosexual. Fauskevåg, who remained unmarried, was also a convert to Roman Catholicism.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Frederic Ford Stileman (4 February 1882 – 29 May 1949) was an English first-class cricketer and merchant.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The son of Francis Stileman, he was born at Barrow-in-Furness in February 1882. He was educated at the Lancaster Royal Grammar School. After completing his education, Stileman went to British India where he was a merchant. In India, he played first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team, making his debut for the team against the Parsees in the 1910–11 Bombay Presidency Match. He made a further five appearances in the Presidency Matches until 1921, with his final appearance coming against Parsees. In his six matches, he scored 157 runs at an average of 15.70, with a highest score of 37. In business, Stileman was amongst the first subscribers of The Associated Cement Companies upon its foundation in 1936. He later retired to England, where he died in May 1949 at Charlwood, Surrey. His brother, Cyril, was also a first-class cricketer.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Safaa Hegazy station (Arabic: محطة صفاء حجازي) is a station served by line 3 of the Cairo Metro. It is located in the Zamalek, Cairo, in front of Sharbatly apartment building and a number of embassies. The station contributes in finding of transportation modes in the area and also to reduce congestion. It was opened on 5 October 2023 as part the the Phase 3 from Attaba to Kitkat station after successful pilot runs in May and August. Originally named Zamalek station, it was renamed in honor to Safaa Hegazy who died in 2017. On 3 July 2023, President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ordered the start of the pilot operation of the station.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The residents of the island were concerned about the impact of the construction on the older buildings. On 26 July 2020, the Sharbatly building with the adjacent Bahraini embassy were evacuated after cracks as a result of land subsidence were observed, but the National Authority Tunnels denied the the construction of the station has caused it.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The station has four entrances and an elevator to the mezzanine. It also has a special path for the blind people. The station contain TVM ticket machines that aims to reduce crowding in stations.", "title": "Station layout" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ori Mizrahi (Hebrew: אורי מזרחי; born 1993) is an Israeli Paralympic goalball player.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mizrahi was born with albinism and suffers from visual impairment. She was raised in Holon and completed higher studies in physical education.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Mirzahi began playing goalball at age 12 and joined the Israel women's national goalball team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Prior to the 2014 Goalball World Championships Mizrahi was examined and classified with improved eyesight, causing her to be disqualified from competitions and to retire from the national team. This decision was overturned in 2019 after further medical examinations and she took part in the 2019 IBSA World Games and Goalball European Championships, qualifying the team to take part in the 2020 Summer Paralympics.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sara Khalid Salman Al-Dossary (born 8 August 1996) is a Saudi professional footballer and a futsal player who plays as a goalkeeper for Al Nassr in the Saudi Women's Premier League and the was part of the Saudi Arabia national team and Saudi Arabia national futsal team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sara Khalid used to play basketball, before switching to futsal in mid-2019 where she joined the Eastern Flames, a team from the eastern province. On 19 October 2021, she signed her first football contract with Al-Mamlaka women's team in Riyadh. she participated with the team in the first Women's National Football Championship organized by the Saudi Arabia Football Federation. Al-Mamlaka emerged as the champions, with Sara achieving the title of the best goalkeeper in the championship. This recognition paved the way for her selection to the first-ever Saudi national team.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In September 2022, Al Nassr acquired the Al-Mamlaka team to compete in the inaugural Saudi Women's Premier League. Sara's contract was renewed, and she played a critical role in Al-Nassr Premier League title.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In December 2023, Khalid was named the goalkeeper of the month in the 2023–24 Saudi Women's Premier League.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "AlDossary was part of the first FIFA recognized Saudi Arabia national team, She captained the team in their first international game, achieving a 2–0 victory over Seychelles.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In January 2023, she was named in the squad for the 2023 SAFF Women's International Friendly Tournament, marking Saudi Arabia's inaugural participation. The team won the tournament and Sara was named the best Goalkeeper in the tournament winning the golden glove.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "AlMamlaka", "title": "Honours" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Al Nassr", "title": "Honours" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Saudi Arabia", "title": "Honours" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Individual", "title": "Honours" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Olav Eldholm (12 May 1941 – 18 March 2022) was a Norwegian geophysicist.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He finished the cand.real. degree in marine geophysics at the University of Bergen in 1967. He then studied at the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He was hired at the University of Oslo in 1974, finished the dr.philos. degree in 1976, and later returned to the University of Bergen. He headed the Institute of Geoscience from 2003 to 2009. He was inducted into the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters in 1982 and the Academia Europaea in 1990.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "His work, including his teaching, had a major bearing on the Norwegian petroleum industry. He was therefore knighted as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 2007. A submarine volcano at the Vøring Plateau, Eldhø, was named after him in 2021. Eldholm retired in 2009, but was active as a professor emeritus almost until his death in March 2022, aged 80.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kandi is a Mandal in Sangareddy District of Telangana, India consisting of 22 Village panchayats. The famous IIT Hyderabad is located in this area.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mount Bithongabel is a mountain summit located in the McPherson Range on the Queensland/New South Wales border in Australia.