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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Shankarpur is a beach village in West Bengal, India.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Shankarpur may also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Traynor Ridge Capital Inc. was a Canadian hedge fund firm, based in Toronto, Ontario, that was placed into receivership in November 2023, shortly after the unexplained death of it's 30-year old founder, Christopher Callaghan. The firm allegedly had $94 million in assets as of September 30, 2023 but the Ontario Securities Commission (\"OSC\") stated in early December that the entire amount may be lost in a series of failed trades executed in October.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Shortly after being notified of Callaghan's death, the OSC applied for a cease trade order on the firm. Callaghan was the portfolio manager, trader and compliance officer for Traynor Ridge. With his passing, the firm was non-functional and subject to claims for settlements from at least three brokers.. Virtu Financial Inc., Echelon Wealth Partners Inc. and JonesTrading Canada all executed trades on behalf of Traynor Ridge but then Traynor Ridge did not settle (i.e., pay for) the trades.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Showa-ike Dam may refer to the following dams in Japan:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Gibson Girl\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Ethel Cain. Composed and produced by Cain, it was released on March 17, 2022, as the lead single from her debut studio album, Preacher's Daughter (2022). A sexy and suspenseful song, it explores \"fresh aspects of femme energy\".", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "\"Gibson Girl\" was included on the set list of The Freezer Bride Tour (2022) and the Blood Stained Blonde Tour (2023), her first and second concert tours as a headliner, respectively.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Alongside the release of \"Gibson Girl\", on March 17, 2022, the singer announced her debut studio album, Preacher's Daughter, which was stated to release on May 12. Lyrically, the song \"deals with being under the microscope and how patriarchal systems can lead to issues of self-worth\".", "title": "Background and composition" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In a press release about the song, Cain said:", "title": "Background and composition" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "\"Being a woman is about never quite reaching a goal that someone else set for you. Under pressure to fit an impossible standard, I find myself daydreaming about what it would be like to be perfect in a way I can't ever possibly achieve. I've always been in love with Evelyn Nesbit, the Gibson Girl, and thought she was the absolute pinnacle of feminine poise and grace. Whenever I start to lose myself and forget what I'm capable of, I just turn to her and she's the greatest reminder\"", "title": "Background and composition" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The song was described by Flood Magazine as \"sexy and suspenseful\". Cain's vocals in \"Gibson Girl\" were compared to those of alternative pop singer Banks, \"but with a more sinister tone akin to Miguel\".", "title": "Critical reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023 Polish Rally Championship (Polish: Rajdowe Samochodowe Mistrzostwa Polski 2023, RSMP 2023) was the season of Polish Rally Championship. Grzegorz Grzyb and Adam Binięda won the championship title. They were driving the Škoda Fabia Rally2 evo.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In contrast to the 2022 season, the 2023 season calendar consisted only of rounds in Poland.", "title": "Calendar" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A driver has to compete in at least four rallies to be clasified in the drivers' championship.", "title": "Results and standings" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "There are also additional points awarded to the best crews on the Power Stage.", "title": "Results and standings" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team will represent the University of Nebraska–Lincoln as a member of the Big Ten Conference during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Cornhuskers are led by second-year head coach Matt Rhule, the Cornhuskers will play home games at Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, Nebraska.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Offseason" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Offseason" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "WTHT was a radio station in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, that operated from 1936 to 1954. It was owned by The Hartford Times, the city's afternoon daily newspaper. As a result of the merger of WTHT with WONS, which brought the companies together in anticipation of building a television station, WTHT closed on February 15, 1954, and its programs were merged with WONS as WGTH on the WONS frequency. Its studios on 555 Asylum Street were converted into television facilities for WGTH-TV (channel 18), which debuted later that year.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "WTHT began broadcasting on August 12, 1936. It was affiliated with the Mutual Broadcasting System and the Inter-City regional radio network. WTHT broadcast on 1200 kHz with 100 watts during daylight hours only, received approval in principle for nighttime broadcasting in 1936 when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) moved to dismiss an application for an outlet at Newport, Rhode Island, for failure to construct. The news was well-received by Hartford advertisers; the city's two other stations, WTIC and WDRC, were sold out, leaving no nighttime advertising inventory available. The nighttime authorization was finalized by the FCC in May 1937. On March 29, 1941, WTHT and other stations on 1200 kHz moved to 1230 kHz as part of the implementation of NARBA.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1945, WTHT switched affiliations to the Blue Network/ABC, with Mutual moving to 5,000-watt station WHTD. Later that year, it moved into the former Factory Insurance Building, a four-story structure at 555 Asylum Street, expanding from 4,000 square feet (370 m) to 15,000 square feet (1,400 m).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The station applied for an FM radio outlet in 1944.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "When the FCC unfroze television station applications in 1952 after a multi-year pause, the Times was the first applicant for UHF channel 18. The second group to apply was Hartford radio station WONS, owned by the General Tele-Radio Corporation and the city's Mutual Broadcasting System and Yankee Network outlet. WONS had been interested in television since 1947, when it applied for channel 3, at the time allocated to Springfield, Massachusetts; when channel 3 was reassigned to Hartford, the WONS application was dismissed. By September 1953, the FCC was ready to set up the hearings to determine winning applicants for the two Hartford allotments.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On October 20, 1953, WTHT and WONS announced they were merging their radio and television stations, clearing the way for channel 18 to be awarded to the new General-Times Television Corporation, owned 55 percent by General Tele-Radio. Consequently, on February 15, 1954, WTHT left the air; its programming and ABC was merged with WONS to become WGTH on February 13, 1954. The 555 Asylum facilities were converted for television use and housed WGTH-TV when it began broadcasting on September 25, 1954. In 1955, the Times sold its stake in the WGTH joint venture to General Tele-Radio, and WGTH-TV was sold to CBS, though the latter deal did not become final until September 1956.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800 is a 2003 book by Robert C. Davis, published by Palgrave Macmillan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The book concerns the Barbary slave trade. According to Davis, the number of Europeans taken in by Barbary slavers exceeded 1,000,000 and was up to 1,250,000, higher than previous estimates.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Jarbel Rodriguez of San Francisco State University stated that, in the 2000s, much of the scholarly attention was on slavery of Sub-Saharan African groups and had not focused on slavery of other groups.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "\"White Slavery\" is the title of the initial section. Davis's estimates of those enslaved are in the book's initial chapter, and the second chapter discusses how slaves were acquired. Chapter 3 and chapter 4 document the daily routine of the slaves, and are organized into the book's second part. \"The Home Front\", which documents attempts to liberate slaves, is the final section. Some of the book discusses complications in families from former slaves returning to their home countries.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The book does not have a list of works consulted. Ehud R. Toledano of Tel Aviv University concluded that the book consults European documents, including some found in Italian institutions, and does not consult any Ottoman documents. According to Toledano, the works consulted would be testimonies from those enslaved and narratives of travels.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Rory Carroll of The Guardian wrote that historians \"welcomed any attempt to fill a gap in the little-known story of Africans subjugating Europeans\" but that they did not agree on the plausibility of the figures of enslaved.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Rodriguez stated that the book is \"an engaging and thought-provoking book\", and that it was \"highly readable\" and \"excellent\". Rodriguez argued that Davis should have distinguished between a \"captive\" and a \"slave\"; the reviewer characterized the issue as \"minor\".", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Toledano stated that the book \"is a disappointment to people interested in non-European perspectives on African and Mediterranean history\" although the focus on \"interesting and neglected information\" that Toledano believed should go in a more comprehensive work would be a \"saving grace\" of the world. According to Toledano, the book did not account for Europeans who had genuine conversions to Islam, and the book should have used Ottoman documents alongside European documents for sourcing.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The New American cited the book while arguing that reparations for slavery in the United States would be \"aberrant foolishness\".", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Circa 2020 alt right groups called attention to the book and contacted the author, which Jeff Grabmeier of Ohio State University characterized as unusual for academic books that had been published decades prior. Some alt right groups argued that the fact that Barbary slavery occurred makes the Atlantic slave trade inconsequential or that it makes up for the Atlantic slave tade, arguments Davis rejected. Davis stated: \"Two such enormous wrongs don't make anything right.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Silurus longibarbatus is a species of catfish found in the Qingshuihe stream, near the Yunhuang Village, Xiyan Town, Shanglin County, Guangxi, China, at 23°29'25\"N, 108°30'46\"E, elevation 164 meters.