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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mark T. Gladwin is an American internist and academic administrator serving as the dean of the University of Maryland School of Medicine since 2022. He is also the vice president for medical affairs of the University of Maryland, Baltimore.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Gladwin earned a B.S. and M.D. (1991) from the University of Miami. He completed an internal medicine internship and residency in 1994 and served as chief resident in 1995 at the Oregon Health & Science University. He was a critical care fellow at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center in 1996. In 1998, he completed a fellowship in pulmonary critical care at the University of Washington. He returned to the NIH Clinical Center as a senior research fellow in critical care medicine until 2000.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Gladwin was a professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. On August 1, 2022, he was appointed dean of the University of Maryland School of Medicine and vice president for medical affairs of the University of Maryland, Baltimore. Gladwin succeeded longtime dean E. Albert Reece. He is the John Z. and Akiko K. Bowers distinguished professor and dean.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "István Somló (1902–1971) was a Hungarian stage and film actor. In 1947 he was appointed as a co-manager of the Comedy Theatre of Budapest along with Klári Tolnay. Of Jewish heritage, he was unable to work during the Second World War due to the Anti-Jewish laws.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dente Italiano (German: Italienische Platte) (2220 m) is one of the ridges of the Pasubio summit highlands in the Vicentine Alps.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Located on the line of ridges between the Cosmagnon basin and the Pasubio Alps, to the south the Damaggio pass separates it from Cima Palon, to the north the Denti pass (for the Austro-Hungarians Eselsrücken i.e. donkey's back) separates it from the Austrian Dente.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "It was named so during World War I because it represented the front line at the highest part of the massif; while on the Austro-Hungarian side was the Austrian Dente.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Dente Italiano, at the beginning of World War I, became from the earliest days a strong point of the Royal Army on the Pasubio, occupied in the initial Austrian retreat to fortify the defense lines. However, during the Strafexpedition, the Habsburg Army advanced to the point of undermining Cima Palon, settling in early summer 1916 on the line between the Denti.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The battle of July 2, 1916, saw Lieutenant Salvatore Damaggio halt the enemy advance on the pass between Dente and Cima Palon, hence the name of the pass itself. During the mine war, Dente Italiano was dug not only to provide firing positions and shelters for the Italian army, but also in an attempt to creep under enemy positions on the Austrian Dente with the aim of blowing them up with explosives. However, the tunnels of Dente Italiano are often \"counter-mine\" tunnels, dug in a haphazard manner, without a precise plan, but following the sounds of the enemy's digging in an attempt to stop them. They therefore assume a tortuous course.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "From September 29, 1917, to March 13, 1918, a total of ten mines were blasted, five by the Italians and as many by the Austro-Hungarians, hardly achieving the desired results:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The Austro-Hungarian mine that burst at 4:30 a.m. on March 13, 1918 with its 50,000 kg of explosives, loaded into two blast chambers under Dente Italiano, was the largest mine and caused the collapse of the northern part of it, which is still clearly visible today. It took 7 days just to load the two chambers.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The Austro-Hungarians' mine slightly anticipated an Italian mine that was to be detonated that same morning. For this reason, a good part of the Italian garrison had already abandoned the Dente when the Austro-Hungarian mine exploded, and the number of casualties was small. The gas explosions lasted for hours; until 11 a.m. 30 explosions were counted, some of which also involved the Austrian Dente, claiming some casualties among the Austro-Hungarians as well.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Following the March 13 mine, the ground under the Denti pass became so unstable that no further digging was possible, thus ending the mine war involving the Italian and Austrian Dente. The exact number of casualties from the mine war on the Denti varies in the literature. The figures were several times scaled down and are quite different from those published in the years immediately after the war, which spoke of hundreds and hundreds of casualties. The galleries of Dente Italiano are today partly collapsed, but accessible with due caution in their initial part. There is also the Papa Gallery that allowed an indoor connection with the nearby Cima Palon. In 1922 the Dente Italiano was proclaimed by royal decree a Sacred Zone, along with other areas of Pasubio.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "For the centenary of the Great War, some artifacts and tunnels of the Dente Italiano were recovered and various information signs installed. During this work the Ghersi walkway was also restored, named after General Giovanni Ghersi, from July 1917 General Papa's successor in command of the Pasubio sector. The Ghersi walkway connected the Damaggio pass with the so-called Bombarde ridge and the underlying Commando pass near the Roman Arch.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Francisco Javier Lorenzo Torres (born in Pontevedra, September 24, 1960), better known as Francis Lorenzo, is a Spanish actor and presenter.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Programs", "title": "Television" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Francis Lorenzo at IMDb", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "KOI 5715.01 is an exoplanet candidate that orbits the K-type star KOI-5715, located approximately 2,964 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was detected in 2016 through an analysis of transit timing data from the Kepler space telescope. If confirmed, it would be one of the most promising superhabitable planets found thus far.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2016, a study of transit timing events from more than 2,500 Kepler objects of interest (KOI) identified KOI-5715.01 as a potential exoplanet.", "title": "Detection" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The hypothetical planet orbits the faint orange dwarf star KOI-5715, which has a spectral type of K3V. It is located approximately 2,964 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. The effective temperature of the star is roughly 5123 K, relatively cooler than the Sun's temperature of 5780 K. KOI-5715 is also smaller than the Sun, possessing 74% of the Sun's mass and 86% of its radius.", "title": "Host star" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2020, Dirk Schulze-Makuch and colleagues recognized KOI-5715.01 as one of the top contenders for planets they deemed \"superhabitable,\" defined as a planet that offers more favorable conditions for life than what is found on Earth. It meets most of the criteria for superhabitable planets due to the characteristics of its host star and the planet's estimated age (~5.5 Ga) and surface temperature (~11.6 °C). Although its surface temperature is slightly colder than the Earth's average of 15 °C, it may still have favorable conditions if it is experiencing a comparatively stronger greenhouse effect.", "title": "Habitability" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Granta School is a community special school in Linton, South Cambridgeshire, England. Established in 2006, the school is designed to assist with moderate learning difficulties, severe learning difficulties and profound and multiple learning difficulties. The School has nursery and sixth form facilities.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In November 2022 the school received an Ofsted rating of \"good\".", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The school serves students from Cambridgeshire, Essex, Suffolk and Hertfordshire.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Granta School is located on the same site as Linton Village College.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Trisha Fernández de Jesús (born 19 November 1994) is an Angolan-Spanish actress, well-known for her role as Marcia Sampaio in the Spanish telenovela Acacias 38. She has appeared in many works by director Carlos Cabrero.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Fernández was born in Luanda to a Spanish father of Galician descent and an Angolan mother. Her mother died when she was two years old and moved with her father to Galicia where she was raised between the towns of Filguera, in the municipality of Crecente, and A Cañiza. After starting work as a model, as well as playing handball, she represented Galicia in Miss Spain in 2013.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She began her acting career in 2015, appearing in the short film Ocultos, directed by Carlos Cabrero. She would later star in many of his short films, including Aquelarre (where she stars as the protagonist), Chistes de amor, and Serás mi novia. She also appeared in his movies, such as Cuando florezca el cerezo and Encerrados. In 2018, she acted in Bernanda, directed by Emilio Ruiz Barrachina [es], interpreting the role of Angustias. In 2018 as well, she starred in the series Todo por el juego, playing Empleada Alquiler de Coches, and Fariña: Costa de Cocaína, playing Chica de la Piscina. She played Paloma in a 2019 remake of We're No Angels by Cabrero. That same year, she played the role of Saundra Wilkins in En el corredor de la muerte, as well as participating in Telepasión, broadcast by La 1.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She began her breakthrough role as Marcia Sampaio Álvez in season 5 of Acacias 38 in 2019, where she continued in that role until the death of the character. In 2020, she played Trish in No muertos, as well appearing in the televisiom program Luar, hosted by Xosé Ramón Gayoso [es]. She had previously participated in other television programs such as Land Rover, Atrápame se podes and Comando G. In 2022, she participated in the Carlos Martín short film Quién, and later starred in the Javier Elorrieta [es] film Delfines de plata.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 Texas State Bobcats women's basketball team represents Texas State University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The basketball team, led by thirteenth-year head coach Zenarae Antoine, play all home games at the Strahan Arena along with the Texas State Bobcats men's basketball team. They are members of the Sun Belt Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Magnus Bernhardsen (born 1976) is a Norwegian literary science major and activist. He was president for Norsk Målungdom from 1998 to 2000 and has after that has had leadership roles in Noregs Mållag. He was the persident for the Norewgian skeptic association Skepsis Norge from 2014 to 2016.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2019 Bernhardsen received a master's degree in Nordic literature from the University of Oslo.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1995 he wrote the booklet Biji Kurdistan together with Lars Juhlin (published by Red Youth) after a reportage trip to Kurdistan.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 85th West Virginia Legislature was a meeting of the West Virginia Legislature whose membership consisted of those elected in the 2020 legislative elections. It lasted through two several month long regular sessions and seven special sessions in 2021 and 2022, ending with the 2022 legislative elections and the convening of the 86th Legislature. All members who served in this meeting of the Legislature are listed below.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Member left office during Legislature Member appointed to fill vacancy", "title": "House of Delegates" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Member left office during Legislature Member appointed to fill vacancy", "title": "Senate" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "India's Sons is a 2022 documentary film that delves into the plight of Indian men when dealing with false accusations, and the difficulties that occur in getting justice. Directed by journalist Deepika Narayan Bhardwaj and Neeraj Kumar, the film is narrated by Actor Karan Oberoi.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The documentary addresses the aftermath of legal amendments made in response to the 2012 Delhi gang rape controversy, which inadvertently created certain alleged loopholes in India's rape laws. While the legislation was reinforced to protect women's rights, it inadvertently undermined certain human rights for men.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "India's Sons aims to shed light on the unintended consequences of these changes, particularly the shift in the burden of proof onto the accused, and advocates for a more balanced approach in legal proceedings.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The film follows the lives of several of those falsely accused, featuring cases such as Prince Garg, who was falsely accused of rape and endured five years in jail, despite CCTV evidence proving he was miles away from the incident, thwarting his dream of becoming a Chartered Accountant at the age of 18. Despite acquittal, societal rejection lingers, hindering his ability to restart his career.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Featuring testimonies from former IPS Officer Amitabh Thakur, Jagmohan, Late Arvind Bharti, and others, the documentary presents numerous accounts", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "India's Sons also documents a full-fledged racket in Rajasthan, where an organized group, comprising High Court lawyers, women, and police, exploited false rape accusations to extort money from affluent individuals. The film delves into various instances that raise questions about the functioning of the legal system and presents data from the National Crime Records Bureau, highlighting the abuse of rape laws.", "title": "Synopsis" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tsunambee is a 2015 American action horror film directed by Milko Davis and Thomas Martwick, starring Stacy Pederson, Ruselis Aumeen Perry, Shale Le Page, Maria DeCoste, Thea Saccoliti, Charlie Aligaen and Jeff Pederson.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The film premiered in April 2015. It was released on VOD on 13 June 2017.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Charlie Cargile of PopHorror wrote that it \"struggles with what it wants to be and just winds up becoming a jumbled mess of a film.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Matt Boiselle of Dread Central rated the film 1 star out of 5 and wrote: \"From top to bottom, front to back, this entire watch was one of catastrophic proportions, complete with insanely wretched acting, utter ridiculousness when it came to rational thought patterns, and the most God-awful CGI that I believe I’ve ever seen under one movie’s globe – all totaling up to an absolute debacle for one’s eyes.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Paul Mount of Starburst rated the film 1 star out of 10 pand wrote: \"Terrible performances abound, the incidental music rarely fits in with what’s happening on-screen and even a ‘shock’ ending is utterly unable to redeem a film which has been so inept and, most unforgivably, bloody boring for so long.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Károly Kovács (1902–1990) was a Hungarian stage, film and television actor. He was married to the actresses Margit Dajka and Erzsi Simor. With the latter he starred in the 1943 wartime Italian film Two Hearts.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Cruzado Plan (Portuguese: Plano Cruzado) was a set of economic measures launched by the Brazilian government on February 28, 1986, based on Decree-Law No. 2883 of February 27, 1986, with José Sarney as President and Dilson Funaro as Minister of Finance. The plan was approved in the Chamber of Deputies with 344 votes in favor and 13 against, while in the Federal Senate only 1 of the 49 parliamentarians voted against.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The main characteristic was the price control. Food, fuel and services had their costs regulated by the administration. The measures contradicted the recommendation of the International Monetary Fund, which were accused by the government of being \"speculators\".", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Cruzado Plan reduced inflation from 12.49% in February 1986 to 1.40% in October of the same year. As a result, the Sarney government became extremely popular, the PMDB elected 53% of the federal deputies and the PFL 24% - providing the administration with a 77% majority in Brazil's federal elections in 1986. The plan was praised by newspaper and politicians, such as José Serra, Maria da Conceição Tavares, Plínio de Arruda and Aloízio Mercadante. Leonel Brizola and Roberto Campos, creator of the BNDES, were the project's biggest critics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Due to price controls on products and services, supplies became scarcer. Exports fell, imports increased and foreign exchange reserves were depleted. Six days after the federal elections in Brazil in 1986, the government launched the Cruzado Plan II. In 2005, José Sarney admitted that the Cruzado Plan was a mistake.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In addition to Dilson Funaro, other economists were involved in drafting the plan, such as João Sayad, Edmar Bacha, André Lara Resende and Persio Arida. On January 16, João Sayad, Persio Arida, André Lara Resende, Oswaldo de Assis and Jorge Murad (President Sarney's son-in-law) voted in favor of the project; Dilson Funaro, João Manuel Cardoso de Mello, Luiz Gonzaga Belluzzo, Andrea Calabi and Edmar Bacha considered it too risky. With the refusal of the majority, João Sayad, Minister of Planning, said he would resign. Jorge Murad convinced Sarney to adopt the Cruzado Plan, supporting Sayad, Persio Arida, Andre Lara Resende in favor of the plan.", "title": "Authors" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Once adopted, the project attracted massive popular support. According to Hérica Lene:", "title": "Authors" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Hyperinflation created turmoil in people's daily lives, in everyday tasks. Suddenly we wake up on February 28, 1986 and say: inflation is over, the currency is different, zeros have been cut off, everything is going to be different now, there's a table for you to pay your bills and collect debts from others, and everything is different. Prices will be fixed. Here's the table.", "title": "Authors" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The main measures of the Cruzado Plan were issued by Decree Laws No. 2883 and No. 2884, of February 28, 1986 and March 10, 1986, respectively.", "title": "Main measures" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The unit of the Brazilian monetary system became the cruzado (Cz$), replacing the cruzeiro. The conversion of values was fixed at the rate of one thousand cruzeiros for each cruzado.", "title": "Main measures" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Different criteria were applied to bonds with indexation clauses and those without. Regarding bonds without an indexation clause, it was established that as of March 3, 1986, the cruzado would have a daily appreciation of 0.45% in relation to the cruzeiro, equivalent to a monthly inflation of 14.42% of the old currency. For bonds with an indexation clause, the conversion was carried out in two stages. In the first, the amounts in cruzeiros were updated to the cruzados of February 28, 1986, by applying monetary correction pro rata. In the second stage, the values calculated were converted into cruzados at the rate of one cruzado for every thousand cruzeiros. This procedure was used to convert the balances of savings accounts, the Length-of-Service Guarantee Fund (FGTS) and the PIS/PASEP Participation Fund.", "title": "Main measures" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The National Treasury Adjustable Bond - ORTN (Portuguese: Obrigação Reajustável do Tesouro Nacional), adjusted monthly by the inflation rate, was abolished. The National Treasury Bond - OTN (Portuguese: Obrigação do Tesouro Nacional) was created to replace it, and its price was frozen until March 3, 1987. The use of monetary correction clauses in contracts with terms of less than one year was banned. Monetary adjustment for savings accounts (FGTS and PIS/PASEP) was maintained.", "title": "Main measures" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Wages were converted to cruzados at their real average values, according to the IBGE's National Consumer Price Index (IPCA). An 8% bonus was added to the average real value. The value set for the minimum wage incorporated a 16% bonus.", "title": "Main measures" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Wages were indexed according to a floating scale, which would automatically adjust wages every time accumulated inflation reached 20%. On the basic adjustment dates for each professional category, wages would be adjusted by at least 60% of the accumulated variation of 60% of inflation, measured by the IBGE consumer price index.", "title": "Main measures" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Rents, installments from the Housing Finance System (Portuguese: Sistema Financeiro de Habitação) and school fees were converted into cruzados according to the real average value principle.", "title": "Main measures" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "The exchange rate was fixed at 13 cruzados and 80 cents per dollar. However, this value was not permanent, as the Central Bank of Brazil could change it at any time.", "title": "Main measures" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "The developers neglected to include forward prices of 30, 60 and 90 days at their present cash value. Products sold with 30 days had a real increase of 17%, the average inflation of the time built into the prices. Pérsio Arida apologized for his mistake, claiming that he had examined Argentina and Israel, which were experiencing hyperinflation but had no forward sales. This mistake disrupted the economy's relative prices, paralyzed production for a month and created conflict between suppliers and customers as they discussed new real prices.", "title": "Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "The main reason for the plan's failure was the frozen prices, which caused producers' profitability to collapse. The lack of price variability led to products being absent from the market, which made consumers \"stock up\" on products at home.", "title": "Failure factors" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "The government was not responsible enough to control its spending, which led Brazil to lose large amounts of international reserves.", "title": "Failure factors" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "The upcoming elections made the government avoid unpopular measures that would guarantee the plan's viability. After the elections, the administration unfroze prices. The following year, inflation reaccelerated to a greater degree than before the plan. For many oppositionists, such as Delfim Netto, the Cruzado Plan was inconsistent, populist and aimed only at increasing the popularity of the government and its candidates during the election.", "title": "Failure factors" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "Many lawsuits demanding compensation from banks and governments for the monetary losses they suffered arose because of the Cruzado Plan. The project also caused a deterioration in Brazil's balance of payments, which resulted in a collapse in international reserves. Unable to honor its external commitments, Brazil had to declare a moratorium on its foreign debt in 1987.", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "The second Cruzado Plan was launched on November 21, 1986. Wages were also frozen. If inflation reached 20% per month, all salaries would be automatically adjusted at the same rate, including any differences negotiated in the collective agreements of the different categories. Inflation was immediately contained and the purchasing power of wages suddenly increased. However, four months later, the plan was already failing. Demand increased but goods, whose prices had been frozen, disappeared. At the end of July, the Cruzado Plan II was decreed; car and fuel prices were increased by 30%, while the government continued to talk about \"zero inflation\".", "title": "Cruzado Plan II" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "From July to October 1986, the government remained silent about the increasing scarcity of products and the deterioration of external accounts. The \"Cruzadinho\" was a limited fiscal package that involved the creation of a system of compulsory loans on the purchase of gasoline and cars and non-refundable taxes on the purchase of foreign currency and international airline tickets. Expectations of a price thaw stimulated demand. Exports fell, while imports increased, depleting foreign exchange reserves. The government had decided to formally maintain the price freeze until the elections on November 15 of that year.", "title": "Cruzado Plan II" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "The population faced several price increases: 60% for gasoline; 120% for telephones and energy; 100% for drinks; 80% for cars; 45% to 100% for cigarettes. In Brasilia, a demonstration known as the \"badernaço\" on November 27 resulted in looting, destruction and arson. On June 25, 1987, a crowd stoned the President's bus in downtown Rio de Janeiro.", "title": "Cruzado Plan II" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "There were also problems with the payroll. The exchange rate, officially frozen, was overvalued, favoring increased imports and harming exports. On February 20, 1987, faced with the vertiginous fall in foreign exchange reserves, Minister Funaro suspended payments of the foreign debt service to private banks. The government quit controlling the prices and re-established indexation. By January 1987, inflation had reached 16.8%. In May 1987, the Minister of Finance, Dílson Funaro, was replaced by Luís Carlos Bresser Pereira.", "title": "Cruzado Plan II" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Pizzo di Cuvignone is a mountain of Lombardy, Italy, with an elevation of 1,018 metres (3,340 ft). It is located in the Varese Prealps, in the Province of Varese, near the Cuvignone Pass which links the Valtravaglia to the Valcuvia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It is mostly composed of limestone and covered in woods of oak, ash, beech and birch.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The peak can be reached by hiking paths from the pass or from Caldè, on Lake Maggiore. A mountain hut operated by the Italian Alpine Club, Rifugio De Grandi Adamoli, is located a short distance from the peak.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Khairul Anuar bin Ramli is a Malaysian politician who served as Member of the Kedah State Legislative Assembly for Lunas since August 2023.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tilkari (Hindi: तिलकारी) is a village in the Tetiya Bamber Block of Haveli Kharagpur in the Munger district of Bihar, India.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Tilkari is located on the banks of the beautiful Mahane river. With a population of about 2000, it lies under the jurisdiction of Tetia Bamber block(prakhand). It is only 10 kilometers from Haveli Kharagpur to its north-west and about the same distance from Tarapur in the north-east direction.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Tilkari has a few places of worship that are frequented by locals as well as from nearby villagers. It has a Kali Sthan which is quite old. Kali Sthan used to have goat sacrifice in the past but it is no longer practiced.", "title": "Places of worship" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "There is a Shiv-Parvati temple which was built in late 1990s with the help of donations from villagers. It is on the south side close to the Mahane river.", "title": "Places of worship" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On the west side of Tilkari there is a Durga temple also called as Durgasthan.", "title": "Places of worship" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Since it lies within the Indo-Gangetic Plain area, and hence \"The Gangetic Alluvium\" soil is found in this area which is very fertile.", "title": "Agriculture" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The primary source of livelihood is Agriculture. People grow rice, wheat, sugarcane, maize, masoor, moong, arhar. It is quite common to grow three crops a year Rabi, Kharif and Zaid Crops. Some farmers also grow vegetables during the winter but very few do it to sell in the market. Some farmers grow vegetables to sell at the local Hatiya market.", "title": "Agriculture" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The quality of education offered locally is low so most people who can afford, send their kids outside to bigger towns and cities. This part of Bihar has generally been ignored by the government and that reflects in the infrastructure including education.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Villagers send their kids to Primary school Jagatpura (a neighboring village). After primary education, students usually go to Tetia Bamber high school to complete their 10th board. After the 10th board their alternative is to go to colleges in Haveli Kharagpur, Tarapur, or Munger", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Tilkari is quite diverse given its small size but most of the residents are from lower caste. There are people from different OBCs like Bind, Kumhar, Teli, Bania, Kushwaha etc.", "title": "Demographics" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "As villagers are predominantly Hindus, they celebrate all Hindu festivals that are popular in Bihar. The most notable ones are the Chhath Puja, Durga puja, Holi, Makar Sankranti.", "title": "Festivals and Events" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Just like other parts of Bihar, during the auspicious Chhath puja, migrants of Tilkari return back home to celebrate it with great enthusiasm. It is also the time for cutting the Kharif and plant Rabi so it serves two purposes. During the Chhath puja, Tilkari brims with migrants. The residents look forward to the auspicious month of Kārtika as it brings family closer. migration where most of the people left back home are non-working people that are predominantly women, old people, and kids.", "title": "Festivals and Events" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Tilkari is quite popular for its Hatiya market (or Haat). It is a form of Farmers market where local farmers gather to sell items like vegetables, fruits, hand made snacks like papad etc., and other items of daily use. As Tilkari is surrounded by villages from all sides, it is uniquely placed to host the Hatiya market.", "title": "Festivals and Events" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Money Talks (Hungarian: Pénz beszél) is a 1940 Hungarian comedy film directed by Jenö Csepreghy and starring Margit Dajka, Éva Szörényi and Gyula Csortos. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director István Básthy.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The wealthy Ottó Dárday falls out with his relatives and, to spite them, marries the much younger servant Julcsa. When he dies he leaves her all his money, but his nephew sets out to try and swindle her to get his rightful inheritance.", "title": "Synopsis" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Murina guilleni is a species of vesper bat found in Thailand and the Nicobar Islands.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Murina guilleni was described as a new species in 2013. Its description was the result of a taxonomic split of the round-eared tube-nosed bat (Murina cyclotis). The holotype had been collected in 2010 by P. Soisook at Rajjaprabha Dam in the Surat Thani province of Thailand. The eponym for the species name guilleni is Antonio Guillén-Servent who, in 1997, was the first to collect this species.", "title": "Taxonomy and systematics" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "There are two subspecies: the nominate subspecies, Murina guilleni guilleni, which is in Thailand, and M. g. nicobarensis, which is in the Nicobar Islands.", "title": "Taxonomy and systematics" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Murina guilleni is considered a medium-sized member of the genus Murina. Its forearm length ranges from 31.9–35.9 mm (1.26–1.41 in), with an average length of 34.0 mm (1.34 in). The fur on its back is bicolored: the roots of individual hairs are gray, while the tips are orangeish-brown. Its belly fur is dark gray, with hairs around the throat and chest tinged with orange.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Murina guilleni echolocates to find its insect prey. Its echolocation calls are frequency modulated, meaning that they vary in pitch within the call. Based on recordings of two males, the frequency of maximum energy is from 120.1 to 155.7 kHz.The starting frequency of calls ranges from 175.0 to 184.0 kHz, while the ending frequency is 53.0–63.0 kHz.", "title": "Echolocation" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Murina guilleni has been documented in forests in Southern Thailand and the Nicobar Islands.", "title": "Range and habitat" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Medical education in Scotland includes the education of medical students and qualified medical doctors in Scotland.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Scotland has five medical schools: Edinburgh, Glasgow, St Andrews, Dundee and Aberdeen.", "title": "Medical schools" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The undergraduate medicine MBChB courses at Glasgow, Dundee and Aberdeen are 5 years long; the MBChB undergraduate degree at Edinburgh is 6 years long; and St Andrews has a 3 year BSc degree before students finish the last 3 years at a partner university to obtain an MBChB/MBBS.", "title": "Medical schools" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The graduate entry course, known as ScotGEM is four years long with the first and second year at the University of St Andrews and the third and fourth year with the University of Dundee.", "title": "Medical schools" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "All five participate in the Reach national initiative with applications from the poorest 40% of areas increasing by 60% since the beginning of the initiative. During the same period, the number being accepted from the same areas have increased 50%.", "title": "Medical schools" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The number of medical school places in Scotland for the last four years were as follows;", "title": "Medical schools" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2019/20, an increased target was set for the number of Scottish students enrolled at medical school. All medical schools places in Scotland were increased by another 15-20 places for 2023.", "title": "Medical schools" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Following completion of medical school, junior doctors then enter a vocational training phase. In Scotland a doctor's training normally follows this path:", "title": "Postgraduate education" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The Scottish Foundation School covers the four regions of Scotland: North, East, South East and West. It is managed by the Foundation Programme Board and the Foundation Programme Directors are responsible for Foundation training in each region.", "title": "Postgraduate education" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The training standards for Foundation year 1 are published by the General Medical Council (GMC) :Outcomes for Provisionally Registered Doctors\" (GMC July 2015). The two-year programmes are delivered within the national operational framework agreed by the Departments of Health. The curriculum is approved by the GMC.", "title": "Postgraduate education" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "To train as a general practitioner (GP), after completing a Foundation Programme (not limited to Scotland), a doctor must complete three years of speciality training (ST). This comprises a minimum of 12 to 18 months of posts in a variety of hospital specialities - often including paediatrics, psychiatry, geriatrics and obstetrics & gynaecology.", "title": "Postgraduate education" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "After successfully completing a Foundation Programme (not limited to Scotland), doctors can pursue Core Training (CT) that lasts two to three years which depends on the specialty. After completion of CT training, doctors can enter a ST post via open competition.", "title": "Postgraduate education" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Alternatively, those who complete a Foundation Programme can apply for a run-through programme which lasts five to seven years.", "title": "Postgraduate education" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "In NHS Scotland, a doctor must train for a minimum of six years training in a speciality to attain a certificate of completion of training (CCT) and be listed on the GMC's specialist register in addition to a full license to practice. Those that did not train in the UK can apply for the Certificate of Eligibility for Specialist Registration (CESR) route instead of CCT. to apply for a consultant role in NHS Scotland, a doctor must apply directly to a job advert on the NHS Scotland jobs website.", "title": "Postgraduate education" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 20646/20645 Mangaluru Central - Madgaon Vande Bharat Express is India's 40th Vande Bharat Express train, connecting the industrial port city of Mangalore in western Karnataka with Madgaon, a capital city in the state of Goa.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "As per Indian Railways' latest news, this express train will perform the trial runs on 26 December 2023 starting from Mangalore Central around 08:30hrs and will reach Madgaon Junction around 13:45hrs. It will depart from Madgaon at 18:10hrs and will reach Mangalore Central at 22:45hrs.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This express train was inaugurated on 30 December 2023 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi via video conferencing from Ayodhya Dham Junction.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "This train is operated by Indian Railways, connecting Mangaluru Ctrl, Udupi, Karwar and Madgaon Jn. It is currently operated with train numbers 20646/20645 on 6 days a week basis.", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "It is the thirty-ninth 2nd Generation and twenty-fifth Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train which was designed and manufactured by the Integral Coach Factory at Perambur, Chennai under the Make in India Initiative.", "title": "Rakes" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The 20646/20645 Mangaluru Central - Madgaon Vande Bharat Express has currently 7 AC Chair Car and 1 Executive Chair Car coaches. The coaches in Aqua color indicate AC Chair Cars and the coaches in Pink color indicate AC Executive Chair Cars.", "title": "Coach composition" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The 20646/20645 Mangaluru Central - Madgaon Vande Bharat Express currently operates 6 days a week, covering a distance of 319 km (198 mi) in a travel time of 04hrs 35mins with average speed of 70 km/h. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) will be confirmed after commercial run.", "title": "Service" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The schedule of this 20646/20645 Mangaluru Central - Madgaon Vande Bharat Express is given below:-", "title": "Schedule" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1986 First Union 400 was the seventh stock car race of the 1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the 36th iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, April 20, 1986, before an audience of 29,500 in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina at the North Wilkesboro Speedway, a 0.625 miles (1.006 km) oval short track. The race took the scheduled 400 laps to complete.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "By race's end, Richard Childress Racing's Dale Earnhardt was able to hold off a late-race charge by Bud Moore Engineering's Ricky Rudd, securing his 17th career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his second victory of the season. To fill out the top three, Hendrick Motorsports' Geoff Bodine finished third.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The race was the first start for African-American driver Willy T. Ribbs, after previous failed attempts in the 1986 season. With the start, Ribbs became the sixth African-American driver to make a start in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the first African-American driver since George Wiltshire in 1975.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "North Wilkesboro Speedway is a short oval racetrack located on U.S. Route 421, about five miles east of the town of North Wilkesboro, North Carolina, or 80 miles north of Charlotte. It measures 0.625 mi (1.006 km) and features a unique uphill backstretch and downhill frontstretch. It has previously held races in NASCAR's top three series, including 93 Winston Cup Series races. The track, a NASCAR original, operated from 1949, NASCAR's inception, until the track's original closure in 1996. The speedway briefly reopened in 2010 and hosted several stock car series races before closing again in the spring of 2011. It was re-opened in August 2022 for grassroots racing.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Qualifying was done over two rounds of qualifying over two days. The first round was held on Friday, April 18, at 3:00 PM EST, with each driver having one lap to set a time. In the first round, the first eight drivers in the round were guaranteed a starting spot within the top eight; however, their official starting positions were then determined by calculating the averages of their first round time and their second round time, with the second round being held on Saturday, April 19, at 3:00 PM EST, with all drivers having one lap to set a time in the round. Drivers who did not lock into the race in the first round had the option to scrub their time from the first round and try and run a faster lap time, with all non-locked in drivers setting positions 9-30 based on speed. Depending on if teams needed it, a select amount of positions were given to cars who had not otherwise qualified but were high enough in owner's points; up to two were given.", "title": "Qualifying" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Geoff Bodine, driving for Hendrick Motorsports, won the pole, setting an average time of 20.014 and average speed of 112.419 miles per hour (180.921 km/h) in his two runs.", "title": "Qualifying" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Four drivers failed to qualify.", "title": "Qualifying" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Miami FC season is the club's fifth season in the USL Championship, the second-tier of American soccer, and tenth overall.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Appearances and goals are career totals from all-competitions and leagues.", "title": "Roster" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Last updated: January 1, 2024. Source: Match reports", "title": "Competitive" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "A secession badge, also called a secession cockade, was a decorative flower made of fabric or ribbon that was used to signal support for the secession of slave states from the United States during the sectional crisis that began in 1858. The badge was often attached with a pin that bore symbolic significance, such as a palmetto for South Carolina. One memoirist recalled of the early days of the American Civil War, \"...it was not uncommon to meet on Pennsylvania Avenue a defiant Southerner openly wearing a Virginia or South Carolina secession badge.\" In December 1860, the Washington Star reported from the barroom of Brown's Hotel that someone claimed the Southerners had fired on Fort Sumter, and \"One solitary secession cockade made its appearance during the evening, wearing a lonesome aspect, and evidently pining for sympathy that was not forthcoming.\"", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Equality Before Death is an 1848 oil-on-canvas painting by the French academic painter William-Adolphe Bouguereau. It is in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Equality is Bouguereau's first major painting, produced after two years at the École des Beaux-Arts de Paris at the age of 23. Bouguereau made his debut at the Salon with Equality Before Death.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The painting depicts an angel of death covering the body of a young man with a shroud.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Piri Peéry (1904–1962) was a Hungarian stage and film actress. She appeared as a character actress in a number of Hungarian film productions.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 Arkansas State Red Wolves women's basketball team represents Arkansas State University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The basketball team, led by third-year head coach Destinee Rogers, play all home games at the First National Bank Arena along with the Arkansas State Red Wolves men's basketball team. They are members of the Sun Belt Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Karen Cecilia Abudinen Abuchaibe (born September 24, 1976) is a Colombian lawyer and politician, Abudinen from 2012 to 2014, served as Secretary of Social Management during the municipal administration of Elsa Noguera, then from 2016 to 2017 would serve as Secretary of District Education of Barranquilla, later from 2017 to 2018 she would serve as Director General of the Colombian Institute of Family Welfare, she would subsequently serve as High Councilor for the Regions from 2018 to 2020 and simultaneously as High Councilor for Political and Legislative Affairs from 2019 to 2020, she would later be appointed as Minister of Information and Communication Technologies from 2020 to 2021, a position she would later resign from after being involved in a corruption scandal involving her. in the embezzlement of 70 million pesos as well as irregular hiring.