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a list of cricketers who played for the former Indian team called The Rest in first-class matches. At senior level, The Rest was essentially a Bombay team active from December 1937 to January 1946. They took part in eight editions of the annual Bombay Tournament and also played in the 1940/41 Amritsar Tournament. There were other teams called The Rest, notably one which played in the Karachi-based Sind Tournament from 1919 to 1946, but those did not have first-class status. In all, the Bombay team played in twelve first-class matches. Seasons given are the first and last in which each player represented the team, but they may not have played in all the interim seasons and many played for other senior teams besides The Rest. Players in bold played international cricket.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "† Names preceded by the dagger symbol are the players who took part in The Rest's inaugural first-class match on 21–13 December 1937, in which they lost to Muslims by 33 runs.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Last updated 29 December 2023.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hjalmar Torp (14 April 1924 – 10 September 2023) was a Norwegian art historian.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Torp specialized in Byzantine art, and worked on a Langobardian tempietto in Cividale del Friuli in the late 1940s, together with Einar Dyggve and Hans Peter L'Orange. Torp studied under André Grabar at the Collège de France from 1949 to 1952, before embarking on a project studying the mosaics at the St. George Rotunda in Thessaloniki. Following two years at Dumbarton Oaks from 1953 to 1955, Torp studied Coptic sculpture from Bawit in the late 1950s.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He was a co-founder, or self-described \"demiurge\", of the Norwegian Institute in Rome in 1959, and worked there as a secretary until 1968. He became a professor of medieval art history at the University of Oslo, and later served as director of the Norwegian Institute in Rome from 1977 to 1983. He published in Norwegian, English, Italian, French and German.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1999 Torp received the Friftjof Nansen Award for Excellence in Research, entailing 50,000 kr. He was a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. In Italy, he was decorated with the Order of Merit of Italy in 1967 and received honorary citizenship of Cividale del Friuli in 2006. He died in September 2023, 99 years old.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ekpo Okon Abasi Otu V (Ukpong Otu Ukpong Mbo Otu Meseme Ukpong Ukpong Atai Ema Atai Iboku, born 20 November 1949) is the present the Obong of Calabar and the 78th recognised monarch of the Efik People, he was crowned and officially recognised by the Government of Cross River State on July 11, 2008.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ekpo Okon was born into the family of Prince Okon Abasi Otu Ukpong Otu of Adiabo Ikot Mbo Otu, his mother is late Madam Ikwo Okokon Ansa of Adiabo Esine Ufot, Calabar, Nigeria. It is frequently reminisced in eulogies that the Ekpo Okon made no sound at birth until he was presented to his father in the sanctum of Otu Meseme Ekpe Lodge (Efe Ekpe Otu Meseme) at the time of his delivery. The baby let out a loud shrilling cry as his bearers set foot in the lodge and as his father made salutations to “Ekpe”. His cry was considered an indication of his readiness and approval for initiation into the esoteric of Ekpe Efik Iboku on the very day of his birth.", "title": "Birth, background and parentage" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Ekpo Okon hails from Adiabo clan; one of the seven nuclear clans of the larger twelve ancestral clans of the Efik Kingdom.", "title": "Birth, background and parentage" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He did his primary education at St. Patrick’s Convent School Adiabo and later, St. Mary’s Primary School, Adiabo Esine Ufot, where he obtained his First School Leaving Certificate in 1963. he proceeded to the historic West African Peoples Institute (WAPI), Calabar where he obtained his West African School Certificate In 1968. He was later trained at the Telecommunications School, Oshodi, Lagos, where he excelled, obtaining a diploma certificate in Telecommunications Engineering in 1973.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Ekpo Okon obtained the City and Guilds Certificate in Telecommunications Engineering and the full technological Certificate of that institute in 1973 and 1976 respectively. Later on, he did other professional and administrative courses which includes; Domestic Satellite Communication in Houston, Texas, USA, Digital/Transmission System in Sweden and Norway, and a higher Administrative Management course in Lagos.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Before ascending the throne, he held positions in the public and private sectors, culminating in becoming the Divisional Manager at McNair Nigeria Limited. He was first employed as an Assistant Technical Officer-in-Training by the then Post and Telecommunications (P&T) Department of the Federal Ministry of Communications. He grew on the job to become the Operations and Maintenance Manager in the Domestic Satellite Division of P&T. Following the deregulation of the telecommunications sector of the Nigerian economy, He took his exit of the public sector and gained employment with Telnet Nigeria Limited whose major client was Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria. He soon came to be noticed by McNair Nigeria Limited, which gave him an enhanced offer as her Divisional Manager (West). His community called him back home, and he assumed leadership roles, eventually becoming the Clan Head and Etubom ufok Adiabo Ikot Mbo Otu.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Ekpo Okon Abasi Otu’s journey to the throne began when he was made a chief by his family and community in 1976. Later on in 1999 he became head of the Ukpong Mbo Otu family and consequently the village head of Adiabo Ikot Mbo Otu. In 2003 he emerged the clan head-elect of Adiabo Ikot Mbo Otu and was capped \"Etubom obio\" by the late Edidem Nta Elijah Henshaw VI, the immediate past Obong of Calabar, in 2004. Ekpo Okon was named the Iyamba Ekpe Efik Iboku (President of the Ekpe conclave) of Otu Meseme Lodge at Adiabo.", "title": "Journey to the throne" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Following the demise of the immediate past Obong, His Eminence, the late Edidem (Prof.) Nta Elijah Henshaw VI on the 16th day of February 2008, Etubom Ekpo Okon Abasi Otu from the Western Calabar geographical bloc of the Kingdom was selected as a suitable successor, He was traditionally crowned at Efe Asabo (shrine of the cobra) on the 3rd day of May 2008. He thenceforth was named His Eminence, Edidem Ekpo Okon Abasi Otu V, Obong of Calabar, Natural ruler, Treaty King, and Grand Patriarch of the Efik Kingdom.", "title": "Journey to the throne" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "On the 11th of July, 2008, Ekpo Okon Abasi Otu was officially recognised as the new king by the Cross River State government and he was presented with a staff of office as Obong of Calabar by Senator Liyel Imoke who was the then State governor in a public ceremony held at the State's Cultural Centre Complex in Calabar. Finally, Ekpo Okon Abasi Otu V was presented before God in line with the tradition of Church Coronation suggested by the late Queen Victoria of Great Britain in 1878, at the Presbyterian Church of Nigeria, Duke Town Parish in December 2008. He was crowned by the late legendary Pastor Eyo Edet Okon of The Apostolic Church of Nigeria and admitted into the comity of world Christian Kings as the 78th recognized Monarch of the Efik Eburutu people.", "title": "Journey to the