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The fish is named referring to its relatively long barbels. re: longus, long; barbatus, bearded.", "title": "Etymology" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sipahi were professional cavalrymen deployed by the Ottoman Empire.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sipahi may also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Moos family respectively von Moos family is a Swiss patrician noble family originally hailing from the Canton of Uri which has been settled in Lucerne, Switzerland since the 14th century. The most prominent branch where steel industrialists and owners of the Von Moos Steel Works in Lucerne. Today the name is still used by one of the descendants in manufacturing of fine writing instruments.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The ministerial lineage of the von Moos family was first recorded in 1281 with Petrus villicus de Palude and Johann (1285 to before 1331), a ministerial of the Disentis Abbey in Ursern. The continuous lineage begins with Konrad von Moos (1270–1328), documented from 1309 to 1317.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "They held fiefs from Disentis, Wettingen, and Fraumünster, and owned properties in Altdorf and Wassen in the Urner Reusstal, maintaining dominance in Urserntal for two generations. In the 14th century, their political influence waned, and the Altdorf branches' male line vanished in the 17th century. Marriages were contracted only with Nobiles and ministerial families from Unterwalden and Lucerne.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In the early 14th century, the family engaged actively with Lucerne through trade and Gotthard traffic. Jost von Moos (1328–1369), a castle count in Neuhabsburg, settled in Lucerne around 1330, establishing the Lucerne branch. Heinrich (1339–1386) served as captain in the Battle of Sempach (1386) and entered Habsburg-Austrian service through marriage.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The family played a significant role in Lucerne's politics, producing leading figures. Heinrich (1387–1430) was a council member, the last of the Lucerne branch in a key political role. Economic decline after 1550 and diminishing political importance hindered the family's establishment in the urban patriciate. In the early 17th century, Kaspar (1582–1629) founded the Reformed branch in Zürich.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "From 1680, Lucerne representatives engaged in the hardware trade, leading to economic and social ascent by the late 18th century. Associated with the Saffron Guild, Peter (1636–1713) operated a hammer mill in Kriens around 1680. The von Moos family produced industrialists, clergy, lawyers, doctors, engineers, architects, pharmacists, chemists, officers, foresters, writers, art historians, and artists such as Joseph (1859–1939), Paul (1882–1969), Max, and Stanislaus.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Al-Malahem Media (AMM) (Arabic: الملاهم, romanized: al-malāhem, lit. 'The battle/war') is an media wing of Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. Located in Yemen, AMM uploads audio messages, online magazines and video series in three languages, Arabic, English and French. AMM is popular in Al-Qaeda as a whole, making famous magazines like the Inspire magazine and the From the field video series. AMM subsidiaries are Az-Zallaqa Media, As-Sahab Media, Al-Andalus Media and Al-Kataib Media.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The AMM logo consists of big golden Arabic text 'الملاهم' as well as the English translation below it, also written in gold, with media added at the end. The logo also consists of an waving black flag, with the second phase of the shahada written on it as well as the seal of Muhammad emblem on it. This logo is used in most, if not all videos and photo reports from AMM.", "title": "Logo" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "AMM's subchannels are divided into their geographical regions and prominent Al-Qaeda groups of the regions, those regional subchannels feature region specific footage and feature region specific speeches from their own individual leaders. Those regional subchannels are:", "title": "Regional subchannels" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "As-Sahab Media in Afghanistan and Pakistan", "title": "Regional subchannels" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Az-Zallaqa Media in Nusrat al-Islam in West Africa", "title": "Regional subchannels" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Al-Andalus Media in Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb", "title": "Regional subchannels" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Al-Kataib Media in Al-Shabaab in East Africa", "title": "Regional subchannels" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In July 2010, AMM launched its online English-language magazine named ‘Inspire’, which aims to encourage individuals, mostly individuals in the Western world, to undertake acts of terrorism by providing practical guidance and ideological justification for attacks in their own religion and countries. The magazine is aimed at young British and American readers and provided translated messages from Osama bin Laden. The magazine's aim is to inform and encourage their committed audience by distributing internal communications called \"auto-propaganda\" to strengthen morale, reduce dissent, or justify and legitimize an attack or controversial doctrine. AMM has also released special editions of the magazine titled ‘Inspire Guide’ since 2016.", "title": "Inspire (magazine)" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Around Spring 2012, AMM released an photo report of their expectations. This photo report is directed to people wanting to do Jihad, and explaining that actually doing Jihad is not easy and that you can struggle due to the harsh conditions there. It also explains not to give out personal or war information, since a spy might be watching. This photo report encourages the people of America to stay in America and commit attacks there because it is easier. Around the same time, AMM released another photo report, Talking about the remembrance of Osama bin Laden. Calling him an Sheikh and an imam, the photo report praises Osama and believing that Palestine mourns for him.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Around 2013, AMM released a 14 minute long audio message announcing the death of Saeed al-Shehri, an Al-Qaeda leader. The audio message also was directed at Saudi Arabia and the U.S.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "On 10th September 2020, AMM released a statement in Arabic, English and French, encouraging attacks against Charlie Hebdo staff and other Europeans who insulted Islam.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Vasić M-12 Grenade is a hand grenade that was designed in Serbia in 1912. It was adopted by Serbia and Montenegro in 1912. It also was in service with the Royal Yugoslav Army during World War II. In 1914, Nedeljko Cabrinovic, a member of the black hand, used an M12 Vasic grenade at the car in which Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie were being driven through Sarajevo in 1914. The assassination attempt was unsuccessful as the delay on the bomb fuse was such that Ferdinand's car had passed by the danger before the device exploded.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Atanas Petrov Atanasov is a Bulgarian politician and activist who served as the Minister of Culture between 2021 and 2022 in the Petkov Government and is currently a Member of the Haskovo City Council.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Atanas Atanasov was born on April 3, 1990 in Haskovo, Bulgaria. After graduating from high school, he earned a BA degree in Theatre Arts from Whitman College in the United States, where he was accepted on a full scholarship and graduated in the top 3% of his class.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "At the parliamentary elections in November 2021, Atanasov was elected MP from the newly formed We Continue the Change party.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 13 December 2021 he was nominated and sworn in as Minister of Culture in the Petkov Government. A successful vote of no confidence against the government was cast on June 22, 2022, marking an end to Atnasov's rather short governance.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "At the 2023 Bulgarian local elections, Atanasov was elected to serve as a Member of the Haskovo City Council.", "title": "Political career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Soweto is a township of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Soweto may also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dan Hutchinson is an American attorney and Democratic Party politician serving as a member-elect of the New Jersey General Assembly for the 4th legislative district, taking office on January 9, 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A resident since 1995 of Gloucester Township, New Jersey, Hutchinson graduated in 1989 from Rider College (since renamed as Rider University, earned certification as a Certified Public Accountant, and is an attorney who earned his degree at Widener University Delaware Law School in 1995. He has been elected to five terms as a member of the Gloucester Township Council.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Led by Paul D. Moriarty, who was running for the New Jersey Senate seat vacated by Fred Madden, Hutchinson and his Democratic running mate Cody Miller, defeated Republicans Amanda Esposito and Matthew P. Walker in the 2023 New Jersey General Assembly election.", "title": "Elective office" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cole Fotheringham (born October 11, 1997) is an American football tight end for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League. He played college football for the Utah Utes and was signed by the Raiders as an undrafted free agent in 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Andrea Kathryn Talentino (born January 5, 1968) is an American political scientist and academic administrator serving as the ninth president of Augustana College since 2022.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Talentino was born on January 5, 1968, in Binghamton, New York. She completed a B.A. in political science at Yale College. She earned a M.A. (1994) and Ph.D. (1998) in political science at University of California, Los Angeles. Her 1998 dissertation was titled, Intervention After the Cold War: The Motivations and Goals of Contemporary Multilateral Intervention. Richard Rosecrance was her doctoral advisor. Talentino completed postdoctoral studies at Princeton School of Public and International Affairs.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "From 1999 to 2005, Talentino was an assistant professor in the department of political science at Tulane University. She joined Drew University in 2008 as the chair of the political science department. She became the associate dean for curriculum and faculty development in 2011. From 2012 to 2017, Talentino was dean of the college of liberal arts at Norwich University, during which time she completed a M.B.A. with a concentration in organizational leadership. She joined Nazareth College in 2017 as its vice president for academic affairs. She was promoted to provost in 2020. On July 1, 2022, Talentino became the ninth president of Augustana College, succeeding Steve Bahls. She is its first female president.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS), or dextran sodium sulphate (or any of the former with \"sulfate\") is a synthetic sulphated polysaccharide with anticoangulant activity used in immunological research to induce colitis. Dextran polymer molecules with a molecular weight of 36–50 kDa are frequently used to this end.