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Media related to Karen Abudinen at Wikimedia Commons", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Esther Bridgman Clark (1900–1990) was one of the first woman physicians in California. She was the only pediatrician in the mid San Francisco peninsula in 1927, and was an early partner of the Palo Alto Medical Clinic in the 1930s.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Clark was born of Stanford art professor Arthur B. Clark and Grace Clark in Palo Alto. She was raised in Palo Alto and educated at Stanford, and practiced medicine in Palo Alto until her retirement. As a physician, Clark did house calls as well as office appointment, focused on community health and prevention, served the region for many years. She co-founded the Palo Alto Medical Clinic, and later founded the Children's Health Council.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Clark's brother, Birge Clark, was a prominent local architect, who designed the building for the Palo Alto Medical Clinic at 300 Homer Avenue, Palo Alto, known today as the Roth Building.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Palo Alto's Esther Clark Park (on the border of Los Altos Hills) is a large property that Clark sold to the city for use as a park. Clark bought the land in 1944 from Ruolf Isenberg, who had used it in the 1930s as an airstrip for the area. The property was a portion of the Rancho La Purísima Concepción, and includes a historic marker for the Juana Briones earth and wood home that was located nearby, at 4155 Old Adobe Road.", "title": "Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Roderick Paul Batterham (born 24 November 1947) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Batterham was born in Sydney and attended North Sydney Technical High School.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A winger, Batterham was a prolific try scorer and gained his first international cap as a 19-year old in 1967, against the All Blacks in Wellington. He scored all of Australia's nine points, including two tries. Despite an impressive debut, he wasn't capped again until 1970, when he again scored two tries as the Wallabies beat Scotland at the Sydney Cricket Ground. He was however part of four tours with the Wallabies, including an injury disrupted trip to South Africa.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Batterham captained Parramatta to the club's first Shute Shield title in 1977. It was his maiden first-class premiership after playing in seven previous grand final, three with Gordon, two in Canberra rugby and two with Parramatta.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jenö Csepreghy (1912–1978) was a Hungarian film director and editor. He gained his initial experience working in the United States before returning to Hungary in 1933 where he worked in a variety of roles, including assistant director. Promoted to director, he made six films including the nationalist Hungary's Revival in 1939. After his last Hungarian film Money Talks in 1940 he emigrated to Britain and worked in several other countries. He worked on the 1951 Orson Welles film Othello as editor under the name John Shepridge. His brother Béla Csepreghy was also a filmmaker.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bachelor Party is an upcoming Indian Kannada-language comedy film written and directed by Abhijit Mahesh and produced by Rakshit Shetty. It stars Diganth, Achyuth Kumar and Yogesh in the lead roles. The music is composed by Arjun Ramu, while the cinematography was handled by Arvind S. Kashyap and editing by Abhishek M.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Initially Diganth, Achyuth Kumar and Rishab Shetty were roped in to play the leading roles. But post the reception of Kantara and due to the commitments for Kantara: Chapter 1, Rishab opted out of the project and Loose Mada Yogi replaced him.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Arjun Ramu composed the soundtrack and background score.", "title": "Soundtrack" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The film team announced that the film will have an Republic Day release on 26th January 2024.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Bachelor Party at IMDb", "title": "External Links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jon Heese (ヘイズ・ジョン, February 17, 1963) is a Japanese politician from Canada. He is a member of the Ibaraki Prefectural Assembly (1 term). He is a former member of the Tsukuba City Council (4 terms). He came to Japan from Canada in 1991, and after working as an English conversation teacher, he was first elected to the Tsukuba City Council in October 2008.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He was born in Saskatchewan, Canada, graduated from the University of Regina in 1991, and became a naturalized citizen of Japan in 2007. He is the third naturalized citizen from Europe or the United States to become a member of the Japanese Parliament, following Marutei Tsurunen, a former member of the House of Councillors from Yugawara Town, Kanagawa Prefecture, and Anthony Bianchi, a former member of the Inuyama City Council, Aichi Prefecture.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He is the president of Imagineric and a member of the Tsukuba Representative Committee of the Ibaraki Foreigners' Roundtable.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In December 2014, he ran as an independent candidate for the Ibaraki Prefectural Assembly election from the Tsukuba City electoral district, but was unsuccessful. In 2016, he was elected to the Tsukuba City Assembly for a third term.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In December 2022, he ran for election as a member of the Ibaraki Prefectural Assembly from Tsukuba City and won.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Keep Your Chin Up (Hungarian: Fel a fejjel) is a 1954 Hungarian comedy film directed by Márton Keleti and starring Kálmán Latabár, Violetta Ferrari and Gyula Benkö. It was one of the most popular Hungarian films released during the period, attracting nearly six million spectators at the box office. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director József Pán.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kaṇakkatikāram is a Tamil mathematics book believed to have been written by Kari Nayanar hailing from Korakaiyur in Cholanad. Considering the internal evidences, the work has been dated to 15th century CE. \"It is significant that the mathematical methods found in these delves into the material life of the people and approach the dimensions of daily labor enumeratively.\" According to the author, the contents of the book are based on material available in standard Sanskrit treatises on mathematics like 'Līlāvatī\". Kaṇakkatikāram was also popular in Kerala and it had been in wide use as a textbook for teaching arithmetic to children in the elementary schools in Kerala during the pre-Independence era. A Malayalam adaptation of work, with some additional mathematical material and explanations was printed and published in 1863. The title of the Malayalam version of the book is Kaṇakkadhikāram.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kaṇakkatikāram deals with the arithmetical calculations that are likely to be required in the daily life of ordinary people. For example, it deals with computations involving quantitative measurements of paddy, wood, other agricultural produce, land, gold, etc. and also the computations of the daily, monthly wages of field workers, etc. The Malayalam version has a 54-page preamble devoted to explaining the notations for whole numbers, fractions and multiplication tables for whole numbers and fractions.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Early Voyages to the East Indies:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603. In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. General William Keeling, a captain during the second voyage, led the third voyage. Early in 1608 the fourth voyage took place. Initially, the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the alredy well-established Dutch Eat India Company. The company opened a factory in Bentham, Indonesia, on the first voyage, and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company's trade for twenty years. The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683. During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked in Surat, Gujarat, which was established as a trade transit point in 1608.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In the next two years, the company established its first factory in South India in the town of Machilipatnam, in the present Andra Pradesh. The company started making very high profits. By this time the French and also established their presence in India, and they had their trading centres in Pondicherry, Mahe, Yanam and Karaikkal.", "title": "" } ]

[]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser is a Chilean political scientist. Rovira has published various books on modern Latin American right-wing politics including \"Rethinking the Latin American Right\" and \"The Populist Radical Right and the Pandemic\". He is director of \"Ultra-Lab\" (Laboratorio para el Estudio de la Ultraderecha) a research institute focusing on far-right politics. Some of his work has been financed by Open Society Foundations.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "CNN Chile has characterized him as \"one of the most influential academics in the study of elites, populism and far-right politics\".", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Shovel Knight Showdown is a multiplayer fighting game developed and published by Yacht Club Games. An add-on to the platform game Shovel Knight, players take control of twenty different characters from the Shovel Knight franchise. The game features several modes, such as \"Treasure Clash\", where players battle against each other collect the most gems that appear on a stage, to a free for all mode where the victor is decided by whoever defeats all the other players. In addition to the multiplayer gameplay, Showdown features a single-player story mode where players battle through several stages before facing a boss. Completing the story mode with each fighter allows the player to unlock new stages and characters.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Yacht Club Games originally envisioned Showdown as a small minigame similar to game modes in Mega Man 7 and Super Mario Bros. 3. The developers gradually built a more expansive title over time, attempting to create an experience similar to a party game. The game was released concurrently with the downloadable content campaign Shovel Knight: King of Cards on December 10, 2019. It received average reviews on release, with praise towards its characters and multiplayer gameplay, while the single-player mode received a negative response.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Shovel Knight Showdown is a multiplayer fighting game. Players choose between a roster of twenty different characters from the Shovel Knight franchise, all of which feature their own movesets and fighting styles. Each character has a basic and special attack, a movement method, and a way to parry attacks. Playable characters range from Shovel Knight who attacks with a shovel or magic wand, to Specter Knight, a fast character that can wall jump, to Plague Knight, who throws explosive bombs.", "title": "Gameplay" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Between one to four players can engage in combat against each other across several different modes. Aside from a free for all setting where a group of players engage in a battle to the death, the game features other options such as one where players can fight in individual duels, or another where they team up to battle AI-controlled opponents. One mode called \"Treasure Clash\" centers around collecting gems that appear randomly around the level as quickly as possible, while stealing jewels from defeated players. During battle, various items appear intermittently across the level, and collecting them causes a helpful effect. For example, a collected item could be food that restores health, or a magnet that can be used to push back other players. Each level can be altered using a set of modifiers that allow for different effects and battle scenarios, such as a modifier that prevents items from spawning, to another that causes bombs to fall around the level.", "title": "Gameplay" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In addition to the multiplayer gameplay, Showdown features a single-player story mode. The plot of the mode takes place after the narrative of Shovel Knight: Specter of Torment, where Specter Knight's friends attempt to defeat the Enchantress by imprisoning her in a magic mirror. In the process, they accidentally create false clones of the knights which each character faces in combat. In this setting, players battle through several different stages and opponents that are unique to the chosen playable character, though each variation of the story mode ends with a two-phase boss battle against the mirror. Story mode features three separate difficulty options, and completing the mode for each character allows the player to unlock new characters and levels.", "title": "Gameplay" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "As part of the Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign for Shovel Knight back in 2013, Yacht Club Games listed several stretch goals, additional features for the game added when the funding met a certain target. Among the stretch goals was the addition of a four-player battle mode, which would eventually become Shovel Knight Showdown. The developers originally intended for Showdown to be a small minigame similar to game modes in Mega Man 7 and Super Mario Bros. 3, though the developers gradually designed a more ambitious game that the team compared to Super Smash Bros. Showdown was Yacht Club Game's first attempt at making a multiplayer title, and the developers hoped to depict the characters in the franchise through an experience that was similar to a party game.", "title": "Development and release" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The team wanted to create variety between battles, and they decided to create a third new mode called \"Chester's Choice\" that complemented the existing deathmatch and Treasure Clash settings. Chester's Choice allows the player to randomly set each of the modifiers in-game, leading to distinct battles with different combinations of levels, items, and other features. Yacht Club Games originally called the mode Roulette, and created it after feeling that the existing modifiers were too numerous and difficult to navigate through a menu. After simplifying these options, the team designed a way for players to automatically create setups to avoid spending significant amounts of time picking modifiers. They took inspiration for this from Mario Party, where the game automatically determines each of its settings. The mode is named after Chester, a character from the franchise that acts as a merchant. Shovel Knight Showdown was delayed from its original planned release date on April 9, 2019, and was launched concurrently with the downloadable content (DLC) campaign Shovel Knight: King of Cards on December 10, 2019 for Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch.", "title": "Development and release" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "According to the review aggregator website Metacritic, Showdown received \"generally favorable reviews\" for its Nintendo Switch version, and \"mixed to average reviews\" for its PC version. Some critics said that Showdown lacked an identity as an independent game. Nintendo World Report found it to be fun when played in short periods, but said that Showdown became repetitive over time. GameRevolution called it overall inferior to the rest of the Shovel Knight franchise due to its reliance on multiplayer. In a more positive review, USgamer said that Showdown was not as recognizable as other titles in the series, but was one of the best party games of 2019.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Reviewers considered Showdown a competent multiplayer game. USgamer felt that it would appeal to those who had never encountered the franchise, and would draw in new players through its chaotic gameplay. Nintendo Life noted the speed of matches, and said that it was easy to set up and teach players its mechanics. GameRevolution said that the modes helped make multiplayer the game feel chaotic and fun, but was disappointed that it offered little online multiplayer support.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The playable characters were praised. Nintendo Life felt that their movesets were unique and offered different play styles, and said that the inclusion of boss characters from previous games was good fan service. Nintendo World Report said that many of the characters were well-designed and implemented. USgamer felt that the game distinguished itself from the indie fighting game TowerFall because of its character options. Game Informer called the characters easy to learn and fun, while adding that their simplicity made them feel lacking in depth. Other reviewers considered some characters to be too powerful. Nintendo World Report said that smaller characters would be at a disadvantage, while GameRevolution cited the titular Shovel Knight as a weak fighter compared to other characters.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The single-player story campaign received a mostly negative response. USgamer said that the single-player gameplay was inferior to multiplayer by design, and said that the story mode had a narrative that would placate fans of the franchise. Nintendo Life and Nintendo World Report said that it had poor difficulty balancing. GameRevolution felt that its AI-controlled opponents were too easy, and said that the minigames in the story mode were frustrating to complete. Game Informer found the story mode to be repetitive, and dissuaded him from completing the mode to unlock new characters and stages. However, both reviewers considered the final boss in the story mode to be a highlight.", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2020 season was Santa Cruz's 107th season in the club's history. Santa Cruz competed in the Campeonato Pernambucano, Copa do Brasil, Série C, Copa do Brasil, and Copa do Nordeste.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Squad" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Source: Santa Cruz official website", "title": "Statistics" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lotte Tour Development (Korean: 롯데관광개발) is a South Korean tourism corporation headquartered in Seoul. Lotte Tour serves as a travel agency, travel information provider, and casino proprietor. The company was founded in 1971 and is one of the largest travel businesses in the country. It was a subsidiary of Lotte Corporation until 2005 when it was split off. Lotte Tour owns the Jeju Dream Tower casino in Jeju City, the tallest building on Jeju Island.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lotte Tour Development was founded on May 24, 1971.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2005, Lotte Tour divested from its parent company Lotte Corporation to become an individual entity. Despite the split, the smaller Lotte Tour kept its name and branding unchanged. In 2007, when Lotte Corporation partnered with JTB Corporation to form a new tourism division, it demanded that Lotte Tour change its branding, leading to a dispute. Lotte Tour was forced by injunction to change its logo but was allowed to retain its name.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2016, Lotte Tour announced that it had selected China State Construction Engineering Corporation to build its 38-story Jeju Dream Tower hotel and casino project on Jeju Island at a projected cost of ₩700 billion (US$605.1 million) with an opening date of March 2019. By the time the project was fully financed, the cost had risen to ₩1.6 trillion (US$1.4 billion). The building was opened to the public on December 18, 2020.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Glugs Theatrical Awards, also referred to as the Glugs Theatre Awards and sometimes capitalised as GLUGS, were annual awards given by a group of theatre-lovers in Sydney, Australia, The Glugs.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Glugs were established in 1969, created by a group of people including theatre critics, journalists, actors, and regular patrons of theatrical performances. The group, which included theatre critic Norman Kessell, publicisit Bill Fenn, press officer for J. C. Williamson's John Love, and ABC producer Allan Kendall, had been meeting for lunch semi-regularly since 1966. The group was named \"The Glugs\" by British-Canadian actor Barry Morse, after they had presented him with a copy of The Glugs of Gosh, a collection of poems by Australian poet C. J. Dennis, as a gift. They were at first a private group, with their lunch meetings spread by word-of-mouth.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2015, Lee Young, aged 86, was \"Chief Glug\", while Beverley Davies, aged 78, was the group's co-ordinator. At that time membership was around 80 members.", "title": "People" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2016, Bill Winspear was Chief Glug.", "title": "People" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Peter Binning was appointed Chief Glug in 2021, but died in November of that year.", "title": "People" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Glugs presented their first award in 1973, the Glugs Theatrical Award for Contribution to Theatre, which was presented to David Williamson. Various other categories and named or special awards were added and dropped from the 1980s onwards. Some of these included:", "title": "Awards" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The awards are chosen by The Glugs membership, and are widely covered by theatrical press.", "title": "Awards" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The last awards reported were the 2019 awards, awarded in 2020. Nancye Hayes was given the SBW Foundation Life Achievement Award.", "title": "Awards" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a list of international prime ministerial trips made by Christopher Luxon, the 42nd Prime Minister of New Zealand.