throne" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Like in most kingship all over the world, the throne of the Obong of Calabar has been the subject to many succession battles over time and that is what the Obong stool has faced in the past 15 years.", "title": "Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "There have been squabbles, claims and counterclaims, litigations, and intrigues by two Efik sons, Ekpo Abasi Otu V, who is on the throne, and Anthony Ani, former Minister of Finance. The battle between the two started soon after the demise and burial rites of the immediate past Obong, Professor Nta Elijah in 2008.", "title": "Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Ekpo Okon was selected and crowned the Obong. Ani rejected the process, declaring that it was the turn of the Ikoneto Royal House to produce the successor. He and his supporters approached a Cross River High Court in Calabar and after a protracted legal tussle, the court in 2012 dissolved the selection of Ekpo Abasi Otu and ordered a fresh selection exercise to be conducted.", "title": "Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "In the process, Ekpo Okon emerged from Obong once again. This prompted Ani to head to Appeal Court, and in 2018, the Appeal Court quashed the process that brought Ekpo Okon and ordered another selection.", "title": "Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Etuboms Traditional Rulers Council excluded Ani in the new selection process, saying he was not “qualified” to contest. Ani headed to the Supreme Court, which, earlier this year ordered another selection process, now the third time. Still, the Etubom's sidetracked Ani, maintaining that, “he was not a capped Etubom in the Obong Council during the time of the selection in 2008”", "title": "Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "“In the judgment, the Supreme Court affirmed the earlier judgment of the Court of Appeal in 2023, which found Ani as traditionally unfit and ineligible to vote or be voted for in matters concerning the stool of the Obong of Calàbar. The purported smuggling of his name into the contest as an aspirant to the revered Efik throne was vehemently frowned at and adjudged as contamination of the process.”", "title": "Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Cross River State Government which has been silent for the past 15 years, refusing to be drawn into the traditional tussle has now stepped in and the Kingship tussle has now been laid to rest with the declaration of Edidem Ekpo Okon Abasi V, by the present Governor of Cross River State, Senator Bassey Otu as the recognised Obong of Calabar.", "title": "Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "This was contained in a declarative statement by the governor, through his Chief Press Secretary in November 2023, stating that the government recognised Ekpo Okon Abasi Otu V as the properly enthroned Obong of Calabar. The government further warned all interlopers, including a former Minister of Finance, Anthony Ani, to stop bickering as regards the throne.", "title": "Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Ekpo Okon is married to Princess Ansa (Veronica) Ekpo Okon Abasi Otu. They have seven children together.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jacqueline Dunnley-Wendt (born 21 January 1971 in Birmingham) is a British-German theatre director, choreographer, performer and teacher.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Jacqueline Dunnley-Wendt grew up with her maiden name Jacqueline Dunn in Birmingham, England. She received her first dance lessons at the age of three at the Grove Lane School of Dance, and from the age of five at the Suzette School of Dance; later she received preparatory lessons at Bojangles Dance in Lichfield.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She studied classical ballet, jazz dance, tap, modern dance, contemporary dance (Graham technique), drama, singing and dance education at The Urdang Academy of Ballet and Performing Arts in Covent Garden, London. She graduated with a Diploma in Teaching Musical Theatre and an Associate Teaching Certificate from the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing and the Royal Society of Arts in Dance History and Anatomy and Physiology for Dancers.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Due to the requirements of the Actor's Equity Association, she adopted the name Jacqueline Dunnley for the stage, which since her marriage has been Jacqueline Dunnley-Wendt, often referred to as Jacqui Dunnley-Wendt. In addition to her British citizenship, she has held German citizenship since 2020.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "She is the artistic director of MCE shows as well as the artistic and pedagogical director of the Ahrensburg Musical Theatre School.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Jacqueline Dunnley-Wendt is married to the musician, conductor and theatre producer Hauke Wendt. They have two sons together and live in Ahrensburg near Hamburg.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Benjamin \"Benjie\" Casuga Acorda (born December 4, 1967) is a Filipino police officer currently serving as the Chief of the Philippine National Police.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Acorda headed the municipal police stations of Balungao, Sison, Bolinao, and Sual in Pangasinan – also within the Ilocos region. He was later transferred to the Palawan provincial police and served there from 2014 to 2016.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "As head of the Palawan police, Acorda “turned the local police force to No. 1 in operational accomplishments from being No. 5 in the entire Mimaropa region,” the PNP said. As an investigator, Acorda once headed the Camanava Criminal Investigation and Detection Team under the PNP Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG).", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Acorda was also the former chief of CIDG Mimaropa and the CIDG’s Anti-Fraud and Commercial Crimes Division. In 2010, he also served as CIDG’s Deputy Chief of Operations.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The new PNP chief also returned to his home region and served as Chief of the Operations and Plans’ Branch, an intelligence officer, and Assistant Provincial Director for Operations of Ilocos Norte provincial police in 2008. He also worked as head of the Ilocos Norte police intelligence branch, and then later as head of the production branch of the Ilocos Region police intelligence division.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Acorda also worked under the National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO) as Deputy Director for Operations and later Deputy Director for Administration. He once headed the NCRPO Regional Intelligence Division.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The new PNP chief also served in various capacities in the Mindanao police force. He worked as an intelligence and operations officer in Basilan at the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. Acorda later served as director of Northern Mindanao regional police.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Acorda was one of the founding members of the PNP Anti-Cybercrime Group and previously served as the chief of the Civil Security Group and the Integrity Monitoring and Enforcement Group. He oversaw the PNP's Directorate for Intelligence before being named the nation's top law enforcement officer.