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "DSS-induced colitis is the most widely used mouse model of colitis, such as is seen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Acute colitis can be achieved within 7-10 days, while chronic colitis can be induced by 3-5 cycles of the former with 1-2 weeks in between each cycle.", "title": "DSS-induced colitis" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "DSS is thought to induce colitis by causing injury to the colonic epithelium. The sulphate groups make the dextran molecules highly negatively charged and induces erosions in the epithelium, eventually compromising its integrity and increasing its permeability, while DSS's anticoagulant action promotes intestinal bleeding.", "title": "DSS-induced colitis" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a chronological timeline of the 2023 Israel–Lebanon border conflict.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "After the temporary ceasefire between Israel and Hamas on 24 November, Hezbollah stopped its military operations briefly which also prompted the IDF to stop the shelling on targets in southern Lebanon. Many displaced civilians returned to their homes amid the calm.", "title": "November" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caraceni may refer to", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Andrei Shchekachev is a Russian chess grandmaster who plays for France.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In June 2023, he won the French Open Rapid Championships with a score of 8.5/9, ahead of runner-up Sergey Fedorchuk.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In July 2023, he tied for second place in the 96th Paris IdF Masters 2023, alongside Harshavardhan G B, Karthik Venkataraman, and Aarav Dengla.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He was one of the three low-rated players who played against Alireza Firouzja in his \"Race to the Candidates\" tournament.", "title": "Chess career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Iran was heavily involved in Iraq following the 2003 invasion that toppled Saddam Hussein from power. Iran often used Shia militias within Iraq to disrupt United States operations during the Iraq War, while also directly participating in the insurgency that followed the invasion. Iran funded the Mahdi Army, a group led by Muqtada al-Sadr, as well as Kata'ib Hezbollah, Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq, and the Promised Day Brigade.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "During a meeting with British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw on 25 September 2001, Iranian president Muhammad Khatami said \"Iran fully understands the feelings of the Americans about the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on September 11\", and that Iranians instead felt differently and had expressed their sympathetic feelings with bereaved Americans. The attacks were condemned by both the President and the Supreme Leader of Iran. The military forces of the United States of America and the Islamic Republic of Iran cooperated with each other to overthrow the Taliban regime which had conflicts with the government of Iran. Iran's Quds Force helped US forces and Afghan rebels in 2001 uprising in Herat.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Months later, in his 2002 State of the Union Address, US President George W. Bush described Iran as being part of an \"axis of evil\" alongside Iraq and North Korea. Both reformists and conservatives in Iran responded negatively to this characterization, with Massoumeh Ebtekar calling it \"strategic mistake\" by the Bush administration. Daniel Heradstveit and G. Matthew Bonham argued that the speech caused a reversal in friendly US–Iranian relations that had developed after the Cold War; the Iranian opposition figures they interviewed saw it as a \"betrayal\", and widely agreed that it was \"a godsend to the conservatives\", who favoured a more hostile and militant approach towards the United States.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Several claims have been made that the US has violated Iranian territorial sovereignty through the use of drones since 2003.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In September 1980, Iraq under Saddam Hussein launched an invasion of Iran in an unsuccessful attempt to annex oil-rich Iranian territory, marking the beginning of a war that would last until 1988. The Iran–Iraq War is regarded as being a major trigger for rising sectarianism in the region, as it was viewed by many as a clash between Sunni Muslims (Ba'athist Iraq and other Arab States) and the Shia revolutionaries that had taken power in Iran.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In a declassified 1991 report, the CIA estimated that Iran had suffered more than 50,000 casualties from Iraq's use of several chemical weapons, though modern estimates have reached more than 100,000, as the long-term effects continued to cause casualties; they also show that the United States was providing reconnaissance intelligence to Iraq around 1987–88, which was then used to launch chemical weapon attacks on Iranian troops, and that the CIA fully knew that chemical weapons would be deployed and sarin and cyclosarin attacks followed. According to Iraqi documents, assistance in developing chemical weapons was obtained from firms in many countries, including the United States.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In January 2002, one year before the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, bilateral relations between Iran and Iraq improved significantly when an Iranian delegation, led by Amir Hussein Zamani, visited Iraq for final negotiations to resolve the conflict through talks on issues of prisoners of war and those who went missing in action during the Iran–Iraq War.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Iran supported Shi'ite insurgent groups dubbed the Special Groups in Iraq, which were made up by the Mahdi army, Kata'ib Hezbollah, Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq, and the Promised Day Brigade. The U.S. used the Iraqi government to fight these insurgents as a result. A 2008 report by the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point based on reports from the interrogations of dozens of captured Shia fighters described an Iranian-run network smuggling Shia fighters into Iran where they received training and weapons before returning to Iraq.", "title": "Role during the insurgency" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "According to two unnamed US officials, the Pentagon is examining the possibility that the Karbala provincial headquarters raid was supported by Iranians. In a speech on 31 January 2007, Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki stated that Iran was supporting attacks against Coalition forces in Iraq, and some Iraqis suspect that the raid may have been perpetrated by the Quds Force in retaliation for the detention of five Iranian officials by US forces in the northern Iraqi city of Irbil on 11 January.", "title": "Role during the insurgency" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In 2007, tensions increased greatly between Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan due to the latter's giving sanctuary to the militant Kurdish secessionist group Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan (PEJAK). According to reports, Iran had been shelling PEJAK positions in Iraqi Kurdistan since 16 August. These tensions further increased with an alleged border incursion on 23 August by Iranian troops who attacked several Kurdish villages killing an unknown number of civilians and militants.", "title": "Role during the insurgency" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "An estimated 150 Iranian intelligence officers, plus members of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, are believed to be active inside Iraq at any given time. For more than a year, U.S. troops have detained and recorded fingerprints, photographs, and DNA samples from dozens of suspected Iranian agents in a catch and release program designed to intimidate the Iranian leadership.", "title": "Role during the insurgency" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Coalition forces also began to target alleged Iranian Quds Force operatives in Iraq, either arresting or killing suspected members. The Bush administration and coalition leaders began to publicly state that Iran was supplying weapons, particularly EFP devices, to Iraqi insurgents and militias although to date have failed to provide any proof for these allegations. Further sanctions on Iranian organizations were also announced by the Bush administration in the autumn of 2007. On 21 November 2007, Lieutenant General James Dubik, who is in charge of training Iraqi security forces, praised Iran for its \"contribution to the reduction of violence\" in Iraq by upholding its pledge to stop the flow of weapons, explosives, and training of extremists in Iraq.", "title": "Role during the insurgency" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Bergamasque and Brescian Renaissance is one of the main variations of Renaissance art in Italy. The importance of the two cities on the art scene only expanded from the 16th century onward, when foreign and local artists gave rise to an original synthesis of Lombard and Venetian modes, due in part to the two cities' particular geographical position: the last outpost of the Serenissima on the mainland for Bergamo and a disputed territory between Milan (and its rulers) and Venice for Brescia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The masters from Bergamo and Brescia were at the origin of a \"third way\" of late Renaissance, after the Roman-Florentine and the Venetian ones, which was of fundamental importance since it was at the basis of the later developments of the revolutionary language of Caravaggio, who was a native of those very areas.