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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Khantau (Kazakh: Хантау; Russian: Горы Хантау) is a massif located in Jambyl Region, Kazakhstan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Khantau village, Moiynkum District, lies 3.5 kilometers (2.2 mi) to the west of the NW slopes. There are ancient petroglyphs in the mountains.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Khantau massif is part of the northern section of the Aitau, a northern prolongation of the Chu-Ili Range. It is located to the south of the southeastern end of the Mayzharylgan. It extends from northwest to southeast for about 25 kilometers (16 mi). The Aksuyek river has its sources in the range.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The average elevation of the hills in the Khantau is between 600 meters (2,000 ft) and 650 meters (2,130 ft). The highest point of the massif is 1,052 meters (3,451 ft) high Mount Sunkar, which is also the highest summit of the Aitau Range.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The terrain is gray and cut by deep ravines in places. The range slopes are covered mainly by Artemisias.", "title": "Flora" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Majdan Wielki massacre, which occurred on September 20, 1939, near the village of Majdan Wielki, was a war crime committed by the Wehrmacht during its invasion of Poland. On that day, 42 Polish prisoners of war were executed by German soldiers due to false reports alleging that Poles had mutilated a dead German soldier.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "During the Nazi invasion of Poland on September 19, 1939, a skirmish occurred near the village of Majdan Wielki, close to the city of Tomaszów Lubelski. One Wehrmacht soldier was killed, sustaining a fatal head wound that caused his eyes to fall from their orbits. Following the skirmish, other German soldiers discovered the body of their fallen comrade. Observing his injuries, they concluded that he had been intentionally mutilated by the enemy. Enraged by the alleged 'Polish bestiality' and incited by their officers, they sought revenge on the prisoners of war.", "title": "Prelude" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The next day, a group of 45 Polish POWs was brought to the battlefield. Approximately twenty German guards began beating them with belts and rifle butts. According to reports, one of the Germans addressed the prisoners, stating, \"We are taking you prisoners and sending you home while you are murdering German soldiers.\"", "title": "The massacre" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Then, the beating halted with an order from a Wehrmacht officer, informing the POWs that they would be executed in retaliation for the murder and mutilation of a German soldier. The guards stepped back and opened fire. As the POWs lay on the ground, the Germans methodically targeted the wounded. After the perpetrators departed, three surviving soldiers – Tadeusz Nowak, Józef Koszyk, and Józef Nycz – emerged from beneath the pile of corpses and sought refuge in a nearby barn. Several hours later, the Germans brought a second group of Polish POWs to the scene and ordered them to bury the bodies of their comrades.", "title": "The massacre" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This massacre of the POWs occurred without trial or any prior investigation. In addition to executing the prisoners, the Germans took thirteen civilian hostages from Majdan Wielki. However, they were released when a Wehrmacht medical commission determined that the fallen soldier's eye injuries were solely caused by the gunshot.", "title": "The massacre" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On April 22, 1940, in the presence of representatives from the Polish Red Cross and the German occupying authorities, the bodies of the victims were exhumed. Among them, twenty-six POWs were identified, and subsequently, all 42 bodies were interred in a common grave at the war cemetery in Majdan Wielki.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "{{Massacres of Poles}", "title": "References" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "[[Category:World War II prisoner of war massacres by Nazi Germany] [[Category:Nazi war crimes in Poland] [[Category:Massacres in Poland] [[Category:Massacres of Poles] [[Category:Invasion of Poland]", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Vooru Manadiraa is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language revolutionary film directed by R. Narayana Murthy starring himself, Siddappa Naidu and Telangana Sakunthala. The film's title is based off a song from Erra Sainyam (1994).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The film was released to positive reviews. It was a success in the Nizam region (modern day Telangana) while it was a box office failure in Andhra Pradesh.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The music was composed by Koti. The lyrics were written by Suddala Ashok Teja, Guda Anjaiah, Goreti Venkanna, U Sambasiva Rao, Ande Sri, and Nandigama Gani.", "title": "Soundtrack" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Jeevi of Idlebrain.com gave the film a rating of three out of five stars and wrote that \"Vooru Manadira is the film based on land movement, which is the driving factor behind naxalism in Telangana. This film is reflects the feelings of suppressed people in Telangana. But the projection of it is very raw\". Gudipoori Srihari of The Hindu wrote that \"Narayanamurthy is subdued in the first half and shows his true spirits later. Sankar sends a chill through the spine with his voice and histrionic talent playing this brutal role. The folk tunes are many and the lyrical strength also proves its worth as the songs project the helplessness of oppressed people\". A critic from Full Hyderabad wrote that \"The dialogues by Narayana Murthy are quite persuasive as usual. Everyone seems to have done justice to his bit, with the exception of Narayana Murthy who goes overboard, naturally\".", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement (CEGAR) is a technique for symbolic model checking. It is also applied in modal logic tableau calculi algorithms to optimise their efficiency.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In computer-aided verification and analysis of programs, models of computation often consist of states. Models for even small programs, however, may have an enormous number of states. This is identified as the state explosion problem. CEGAR addresses this problem with two stages — abstraction, which simplifies a model by grouping states, and refinement, which increases the precision of the abstraction to better approximate the original model.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "If a desired property for a program is not satisfied in the abstract model, a counterexample is generated. The CEGAR process then checks whether the counterexample is spurious, i.e., if the counterexample also applies to the under-abstraction but not the actual program. If this is the case, it concludes that the counterexample is attributed to inadequate precision of the abstraction. Otherwise, the process finds a bug in the program. Refinement is performed when a counterexample is found to be spurious. The iterative procedure terminates either if a bug is found or when the abstraction has been refined to the extent that it is equivalent to the original model.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "To reason about the correctness of a program, particularly those involving the concept of time for concurrency, state transition models are used. In particular, finite-state models can be used along with temporal logic in automatic verification. The concept of abstraction is thus founded upon a mapping between two Kripke structures. Specifically, programs can be described with control flow automata (CFA).", "title": "Program verification" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Define a Kripke structure M {\\displaystyle M} as ⟨ S , s 0 , R , L ⟩ {\\displaystyle \\langle S,s_{0},R,L\\rangle } , where", "title": "Program verification" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "An abstraction of M {\\displaystyle M} is defined by ⟨ S α , s 0 α , R α , L α ⟩ {\\displaystyle \\langle S_{\\alpha },s_{0}^{\\alpha },R_{\\alpha },L_{\\alpha }\\rangle } where α {\\displaystyle \\alpha } is an abstraction mapping that maps every state in S {\\displaystyle S} to a state in S α {\\displaystyle S_{\\alpha }} .", "title": "Program verification" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "To preserve the critical properties of the model, the abstraction mapping maps the initial state in the original model s 0 {\\displaystyle s_{0}} to its counterpart s 0 α {\\displaystyle s_{0}^{\\alpha }} in the abstract model. The abstraction mapping also guarantees that the transition relations between two states are preserved.", "title": "Program verification" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In each iteration, model checking is performed for the abstract model. Bounded model checking, for instance, generates a propositional formula that is then checked for Boolean satisfiability by a SAT solver.", "title": "Program verification" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "When counterexamples are found, they are examined to determine if they are spurious examples, i.e., they are unauthentic ones that emerge from the under-abstraction of the model. A non-spurious counterexample reflects the incorrectness of the program, which may be sufficient to terminate the program verification process and conclude that the program is incorrect. The main objective of the refinement process handle spurious counterexamples. It eliminates them by increasing the granularity of the abstraction.", "title": "Program verification" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The refinement process ensures that the dead-end states and the bad states do not belong to the same abstract state. A dead-end state is a reachable one with no outgoing transition whereas a bad-state is one with transitions causing the counterexample.", "title": "Program verification" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Since modal logic is often interpreted with Kripke semantics, where a Kripke frame resembles the structure of state transition systems concerned in program verification, the CEGAR technique is also implemented for automated theorem proving.", "title": "Tableau calculi" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Silurus tomodai, is a species of catfish found in Japan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This species reaches a length of 51.4 cm (20.2 in).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The fish is named in honor of Tomoda Katsuzo, a Japanese ichthyologist who contributed to the study of catfishes in Japan and who described Silurus biwaensis and Silurus lithophilus in 1961.", "title": "Etymology" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 Hong Kong Premier League Committee Cup is the inaugural Hong Kong Premier League Committee Cup, top four teams from last edition of Hong Kong Premier League entered this competition. The competition will start on 28 December 2023, and the third-place match and finals will be staged on 1 January 2024. All matches will be staged at Mong Kok Stadium.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The champions of the HKPLC Cup will receive HKD$80,000 in prize money, while the runner-up will receive HKD$40,000. In addition, the third-place team will receive HK$20,000 while the fourth place team will receive HK$10,000.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Top four teams from last edition of Hong Kong Premier League entered the stage.", "title": "Qualifications" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Top four teams from last edition of Hong Kong Premier League entered this edition. All teams compete in a compete in a single-elimination format. If the scores are level after 90 minutes, the teams play a penalty shootout.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The number of foreign players teams can register is unlimited. Each team can register no more than 6 foreign or local guest players for the tournament.", "title": "Format" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Majhi people are an ethnic group indigenous to the inner Terai regions of Nepal.They live on the banks of rivers and streams, fishing, boating, making chillies, and make a living by farming.They speak Majhi language.The territories of Majhi people include hilly and inner Terai regions along the tributaries of Saptakoshi river like Sunkoshi, Tamakoshi, Dudhkoshi, Arun, Barun, Likhu, and Tamur. They have their own distinct language, religion, culture, rituals, custom and lifestyles. The Majhis belongs to the most marginalized group.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The word Majhi means fishermen in Nepali. The present day Majhi narrate multiple stories and beliefs about the origin of their ethnic group. Many older Majhi from Sindhuli and Ramechap districts are of the view that Majhi are descendants of the people related with the Hindu epics such as the Ramayana. A legend suggests that Tharu, Danuwar, Bote and Majhi were family members.", "title": "Origin" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Majhi people live alongside the rivers of Nepal with ancestral occupations of boating and fishing.Their distinct folklore, songs, and dances often celebrate the beauty and power of the rivers. The community's traditional wooden boats, known as \"dohis,\" have become emblematic of their way of life. For generations, the Majhi community has played a pivotal role in facilitating transportation and trade, ferrying people, goods, and livestock across Nepal's rivers. There’s similarity in custom and occupation of Bote or Majhi people though they live in different places of Nepal. Living besides river, fishing boating, looking for gold, farming and rearing animals are the main occupations of these people. They have different tradition of birth, death, wedding, feast and festivals from other races.", "title": "Culture" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Majhi people speak Majhi language (also known as Majhi Kuro or Majhi Bhasa) which is spoken in central and eastern Nepal. According to the census of 2011, there were a total of 24,000 who considered Majhi as their mother tongue. There are some regional dialects of the Majhi language. There are some differences in each district and village.", "title": "Language" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Majhi people consider themselves as Nature worshippers. Though Majhis do not employ Brahmin priest while performing religious rites, they claim themselves to be Hindu. They observe all such festivals as Baisakh Purnima, Sansari Puja, Aitabare, Shrawan Sankranti, Dashain, Tihar, Godhko dhup, Maghe Sankranti and Chaite Dasain. Additionally, they also offer sacrifice (Panchabali) to gods and celebrate Barden and Bhumi Puja (land-worship), Jhakani Puja to name a few.", "title": "Religion" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Majhi follow different kinds of marriage system, including cross-cousin marriage, Jaari marriage (marrying another man’s wife), forced marriage, theft marriage and arranged marriage.", "title": "Marriage" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Modal clausal form, also known as separated normal form by modal levels (SNFml) and Mints normal form, is a normal form for modal logic formulae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Such a normal form is commonly used for automated theorem proving using tableau calculi and resolution calculi techniques due to its benefits of better space bounds and improved decision procedures. In normal modal logic, any set of formulae can be transformed into an equisatisfiable set of formulae in this normal form.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In multimodal logic where a represents an agent corresponding to an accessibility relation function in Kripke semantics, a formula in this normal form is a conjunction of clauses labelled by the modal level (i.e., the number of nested modalities). Each modal level consists of three forms as follows.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "These three forms are also called cpl-clauses, box-clauses and dia-clauses respectively. Note that any clause in conjunctive normal form (CNF) is also a literal clause in this normal form.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Đỗ Thị Lan Anh (born November 9, 1997) is a Vietnamese model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Earth Vietnam 2023. She is the first Vietnamese woman to win the Miss Earth Water title.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lan Anh was born in 1997 in Hanoi. From the age of 1, Lan Anh and her family went to Europe to live, then settled in the US. She graduated from California State University Fullerton, majoring in business.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "When she learned that the Miss Earth Vietnam 2023 contest was being held, Lan Anh thought that this was an opportunity for her to return to her homeland's culture as well as better understand Vietnam's nature and environment. Participating in a major beauty contest for the first time, although still confused, Lan Anh tried to learn, improve herself and quickly show progress. In photography or catwalk challenges, beauties always exude positive energy, high determination and are always among the top contestants. In particular, coach – Miss Universe Vietnam 2019 Nguyễn Trần Khánh Vân also highly appreciated Lan Anh for her presentation skills and fluent English.", "title": "Pageantry" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In the final night taking place on the evening of October 14, 2023, Lan Anh was crowned Miss Earth Vietnam 2023 with the support of both the judges and the audience.", "title": "Pageantry" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "She officially represented Vietnam at Miss Earth 2023 held at home and finished as 2nd Runner-up Miss Earth 2023.", "title": "Pageantry" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Norman Peter Reilly (born 10 October) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Roma, Queensland, Reilly attended Brisbane's St Joseph's College (Gregory Terrace).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A lock, Reilly was a first-grade player for Brothers and gained 10 Wallabies caps, debuting against the All Blacks at the Sydney Cricket Ground in 1968. His career coincided with a rebuilding phase for the Wallabies and he only featured in one Test win, over France in Sydney. He appeared in all four Tests on the 1969 tour of South Africa.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Reilly played rugby league for Past Brothers in the 1970s.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 Central Arkansas Sugar Bears basketball team represents the University of Central Arkansas during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Sugar Bears, led by first-year head coach Tony Kemper, play their home games at the Farris Center located in Conway, Arkansas as members of the ASUN Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Sugar Bears finished the 2022–23 season 8–21, 3–15 in ASUN play to finish in a tie for 13th (last) place. They failed to qualify for the ASUN tournament, as only the top 10 teams qualify.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On February 25, 2023, head coach Sandra Rushing announced that she would be stepping down as head coach after 11 years at the helm. On March 10, the school announced that Marshall head coach Tony Kemper would be named the team's new head coach.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Sources:", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Shah Mir Civil War was a short-lived yet prominent war of succession over the Thrown of Kashmir that lasted from late 1419 until mid 1420. The conflict was a dynastic clash between Sultan Ali Shah and his younger brother Shahi Khan (Zainu'l-Abidin).", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Gumn is a 2023 Pakistani television series directed by Sarmad Khoosat, and written by Tooba Siddiqui who co-produced it, and played the lead role with Feroz Kadri as well. Maria Wasti was the executive producer of the series. It originally aired on Green Entertainment from 16 October to 28 November 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In new year's eve, Maya shocks on revealing his yet-to-be fiancé Kabeer's affair. She decides to jump from the building but a guy comes there by chance and refrains her to do so. After the incident, she decides to break her relationship with Kabeer but he convinces her that it was just a misunderstanding. She accepts her proposal and they both get married. They leave for London, where Maya comes to know about his coquette nature. She divorces him and comes back to Pakistan pursuing her career as a lawyer.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Rayaan is in the last year of his medical college. He lives with her younger sister Hania and soon to be retired father. In a smoothly going life, Hania is assaulted and Rayaan sets out to avenge her. Rayaan files a case against the preparators and gets evidences with the help of a journalist Salman Saeed. One of the preparator was the son of an influential politician Shakir Hussain, who torcheres him to bring the case back but he didn't. He then puts him in the jail. Shakir's lawyer friend Ahson Malik interfers in the situation and tries to solve the tension. He agress Rayaan's father to sign on papers about Hania's death as an accident and releases Rayaan from the jail in return. On releasing, he gets even more furious, admits his father to an old home for his safety and sets out to take avenge by his own way. He burns one of the preparator alive and kills two as well while Shakir's son Hamid fless out to America.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Maya starts practicing law with her father Ahson Malik who gets shot one day by some unknown people in the broad daylight. After several years of experience as a lawyer, Maya Malik now ranks among the well-known lawyers like her father especially after winning a high-profile case of harassment. On the day of his winning, she meets with an accident and the guy on the other side gets injured badly, and goes into coma while treating in hospital. On recovering from coma, he loses his memory. A man comes to him, tries to harm him and was actually hired to snatch something from him. Maya comes to know about it and her friend Shahid stays with him to take care of him. After his complete recovery, Shahid takes him to NADRA office for his identification where they come to know that all of his family members have died. Maya brings her to the firm and provides him with a place to live. He starts living in the firm and gets attached to Maya who also develops feelings for him. The man who had attacked him in the hospital hires some goons to attack him while Maya was with him. He beats the goons angrily when one of them tries to touch her. After the incident, Maya's elder sister Sara invites Rayaan to their house for a dinner and notices his inclination towards her sister.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Shahid starts the investigations on his side where he comes to know that Rayaan's father is actually alive and the accident that happened with his sister. He observes him and keeps an eye on him all the time.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "With the help of Maya's assistant Ali, Rayaan goes to his accident site where he regains his memory. He remembers that how Salman was killed while giving him the evidence and he himself escaped from the killer and met with the accident. He goes to his father in the old home and ensures to take him with him. He informs Maya about her memory regaining who glows when comes to know that he is not committed but gets sad when he tells that he likes someone for years. He further gives him the evidence that Salman has given him by which she comes to know that her father was murdered by Shakir Hussian. Her shock even rises when she knows that Shahid had already known it. On her next encounter with Rayaan when she bursts her inner feelings about her father's murder, she learns that Rayaan is the same person who saved her to do suicide years ago.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Shahid notices that the person who had attacked Rayaan is chasing him for days. He arrests him and tortures him to konw the truth. He tells everything to him that he works for Shakir and is in search of the evidence that are against Shakir's son. Shahid then learns everything that Rayaan has killed the three preparators and now he will kill Hamid as well.