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Acorda is also a member of United Nations Blue Helmets or “police who have been deployed twice as members of the Philippine contingent in the UN peacekeeping operations in Haiti.” He also occupied directorial position in the UN missions and supervised law enforcement agents from Jordan, China, Canada, Russia, Columbia, Nepal, Ghana, and the United States.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "He is also a recipient of the Bronze Cross Model, a prestigious distinction given to law enforcement agents for “heroism involving risk of life.”", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "He was appointed as the Chief of the Philippine National Police on April 24, 2023 term as chief was extended until March 31, 2024.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Acorda's father, lawyer Benjamin Acorda Sr., from La Union who worked as an enlisted Air Force personnel, and served as counsel under then-Citizen’s Legal Assistance Office (now Public Attorney’s Office) in La Union.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Acorda's mother, Purificacion Casuga-Acorda, worked as a government nurse in La Union.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Acorda studied and holds a master’s degree in management from the Philippine Christian University.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Joseph Feilden (28 February 1792 - 29 August 1870) was a British landowner who represented Blackburn in Parliament from 1865 to 1869.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Feilden was born in Blackburn, the son of Henry Feilden of Witton Park, Blackburn, and his wife Fanny, daughter of William Hill of Blythe Hall, Lathom. He held a commission as a captain in the 1st Lancashire Militia 1812-16, and was appointed High Sheriff of Lancashire in 1818.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He was elected to represent Blackburn as a Conservative at the 1865 general election and re-elected at the 1868 general election, but his election was overturned on petition in 1869 and he was unseated. The election was declared void in March 1869 due to undue influence being exerted by agents of the two successful Conservative candidates, but the court stressed that the candidates themselves had not known of or participated in any corrupt practices. Feilden was thus unseated, and did not contest the following election.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "His eldest son Henry Master Feilden (1818-1875) was elected as the Member of Parliament for Blackburn in the subsequent by-election the petition, and held the seat until his death in 1875. Another son, Randle Joseph Feilden (1824-1895), was later the Member of Parliament for North Lancashire and Chorley.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "His relatives Sir William Feilden, 1st Baronet of Witton Park, and his son Montague Joseph Feilden, had represented Blackburn from 1832 to 1835 and 1853 to 1857, both as Whigs; Montague Joseph contested the 1868 election against his cousin as a Liberal. A cousin on his mother's side, Richard Willis, inherited a share of the Green Park and Spring Vale slave estates in Jamaica, and claimed around £13,500 compensation under the Slavery Abolition Act 1833; Feilden was the trustee for their claims.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Feilden died in 1870, leaving an estate of around £100,000.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ogbomoso Baptist church nestled in the bustling heart of Ogbomoso at Oba Jimoh Oladunni Oyewumi Street, Okelerin, Ogbomoso and can be described metaphorically as the hub of the Baptist Christian Faith in Nigeria from which the spokes of the gospel radiated to other towns like Ajawa, Iluju, Ikoyi, Igbon, Iresa, Ejigbo, Ede, Iree, Iresi, Igbajo, etc. , in the West and Ilorin, Offa, Jebba, Minna, Zungeru, Zaria, Jos, Gombe, Kano, Sokoto, Bauchi, Bida, Kafanchan, Keffi, Gusau and other towns in the North.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Tragically, the 1862 Yoruba Civil War engulfed Ijaye town, leaving its First Baptist Church in ruins. This destruction propelled the First Baptist Church of Okelerin, Ogbomoso as one of the oldest standing Baptist churches in Nigeria today.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Driven by the spirit of faith, Thomas Jefferson Bowen, a pioneering missionary from the Southern Baptist Convention of the U.S., planted the seeds of Christianity in Nigeria by establishing the church in Ogbomoso in 1855. This bold step, undertaken during the reign of Baale Odunaro the ruler of Ogbomoso then, marked a turning point in the religious landscape of the region.", "title": "Founder" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Nurturing young minds and fostering faith, the church proudly operates two schools in Ogbomoso: Okelerin First Baptist Church Nursery and Primary School, and Premier Baptist Academy. Additionally, their commitment to higher education extends to Bowen University in Osun State, where they stand as a pillar of financial support.", "title": "Schools" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Santan Filomeno Gyriaco Camilo \"Cyriaco\" Dias (born 16 March 1937) is an Indian actor, playwright, director, singer, freedom fighter, and social worker known for his work in Konkani films and tiatr productions. Throughout his career, he has performed in over 1,000 dramas and has accumulated over 4,500 acting credits.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Dias embarked on his theatrical career in his youth by joining a cultural club led by Seby Coutinho, Rico Rod, and Vincent Semedo. This association proved instrumental in establishing his reputation, leading to opportunities in C. Alvares' tiatrs, where he excelled in character roles. Dias's talent and popularity expanded, attracting the attention of other esteemed directors. Notably, he delivered a memorable performance as Jesus Christ in Manuel D'Lima's tiatr \"Soddvondar.\"", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Dias's creative journey included the creation of his debut tiatr, inspired by the Goan freedom struggle, which unfortunately remained unproduced. However, he achieved success with his first staged social drama, \"Zigzigta Titleim Bangar Nhoim,\" in 1956, solidifying his position as a rising star. The same year witnessed his participation in the productions \"Kitem ho sounsar\" and \"Chepekar Cunhado.\" As his career progressed, Dias collaborated with renowned figures in the Konkani tiatr, assuming diverse roles on the professional stage.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "By 2000, Dias had written six original tiatrs, primarily showcased in Bombay (now Mumbai). His creative output expanded further, resulting in a total of twelve tiatrs by 2011. However, Dias's stage appearances became less frequent from 1978 onward due to his professional commitments in Bahrain. Nonetheless, during his tenure in Bahrain, he managed to stage his own tiatrs and sporadically contributed to other theatrical productions. Recognized for his socially conscious approach, Dias had the privilege of being directed by leading luminaries of his era.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Chasity is an English feminine given name, either a variant of the name Chastity or a combination of the names Charity and Chastity.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Zawady is a neighbourhood, and a City Information System area, in Warsaw, Poland, located within the district of Wilanów.