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Bergamo and Brescia saw in the 15th century a significance in the Italian art scene that can be described as \"satellite\" compared to centers such as Milan and Venice. It was due to Francesco Sforza that Filarete worked in Bergamo (in the cathedral, c. 1455), and even a masterpiece like Giovanni Antonio Amadeo's Colleoni Chapel (1470-1476) is unthinkable outside the context of Sforza commissions of the time, such as the Milan Cathedral and, above all, the Certosa di Pavia, from which he took Renaissance cues.", "title": "Origins" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "At the beginning of the sixteenth century Brescia represented an island compared to the Leonardism and Bramantism reigning in Milan, so much so that it was chosen as a refuge by Vincenzo Foppa, a Lombard artist of the \"first generation\" of the Renaissance.", "title": "Origins" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The milestones of the local Renaissance were concentrated in the second and third decades of the sixteenth century: the meeting of Romanino and Titian in Padua in 1511, the arrival of Lorenzo Lotto in Bergamo in 1513, the relocation of Savoldo to Venice in about 1520, and the arrival in Brescia of Titian's Averoldi Polyptych in 1522.", "title": "Origins" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "A quantum leap then occurred in Bergamo when Giovanni Cariani, a native of Bergamo but resident in Venice, (since 1517) and, above all, Lorenzo Lotto settled there. The latter arrived in 1513 to paint the large altarpiece, Martinengo for the church of Santo Stefano. The provincial environment allowed him to move freely according to the inclinations of his own style, without adapting to the magniloquent modes of the \"modern style\" of the Roman Renaissance. In Bergamo, supported by a cultured and wealthy patronage, he was able to gather the influences most suited to him, freeing himself from the language dominant in the more important centers of the peninsula. To his never-forgotten Venetian roots he could add cues from Gaudenzio Ferrari, the young Correggio, Nordic art and the local Lombard influence.", "title": "Lotto in Bergamo" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The Martinengo Altarpiece (1513-1516) already showed some bold innovations, such as the arrangement of the throne of Mary and the saints with a church nave behind them (and not an apse as was typical), the dome open to the sky (a reference to Mantegna), the intense characterization of the characters and the vibrant light, which generate an unstable effect in the scene.", "title": "Lotto in Bergamo" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The later San Bernardino Altarpiece (1521) shows a very bright palette, a modern treatment of shadows and a dizzying foreshortening of the angels, as well as a sense of perception of the viewer's presence by Mary and, especially the angel at the foot of the throne, who interrupts the scene by turning around in surprise.", "title": "Lotto in Bergamo" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In addition to the fresco cycles rich in iconographic novelties, such as that of the Suardi Chapel in Trescore Balneario, and besides the intense and close portraits, it was above all the ambitious project of the inlays of the choir of Santa Maria Maggiore that kept him busy until his departure in 1526. A dispute over payment with the friars then kept him always away from the city, to which he never returned despite having spent the most fruitful time of his career there.", "title": "Lotto in Bergamo" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The very first, vague hints of a new decorative and compositional style that surpassed the International Gothic were to be found, in the field of painting, in some \"top-down\" works in medieval fifteenth-century Brescia, primarily Antonio Vivarini's polyptych of Saint Ursula for the church of San Pietro in Oliveto. The work had notable influences on local art, found, for example, in the evolution of Paolo da Caylina the Elder's art toward fuller forms, as in the Madonna and Child between Saints Lawrence and Augustine, which, painted after the arrival of Vivarini's polyptych, displays precisely these features.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Another \"top-down\" proto-Renaissance work in 15th-century Brescia was Jacopo Bellini's Annunciation painted for the church of Sant'Alessandro, faithful to the language of International Gothic but with relative novelties in the spatial conception and stance of the figures.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Other movements in this direction can be seen in sporadic works produced by the local culture in the second half of the century, such as the large panel of Saint George and the Princess attributed to Antonio Cicognara or a master related to him, where the aristocratic Gothic stylistic features imported to Brescia by Gentile da Fabriano in the lost chapel of San Giorgio al Broletto evolve toward new spatial and luministic proportions.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The first Renaissance author on the Brescian scene, the founder of the Brescian school, but also of the entire Lombard context, was Vincenzo Foppa, who worked in the city only after he moved there permanently, in 1489, until his death in about 1515.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The works he produced in this short period, not all of which have come down to us, demonstrate a general reworking of his artistic language in the light of the increasingly pressing Renaissance innovations, derived primarily from Leonardo da Vinci's teachings, while remaining faithful to his characteristic \"archaizing\" style. Thus one finds the Pala della Mercanzia, conceived in an iron will for linear and luminous absoluteness: the resulting trepid and yet rarefied reality would constitute a crucial lesson for Moretto. From the same period is the polyptych from which comes the Nativity of Jesus at Chiesanuova, painted precisely in this spirit of reworking. In the Stendardo di Orzinuovi, a last work painted by the almost 90-year-old Foppa, humanity and nature are defined in a stern and monumental language, while the various figures are charged with an expressive intensity imbued with physicality: this true \"pictorial testament\" would also constitute a solid starting point for Moretto and a clear reference for Savoldo, who was already working at the time.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Upon his return to Brescia, Foppa obtained, as an ultimate recognition from the city's General Council, the entrustment of a regular art course to instruct local youths, for an annual stipend of 100 lire.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Vincenzo Foppa and Moretto constitute the two cornerstones of Brescian Renaissance painting, and it was the latter who would eventually become the major exponent of the local school. However, in order to fully understand the development of Brescian Renaissance art, it is not possible to overlook what is usually referred to as the \"intermediate generation,\" that is, a number of painters who worked between the end of the fifteenth century and the first thirty years of the sixteenth century (exactly between Foppa and the maturity of Moretto), producing a series of works of high artistic merit developed within a local culture influenced mainly by Foppa, an environment that would prove no stranger to the formation and subsequent establishment of the great masters.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Floriano Ferramola (ca. 1480-1528) was schooled in the late fifteenth-century Brescia nurtured by the art of Foppa and his elaborations, including those of Vincenzo Civerchio, generating a vast output especially in the second and third decades of the sixteenth century. More influenced by local movements than by Foppa's cultured art, his style is related to Umbrian-Emilian painting that penetrated into eastern Lombardy through Perugino and Lorenzo Costa. Ferramola's works always kept to modest but novelistic, storytelling tones.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "It was Ferramola's art that attracted the vast majority of civil and religious patrons in early 16th-century Brescia: his famous Stories of Saints found widespread success in a variety of monasteries in the city and territory, for example in Santa Giulia, San Giuseppe, Santa Croce, and Santa Maria del Carmine (in collaboration with Civerchio), and then again in Lovere, Bedizzole, Nave, Bovezzo and Quinzano d'Oglio, creating a veritable school and influencing almost all provincial painters: most of the early 16th-century frescoes that have come down to us in churches throughout the Brescian territory can be traced to his style. Many interventions occurred in the palaces of the nobility of the time, especially in a city context: the cycle in the hall of honor of Palazzo Calini, now dispersed among the Victoria and Albert Museum, National Gallery and Pinacoteca Tosio Martinengo, represents one of the finest productions of secular painting in early sixteenth-century Lombardy.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "The narrative serenity of which Ferramola became a master, as well as his chromatic tonalities, varied and delicate naturalistic, scenic and environmental notions had substantial repercussions on Moretto, who reached artistic maturity precisely during Ferramola's period of greatest productive activity (1520-30).", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "A native of Crema, Vincenzo Civerchio (1468/70-1544) worked mainly in Brescia from the last years of the 15th century. In this period he produced a substantial number of works, some lost (such as the frescoes in the choir of the Old Cathedral) and others that have come down to us, such as the Deposition in the church of Sant'Alessandro and part of a decorative cycle in the chapel of the Virgin for the aforementioned church of Santa Maria del Carmine, done in collaboration with Ferramola.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "At the forefront of the painter's production, however, is the polyptych of St. Nicholas of Tolentino for the church of St. Barnabas, signed and dated 1495, a work of the highest value in which Civerchio reveals a vast composite culture derived from the teachings of Bergognone and Bernardino Butinone, connected with an effective painting technique and an accurate expressive realism of the characters.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "Paolo da Caylina the Younger (c. 1485-1545) was also educated in the proto-Renaissance Brescia of Foppa and Civerchio, later growing up in the footsteps of Ferramola, with whom he often found himself collaborating, until he was called to the monastery of Santa Giulia to complete the frescoes in the nuns' choir.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "Similar to the latter, Caylina also enjoyed great success among the patrons of the time, creating around him a school of like-minded painters. His production, however, quickly received strong influences from the great local masters, especially Moretto and Romanino, being practically contemporary with them. Already in works from the beginning of the century, for example in the Adoration of the Cross with Saints Constantine, Helena, and Sylvester for the church of Santa Croce, one can find the compositional patterns and expressive attitudes that these masters, especially Moretto, would repeat in their early productions and then evolve into more mature models.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "Clear transitional features can also be found in the two panels with the Nativity and the Adoration of the Magi in the polyptych of the Madonna of Mercy in the church of Sant'Agata (c. 1520), where typically fifteenth-century forms are combined with a wide and deep spatiality, a softness of bodies and a chromatic richness with warm and luminous tones borrowed from the early production of Romanino and Moretto and from the new Venetian influences brought to local art by these authors.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "The early 16th-century Brescian school of painting has been defined by art historian Roberto Longhi as:", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "perhaps the richest in intelligence and almost secretive research boasted in northern Italy at that time. Its incontestable relations, and its equally obvious distinction from contemporary Venetian painting, as well as its fidelity to earlier traditions, its very rapid perceptions of the new, its refractions elsewhere in not too distant lands, the flowing sometimes in its veins of the fluid that Lotto was going to spread in Italy according to a topography as capricious as its forms, are some delightful questions that are not exactly unraveled so far.