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "While looking for Rayaan, Maya goes to his house where she finds the photographs of her father and the preparators with a cross marked over them. It frightens her and then Rayaan reaches there. She comes to know that he has murdered three preparators. He tells her that her father whom she considers as the egalitarian was responsible that he couldn't provide justice to her sister after which he decided to kill them. Shahid calls Maya to be alert from Rayaan but it becomes too late. Rayaan goes away to kill Hamid by locking Maya in his house. He goes to Hamid's farmhouse where he is alone and is just about to kill him but Maya reaches there. She requests her to leave him and ensures him that she will provide him justice legally. He agress over her and gets shot by Hamid there. He dies on the way to the hospital and confronts his love for her. Shahid also reaches there with the police who arrests Hamid. Maya legally persuades the case of her father's murder and the police also gets other evidences after which Shakir is arrested. Maya walks through the court thinking that justice has served.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In April 2021, it revealed that Tooba Siddiqui will star in the series Gumn that she has written in her debut writing and will co-produce as well in her debut as a producer while Sarmad Khoosat will direct the series. The other cast members were also revealed. It marked Khoosat's return to television as a director since he directed Aakhri Station in 2017.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Alongside its genre, a reviewer from Dawn Images praised its non-linear format, portrayal of life after divorce and shattering of several stereotypes. Youlin Magazine praised the plotline of the series and the performances of Siddiqui and Kadri.", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Niamh Martin (born 16 November 2000) is a Gaelic football and Australian rules football player. Martin was a member of the Tipperary team that won the 2019 All-Ireland Intermediate Ladies' Football Championship. Martin was recruited to the North Melbourne Football Club for its 2023 AFL Women's (AFLW) team in March 2023. She, along with Aishling Moloney and Anna Rose Kennedy, was one of three Tipperary players recruited to play AFLW in 2023; at the time, it was estimated that the number of Irish AFLW players in that year could reach 30. In the 26 November 2023 match between North Melbourne and Adelaide Football Club Martin sustained an eye injury, but it was assessed as not a concussion, and she was allowed to play in the 2023 AFL Women's Grand Final. . In an assessment of player performance in the 2023 AFL Women's Grand Final published in Melbourne newspaper The Age, Martin was described \"another player who will be better for the grand final experience\".", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Oh Maman !\" (lit. '\"Oh, Mammy!\"') is a song by French singer Lissandro, released as a single on 28 October 2022.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It was France's winning entry in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022. Lissandro, aged 13 at the time, won the competition with a total of 203 points, 23 points ahead of second-placed Armenia, earning France its second overall victory at the contest.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The song was written by Frédéric Chateau [fr] (music and lyrics) and Barbara Pravi (lyrics).", "title": "Composition" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 28 October 2022, France Télévisions announced having selected Lissandro with a song titled \"Oh Maman !\" to represent France at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest that would be held in Yerevan, Armenia, on 11 December. On the same day, the song was released as a single. The accompanying music video was unveiled on November 6.", "title": "Junior Eurovision Song Contest" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On 11 December, Lissandro won the Junior Eurovision with a total of 203 points, 23 points ahead of second-placed Armenia and 42 points ahead of third-placed Georgia. This was France's second overall victory at the contest, after that of Valentina in 2020 with her song \"J'imagine\".", "title": "Junior Eurovision Song Contest" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Senectosaurus (meaning \"old lizard\") is an extinct genus of pareiasaur from the Late Permian Kutuluk Formation of Russia. The genus contains a single species, S. karamzini, known from a partial postcranial skeleton including osteoderms.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Senectosaurus holotype specimen, PIN no. 5864/1, was discovered in sediments of the Kutuluk Formation (Chroniosaurus levis Zone) of Orenburg Region, Buzuluksky District, Russia. The specimen consists of several postcranial associated but disarticulated bones, including 11 osteoderms, a partial right pelvis, the left ilium, a fragmentary right scapula, both ulnae, a tibia and fibula, the left femur, a tarsal, several ribs, and some dorsal vertebrae.", "title": "Discovery and naming" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2023, Boyarinova & Golubev described Senectosaurus karamzini as a new genus and species of pareiasaur based on these fossil remains. The generic name, \"Senectosaurus\", is derived from the Latin \"senectus\", meaning \"old\", and the Greek \"sauros\", meaning \"lizard\". The specific name, \"karamzini\", honors Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, a Russian historian and writer, as the holotype was discovered near his family estate.", "title": "Discovery and naming" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ian Robertson Gentle (28 September 1945 - 30 December 2009) was an Australian artist who won the Blake Prize in 1979. Gentle's primary medium was eucalyptus branches, which he used to create sculptural installations that mimic drawing in the air.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ian Gentle was born in Preston on 28 September 1945 to Jack and Phyllis Gentle. In 1958 the family moved to Healesville, Victoria, where his father built the family home. Gentle attended Lilydale High School, followed by Healesville High School, leaving school in 1964.", "title": "Early life and training" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In the 1960s Gentle traveled to Mt Isa, Queensland, to play football and work in the mines. By the 1970s he traveled south and moved to Sydney, New South Wales, where he lived in his car in Kings Cross and enrolled in Bankstown TAFE for a year. During this time he completed his HSC.", "title": "Early life and training" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1974 Gentle enrolled in St George TAFE in the National Arts School course when PM Gough Whitlam introduced free tertiary education in Australia. In 1976, Gentle began studying at the National Art School, Darlinghurst, graduating with a Diploma of Fine Art in 1978.", "title": "Early life and training" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Gentle was awarded a Master of Creative Arts from the University of Wollongong in 1995, and later was admitted as an Honorary Fellow at the University of Wollongong in 2008.", "title": "Early life and training" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "As an artist, Gentle took inspiration from Arte Povera, which makes sculptural assemblages from everyday found materials. Gentle worked across multiple mediums, including sculpture, drawing, painting, printmaking and installation. Gentle's signature style were sculptural installations constructed from scavenged eucalyptus branches that were fused using wire, nails and putty into elegant stick drawings.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Gentle's work is held in many public and private collections both nationally and internationally, including the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Art Gallery of South Australia, Sydney College of the Arts, Wollongong City Gallery, University of Wollongong, Griffith University, the Art Gallery of Western Australia, Artbank, Snowy Mountains Authority, Sydney College of Advanced Education, IBM Collection, Neiman Marcus (Dallas, USA), and Taipei Fine Arts Museum (Taiwan).", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Gentle had his first exhibition in a commercial gallery in 1975 at Stairs Gallery, on Crown Street in Wollongong, and also won the Ashfield Art Award. In 1977 he won the United Telecasters Sculpture Prize, and in 1979 he won the Blake Prize for Religious Art, an Australian art prize awarded for art that explores spirituality. It was during this time that Gentle moved to the New South Wales South Coast, living in Jamberoo, next to painter Guy Warren and sculptor Bert Flugelman.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "During the 1980s, Gentle taught at West Wollongong TAFE Art School and the National Art School East Sydney TAFE. Gentle exhibited widely throughout the 1980s in solo and group exhibitions, both nationally and internationally, including in Dallas and Houston, Texas, in the United States. In 1982, Gentle won the Visual Arts Board Grant, exhibited in the Adelaide Festival and was artist in residence at Contemporary Art Society Gallery, represented by Macquarie Galleries. In 1983, Gentle was the artist in resident at Praxis Contemporary Art Space, Freemantle, Western Australia, and in 1984, he won the Randwick Art Prize.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In 1986, Gentle moved to Clifton School of Arts, a two-story building that was constructed by the community of Clifton in 1911. Nestled at the foot of the Illawarra escarpment, overlooking the ocean near the current day Seacliff Bridge, the space is a profoundly beautiful environment for inspiring creative practice. At the time, another prominent artist from Sydney, painter Brett Whiteley, had inquired about the space, however, the Clifton School of Arts Committee was not taken by the city slicker, and offered the place to Gentle. Here, Gentle set up his living quarters downstairs and studio upstairs, with his time at the Clifton School of Arts being one of the most productive and influential periods of his career. Gentle transformed this space, with bundles of sticks that he used in his sculptures piled against the walls or suspended from the ceiling, with sticks that were in the process of metamorphosing into sculptures making an interconnect network across the space.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Gentle was artist in residence at Long Bay Metropolitan Remand Centre in 1987. In 1988, Gentle had a solo exhibition at Wollongong City Gallery and was the Bi-Centennial Project Artist at Wollongong City Gallery. In 1989 Gentle won the Half Standard Grant and was held the King's School Residency in 1990.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In 1991, Gentle became the Head of Sculpture, in the Faculty of Creative Arts, University of Wollongong, where he would teach until 1997. Gentle's approach to education was free-spirited, seemingly contradictory to the academic format of a university. However, Gentle had a profound influence on those he taught, with many students becoming successful artists, curators, lecturers, and gallery directors who have worked at the highest levels in state, national and international institutions, including Lias Havilah, who is CEO of the Powerhouse Museum, and Glenn Barkley, who was Senior Curator at Museum of Contemporary Art Australia (2008-2014). During 1991, gentle also exhibited in 'Identities: Art from Australia', an international exhibition held in Taipei.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "In 1992, Gentle held a major retrospective exhibition of his work at Wollongong City Gallery. It was during this time that Gentle was also awarded a Master of Creative Arts from the University of Wollongong.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "In 1994, Gentle was the Bundanon artist in residency, and in 1995, Gentle spent time in the Northern Territory, where he was artist in residence at Yirrkala, in Arnhem Land.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "In 1996, Gentle moved from his home and studio in the Clifton School of Arts, as the heritage building was facing demolition. Gentle hoped that the building could be saved and would remain in the hands of the local community, supporting the newly formed School of Arts Committee, which was tasked with fundraising and lobbying for the restoration of the building.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "In 2000, Gentle bought a home in East Nowra, where he continued to create art until his death on 30 December 2009, at his home in East Nowra.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The wedding of Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark and Princess Ingrid of Sweden took place on 24 May 1935 in Stockholm Cathedral. The groom was the heir apparent to the Danish throne and the bride was the granddaughter of the then King of Gustaf V of Sweden and great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Frederik's mother, Alexandrine, had originally considered the two youngest daughters of her cousin, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, Maria and Anastasia, as possible wives for Frederik, until the execution of the Romanov family in 1918. An engagement between Frederik and his second cousin, Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark, was announced on 5 March 1922. The pair had met in Cannes. The engagement was called off two months later.", "title": "Engagement" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The question of Ingrid's future marriage was a hot topic of conversation in the 1920's. Among others, was seen by some as a possible wife for the heir apparent to the British throne, the Prince of Wales, who was her second cousin. Her mother, Margaret of Connaught, and the Prince's father, King George V, were first cousins, both being grandchildren of Queen Victoria. She was also considered as a match for his younger brother, Prince George of the United Kingdom.", "title": "Engagement" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "After having known each other for years, the engagement between Frederik and Ingrid was announced on 15 March 1935. The couple was related in multiple ways. In descent from Oscar I of Sweden and Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, they were double third cousins. In descent from Paul I of Russia, fourth cousins once removed.", "title": "Engagement" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The wedding took place in Stockholm Cathedral on 24 May 1935 and was officiated by the Archbishop of Uppsala, Erling Eidem.", "title": "Wedding" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Ingrid wore the veil of Irish lace that her late mother, Princess Margaret of Connaught, had worn at her wedding 30 years prior. The veil has since been worn by all of Ingrid's female descendants – as well as Mary Donaldson, the future Queen Consort of Denmark. She wore a crown of myrtle from a shrub her mother had brought with her from Osborne House in England to Sofiero Palace in Sweden. Carrying a sprig of myrtle in your wedding bouquet is a tradition that maintains to this day in the Swedish royal family and, with Ingrid, has continued into the Danish royal family when she brought cuttings from the shrub at Sofiero to be planted at Fredensborg Palace.", "title": "Wedding" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Ingrid's second cousins Princess Ragnhild and Princess Astrid of Norway served as bridesmaids while Count Gustaf Bernadotte of Wisborg, son of Folke Bernadotte, was a ring bearer.", "title": "Wedding" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The discography for Welsh symphony orchestra group BBC National Orchestra of Wales consists of 3 studio albums.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The molecular formula C18H26N2O (molar mass: 286.419 g/mol) may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mina Kobayashi (小林 美奈, Kobayashi Mina, born July 20, 2002 in Kushiro) is a Japanese curler from Sapporo, Hokkaido. She is the alternate on the FORTIUS curling team, which is skipped by Sayaka Yoshimura. At the international level, she represented Japan at the 2019 World Mixed Curling Championship and the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics, winning silver in the mixed team competition.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kobayashi competed in her first Japan Curling Championships during the 2017–18 season as third for the Sapporo CA team. Her team, with skip Momoka Iwase, second Midori Sugasawa, lead Mao Hino and alternate Suzune Yasui finished seventh with a 2–6 record, only defeating Nayoro Association and Team Hiroshima. Kobayashi and her teammates were unable to return to the national championship the following year.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2019, Kobayashi was selected to play lead on the Japanese team for the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics. The team also included skip Takumi Maeda, third Momoha Tabata and second Asei Nakahara. In preparation for the event, the team represented Japan at the 2019 World Mixed Curling Championship where they finished 4–3 in the round robin, just missing the playoffs. At the Games, the team finished 4–1 in the preliminary round of the mixed team competition, earning them a spot in the playoffs. In the quarterfinals, they upset the top seeded Canadian team and went on to beat New Zealand in the semifinal. They then fell to Norway in the final, settling for silver. Kobayashi then competed in the mixed doubles competition with France's Léo Tuaz. The pair lost their final qualifying game, however, had the best draw shot total of the losing qualifiers which meant they qualified as the fourth seeds. They then lost both the semifinal and the bronze medal game, finishing fourth.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "At the 2020 Japan Junior Curling Championships, Kobayashi and her team of Momoha Tabata, Mikoto Nakajima and Miku Nihira won the gold medal. This qualified them for the 2021 World Junior Curling Championships, however, the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In December 2021, Team Sayaka Yoshimura's contract expired with Hokkaido Bank. The team then formed their own team named Fortius and Kobayashi was added as their alternate. The lineup also included third Kaho Onodera, second Anna Ohmiya and lead Yumie Funayama. At the 2022 Japan Curling Championships, the team finished the round robin with a 4–4 record, enough to qualify for the playoffs. They then lost in the 3 vs. 4 page playoff game to Chubu Electric Power's Ikue Kitazawa.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In their first event of the 2022–23 season, Team Yoshimura won the 2022 Hokkaido Bank Curling Classic. They then won the Wakkanai Midori Challenge Cup two weeks later. In their next two events, they again reached the finals, losing the Argo Graphics Cup final to Sae Yamamoto and the ADVICS Cup final to Satsuki Fujisawa. After a successful start to the season, Yuna Kotani was added at the third position in September 2022. The revised lineup of the team was Yoshimura at skip, Kotani at third, Onodera at second, Ohmiya at lead and Kobayashi as alternate with Yumie Funayama becoming the team's coach. In Canada, the team had back-to-back quarterfinal appearances at the S3 Group Curling Stadium Series and the 2022 Western Showdown, losing out to Stefania Constantini and Meghan Walter respectively. In December, Team Yoshimura competed in the 2022 Karuizawa International Curling Championships where they finished third, beating Loco Solare (Fujisawa) in the bronze medal game. In the New Year, the team played in the 2023 New Year Medalist Curling where they lost in the semifinals to Daniela Jentsch. It would be the team's last event of the 2022–23 season as positive cases of COVID-19 within the team forced them to withdraw from their qualifying round of the 2023 Japan Curling Championships.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Kobayashi attended Hokkaido Sapporo Higashi High School and Hokkaido High Technology College.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "David Aubrey Taylor (born 11 November 1944) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A native of Brisbane, Taylor attended Anglican Church Grammar School, where he showed abilities in multiple sports. He threw shot put, was a fast bowler on the All Schools’ cricket team and had two seasons in the school's 1st XV, earning GPS 1st XV honours. After school, Taylor played briefly for GPS Old Boys.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Taylor, a University of Queensland number eight, made the 1966–67 tour of Britain, Ireland and France with the Wallabies, but was kept out of the Test matches by incumbent forward John O'Gorman. He gained five Wallabies caps in 1968, with home Tests against the All Blacks and France, then the Ireland and Scotland matches on the tour of British Isles. The following year, Taylor had to retire with a serious neck injury, at the age of 24.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Fair Pay Agreements Act 2022, now repealed, was an Act of Parliament in New Zealand. The Act facilitated a framework for collective bargaining for fair pay agreements at an industry-wide level. On 25 October 2023, the Bill passed its third reading in Parliament. While the bill was supported by the Labour, Green and Māori parties, it was opposed by the opposition National and ACT parties, which vowed to repeal it if elected during the 2023 New Zealand general election.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "On 14 December 2023, the National-led coalition government repealed the Fair Pay Agreements Act. Effective 20 December, New Zealand reverted to the previous workplace framework where collective bargaining was limited to unions and particular employers.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lucía Moral Ruíz (born February 11, 2004) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a striker for Atlético Madrid.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Moral is a native of Córdoba, Spain.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Moral helped the Spain women's national under-19 football team win the 2023 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Moral mainly operates as a striker and has been described as \"stands out for her physical power and her wide range of shots, in addition to having a special intuition when it comes to generating spaces and associating with her teammate\".", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Moral is nicknamed \"Wifi\".", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Spain U19", "title": "Honours" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nguyễn Hà Dịu Thảo (born May 17, 2000) is a transgender model and beauty queen Vietnam. She is Miss International Queen Vietnam 2023 and she represent Vietnam at Miss International Queen 2023 taking place in Thailand.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Nguyễn Hà Dịu Thảo was born in 2000, comes from Hai Duong and currently lives with his family in Binh Duong. She possesses a sweet, attractive beauty along with strong personality and iconic performance style.", "title": "Early career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On April 8, 2023, she was officially crowned Miss International Queen Vietnam 2023 and will represent Vietnam to participate in Miss International Queen 2023 in June in Thailand. At the final night, she excellently showed off her excellent catwalk skills, charisma and great performance to reach the Top 6. Here, she made everyone admire her ability to handle shifts. my piece. Fluent in English and Vietnamese, sharp thinking, broad knowledge, accurate and specific evidence, stage presence and inspiring voice, convincingly surpassing all opponents to win the crown.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The final night of Miss International Queen 2023 took place on the evening of June 24, 2023 in Pattaya, Thailand, Diu Thao won 3 additional awards including Best National Costume, Wonder Woman Award and Miss Popular Vote. Although she tried hard, luck did not come to her when she finished in the Top 11.