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Prime Minister Christopher Luxon who took the office of Prime Minister of New Zealand on 27 November 2023 made his first prime ministerial trip to meet with his counter-part Prime Minister of Australia, Anthony Albanese on 20 December 2023 in Sydney, Australia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The number of visits per country where Prime Minister Luxon traveled are:", "title": "Summary" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Prime Minister Luxon is scheduled to attend the following summits during his prime ministership.", "title": "Multilateral meetings" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Institute Peak is an 8,022-foot-elevation (2,445-meter) mountain summit in Alaska.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Institute Peak is located 18 miles (29 km) north of Paxson in the Delta Mountains which are a subrange of the Alaska Range. Precipitation runoff and glacial meltwater from the mountain's slopes drains into tributaries of the Delta River. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 2,900 feet (884 meters) above the West Gulkana Glacier in one mile (1.6 km) and 3,600 feet (1,097 meters) above the Canwell Glacier in 1.5 mile (2.4 km).", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The first ascent of the summit was made in 1954 by four members of the Geophysical Institute at University of Alaska Fairbanks: Phil Bettler, Keith Hart, George Swenson, and Keaton Keller, along with George Schaller. The group named the peak after the institute. The Alaska Alpine Club was founded in 1952 by students and faculty of this institute.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The first winter ascent was made in February 1960 by Gene Wescott, Chuck Deehr, and Moonok Sunwoo. Gene Wescott also worked at the Geophysical Institute.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The mountain's toponym was officially adopted in 1969 by the United States Board on Geographic Names.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "According to the Köppen climate classification system, Institute Peak is located in a tundra climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and cool summers. Weather systems are forced upwards by the Delta Mountains (orographic lift), causing heavy precipitation in the form of rainfall and snowfall. Winter temperatures can drop below 0 °F with wind chill factors below −10 °F. This climate supports the Canwell Glacier, Gulkana Glacier, and West Gulkana Glacier surrounding the peak.", "title": "Climate" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Midas and Bacchus (German: Midas und Bacchus) is an oil painting usually attributed to Nicolas Poussin and dated to about 1624–1629, which is now in the Alte Pinakothek, Munich.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This subject exhibits the avaricious King of Phrygia, attired in a blue vesture and a yellow mantle, bending on one knee supplicating Bacchus to take back the power with which he had endowed him, of changing whatever he touched into gold. The deity stands near, holding a cup in one hand, while the other is compassionately extended towards the suffering king. Silenus is recumbent near them, and a beautiful nymph lies naked asleep on the foreground, with an infant by her side. Beyond this group are three fauns, one of whom is seated drinking, a second is playing on a double pipe, and a third is gathering fruit. In addition to these, on the right, may be noticed two boys playing with a goat, and more remote are a recumbent river god and a youth; the latter is kneeling on the bank of a stream. The surrounding country represents a beautiful Arcadian scene.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Blunt (1966), citing the confused iconography and awkward spatial awareness of the composition, disputes the authenticity of this picture, which he tentatively ascribes to the so-called Heytesbury Master. However, it is accepted by Wright (2007) and the Alte Pinakothek as an early work of Poussin.", "title": "Attribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "First recorded in the inventory of the Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, in 1751. Thence moved to the Alte Pinakothek in 1836.", "title": "Provenance" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Asterothyrium atromarginatum is a species of foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) lichen in the family Gomphillaceae . Found in Veracruz, Mexico, it was formally described as a new species in 2002 by the lichenologists María de los Ángeles Herrera-Campos and Robert Lücking.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen forms small patches that are rounded to irregular in outline, 0.3 to 1 mm in diameter, smooth to silvery white in colour, and bordered by a distinct black line. The dark line appears to be a prothallus#In lichens but is actually created by the intensely pigmented outer cells of the thallus cortex. The photobiont partner of Asterothyrium atromarginatum is a species of Trebouxia (a genus of green algae); their cells are more or less spherical and measure 6–8 μm in diameter. Asterothyrium microsporum is similar in morphology to A. atromarginatum, but its thallus lacks the black bordering line.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Paleopneustina is a suborder of sea urchins of the order Spatangoida. Its taxonomy is still under investigation.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The following subdivisions are accepted within Paleopneustina:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Several other genera have been placed in temporary unnamed families:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Feliks Asłanowicz (12 April 1903 – 1941) was a Polish professional footballer who played as a forward in Liga Piłki Nożnej for Legia Warsaw. He was tortured to death by NKVD forces in the summer of 1941 during the Second World War.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Vittorio or Victorio Riccio or Ricci OP (18 January 1621 – 17 February 1685) was an Italian Dominican missionary, scholar and diplomat in the Philippines and south-east China, later named the first Prefect Apostolic of Terra Australis.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Vittorio Riccio was born in Fiesole, near Florence, in 1621. He joined the Dominican order and taught philosophy in their house of studies in Fiesole. He was recruited for missionary work in the East by Juan Bautista Morales, who sent him to Rome where he successfully argued for pontifical university status to be granted to the Dominican college in Manila, which thus became the University of Santo Tomas, the oldest university in Asia with a European charter.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1648 he travelled via Mexico to the Philippines, where he worked with Chinese in the Manila area and learned the Chinese language. In 1655 he transferred to the Dominican mission in Amoy (Xiamen), where he formed a close alliance with Koxinga, the ruler of Fujian. In 1662 he returned to Manila as envoy of Koxinga, conveying his threat to invade the Philippines. The invasion did not take place.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "His 1667 account of the Dominican mission in China and its background in Chinese history, Hechos de la orden de predicadores en el imperio de China, remains unpublished.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1676 Riccio, then prior of the St Dominic Monastery in Manila, wrote to the College of Propaganda Fide in Rome on the opportunities for evangelisation in the unknown continent of Terra Australis to the south of the Philippines. Based on reports from Dutch sailors, he enclosed a map showing the continent stretching to the South Pole and beyond. He requested that he be appointed Prefect Apostolic of Terra Australis to initiate missionary activity there.", "title": "Prefect Apostolic of Terra Australis" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Communications with Rome were slow but the college appointed him to the position in 1681.", "title": "Prefect Apostolic of Terra Australis" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Riccio died in Parián in 1685.", "title": "Prefect Apostolic of Terra Australis" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 LET Access Series is a series of professional women's golf tournaments held from March through October 2024 across Europe. The LET Access Series is the second-tier women's professional golf tour in Europe and is the official developmental tour of the Ladies European Tour.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The table below shows the 2024 schedule. The numbers in brackets after the winners' names show the number of career wins they had on the LET Access Series up to and including that event.", "title": "Tournament results" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The top 6 players on the LETAS Order of Merit earn membership of the Ladies European Tour for the 2025 season. Players finishing in positions 7–21 get to skip the first stage of the qualifying event and automatically progress to the final stage of the Lalla Aicha Tour School.", "title": "Order of Merit rankings" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Action No. 1 is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language action film directed by Sagar starring Thriller Manju, who composed the film's stunts, Vani Viswanath and the duo Ram Lakshman.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The film features no songs and was released to mixed reviews but the action sequences were praised. The film had an average box office run.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Jeevi of Idlebrain.com rated the film three out of five and wrote that \"This film is narrated in an interesting style, except for a climax in the end\". Gudipoodi Srihari of The Hindu wrote that \"The trust is towards the action sequences. None of the cast apart from Vani Viswanath displays any histrionics. Fight composer Vijay has enough work in hand and editor speeded up the fights to unbelievable levels for thrills. There is enough in this film for action lovers\". Mithun Verma of Full Hyderabad wrote that \"Ramlaxman, those twins, are impossible to tell apart. They're like the two loaves of bread with us sandwiched between them while the director hungrily hogs on. With Vani Vishwanath and a whole lot of other masala girls in it, it was a bitter disappointment too much to swallow for a huge lot among the audience as there were no saucy rain songs. Actually no songs at all. Sorry to inform you Mr. Sagar, but your experiment has bombed pathetically\".", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cylloceriinae is a subfamily of parasitoid wasps belonging to the family Ichneumonidae. It contains two genera.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The MoreGolf Mastercard Trophy is a women's professional golf tournament on the Swedish Golf Tour and LET Access Series. First played in 2020, it is held at Varberg Golf Club in Varberg, Sweden.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The inaugural tournament featured a sudden death playoff between Ingrid Lindblad and Beatrice Wallin, both amateurs on the National Team on summer break from their American colleges, where Lindblad won with an eagle on the first playoff hole.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "57°05′31″N 12°22′01″E / 57.092°N 12.367°E / 57.092; 12.367", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Debra Holly Ford is an American colorectal surgeon and academic administrator serving as the senior associate dean for academic affairs of Howard University College of Medicine. She is an associate professor of surgery and an expert in surgical education and medical simulation.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ford is from Pine Bluff, Arkansas. She earned a B.S. in zoology (1982) and M.D. (1986) from Howard University. She was the top-ranking medical student in her class. She completed a surgery residency at Howard University Hospital in 1991. She completed a colon and rectal surgery at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In September 1994, Ford joined the faculty at Howard University College of Medicine. She researches surgical education, simulation in health care, and the colon, rectum, and anus. She is an associate professor of surgery and senior associate dean for academic affairs. Ford is the founding medical and surgical director of its health sciences simulation and clinical skills center. She was the program director of the the Howard University general surgery residency for thirteen years until 2012. Ford heads the colon and rectal surgery section. She is a fellow of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. In 2022, Ford was inducted as a member of the Academy of Master Surgeon Educators of the American College of Surgeons.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Satyashodhak is an upcoming Indian Marathi-language biographical film. directed by Nilesh Jalamkar. Sandeep Kulkarni and Rajshri Deshpande in lead role, It is scheduled to release theatrically on 5 January 2024", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Truth is an 1870 oil-on-canvas painting by the French painter Jules Joseph Lefebvre. It is in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris since 1982.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Truth was exhibited during the 1870 Salon and was bought by France in 1871.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The painting depicts a naked woman standing, facing the viewers. Her right hand extends above her head, holding a golden mirror, her left hand seems to be holding a stick or staff, and her right leg is bent, shifting weight onto her left hip.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The painting is contemporary with the first small scale model made by Lefebvre's fellow-Frenchman Frédéric Bartholdi for what became the Statue of Liberty, striking a similar pose, though fully clothed.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hemithyrsocera is a genus of cockroaches with 71 accepted species.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Celia Maxwell is an American infectious disease physician and academic administrator. She is the associate dean for research and a professor of medicine at the Howard University College of Medicine.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Maxwell earned a B.S.N. from Hunter College. She graduated with a M.D. from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. She completed an internal medicine residency at Howard University Hospital and a fellowship in parasitology at in the laboratory of parasitic diseases at National Institutes of Health.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Maxwell researches the immune response of humans in Hookworm infections. She is a professor of medicine in the division of infectious diseases at the Howard University College of Medicine. She is the associate dean for research and co-director of clinical trials and clinical trials unit. In August 2018, she was inducted as a fellow of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. She is a fellow of the American College of Physicians.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "collegialis, also known as southern rock wattle wattle, is a shrub of the genus Acacia that is native to Western Australia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The species has a scattered distribution centred around Kalgoorlie.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mary of St. Jerome Tourneux was a French Roman Catholic nun who established the first monastery of the Order of Our Lady of Charity in the United States.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Julie Josephine Adelaide Tourneux de la Galaiserie was born on 16 November 1808 in Piré-sur-Seiche, France. She was the seventh of eleven children born to Marie Rosalie Rubillon Du Lattay and Jean Baptiste Tourneux, three of whom died in childhood. Her oldest sister, Mary Rose, joined the Sisters of Providence.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Despite opposition from her parents, Tourneux joined the Order of Our Lady of Charity in Rennes in June 1829, where she took the religious name Mary of St. Jerome. She took the habit on 25 September 1829, and made her vows on 13 October 1831. In 1845, she was sent to become superior of the monastery of her order in Blois, where her two predecessors had resigned due to community conflicts. She served there for two three-year terms before being recalled to Rennes.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1855, John Timon, the bishop of Buffalo, asked Rennes to send a group of nuns to his diocese. Tourneux volunteered to lead the group, accompanied by Mary of St. Stephen Etienne, Mary of St. Cyr Corbin, and Mary of St. Martin Dugree. The group left Rennes on 4 April 1855, and traveled second-class on a steamer to Buffalo. There, Tourneux became the abbess of their new monastery, and the nuns worked to establish homes for women in need.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "At the request of Joseph-Bruno Guigues, the bishop of Bytown, Torneux traveled to Ottawa with four nuns to found a monastery there. The group arrived on 3 April 1866, and took up temporary lodgings on St. Patrick Street, before moving to a permanent location on Park Street. Joseph-Henri Tabaret became their chaplain and spiritual advisor. The group founded a Magdalene asylum, which they called a \"refuge\", where women who had \"lived in sin\" stayed as prisoners, worked in the laundry, and lived lives of penance and denial. In addition to the \"refuge\" class of young women, the nuns also maintained a \"preservation\" class for women who had committed \"minor transgressions\", and a boarding school for girls from poor families.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Torneux proceeded to found a third monastery in Toronto in 1875. She originally intended to found a fourth in St. Louis, Missouri, but disapproval from the local bishop led her to instead found it in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Tourneux died of a stroke in 1896.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Crisis (or CRISIS) is a closed-end, computer moderated, play-by-mail wargame.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Rick Barr created Crisis. Reviewer Michael Gray thought it similar to Risk and Nuclear Destruction. Bob McLain also compared the game to Risk. Games generally lasted 12–20 turns.", "title": "History and development" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The game was set on a global map. Players and non-player countries began with an initial population and array of factories and armies. Actions included factory building, construction of weapons (including intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)), and spying. Diplomacy among players was also an important factor. Losing all population or becoming conquered ended a player's game. The last remaining player won.", "title": "Gameplay" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Bob McLain reviewed the game in a 1983 issue of PBM Universal. He praised it for its \"straightforward, easily learnable concept, and unpretentiousness\", recommending readers to \"Try it.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "How to Wake a Princess (Czech: Jak se budí princezny) is a 1977 Czechoslovak fantasy film directed by Václav Vorlíček. It is based on the fairy tale Sleeping Beauty, in the versions collected by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Witch Melánie, Queen Eliska's evil and envious sister, casts a terrible curse on her newborn niece. At the age of 17, Princess Ruzenka is asked in marriage by the arrogant and vain Prince Jirí, although she is in love with Jaroslav, the prince's younger brother. One day Melánie succeed to trick the princess into prickling herself with a thorny bouquet of roses, and the curse comes true. Ruzenka falls asleep and the whole court with her. Jaroslav will therefore have to overcome various obstacles helped by his faithful servant Matej, to enter the castle covered in thorns. The young man finally manages to reawaken the princess with a kiss.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Marie Horáková and Oldřich Velen had all their lines dubbed by Naďa Konvalinková and Lubor Tokos respectively.", "title": "Cast" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The exteriors were filmed at the Pernštejn, Křivoklát and Roštejn Castles (Ruzenka's castle, close-ups of Ruzenka's castle and Jaroslav's castle respectively), and at the ruins of Orlík Castle near Humpolc (Melánie's house). The fight with the bear was filmed at Konopiště.", "title": "Production" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Le Moyne Events Center is a multi-purpose arena in DeWitt, New York, that serves as the home arena for the Le Moyne Dolphins women's basketball and volleyball, and men's basketball teams on the campus of Le Moyne College. The venue is sometimes identified as the Event Center.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Events Center was built in 1961, as part of the larger Henninger Athletic Center. The arena underwent a significant renovation in 2016, and reopened on October 12 of that year with an afternoon ceremony and blessing. Later that night, Le Moyne's women's volleyball team won the first event contested at the venue, a 3–2 victory over Roberts Wesleyan. The hardwood playing surface within the Events Center is named Ted Grant Court.", "title": "Construction and renovation" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The 2016 renovation enabled the venue to be used in three different configurations, each with a different maximum seating capacity. Configuration A produces a maximum capacity of 2,637. It includes full chair-back seating on both the north and south sides of the building, portable bleachers on the east side, and chairs assembled on the floor with the stage at the west end of the building. This is the basic configuration used for basketball games, except for the chairs on the court. There is a second set of portable bleachers that can be used at the east end of the building, when there is no stage, such as is the case with basketball games. Therefore, the maximum capacity for basketball is slightly different from the standard Configuration A maximum capacity.", "title": "Configurations and seating capacity" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Configuration B produces a maximum capacity of 1,705, using the full chair-back seating on either the north or south side with the stage opposite those seats and additional chairs assembled on the floor.", "title": "Configurations and seating capacity" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Configuration C produces a maximum capacity of 685, using seating on either the north or south side with the stage in the middle of the floor.", "title": "Configurations and seating capacity" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mohd Adnan bin Buntar is a Brunei diplomat who became the high commissioner to India from 1994 to 1997, and ambassador to Japan from 2005 to 2008. He has held other major titles such as the Deputy Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MOFAT), and former chairman of the Brunei Japan Friendship Association.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1993, he was the Director-General, of ASEAN-Brunei Darussalam. On 8 August 1994, at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi, Adnan, the High Commissioner-Designate of Brunei to India, presented his credentials to Shankar Dayal Sharma. He was among the Brune delegation at the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "At the Istana Nurul Iman on 11 August 2005, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah gave Adnan letters of credentials. During his tenure as Ambassador from 2005 to 2008, he played a pivotal role in fostering friendship between Brunei Darussalam and Japan. 