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "Longhi's opinion is shared by critics in general, so much so that they agree that the Brescian school was \"the most intelligent and inquisitive\" in all of northern Italy. The disastrous sack of Brescia in 1512, however, brought the city to its knees, putting an end to the myth of Brixia magnipotens and to the lively cultural period imbued with humanistic ideals that it had experienced until then. The Serenissima intervened even more drastically, operating the so-called \"leveling,\" that is, the destruction of any building within a kilometer and a half of the city walls, in order to eliminate any shelter or hiding place for the attackers. The real estate lost was countless, and several monasteries, having destroyed their original headquarters, were forced to take shelter in the city, building new churches within the wall.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "To the general economic damage, superimposed on the already onerous reconstructions to be carried out after the sack, the Venetian Republic responded by offering reductions and sometimes exemptions from taxes, so that churches, convents and monasteries looted or completely destroyed by the \"leveling\" could be restored and rebuilt. This gave rise to a vibrant artistic patronage during that period, which fostered the emergence of local personalities. From around 1520 (the \"leveling\" was operated between 1516 and 1517) there was thus the emergence of a group of painters of almost the same age who, by blending their Lombard and Venetian cultural roots, achieved results of great originality in the peninsula's artistic panorama: Romanino, Moretto and Savoldo, defined by the art historian Roberto Longhi as \"the predecessors of Caravaggio.\"", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "In providential coincidence, in 1522 Titian's Averoldi Polyptych for the presbytery of the collegiate church of Santi Nazaro e Celso arrived in Brescia, which would enjoy a very wide, immediate popularity among local artistic exponents and would constitute a basic point of reference in the execution of a whole series of new works of art.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "Gerolamo Romani, known as Romanino, made his debut around 1510 with a Lamentation in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice, where to a basis of Lombard realism he added references from other schools, such as that of Ferrara. In Padua he then saw Titian's frescoes in the Scuola del Santo, from which he took a heightened sense for full-bodied color and dynamic composition. An early homage to the Venetian master was found in the Santa Giustina Altarpiece (Civic Museums of Padua, 1513), in which memories of his Lombard formation also surface, such as the Bramante-esque architecture of the vaulting that towers over and frames the figures.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "Back in his homeland, in about 1517 Romanino reproduced a similar scheme in the San Francesco Altarpiece for the local church of San Francesco, in which can already be seen the physical types that distinguished his later production. Without straying too far from Brescia in the following years he visited various sites, such as that of Cremona Cathedral (Passion of Christ, c. 1520), where he came into contact with Pordenone's magniloquent modes, and the small towns of the Brescian valleys (Breno, Bienno, Pisogne), where he left panels and frescoes with interesting accents to everyday reality, strongly represented in gestures, customs and expressions.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "In 1521 his cooperation with Moretto on the Chapel of the Sacrament in the church of San Giovanni Evangelista established the presence of a real school in the town. The greater success of the latter prompted Romanino to concentrate mainly on the province, which was more receptive to his naturalistic style, indulging in a few refined digressions such as the frescoes in the Buonconsiglio Castle in Trento after 1530, alongside Dosso Dossi.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "Alessandro Bonvicino, known as Moretto, worked mainly in Brescia, so his style is more rooted in the local tradition and has been likened by scholars, such as Roberto Longhi, to the style of Vincenzo Foppa. He often worked for local churches and private patrons, becoming the most sought-after painter in the city. Among his early works is the Elijah and the Angel for the Chapel of the Sacrament in San Giovanni (1521-1523), with a Flemish-style background.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "In later years he came under the influence of Titian, due to the arrival of the aforementioned Averoldi Polyptych in 1522, and of Raphael (seen in Marcantonio Raimondi's prints), arriving at softer, more composed manners: it is no coincidence that works such as the St. Justina of Padua with a Donor (c. 1530) were once attributed to Sanzio.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 34, "text": "A lively portraitist, praised by Vasari, in his works one can detect traces of Lorenzo Lotto and Hans Holbein the Younger. Beginning in the 1540s he became one of the most highly regarded interpreters of Counter-Reformation instances, with altarpieces often devoted to the theme of the Eucharistic sacrifice, such as Christ and the Angel (1550-1554), a late masterpiece set to a palette of muted tones, pathetic sentiments, and a looseness of perspective, with the figure of Christ skillfully articulated along the steps.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 35, "text": "Giovanni Girolamo Savoldo was the third Brescian master, and his output can be placed entirely within two decades, from about 1520 to 1540. No early works are known of him, which makes the reconstruction of his formation difficult. In 1506 he is known to have been in Parma and in 1508 in Florence, when the city was in turmoil because of the presence of the extraordinary new works of Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael. By 1520 he was settled in Venice, where he came into contact with the material effects of Titian's full-bodied color and Giorgione's contemplative atmospheres, while remaining faithful to his Lombard naturalistic background.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 36, "text": "Particularly famous are his works with throbbing light, such as the Magdalene series (c. 1540), or St. Matthew and the Angel in the Metropolitan Museum (1534). The latter shows a nocturnal setting with a light source inside the painting (the candle in the foreground) and striking chiaroscuro effects that anticipate Caravaggism.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 37, "text": "Prominent among his many portraits is the Portrait of a Clad Warrior in the Louvre (c. 1529), where the subject is portrayed in foreshortening and reflected by two mirrors, a true pictorial tour de force related to disquisitions on the comparison of the arts. While in the large-format altarpieces the artist showed adherence to traditional schemes, open to Titian's influences, in the medium-sized works intended for private individuals he experiments with more original solutions drawing on a vast repertoire, even reaching as far as Hieronymus Bosch.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 38, "text": "The important variation of Renaissance sculpture developed in Brescia from about the 1460s onward, within the framework of the Venetian Renaissance culture, peaked between the end of the century and the beginning of the next one, a period in which a series of public and private worksites were able to produce absolutely original works, ranging from the refined and experimental sculptural framework of the church of Santa Maria dei Miracoli to the regular classicism of the Palazzo della Loggia.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 39, "text": "The protagonist of this fortunate as well as brief period, cut short in 1512 with the invasion of the French and the subsequent sack of Brescia, was Gasparo Cairano, acknowledged author of works of the highest artistic level such as the ark of Sant'Apollonio, the Caprioli Adoration, the Martinengo Mausoleum, and, first and foremost, the cycle of the Caesars for the elevations of the Palazzo della Loggia, praised in print as early as 1504 by Pomponius Gauricus' De sculptura. Contemporaries of Cairano were other authors, often present in Brescia only for short periods of their careers, such as Tamagnino and the Sanmicheli workshop, along with other minor artists placeable in the master's circle, such as Antonio Mangiacavalli and Ambrogio Mazzola, while many of the sculptors of Venetian influence active in the city during the entire second half of the 15th century remain largely anonymous.", "title": "The Renaissance in Brescia" }, { "paragraph_id": 40, "text": "In the second half of the century the figure of Giovan Battista Moroni stood out in the Bergamo-Brescia area. A native of Bergamo, he studied in Brescia with Moretto, then returned to his hometown. He was the author of altarpieces faithful to the principles of the Counter-Reformation, but excelled above all as a portrait painter capable of creating works of intense psychological connotation, handled with sublime technique.", "title": "Moroni, between Bergamo and Brescia" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cody Miller is an American Democratic Party politician serving as a member-elect of the New Jersey General Assembly for the 4th legislative district, taking office on January 9, 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A resident of Monroe Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey, Hutchinson graduated from Gloucester County College (since renamed as Rowan College of South Jersey) and Rutgers University-Camden. He is employed as director of foundation and alumni relations at Rowan College of South Jersey.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In January 2019, Miller was selected to fill the Monroe Township Council Ward 2 seat expiring in December 2020 that had been vacated by Richard DiLucia when he took office as the township's mayor. In the November 2019 general election, Miller was elected to serve the balance of the term of office.", "title": "Elective office" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Miller serves on the board of education of the Monroe Township Public Schools.", "title": "Elective office" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Led by Paul D. Moriarty, who was running for the New Jersey Senate seat vacated by Fred Madden, Miller and his Democratic running mate Dan Hutchinson, defeated Republicans Amanda Esposito and Matthew P. Walker in the 2023 New Jersey General Assembly election.", "title": "Elective office" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dorothy Louise Devereux (née Nelson; November 9, 1911 – January 15, 1994) was an American politician from the state of Hawaii. She was one of the first women elected to the Hawaii House of Representatives afer statehood in 1959.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Devereux was a native of Spokane, Washington, the daughter of John and Olive (née Davis) Nelson. A registered nurse by profession, she received her nursing education at the California Lutheran School of Nursing in Los Angeles and also did postgraduate work at Chicago Lying-in Hospital. She resided in Chicago, working in the public health sector until the around 1935, when she moved to Hawaii. She married John William Devereux in 1934 and had four children. After moving to Hawaii, she served on the Governor's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped, Conference on Education, Hawaii School Survey, as president of the Hawaii Parent-Teacher's Congress and on the Governor's Advisory Committee on Vocational Rehabilitation.