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The neighbourhood is dominated by low-rise residencial building, with additional presence of farmland. It was settled next to the Vistula river in the 13th century as a village owned by the Catholic Church. In 1819, to its south were founded three settlements of Kępa Nadwiślańska, Kępa Zawadowska, and Nadwilanówka, inhabited by German settlers. In 1951, Zawady, together surrounding area, was incorporated into the nearby city of Warsaw.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The village of Zawady was settled next to the Vistula river in the 13th century as a property of the Catholic Church. In the 17th century, Zawady became part of the Wilanów Estate, a landed property centred on the Wilanów Palace.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1819, nobleperson Stanisław Kostka Potocki has fouded three villages to the south of Zawady, that is Kępa Nadwiślańska, Kępa Zawadowska, and Nadwilanówka. They were inhabited by German settlers. Between Zawady and Kępa Zawadowska was also located the village of Bartyki.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1827, the village had the population of 451 people in 44 households, in 1905, 409 people in 35 households, and in 1921, 447 people in 49 households. In March 1957, Zawady was flooded by the water from nearby Wilanówka river.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On 15 March 1951, Zawady, Bartyki, Kępa Zawadowska, and Nadwilanówka, together surrounding area, were incorporated into the nearby city of Warsaw.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2005, at 190 and 192 Syta Street was opened the Południe sewage treatment plant, which handles sewage from the south-western portion of Warsaw.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 2006, the district of Wilanów was subdivided into the City Information Systems areas, with Zawady becoming one of them. Within their boundries were also included Bartyki and Nadwilanówka, while Kępa Zawadowska became a separate area.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Zawady is dominated by low-rise residencial building, with additional presence of farmland.", "title": "Characteristics" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Its western boundry is formed by Wilanówka river, and its eastern boundry, the Vistula river. Next to Wilanówska, in the area near Topolowa Street and i Siedliska Street is also located Zawady Pond.", "title": "Characteristics" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In the nothern portion of the neighbourhood, at 190 and 192 Syta Street, is the Południe sewage treatment plant, which handles sewage from the south-western portion of Warsaw.", "title": "Characteristics" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Zawady is a neighbourhood, and a City Information System, located in the city of Warsaw, Poland, within the north–eastern portion of the district of Wilanów. To the west its border is determined by the Vistula river; to the south, by the Expressway S2; and to the north–east by the Wilanówka river. It borders Augustówka to the north, Nadwiśle, and Zerzeń to the east, Kępa Zawadowska to the south, and Powsinek, Wilanów Królewski, and Wilanów Niski to the east. Its nothern and eastern boundaries form the border of the district of Wilanów, bordering districts of Mokotów to the north, and Wawer to the east.", "title": "Location and administrative boundaries" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jamia Arabia Masoodia Noorul Uloom, also known as Noorul Uloom Bahraich, is the oldest Islamic saminary belonging to the Deobandi school of thought in the Bahraich City of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Jamia Masoodia Noorul Uloom was founded in Qazipura, Bahraich on 1 Dhu al-Qadah 1349 AH (29 March 1931 AD) by Mahfoozur Rahman Nami, after the demise of his father Noor Muhammad Bahraichi. At the time of independence, Nami also founded a modern educational institution, \"Maulana Azad Noorul Uloom High School,\" now known as \"Azad Inter College,\" in Bahraich in 1948 for the promotion and dissemination of contemporary studies.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In January 1937, under the umbrella of the Institute, a first private school teaching leather goods manufacturing industry was established under the name \"Noorul Uloom\" for the Economic Development of Underprivileged Muslim Youth, which also received an annual grant of Rs. 600 from the Department of Industries by the government.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The first rector of the institution was Muhammad Ehsanul Haq and the current rector of the institution is Zubair Ahmad Qasmi. Graduates there are known by the suffix Noori.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Abdul Hafiz Balyawi, the author of the bilingual Arabic-Urdu dictionary Misbahul Lughat and the 3rd editor of Monthly Darul Uloom, was an academic staff member and the warden of the institution.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The people of this seminary have also participated in the independence movement in India. In connection with the Quit India Movement, Salamatullah Baig Qasmi, a former principal of the madrasa, went to jail. Kaleemullah Noori, a former working rector of the saminary, in his student days, on the instructions of his teachers, joined Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha movement in 1941, and in this connection, he had to spend more than a year in the jails of Bahraich and Gonda. He worked under the Quit India Movement in 1942 in order to remain associated with the freedom movement until the independence of India. Both of them were given the title of freedom fighter during the ministry of Indira Gandhi.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Muhammad Ehsanul Haq was appointed as the first rector of the seminary.", "title": "Rectors" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The following is a list of seminary's rectors.", "title": "Rectors" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "El correo is an upcoming crime thriller film directed by Daniel Calparsoro from a screenplay by Patxi Amezcua [eu] and Alejo Flah [es] which stars Arón Piper alongside María Pedraza and Luis Tosar.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The plot is set in 2002 against the backdrop of the entry into force of the euro. It follows the rise of a young valet from Vallecas (Iván) through the ranks of an international cartel dedicated to money laundering.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The film was produced by Vaca Films alongside Panache Productions and La Compagnie Cinématographique. It had the association of Playtime and the participation of Netflix, RTVE, Movistar Plus+, Canal+, and Ciné+. Shooting locations included Madrid, Brussels, Marbella, Geneva, and Hong Kong.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Distributed by Universal Pictures International Spain, the film is scheduled to be released theatrically in Spain on 19 January 2024.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "`", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dongbabei (Chinese: 东坝北; pinyin: Dōngbà Běi) is an interchange station under construction between Lines 3 and 12 of Beijing Subway. The station will serve as the east terminus of both lines.