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sabarmati high-speed railway station is an under construction high-speed railway station on the Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor. This station is located near Sabarmati Junction railway station in Ram Nagar, Sabarmati, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. It is the twelfth and the last station, as well as the northern terminus of the Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The National High-Speed Rail Corporation Limited (NHSRCL) had invited tenders for Package \"C8\" of the Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor (MAHSR) in October 2020, with a deadline of around 4 years. In April 2021, SCC–VRS (JV) won the tender. The NSHRCL signed a letter of agreement (LoA) with the JV for the design and construction of Sabarmati station and its depot in February 2022. The JV will design and construct the station and approach tracks to the depot, while the design and construction of the depot was awarded to L&T–Sojitz (JV), as part of the project's Package \"D2\", whose tenders were invited by NHSRCL in July 2021. The design and construction of the station's integrated multimodal passenger and transport complex was awarded to B. L. Kashyap & Sons Limited in November 2019, as part of the very first tender of the railway project, which was invited by NHSRCL in October 2019. In January 2020, B. L. Kashyap & Sons Limited began construction on the station's multi-modal passenger transit complex, after acquiring around 3.5 hectares of land near Sabarmati Junction railway station, with a deadline of 48 months, while construction on the station and its depot was started in the first quarter of 2022, after acquiring around 3 hectares of land in between Sabarmati main and BG railway stations and 82 hectares of land near the existing New Delhi–Mumbai main line in Kali, Sabarmati, both with a deadline of around 3.5 years, respectively. The integrated multi-modal passenger transit complex was expected to be completed by December 2023, which was done on time, and was officially declared finished by the Minister of Railways, Ashwini Vaishnaw, in December 2023. The station and its depot are slated to be completed by August 2026, the time also slated for opening of the Gujarat section of the high-speed rail corridor.", "title": "Construction" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The station will be served by the Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor, and will be the twelfth and the last station of the Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor in Sabarmati. It is also planned to have the branch line towards New Delhi to the north as part of the Delhi–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor, to form a continuous high-speed railway line from Mumbai to New Delhi.", "title": "Lines" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The station will have two platforms and two tracks for regular services, which will have a provision of extending to four for each in the future. It will have three levels–the platform, concourse and service floor as the entrance level. The design of the station will be inspired by the Sabarmati river, which will be symbolised by the blue shade as glass and artworks, because of its significance of flowing near Sabarmati and through Ahmedabad, and the Charkha used by Mahatma Gandhi in his ashram at Sabarmati. It will have white needles in the central exterior façade, which will give a bright appearance of the symbol of the spokes of the Chakra, not only during the day, but also at night. The station area will have 2 platforms of 425 m (1,394 ft) length for 16-coach E5 Series Shinkansen trains.", "title": "Structure" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The station will have all modern and advanced facilities and amenities for customers and passengers, distinct from Indian Railway stations and similar to airports. Its design has been made to accommodate sufficient space for passenger movement and amenities at the concourse and platform areas. There will be ticketing and waiting areas, a business-class lounge, a nursery, restrooms, smoking rooms, information booths, retail centres and a public information and announcement system. Moreover, skylight provisions will be present on the roof and exterior sides for natural lighting and reduced energy usage. The station will be connected through elevated walkways to the integrated multi-modal passenger transit complex, developed as a transport hub, from which all basic modes of transportation will be available for better, faster and hassle-free connectivity to and from the station, such as autos, metro, buses and taxis. Such features will be available in all 12 stations of the Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor.", "title": "Features" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The depot is one of the four planned depots of the Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor, after Thane, Vapi and Surat depots, out of which the depot at Sabarmati to be built in Kali is the last. It will be the biggest railway depot in India, and will have an Operations Control Centre (OCC), a workshop, inspection shed's, maintenance facilities among other service facilities. It will have all modern and advanced facilities like the Shinkansen, such as maintenance and cleaning of train sets, with inspection bays, washing plants, stabling lines, etc. It will have at least 10 inspection lines and around 40 stabling lines.", "title": "Sabarmati depot" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Around 250 types of more than 800 numbers of specialised machinery required to inspect and maintain the rolling stock will be procured from Japan for this depot, including checking for vibrations, temperature, and noise, which are critical for high-speed running and will ensure passenger comfort. The depot will be equipped with various modern systems like building management systems, IT and data network systems, fire detection and alarm system, access control system, etc.", "title": "Sabarmati depot" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The depot will have the following features, similar to the Sendai and Kanazawa Shinkansen train depots of Japan:", "title": "Sabarmati depot" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The depot will cover an area of 57 hectares of land near the existing New Delhi-Mumbai main line in Kali. As the tender of the Package \"C8\" of the Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor has been awarded to Shashin Construction Company (SCC)–Velji Ratna Sorathia Infra Private Limited (VRSIPL) (JV), it will construct the tracks that will approach the depot from the southern side, and the depot will be designed and constructed by Larsen & Toubro (L&T)–Sojitz Corporation ([JV), as part of Package \"D2\" of the project. It will be completed in a deadline of around 5.5 years. Construction on the depot began in mid-2022, and is slated to be completed by the time of the station's completion.", "title": "Sabarmati depot" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "As the last and the northern terminus of the Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor, the station has an integrated multi-modal passenger and transport terminal building situated within its premises, located less than 400 m away from the station's site. It has been built to facilitate easy, fast and safe transit of passengers to and from the station and the city. Construction on the terminal began in January 2020, and was completed in December 2023. It covers an area of 3.51 ha (8.7 acres) and has nine floors, mainly dedicated to host retail stores, offices, commercial spaces and small-scale businesses to offer necessary services to passengers. For faster connectivity, there are three elevated walkways–the first one connects both the station and the terminal by passing over the Indian railway tracks, the second one connects the terminal with the nearby AEC metro station of Ahmedabad Metro's Line 2 (Red Line) and the third one leading to the west will connect both the station and the passenger terminal with the western part of Sabarmati. The terminal complex is integrated with all basic modes of transportation, like the Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS), Ahmedabad Metro, cabs and autos. It is connected with Sabarmati Junction railway station through an approach road and the existing road leading towards the station.", "title": "Integrated multi-modal passenger and transport terminal" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The complex has two buildings, both identical in structure and varying only in size, separated by a green space and access roads in between and connected by a large central corridor, which acts as a central hub concourse that consists of pick-up and drop-off areas for passenger transit through public transport like buses and cars, and the approach roads that pass through the complex connecting two roads–the Ahmedabad–Patan Highway and the Sabarmati Junction station road. It features a dedicated concourse floor at the third-floor for passengers, offering amenities such as waiting areas, retail spaces, and restaurants. It has dedicated parking spaces for private cars, cabs, buses, autos, and two-wheelers within the terminal's premises. Above the concourse floor, the building blocks are divided into two separate segments, Block A and Block B, with interconnecting terraces at two levels. Block A, with six floors above the concourse, is reserved for future office space, while Block B, with four floors, is designed to house a hotel facility with rooms, banquet halls, conference rooms, a swimming pool, and a restaurant. For seamless passenger interchange between Indian Railways and the high-speed railway, a ticket counter facility for Indian Railways has also been provided in the central hub. The terminal complex has been designed to match with historical context of Sabarmati. A large stainless steel mural depicting the famous Salt March, in which the movement's leader, Mahatma Gandhi, and his followers have been shown, crafted on the south-facing façade of the building.", "title": "Integrated multi-modal passenger and transport terminal" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Embracing sustainable practices, the complex incorporates various green building features, including the installation of solar panels on terraces, which will generate about 1 million units of green electricity annually, extensive landscape terraces and gardens for enhanced design and green space on the south-east side, efficient water management techniques like rainwater harvesting, sustainable energy consumption and waste disposal systems, energy-efficient air conditioning, and LED-based lighting fixtures. The design ensures ample natural light to penetrate inside and scenic views in most occupied areas throughout the entire building.", "title": "Integrated multi-modal passenger and transport terminal" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The station is being built just next to Sabarmati Junction railway station, towards south. Because of this location, it will be accessible easily from the entire city not only through the railway station, but also from the Ahmedabad–Patan Highway, passing parallely southwards, through skywalks and access roads from the hub concourse area of the terminal complex. It will be also accessible through the existing station road connecting with the city's major roads. Most of the stations being built in the Gujarat section of the Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor are located near or next to state or national highways, in order to provide better and direct connectivity to the stations.", "title": "Connectivity" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The nearest railway station after the station's completion will be Sabarmati Junction railway station, located just a few hundred metres north from the station.", "title": "Connectivity" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "The nearest bus station will be Sabarmati Power House BRTS station on the Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System, located just a kilometre away towards east from the station. It will be connected directly to the high-speed railway station through one of the three elevated walkways originating from the hub concourse level the terminal complex.", "title": "Connectivity" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "The nearest metro station will be AEC metro station of Ahmedabad Metro's Line 2 (Red Line), located at the same distance like the Sabarmati Power House bus station, because the bus station lies directly under the metro station. It will also be connected directly to the high-speed railway station through the elevated walkway originating from the terminal complex.", "title": "Connectivity" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "The nearest airport after the station's completion will be Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, located around 9 km (5.6 mi) east from the station.", "title": "Connectivity" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 season is SS Arezzo's 101st season in existence and first one back in the Serie C. They are also competing in the Coppa Italia Serie C.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Win Draw Loss Fixtures", "title": "Pre-season and friendlies" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Last updated: September 2023 Source: Soccerway", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Last updated: September 2023. Source: Worldfootball", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The league fixtures were unveiled on 7 August 2023.", "title": "Competitions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rama VIII Park (Thai: สวนหลวงพระราม 8, pronounced [sǔa̯n lǔa̯ŋ pʰráʔ rāːm pɛ̀ːt]) is a riverside public park in Bangkok, Thailand.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This park was developed according to construction of Rama VIII Bridge, crossing over Chao Phraya River to connnect Wisutkasat and Arun Amarin Roads and one of King Rama IX's development projects to mitigate traffic issues in Rattanakosin Island area for better releasing of vechicles to Thonburi side. Also, the site location was interesting in various aspects, such as being Chao Phrya riverside in which beautiful ambiance and views could be seen and being a great viewpoint that many historic places of Rattanakosin Island in opposite side could be sighted. For example Phra Sumen Fort, Bang Khun Phrom Palace, Dome Building, a symbol of Thammasat University (TU) or Phra Pinklao Bridge.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Moreover, the area could be potentially developed as a near sight-seeing point of transportation along Chao Phraya River and on Rama VIII Bridge. Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) then initiated the public park construction project in honour of King Rama VIII on the approach of Rama VIII Bridge, adjacent to Chao Phraya River and on Thonburi side in the area known as Bang Yi Khan. The project has aimed to pay tribute to King Ananda Mahidol, also known as King Rama VIII, the eighth monarch of the Chakri Dynasty, to allow people to salute his honour, and to provide public recreational area.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Later, the park was graciously named from King Rama IX as \"Rama VIII Park\".", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Rama VIII Park only relieves the traffic density, and also emphasizes the new symbolic construction of Bangkok, Rama VIII Bridge which is the first crossing Chao Phraya River bridge designed as asymmetric cable-stayed bridge with particular foundation.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The freshness of the park is obtained from tree shades and the river stream scence, and there are also other attractive elements as following", "title": "Rama VIII Park places" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Majdan Nowy massacre was a Nazi war crime perpetrated by the Schutzstaffel and its Ukrainian collaborators in the village of Majdan Nowy within occupied Poland. Taking place on June 24, 1943, this pacification operation resulted in the deaths of an estimated 28 to 36 residents, including women and children. This atrocity was part of the ethnic cleansing of the Zamość region.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Majdan Nowy, situated in Biłgoraj County, Gmina Księżpol (previously part of Gmina Sól until 1954), witnessed its first war crime perpetrated by Nazi occupiers on December 28, 1942. Seven individuals were executed on suspicion of aiding Jews, accompanied by reports of the Germans setting fire to ten buildings within the village.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In the autumn of 1942, at the direction of SS-Brigadeführer Odilo Globocnik, SS and Police Leader in the Lublin district of the General Government, a significant Nazi displacement operation commenced in the Zamość region. Its aim was to remove around 100,000 Poles from this area and replace them with German settlers, primarily comprising ethnic Germans from various European countries. The initial displacements began on the night of November 27-28, 1942, extending to 60 villages housing approximately 34,000 individuals by the end of December. The second phase of the operation lasted from mid-January to the end of March 1943 and covered mainly the areas of the Hrubieszów County. Inhabitants of 63 villages were then displaced.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Nazi actions faced passive resistance from the displaced populace and armed responses from the Polish resistance movement. Partisan units from the Peasant Battalions (Bataliony Chłopskie), Home Army (Armia Krajowa), and communist People's Guard (Gwardia Ludowa) attempted to impede pacification and displacement efforts, targeting German police, economic sites, and transportation facilities. They also conducted retaliatory actions in villages settled by German colonists. The resistance put up by the Polish partisans, combined with the difficult situation of German troops on the Eastern Front, forced the occupiers to temporarily suspend the deportations.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "At the end of June 1943, the Nazis resumed their displacement operation, focusing on villages in Biłgoraj County. The expulsion of the Polish population coincided with widespread pacification and anti-partisan activities. As part of the Aktion Werwolf (Operation Werewolf) that summer, the occupiers executed approximately 1,000 Poles across 163 villages in the Zamość region.", "title": "The massacre" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On June 24, Majdan Nowy was surrounded by SS troops, aided by Ukrainian collaborators. They effectively cut off all access to the village. This led to panic among the villagers, prompting them to prepare for displacement by relocating their belongings. An armored car conducted reconnaissance, circling the village buildings.", "title": "The massacre" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "After some time, the German and Ukrainian forces withdrew from their positions, leading villagers to believe the deportation had been abandoned. However, the village was suddenly bombarded by German field artillery, resulting in fires and casualties among the residents. Attempts to flee were met with machine gun fire.", "title": "The massacre" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Approximately an hour later, infantry troops entered the village. Witnesses reported that many SS men appeared intoxicated as they indiscriminately killed villagers, regardless of age or gender, and set buildings ablaze. Despite this, some residents managed to escape. The Nazis withdrew after about two hours.", "title": "The massacre" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Estimates of the casualties from the pacification vary, with reported figures ranging between 28, 34, or 36 individuals. The identities of 28 victims were established, including ten women and two children under 15 years old. The youngest victim was 2 years old, while the oldest was 68. Additionally, 58 farms were destroyed during the pacification.", "title": "The massacre" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On July 2, the Germans revisited Majdan Nowy. Survivors of the pacification were either deported for forced labor or sent to the Majdanek concentration camp. Between June 26 and July 10, 1943, an estimated 2,589 individuals, primarily men, were expelled from all nine communities in the Gmina Sól. Reports documenting the pacification of Majdan Nowy were recorded in the documents of the Polish Underground State.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "{{Massacres of Poles}", "title": "Bibliography" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "[[Category:1943 in Poland] [[Category:June 1943 events] [[Category:Massacres in 1943] [[Category:Massacres committed by Nazi Germany] [[Category:Massacres in Poland] [[Category:Nazi war crimes in Poland]", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Madrasa Faiz-e-Raza (trans: Grace of Raza) is an Islamic educational seminary in Sri Lanka. It was established under Anjuman Faiz-e-Raza by Valy Muhammad Haji Ahmed Thowfeeq, a Memon Muslim in 1994. The Madrasa follows Dars-i-Nizami and belongs to the Barelvi movement of Sunni Islam.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Anjuman Faiz-e-Raza is an umbrella body for many Barelvi Madrasas in Sri Lanka. They also run Darul Uloom Imam Ahmed Raza Dambulla which is located in Nikawatawana.", "title": "Anjuman Faiz-e-Raza" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Alvania fenestrata is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The length of the shell attains 3 mm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This species occurs off the coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.", "title": "Distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Orthosimyia montana is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "California.", "title": "Distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Orthosimyia palaga is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "California.", "title": "Distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2021 NCAA Division I women's soccer championship game (also known as the 2021 NCAA Division I Women's College Cup) was played on December 6, 2021, at Stevens Stadium in Santa Clara, California, and determined the winner of the 2021 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament, the national collegiate women's soccer championship in the United States. This was the 40th. edition of this tournament organised by the NCAA.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The match featured Florida State (21-1-3), which played its 6th. final, and BYU (17–5–3), which made its 1st. appearance in the final. After both teams tied on regular time, extra time was played but the score remained the same so a penalty shoot-out was conducted to determine a champion. Florida State leaded the series 4–3 winning its third NCAA national title and its 27th from ACC membership.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Seminoles goalkeeper Cristina Roque, who had two saves in the penalty shoot-out, was named \"Defensive Most Outstanding Player for the College Cup\". Roque had an average of 1.36 saves per match. On the other hand, Zhao Yujie scored the goal for the 4–3 win on penalties that gave Florida State its third national title.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament, sometimes known as the College Cup, is an American intercollegiate soccer tournament conducted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and determines the Division I women's national champion. The tournament has been formally held since 1982, when it was an twelve-team tournament.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1871 Liberian coup d'état resulted in the overthrow and death of President Edward James Roye of the True Whig Party and his eventual replacement by Joseph Jenkins Roberts of the Republican Party.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Roye, a wealthy businessman, had been elected president of Liberia at the 1869 general election as the first True Whig to hold the office. Early in his term a referendum was held to extend the length of the the presidential term from two years to four years. Republicans refused to recognise the results as valid and instead organised a presidential election in 1871. Roye and the True Whigs did not recognise the election as invalid and did not participate, with Republicans declaring Roberts to have been elected unopposed.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In October 1871, prompted by a controversial loan agreement signed by Roye's government, riots and street fights broke out between the supporters of Roye and Roberts. The Republicans sent multiple delegations demanding Roye's resignation, but he refused to resign and instead declared a state of emergency. He was ultimately arrested by a Republican mob on 28 October and imprisoned. Roye was initially succeeded by a provisional government and then by his vice-president James Skivring Smith, pending the commencement of Roberts' term in January 1872. Along with six of his supporters, Roye was convicted of treason in February 1872 and sentenced to death. He died in disputed circumstances while attempting to escape from custody a few days later.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Roye became president of Liberia in 1870, having won the 1869 presidential election as the candidate of the True Whig Party. Roye was a wealthy Americo-Liberian businessman and member of the predominantly mulatto merchant class which dominated Liberian politics. Initially a member of the Republican Party, he later became the standard-bearer of the True Whigs, an alliance of \"mostly dark-skinned upriver planters and the dark-skinned faction among the coastal merchants.\"", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1870, Roye sought a constitutional amendment to extend the presidential term from two years to four years. The result of the referendum was disputed by the Republican Party, which in May 1871 organised a presidential election. Roye and his True Whig supporters believed the election was invalid and did not participate. However, the Republicans declared their candidate Joseph Jenkins Roberts had been elected unopposed and intended him to take office in January 1871 in accordance with the existing constitution.