2006 saw Princess Masna Bolkiah, the MOFAT's Ambassador-at-Large, visit Japan, while 2007 saw the Sultan. In 2005, Adnan established a communication channel between Universiti Brunei Darussalam and Kagawa University, which helped the two institutions to sign a Memorandum of Understanding in 2006.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In his last year as ambassador, he saw the realisation of the economic alliance between Brunei and Japan. In the same year, Japan and Brunei inked an agreement to prohibit double taxation and combat fiscal evasion with regard to income taxes. This agreement laid the groundwork for future efforts to advance economic ties between the two nations.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "After retirement, he remained actively involved in promoting bilateral ties through the Brunei Japan Friendship Association (BJFA), where he currently serves as Adviser I.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Adnan is married and Yusuf Abdul Rahim is his father-in-law.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The 2018 Spring Imperial Decorations awardees have been revealed by the Japanese government, and Adnan has been recognised for his noteworthy efforts to fostering goodwill and understanding between Brunei and Japan. He's awarded the Order of the Rising Sun 2nd Class for his achievements. He has earned the following honours;", "title": "Honours" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Rental\" (stylized in all caps) is a song by American boy band Brockhampton, released on December 15, 2017 as a single from their third studio album Saturation III (2017).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "\"Rental\" is a pop-oriented song that features melodic performances from Kevin Abstract, Dom McLennon and Matt Champion, with synthesizers and 808s in the instrumental, which also has a recurring beeping during the chorus.", "title": "Composition" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Veronica Irwin of The Quietus commented the song \"deserves recognition for the contrast between melodic fuzzy synths and crisp tapping 808s\". In a review of Saturation III, Hypebeast wrote the song \"has the best deployment of autotune on the album, especially on Mclennon's verse.\"", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Variety placed \"Rental\" at number ten on their list of Brockhampton's 15 best songs.", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The music video was directed by Kevin Abstract and filmed in Brooklyn, New York. It opens with Robert Ontenient in a bathtub eating a banana and announcing the end of the Saturation trilogy, and sees Brockhampton members hanging around in various locations.", "title": "Music video" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ferrari (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album composed by Daniel Pemberton for the 2023 film Ferrari by Michael Mann. It was digitally released by Milan Records on December 25, 2023, the same day as the film's theatrical release in the United States.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Composer Daniel Pemberton grew up watching the films of Michael Mann, whom he described as a \"visionary director.\" Initially, Pemberton had only been brought onto the film to score the racing scenes, however, Mann liked Pemberton's work so much that he asked him to score the entire film.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After reviewing the racing scenes, Pemberton knew that his score had to complement the low rumbling frequency of the racecar engines. He stated that \"the sound of those cars is the score in some ways, and the score must not tramp on that.\" As such, the score utilizes high-pitched strings and low-frequency bass that created space for the engines to become part of the score as well. For a major racing scene, Pemberton began with uneasy and \"on-edge\" chords that escalated into a crescendo until the driver onscreen reached a \"driving nirvana, where you are suddenly in the zone and everything has come together.\"", "title": "Composition" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Pemberton scored the film in one week, later describing the process as \"very intense\" and \"like driving an actual Ferrari, at very high speeds.\" He described his Ferrari score as \"slightly more understated\" than what he usually composes.", "title": "Composition" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times called Pemberton's score \"moving\" while Ross Bonaime of Collider called it \"mesmerizing.\" Rafa Sales Ross of IGN wrote that Pemberton's score \"[punctuated] the gritty sounds of thudding metal and roaring engines with heartrending melodies fittingly used as a reminder that Ferrari is a film about loss and longing in all their many forms.\" David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter called Pemberton's score \"propulsive or emotional as required\" and wrote that it helped \"keep the pace feeling brisk over a two-hours-plus running time.\" Edward Douglas of Above the Line wrote that Pemberton \"[delivered] a score that's perfectly attuned to the period and region, making it very different from other scores, showing his continuing versatility.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On the other hand, Hannah Strong of Little White Lies wrote that \"Pemberton's score [felt] misused in places, pitched at such a level it competes with the dialogue.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Zipper\" (stylized in all caps) is a song by American boy band Brockhampton, released on December 15, 2017 as a single from their third studio album Saturation III (2017). It contains a sample of \"Cha Cha Cha!\" by Optigan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The instrumental features a dusty western piano riff, which along with the first verse (performed by Joba) has been described as similar to rapper Eminem's early music style, and a police siren. In the song, members provide vocals in Auto-Tune, while Matt Champion performs in a \"sleepy flow\". Kevin Abstract performs the chorus. The song also shouts out to Anthony Fantano.", "title": "Composition" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Will Rosebury of Clash commented the song \"bounces with a sense of euphoria reminiscent of Stankonia-era OutKast.\"", "title": "Composition" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Owl Beanie of Sputnikmusic commented the song's vocals are \"characteristically manipulated into textures that make you go: 'ok what is this I want more of it cheers.'\" Veronica Irwin of The Quietus criticized the song, stating \"the evil-clown rhythm of 'Zipper' coming off as some tacky and unwanted German polka after spending months waiting for more digestible hits along the lines of Saturation II's 'Sweet' and 'Gummy.'\"", "title": "Critical reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Owen Michael Riegling is a Canadian country music singer and songwriter. He is currently signed to Universal Music Canada, and has charted with the singles \"Love (The Sweater Song)\" and \"Old Dirt Roads\".", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Riegling grew up on a 100-acre farm in Mildmay, Ontario. He began playing the guitar at eleven years old, after receiving one as a Christmas gift. He performed for the first time as part of his guitar teacher's band, before progressing to play covers of Eric Church songs at local venues. Riegling initially attended business school after high school, but realized he enjoyed playing music more. He elected to attend the Ontario Institute of Audio Recording Technology for music production, after he had won a free recording session in a contest.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In July 2019, Riegling independently released the song \"Smoke Man\". The song was included on his debut extended play Empty Room, which was released on September 4, 2020. In August 2022, Riegling won the Boots and Hearts Emerging Artist Showcase contest, securing him a single release with Universal Music Canada, songwriting sessions, and a trip to Nashville.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In June 2023, Riegling signed a record deal with Universal Music Canada and released his debut radio single \"Love (The Sweater Song)\". He was also nominated for \"Rising Star\" at the CMA Ontario Awards. In August 2023, Riegling released the song \"Old Dirt Roads\", which later became his second single at Canadian country radio. In October 2023, he was an opening act for American country artist Tyler Hubbard on his solo headlining tour in Canada. Later that fall, Riegling joined Robyn Ottolini as the opening act for the Canadian dates on her \"All My Friends Are Hot Tour\". In 2024, he is set to join Chase Rice's \"Get Western Tour\" as an opening act for most of the Canadian dates.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Ninetieth Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 7, 1991, to January 4, 1993, in regular session, and also convened in five special sessions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Senators representing odd-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first two years of a four-year term. Assembly members were elected to a two-year term. Assembly members and odd-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 6, 1990. Senators representing even-numbered districts were serving the third and fourth year of a four-year term, having been elected in the general election of November 8, 1988.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Members of the Senate for the Ninetieth Wisconsin Legislature:", "title": "Members" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Members of the Assembly for the Ninetieth Wisconsin Legislature:", "title": "Members" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Santa Beatriz is a neighbourhood in Lima District. It is the southernmost area of the district. It limits to the north, with the historic centre of Lima; to the east, with La Victoria; to the south, with Lince; and to the west, with Jesús María.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "During the early 20th century, it housed important figures of Peruvian literature.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Located in the Huatica valley, when the Spanish conquest took place, Francisco Pizarro awarded this estate to Diego de Agüero [es], who named it the Hacienda Santa Beatriz. Upon the death of his son, Diego de Agüero y Garay, the agricultural property was acquired by the novitiate of the Society of Jesus, in 1629. After the expulsion of the Jesuits, in 1771 the government sold the property to Manuel de la Torre y Quiroz, who, together with his wife Águeda Josefa de Tagle, founded an estate on the hacienda. According to the law of separation of estates, the estate passed to Josefa de Tagle, IV Marchioness of Torre Tagle, from whom the State expropriated the estate in 1870 for the construction of an agronomy school.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Eminently residential in nature, it was the first urbanization created outside the boundaries of the old historic centre of Lima. It was founded during the government of President Augusto B. Leguía. Located in the district was the Hipódromo de Santa Beatriz [es] (today the Campo de Marte), which was the oldest in Peru and operated until the mid-1930s when it was replaced by the Hipódromo de San Felipe [es]. At this racecourse, members of the British colony also met to practice golf prior to the founding of the Lima Golf Club [es] and the first landing strip in Peru also functioned, prior to the construction of the Limatambo International Airport.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The urbanization section was planned according to North American characteristics (very consistent with Leguía's time), with main avenues (Arenales, Arequipa and Petit Thouars), two-storey mansions, garages for cars and large gardens similar to mansions. Its urbanization in the early 1930s broke all the residential patterns of Lima, where wealthy families began to leave the Centre of Lima to move beyond the limits of Paseo Colón and also for direct access to the Miraflores spas.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The architecture of the houses surrounding Arequipa and Arenales avenues had a European style and in the area of Petit Thouars avenue adjacent to the Lince neighbourhoods (the former Lobatón hacienda) they had an art deco style.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The Santa Beatriz urbanization concentrates three of the main arteries of the city of Lima: Arequipa, Petit Thouars, and Arenales avenues, and also houses various public buildings and cultural centres such as:", "title": "Landmarks" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "It also houses diplomatic and military institutions such as the Embassy of Argentina (as well as its consulate), the Embassy of Venezuela, the former embassy of the Republic of China, the residence of the ambassador of the United States, the Headquarters of the Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru and the Military Police Court [es].", "title": "Landmarks" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "One of the most outstanding buildings is the Rospigliosi Castle [es], ordered to be built in 1929 by Carlos Julio-Rospigliosi [es], on the occasion of the visit of King Alfonso XIII of Spain. Since 1949, it has been the headquarters of the Air Warfare Academy, as property of the Peruvian State.", "title": "Landmarks" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "It also houses the headquarters of the longest-running television stations in the country, América Televisión, Panamericana Televisión and TV Perú.", "title": "Landmarks" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Santa Beatriz is home to educational institutions such as Norbert Wiener University, Inca Garcilaso de la Vega University and the Technological University of Peru, the National School of Statistics and Informatics (ENEI), the private schools of San Andrés (formerly the Anglo–Peruvian School), Dante Alighieri (formerly Antonio Raimondi), Trilce, Saco Oliveros, and Palmer.", "title": "Landmarks" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Uncas was one of three brigs used as slave ships that were owned by the American slave-trading firm Franklin & Armfield. Uncas was built in Connecticut in 1833 and weighed 155 tons. She was a packet-style coastwise transport between Alexandria, Virginia and New Orleans, Louisiana. Her sisters were Isaac Franklin and Tribune. As of approximately 1836, the master of Uncas was Nathaniel Boush. Around 1837 she was sold to slave trader William H. Williams, owner of the Yellow House in Washington, D.C. Still later she was sold to Brazilian slave trader Manoel Pinto da Fonseca.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tribune was one of three brigs used as slave ships that were owned by the American slave-trading firm Franklin & Armfield. Tribune was 161 tons and was built by the shipbuilder Hezekiah Childs in Connecticut in approximately 1831. As of approximately 1836, the master of Tribune was Samuel Bush. She was a packet-style coastwise transport between Alexandria, Virginia and New Orleans, Louisiana. Her sisters were Isaac Franklin and Uncas. Around 1837 she was sold to slave trader William H. Williams, owner of the The Yellow House in Washington, D.C.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Miguoel Admiraal is a Dutch chess player.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In January 2016, Admiraal competed in the Challengers section of the Tata Steel Chess Tournament. He managed to hold draws against a number of significantly higher-rated players: Eltaj Safarli, Alexey Dreev, and Liviu-Dieter Nisipeanu.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In October 2021, Admiraal was one of six Dutch players (alongside Lucas van Foreest, Machteld van Foreest, Sipke Ernst, Migchiel de Jong, and Ivo Maris) who filed unsuccessful legal proceedings against the Dutch Chess Federation, protesting against their requirement of daily COVID testing at the Dutch Chess Championships.", "title": "Chess career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Indore–Surat Vande Bharat Express is an upcoming speed train that connects in the city of Indore in Madhya Pradesh and Surat in Gujarat. The train now has no official timings, the schedule given by Indian Railways.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a list of local government area results for the 2023 Western Australian local elections.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Three vacancies were not filled and a by-election was held in 2024.", "title": "Boddington" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Two vacancies were not filled and a by-election was held in 2024.", "title": "Brookton" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 14th Korea Drama Awards (Korean: 14 코리아 드라마 어워즈) is an awards ceremony for excellence in television in South Korea. It was held on October 14, 2023 as an event of Korea Drama Festival at Gyeongnam Culture and Arts Center, Grand Performance Hall, Jinju. It was hosted by Gong Seo-young and Park Chan-min.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The nominations were announced on October 11, 2023.", "title": "Nominations and winners" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Shang dynasty of China (c. 1600 – 1046 BCE) practiced a spiritual religion that includes veneration of deceased royal ancestors. Shang ancestors were perceived to possess divine powers ranging from trivial matters to state-related affairs, and sometimes were interpreted as a component of the Shang supreme god Di. Towards the later years of the Shang dynasty, activities of ancestral veneration became increasingly frequent compared to those of supernatural deities. The Shang dynasty organized performance of ancestral rituals into a full year with 36 weeks, intended for all deceased members of the royal clan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Rituals were conducted by the representative of the living royal members, the Shang king, together with his bureaucratic court assistants. Usually, ceremonial performers would offer large-scale sacrifices to intended recipients in attempts to convince them to assure state welfare. Similar to the supernatural gods in the Shang's pantheon, its dead kin's spirits could exercise their power over the living realm. A spirit's power increased with seniority: more distant ancestors wielded power on the entire kingdom such as dictating agricultural successes and indirect help in wars. As such, Shang emphasized the importance of appeasing those godlike spirits for stability an development.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Traditional narratives of later Chinese dynasties claim that elements of Shang theology had been practiced during previous eras, among them was ancestor veneration. The Book of Documents dedicates several chapters as the \"Books of Xia\", describing virtues of Xia kings. These figures often glorify the image of their preceding generations. For example, the chapter \"The Songs of the Five Sons\", dedicated to Tai Kang, contains a verse, the first sentences of which go:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "\"It was the lesson of our great ancestor,", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The people should be cherished,", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "And not looked down upon.\"", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In another example, it is claimed that the Xia king Zhong Kang presented great virtues of Yu the Great and his successors:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "\"Ah! ye, all my men, there are the well−counselled", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "instructions of the sage (founder of our dynasty [i.e. Yu the Great), clearly verified in their power to give stability and security.The former kings all were carefully attentive to the warnings of Heaven [...]\"", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Since the Xia dynasty's existence is debated, the narrative given is not verified. However, there are signs that cultures contemporary with the Xia dynasty's alleged time frame practiced traditions that centered on dead ancestors. Ethnicities living around the Yellow River valley had the practice of sacrifices and proper funerals.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Royal ancestors of the Shang dynasty were treated as godly authorities, being revered together with deities that took origins from the natural world. The ancestors received daily offerings as well as earthly inquiries. In some cases, they were not only individual spirits, but also representatives of the Shang supreme being Di and intermediaries of sacrificial rituals aimed at the being.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Shamanic practices were possible during the Shang dynasty. Some oracle bone inscriptions describe rituals in which the Shang king \"took\" an ancestral spirit as a \"guest\". Some argue that the information obtained from these oracle bones are not sufficient to conclude the presence of shamanism.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Sacrifices came in large numbers. The Shang would offer bronze, bones, animals, as well as captured humans to the spiritual world. As the tradition continued, more changes were made and by the final years of the Shang dynasty, it had developed into a complex sacrificial system overlapping a full-Shang year. However, despite making up a large portion of court life, sacrifices at that point became \"insufficient\" and \"mechanical\". Shang kings of the late period tended to offer to their predecessors not in exchange for assistance but for mere veneration. This occurs notably during the reign of the last king Di Xin.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The Zhou dynasty overthrew the Shang around 1046 BC, vilifying the image of Di Xin as a reason of their taking of state control. The new dynastic regime was influenced by the Shang religion and allowed direct descendants of the Shang royal family to continue ancestral veneration traditions in Song.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Ancestor deification and veneration was practiced by many Chinese royal and imperial dynasties up to the modern era. In the present day, Confucian thoughts on emphasizing the importance of ancestors still have profound impacts on Chinese folk religions.