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The station will be located in Dongfeng Village, Dongba Area, Chaoyang, Beijing.", "title": "Location" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Dongba Depot of Lines 3 and 12 will be located to the northwest of the station.", "title": "Location" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The station was previously named as Dongfeng station. In July 2023, the station was renamed as Dongbabei.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caique Augusto Correia Chagas (born 26 April 1994) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Montenegrin First League club Dečić.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In May 2019, Chagas signed for Bosnian club Zvijezda 09. Chagas left the club in summer of 2020.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In January 2021, Chagas signed for Montenegrin club Sutjeska Nikšić. Chagas left the club in summer of 2022.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Sutjeska Nikšić", "title": "Honours" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "¸", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Chastity is a feminine given name meaning purity. It comes from the Late Latin word castitas. According to some sources, it was one of many virtue names in use by Puritans in the Colonial United States. The name increased in usage in the United States in the early 1970s after it was used by Sonny Bono and Cher for their child Chaz Bono, who was originally named Chastity Bono, in 1969. Chasity is a modern variant. Other modern spelling variants and name variants in use include Chasidy, Chassidy, Chassiti, Chassity, Chastady, Chastidy, Chastitea, Chastitee, Chastitey, Chastiti, and Chastitie. Some other variations of the name in use in the United States during the 19th century were Chassie, Chasta, Chasteen, Chastin, Chastina, Chastine, and Chasty. Some sources note that a girl named Chastity might not resemble the meaning of the name.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Chastity was among the 1,000 most popular given names for girls in the United States between 1972 and 1993. It peaked in usage in 1976, when it was the 306th most popular name for American girls. Variant Chasity was among the 1,000 most popular names for American girls between 1972 and 2008. Both names remain in occasional use in the United States.", "title": "Usage" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a summary of the year 2023 in British music.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The singles chart includes a proportion for streaming.", "title": "Charts and sales" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The albums chart includes a proportion for streaming.", "title": "Charts and sales" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The albums chart includes a proportion for streaming.", "title": "Charts and sales" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Vaddu South-West is a Grama Niladhari Division (GN Division) of the Valikamam West Divisional Secretariat of Vaddukoddai, Jaffna District of Northern Province, Sri Lanka. It has Grama Niladhari Division Code J/166.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "9°44′N 79°57′E / 9.733°N 79.950°E / 9.733; 79.950", "title": "External links" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Indium arsenide antimonide, also known as indium antimonide arsenide or InAsSb (InAs1-xSbx), is a ternary III-V semiconductor compound. It can be considered as an alloy between indium arsenide (InAs) and indium antimonide (InSb). x indicates the fractions of arsenic and antimony in the alloy according to the aforementioned formula; it can take on any value between 0 and 1. InAsSb refers generally to any composition of the alloy.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "InAsSb films have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) and liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) on gallium arsenide and gallium antimonide substrates. It is often incorporated into layered heterostructures with other III-V compounds.", "title": "Preparation" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Between 524°C and 942°C (the melting points of pure InSb and InAs, respectively), InAsSb can exist at a two-phase liquid-solid equilibrium, depending on temperature and average composition of the alloy.", "title": "Preparation" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "InAsSb possesses an additional miscibility gap at temperatures below approximately 503°C. This means that intermediate compositions of the alloy below this temperature are thermodynamically unstable and can spontaneously separate into two phases: one InAs-rich and one InSb-rich. This limits the compositions of InAsSb that can be obtained by near-equilibrium growth techniques, such as LPE, to those outside of the miscibility gap. However, compositions of InAsSb within the miscibility gap can be obtained with non-equilibrium growth techniques, such as MBE and MOVPE. By carefully selecting the growth conditions and maintaining relatively low temperatures during and after growth, it is possible to obtain compositions of InAsSb within the miscibility gap that are kinetically stable.", "title": "Preparation" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The bandgap and lattice constant of InAsSb alloys are between those of pure InAs (a = 0.606 nm, Eg = 0.35 eV) and InSb (a = 0.648 nm, Eg = 0.17 eV). Over all compositions, the band gap is direct, like in InAs and InSb. The direct bandgap displays strong bowing, reaching a minimium with respect to composition at approximately x = 0.62 at room temperature and lower temperatures. Slightly different relations have also been suggested for Eg as a function of composition and temperature, depending on the material quality, strain, and defect density.", "title": "Electronic Properties" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Because of its small direct bandgap, InAsSb has been extensively studied over the last few decades, predominantly for use in mid- to long-wave infrared photodetectors that operate at room temperature and cryogenic temperatures. InAsSb is used as the active material in some commercially-available infrared photodetectors. Depending on the heterostructure and detector configuration that is used, InAsSb-based detectors can operate at wavelengths ranging from approximately 2 um to 11 um.", "title": "Applications" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ibedul is a title given to the high chief of Koror, in Palau.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It has been given to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sunil Literary Award (সুনীল সাহিত্য পুরস্কার ) An annual literary award introduced in 2004. Bangla literature The award has been presented annually on Sunil Gangopadhyay's birthday, 7 September, since 2005 to recognize creative stories. This award is being given by Vishwa Sahitya Kendra Madaripur on behalf of Sunil Sahitya Trust in memory of Sunil Gangopadhyay (1934-2012), a popular famous poet and fiction writer of Bengali literature.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Eric Ramsay (born c. 1992) is a professional football coach and former player. He is an assistant coach at Premier League club Manchester United.