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Liberia experienced an economic depression in the late 1860s as a result of a decline in international trade, on which the Americo-Liberian ruling class was heavily reliant. In 1871, Roye's government obtained a loan of £100,000 (Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=GB (parameter 1) not a recognized index.) from an English bank associated with David Chinery, the British consul in Monrovia. The terms of the loan were unfavourable and differed from that originally approved by the Liberian legislature, including a higher interest rate, a shorter loan period, and large upfront deductions resulting in a smaller sum immediately receivable by the Liberian treasury. Rumours circulated among Roye's opponents that he and his supporters were corrupt and had misappropriated funds from the loan proceeds.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In September 1871, news of the terms of the loan agreement prompted riots in the capital Monrovia and street fights between the supporters of Roye and Roberts. At one point a cannon was fired into the presidential residence. The movement against Roye was spurred on by Roberts' return from a trip to England the following month. Republicans welcomed him as a president-elect with a 21-gun salute, while his supporters organised \"citizens' meetings\" aimed at Roye's removal. One of these meetings passed a resolution on 24 October demanding Roye's resignation as president. Two delegations of Republicans met with Roye to demand his resignation, but he refused and instead declared a state of emergency. A few days later, he attempted to leave the country on a British mail steamer but was prevented from leaving by a mob. On 28 October, Roye was arrested and detained along with his secretary of state and secretary of the treasury.", "title": "Coup" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "As Vice President James Skivring Smith was absent from the capital when Roye was overthrown, an interim three-member Chief Executive Committee was established on 26 October consisting of Reginald A. Sherman, Charles Benedict Dunbar, and Amos Herring. The committee ruled until Smith's return on 4 November 1871. Despite being impeached, Smith subsequently served out the remainder of Roye's term in office until Roberts formally succeeded as president on 1 January 1872.", "title": "Coup" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Following Roberts' inauguration as president, Roye was charged with treason along with a number of his cabinet members and supporters. He was found guilty on 10 February 1872 and sentenced to death by hanging, along with six other officials. Smith was acquitted of treason, while some others received pardons or had their sentences commuted.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Roye died a few days after his sentence was pronounced, in uncertain circumstances. His estate was confiscated by the Liberian government. According to contemporary despatches from the U.S. minister in Liberia, Roye escaped from prison on the night following his conviction, but was pursued by a mob and drowned while attempting to swim to an English ship. However, Abayomi Wilfrid Karnga's 1926 history of Liberia instead states that Roye died in prison after being beaten by a mob which had discovered his escape attempt.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "According to Amos Sawyer, the 1871 coup \"was the first serious test of the institutional arrangements set forth in the constitution\".", "title": "Aftermath" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Andrea Capone (born March 18, 2002) is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Varaždin.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Capone was born to parents who spent time in Abbiategrasso, Italy.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Before signing for Croatian side Varaždin, Capone suffered an injury which sidelined him for a year and a half.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Capone is the brother of Italian footballer Christian Capone.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nils-Göran Larsson is a Swedish professor specializing in mitochondrial biology.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Larsson started his career in 1987, focusing on the study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations related to human disease. During the early 1990s, Larsson identified gaps in the understanding of mitochondrial function, prompting him to further his specialization in biochemistry and mouse genetics at Stanford University as a HHMI Physician Postdoctoral Fellow in 1994.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "From July 2002 until December 2015, Larsson was a professor in mitochondrial genetics at the Center for Inborn Errors of Metabolism at Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2008, Larsson joined the Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing in Cologne, Germany, as one of its founding directors, where he continued his research on mitochondrial dysfunction. He was also affiliated to Karolinska Institutet until 2015.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2016, Larsson returned to lead the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics. He has been an external member of the Max Planck Society since 2019. He is also a member of Nobel Prize committee.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "MA Mohammed Jamal or MA Muhammed Jamal (19 January 1940– 21 December 2023) was an Indian politician and community leader and religious scholar and social worker and caretaker to thousands of orphans from Kerala, South India who was the Kerala State General secretary Indian Union Muslim League from 1983 to 1992. He also served as the general secretary of the Wayanad Muslim Orphanage since 1988.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "MA Mohammed Jamal was born in Manikuni in Sulthan Bathery on 1940, He studied in his native place and later on in Guruvayoorappan college in Kozhikode. M.A. started his public life as a member of the Indian Union Muslim League. Muhammad Jamal followed the demise of Abdurahman Bafaqi in 1987. Taking charge of Wayanad Orphanage. He had started working with the Wayanad Muslim Orphanage (WMO) since 1967, his life to the orphanage since 1967, Jamal transformed the lives of numerous orphans, His a significant providing religious and moral education to approximately 9000 students in Wayanad.", "title": "Personal life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Jamal died of age-related disease at a private hospital in Kozhikode on December 21, 2023, at the age of 83", "title": "Death" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Mohammed Jamal In recognition of his philanthropic endeavors PhD from the University of Calicut", "title": "Award and honors" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sheikh Jaber Al-Ali Al-Salem Al-Sabah (Arabic: الشيخ جابر العلي السالم الصباح; 1928 - March 17, 1994) was a Kuwaiti statesman who served as Minister of Electricity and Water, Minister of Guidance and News, and later as Minister of Information. He was also the Deputy Prime Minister of Kuwait from 1962 to 1981. Subsequently, he became an advisor to the Amir of Kuwait and was one of the candidates for the Crown Prince in 1978.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He was the youngest son of Sheikh Ali Al-Salem Al-Sabah. His father passed away before he reached his first year, and his upbringing was undertaken by his uncle, Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah, alongside his cousins Saad and Khalid. At the age of five, he contracted smallpox, a disease that subsequently infected his mother, who suffered from its effects until her passing. Consequently, he lived alone without the presence of either parent.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He received his early education at the Abd Al-Aziz Hamada School, followed by further studies at Al-Mubarakiya School. From 1952 to 1962, he served as the head of the Electricity and Water Authority. After Kuwait's independence and the subsequent establishment of the Constituent Assembly, the first government was formed, and he was appointed as the Minister of Electricity and Water. He was reappointed to the same position in 1963 following the first National Assembly elections. On March 13, 1964, he was appointed Minister of Guidance and News, reappointed to the same position on January 3, 1965, and again on December 4, 1965, following the death of Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah. He left his ministerial role from 1971 to 1975, returning to government after being appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Information, serving in these roles until 1981. Subsequently, he left his ministerial duties and was appointed as an advisor to the Amir of Kuwait, Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "When Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah assumed power, he nominated three individuals for the position of Crown Prince, including Sheikh Jaber Al-Ali Al-Sabah, Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah, and Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah. Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad yielded his nomination in favor of Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah, who was then endorsed by the Al-Sabah family to assume the position. According to British documents, one reason for his not assuming the role of Crown Prince was his isolation from the Al-Sabah family and significant segments of Kuwaiti society.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023 BNL season was the 10th season of the Basketball National League (BNL), the top-flight basketball league in South Africa. The season began on 6 May 2023 and ended with the championship game on 30 July 2023. All fixtures were played in the Mandeville Indoor Hall in Johannesburg.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The league consisted of 12 teams, which were divided in two groups of six teams each. The Cape Town Tigers made their BNL debut and won their first-ever league championship. As national champions, the Tigers qualified for the 2024 BAL qualification.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Regular season" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "2023 Cape Town Tigers roster", "title": "Winning roster" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Emma Salokoski (born 28 October 1976 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish singer. She sings in the Emma Salokoski Ensemble (a continuation of the Emma Salokoski Trio) and in Quintessence and is an active member in the funk music band Q-Continuum. She also composes and writes her own songs; all songs on the album Kiellettyjä asioita were written by Salokoski and most of them were also composed by her.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Salokoski was born in Helsinki in 1976. Her mother is the anthropologist Märta Salokoski, who has studied the culture of the Ovambo people in Namibia based on Emil Liljeblad's collection. Märta Salokoski is Finland-Swedish and Emma Salokoski speaks Swedish as her native language. She has two brothers. When Salokoski was three years old her family moved to Moscow, Soviet Union (present-day Russia), where her father worked in a bank. The family moved back to Finland three years later. Salokoski went to a Swedish-speaking school until the ninth grade, when she moved to a Finnish-speaking musical class.", "title": "Early life and bands" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Salokoski started her music hobby at the age of 11 by playing the violin, but soon moved to the viola. When studying at the Sibelius gymnasium at the age of 18 she started to concentrate on singing. The first band where she sang was her little brother's progressive rock band. After taking a year's break from her studies after gymnasium Salokoski moved to Stockholm, Sweden to study musical theatre at the Kulturama university of performing arts. She graduated in 1998 and worked at the Tampere Theatre in the musical Rent and at the Helsinki City Theatre in the musical Les Misérables for a year. After this she moved to study at the Pop & Jazz Conservatory in Helsinki after having applied there for three times. In 2001 she moved to the jazz music department at the Sibelius Academy. Salokoski dropped out of her studies at these last two institutions.", "title": "Early life and bands" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2006 Salokoski became interested in the Complete vocal technique of singing. She had a few singing classes in Denmark and later participated in a course in Finland for a year. She graduated as a teacher of singing techniques in Copenhagen in late 2009.", "title": "Early life and bands" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Salokoski has been a member of the band Quintessence since its founding in 1999. In 2001 the band published its first EP record White Light and in the next year Texicalli Records published the band's debut album Talk Less Listen More. The band's second album 5 am was published in 2004.", "title": "Early life and bands" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Salokoski first performed as a solo artist in spring 2000. In autumn 2003 the Emma Salokoski Trio, including Salokoski, guitarist Mikko Kosonen and Lauri Porra who is better known as the bass player of Stratovarius, published its first EP record Puutarhassa. The EP spent seven weeks at The Official Finnish Charts, reaching place #12. The record included two Finnish songs and two Brazilian bossa nova classics.", "title": "Emma Salokoski Ensemble" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The band was later joined by the keyboard player Tuomo Prättälä, who had appeared on the trio's EP as a guest artist, and by the percussionist and drummer Marko Timonen. At this time the band renamed itself from Emma Salokoski Trio to Emma Salokoski Ensemble. In December 2005 the qunitet published the album Kaksi mannerta, which had been named after its namesake song composed after Aulikki Oksanen's poem. The album was Salokoski's first publication entirely in Finnish. She has also written the songs \"Mina Maneira\", \"Näkymätön\" (Finnish lyrics) and \"Ilmaa\" on the record, as well as composed and written the song \"Sua jos aattelen\". The album reached place #4 at The Official Finnish Charts, and the single \"Miksi sä meet\" on the album reached place #2 at the Radio Suomi charts. The album reached the 15,000 sales threshold for a gold record in Finland in January 2008.", "title": "Emma Salokoski Ensemble" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Emma Salokoski Ensemble's second album Veden alla was published on 27 August 2008. The album contains the band's own production as well as songs from J. Karjalainen, Dave Lindholm and Tuomari Nurmio. Instead of the bossa nova rhythms of the first records, the musical style on the album has drawn influence from jazz and folk music. The album was recorded in November and October at the Finnvox studio in Helsinki. On its first week, the album reached place #2 at The Official Finnish Charts and held the place for three weeks. The single \"Rakkaus polttaa\" published from the record went to the top place of the Radio Helsinki chart and place #2 at the Radio Suomi chart. After publishing the record, the band went on a tour of ten concerts starting on 11 September in Järvenpää and finishing at the Tavastia Club in Helsinki on 1 October.", "title": "Emma Salokoski Ensemble" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Salokoski has had guest appearances on records of many other artists (Don Johnson Big Band, Husky Rescue, Tuomo, Sami Saari) and performed with many famous Finnish jazz musicians and bands (such as Jukka Perko, Severi Pyysalo and Sakari Kukko). Salokoski and the Ilmiliekki Quartet have planned to publish an album containing Swedish songs, and in March 2009 Salokoski and Maria Ylipää recorded an album whose songs were composed after Finnish poems. Salokoski has also made some songs for other artists such as V-Chips and Husky Rescue. Emma Salokoski also leads her own choir Emma Salokoski Voices, which has performed two musical theatre plays, Plastic Bride and Body Positive!", "title": "Other information" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Salokoski played the waitress Liisa in the 2004 film Keisarikunta. At the 2006 Emma-gaala Salokoski was awarded best female vocalist of the year. She also appeared on the third season of the Finnish TV show Kuorosota from 2010 to 2011.", "title": "Other information" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Salokoski's father is the cousin of the Finnish singer Pekka Streng.", "title": "Other information" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Paulipalpus zentae is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Australia.", "title": "Distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mothers FM is a radio station in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. It is owned and run by \"The Mothers Media\" headed by Desmond K Antwi. It broadcasts in the Twi and English language. It was established on 23 November 2017. The station operates under the tagline \"the mothers heart\"", "title": "Mothers FM" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Chen Hongzhen was born in Tianjin in the 12th year of the Republic of China calendar (1923) on the 23rd day of the 10th lunar month, November 30th in the Gregorian calendar. Her family became rich through business. Her father, Chen Fengming, was the Tianjin Grocery Merchant Association president and was enthusiastic about public welfare. It is said that before Chen Hongzhen was born, her grandmother and mother, Yan, dreamed of Guanyin sending her son to the Chen family ancestral hall. Her parents named her \"Hongzhen\" because they hoped she would have a bright future under the protection of Guanyin Bodhisattva. There are two younger brothers and four younger sisters in his family.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1940, Yiguandao was introduced to Gong Penngling, the disciple of Jingdian Temple in Tianjin Mingde Tan. Later, it was mainly practiced in the Tongxing Tan Taoist temple, founded by Han Yulin. In 1947, he went to Taiwan to preach on the instructions of Zhang Tianran. Half a year later, he returned to Tianjin for treatment due to acclimatization. In 1948, he participated in the \"confession class\" after Zhang Tianran's death and decided to make a vow of purity (never marrying for life). In August of the same year, he went to Taiwan to preach again with Han Yulin. In 1950, Han Yulin awarded him the position of Bianchi and founded a group of disciples affiliated with the fa group. Chongde Dojo.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "1985, the Little Angel Class was established to care for Taoist children. She successfully established five cultural and educational foundations in Taiwan: Chongde, Chongren, Chongyi, Chongli, and Guanghui, as well as a Chongde Charitable Foundation, and promoted filial piety.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "After her death on January 6, 2008, Yiguandao announced that Queen Mother of the West had named her the \"Never-resting Bodhisattva\". During the farewell ceremony, Ma Ying-jeou knelt and kowtowed three times. The then President of the Republic of China, Chen Shui-bian ,also issued a commendation order.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Chen Hongzhen, chairman of the Chongde Cultural and Educational Foundation and vice-chairman of the Yiguandao World Federation, has a chaste and persevering nature and a bright and bright mind. He practiced diligently in his early years and came to Taiwan to open a wasteland and explain his teachings. He did not avoid the difficulties and achieved great success. Daily, he enjoys teaching about ancient times and has a heart to benefit the public. He is the chairman of the Chongde Cultural and Educational Foundation, Puli Guangming Charity Home and Xiluo Xinyi Kindergarten. He promotes ethics and morals and is committed to caring for disadvantaged groups, promoting religious exchanges, Expanding the mission of spreading Dharma overseas, being benevolent and sound, and benefiting all living beings. He has been awarded the National Good People and Good Deeds Award, the Ministry of Education's Social Education Promotion Individual Award, the Ministry of Home Affairs' Social Service Medal, the Thai Royal Social Welfare Medal, and the Third Class Medal of Stars. His achievements are outstanding, and all admire him. To sum up his life, he benefited the people for some time, promoted Taoism and Shushi for sixty years, cultivated himself and settled people, and helped Yongjia. I heard that he passed away and mourned deeply. He should be commended explicitly for showing the government's sincere memory of Xin Xian.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Gibbstown or Gibstown or Gibbston may refer to several places:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Military of the Mamluk Sultanate (Egyptian Arabic: جيش السلطنة المملوكية), officially known as Al-Asakir al-Masria (العساكر المصرية, lit. 'Egyptian troops') or Al-Askar al-Masri (العسكر المصري, lit. 'Egyptian troops') or Al-Jund al-Masri (الجند المصري, lit 'Egyptian soldiers') or Al-Asakir al-Mansoura (العساكر المنصورة, lit 'Victorious troops'), was the official armed forces of the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Mamluk Army was established in 1250 by the first Mamluk Sultan Aybak of Egypt, but it was reformed in 1260 by Sultan Baybars.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The entire army did not have an official census, but as a percentage and proportion, the Egyptians were the vast majority of the army, and this is clear from the division of the army. If we were to suffice with comparing the Volunteer corps alone with all the Mamluks (the Volunteer corps, which was larger than the entire regular army, we would also say that the vast majority were Egyptians) the English traveler Sir John Mandeville mentioned in Mandeville's Travels that the Sultan was able to leave Egypt with 200,000 soldiers, and the Egyptian historian Ibn Iyas mentioned that the number of the Egyptian army in the battle of Marj al-Saffar, known as Shaqhab, was 200,000 soldiers, and the Mamluks at their maximum number did not complete 24,000 people, so the remaining 175,000 soldiers were Egyptians or the vast majority were Egyptians.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "A lot of senior Egyptian commanders appeared in the army at that time, the most famous of whom were Prince Saad el-Din bin Ghurab, Prince Ezz el-Din el-Kourani, Prince Alaa el-Din bin el-Emam, Prince Salah el-Din Khalil bin Aram, Prince Alaa el-Din el-Tablawi, Prince Ahmed el-Taylouni bin el-Muhandis, Prince Fakhr al-Din Iyas el-Jarjawi, Ibn Bint el-Aqsarai, Prince Hamo Lajin and others.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The native Egyptian element was known to be the most faithful and loyal element of the army, and this became clear in many situations, the most important of which was when Sultan El-Ashraf Sha'ban bin Qalawun was putting down a rebellion against him in Cairo and all of his Mamluks deserted him and fled. What remained beside him were the Egyptian soldiers who defended him and defeated the rebels in the Battle of Cairo in late 1367. One of the most important policies of Sultan El-Ashraf Sha'ban was to increase the number of indigenous Egyptians in the regular military corps.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The army was disbanded by the Ottomans following the Capture of Cairo in 1517.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The Mamluk Army can be divided to two factions, which are the Egyptian Army and the Levantine Army.", "title": "Factions" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The Egyptian army which was officially called Al-Asakir al-Masria or Al-Askar al-Masri or Al-Jund al-Masri or Al-Asakir al-Mansoura, was the army of Egypt and was made up mostly of native Egyptians.", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The army was divided throughout the Mamluk era, or with different periods, so there were 9 categories that made up the army, which are:", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The Royal or Sultanic Mamluks (المماليك السلطانية) were all Mamluks and were similar to the modern-day Republican Guard with extra authority. They were under the direct authority of the Sultan and they were usually about 1,000 Mamluks.", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The Ajnad al-Halqa (أجناد الحلقة) were made up of both Egyptians and Mamluks and were under the direct command of the sultan, there was a faction within the Halqa called the Arbab al-Heraf (أرباب الحرف) which was made up of Egyptians only and was similar to modern-day engineering corps.", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Halqa troops were the heart and backbone of the Egyptian army.", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The Summoned forces or Al-Radif (قوات الإستدعاء أو الرديف) were made up of both Egyptians and Mamluks and were Summoned in times of war and some of them are part of the Halqa troops.", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The Volunteer forces (المتطوعة) were made up of Egyptians only, and they were the ones to whom mobilization calls were directed before any war, and their number alone was often greater than the number of the entire army, according to the testimony of the historian Ibn Taghribirdi:", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "\"And the commoners (Volunteer forces) are more than the troops in service.