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "The \"Six Spirits\" belong to the predynastic Shang ancestors, composed of six beings arranged in six generation before the first Shang king Tai Yi. They are: Shang Jia (1st generation), Bao Yi (2nd generation), Bao Bing (3rd generation), Bao Ding (4th generation), Zhu Ren (5th generation), and Zhu Gui (6th generation). Among of the six, Shang Jia was the highest, commonly interpreted to be identical with Di; meanwhile, the remaining five were commonly referred to as the \"Lesser Spirits\". The \"Six Spirits\" appear frequently on Shang oracle bones, where they receive considerable numbers of sacrifices. The Shang believed in their ability to affect the economy, which was based on agriculture, by controlling the climatic phenomena. Such abilities distinguish the \"Six Spirits\" from less distant dynastic ancestors, whose powers were more limited, and make them more associated with Shang weather spirits. The six ancestors were additionally perceived to be indirect supporters in Shang's battles with neighboring polities.", "title": "Attributed powers of deified ancestors" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Shang Jia's identification with Di was possible and might have been used to \"deify\" kingship of the royal family. The Shang oracle bone script grapheme for the individual includes the squared component known as the representation of the Celestial Polar Square, which housed the divine identity of Di. The other component of the oracle character is postulated to be the equivalent of the modern word \"shang\" (上, \"above\"), which further supports the ancestor's identity.", "title": "Attributed powers of deified ancestors" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "The Shang dynasty revered dynastic kin of both genders. Rituals were dedicated to previous kings and their royal consorts. Contrary to their predynastic counterparts, these ancestors often only involved themselves in the reigning king's personal matters. Nearest predecessors of the Shang king would be responsible for his health, and that sacrifices would be delivered to them to ensure their protection. David Keightley reconstructed a ritual happening during Wu Ding's reign, in which the king suffered from a toothache and attempted to receive a treatment from his uncle Pan Geng. In another case, Wu Ding asked his (deceased) father Xiao Yi to cure a stomach ailment. Female ancestors seem to be responsible for more negative events. Many Shang inscriptions mention the king, or a relative of his, encountering \"disasters\" sent by consorts of long-dead previous monarchs. On the other hand, females also affected childbirth. Some individuals were offered sacrifices and prayed for a consort's conception of male offspring.", "title": "Attributed powers of deified ancestors" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Towards the last decades of the Shang period, divinations and sacrifices were made primarily for veneration and unlikely to request assistance from the recipients. David Keightley suggested that this might reflect the change in perception of ancestral influences.", "title": "Attributed powers of deified ancestors" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "The Shang kings and their kin were not addressed by their personal names after death. Instead, a system of posthumous names was used for reference. Kings and queens would be conferred names after the Heavenly Stems, which consist of ten characters denoting ten days in a conventional Shang week (xun 旬). The common arrangement starts with jia (甲), followed by yi (乙), bing (丙), ding (丁), wu (戊), ji (己), geng (庚), xin (辛), ren (壬), ending with gui (癸) as the weekend. Some kings were named, extraordinarily, frequently after particular Stems. For example, up to 6 or 7 individuals shared ding in their posthumous title; the same goes with jia and yi. The three Stems are thought to have been projected from the Celestial Square and its components (in Shang inscriptions, they resemble the square or the ecliptic pole which bisects the shape). Since the Square was associated with Di, naming the ancestors frequently after such characters would further \"deify\" them.", "title": "Posthumous naming and addressing ancestors" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "Apart from regular use of certain days, scholars have observed several other implicit rules in naming a deceased person. According to the rules, choosing a Stem for a king would be subject to some restrictions:", "title": "Posthumous naming and addressing ancestors" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "Contrary to the kings, their spouses' posthumous names are not known to follow specific rules. It is currently understood that a royal wife's title would never be the same as that of her kingly husband. The rules above seem to not affect the case of women: in fact, many of them bear the Stem \"gui\".", "title": "Posthumous naming and addressing ancestors" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "There were comparably more kings and queens than Heavenly Stems; therefore, the Shang dynasty created a system of prefixes that indicate the concerned ancestor's gender as well as generation. Often, the terms of the system are translated as \"mother\", \"father\", \"grandmother\", and \"grandfather\". However, those terms had a much broader notion during the Shang dynasty. A full list of meanings goes as:", "title": "Posthumous naming and addressing ancestors" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "In oracle bone texts, these indicatives were written in combination with a Heavenly Stem to directly address the intended recipient. Since the words used by the Shang have boarder meanings, it is difficult to differentiate between one king's parents, grandparents and other individuals. Instead, studies to determine direct ancestors of a Shang monarch use records of Shang kinship from later dynasties.", "title": "Posthumous naming and addressing ancestors" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "Kings whose Stem-component in posthumous names appear for the first time in the king list were often given other indicatives such as \"da\" (大, \"big\") and \"tai\" (太, \"great\") in addition to their generational titles. For example, Tai Wu was recorded on oracle bones as Da Wu, since he was the first to bear the \"wu\" stem.", "title": "Posthumous naming and addressing ancestors" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "The Shang dynasty developed a schedule for offerings which overlaps a full year of 36 weeks. Towards the reign of Wen Ding, Di Yi and Di Xin, sacrifices became more mechanically conducted. Five weeks would be spared for announcing sacrifices, commonly called gong dian (工典). Men responsible for offerings would make a presentation of intended recipients, types of sacrificial material used and other matters. There were five kinds of sacrifice: ji, zai, xie', yong, and yi; some argue that the ji type was the first to be performed in a typical year (S1). All five kinds would be performed for ten weeks each, with one week might have more than one sacrifice conducted. The last 36th week was a \"rest week\", before resetting sacrificial cycles.", "title": "Sacrificial rituals" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "These five types of conducted rituals differ from one another, despite being carried out in honor of the same recipients. The rong (肜) rites involved a kind of musical performance with drums, while the yi (翌) rites were accompanied by feather dances. The other three did not involve music but sacrificial food. In the ji (祭), animal meat was offered to the ancestors. The zai rites {(才/隹)*丸} offered meat-free grain meals, and xie rites (劦/口) had different kinds of meals being sacrificed.", "title": "Sacrificial rituals" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "Using both records from Huang and Chu, two Shang scribes living in different periods, Adam D. Smith discovered several principles in arranging sacrifice for ancestors:", "title": "Sacrificial rituals" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "In Zhou dynasty official narrative about its preceding dynastic regime, some changes are thought to have taken place regarding religion. Allegedly, Wu Ding was the first to make modifications to sacrificial activities. According to the narrative, the king (advised by his son Zu Ji sought to limit ancestral sacrifices after receiving ominous omens, intended to be not \"generous\".", "title": "Sacrificial rituals" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "Oracle bone script record Wu Ding's other son Zu Jia as the one who changed sacrificial amounts. He increased offerings to ancestors only, while critically cut down offerings to supernatural gods.", "title": "Sacrificial rituals" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "A royal member would be interred in a designated tomb with many sacrificial items accompanying. At the Tomb of Fu Hao, archaeologists have unearthed many ceremonial bronze vessels, on which various inscriptions about the queen appeared. The inscriptions often describe Fu Hao's attributed activities in military and religion. In addition, there are hundreds of bone and stone objects, the former being partly composed of sacrificial animals' remains. 16 humans were buried with the queen in her tomb, showing her importance to the Shang court.", "title": "Funerary practices" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "Tomb 1400 (believed to be Wu Ding's designated tomb) contains a skeleton of elephants..", "title": "Funerary practices" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "The Shang dynasty developed a complex viewpoint of tomb building, and the layout of their works was dictated by the status of the person buried. The largest place for the \"afterlife\" lay in the Royal Cemetery, located in what is now Xibeigang (西北岡), Anyang. The site, located in the ancient capital city of Yin, served as the resting place for almost all royal family members. Several tombs also served for the purpose of rites, mostly as honorary temples where scheduled offerings were conducted to the person interred.", "title": "Funerary practices" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "Studying the cemetery's overall structure, scholars also pointed out that tombs' positions harmoniously aligned with the northern celestial pole, which housed the power of the ancestors in the form of a collective Shangdi.", "title": "Funerary practices" }, { "paragraph_id": 34, "text": "Using radiocarbon dating and other techniques, researchers have constructed a list of genealogy of the individuals buried. The study reports of Koji Mizoguchi and Junko Uchida, published in 2018, reveal that the Royal Cemetery's tombs were intended to built in a complex manner that indicates the buried individuals' relationships to each other. Apart from several exceptions, tombs of later kings were constructed in a position that was \"respectful\" towards his predecessors. In that way, attendants at the funeral of a king or queen would be paying nominal respect to remote ancestors in other tombs. Some graves bear striking resemblances, which the authors interpreted as attempts to imitate virtuous royal ancestors by the kings.", "title": "Funerary practices" }, { "paragraph_id": 35, "text": "Tombs 1001 (Xiao Yi's), 1550 (Zu Ji's) and 1400 (Wu Ding's) were slightly southern of those two pre-existing tombs. Each of the three tombs had their main entrance on the southern side; by this design, they caused the mourners of the three deceased individuals to pay respect to the deceased of 1443 and 50WGM1 (Pan Geng and Xiao Xin). Regarding Zu Ji's tomb, the mourners were also made to pay respect Zu's grandfather Xiao Yi . A similar situation occurs in the relationship between tombs 1443 and 1400: a participant at the funeral of 1400 would have had tomb 1443—probably represented by an ancestral shrine or a very low platform—within view. This implies a strong impression and admiration of later Shang generations for the three brothers, especially the first two.", "title": "Funerary practices" }, { "paragraph_id": 36, "text": "Tomb of Zu Geng was constructed northwestern of Xiao Yi's, as if deliberately placing the deceased so as to be paid respect by Xiao Yi (as well as Zu Ji). Additionally, the grave was placed with the clear intention of displaying the genealogical proximity of the king to his own grandfather – a peculiarity regarding Shang veneration of previous generations. Apparently, the intention was to both indicate the genealogical succession of Zu Geng to his grandfather, while also express his proximity to the latter. More notably, construction of Zu Geng's grave also followed a design that made it on a \"pairing\" position with Zu's own father Wu Ding. The unique location of this tomb is an obvious example that does not comply with the conventional designation of other tombs.", "title": "Funerary practices" }, { "paragraph_id": 37, "text": "On 20 January 1046 BCE, the last Shang king Di Xin lost the decisive Battle of Muye in which his forces was crushed by the Overlord of the West, Ji Fa. Di Xin set fire to his palace and committed suicide. The fact that he was not buried in accordance with Shang's tradition was due to his immoral and impious images made up by the Zhou dynasty.", "title": "Funerary practices" }, { "paragraph_id": 38, "text": "Many oracle bone inscriptions show that Shang royal ancestors cannot be interpreted and understood by simply looking at the royal line. In fact, ancestral spirits have strong connections with the other section of the Shang's pantheon, the gods of non-ancestral origins. Shang Jia (上甲), the most senior member in Shang royal lineage, was represented on oracle bones by the square component drawn out of the character for \"jia\", which resembles a \"plus\" sign. Since the cross represents the \"jia\" stem, the square must denote \"Shang\". The square (口) has already been understood to be the source of supreme divinity, and the residence of Shangdi's power. The inclusion of 口 in Shang Jia's name would, therefore, relate him to Shangdi, creating a connection between the utmost progenitor of the Shang royal family and the supreme deity of the natural world. Three of the Six Spirits bear the character \"Bao\" which in oracle bone texts takes the form of 口 with the left side of the square missing. Scholars have postulated that to the Shang, the \"Bao\" actually was the \"口\".", "title": "Identity of ancestral spirits" }, { "paragraph_id": 39, "text": "The \"口\" was additionally used in combination of posthumous titles. In such cases, its meaning is the Heavenly Stem \"ding\". John C. Didier has presented a theory claiming that \"口\" was a phonetically borrowed word for an oral pronunciation of what was actually the \"ding\" stem. Furthermore, studying the ding-derived character \"頂\", which means \"above\" and \"top\", he further argued for the Stem representation of a character whose original notion was related to celestial and divine authority. Didier projected the squared form as comprising of five stars surrounding the ecliptic pole at the time of the Shang dynasty, taking Thuban as a referential object. That area was believed by the Shang to be the source of Di's power, and hence ascribing \"口\" to ancestors in their posthumously conferred names elevated them to the level of \"true gods\", hence polishing the image of the royal family.", "title": "Identity of ancestral spirits" }, { "paragraph_id": 40, "text": "In various inscriptional contexts, the square 口 was interpreted as collectively many spirits, particularly ancestral spirits. Didier also noted that in those contexts, 口 was far more authoritative than any individual ancestral spirits, especially because even rituals dedicated to a high ancestor like Shang Jia was reported to the \"口\".", "title": "Identity of ancestral spirits" }, { "paragraph_id": 41, "text": "Shangdi ruled over Shang ancestors, and the god actually seemed to be constituted of those spirits. He made himself accessible by manifestation of such spirits, who received sacrifices from the human realm. The character \"di\"' even features itself in the posthumous name of the last two Shang kings, suggesting a possible identification.", "title": "Identity of ancestral spirits" }, { "paragraph_id": 42, "text": "Although the \"口\" character only appears independently as a character in the stem \"ding\", it nevertheless features itself in many other stems. Didier counted fifteen Shang royal ancestors whose posthumous names include this square, of whom thirteen were ancestors in the main lineage. Because a kind of sacrifice named \"口\" was almost only offered to ancestors of the main descent line, it suggests a strong connection between those spirits and 口. Since this square was an important, and – in some cases – indispensable component of the character \"Di\", main-line ancestors must have been seen as constituting a generic Di. In other words, 口 was a central body of Di and consisted of all high Shang ancestors. This also explains significantly large portions of \"口\" sacrifices offered to them.", "title": "Identity of ancestral spirits" }, { "paragraph_id": 43, "text": "The Shang dynasty ruled over different peoples. As it interacted with people in newly obtained lands, it gradually embraced spirits of those peoples into their own cult-receiving spiritual world. This is interpreted as an essential action to establish firm control over state-appointed regional governors, who were themselves former chiefs of conquered lands. Those spirits, in Shang scripts, were conventionally called the \"Former Lords\". A figure among them, called \"Kui\" was often referred to as \"High Ancestor\". Such incorporation of outside spirits into the level of Shang ancestors was effective in maintaining kingship.", "title": "Syncretic theology of ancestral and tribal spirits" }, { "paragraph_id": 44, "text": "This kind of worship indicates that there was possibly no discrete distinction between Shang progenitors and spirits of the king's patrilineal ascendent and spirits with no consanguine relations. The word \"ancestor\" could be applied to refer to both kinds. That, some argued, would challenge the view that the Shang religion was solely dedicated to the royal clan; instead, a more complex explanation would have to be given.", "title": "Syncretic theology of ancestral and tribal spirits" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Stefan Kuipers is a Dutch chess player.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2010, he played in Group C of the Tata Steel Chess Tournament, where he defeated a few higher-rated players: Daniele Vocaturo, Nils Grandelius, and Mariya Muzychuk.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2019, he played in the Challengers section of the Tata Steel Chess Tournament, where he was the lowest-seeded player. He got his only win against Lucas van Foreest, but held draws against Andrey Esipenko Benjámin Gledura.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He has provided commentary for the 2020 Dutch Youth Chess Championship and the 2023 World Youth Chess Olympiad.", "title": "Chess career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Evelyn Adams (born 1950) nee Gardiner and later Sommer, is an Australian pioneer representative rower. Together with Lydia Miladinovic they were Australia's second and third international representative oarswomen. A ten-time Australian national champion, accomplished as both a sculler and sweep-oarswoman, Adams' two World Rowing Championship appearances were made as a heavyweight whilst four of her Australian championship titles were achieved in the lightweight division. She represented at the 1974 World Rowing Championships and 1978 World Rowing Championships.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "An Abbottsford, Sydney local, Adams brought herself to rowing in 1965 when at one day at age 15 she enquired at the boatshed of the Sydney Women's Rowing Club. Her senior club rowing was from the Sydney Women's Rowing Club at a time when there was nil integration and little co-operation with the men's Sydney Rowing Club boatshed and clubhouse. After relocating to the ACT in 1986, Adams' rowing including her involvement in Masters competitions, has been from the Canberra's Black Mountain Rowing Club.", "title": "Club and state rowing" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She began contesting national titles at Australian Rowing Championships from 1969. She won the gold and a national championship title in the junior scull in 1973, and in the coxless pair with Lydia Miladonovic in 1974. In 1975 she raced the coxless pair with Denise Phillips and in 1976 she raced as a lightweight, picking up silvers in both the junior scull and lightweight scull championship event. Her eligibility to race the junior scull related to her inexperience as a sculler at that time rather than her age. In 1977 Adams raced in a coxed quad scull in SWRC colours. They won a national title in 1977 and took the the silver in a coxless quad in 1978.", "title": "Club and state rowing" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Adams was first honoured with New South Wales state selection in 1968 when she was picked to contest the ULVA Trophy for open-weight women's fours at the annual Interstate Regatta within the Australian Rowing Championships. She made further ULVA Trophy appearances for New South Wales in 1971, 1972, 1975 and 1976. Those NSW crews were victorious in 1967 and 1971 and took the silver in each other outing. In 1969, 1970 , 1971, 1973 and 1974 she was also picked for New South to row in the women's lightweight four contesting the Victoria Cup at the Interstate Regatta. The 69, 71, 73 & 74 crews were victors, each time with Adams in the stroke seat. From 1977 to 1979 she was the New South Wales representative entrant to contest the Nell Slatter Trophy, the Interstate Championship in the women's open scull. She won those titles in 1977 and 1978.", "title": "Club and state rowing" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1974 the NSW state championships were regarded as the unofficial selection trial for the 1974 World Rowing Championships. Adams had won interstate titles for NSW in lightweight fours in 1973 and 74 and paired up with Miladonovic to win the national title in the paid in 1974. They were selected to race at the 1974 World Championships in Lucerne which included the first ever world title events for women. They finished fourth in their heat, lest in their repechage but raced the B final for an overall eleventh place finish.", "title": "International representative rowing" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "As the premier Australian sculler throughout 1977 and 1978 Adams was chosen to race the single scull at the 1978 World Rowing Championships on Lake Karapiro. She finished last in her heat, then qualified through the repechage the B final where she finished last for an overall twelfth placing at the regatta.", "title": "International representative rowing" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 22488/22487 Amritsar - Delhi Junction Vande Bharat Express is India's 37th Vande Bharat Express train, connecting the metropolitan city of Amritsar with the capital city of India, New Delhi.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This express train was inaugurated on 30 December 2023 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi via video conferencing from Ayodhya Dham Junction.