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "After a short period playing football in the Cymru Premier, Ramsay began his career as a youth coach at Swansea City before moving to Shrewsbury Town's academy in 2017. He worked at Chelsea's academy for two years and became an assistant first-team coach at Manchester United in 2021. He also had a brief coaching spell with the Wales national football team in 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Born in Oswestry, England, Ramsay grew up in Llanfyllin, Wales, and attended Llanfyllin High School. After leaving the youth academy at The New Saints, Ramsay made 14 appearances as a player in the Cymru Premier for Welshpool Town, before deciding to attend university and focus on coaching.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2013, Ramsay graduated from Loughborough University with a first-class honours degree in Sport Science with Management. At Loughborough, Ramsay worked as an assistant coach alongside Kieran McKenna at the university's football team.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "After graduating, Ramsay spent nearly four years as a Lead Professional Development Phase Coach at Premier League club Swansea City, coaching the club's under-21s and under-18s. He became academy manager at Shrewsbury Town in 2017, and subsequently worked with the club's first-team as interim manager. Ramsay joined Chelsea in 2019, where he coached the club's under-23s, and became the youngest British coach to achieve the UEFA Pro Licence.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2021, Ramsay joined Manchester United as a set-piece and development coach under manager Ole Gunnar Solskjaer. In the following years, he became a more integral part of the club's coaching set-up, working under managers Ralf Rangnick and Erik ten Hag, and won the EFL Cup with the latter in 2023. At United, Ramsay helped integrate foreign players such as Casemiro into the club, due to his ability to speak fluent Spanish.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Alongside his duties at Manchester United, Ramsay joined the Wales national football team as an assistant coach in March 2023. Six months later, he left his position at Wales to focus on Manchester United.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Last Place on Earth is a 2002 American drama film directed by James Slocum, starring Tisha Campbell and Dana Ashbrook.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "TV Guide called the film \"satisfyingly sentimental\" and wrote that the cast \"keeps the weepy sentimentality in check.\" Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the Campbell and Ashbrook are \"entirely winning in a picture wise enough to acknowledge that true love never runs smoothly.\" Dan Lybarger of The Kansas City Star called the film a \"noble attempt\" and praised the cinematography, writing that \"If the people strolling through the landscape were half as interesting, this would have made a great movie.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Robert K. Elder of the Chicago Tribune wrote that the film has \"too much going on, with too little focus.\" Robert Koehler of Variety criticised the \"contrived\" and \"confused\" third act, the use of cliches, the \"weak\" supporting performances and the lack of chemistry between Campbell and Ashbrook. The Sarasota Herald-Tribune gave the film a rating of \"D+\" and called the film a \"false and utterly forced love story that either tries way too hard or way too little.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Back Cove Trail is a 3.6-mile (5.8 km) multi-use trail in Portland, Maine. It circumnavigates Back Cove, running beside Preble Street Extension, Baxter Boulevard and Interstate 295. It is one of the oldest trails in the city.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The trail's trailhead is beside the parking lot on Preble Street Extension. Beneath Tukey's Bridge, at the mouth of Back Cove, the trail connects to the Bayside and Eastern Promenade Trails.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Arben Sadik Ramadani (Serbian: Арбен Рамадани; 13 June 1981 – 19 May 2000) was one of the commanders of the Albanian militant group Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac (UÇPMB). During the Insurgency in the Preševo Valley, he was one of the commanders of the 113th \"Ibrahim Fejzullahu\" Brigade.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ramadani was born on 13 June 1981 in Kokaj, Gjilan. He was the second out of the six children of the Ramadani family. In 1998, Ramadani, along with his uncle's son, Ibrahim Fejzullahu, joined the Kosovo Liberation Army. In March 1999, together with Agron Fejzullahu and Besim Mustafa, they joined the Kosovo Liberation Army again to fight in the Kosovo War. In 2000 Ramadani joined the UÇPMB. On 19 May, Ramadani was wounded in the arm by a gunshot fired from Serbian Police near the Ground Safety Zone (GSZ) in the Preševo Valley.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On 20 May, while him and the 113th \"Ibrahim Fejzullahu\" Brigade were crossing the border, Ramadani was shot twice in the chest by Serb snipers. He was taken to Camp Bondsteel by a military helicopter for medical treatment, were he died due to internal bleeding. He was buried in his birth place of Kokaj.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Srikshetra Dham, Mahaprabhu Jagannath Temple is a temple dedicated to Lord Jagannath, located in Dibrugarh city in the Dibrugarh district of Assam. The temple was constructed in 2014 as a replica of the Shri Jagannath Temple in Puri, Odisha, which is one of the four major shrines of Hinduism. This temple stands at a height of 85 feet and is situated near the Mahatma Gandhi Park in Khanikar, along the Dibrugarh-Tinsukia bypass road. In terms of architectural design, the temple replicates the second form of the original Jagannath Temple located at Puri.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Jagannath Temple's construction began under the supervision of the Sri Sri Jagannath Cultural Trust, and the required five bighas of land were donated by the Bakpara Tea Estate. The trust currently serves as the official guardian and custodian of the institution. In 2014, the Prana Prastha Samaroh was held in the presence of visiting priests from the Tirupati Balaji Temple. The temple was built by the then Governor of Assam, Janaki Ballabh Patnaik.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Jagannath Temple in Dibrugarh is modeled after the Jagannath Temple in Puri and follows the Kalinga architectural style. The main Shikhar of the temple reaches a height of 85 feet. Within the temple grounds, there are seven temples, dedicated to Mahaprabhu Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra, Shiva, Ganesha, Hanuman, Devi and Navagraha. The temple is enclosed by a 3-meter high wall adorned with sculptures depicting scenes from Krishna Leela and Puranas. Two entrances provide access to the temple, with the main entrance known as the Simhadwara or Lion Gate, characterized by lion portraits on both sides.", "title": "Architecture" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Jagannath Temple is a sacred place of Hindu worship, drawing numerous devotees daily. It is designed as a replica of the original Jagannath Temple in Puri and it attracts for both domestic and international tourists. Tourists are captivated by the temple's architecture and the lush green surroundings. Additionally, devotees gather here annually for the Rath Yatra.", "title": "Tourism" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Jagannath Temple is situated in Khanikar, approximately 7 km from Dibrugarh city along the Dibrugarh-Tinsukia bypass road. Dibrugarh railway station is approximately 7 km from the temple, and Dibrugarh airport is around 12 km away. Visitors can easily find regular auto-rickshaws for transportation from Dibrugarh city to the Jagannath Temple.", "title": "Transport" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "İzmir Büyükşehir Belediye Gençlik ve Spor Kulübü Kadın Sutopu Takımı (English: İzmir Metropolitan Municipality Youth and Sports Club Women's Water Polo Team), commonly referred to as İzmir BB GSK Kadın Sutopu Takımı (İzmir BB GSK Women's Water Polo Team), is the women's water polo team of the multi-sports club İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi GSK based in İzmir, Turke", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The team finished the 2022-23 season of the Turkish Women's Water Polo First League, at which eight teams competed, as champion after play-offs. They were entitled for the first time to take part at the LEN Women's Challenger Cup. They became champion at the 2023–24 Cup at Zagrep, Croatia defeating Serbian team ZVK Crvena Zvezda in the final.