\"", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "The Emirs and their Mamluks (الأمراء ومماليكهم) were Mamluk soldiers, Egyptian leaders, and Mamluk leaders.", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "The soldiers of the emirs were directly commanded by the emirs, but could be mobilized by the sultan when needed.", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "The Al-Ghozah or Al-Ghaz or Al-Zuer (الغزاة أو الغز أو الزعر) were made up of Egyptians only, who were trained in their own camps. After completing their training, they were distributed among the Al-Ghozah brigades in the Egyptian army, and each of them receives a fixed salary from the army office. The salary of an Egyptian soldier in the Al-Ghozah during the era of Sultan Barsbay of Egypt was 20 dinars. The Al-Ghozah soldiers were the largest faction in the Egyptian army that participated in the conquest of Cyprus in the year 1426. This is in addition to their major achievements in the conquest of Tripoli in the Levant and the first and second Mamluk-Ottoman wars.", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "The Al-Ajnad al-Bataalyn (الأجناد البطالين) was made up of Egyptians only, it was the Egyptian technician corps.", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "The Al-Harafish (الحرافيش) were made up of Egyptians only and were first mentioned before the Mamluk era in the Ayyubid era, the Al-Harafish were famous for their great courage and their bravery in battles since the Ayyubid era. They were among those who fought in the Battle of Mansoura, and they were the ones who carried out raids on the camps of the Crusaders during the Seventh Crusade. They were the heroes of most of the wars of the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate, and they were famous for their leadership and insistence on the conquest of Acre, their conquest of Antioch, and their pursuit of the Mongol Ilkhanids in the Battle of Marj al-Saffar and other battles.", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "Most of the sultans of Egypt relied on the Al-Harafish brigades in Egypt's wars and also to stabilize their rule. The most famous of them were the sultans of the Qalawunid dynasty, to whom the Al-Harafish brigades were completely loyal.", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "During the siege of Acre, the Al-Harafish led a major demonstration in front of the tent of the Sultan El-Ashraf Khalil bin Qalawun, demanding the continuation of the siege and the absence of peace with the Crusaders. Sultan Khalil immediately agreed to their demands. Khalil bin Qalawun was famous for his love for the Egyptian soldiers in general and considering himself part of them, so he used to share holidays, food, and training with them.", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "The Al-Harafish were known for their support for Sultan An-Nasir Mahammad bin Qalawun in returning to power, and they led a major rebellion against Emir Baybars Al-Jashnkir, who deposed an-Nasir Mahammad. Al-Harafesh stoned him in the streets of Cairo. An-Nasir Mahammad became famous for relying on Al-Harafesh so much that he was nicknamed the Harfush. Al-Haraish also supported Sultan An-Nasir Hasan bin Qalawun to return to power.", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "The naval fleet (الأسطول البحري) was made up of Egyptian leaders and soldiers only, it was originally established in the Fatimid era.", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "Every now and then, the entire Egyptian fleet would be filled with men and weapons of all kinds, and the Egyptian fleet, raising the yellow Egyptian flag, would approach the coasts of the European countries on the Mediterranean, to display its strength and spread fear and panic in the hearts of the European population and the military garrisons in the southern European cities.", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "This policy has left coastal countries such as Cyprus, Rhodes, the Crusader state of Acre, and others living in a state of constant fear of any Egyptian attack. Acre was conquered in 1291 after the Crusaders of Acre killed Egyptian merchants there, and Cyprus was conquered in 1426 after the Cypriots stole the goods of the Egyptian merchant Ahmad bin el-Humaim. Rhodes was entered in 1444 after it carried out a raid on the Egyptian coast.", "title": "Egyptian Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "The Levantine Army or officially known as Al-Asakir al-Shamia (العساكر الشامية, lit. Levantine troops) was the army of the Levant and was made up of Mamluks, Levantines, Bedouins, Kurds and Turkomen.", "title": "Levantine Army" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "Not much is known about the Levantine Army but it participated in the conquest of Malatya alongside the Egyptian Army under the Viceroy of Syria, Tankiz and battles of the Mongol invasions of the Levant and battles of the Fall of Outremer.", "title": "Levantine Army" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lewisham was an electoral division for the purposes of elections to the Greater London Council. The constituency elected four councillors for a three-year term in 1964, 1967 and 1970.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It was planned to use the same boundaries as the Westminster Parliament constituencies for election of councillors to the Greater London Council (GLC), as had been the practice for elections to the predecessor London County Council, but those that existed in 1965 crossed the Greater London boundary. Until new constituencies could be settled, the 32 London boroughs were used as electoral areas which therefore created a constituency called Lewisham.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The electoral division was replaced from 1973 by the single-member electoral divisions of Deptford, Lewisham East, Lewisham West.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Lewisham constituency was used for the Greater London Council elections in 1964, 1967 and 1970. Four councillors were elected at each election using first-past-the-post voting.", "title": "Elections" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The first election was held on 9 April 1964, a year before the council came into its powers. The electorate was 201,636 and four Labour Party councillors were elected. With 87,184 people voting, the turnout was 43.2%. The councillors were elected for a three-year term.", "title": "Elections" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The second election was held on 13 April 1967. The electorate was 195,144 and four Conservative Party councillors were elected. With 82,357 people voting, the turnout was 42.2%. The councillors were elected for a three-year term.", "title": "Elections" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The third election was held on 9 April 1970. The electorate was 201,497 and four Labour Party councillors were elected. With 81,513 people voting, the turnout was 40.4%. The councillors were elected for a three-year term.", "title": "Elections" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1995–96 Ranji One Day Trophy was the third edition of India's annual List A cricket tournament which became the Vijay Hazare Trophy in 2007. As in the earlier editions, the 1995–96 tournament was open to teams participating in the Ranji Trophy and it was organised on a zonal basis without national playoffs or a final, so the aim of each team was to win its zonal championship only.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "All 27 teams from the Ranji Trophy competed and were divided into the five zones used for the Duleep Trophy: Central (5 teams), East (5), North (6), South (6), and West (5). The format within each zone was round-robin with the teams playing all of their zonal opponents once. Four points were awarded for a win and run rate was utilised as a tie-breaker within each league. The teams played a total of 60 matches from 9 December 1995 to 3 February 1996. The zonal champions were Utter Pradesh (Central), Bengal (East), Haryana (North), Karnataka (South), and Bombay (West).", "title": "Tournament" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bileshivale is a historic locality in Bengaluru. Bileshivale is counted as one of the emerging popular hubs. One inscription at Bileshivale is being documented here for the first time. The inscription found here indicates that there was a temple in the 14th century at Bileshivale. This temple is untraceable today. This inscription shows that Kalkere, the lake and the place are at least 700 years old.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Related to Bileshivale and Kalkere localities are three inscriptions", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This inscription was first noticed in 1911 by R Narasimhachar (Head, Mysore Archaeological Department) and mention of it is made by him in the Annual Report Of The Archaeological Survey Of Mysore For The Year 1910 To 1912. Subsequently, There is no mention of the inscription in literature. Kalkere Lake guardian Mark Mackenna Anthony noticed this inscription near a sewage drain during his morning stroll in 2018. It has since been conserved opposite Creative School, L G Lakedew, Bileshivale .", "title": "Bileshivale 1399CE Damodara Setti Inscription (Tamil)" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2022 this inscription was identified and 3D digital scanned by the Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project team based on media reports about the inscription.", "title": "Bileshivale 1399CE Damodara Setti Inscription (Tamil)" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The inscription is in Tamil and the script is Grantha and Tamil .Inscription was read by Soundari Rajkumar & Pon Karthikeyan who are Citizen Epigraphists. As the text flows from the left side of the stone to the front side, the table below consolidates text from both sides into one line for ease of reading purposes The exact transliteration of the inscription in Kannada and ISAT (line numbers are not part of the original inscription, including them is a default practice with inscriptions) are as follows:", "title": "Bileshivale 1399CE Damodara Setti Inscription (Tamil)" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "MAR mentions the inscription on two stones, today, only one of these is traceable. So rather than provide an incomplete summary based on this one stone, a complete summary is provided here based on the narration in MAR. This inscription explains that during the rule of Rajadiraja Raja Parameshwara Vira Harirayan, Damodara Settiyar of Kalkere, who was the superintendent of Tenkuru Nadu in Sannai Nadu of Nigarili Sola Mandalam had made this lamp pillar.", "title": "Bileshivale 1399CE Damodara Setti Inscription (Tamil)" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The inscription stone measures 114 cm tall and 77 cm wide, while the characters are 6.9 cm tall, 6.7 cm wide and 0.3 cm deep. The inscription is inscribed in the Kannada language and Kannada script.", "title": "Bileshivale 1399CE Damodara Setti Inscription (Tamil)" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023 New Zealand mini-budget, also known as Mini Budget 2023, was released by Minister of Finance Nicola Willis on 20 December 2023 as part of the Sixth National Government's plan to address the cost of living, deliver income tax relief, and reduce the tax burden. The Government's mini-budget delivered NZ$7.47 in operational savings by repealing or stopping 15 programmes launched by the previous Labour Government including 20 hours of free child care for two-year olds, eliminating depreciation for commercial buildings and dissolving the Climate Emergency Response Fund.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "During the 2023 New Zealand general election, the National Party and its coalition partner ACT had campaigned on a platform of tax cuts and reducing what they regarded as \"wasteful\" spending by the outgoing Sixth Labour Government. The Finance Minister Nicola Willis had accused the outgoing Labour Government of \"economic vandalism\" and affirmed the new National-led coalition government's commitment to savings, repriotising government spending, and delivering income tax reduction. Similarly Associate Finance Minister David Seymour told the public not to expect \"big cuts\" in the mini-budget, which would serve as a prelude to the Government's 2024 New Zealand budget in May 2024. He also affirmed the Government's commitment to reducing debt and \"getting the Government's books back in order.\" Labour finance spokesperson Grant Robertson disputed the Government's claims that his Labour Government had overspent and stated that the 2023 mini-budget showed that the National Party was \"trying to cover up the fact that they didn't put enough money aside to do the basics right in Budget 2024.\"", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The 2023 New Zealand mini-budget generated NZ$7.5 billion worth of savings by stopping 15 programmes including 20 hours of free childcare for two-year-olds (worth NZ$1.2 billion), eliminating depreciation for commercial buildings (NZ$2.3 billion) and disestablishing the Climate Emergency Response Fund (NZ$2 billion). This is projected to generate additional revenue for the next four years.", "title": "Key announcements" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "As part of the mini-budget, Finance Minister Willis also confirmed that the Government would index main benefits to Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation from 1 April 2024 with the goals of protecting the real incomes of welfare beneficiaries while putting the social welfare system on a more sustainable footing.", "title": "Key announcements" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "These projected savings include NZ$1.5 billion from initial baseline exercises: NZ$500 million started by the previous Labour Government, NZ$400 million in hiring fewer consultants and NZ$600 million in slashing governmental departmental costs.", "title": "Key announcements" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In terms of fiscal cliffs, the New Zealand Treasury identified 2 time-limited programmes (estimated to be worth at least NZ$50 million over the next four years) that, if continued, would cost NZ$7.2 billion over the next four years. These affected programmes include the Healthy School Lunch Programme, International Climate Financing Future, tertiary tuition and training funding baseline pressure, the New Zealand Screen Production Rebate, Apprenticeship Boost, cyber security programmes, Kāinga Ora Operating Funding, and Pharmac's combined budget including COVID-19 therapeutics and vaccination.", "title": "Key announcements" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The Government also confirmed that its budget policy statement and allowances for the 2024 New Zealand budget would be announced in March 2024.", "title": "Key announcements" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Labour's finance spokesperson Robertson described the 2023 mini-budget as \"a litany of distractions, delays and diversions which leave the country without any certainty or coherent economic plan\". He also claimed that the mini-budget lacked details about their tax cuts and how many cuts they would involve to public services. He also defended the previous Labour Government's efforts to keep public debt low and to boost economic growth by seven percent following the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand. Opposition Leader Chris Hipkins also described the mini-budget as a \"flop\" and claimed that the half-year fiscal debate had little information about how the Government planned to achieve its spending commitments.", "title": "Responses" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Similarly, the Green Party's finance spokesperson James Shaw claimed that the 2023 mini-budget showed that the National Government would make life harder for people on low incomes and were \"gaslighting\" New Zealanders by increasing the cost of living. Shaw took issue with the Government's decision to scrap 20 hours of free early childhood education for two year olds and the Government Investment in Decarbonising Industry (GIDI) fund. Te Pāti Māori co-leader Debbie Ngarewa-Packer stated that the mini-Budget was \"so mini it's non-existent for those that are really struggling\". She also claimed that the budget would only benefit climate deniers and the National Party's \"rich mates.\"", "title": "Responses" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Following the mini-budget's release, Willis and Seymour defended their criticism of the previous Government's spending and reaffirmed the National Government's commitment to delivering tax relief. Willis also said that the Government was open to pursuing tax evaders via the Inland Revenue Department in order to increase tax revenue.", "title": "Responses" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Official website", "title": "External links" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "New Zealand Mini-budget Category:New Zealand budgets", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Heritance Tea Factory, formerly known as The Tea Factory Hotel, is a luxury four-star hotel in Kandapola, Sri Lanka. The hotel is situated in Nuwara Eliya District, 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from Nuwara Eliya, the district capital. Hethersett Hotels Ltd, a subsidiary of Aitken Spence Hotel Holdings, is the proprietor of the hotel. The hotel is part of Aitken Spence's Heritance Hotels and Resorts chain brand. The hotel is the brainchild of G. C. Wickremasinghe, a director of Aitken Spence. After seeing the neglected tea factory of the Hethersett Tea Estate on a visit in 1992, Wickremasinghe had the idea of converting the facility into a hotel. Nihal Bodhinayake is the architect who oversaw the transformation of the hotel. The hotel began its operations in 1996 as The Tea Factory Hotel. The hotel won the merit award at the 2001 UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards. The hotel is relaunched as Heritance Tea Factory at the end of 2009.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The hotel was a concept of G. C. Wickremasinghe, a Aitken Spence director. On a visit to Hethersett Tea Estate in 1992, Wickremasinghe saw the old, unmaintained tea factory and envisioned converting the tea factory into a hotel. Archiecht Nihal Bodhinayake oversaw the transformation of the hotel. The public spaces and main service facilities are concentrated on the ground floor. The upper floor rooms used for wilting tea are converted to 50 bedrooms. For his conversion of the tea factory, Bodhinayake received a commendation in the South Asia Architecture Awards in 1996. The Tea Factory Hotel commenced operations in the same year. The hotel won the merit award at the UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards in 2001.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Tea Factory Hotel is the country's first theme hotel. The hotel was rebranded as Heritance Tea Factory on 15 December 2009. It was the fourth hotel to be launched under the Heritance brand. Heritance Kandalama, Heritance Ahungalla and Heritance Madurai were the other three. The hotel is located at an elevation of about 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level. Even though there is a global demand for historic-plantation based accommodations, the government's intervention has been minimal in developing and marketing such accommodations.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The hotel's reception hall which was the old drying room incorporates a steel latticed atrium. The hotel has two fine dining restaurants: Kenmare and the TCK 6685 Restaurant. Kenmare restaurant offers a la carte menu. The TCK restaurant is created out of a train car. It serves seven-course meals.", "title": "Amenities" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2021–22 season was Piacenza Calcio 1919's 103rd season in existence and seventh consecutive in the Serie C. They also competed in the Coppa Italia Serie C.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Win Draw Loss", "title": "Pre-season and friendlies" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Source: Soccerway", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Source: Worldfootball", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The league fixtures were unveiled on 9 August 2021.", "title": "Competitions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1996–97 Ranji One Day Trophy was the fourth edition of India's annual List A cricket tournament which became the Vijay Hazare Trophy in 2007. As in the earlier editions, the 1996–97 tournament was open to teams participating in the Ranji Trophy and it was organised on a zonal basis without national playoffs or a final, so the aim of each team was to win its zonal championship only.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "All 27 teams from the Ranji Trophy competed and were divided into the five zones used for the Duleep Trophy: Central (5 teams), East (5), North (6), South (6), and West (5). The format within each zone was round-robin with the teams playing all of their zonal opponents once. Four points were awarded for a win and run rate was utilised as a tie-breaker within each league. The teams played a total of 60 matches from 21 October to 27 December 1996. The zonal champions were Madhya Pradesh (Central), Assam (East), Delhi (North), Tamil Nadu (South), and Mumbai (West).", "title": "Tournament" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Philippodexia longipes is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Borneo, Sulawesi, Malaysia, Philippines.", "title": "Distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Government employees in the India are the employees working with the Union Government of India. There are around 56 ministries and departments in Government of India employing around 48.67 lakhs employees.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Government employees in the Central Government in 56 ministries and departments under latter as of 1st July 2023 has 48.67 lakhs working employees and 67.95 retired employees on rolls. Indian Railways with 1.3 million employees has highest number of employees in Central Government.", "title": "Statistics" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Government employees in the India are entitled to following benefits:", "title": "Benefits" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Single male employees and female employees in the Central Government are eligible for child care leave for 730 days.", "title": "Benefits" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Central Government Employees lowest and highest salary structure was revised in 7th Pay Commission.", "title": "Salary Structure" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Government employees in India are provided with following training programmes", "title": "Training Programmes" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Central Government has 9.64 lakh vacancies in various departments of Government of India as on 1st July 2023.", "title": "Vacancies" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a list of Armenian football transfers in the winter transfer window, by club. Only clubs of the 2023–24 Armenian Premier League are included.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Park So-yeon (Known as Soyeon) is a South Korean singer and songwriter. Her discography currently consists of 7 singles and 5 soundtrack appearances. In 2020, So-yeon announced that she'll be releasing her first unnamed album later that year and that tracks \"Just The Same As Before\" (다 그대로더라) and \"Interview\" (인터뷰) will be included in the album. However, she has yet to release the said album.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted.", "title": "Songwriting credits" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kallambella Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in Karnataka state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of Tumkur Lok Sabha seat.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "13°37′44″N 76°55′12″E / 13.629°N 76.920°E / 13.629; 76.920", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Johanna Meehan is a philosopher, academic and author. She is McCay-Casady Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at Grinnell College.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Meehan's research primarily focuses on critical theory, psychoanalysis, feminist theory, self-development, and Hannah Arendt. She has authored and edited the book Feminists Read Habermas: Gendering the Subject of Discourse. She received the Grinnell College Harris Fellowship in 1993 to conduct research on male and female ego development.