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This train is operated by Indian Railways, connecting Amritsar Jn, Beas Jn, Jalandhar Cantt. Jn, Phagwara Jn, Ludhiana Jn, Ambala Cantt. Jn and Delhi Jn. It is currently operated with train numbers 22448/22447 on 6 days a week basis.", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "It is the thirty-fifth 2nd Generation and twenty-second Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train which was designed and manufactured by the Integral Coach Factory at Perambur, Chennai under the Make in India Initiative.", "title": "Rakes" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The 22488/22487 Amritsar - Delhi Junction Vande Bharat Express has currently 7 AC Chair Car and 1 Executive Chair Car coaches. The coaches in Aqua color indicate AC Chair Cars and the coaches in Pink color indicate AC Executive Chair Cars.", "title": "Coach composition" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The 22488/22487 Amritsar - Delhi Junction Vande Bharat Express currently operates 6 days a week, covering a distance of 447 km (278 mi) in a travel time of 05hrs 30mins with average speed of 81 km/h. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) will be confirmed after commercial run.", "title": "Service" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The schedule of this 22488/22487 Amritsar - Delhi Junction Vande Bharat Express is given below:-", "title": "Schedule" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The importation of slaves from overseas to the United States was prohibited in 1808, but criminal trafficking of enslaved people on a smaller scale likely continued for many years. The most intensive periods of piracy were in the 1810s, before the U.S. Congress passed laws with massive fines and penalties including execution for illegal importers, and in the 1850s, when pro-slavery activists decided that the solution to rapid inflation in slave prices was simply to flood the market with humans abducted from across the ocean.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Under an agreement made at the time of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, Congress passed an Act Prohibiting the Importation of Slaves in 1808. Many states already had similar laws, but with a multitude of exceptions; South Carolina, for instance, prohibited and then reauthorized the African slave trade multiple times between colonization and the 1787 Constitutional Convention, and then reopened the port of Charleston to the transatlantic slave trade between 1803 and 1807, during which time some 40,000 to 50,000 enslaved Africans were imported to the state. (Some states also passed laws prohibiting or heavily regulating interstate trading, although over time most of these laws would be diminished, disregarded and eventually repealed entirely.) After 1808, people transporting slaves by coastwise routes had to sign affidavits before U.S. Customs officers swearing that none of their cargo came from anywhere but the Continental United States. Despite the legal strictures on slave shipments from outside the United States, and despite active anti-slavery patrols by both the U.S. and Royal Navies, officials believed that trafficking of enslaved people from Africa, South America, and the Caribbean continued to at least some extent. According to abolitionist William Jay in 1844, \"In a debate in Congress in 1819, Mr. Middleton of South Carolina, stated, that in his opinion, 13,000 Africans were annually smuggled into the United States. Mr. Wright of Virginia estimated the number at 15,000!\" Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story and Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton also asserted in public declarations that human trafficking from overseas continued.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1820 the An Act to continue in force...An act to protect the commerce of the United States, and punish the crime of piracy (Act of May 15, 1820, Chap. 113, 3 Stat. 600) instituted massive fines and the death penalty for pirates caught importing slaves into the United States. Fewer than 10,000 people may have been trafficked from Africa to the United States between 1825 and 1850.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "By the 1850s, a growing movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade was part and parcel of the pro-slavery agitation of the Fire-Eaters in the south. During this time (in an attempt to move the ball forward toward an unimpeded nationwide slavery-based economy), Charles Q. Lamar and a cabal of associates were involved in trafficking people from the Congo River basin to the Savannah River and Mississippi River watersheds, on the Wanderer certainly, but likely on the E. A. Rawlins and the Richard Cobden as well.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1981 Asyut Uprising was a failed military operation conducted two days after the assassination of Anwar Sadat by militants of al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya. The attack on government targets in the city of Asyut, capital of the governorate of the same name, was the only of several operations which were intended to spark a popular uprising against the state. Although the attackers were able to inflict heavy casualties on security forces, they did not receive any significant popular support and were quickly crushed.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "By the 1970s Egypt's rapidly increasing youth population was also becoming rapidly educated and politically organised. During the early days of Sadat's rule, Islamic student groups like Gama'a al-Islamiyya were covertly promoted as a counterweight to nationalist and leftist student organisations which opposed Sadat's polices of normalization of relations with Israel and Infitah (economic liberalization). Sadat's economic policies generally failed to provide job opportunities for graduates while simultaneously slashing subsidies and other state policies which benefited the poor. Meanwhile, a small westernised middle class enjoyed the bulk of the growth during Sadat's rule. Both of these factors contributed to a rise in popularity of Islamist politics which Sadat now began to repress as having marginalised the secular opposition, the Islamists now turned on Sadat. These actors created the environment in which Sadat's assassination was plotted and executed.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Asyut University had historically been a stronghold of Islamist student politics and as early as the late 1970s, memebrs were conducting weapons training in the hills around the city, the arms likely provided by Aboud El Zomor. During this time, the city was also the site of several violent clashes between Islamists and local Copts. The university meanwhile, was the site of frequent clashes on between militant Muslims and police. The reported leader of the attack, Assem Abdel Maged, was a former engineering student who was expelled from Asyut University in October 1980.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "According to residents of the town, officials turned down a request to hold a demonstration in honor of Eid Al Adha, which may have served as a possible motivation for the attackers and explain the timing of the operation, which coincided with the start of Eid.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In the early morning of the eighth, following Fajr prayer a number of militants variously reported as between 75 and \"hundred or more\" commandeered 10 automobiles throughout the city. The attackers were organised into groups of 15 and armed with Kalashnikov rifles, submachineguns and pistols. The four targets of the attack were two police stations, the main security office, and a police unit guarding a mosque, with heavy casualties inflicted in the initial assault. At the security office the attackers were able to seize the building and released and armed prisoners from the jail. Fortifications were established around the security HQ, which the militants rallied around.", "title": "Attack" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The attackers were able to repel several attempts by security forces, reenforced by Military Police and Commandos from the Army. Faced with mounting casualties, Interior Minister Nabawi Ismail asked for assistance from Defense Minister Gen. Abdel Halim Abu Ghazala. Two military jets were sent to flyover the occupied security building in the midafternoon and succeeded in convincing the insurgents to abandon the security HQ and regroup in a nearby vacant building which was used by various religious groups for their meetings. This building appeared to have been selected as a fallback position beforehand as it was found to be stocked with arms and ammunition.", "title": "Attack" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "After suffering casualties the insurgents retreated to a third building where they held out until nightfall, retreating into the working class districts that ringed the city center, Pursued by security forces, the insurgents fought running gunbattles throughout the night, with the last sustained fighting coming to an end at 6 AM on the ninth, when three insurgent snipers were killed. Isolated shots were fired throughout the morning, but ended by noon. Although no further clashes were reported, security forces continued to conduct operations to flush out escaped attackers for at least two weeks after the battle.", "title": "Attack" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In the immediate aftermath of the attack, the interior ministry reported 20 policemen as having been killed. Interior Minister Ismail invited reporters to see that city was under control and Foreign Minister Gen. Osama al-Baz, termed the Asyut clash \"not serious\" at a press briefing on Thursday night. Deputy Prime Minister Fouad Mohieddine pledged that the government was prepared to take \"severe measures\" to prevent any repeats of similar incidents. By Monday, Mayo, the weekly paper of the ruling National Democratic Party published a more detailed account of the attack, including a significantly higher number of government casualties. In the weeks after the attack, dozens of men were arrested, initially accused of belonging to Takfir Wahigra, an older militant Islamist organisation that was initially blamed for the attack and Sadat's assassination.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The attack revealed the political and military limitations of the Egyptian Islamists who were unable to mount attacks against any targets of real strategic value, and the naivitie of their belief that the Egyptian masses would revolt against the secular government if given a revolutionary spark. The attackers reportedly had planned for the uprising to have been larger in scale, expanding out from Asyut, but this did not come to pass due to heavy casualties and the failure of the Islamist prediction that the people would join them.", "title": "Aftermath" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 20642/20641 Coimbatore - Bengaluru Cantonment Vande Bharat Express is India's 39th Vande Bharat Express train, connecting the metropolitan city of Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu with the Silicon Capital City of Bangalore in Karnataka.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This express train performed its trial run by starting from Coimbatore Jn at 05:00AM and reaching Bengaluru Cantonment at 10:40AM. After completion of trial run at Bengaluru, it left at 01:40PM and reached Coimbatore at 07:45PM.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This express train was inaugurated on 30 December 2023 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi via video conferencing from Ayodhya Dham Junction.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "This train is operated by Indian Railways, connecting Coimbatore Jn, Tiruppur, Erode Jn, Salem Jn, Dharmapuri, Hosur and Bangalore Cantonment. It is currently operated with train numbers 20642/20641 on 6 days a week basis.", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "It is the thirty-seventh 2nd Generation and twenty-fourth Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train which was designed and manufactured by the Integral Coach Factory at Perambur, Chennai under the Make in India Initiative.", "title": "Rakes" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The 20642/20641 Coimbatore - Bengaluru Cantonment Vande Bharat Express currently has 7 AC Chair Car and 1 Executive Chair Car coaches. The coaches in Aqua color indicate AC Chair Cars and the coaches in Pink color indicate AC Executive Chair Cars.", "title": "Coach composition" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The 20642/20641 Coimbatore - Bengaluru Cantonment Vande Bharat Express currently operates 6 days a week, covering a distance of 375 km (233 mi) in a travel time of 06hrs 20mins with average speed of 59 km/h. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) will be confirmed after commercial run.", "title": "Service" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The schedule of this 20642/20641 Coimbatore - Bengaluru Cantonment Vande Bharat Express is given below:-", "title": "Schedule" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2022 European Champions Cup was the 59th iteration of the top European baseball club competition. It was held in Bonn, Germany in the Baseballstadion Rheinaue from 7 to 11 June 2022, with the Bonn Capitals acting as hosts.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The cup featured eight teams: Bonn Capitals and Heidenheim Heideköpfe from Germany, Arrows Ostrava and Draci Brno from Czech Republic, Parma Baseball Club from Italy, Amsterdam Pirates and Curaçao Neptunus form the Netherlands and San Marino Baseball Club from San Marino.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Parma Baseball won the tournament twice in a row after winning the 2021 edition. Parma defeated Amsterdam Pirates in the final, 7–6. Host team Bonn Capitals won the bronze medal, beating San Marino Baseball 6–3 in the bronze medal game. Manuel Joseph from Parma Baseball was awarded the Most Valuable Player of the tournament.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Calocephalus platycephalus commonly known as western beauty-heads or yellow top, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is an upright to sprawling herb with white hairy foliage and yellow ball-shaped flower heads and is endemic to Australia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cephalus and Aurora is the title of two oil paintings by Nicolas Poussin, both dated to about 1629 or 1630. The first is in the National Gallery, London; the second belongs to the Worsley baronets, of Hovingham Hall, Yorkshire.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Aurora, the lovely precursor of morning, who \"opens with her rosy fingers the gates of the east\", is seen seated on a bank on the confines of a grove, with her arms round the waist of her beloved Cephalus: this tender restraint on his departure, is seconded by a sweet smile beaming in her upraised countenance; but although he feels the gentle pressure, and makes no effort to escape from it, he dares not trust his eyes to behold her charms, but turns to gaze on the portrait of his absent Procris, held to his view by the young god of love. A second cupid is behind Aurora, unveiling her charms, so that her only covering is a white vesture round her loins.", "title": "National Gallery picture" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On the opposite side of the picture is a river deity, reclining asleep on a streaming vase gently flowing rivulets which water the earth; beyond him stands a winged white horse, styled by some writers Pegasus, attached to a car, but the latter is nearly concealed by trees; still more remote is seen a naiade recumbent on a bank, apparently just rising from her dewy couch, and beholding in the eastern hemisphere, \"Phoebus urging onward his fiery coursers and launching his streams of light through the dewy moisture of the morning\"; a signal for the Thessalian prince to commence his rural sports.", "title": "National Gallery picture" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Engraved in the National Gallery by William Holl the Younger.", "title": "National Gallery picture" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Smith (1837) comments, \"This elegant classical allegory is here exemplified by the pencil of Poussin with the genius both of a poet and painter.\"", "title": "National Gallery picture" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The composition is described at length by Bellori.", "title": "Hovingham Hall picture" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lulu Mall Palakkad is a shopping mall located in Palakkad, Kerala, India. It is the third lulu mall in the state of Kerala located on the Kannadi National Highway, spanning at 2 lakh sq.ft.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Song Jie, born on January 23, 1999, is a Chinese Taekwondo athlete from Bazhong, Sichuan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In the mixed team final of the 2019 World Taekwondo Team World Cup Championships, Song Jie's Chinese team defeated the Iranian team to win the championship.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In May 2022, Song Jie won the championship in the women's 67 kg category of the World Taekwondo Austria Open. In June, he represented the Chinese team in the 2022 Taekwondo Asian Championships. In August, he was selected for the Chinese team to participate in the 2022 World Taekwondo Grand Prix. On September 18, at the 2022 World Taekwondo Federation Slovenia Open, Song Jie won the championship in the women's 67 kg competition.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On January 2, 2023, at the fourth stop of the 2022 National Taekwondo Championship Series, Song Jie won the championship in the women's sub-67 kg category. On January 7, at the 2022 National Taekwondo Championship Finals, Song Jie won the runner-up in the women's under 67 kg category. On March 11, at the 2023 World Taekwondo Federation Dutch Open, Song Jie won the championship in her level. On April 2, in the finals of the 2022 World Taekwondo Grand Slam Championship Series, Song Jie won the women's 67 kg championship.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In June 2023, at the 2023 World Taekwondo Grand Prix in Rome, Song Jie won the gold medal in the women's under-67 kg competition. In July, Song Jie won the silver medal in the F-67 kg event in the World Taekwondo President's Cup (Oceania Region) competition. In July, Song Jie was selected into the 10-person roster of the Chinese National Taekwondo Team to participate in the 19th Asian Games in Hangzhou. On December 19, the finals of the 2023 World Taekwondo Team World Cup Championship were held in Wuxi, Jiangsu. Song Jie's Chinese team defeated the Uzbekistan team 36:30 in the final to win the mixed team championship and won the Paris Olympics demonstration project. Qualifications for the competition.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tender Opposites is the debut studio album by Canadian indie rock group TOPS, released on February 28, 2012, on Arbutus Records.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Phillips Academy Poll (also known as the Andover Poll) is a public opinion research institute based at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. The organization studies political sentiments by surveying registered voters with telephone calls and text messages. The poll’s findings and studies have been covered by MSNBC, Fox News, BBC News, The New Yorker, Politico, The Guardian, Newsweek, NPR, and FiveThirtyEight. The poll has full length features in The New Yorker and NHPR.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2022, the poll's inaugural cycle, Phillips Academy correctly predicted all senate races polled before Election Day, including Catherine Cortez Masto's victory in Nevada. However, the poll overestimated Republicans in the 2022 Arizona governor election and the 2022 Georgia senate runoff.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Phillips Academy Poll is a student-led organization and the first public opinion poll to be conducted by an institution of secondary education. As of the 2022 election cycle, it remains one of only two such organizations included in the FiveThirtyEight aggregate.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Phillips Academy Poll is a student organization at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. The poll was founded in 2021 by Alex Shieh and Patrick Chen, and polls were initially conducted from a server in Shieh's basement. Phillips Academy polls are conducted by a team of Phillips Academy students, currently led by Patrick Chen, Alex Shieh, and Nicholas Donnellan. The organization is funded by the Abbot Academy Fund, a grant-giving organization furthering the ideals of Abbot Academy, which merged with Phillips Academy in 1973.", "title": "Organization" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Phillips Academy Poll conducts surveys with telephone calls and text messages. Phone calls are conducted using interactive voice response technology that allows respondents to indicate their responses via the keypad. Outgoing phone calls are initiated with an automated dialing system. Across all modes, Phillips Academy's response rate is approximately 2-3%.", "title": "Methodology" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Phillips Academy Poll's landline sample is achieved through random digit dialing. Within local area codes assigned to the location being polled, phone numbers are dialed at random. Phillips Academy's sample of mobile phone numbers is purchased from an outside vendor.", "title": "Methodology" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Polling results are interpreted with raking, also known as iterative proportional fitting. This procedure adjusts the weighting for each response so the sample more accurately reflects the demographics and partisan affiliations of the general electorate.", "title": "Methodology" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "On the weekend before Election Day, The Phillips Academy Poll hosts a conference for high school students, featuring prominent political figures as guests. The summits are held to encourage civic engagement among members of Generation Z, as well as to spread understanding of opinion polling. The 2022 summit featured speeches from Seth Moulton, Arnon Mishkin, Adam Frisch, and representatives from the Harvard Institute of Politics.", "title": "Student Civic Leader Summit" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Following the release of its April 2022 New Hampshire poll, Andy Smith, director of the University of New Hampshire Survey Center, criticized The Phillips Academy Poll's use of interactive voice response to conduct polling, publicly questioning, \"Why would you want to talk with a computer about your views on politics unless you really want to express your views on politics?\"", "title": "Criticism" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "According to The New Yorker, The Phillips Academy Poll has been criticized due to the age of the students behind the project. When questioned by reporters, Chief Pollster Alex Shieh noted, \"Adolescence doesn’t make phone lines break down.\"", "title": "Criticism" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In November 2022, MSNBC's Steve Benen reported that Phillips Academy polls \"were off in some key races this election cycle.\"", "title": "Criticism" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "David Aznar Chicharro is a Spanish football manager who manages Athletic Club.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Aznar is a native of Talavera de la Reina, Spain.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Aznar started his career as a youth manager. After that, he became the first manager of Spanish side Real Madrid.