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Breckenridge STOLport was a private airport located in Breckenridge, Colorado. Due to its location at 9,401 feet (2,865 m) in elevation, the airport was considered a short takeoff and landing field, limiting the size and weight of aircraft that could use it. The airport was established between 1960 and 1963 as Hanson Airfield, serving private pilots. Numerous attempts were made by proponents for commercial aviation to establish a public airport at Breckenridge STOLport, but none of them were successful. The last aircraft to use the airport was to avoid poor weather in 2005. Since then, the site of the airport has been repurposed for the construction of an elementary school, housing, and parking for Breckenridge Ski Resort visitors. The only remaining evidence of the airport's existence is Airport Road, which parallels the site.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1977, a Beechcraft Bonanza crashed shortly after take-off due to being overloaded and under-powered for the high altitude. There was one injury and no fatalities.", "title": "Accidents and incidents" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1975 Tennis South Invitational was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Mississippi Coliseum in Jackson, Mississippi in the United States that was part of the 1975 USLTA-IPA Indoor Circuit. It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from March 24 through March 30, 1975. Second-seeded Ken Rosewall won the singles title and earned $10,000 first-prize money after defeating unseeded Butch Buchholz in the final.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ken Rosewall defeated Butch Buchholz 7–5, 4–6, 7–6", "title": "Finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Ken Rosewall / Fred Stolle defeated Billy Martin / John Newcombe 6–4, 2–6, 6–1", "title": "Finals" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rosanna Sornicola (born February 1953) is an Italian linguist specializing in typology, Latin and Romance linguistics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sornicola studied at the University of Naples, then held positions as assistant professor at the University of Salerno (1977-1978), lecturer at the University of Palermo (1978-1983) and associate professor at the University of Basilicata (1983-1988), all in general linguistics. In 1988 she returned to the University of Naples as associate professor of sociolinguistics. Between 1990 and 1993 she worked as full professor of sociolinguistics at the University of Calabria, before returning to Naples as full professor of general linguistics, where she was to spend the rest of her career.", "title": "Career and honours" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Sornicola has held visiting positions at UCLA (1990) and Wolfson College, Cambridge (1983), of which she has been a senior member since 2001. Between 1999 and 2003 she served as president of the Italian Society of Linguistics. Since 2011 she has been a member of the National Society of Sciences, Letters and Arts of Naples, and since 2013 a member of the Accademia Pontaniana. In 2017 she was elected Member of the Academia Europaea.", "title": "Career and honours" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Sornicola has published broadly across syntax, functional linguistics, historical linguistics, the languages of Italy, the history of linguistics, second-language acquisition, sociolinguistics, and the language of Roman law.", "title": "Research" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Iron Claw (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album composed by Richard Reed Parry for the 2023 film The Iron Claw by Sean Durkin. It was digitally released by A24 Music on December 22, 2023.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Nya Abotare Na Twen Awurade\" is a song by Ghanaian highlife and afro-pop musician Daddy Lumba, released on October 18, 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The song, written, composed, and produced by Daddy Lumba, serves as an inspirational gospel piece, teaching us the importance of being patient with the Lord as we await His blessings at the right time.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Daddy Lumba first announced the release of the song during his 59th birthday party held at the BayView Village in Accra. The song is his second single off his forthcoming studio album, \"Ofon Na Edi Asem Fo\", expected to be released in 2024. \"Nya Abotare\" is the follow up to his 2022 hit single \"Ofon Na Edi Asem Fo\".", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Sang in Akan language, the song title means \"Patiently wait on the Lord\".", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The song conveys a message of patience, faith, and perseverance in the face of challenges, particularly during difficult times such as poverty and bareness.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Daddy Lumba sings on the hook: \"Patiently wait for the Lord, Do not be disheartened. Even with just a day left, We'll wear our crowns before we depart. Even in the depths of poverty (have faith), Even in dire poverty (have faith),With only one day until death, We'll wear our crowns before we go.\"", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "He continues on the second verse, taking a dig at his enemies: \"They want my downfall, so they rejoice, They wish for my ruin, so they celebrate. Kwadwo Fosuh, my name’s tarnished daily, But I won't fade away.\"", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In the final verse, Daddy Lumba implored those going through hard times to find inspiration in his own struggles during his sickness. He shared that when he thought all hope was lost, the Lord intervened. He sings: Did you hear about the illness I endured? Did you hear of my excruciating pain? Many declared there was no hope, But the Lord intervened!\"", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council election will be held on Thursday 2 May 2024, alongside the other local elections in the United Kingdom, which are being held on the same day. It will elect all 59 councillors to the Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council for a four-year term, ending in 2028.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The seats on the council were last contested in 2021, when Labour retained a majority, but lost 12 seats to end with 32 seats. UKIP lost all 14 seats that they were elected to in 2016.", "title": "Background" } ]

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