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Meehan graduated with a bachelor's degree in Philosophy from Brandeis University in 1977 and began her career at Boston University as an instructor in 1979. In 1983, she pursued a master's degree in philosophy from Boston University while concurrently instructing at the University of Massachusetts in 1983, Bates College in 1986, and later Brandeis University in 1988. During this time, she studied with Jürgen Habermas after receiving a DAAD scholarship in 1985. She subsequently served as an instructor at the University of Massachusetts and Emerson College and obtained a Ph.D. in philosophy from Boston University in 1989.", "title": "Education and early career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Meehan continued her academic career as an assistant professor of philosophy at Grinnell College in 1990, later appointed to associate professor in 1997 and full Professor in 2006. She has been the McCay-Casady Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at Grinnell College since 2021.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2004, Meehan became the Reviewer for the External Personnel at Wabash College, concurrently serving as the Chair of the Committee for the Iowa Philosophical Society at the University of Iowa. Subsequently, in 2015, she served as Chair of the Humanities Division and was also in the Executive Council for 2015 and 2016.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Meehan served on the Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy’s Committee on the Status of Women from 1999 to 2001.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Meehan has contributed to the field of philosophy by studying feminist philosophy, psychoanalysis, and the mutual understanding and development of the self that starts during infancy and continues throughout life. Her recent writing focuses on the nature of the self in light of postmodernism, race, and gender and the literature on the nature of biology and child and infant development.", "title": "Research" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Meehan has authored a book on feminism and gender discourse in philosophy. In the book Feminists Read Habermas: Gendering the Subject of Discourse she presented a collection of essays where Jürgen Habermas' discourse theory has been discussed through different feminist perspectives.", "title": "Works" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Meehan has studied feminist theory throughout her career. She discussed how Habermas' emphasis on the intersubjective formation of subjectivity and the rational nature of normative claims is valuable for feminist theory but highlighted the need for feminists to challenge his reduction of subjectivity to language and rationality and to maintain distinctions between morality and legality. She also critiqued Butler and Benhabib's models of the self, arguing that their existing models fail to adequately capture the ontogeny of the self and proposed a new model based on the Developmental Systems Theory.", "title": "Works" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Meehan has looked into critical theory in philosophy. She argued that Jürgen Habermas focuses on children's cognitive progression from conventional to post-conventional morality through discursive justifications while overlooking the profound impact of intersubjective identity formation, highlighting the significance of power dynamics in shaping norms and moral reasoning. Further examining Habermas's discourse ethics, she showcased how it reconciled the criticisms of neo-Kantianism, addressing concerns raised by both \"communitarian\" critics and feminist advocates of the \"ethics of care,\" thereby offering an alternative to the dichotomy between the \"right\" and the \"good\" in moral theory.", "title": "Works" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Meehan emphasized the potential of Amy Allen's work in The Politics of Our Selves, in bridging the gap between Habermas' normative insights and Foucault's psychoanalytic discourse on the impact of power on subject formation. She contended that despite Arendt's aversion to psychology, her political theories resonate with Jessica Benjamin's psychoanalytic perspective, offering a nuanced understanding of the self that transcends postmodern deconstruction and liberal subjectivity. In addition, she argued that, for justice and liberation, postmodern emphasis on difference must evolve into a Hegelian solidarity, criticizing Derrida, Iris Marion Young, and Linda Nicholson while advocating for a reconstituted concept of human nature grounded in enduring solidarity for the united struggle.", "title": "Works" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Meehan researched the psychological development of infants and their subsequent attachment disorders. She examined attachment disorders in infants, providing a description and reflection on the understanding of children with attachment disorders, while exploring the significant impact of affective and psychological relationships on the development of socially and morally important relational abilities.", "title": "Works" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Aashiqui is a 1990 Indian Hindi-language musical film", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "See also", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Via Brixiana, or Via Cremonensis, was a Roman road created during the Roman-Gallic wars in the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul. It connected Cremona to Brescia, from which Roman roads passed and then branched out towards the entire Northern Italy.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Via Brixiana started in Cremona, an important inland port long the Po and ended in Brixia (Brescia), traversed by Via Gallica, connecting the city to the other roman consular roads. Due to Cremona fedelissima et nobilissima colonia de Romani (1585), the road, left Cremona (Cremona), intersecting Via Postumia, Via Regina, and traversed the Bassa Cremonese, continuing through Plaxanum (Pozzaglio ed Uniti), Brazzuoli, a Plaxanum's frazione, and Rubeccum (Robecco d'Oglio). Then, the road traversed the Ollius (Oglio) in Pontis Vicus (Pontevico) by a bridge who gave the name to the town, traversing Bassa Bresciana through Bassianum (Bassano Bresciano), Minervium (Manerbio), Balneolum (Bagnolo Mella) and Brixia (Brescia).", "title": "Route" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lydia Miladinovic (born 1951), is an Australian pioneer representative rower. With Evelyn Adams she rowed in Australia's first international representative women's crew. A five-time Australian national champion, accomplished as both a sculler and sweep-oarswoman, Miladinovic made her sole international representative appearance for Australia at the 1974 World Rowing Championships.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Miladinovic's senior club rowing was from the Sydney Women's Rowing Club at a time when there was nil integration and little co-operation with the nearby men's Sydney Rowing Club boatshed and clubhouse. When she took up Master's Rowing in the last 1980s she rowed in Glebe Rowing Club colours.", "title": "Club and state rowing" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She began contesting national titles at Australian Rowing Championships from 1968 and took the silver medal in the Women's Senior Pair at the 1969 Australian Championships. She won the gold and a national championship title in a coxless pair with Tricia Hennesy in 1973, and then in the pair with Evelyn Adams in 1974. In 1975 she raced the coxless pair with Libby Hollingworth and then in 1977 in a SWRC coxed quad scull. They won a national title in 1977 and took the silver in a coxless quad in 1978.", "title": "Club and state rowing" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Miladinovic was first honoured with New South Wales state selection in 1969 when she was picked to contest the Victoria Cup for lightweight women's fours at the annual Interstate Regatta within the Australian Rowing Championships. That crew was victorious. In 1974 she stroked to victory the NSW openweight women's four contesting the ULVA Trophy. She made another ULVA Trophy appearance for New South Wales in 1976 for a second placing.", "title": "Club and state rowing" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1974 the NSW state championships were regarded as the unofficial selection trial for the 1974 World Rowing Championships. Miladonivic had won the national title in the pair in 1973 and then joined up with Adams to go back to back in 1974. They were selected to race at the 1974 World Championships in Lucerne which included the first ever world title events for women. They finished fourth in their heat, lest in their repechage but raced the B final for an overall eleventh place finish.", "title": "International representative rowing" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023 FIBA 3x3 U18 World Cup consists of two sections:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2022 FIBA 3x3 U18 World Cup consists of two sections:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2021 FIBA 3x3 U18 World Cup consists of two sections:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Joaquim R. R. A. Martins is an aerospace engineer, academic, and author. He is the Pauline M. Sherman Collegiate Professor in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Michigan, where he directs the Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Laboratory (MDO Lab). He also has a courtesy appointment in the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Martins is known for his research in methods for multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) and its applications to the design of aircraft and other engineering systems. He is the author of the textbook Engineering Design Optimization.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Martins is a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He is the recipient of the Ballhaus Prize, the British Aerospace Award, the Marie Skłodowska–Curie Fellowship. He has been a member of the AIAA Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Technical Committee. Additionally, he is a member of the International Organizing Committee for the Aircraft Structural Design Conference and AIAA Aerodynamic Design Optimization Discussion Group.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Martins was born in Porto, Portugal and grew up in the Azores, in the city of Horta. He is the son of marine biologist Helen Rost Martins and geologist José Ávila Martins. He earned his Master of Engineering in Aeronautics from Imperial College, London in 1995. Before moving to London, he completed one year at the University of Oslo. For his final Master of Engineering project, he was a Visiting Researcher at the Israel Institute of Technology. He then obtained a Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics at Stanford University in 1997, where he became a Research Assistant and completed his Ph.D. in 2002.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Martins started his academic career at the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies, where he was an Assistant Professor from 2002 to 2008 and Associate Professor until 2009. Throughout his tenure at the University of Toronto, he held the Canada Research Chair in Multidisciplinary Design Optimization. He then took the role of Associate Professor in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Michigan, where he was promoted to Full Professor in 2015. He held a Visiting Professorship at the ISAE–SUPAERO Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace in Toulouse from 2015 to 2016, where he was a Marie Skłodowska–Curie Fellow. Since 2021, he has been the Pauline M. Sherman Collegiate Professor in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Michigan, concurrently holding a courtesy appointment as a Professor in the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Martins was the Technical Co-Chair for the 12th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference in 2008. He was a co-organizer for the Fields Industrial Optimization Seminars and NSF Workshop titled \"The Future of Multidisciplinary Design Optimization: Advancing the Design of Complex Systems\". Moreover, he co-organized the UTIAS–MITACS International Workshop on Aviation and Climate Change in Toronto.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Martins' studies have contributed to the understanding of the architectures and practical applications of MDO. He, with Andrew B. Lambe, introduced the extended design structure matrix to show data dependencies and process flows in MDO. They also described and classified MDO architectures based on problem formulation, discussing their benefits and drawbacks from both theoretical and practical perspectives.", "title": "Research" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Martins developed methodologies and software for aerodynamic shape optimization based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for aircraft design as well as other applications, including the shape optimization of cars, wind turbines, and hydrofoils. He addressed the absence of a standard benchmark problem in aerodynamic shape optimization by tackling problems based on the Common Research Model wing.", "title": "Research" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Martins is best known for pioneering high-fidelity MDO where CFD is coupled to structural finite-element analysis, propulsion thermal cycle analysis, and conjugate heat transfer. The key contribution of his work is the coupled-adjoint method, which computes derivatives of coupled systems efficiently to inform gradient-based optimization algorithms such as SNOPT. Applications have included the aerostructural optimization of airliner wings, wind turbine blades, and hydrofoils.", "title": "Research" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In collaboration with his students and NASA Glenn Research Center, Martins generalized the coupled-adjoint method and implemented it in OpenMDAO framework. Much of the theory behind OpenMDAO is explained in his book, Engineering Design Optimization.", "title": "Research" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Martins has also co-developed the Python optimization interface pyOptSparse, the surrogate modeling toolbox (SMT), and the high-fidelity multiphysics MDO framework MPhys.", "title": "Research" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Männiku Stadium (Estonian: Männiku staadion) is a football stadium in Tallinn, Estonia, and the home of FC Nõmme United. The stadium is located about 6 km south of the city centre, in the district of Nõmme. It is part of the Männiku Football Centre.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A sports ground was located at its current location by Võidu street already in the 1930s. In the 1990s, the stadium housed the offices of the Estonian Football Association and also served as a training base for FC Flora.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2000, the owner of the stadium Enn Loog founded Nõmme United and the club started to operate at Männiku Stadium. In 2004, an artificial turf ground with under-soil heating was constructed on one side of the former stadium and in 2006, a natural grass field was built adjacent to that. The stadium's new administrative building cost €1.5 million and was opened in April 2016. That also marked the opening of the Männiku Football Centre.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Further expansion and modifications are set to be done to the stadium in preparation for Nõmme United's debut in Estonian top flight Premium Liiga in 2024.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Männiku Stadium is part of the Männiku Football Centre (Estonian: Männiku Jalgpallikeskus). In addition to the natural grass ground, the complex also has an artificial turf football pitch (90 × 60m), upon which an air dome is installed during the winter months. The stadium's administrative building also facilitates a hostel, conference room, gym, sauna, and a cafeteria.", "title": "Männiku Football Centre" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Männiku Stadium in the 20th century (image)", "title": "See also" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "59°22′56.85″N 24°42′48.65″E / 59.3824583°N 24.7135139°E / 59.3824583; 24.7135139", "title": "See also" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tiffany Ford is a Canadian entrepreneur, politician, Former School Board Trustee, and Community Advocate.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Tiffany Ford was born and raised in Jane-Finch community. Ford received a double Bachelor of Arts with Honours in Communications and Sociology from York University. She pursued a Master of Business Administration (MBA) from the University of Fredericton. Tiffany holds a Financial Modeling and Valuation Analyst (FMVA) certification from the Corporate Finance Institute.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Tiffany Ford is an award-winning marketing communications specialist and a serial entrepreneur who has founded several startups, including Ford Publicity. She has entered the telecom industry as the first Black female to own a telecommunications company in Canada. Ford is the founder and CEO of Ford Global Group Inc.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "From 2014 to 2018, Ford served as an elected trustee with the Toronto District School Board (TDSB). During her tenure, she advocated for increased funding for school infrastructure improvements in her ward. In 2018, Ford ran for Toronto City Council as the elected trustee for the York West School Board.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "She is the founder of the Beyond “at-Risk” Organization, a nonprofit aiming to dismantle the harmful connotations associated with the term ‘at risk’. She participates in Firgrove Connections and has served as the Chair of the York University Black Alumni Network (YUBAN), connecting Black alumni with current students. Ford has been hired as the Interim Executive Director of Promoting Education and Community Health.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Ford was a candidate in the Toronto's 2018 Municipal Elections, with representation by Giorgio Mammoliti.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2012, Tiffany Ford was recognized by a Top 100 Global PR Firm for her work with Ford Publicity. In 2013, she received the Service Award from the African Entertainment Awards for her industry contributions.", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Tiffany Ford faced a public misunderstanding with the Toronto District School Board (TDSB) over a code of conduct violation. The TDSB later retracted the accusation and issued an apology.", "title": "Controversy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Wanatham Park, also written as Wanadharm (Thai: สวนวนธรรม) is a public park in Bangkok.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Wanatham Park is the first public park to address mental development in Bangkok. Started in 2002, the park was opened for service on February 26, 2009. Apart from its function as a public park, it also aims to enhance mental development through Dharma or religious studies. The park was founded to honour the Queen Sirikit's 70th birthday.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Encompassing 38 rai, 3 ngan, and 46 square wa it is divided by ponds, into three main parts connected by bridges. The first hosts the Klang Panya Building or library which is a comprehensive respository of general and religious knownledge, an Office Building, and the School of Trees where information about ecosystems is available; family activities and held at weekends or holidays.", "title": "Park components" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The second is the Dharma Puzzle Ground, Community Faith Ground, and Valley of Wisdom. This area is arranged for group activities, including making merit, giving alms, listening to Buddhist sermons as well as study of simplified Buddhist doctrine.", "title": "Park components" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The last second, the inner area, houses the Dharma Practice Hall and Lodging Hall which were designed as serene sites for Dharma practice. People can stay overnight and conduct religious practices here. The park also houses a collection of trees associated with the Buddhist faith such as sacred fig, sal tree, banyan, Indian oak, and Burmese sal species. Botanical information on each species is provided.", "title": "Park components" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The park is situated behind Rama IX Park, Prawet District, Bangkok's eastern suburb.", "title": "Location" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 20705/20706 Jalna - Mumbai CSMT Vande Bharat Express is India's 38th Vande Bharat Express train, running across the state of Maharashtra, which will start from Jalna and will terminate at Mumbai CSMT in India. This will be the fourth express train towards Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This express train was inaugurated on 30 December 2023 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi via video conferencing from Ayodhya Dham Junction.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This train is operated by Indian Railways, connecting Jalna, Aurangabad, Manmad Jn, Nasik Road, Kalyan Jn, Thane, Dadar Ctrl and Mumbai CSMT. It is currently operated with train numbers 20705/20706 on 6 days a week basis.", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "It is the thirty-sixth 2nd Generation and twenty-third Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train which was designed and manufactured by the Integral Coach Factory at Perambur, Chennai under the Make in India Initiative.", "title": "Rakes" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The 20705/20706 Jalna - Mumbai CSMT Vande Bharat Express has currently 7 AC Chair Car and 1 Executive Chair Car coaches. The coaches in Aqua color indicate AC Chair Cars and the coaches in Pink color indicate AC Executive Chair Cars.", "title": "Coach composition" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The 20705/20706 Jalna - Mumbai CSMT Vande Bharat Express currently operates 6 days a week, covering a distance of 435 km (270 mi) in a travel time of 06hrs 50mins with average speed of 63 km/h. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) will be confirmed after commercial run.", "title": "Service" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The schedule of this 20705/20706 Jalna - Mumbai CSMT Vande Bharat Express is given below:-", "title": "Schedule" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2025–26 UEFA Women's Nations League will be the second season of the UEFA Women's Nations League, an international women's football competition contested by the senior women's national teams of the member associations of UEFA. The results will be used to determine the leagues for the upcoming FIFA Women's World Cup 2027 qualifying competition.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The competition will begin with the league stage, featuring the national teams split into three leagues (A, B, and C) based on their performance in the UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying. Leagues A and B will feature 16 teams in four groups of four teams, while League C will consist of the remaining competition entrants split into groups of three or four teams.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The teams in each group will play against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format. The four group winners of League A will advance to the Nations League Finals, which will feature single-leg semi-finals, a third place play-off and final. An open draw will determine the pairings and home teams for the semi-final matches, as well as which semi-final will have its teams host the third place play-off and final.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In addition, the competition will feature promotion and relegation, taking effect in FIFA Women's World Cup 2027 qualifying (which will use an identical league structure). The group winners of Leagues B and C will be automatically promoted, while the fourth-placed teams in Leagues A and B, as well as the lowest-ranked third-placed team in League B, will be automatically relegated. Promotion and relegation matches will also be held on a home-and-away basis, taking place in parallel with the Nations League Finals, with the winners going into the higher league and the losers going into the lower league. The third-placed teams of League A will play the runners-up of League B, while the three best-ranked third-placed teams in League B will play the three best-ranked League C runners-up. The teams from the higher leagues will be seeded, and play the second leg at home. In the two-legged ties, the team that scores more goals on aggregate is the winner. If the aggregate score is level, extra time is played (the away goals rule is not applied). If the score remains level after extra time, a penalty shoot-out is used to decide the winner.", "title": "Format" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Architect is a 2016 American comedy-drama film directed by Jonathan Parker and starring Parker Posey, Eric McCormack and James Frain.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Armour of Light is a historical fiction novel by Welsh author Ken Follett. It is a sequel to A Column of Fire.