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1958, Devereux was elected to the Hawaii Territorial House of Representatives as a Republican. She was elected once again after statehood in 1959 to represent the 15th district, Manoa-Waikiki. Alongside Eureka Forbes, she was one of the first two women to be elected to the Hawaii House of Representatives after statehood in 1995. She served until 1972. Later, Devereux was also a founding member of the Hawaii Crippled Children's Society as well as the Sultan Foundation Nursery School. Devereux died at a hospital in Honolulu on January 15, 1994. Her husband predeceased her in 1968.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hit List (Hebrew: היטליסט) is an Israeli weekly record chart launched by mako, an Israeli news website. It's the first Israeli music chart to determine its ranking based on data from digital platforms like YouTube, Spotify, Apple Music, and social media platforms such as TikTok rather based on editorial choice and fan votes like in Galgalatz Official Music Chart Of Israel and The 10. The first number 1 hit was Unicorn by Noa Kirel that was chosen to represent Israel on the Eurovision song contest the same year. The first annual Hit List chart was aired on 14 September 2023 on Keshet 12 and Radio Tel Aviv. The winner of that chart was the song Sick Love by Peer Tasi. The annual chart is scheduled for September rather than December due to the proximity of Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year, which typically does not fall in December.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mako announces the chart on 20 March 2023, According to Mako, the chart was created as an alternative to existing Israeli record charts, which rely on fan votes and editorial choices. It aims to \"represent the true Israeli charts through the development of a unique algorithm that gauges the preferences of hundreds of thousands of Israelis who listen to songs daily on various platforms.\" The chart was launched with the sponsorship of the Coca-Cola mobile app.", "title": "Backround" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The chart is updated every Tuesday at 14:00 on the Mako website. It includes the main chart, consisting of the top 100 songs listened to by Israelis on various platforms, as well as separate charts for Israeli and international songs, each including the songs that entered the top 100 from each category. Every Israeli artist who's song hit the first position receives a personal plaque from Mako in recognition of the achievement.", "title": "Backround" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Mako Hitlist Official Website", "title": "See also" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "9/11 Simulation in Roblox Environment is a short film created by American hypnagogic pop musician James Ferraro. It depicts a recreation of the September 11th terrorist attacks done in the video game platform Roblox. It was shown in 2017 as part of an exhibition at the Loyal Gallery in Stockholm.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The film opens with a view of a grass baseplate with a pile of coloured fidget spinners beside a fire as some dramatic chords play. An avatar (the default one for male Guests before the Guest feature was discontinued in 2017) is seen walking around the baseplate as it floods with red fidget spinners. The camera pans out to reveal the baseplate has with the word \"GLUTEN\" drawn on it.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Two minutes into the film, the camera zooms into a depiction of two skyscrapers (depicting the World Trade Center). The camera cuts to a worm's-eye-view as fidget spinners fly into the skyscrapers as the towers collapse onto the baseplate. After the skyscrapers crash onto the ground, it cuts to a 3D animation of people walking inside a building. A blurb of text scrolls up, describing an abstract scenario of 9/11 from a modern-day perspective while a text-to-speech narrator is heard reading the blurb of text. We then zoom into a Roblox model of the Twin Towers as the film ends.", "title": "Synopsis" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Shovel Knight: Plague of Shadows is a downloadable content (DLC) expansion for the 2014 platform game Shovel Knight, developed and published by Yacht Club Games. In the expansion, the player takes control of Plague Knight, an alchemist on a journey to create the ultimate potion, capable of granting any of its user's desires. Gameplay is similar to that of the original Shovel Knight, but features a new story and main protagonist. Plague Knight attacks by throwing alchemical potions that explode, and has the ability to double jump. He can also charge up an even higher jump that sends him forward through the air. The expansion received generally positive reviews upon release.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Like Shovel Knight, Plague of Shadows is a 2D side-scrolling platform game. Players take control of Plague Knight, an alchemist on a journey to create the ultimate potion, capable of granting any of its user's desires. Plague Knight attacks enemies by throwing explosive potions, and can perform both a double jump or a powerful \"burst jump\" in which he triggers an explosion beneath himself to send him forward through the air. Inside levels, Plague Knight can collect green coins and give them to his assistant, a witch named Mona, who use them to alter the effects of his weapons. These altered effects include potions which create a wall of fire on the ground, orbit around the player, or take a longer time to explode. Plague Knight features a lower amount of health than that of the Shovel Knight character, but can drink consumable potions to temporarily increase their maximum amount.", "title": "Gameplay" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In addition to Plague Knight's conventional weapons, he can gain abilities called Arcana, which are obtained by selling the Relics of the original Shovel Knight when he finds them in chests hidden in each level. The levels of Plague of Shadows are the same as those of the original Shovel Knight, but feature changes to account for Plague Knight's different methods of movement, including several secret areas and passages.", "title": "Gameplay" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Running parallel to Shovel Knight, Plague Knight, a member of the Order of No Quarter, plots a scheme. He plans to steal essence from Shovel Knight and the other members of the order use as ingredients in the ultimate potion, capable of granting any of its user's desires. He is aided by his alchemists and Mona, who all pursue alchemy in secret due to the rest of the world fearing and rejecting it. Plague Knight gradually defeats the other members of the Order of No Quarter as well as Shovel Knight, and gathers the essences into his alchemical machine. While collecting the essences, Mona and Plague Knight are revealed to harbor hidden romantic feelings for each other. Mona later leaves Plague Knight after a conversation with Black Knight, convinced that Plague Knight is only using her as a tool for his scheme.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Once Plague Knight gathers all of the knights' essences, he journeys to the Tower of Fate for the Enchantress' essence. Plague Knight defeats the Order of No Quarter and Shovel Knight, but is knocked off the tower by the latter while celebrating his victory. As Plague Knight reaches the Enchantress' chamber and finishes the potion with her essence, Black Knight and Mona arrive and try to stop him. Plague Knight reveals that his intention was always to use the potion to win Mona's heart, but she confesses her love for him. Plague Knight attempts to stop the reaction, but it goes out of control, creating a dark version of himself. The real Plague Knight defeats the shadow and stabilizes the potion; Mona and Plague Knight decide to use it to destroy the Tower of Fate. The villagers learn of the tower's destruction, and hail Plague Knight and his alchemists as heroes. In a post-credits scene, Plague Knight and Mona share a dance together in their laboratory.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "As part of the Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign for Shovel Knight back in 2013, Yacht Club Games listed several stretch goals, additional features for the game added when the funding met a certain target. Among the stretch goals were the addition of three downloadable content (DLC) expansions based around three of the boss characters from the original Shovel Knight. The developers held a vote on which bosses would receive their own campaigns, and Plague Knight was one of the winning characters.", "title": "Development and release" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Plague of Shadows was the first follow-up expansion to Shovel Knight. The developers had never added content to a previous game, and first envisioned the expansion to be similar to Mega Man Powered Up, where the only changes would be the addition of a new character with different movement and slightly altered bosses. While the developers decided to retain most of the existing levels, they wanted to use Plague Knight's unique mobility make the old stages fun to play again. Although the original Shovel Knight character featured simple movement that was easy to understand, Yacht Club Games hoped to design a character where the player could find new ways to control how they moved. The team created the expansion while also porting the original game to new platforms, and finished development on August 4, 2015. the expansion was released on September 17, 2015 for Windows, Linux, macOS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Nintendo 3DS, Wii U, and Xbox One. A port to Nintendo Switch was launched on March 3, 2017.", "title": "Development and release" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "According to the review aggregator website Metacritic, Plague of Shadows received \"generally favorable reviews\" for its Windows and Wii U versions. Nintendo Life liked the story, soundtrack, and Plague Knight's movement, contending that the game was of similar quality than its predecessor. Destructoid felt that the game was a good remix on its predecessor, and praised the movement and weapon options, saying that it had more varity than the original Shovel Knight's. Nintendo World Report enjoyed the story and how different the game was from its predecessor, but said that it had a high level of difficulty.", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Holy War and Human Bondage: Tales of Christian‐Muslim Slavery in the Early‐Modern Mediterranean is a 2009 non-fiction book by Robert Davis, published by Praeger.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It discusses intra-Christian slavery and slavery of Muslims by Christians. According to Jeff Grabmeier of Ohio State University, the book received less overall attention compared to Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Eric R. Dursteler of Brigham Young University stated that the work \"stands on its own and presents a more expansive and comprehensive, yet accessible, synthetic treatment of\" its topic.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Maria Fusaro of the University of Exeter, citing the one page-long \"works cited\", which she characterized as \"exceedingly short\", concluded that the book is \"highly problematic\". According to Fusaro, while Davis stated in the introduction that he wished to tailor his work to a non-academic audience, Davis may have been conflicted on whether to do so.