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Aznar has worked at Francisco de Vitoria University in Spain.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Richard Allen Snyder (July 13, 1952 – December 15, 1993) was an American businessman who served as president of In-N-Out Burger from 1976 until his death in 1993. Snyder is credited with transforming In-N-Out from a local chain of burger stands into a major business enterprise.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Covina, California, Snyder was the second of two sons born to In-N-Out founders Harry and Esther Snyder. He and his older brother Guy spent their early childhood years in the Los Angeles suburb of Baldwin Park, California, where they lived across the street from the original In-N-Out Burger stand. By the late 1950s, the family had moved to a larger house in San Dimas, California, where Snyder would spend the remainder of his childhood.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "For a time in the 1960s, Snyder and his brother attended Brown Military Academy, a military preparatory school in Glendora, California. Snyder graduated from Bonita High School in La Verne, California in 1970, where he had been a member of the school's rocket club and varsity football team. Snyder suffered from dyslexia, though he was not formally diagnosed with the disorder until well into his adulthood.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Following his father's death from lung cancer in 1976, a then 24-year-old Snyder became president of In-N-Out Burger. During his 17-year tenure as chief executive, he expanded the number of company stores from 18 to 93. In 1981, he opened a new headquarters for the company in Baldwin Park.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "During his father's lifetime, In-N-Out's executive team consisted solely of only Harry and Esther Snyder. Rich Snyder set the company up for much greater expansion by creating an internal human resources department, a finance department and a small advertising department. He also hired an array of executives, many of whom would stay and grow with the company for decades. In 1984, Snyder built In-N-Out University to help train future company managers and leaders.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "During the 1980s, Snyder became a born-again Christian. Subsequently, he added Bible verses to In-N-Out's packaging.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In May 1992, a 39-year-old Snyder married 26-year-old Christina Bradley in Maui, Hawaii. The couple resided in a $3.5 million waterfront home in Newport Beach, California. Through his marriage, Snyder had a stepdaughter named Siobhan.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "On December 15, 1993, Snyder died while returning to his Newport Beach home from the opening of In-N-Out store 93 in Fresno, California. Snyder's chartered Westwind business jet was caught in the wake turbulence of a Boeing 757, causing the smaller aircraft to crash in Santa Ana, California. All 5 people aboard were instantly killed.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Frances L. Swift (1837-1916) was American church and temperance leader.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Frances Laura Damon was born Strongsville, Ohio, 6th February, 1837. She is descended from a long line of New England ancestors, the Damons, who settled in Massachusetts 200 years ago. Her mother removed to Ohio, after the death of her father.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Swift was educated in the Springfield Female Seminary, and taught, subsequently to round off her education.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She married Dr. Eliot E. Swift, of Newcastle, Pa., a young Presbyterian minister. He was called to the assistance of his father, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Allegheny, Pa., whom he succeeded, and where he and his wife labored for 26 years. Dr. Swift died on 30th November, 1887.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "With her husband's encouragement, Swift became an efficient worker in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (W.C.T.U.). Dr. Swift's example helped the cause of temperance, gaining the cooperation of other ministers, and opening doors of opportunity. Mrs. Swift was the leader of the first crusade band in Pennsylvania. She was for eight consecutive years president of the State W.C.T.U. of Pennsylvania. During all those years, she was also president of the local union, where she first pledged herself. She is vice-president of the Woman's Board of Foreign Missions of her church, a member of the Board of State Charities, and actively identified with many benevolent institutions of the city. In 1887, she resigned the position of president of the State W.C.T.U., having had 1,100 unions under her care, and several thousands of officers and superintendents associated with her. She then went to Europe for 18 months with her daughter and two other young women.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Swift has two sons, the younger a physician.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Phra Nakhon Park (Thai: สวนพระนคร, pronounced [sǔa̯n pʰráʔ ná(ʔ).kʰɔ̄ːn]) otherwise known as Lat Krabang Park (สวนลาดกระบัง, pronounced [sǔa̯n lâːt krā.bāŋ]) is a public park in Lat Krabang District, Bangkok, Thailand.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In the beginning, the park had been in the responsibility of Lat Krabang District Office. In the year 1974, then Bangkok Governor Chamnan Yaovabun assigned the Department of Environment to administer the park instead. The area is originally lowland leading to flooding problem in raining seasons' every year. It brought the difficulties in maintenance; therefore, there was land revitalization to eliminate flooding issue and land development to be complete public park as an outskirts residents recreational place.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The art of garden decoration and tree training on toothbrush trees (Streblus asper) and Fukien tea trees (Ehretia microphylla). To be various animal shapes is spectacular. The decorated and trained trees look like the garden zoo with plenty of animals, which is dazzling and beautiful in combination with the green and freshness of other plants. Inside the park, there are multi-purpose grounds, pavillions, artificial lake, swimming pool, Lat Krabang Public Library and Lat Krabang Young Centre.", "title": "Park components" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The park has a total area of 50 rai (about 19.76 acres).", "title": "Park components" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Phra Nakhon Park is on the Lat Krabang Road, Lat Krabang Subdistrict, Lat Krabng District, Bangkok. The opposite side is Chalong Krung Road, that leads to King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL) and Phra Chom Klao Railway Halt.", "title": "Location" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Roses Revolution is an international movement against obstetric violence, originally founded in 2011 in Spain. Since 2013, it designates an additional aspect to the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women on November 25, introduced in 1981. On this day, affected women place roses in front of hospitals and delivery rooms to protest against physical or psychological violence they have experienced during childbirth. Often the women include messages to involved physicians and midwives.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Roses Revolution reports about the depositions of roses on social media like Facebook and Instagram. Aim is to raise awareness about traumatic experiences caused by misconduct of medical staff during childbirth. Supporting this aim also includes other measures. In 2021, Roses Revolution Luxembourg published a video with reports of women who had suffered violence in French and Luxembourgish.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Roses Revolution is supported by the German committee of UN Women.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Design elements are the basic units of any visual design which form its structure and convey visual messages. Painter and design theorist Maitland E. Graves (1902-1978), who attempted to gestate the fundamental principles of aesthetic order in visual design, in his book, The Art of Color and Design (1941), defined the elements of design as line, direction, shape, size, texture, value, and color, concluding that \"these elements are the materials from which all designs are built.\"", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Color is the result of light reflecting back from an object to our eyes. The color that our eyes perceive is determined by the pigment of the object itself. Color theory and the color wheel are often referred to when studying color combinations in visual design. Color is often deemed to be an important element of design as it is a universal language which presents the countless possibilities of visual communication.", "title": "Color" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Hue, saturation, and brightness are the three characteristics that describe color.", "title": "Color" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Color theory studies color mixing and color combinations. It is one of the first things that marked a progressive design approach. In visual design, designers refer to color theory as a body of practical guidance to achieving certain visual impacts with specific color combinations. Theoretical color knowledge is implemented in designs in order to achieve a successful color design.", "title": "Color" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Color harmony, often referred to as a \"measure of aesthetics\", studies which color combinations are harmonious and pleasing to the eye, and which color combinations are not. Color harmony is a main concern for designers given that colors always exist in the presence of other colors in form or space.", "title": "Color" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "When a designer harmonizes colors, the relationships among a set of colors are enhanced to increase the way they complement one another. Colors are harmonized to achieve a balanced, unified, and aesthetically pleasing effect for the viewer.", "title": "Color" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Color harmony is achieved in a variety of ways, some of which consist of combining a set of colors that share the same hue, or a set of colors that share the same values for two of the three color characteristics (hue, saturation, brightness). Color harmony can also be achieved by simply combining colors that are considered compatible to one another as represented in the color wheel.", "title": "Color" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Color contrasts are studied with a pair of colors, as opposed to color harmony, which studies a set of colors. In color contrasting, two colors with perceivable differences in aspects such as luminance, or saturation, are placed side by side to create contrast.", "title": "Color" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Johannes Itten presented seven kinds of color contrasts: contrast of light and dark, contrast of hue, contrast of temperature, contrast of saturation, simultaneous contrast, contrast of sizes, and contrast of complementary. These seven kinds of color contrasts have inspired past works involving color schemes in design.", "title": "Color" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Color schemes are defined as the set of colors chosen for a design. They are often made up of two or more colors that look appealing beside one another, and that create an aesthetic feeling when used together. Color schemes depend on color harmony as they point to which colors look pleasing beside one another.", "title": "Color" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "A satisfactory design product is often accompanied by a successful color scheme. Over time, color design tools with the function of generating color schemes were developed to facilitate color harmonizing for designers.", "title": "Color" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The line is an element of art defined by a point moving in space. Lines can be vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or curved. They can be any width or texture, and can be continuous, implied, or broken. On top of that, there are different types of lines aside from the ones previously mentioned. For example, you could have a line that is horizontal and zigzagged or a line that is vertical and zigzagged. Different lines create different moods, it all depends on what mood you are using line to create.", "title": "Line" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "A point is basically the beginning of “something” in “nothing”. It forces the mind to think upon its position and gives something to build upon in both imagination and space. Some abstract points in a group can provoke human imagination to link it with familiar shapes or forms.", "title": "Point" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "A shape is defined as a two dimensional area that stands out from the space next to or around it due to a defined or implied boundary, or because of differences of value, color, or texture. Shapes are recognizable objects and forms and are usually composed of other elements of design.", "title": "Shape" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "For example, a square that is drawn on a piece of paper is considered a shape. It is created with a series of lines which serve as a boundary that shapes the square and separates it from the space around it that is not part of the square.", "title": "Shape" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Geometric shapes or mechanical shapes are shapes that can be drawn using a ruler or compass, such as squares, circles, triangles, ellipses, parallelograms, stars, and so on. Mechanical shapes, whether simple or complex, produce a feeling of control and order.", "title": "Shape" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Organic shapes are irregular shapes that are often complex and resemble shapes that are found in nature. Organic shapes can be drawn by hand, which is why they are sometimes subjective and only exist in the imagination of the artist.", "title": "Shape" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Curvilinear shapes are composed of curved lines and smooth edges. They give off a more natural feeling to the shape. In contrast, rectilinear shapes are composed of sharp edges and right angles, and give off a sense of order in the composition. They look more human-made, structured, and artificial. Artists can choose to create a composition that revolves mainly around one of these styles of shape, or they can choose to combine both.", "title": "Shape" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Texture refers to the physical and visual qualities of a surface.", "title": "Texture" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "Tactile texture, also known as \"actual texture\", refers to the physical three-dimensional texture of an object. Tactile texture can be perceived by the sense of touch. A person can feel the tactile texture of a sculpture by running their hand over its surface and feelings its ridges and dents.", "title": "Texture" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "Visual texture, also referred to as \"implied texture\", is not detectable by our sense of touch, but by our sense of sight. Visual texture is the illusion of a real texture on a two-dimensional surface. Any texture perceived in an image or photograph is a visual texture. A photograph of rough tree bark is considered a visual texture. It creates the impression of a real texture on a two-dimensional surface which would remain smooth to the touch no matter how rough the represented texture is.", "title": "Texture" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "In painting, different paints are used to achieve different types of textures. Paints such as oil, acrylic, and encaustic are thicker and more opaque and are used to create three-dimensional impressions on the surface. Other paints, such as watercolor, tend to be used for visual textures, because they are thinner and have transparency, and do not leave much tactile texture on the surface.", "title": "Texture" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "Many textures appear to repeat the same motif. When a motif is repeated over and over again in a surface, it results in a pattern. Patterns are frequently used in fashion design or textile design, where motifs are repeated to create decorative patterns on fabric or other textile materials. Patterns are also used in architectural design, where decorative structural elements such as windows, columns, or pediments, are incorporated into building design.", "title": "Texture" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "In design, space is concerned with the area deep within the moment of designated design, the design will take place on. For a two-dimensional design, space concerns creating the illusion of a third dimension on a flat surface:", "title": "Space" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "In visual design, form is described as the way an artist arranges elements in the entirety of a composition. It may also be described as any three-dimensional object. Form can be measured, from top to bottom (height), side to side (width), and from back to front (depth). Form is also defined by light and dark. It can be defined by the presence of shadows on surfaces or faces of an object. There are two types of form, geometric (artificial) and natural (organic form). Form may be created by the combining of two or more shapes. It may be enhanced by tone, texture or color. It can be illustrated or constructed.", "title": "Form" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John Walter Cole (born 20 September 1946) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Cole was born in Sydney and educated at Maroubra Bay High School.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A winger, Cole played first-grade for Randwick, where he featured in four premiership teams. He was capped 24 times for the Wallabies playing on the right wing and made his debut against the All Blacks at the Sydney Cricket Ground in 1968. On the following year tour of South Africa, Cole played in all four Test matches for the Wallabies. He made his international appearances in the 1974 home Bledisloe Cup matches.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Cole switched codes in 1975 after being signed by rugby league club Eastern Suburbs. He played in the 1975 Amco Cup but never played any NSWRFL first-grade games.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Principles applied to the elements of design that bring them together into one design. How one applies these principles determines how successful a design may be.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "According to Alex White, author of The Elements of Graphic Design, to achieve visual unity is a main goal of graphic design. When all elements are in agreement, a design is considered unified. No individual part is viewed as more important than the whole design. A good balance between unity and variety must be established to avoid a chaotic or a lifeless design.", "title": "Unity/harmony" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "It is a state of equalized tension and equilibrium, which may not always be calm.", "title": "Balance" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "A good design contains elements that lead the reader through each element in order of its significance. The type and images should be expressed starting from most important to the least important. Dominance is created by contrasting size, positioning, color, style, or shape. The focal point should dominate the design with scale and contrast without sacrificing the unity of the whole.", "title": "Hierarchy/Dominance/Emphasis" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Using the relative size of elements against each other can attract attention to a focal point. When elements are designed larger than life, the scale is being used to show drama.", "title": "Scale/proportion" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Planning a consistent and similar design is an important aspect of a designer's work to make their focal point visible. Too much similarity is boring but without similarity important elements will not exist and an image without contrast is uneventful so the key is to find the balance between similarity and contrast.", "title": "Similarity and contrast" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "There are several ways to develop a similar environment:", "title": "Similarity and contrast" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Movement is the path the viewer's eye takes through the artwork, often to focal areas. Such movement can be directed along lines edges, shape and color within the artwork, and more.", "title": "Similarity and contrast" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "U.S. Grant Tayes (1885—1972), was an American painter and watercolorist, active in Missouri from the 1930s through 1950s. His artwork was centered around documenting his Black community in Missouri. He was a self-taught visual artist, who benefited from professional mentorship in his later life. Tayes also worked as a teacher, a barber, and a columnist. Other names used include Ulysses S. Grant Tayes, Ulysses Grant Tayes, and Ulysses Tayes.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "U.S. Grant Tayes was born on October 26, 1885, in Warrensburg, Missouri into an African American family. He attended the HBU Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri and received a B.S. degree (1936) in education. He married three times, to Mary Aline Lane, Laura Alice Jackson, and Lillian Lee; and had one daughter.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "From 1929 until 1935, Tayes lived in St. Louis. The “Tayes Art Museum” was the informal name of his in St. Louis barbershop at 122 North Third Street; he would display his artwork there. He was a member of the St. Louis Society of Independent Artists. Tayes was also a musician and performed on the local St. Louis radio station in the 1930s; and was a columnist and wrote for the St. Louis Argus in the 1930s. While living in St. Louis, he was mentored by artists Frederick C. Alston and Edmund H. Wuerpel.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He moved to Jefferson City, Missouri in 1935, and remained there until 1950. Tayes worked as a barber out of his home at 528 Lafayette Street in Jefferson City; in an African American neighborhood's commercial district (during racial segregation) called \"The Foot\". His neighborhood \"The Foot\" was often the subject of his artwork, with works such as the Barber Shop (1947), and the Bar Scene. His neighbor was noted businessman, Duke Diggs. \"The Foot\" neighborhood of Jefferson City no longer exists, but it was unearthed during the Lafayette Street interchange construction in 2015.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Tayes died on June 15, 1972, in Jefferson City.", "title": "Career" } ]

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