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The characters below are listed in order of appearance.", "title": "Characters" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine is an oil on panel painting by Nicolas Poussin, dated to about 1628–1629, which depicts the mystical marriage of Saint Catherine to Christ. The picture is now in the Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The composition of eight figures, representing the Virgin Mary, clothed in red vest and a blue mantle, seated on the viewer's left, bending and holding the Christ child on her knee, while he places a ring on the finger of Saint Catherine: behind is an angel bearing a sword, the instrument of her martyrdom; and on the right are two other angels witnessing the mystical union of Jesus and the Saint. Two infant angels are behind the Virgin, one of whom has a palm branch in his hand. Smith (1837) comments, \"This admirable picture is unusually rich and harmonious in its colouring.\"", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Once owned by Cassiano dal Pozzo (d. 1657). Later part of the art collection of Humphry Morice (d. 1785), which was purchased by the Earl of Ashburnham in 1786. Auctioned by Christie's several times during the 19th century, before being purchased by Sir Herbert Cook in 1886: thence passed by descent to Sir Francis Cook, 4th Bt, who sold the picture and much of the family art collection in 1946. Later owned by Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Bt, of Tiverton, Devon; who bequeathed it to the Scottish National Gallery in 1973.", "title": "Provenance" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Seiya Tsutsumi (堤聖也, born December 24, 1995) is a Japanese professional boxer.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "As of December 17, 2023, Tsutsumi is ranked as the world's third best bantamweight boxer by the WBA, tenth by the WBC, fourth by the IBF, and ninth by BoxRec.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Tsutsumi made professional debut was on March 27, 2018, winning the bout by KO in the first round.", "title": "Boxing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Then, in September 2019, Tsutsumi transferred to Kakuebi Geki Boxing Gym. After that, he entered the GOD'S LEFT bantamweight tournament as a seed in the first round and entered the semi-finals, and was scheduled to compete in the semi-finals against Kenya Yamashita at Korakuen Hall on November 9 of the same year, but the match was canceled due to Yamashita's withdrawal. He advanced to the finals with a bye.", "title": "Boxing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On January 28, 2020, Tsutsumi faced Kazuki Nakajima, ranked 6th in the Japanese bantamweight division, in the tournament final. The match ended in a majority draw at 0-1 (75-77, 76-76, 76-76) after 8 rounds.", "title": "Boxing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On October 26, 2020, Tsutsumi faced Daigo Higa, a former WBC world flyweight champion. The fight ended in a majority draw, one judge scoring it in favour of Higa, 96–94, while the other two judges saw the fight as a draw, scoring it 95-95.", "title": "Boxing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On June 23, 2022, Tsutsumi fought against Japanese bantamweight champion Kyosuke Sawada. He won the bout by TKO at 47 seconds in the 8th round, successfully winning the title.", "title": "Boxing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "On October 20, 2022, in his first Japanese bantamweight title defense, Tsutsumi faced Kenshin Oshima, the 6th ranked Japanese bantamweight. He won the by TKO at 2 minutes and 42 seconds in the 9th round, successfully defending his title for the first time.", "title": "Boxing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "On March 20, 2023, in his next Japanese bantamweight title match, Tsutsumi faced Minamide, the No. 1 ranked Japanese bantamweight. He won by TKO at 1 minute 41 seconds in the seventh round, successfully defending his title for the second time. In addition, his opponent Minamide retired from active duty after this match.", "title": "Boxing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On March 31, 2023, it was announced that Tsutsumi would be seeded in the first round and participate in the semi-finals of the Ohashi Boxing Gym's Monster Tournament.", "title": "Boxing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Tsutsumi faced Kazuki Anaguchi on December 26, 2023. He won the bout by unanimous decision to successfully defend his Japanese bantamweight belt.", "title": "Boxing career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pryzm Plymouth is a chain nightclub located in Barbican Leisure Park in Plymouth, England.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Pryzm Plymouth is the largest nightclub in the city of Plymouth, with a maximum capacity of 2,400 people. The club is split into 3 rooms - Vinyl, Curve, and Main Room. The venue also hosts events such as boxing, prom fairs, Miss England, and club nights for the University of Plymouth Students' Union.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The nightclub first opened under the \"Destiny\" name in 1999. The venue was later rebranded to Oceana in 2009. In August 2016, the club's then owners Deltic Group announced that Oceana would close and rebrand as Pryzm.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2020, fears of the nightclub's closure arose after its owner Deltic Group was on the brink of administration, the company blamed this on the lack of government support during the Coronavirus pandemic. The company was later purchased by Rekom UK in January 2021 which kept the club open.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2021, following concerns by students of drink spiking, the club confirmed that no confirmed cases had occurred there, they released a statement outlining their entry searches, and reassured students that staff were trained in drink spiking procedures.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Pryzm Plymouth's parent company Rekom UK announced it will close on 1st January 2024, blaming \"tough trading conditions\" as less students go out to clubs, and the club's location as the reason for the closure. The clubs final opening night will be on New Years Eve 2023.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2017, two 19 year-olds from Okehampton died after being found unconscious during a Basshunter event in the venue. Paramedics alerted police at approximately 1:40am, and the venue was evacuated shortly after when police arrived, their deaths were found to be caused by the drug MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, which was purchased on the dark web. A 19 year-old man was arrested and jailed for 14 months for supplying the drugs. A number of other people who were in the group were found by paramedics on the same day and showed no signs of being unwell.", "title": "Incidents" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In response to the incident, the nightclub sent their condolences to the families of the men who died as well as releasing a statement addressing concerns of over-capacity, saying that the nightclub did not exceed it's legal capacity during the event, and said they were adding additional staff members to it's front door. Basshunter's team also released a statement, saying \"Basshunter is devastated that what was a party atmosphere should end this way. He would like to offer his condolences at this very sad time\".", "title": "Incidents" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Burn Menn League is the highest league in the league system of Faroese Handball and comprises the top 7 Faroese handball teams. The first season began in 1942–43.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Samuel H. Casady was an American politician and one of the earliest white settlers in Iowa. A founder of Sioux City, Casady served as a Sergeant in the Sioux City Cavalry Company during the Indian wars and as a member of the Iowa Legislature.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Casady was born in Connersville, Indiana in 1831. His brothers were Phineas M. Casady and Jefferson P. Casady. His daughter Lizzie Casady was the first white child to be born in Sioux City. Lizzie married Finley Burke in 1877 and died during her first year of marriage. He was a Freemason and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1856, Casady moved from Indiana to Sioux City, Iowa, one of the first white settlers on the historically Indigenous land of the Western frontier. A year later, he was nominated to the Iowa Legislature for the district that now comprises Pottawattamie, Harrison, Crawford, Monona, Woodbury, and several other counties in northwestern Iowa. He later lived in Council Bluffs, Iowa.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Casady died on December 24, 1873, and is buried at Fairview Cemetery in Council Bluffs, Iowa.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The French Expedition To Béjaia was a battle launched by France to capture the city of Béjaia from the tribes of Mézzaïa.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Béjaia faced persistent conflicts with the French until it ultimately fell under their control. Following the overthrow of the Dey, the tribes of Mézzaïa assumed command over the city. An intriguing historical turn unfolded in 1831 when they were met with a minor French expedition launched against their dominion.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "a certain Caïd Mourad, who was the tribe leader defended the city from the French, with them having an unknown commander leading them, aimed at imposing the leadership of Caïd Mourad, this attempt was met with failure, underscoring the tribe's resilience and determination to resist external impositions, and defend the city.", "title": "Expedition" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1833, a renewed expedition culminated in the capture of the city, despite the fierce resistance mounted by its inhabitants. Notably, the tenacity displayed by the local population during this relentless struggle left an indelible mark on the historical tapestry. Interestingly, the French, though successful in seizing the city, faced challenges in extending their conquest to the surrounding areas.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In November 1835, the Kabyles launched an attack to reclaim the city but were defeated in their efforts. The ensuing battle spanned five days, predominantly characterized by close-quarters combat.", "title": "Aftermath" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lilly Johanna Maria Hafgren, also Lilly Hafgren-Waag, Lilly Hafgren-Dinkela, (7 October 1884, Stockholm — 27 February 1965, Berlin) was a Swedish operatic soprano who performed mainly in Germany. After studying in Frankfurt and Milan, in 1908 she made her debut in Bayreuth as Freia in Wagner's Rheingold. She went on to perform in a variety of roles at the Hofteater in Mannheim and at the Hofoper in Berlin. In the 1920s she appeared widely across Europe, including at Milan's La Scala, the Paris Opera and the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm. Her final engagement was with the Dresen State Opera (1934–35). She is remembered above all for her leading soprano roles in the operas of Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born on 7 October 1884, Lilly Johanna Maria Hafgren was the second child of the theatre director Johan Erik Hafgran (1834–1913) and his wife Maria née Malmgren (1859–1913), a concert singer. Her elder brother Lill Erik Gustaf became a pianist, composer and academic while her younger brother Hans Georg becmae a violinist. In 1892, the parents moved to Frankfurt, Germany, so that their children could study at the Hoch Conservatory. When she was eight, Lilly Hafgren started piano studies at the conservatory under Max Schwarz but in 1898 changed to voice under Maximilian Fleisch until 1902. Thereafter she received additional voice training in Stuttgart and Milan.", "title": "Early life, education and family" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Hafgren was married twice, first in 1905 to the architect and theatre director Hans Waag with a divorce in 1919. From 1919, for the remainder of her life she was married to the art dealer Georg Dinkela from Berlin.", "title": "Early life, education and family" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "While living in Florence with her first husband, the architect and later theatre director Hans Waag, in 1907 she gave a concert in the home of Countess Blandine Gravina. Primarily performing as a pianist, she also sang a few pieces. Siegfried Wagner who was present invited her to an audition in Bayreuth where he was artistic director of the festival. As a result, in 1908 she made her debut in Bayreuth as Freia in Das Rheingold. Carl Hagermann, the director of the Mannheim opera was so impressed with her singing that he immediately engaged her. Over the next four years she performed a variety of youthful roles in Mannheim (1908–1912) but was also able to appear as a guest in the Netherlands, Italy, Austria and Hungary. Among her successes in this period were Elsa in Wagner's Lohengrin and Sieglinde in Die Walküre. Hafgren returned to Bayreuth in 1911, 1912 and 1924, singing Eva in Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. In 1909, she appeared there as Elsa in Lohengrin.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "While at the Hofoper in Berlin (1912–1920), her appearances included the Countess in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro, Leonora in Beethoven's Fidelio, Agata in Carl Maria von Weber's Der Freischütz, the title roles in Bizet's Carmen and Puccini's Tosca, and the Empress in Richard Strauss's Die Frau ohne Schatten.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "From 1921, she appeared in the principal opera houses of Europe, including an appearance at the Swedish opera at the spring of 1926 where she performed her Wagner roles with the tenor Oscar Ralf under the baton of Armas Järnefelt. She spent no less than seven seasons at Milan's La Scala singing her Wagner roles under Arturo Toscanini. In 1934, she was engaged by the Dresden Staatsoper. Quite unexpectedly, in 1935 following her appearance in Die Frau ohne Schatten she announced her retirement. Despite the efforts of Richard Strauss who had conducted the work, she never returned to the stage. She spent the remainder of her life with her husband Georg Dinkela in Berlin.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Lilly Hafgren died in Berlin on 27 February 1965, aged 81.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Fly By Night is a 1937 Australian radio serial by Max Afford. It was his first radio serial featuring Afford's detective hero, Jeffrey Blackburn. In this serial he was not married to Elizabeth but they would be married for subsequent serials.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "One critic wrote \"by my stop-watch, averages a new knife thrown, pistol shot, warning received, or document stolen every minute.. it is VERY swift and forceful; but why Scotland Yard? Why not give Sydney’s C.I.D. a chance? \"", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The production was very successful, selling to South Africa and New Zealand, and leading to several more Jeffrey Blackburn adventures.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Afford had writtn some Jeffrey Blackburn novels in which he was single. This was his first radio serial. He introduced the character of Elizabeth, who Jeffrey married at the end of Fly By Night. When Afford was commissioned to write a second Blackburn serial he decided to keep Jeffrey married.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "De Underground Records was a record shop, studio, and record label located at 18 Sebert Road, Forest Gate, London, operating from 1991 until 1996. In May 2021, Newham Council erected a blue plaque in recognition of its contributions to \"the development of UK hardcore, jungle and drum and bass music\".", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The shop and its associated labels, including In Touch Records, IE Records, Ruff Groove, U No Dat, Oddball, Pure Energy, and the home brand De Underground Records released many seminal tracks. Owned by Mike De Underground (Michael Aymer), his brother Cool Hand Flex (Peter Aymer), Uncle 22, and DJ Randall, the shop was a hub for emerging sounds and artists. De Underground Records released Lennie De Ice's seminal track \"We Are I.E.\" in 1991 on IE Records.", "title": "Details" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In May 2021, Newham Council erected a blue plaque where the shop and label had its premises, in recognition of its contributions to \"the development of UK hardcore, jungle and drum and bass music\".", "title": "Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The 'Crate Digging: The Influence of De Underground Records' initiative, a project initiated by Rendezvous Projects for Newham Heritage Month 2021, was launched to document and preserve the history of De Underground Records, focusing on its impact on jungle and drum and bass music. This effort aimed to make the shop and studio's undocumented history accessible to the public for education and cultural preservation.", "title": "Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Category:Drum and bass record labels Category:Music in London Category:1991 establishments in England Category:1996 disestablishments in England Category:Forest Gate", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Obirkovia is an extinct genus of pareiasaur from the late Permian Salarevo Formation of Russia. The genus contains a single species, O. gladiator, known from a left quadratojugal.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Obirkovia holotype specimen, PIN, no. 4546/18, was discovered in sediments of the Salarevo Formation (Vyatka Horizon) at the Obirkovo locality in Babushkinskii District of Vologda Oblast, Russia. The specimen consists of a single left quadratojugal.", "title": "Discovery and naming" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2005, Bulanov & Yashina described Obirkovia gladiator as a new genus and species of elginiid pareiasaur based on these fossil remains. The generic name, \"''Obirkovia\", references the locality where the holotype was discovered. The specific name, \"gladiator\", references the armed combatants of Ancient Rome.", "title": "Discovery and naming" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ishwarsinhji Thakorbhaiji Patel is an Indian politician, Social worker, former member of Vishva Hindu Parishad, former Minister of State in the Government of Gujarat and incumbent Member of legislative assembly for Ankleshwar constituency. Ishwarsinh is the son of former MLA Thakorsinh Gumansinh Patel and younger brother of former MLA Vijaysinh Patel.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Les Arcs Film Festival is an annual European film festival held every December in Les Arcs in the French Alps.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Les Arcs was co-founded in 2009 by Pierre-Emmanuel Fleurantin (CEO), Guillaume Calop (general manager), and Jérémy Zelnik (head of industry), on the grounds of the ski resort of the same name. The mountain location dictated the overall atmosphere of the event, despite aiming to be of international importance, Les Arcs does not split the audience from the professionals and maintains an open and equal environment. By 2018, the event's budget reached €1 m.", "title": "Profile" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The festival's main award is the Crystal Arrow. At the 5th edition, the Femme de Cinema award was established. Other festival awards include the Best Actress and Best Actor prizes, Best Original Score, Best Cinematography, Cineuropa Andrea D'Aquino Award, Youth Jury Prize, Audience Award, Les cinglés du cinéma award, Universciné award for the Hauteur selection, Best Short Film Award, and Special Mention.", "title": "Profile" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Apart from the main competition, the festival features such sections as Oscars on skis, Playtime, Hauteurs, Focus, and a recurring professional event — the Industry Village that aims to promote European cinema and aid emerging filmmakers. In 2018, the Talent Village was established for training of future cinema professionals. Along with Norwegian International Film Festival, Karlovy Vary, and Thessaloniki, Les Arcs participates in the Eurimages Lab Project Award that offers its winner a 50,000 euros cash prize.", "title": "Profile" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The 10th edition of Les Arcs Film Festival took place on 15-22 December, 2018.", "title": "Editions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The 12th edition of Les Arcs took place on 12-19 December, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic and was organized in a hybrid mode. Titled Off-Piste, the 12th edition made 80% of the screening online, while some professional events took place on site, and the Industry Village was relocated to Paris.", "title": "Editions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The 15th edition took place on 16-23 December, 2023, at the Savoyard resort. The jury, presided by director Asghar Farhadi, included actress Rebecca Marder, actor Vincent Lacoste, composer Irène Drésel and novelist Christine Angot. The Swedish director Ruben Östlund became the Talent Village tutor. The 15th edition hosted a lot of high guests, including Isabelle Huppert, Jonathan Cohen, Vincent Macaigne, Joachim Lafosse, Matthias Schoenaerts, and Michel Hazanavicius. The Crystal Arrow went to Lithuanian director Marija Kavtaradze for her feature Slow.", "title": "Editions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Giovanni Bettolo (Genoa, 25 May 1846 – Rome, 7 April 1916) was an Italian admiral, politician and deputy of the Kingdom of Italy who served three times as Minister of the Navy. He was President of the it:Lega Navale Italiana 1912-1916, as well as president of the Italian Scouts and Guides Association 1913-1915.