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Some chapters are longer and some are shorter, content characterized by Dursteler as \"vignettes\".", "title": "Content" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Národní házená (National handball) is a 2022 sport comedy television series directed by Vladimír Skórka and Michal Suchánek, who is also the author of the screenplay based on the theme of Daniel Strejc. The series was made under brand Voyo Original and was broadcasted on Voyo. It is the third series filmed under the banner Voyo Original.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The series starred Michal Suchánek, Martin Pechlát, Jiří Langmajer, Václav Neužil, Jakub Špalek, Petr Vršek, Sára Rychlíková, Veronika Žilková, Berenika Suchánková, Hana Igonda Ševčíková, Jitka Sedláčková, Filip František Červenka, Jitka Schneiderová, Linda Rybová, Filip Kaňkovský. The first two episodes appeared on Voyo on 25 March 2022. Last two episodes were broadcast on 15 April 2022.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The series was filmed in Říčany, Řevnice, Velvary and Bakov nad Jizerou.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ariana Arias Jiménez (born May 23, 2003) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a striker for Barcelona.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Arias attended Colegio Miramadrid in Spain.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Arias started her career with Spanish side Real Madrid, where she was regarded as a prospect.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Arias mainly operates as a striker and has been described as \"stand out with her skill with the ball and ability to convert everything she touched into a goal\".", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Arias is nicknamed \"Ari\".", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 Eastern Kentucky Colonels women's basketball team represents Eastern Kentucky University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Colonels, led by third-year head coach Greg Todd, play their home games at Baptist Health Arena in Richmond, Kentucky as members of the ASUN Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Colonels finished the 2022–23 season 18–14, 11–7 in ASUN play to finish in fifth place. As the #5 seed in the ASUN tournament, they were defeated by #4 seed Austin Peay in the quarterfinals.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Sources:", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nikita Tromp is a Dutch footballer who plays for Ajax.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nymphaea novogranatensis is a species of waterlily native to Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Nymphaea novogranatensis is an aquatic herb with ovoid rhizomes, which are stoloniferous in the initial growth phase. The broadly elliptic-ovate to suborbicular, subcoriaceous to skin-like, 24 cm long and 21 cm wide leaves have a green adaxial surface. Purple spotting occurs on younger foliage. The brownish purple abaxial leaf surface may also feature dark spotting. The glabrous, 5 mm wide petioles have 2-4 primary and 6-8 secondary air canals.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The nocturnal flowers either float on the water surface, or are slightly emergent. They are attached to the glabrous, 7.5 mm wide peduncle with 5, 6, 15, or 18 primary air canals.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The flowers are slightly fragrant.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The diploid chromosome count is 2n = 28.", "title": "Cytology" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The rhizomes of Nymphaea novogranatensis are stoloniferous in the initial growth phase. Proliferating pseudanthia are absent.", "title": "Reproduction" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Nymphaea novogranatensis depends on sexual reproduction. Contrary to other Nymphaea species, autogamous seed production is less fruitful. Therefore, it is more reliant on cross-pollination.", "title": "Reproduction" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "It was first described by Wiersema in 1984.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The type specimen of Nymphaea novogranatensis was collected by from a small depression along the road by Wiersema and González in Guarico, Venezuela on the 31st of August 1981.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "It is placed in Nymphaea subgenus Hydrocallis. It is closely related to Nymphaea tenuinervia.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The specific epithet novogranatensis is a demonym for Colombia, formerly called Nueva Granada.", "title": "Etymology" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In Mexico, it is threatened with extinction. Nymphaea novogranatensis is vulnerable to habitat loss resulting from human activities.", "title": "Conservation" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "In Mexico, Nymphaea novogranatensis grows in temporary puddles found in low, open regions of thorny scrublands dominated by Parkinsonia aculeata. It occurs sympatrically with Nymphaea amazonum, Nymphaea jamesoniana, and Nymphaea pulchella. It also occurs in flooded savannahs, lagoons, and puddles. It has a disjunct distribution.", "title": "Ecology" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Nymphaea novogranatensis is pollinated by beetles.", "title": "Ecology" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Theory-driven evaluation is an umbrella term for any approach to program evaluation \"that explicitly integrates and uses stakeholder, social science, some combination of, or other types of theories in conceptualizing, designing, conducting, interpreting, and applying an evaluation.\" According to a systematic review of theory-driven evaluations, they follow these five principles:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Theory-driven approaches aim to understand how and why an outcome is achieved, which facilitates learning to improve programs and how they are implemented. This is in contrast to methods-driven \"black box\" evaluations, which focus on following the steps of an evaluation method (for instance, experiment or focus group) and only assess whether a program leads to its intended outcomes. Theory-driven approaches can also improve the validity of evaluations, for instance leading to more precise estimates of impact in randomized controlled trials.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Theory-driven evaluation emerged in the 1970s and 80s in response to the limitations of methods-driven \"black box\" evaluations in which the steps of a method, such as a randomized experiment or focus group, are followed, and the focus is on determining whether a program achieves its goals rather than on how or why it does so. The term \"theory-driven evaluation\" was coined by Huey T. Chen and Peter H. Rossi.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The first book-length introduction to theory-driven evaluation was authored by Chen (1990) and provided a comprehensive introduction to key considerations when conducting them, for example how to develop a program theory of change and the different types of theory-driven evaluation. Its origins have been traced to a book by Carol Weiss (1972) and an article by Carol Taylor Fitz-Gibbon and Lynn Lyons Morris (1975).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The first definition of theory-based evaluation, by Fitz-Gibbon and Morris (1975), closely resembles that of theory-driven evaluation:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "A theory-based evaluation of a program is one in which the selection of program features to evaluate is determined by an explicit conceptualization of the program in terms of a theory […] which attempts to explain how the program produces the desired effects. The theory might be psychological […] or social psychological […] or philosophical […]. The essential characteristic is that the theory points out a causal relationship between a process A and an outcome B.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Funnell and Rogers (2011, pp. 23-24) list 22 approaches to evaluation that are equivalent to or overlap significantly with theory-driven evaluation. One, program theory-driven evaluation science, is a near-identical twin that is defined as \"the systematic use of substantive knowledge about the phenomena under investigation and scientific methods to improve, to produce knowledge and feedback about, and to determine the merit, worth, and significance of evaluands such as social, educational, health, community, and organizational programs.\"", "title": "Terminology" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The umbrella terms theory-driven and theory-based evaluation are often used interchangeably; however, theory-based evaluation is sometimes interpreted more narrowly to mean qualitative or small-n evaluations conducted without a comparison group, for example using process tracing or qualitative comparative analysis.", "title": "Terminology" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The sense of theory intended is one that is close to the proximal causes of a social problem the program focuses on rather than a \"grand\" theory, that tries to provide an overarching understanding of society, or a metaphysical theory about the nature of social reality:", "title": "The theory of theory-driven evaluation" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "It advances evaluation practice very little to adopt one or another of current global theories in attacking, say, the problem of juvenile delinquency, but it does help a great deal to understand the authority structure in schools and the mechanisms of peer group influence and parental discipline in designing and evaluating a program that is supposed to reduce disciplinary problems in schools. [...T]he theory-driven perspective is closer to what econometricians call \"model specification\" than are more complicated and more abstract and general theories.", "title": "The theory of theory-driven evaluation" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "A distinction is also drawn between normative theory, concerning what a program is supposed to do and how it should be implemented, and causal theory, which specifies how the program is thought to work. There can then be two broad ways in which a program fails to lead to the desired outcomes: (1) a program may be implemented as intended according to the normative theory; however, the causal theory is incorrect; and (2) the causal theory is correct; however, the program was not implemented correctly.", "title": "The theory of theory-driven evaluation" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Chen's action model/change model schema represents key normative and causal assumptions in a program theory. This is completed for the components of a particular program.", "title": "The theory of theory-driven evaluation" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The change model specifies how an intervention of a program leads to outcomes via determinants, also known as intermediate or mediating variables.", "title": "The theory of theory-driven evaluation" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The action model specifies how staff and delivery organizations reach and deliver the intervention to beneficiaries:", "title": "The theory of theory-driven evaluation" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "The full-range of research methods has been argued to apply. For instance, Chen (2015) provides examples using randomized experiments, quasi-experimental designs, process and outcome monitoring, and qualitative methods. Although proponents of theory-driven evaluation are critical of \"black box\" experiments, Chen and Rossi (1983, p. 292) argue that theory-driven experiments are possible and desirable:", "title": "Theory-driven methods" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "[A]dvocates of the black box experimental paradigm often neglect the fact that after randomization exogenous variables are still correlated with outcome variables. Knowing how such exogenous factors affect outcomes makes it possible to construct more precise estimates of experimental effects by controlling for such exogenous variables.", "title": "Theory-driven methods" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "It has been argued that theory-driven evaluation focussed too much on statistical approaches; however, a case has also been made for the importance of qualitative methods, particularly when developing program theories.", "title": "Theory-driven methods" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Examples discussed in a 2011 systematic review of 45 theory-driven evaluations include:", "title": "Examples" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "A 2014 review of theory-driven evaluation in school psychology highlighted two illustrative examples:", "title": "Examples" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pat Lynch (1933 – 26 January 2018) was an Irish singer and entertainer of the showband genre born in Cork.