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Giovanni Bettolo was born in Genoa to Antonio Bettolo and Angela Molinari, from a family with patriotic traditions, originally from Valsugana. He was the oldest of three brothers one of whom became an army general while the other ruined himself gambling. Giovanni entered the Regia Marina as an ensign in 1863 and was decorated for valour at the battle of Lissa for his conduct on the frigate Principe Umberto.", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He became an admiral, working to rebuild the Italian fleet after the disastrous defeat at Lissa. Specialising in naval gunnery, he promoted the use of large calibre guns for naval artillery and the strategic use of torpedo boats. In 1879, with the rank of lieutenant, he was sent to Essen to study the advanced techniques of German industry, and published Manuale teorico pratico d'artiglieria navale (Theoretical and Practical Manual of Naval Artillery).", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He came to the attention of Navy Minister Benedetto Brin, an energetic moderniser, who involved him in solving a range of technical issues faced by the Italian navy, from methods of testing the strength of armour plating to the development of a device to calculate target distance between two moving ships in order to make gunfire more accurate. Known as the “Indicatore dei fuochi Bettolo” (“Bettolo fire indicator”). This device, developed in 1877, was displayed at the 1884 Turin exhibition. He improved on his first invention and in 1883 produced an updated mechanism known as the “indicatore di lancio Bettolo” (“Bettolo launch indicator”).", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1895, commanding the ironclad Re Umberto, Bettolo joined a number of Italian ships at the ceremony for the opening of the Kiel Canal. In 1897 he was promoted to rear admiral and also served as deputy inspector of naval engineering. During the international intervention in Crete Bettolo took over from Felice Napoleone Canevaro in 1898 as the admiral in charge of the Italian naval forces operating near the island. During the same year he was appointed Navy Chief of Staff.", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the constituency of Genoa from 1890 to 1900 and then for Recco from 1900-1916. He also served three times as Minister of the Navy in the second Pelloux, Zanardelli and second Sonnino governments.", "title": "Ministerial career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "During his first term as minister, Bettolo had the naval engineer Vittorio Cuniberti develop plans for Italy’s Regina Elena-class battleships. As a member of the Triple Alliance Italy was expecting to confront the French navy in the Mediterranean, with British support. Numerical superiority in warships was impossible against such enemies, so the aim was to build ships faster than enemy battleships but better armoured than enemy cruisers. This was a building programme Bettolo had advocated as admiral before he became minister.", "title": "Ministerial career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "As soon as Bettolo returned to the Navy Ministry for his second term in April 1903, the editor of the socialist newspaper Avanti!, Enrico Ferri, started a ferocious campaign against him, claiming that he had increased the salary of the President of the Superior Council of the Navy in order to induce him to approve a contract for the supply of naval armour in the amount of 20 million lire with the Terni steelworks, branding him a corrupt profiteer. He also noted that very time Bettolo was appointed to a senior role, Terni shares rose in value. Bettolo denied these claims in parliament and the chamber voted not to set up a commission of enquiry, but Giolitti then resigned from the cabinet and Bettolo followed him a few days later. He then brought a successful case for defamation against Ferri.", "title": "Ministerial career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Bettolo’s brief third term was dominated by the question of “convenzioni marittime”, that is, the arrangements between the state and various private firms that built merchant ships or operated shipping lines. This was a controversial topic: the previous Giolitti government had managed to secure the passage of a similar set of measures through parliament in 1908, but the controversy about state subsidies for private firms was so intense that in 1909 Giolitti’s cabinet was forced to resign.", "title": "Ministerial career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Bettolo’s bill proposed to limit subsidies and reduce various fees that shipping firms could charge. It was attacked on many grounds, including that it put Italian merchant shipping into the hands of the predominantly German-owned Banca Commerciale Italiana and that it increased the liabilities of the state without strengthening the merchant navy;. Above all, Bettolo’s bill was accused of being an effort to “salvage old hulks” (“salvataggio delle vecchie carcasse”) - i.e. unviable and moribund navigation companies. The disputes about the bill eventually led to the resignation of the Sonnino government.", "title": "Ministerial career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Though he never returned to ministerial office after 1910, Bettolo remained an active member of the Chamber of Deputies. In 1913 he argued in the chamber that the navy did not need to have technically detailed and fixed specifications laid down in law as it needed to move forward as naval science evolved, and that it was better to have a series of short term shipbuilding plans that could be delivered quickly according to the changing financial circumstances of the country. He also clashed in the chamber with his successor as Navy Minister, Pasquale Leonardi Cattolica, over the delays and inefficiencies of the battleship building programme.", "title": "Later career" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Meanwhile his naval career continued. From 1900-1903 he served as commander of the Naval Academy. Appointed vice admiral in December 1905, in 1906 he assumed command of the Maritime Department of Venice. In 1907 he once again held the position of Chief of Staff of the Navy. In 1908 he established the Navy War School (renamed the Maritime War Institute in 1921) for the training of senior officers, and in the same year he visited Brindisi, which the navy was starting to develop into a major base. In 1911 he retired from active service and was raised to the nobility as a count for the services he had rendered to the country.", "title": "Later career" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "After his retirement he continued to take an active role in public life. In 1912 he was elected President of the Lega Navale Italiana, a role he retained until his death. He became head of the Italian Scouts and Guides Association in 1913, at a time when there was a question as to whether the association should remain strictly secular, or find some accommodation with the nascent Catholic scouting movement. Bettolo negotiated an agreement with the leaders of the Catholic movement, but the Association disavowed it and Bettolo had to resign in September 1915. The Catholics then formed their own movement, the Associazione Scouts Cattolici Italiani.", "title": "Later career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tumlin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Karak Oil Refinery is an oil refinery project of Pakistan with an estimated cost of 62 billion rupees. The refinery is expected to have a capacity to produce 40,000 barrels of oil per day. The project will be constructed at Krapa, which is located in Karak but also near Kohat.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The construction of Kirk Oil Refinery was announced to start before the end of FY 2022. The then Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Mehmood Khan directed the concerned authorities to ensure the timely completion of the project. The project also includes the rehabilitation of a 65 km-long gas pipeline. The total cost of the project is estimated at 9 billion rupees.", "title": "Development and progress" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The location of the refinery has been a point of contention between Kohat and Karak politicians. However, the decision to build the refinery at Krapa was taken to end the rift between the legislators of the two districts. However, the decision to shift the oil refinery project from Karak to Kohat is being criticized.", "title": "Controversies and disputes" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Karak Oil Refinery is considered the right of the people of Karak. The project is expected to benefit 150,000 local people. The development of backward areas is the top priority of the present government. The government has assured that the district's gas, oil and electricity rights will be fought on every platform.", "title": "Impact on the community" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The government is hopeful of completing the project by the end of March 2018. The international standard octane rating of oil refinery products is expected to be above 92. The government has ensured the inclusion of the Peshawar Dera Ismail Khan Motorway. The multi-billion dollar [China-Pakistan Economic Corridor]] (CPEC), will help boost the economy of the southern districts.", "title": "Future prospects" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Battle of Stołowicze took place between the group of Colonel Aleksander Boruszczak and Colonel Franciszek Ostrowski and the units of the Western Rifle Division fought in the early period of the Polish-Bolshevik War.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In the last months of 1918 and early 1919, German Ober Ost units were stationed on the eastern fringes of the territories claimed by the reborn Polish Republic. Their evacuation meant that the areas they left were occupied by the Red Army from the east. At the same time, units of the reborn Polish Army were approaching from the west. In February 1919, Polish troops came into combat contact with Red Army units. The undeclared Polish–Soviet War began. During this period, Polish troops carried out limited offensive operations. In mid-February, the Polish-Soviet front was established on the line of the Shchara River. On 26 of March 1919, Marshal Józef Piłsudski presented a plan for an attack towards Vilnius in Brest. The plan also envisaged a demonstration strike on Baranavichy, Lida and Navahrudak. These were to divert the attention of the Soviet Western Rifle Division command from the strike's main direction towards Vilnius.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The task of capturing Baranavichy and Navahrudak was entrusted to General Adam Mokrzecki [pl]. He had at his disposal nine infantry battalions, the 3rd and 9th Uhlan Regiments, Major Dąbrowski's cavalry group and three artillery batteries. The main task was carried out by Colonel Aleksander Boruszczak [pl]'s group.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 15 April, Colonel Borushchak's group marching towards Baranovichi encountered, in the area of Stolovichi, the 2nd Brigade of the Soviet Western Rifle Division.", "title": "The Battle" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The next day, a squadron of Grodno lancers captured Stołowicze. On 17 April, at dawn, a counterattack by Soviet sailors drove the Polish uhlans out of the village. Ensign Stanislaw Soltan, who was covering the retreat, was captured and bestially murdered. Threatened by encirclement, the entire left wing of Colonel Aleksander Boruszczak's group retreated. In order to control the situation, the command of the Lithuanian-Byelorussian Division organised a tactical group consisting of the Grodno Rifle Regiment, two companies of the Bialystok Rifle Regiment, a battalion of the People's Militia and a cannon of the 7th Field Artillery Regiment. In total, the group had about 700 \"bayonets\" and 53 \"sabres\", 4 heavy machine guns, 4 mine throwers and 1 cannon. The commander of such an organised group, Colonel Franciszek Ostrowski[a] received orders to encircle Stolovichi from the north, capture the town and cut off the retreat of the Soviet troops fighting with Colonel Boruszczak's group.", "title": "The Battle" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The group set off in the evening of 18 April and marched through the forests towards Podstarzyki - Cukantowcze - Zapole. During the night of April 18-19 it approached Stolovichi. The group adopted the following battle formation: the Grodno regiment stood east of the Zapole - Stolovichi road; two companies of the Bialostocki ps were east of the Grodno regiment, Lieutenant Stanislaw Czuczelowicz's uhlans patrolled in the direction of Torczyce - Koldychev - Horodyszcze, while the 8th People's Militia battalion remained in reserve in Tsukantovichi. Major Bronislaw Bohaterewicz arranged the Grodno riflemen for the assault as follows: in the first line on the right wing stood the 2nd company and on the left wing the 4th company. In the 2nd line the NCO school and the 3rd company were to attack. The regiment was to strike directly from the north through the farmstead of Stolovichi, and the Bialystok companies were given the task of encircling the town from the northeast to close the enemy's retreat to Torczyce.", "title": "The Battle" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "As planned, at 3.30 a.m. the strike group launched an attack from the north and north-east. In the morning the Grodno riflemen broke through the defences of the Soviet Warsaw rifle regiment and cavalry squadron. The Soviet troops withdrew from the city", "title": "The Battle" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Polish troops captured Stolovichi and pressed on towards Baranovichi. The Bolshevik losses were 46 killed, many wounded and many were taken as prisoners of war. Polish casualties - 3 Grodno riflemen killed (Jerzy Krysiuk,Leon Łączyński, and Antoni Petelczyc) and 7 were wounded.", "title": "Balance of the Fight" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Looking for Challan is an Indian investigative film produced by the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) and directed by Bappa Ray. The film won the National Film Award for the Best Investigative Film category.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The film delves into the cultural and heritage aspects of Kerala's Nilambur forest, aiming to showcase the cultural diversity found in Kerala's forest regions. It also highlights lesser-known stories of the Cholanaikkan community.", "title": "Plot" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "After the Dutch Second Van Agt cabinet fell on 12 May 1982, the rump cabinet Van Agt III was formed. On 29 May, this minority cabinet of Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and Democraten 66 (D'66) took office. It was a continuation of Van Agt II, but without the Labour Party (PvdA).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The previous Second Van Agt cabinet fell due to economic differences and poor personal relationships. It was a 'fighting cabinet', in which the relationship between CDA Prime Minister Dries van Agt and PvdA Deputy Prime Minister Joop den Uyl was particularly difficult, ever since the Den Uyl cabinet (1973-1977). In response to the economic crisis in the Netherlands, CDA and D'66 wanted austerity, while PvdA wanted to create jobs with additional government expenditure. When no agreement was reached on the spring budget update, Van Agt presented a proposal in the Council of Ministers on 11 May. The six CDA ministers and three D'66 ministers voted in favor, the six PvdA ministers against.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A day later, the parliamentary leaders tried in vain to defuse the cabinet crisis. During a cabinet meeting, Van Agt indicated that the PvdA ministers should first offer their resignation, after which the CDA ministers would decide on their own position. However, D'66 indicated that it would also make their portfolios available immediately. After the meeting, Van Agt reported this to the queen. Only just before midnight did Van Agt report that the CDA ministers also made their portfolio available. This gave the impression that they had wanted to stay on, but was probably mainly a stab at the PvdA. The parliamentary debate of 13 May focused on the late resignation of the CDA ministers.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On the day of the debate, queen Beatrix started a series of conversations with her regular advisors and with the faction leaders of the four largest parties. CDA faction leader Ruud Lubbers argued for a minority cabinet of CDA and D'66 that would complete the Spring Memorandum and prepare the budget. Elections should then take place in the autumn and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) should provide confidence and supply for such a cabinet. However, VVD leader Ed Nijpels preferred to participate in a regular cabinet. PvdA faction leader Wim Meijer did not comment on the composition of a cabinet, but wanted such a cabinet to only prepare the elections. D'66 faction leader Laurens Jan Brinkhorst wanted a reunification with PvdA, to the dissatisfaction of his party leader and Deputy Prime Minister Jan Terlouw. Following the advice of CDA, PvdA, and VVD that recommended a CDA member, Beatrix appointed Senator Piet Steenkamp as informateur.", "title": "Informateur Steenkamp" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Steenkamp's meeting with the four major parties did not lead to new insights. Nijpels was no longer demanding full coalition participation, but did demand that the VVD be involved in policy, including the budget. Brinkhorst and Lubbers rejected this. A reunificatio of the old coalition was not desirable for PvdA, VVD and CDA and D'66 and CDA saw no point in a demissionary cabinet. On 19 May, Steenkamp informed Beatrix that he would focus on an interim cabinet of CDA and D'66. The same day, the D'66 faction agreed to a minority cabinet with CDA after two days of meetings. Four of the seventeen party members voted against. D'66-Minister Hans van Mierlo indicated that he was considering his position because of his objections to this decision.", "title": "Informateur Steenkamp" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Lubbers and Brinkhorst drew up a mini coalition agreement. The priority was the spring budget update. The 'employment plan' remained on the agenda and they maintained the link between minimum wage and minimum benefits. Four of the vacant ministerial posts went to CDA and two to D66, giving them a total of ten and five posts respectively. D'66 also wanted the cabinet to resign after the submission of the budget, which CDA ultimately agreed to. The elections should therefore take place as soon as possible after Prinsjesdag. The D'66 advisory council supported the faction decision and Van Mierlo also decided to remain in the interim cabinet. Steenkamp asked PvdA and VVD whether they were prepared not to reject the cabinet in advance. PvdA was not prepared to do this, but VVD would be if they were involved in talks. Steenkamp then submitted his final report in which he indicated that there was no obstacle to an interim cabinet of CDA and D'66. He advised to appoint Van Agt as formateur.", "title": "Informateur Steenkamp" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On 26 May, Dries van Agt started as formateur, with confidence and supply from VVD requiring the most attention. VVD wanted policy commitments, and also that no state secretaries would be appointed and that the elections would take place on 8 September, before Prinsjesdag. For the latter there was a narrow majority of VVD, PvdA, PPR, CPN and PSP. Lubbers and Van Agt initially refused to accommodate the VVD. However, on May 28 they resigned themselves to the political situation. Except for Social Affairs, no state secretaries would be appointed and when it came to the election date, the cabinet would take the House majority into account. The cabinet would also make the control of collective expenditure and the fight against unemployment advocated by the VVD part of policy.", "title": "Formateur Van Agt" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "At D'66, Max Rood and Erwin Nypels became ministers. At the CDA, party leader Lubbers announced on 27 May that he would become Minister of Social Affairs, while the number two from the faction – Louw de Graaf – would already become State Secretary in the same department. The majority of the faction therefore wanted him to remain faction leader. A day later - when it was also announced that the election date would be before Prinsjesdag - he announced that he would not join the cabinet. Instead of Lubbers, De Graaf became minister. Two other ministerial positions were taken by state secretaries Hans de Boer and Wim Deetman. Van Agt would combine the premiership with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This led to surprise, because State Secretary for Foreign Affairs Hans van den Broek could have been promoted and Van Agt would be busy as the intended party leader. Van Agt later stated that he had been asked by Beatrix to combine the posts.", "title": "Formateur Van Agt" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "During the constituent deliberation on 29 May, Van Agt stated, at the request of Nypels, that no commitments had been made to the VVD. The same day, after the swearing in of the new ministers, the bordes scene took place.", "title": "Formateur Van Agt" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On 8 June Van Agt delivered the government statement and the debate about it followed. As expected, a majority in the House voted for elections on 8 September. A minority of the left-wing parties CPN, PSP, PPR and PvdA supported a motion of censure.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The Third Van Agt cabinet remained non-demissionary for another three months. Since they did not submit the 1983 budget due to the election date, it was little more than minding the shop. Because of its short duration, the cabinet was called the 'summer cabinet'. It raised the question of whether the seventeen-day formation was necessary for the little governing the cabinet did.", "title": "Aftermath" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sam Allison (born 1 October 1980) is an English professional football referee and former player.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Allison played as a midfielder for Swindon Town, Bristol City, Bournemouth, Exeter City, Clevedon Town, Bath City, Salisbury City, Chippenham Town, and Frome Town, as well as for England and Great Britain schoolboys.", "title": "Playing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Allison worked as a firefighter and as a match official in the English Football League.", "title": "Refereeing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 26 December 2023 he became the first black referee in the Premier League in 15 years, since Uriah Rennie.", "title": "Refereeing career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Versailles Prize (aka Prix Versailles): is an annual international architecture and design award.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The prize has been awarded since 2015 at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris, recognizing a wide range of architectural forms.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The prize initially emphasized commercial buildings, aiming to foster a stronger connection between the realms of economy and culture. Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, expressed on June 19, 2015, that the Prix Versailles serves as a means to demonstrate the convergence of creativity, art, and the economy.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2017, the prize extended its scope beyond commercial establishments, hotels, and restaurants to include shopping centers Subsequently, in 2019, it further expanded to encompass campus, stations, and sports categories. And in the year 2020 airports were added as a new category.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Initially in 2015, the prize mainly recognized French projects, presenting four awards. However, in 2016, it expanded internationally and presented nine awards. The 2017 edition introduced continental editions , resulting in the organization of continental ceremonies, particularly in 2018.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The selection process involves a broad call for nominations and a comprehensive analysis of media coverage.", "title": "Selection process" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2019, the continental editions were supplemented by global selections for campus, stations, and sports categories. An independent jury grants world titles in all categories based on the continental titles or global selections. The announcement of global results may vary depending on the categories.", "title": "Selection process" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The judges employ multiple criteria, including innovation, creativity, respect for local, natural, and cultural heritage, ecological performance, as well as the promotion of values such as conviviality and participation, which are highly esteemed by the United Nations.", "title": "Selection process" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cyrus James Weld(born August 14, 1936 was an Australian swimmer who competed at the 1954 empire games who won the gold medal relay 3x110 yards known for his orthodox swimming style and extreme pace", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "HDFC Ltd-HDFC Bank merger is the merger of HDFC Ltd (Housing Finance Arm of HDFC) and HDFC Bank and with market capitalisation of $154 billion, the later became seventh most valuable bank and fourth largest lender in the world.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "HDFC Ltd-HDFC Bank merger on 1 July 2023 had made HDFC Bank rise among the World's top 100 lenders in terms of assets. The merger made the bank 7th most valuable bank in the world as its market capitalisation rose to $154 billion.", "title": "History and Objective" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "HDFC Ltd-HDFC Bank merger has created following effects in Financial Markets", "title": "Financial Market Effects" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "HDFC Ltd-HDFC Bank merger makes HDFC Bank issue 42 shares in exchange for 25 shares held by them in former. This will raise the Equity Capital of HDFC Bank.", "title": "Equity Issue" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Carlos Cárdenas Rojas (4 November 1934 – 17 August 2020) was a Bolivian footballer. He was part of Bolivia's squad that won the 1963 South American Championship on home soil.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He was selected in Bolivia's squad for the 1963 South American Championship which took place on home soil, but was an unused substitute as Bolivia won its first and only Copa América.", "title": "International career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sheikh Hamad Jaber Al-Ali Al-Sabah (Arabic: الشيخ حمد جابر العلي الصباح; born 1966) is a Kuwaiti politician and diplomat. He served as the Deputy Prime Minister and former Minister of Defense from December 14, 2020, until February 17, 2022. He is a member of the ruling family in Kuwait and the tenth son of Sheikh Jaber Al-Ali Al-Salem Al-Sabah and his wife, Mrs. Souad Al-Humaidhi.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sheikh Hamad Jaber Al-Ali was born in Kuwait in 1966. He earned a degree in political science from Kuwait University in 1989. Prior to his appointment as Minister of Information in November 2011, he served as Kuwait's ambassador to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from February 2007. Between 2003 and 2006, he was the Director of the Crown Prince of Kuwait's office with the rank of Undersecretary. From 1998 to 2001, he held the position of Assistant Undersecretary for External Provision Affairs at the Kuwaiti Ministry of Defense and was the head of the office of the Deputy Prime Minister and Ministry of Defense. His career also includes roles at the Embassy of Italy between 1993 and 1997, in the office of the Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Kuwait between 1991 and 1993, and as a political researcher in the office of the Minister of Interior from 1989 to 1991.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On December 14, 2020, he was appointed as the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, a position he held until his resignation on February 17, 2022.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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