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lynch was born into a musical family in Blackpool, Cork. He was singing in the Palm Court Ballroom, Oliver Plunkett Street when he was just six years old. He qualified as a welder.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Pat Lynch's brother Steve was a member of The Dixies, a successful showband in the 1960s. Pat got his break in 1964 when he was recruited into The Clipper Carlton showband. In 1965 he became the lead singer of the Airchords, a band founded by Irish Air Corps members.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "They had their first number one on the Irish Singles Chart in 1967–68 with \"Treat Me Daughter Kindly.\" In 1971 Lynch left the Airchords had a solo number one with \"When We Were Young,\" which became the team anthem of Cork Hibernians F.C.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1972–73 Lynch toured with Derek Davis, who played \"Mean Tom\", a parody of Big Tom; Pat Lynch, Mean Tom and the Treetops performed until September 1973.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Lynch returned to welding, teaching it at the Cork Regional Technical College. He died in 2018.", "title": "Later life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a list of events in 1778 in Delaware.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "president:", "title": "incumbents" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "StarDance may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jonathan A. Epstein is an American cellular biologist, cardiologist, and academic administrator serving as the interim executive vice president of the University of Pennsylvania for the Health System and dean of the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine since 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A cellular biologist and cardiologist, Epstein joined the University of Pennsylvania in 1996. He was the chair of the department of cell and developmental biology and scientific director of the Penn Cardiovascular Institute from 2006 to 2015. In 2007, he was a founding co-director of the Penn Institute for Regenerative Medicine. Epstein is the William Wikoff Smith professor, executive vice dean and chief scientific officer of Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. In February 2021, he also became the senior vice president and chief scientific officer of the University of Pennsylvania Health System. In 2023, he began serving as the interim executive vice president of the University of Pennsylvania for the Health System and dean of the school of medicine.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Epstein was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011. He is a fellow of the American Heart Association and an elected member of the Association of American Physicians and the National Academy of Medicine. He is a past president of the American Society for Clinical Investigation.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tom Osborne (born 8 July 1998) is an Australian rugby union player who plays as a Loosehead prop for English Premiership side, Harlequins. He previously captained the Oxford Blues team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He began his playing career at Sydney University in 2018 playing in the New South Wales Shute Shield featuring 32 times, all while he was completing a Bachelor of Laws. Winning the New South Wales Shute Shield in 2019, then was given the role of captain the year after. He joined Oxford in 2021, in his second season at the club he was named the University's Varsity Captain for the 2022 season.", "title": "Club Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2021 he went on trial at Harlequins, making his debut for the Twickenham based side in the Premiership Rugby Cup against Saracens coming off the bench. In the following season he scored his first try for the club, going over the whitewash against rivals Saracens. While with Harlequins he has spent time on loan at London Scottish in the RFU Championship. Making his debut for the side against newly promoted Caldy FC, he later featured again off the bench against the Exeter Chiefs in the Premiership Rugby Cup. He captained a Harlequins against his former club, Oxford University, leading the London side to a 7-45 win.", "title": "Club Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sarah McCune Gallaher (June 8, 1864 – July 23, 1964) was an American politician from the state of Pennsylvania. She was one of the first women elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1923, alongside Alice Bentley, Rosa de Young, Helen Grimes, Sarah Gertrude MacKinney, Lillie Pitts, Martha Speiser, and Martha Thomas. A Republican, she served a single term, until 1924.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Gallaher was born in New Washington, Pennsylvania and attended Indiana University of Pennsylvania where she earned her bachelor's and master's degrees. She later attended Cornell University, earning a Bachelor of Philosophy degree. Gallaher also received education from Oxford University, the Université de Paris, and University of Pennsylvania and was an educator by career. She was the proprietor (along with her sister Ada) and principal of Hallesen Place at Ebensburg Elementary Boarding School from 1904 to 1942 and also established a boarding school in Puerto Rico. Gallaher was also noted as a historian and authority on George Washington, Benjamin Franklin and William Penn. She died in Spangler, Pennsylvania, just over a month after her 100th birthday, in 1964.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lucía Corrales Álvarez (born November 24, 2005) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a winger for Barcelona.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Corrales joined the youth academy of Spanish side Barcelona at the age of fifteen.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Corrales represented Spain internationally at the 2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Corrales mainly operates as a winger and has been described as \"one of those left-footed wingers that no longer exist. An endangered species that is difficult to find due to its versatility, being effective, disciplined and very difficult to overcome in its defensive aspect and a real dagger in attack\".", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Corrales is a native of Mallorca, Spain.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Stardom New Year Stars 2024 (スターダム ニューイヤー スターズ 2024, Sutādamu nyūiyā sutāzu 2024) is an upcoming professional wrestling event promoted by World Wonder Ring Stardom. It will take place on January 3, 2024, in Yokohama, Japan at the Yokohama Budokan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The show will feature eleven professional wrestling matches that result from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portray villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that build tension and culminate in a wrestling match or series of matches.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The 2024 edition of the \"Triangle Derby\" will be the second of the tournament's kind, following the inaugural 2023 edition. The tournament will take place under the traditional round-robin rules with eight teams enetring the competition.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Stardom brought back the best rookie tournament following the last edition of the event which occured in 2019. The tournament will take place under the traditional round-robin rules with four wrestlers enetring the competition.", "title": "Production" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ian James Procter (3 September 1947 — 2 July 2023) was an Australian rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Proctor, a native of Tamworth, New South Wales, attended Gunnedah High School. He went to the University of New England for tertiary studies, playing his rugby for Wright College.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A three quarter, Proctor was capped once for the Wallabies, against the All Blacks in the one-off Test in Wellington on the 1967 tour of New Zealand, playing on the right wing. The closest he got to further international caps was as a reserve in the team to play Scotland at the Sydney Cricket Ground in 1970.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Proctor represented NSW, NSW Country and the Australian Capital Territory during the career, receiving captaincy honours for the latter in 1973. He played in Canberra for the Northern Suburbs club.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The men's 49 kg competition of the powerlifting events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 18 at the Chimkowe Gym in Santiago, Chile.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:", "title": "Records" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The results were as follows:", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Clive Lionel Chatfield Roberts MBE (2 February 1912 – 30 April 1962) was an English first-class cricketer and an officer in the British Army.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The son of William Lionel Lloyd Robert, he was born at Kensington in February 1912. He was educated at Cheltenham College, where he played for the college cricket eleven. From there, entered into the Territorial Army with the 3rd City of London Regiment, and was commissioned into the British Army as a second lieutenant with the Gloucestershire Regiment in February 1935. While serving in British India, he made two appearances in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team against the Indians in the 1936–37 and 1937–38 Madras Presidency Matches. In these, he scored 80 runs with a highest score of 37.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In the military, he was promoted to lieutenant in February 1938. Roberts served with the regiment in the Second World War, seeing action in the British defeat in Burma in 1942–43. In recognition of his gallant and distinguished service during the Japanese invasion, he was made an MBE in October 1942. In January 1943, he was promoted to captain, Following the end of the war, he was mentioned in dispatches in April 1946 for his service during the campaign to liberate North-West Europe in 1944–45. He was promoted to major in February 1948, prior to his retirement as a lieutenant colonel in January 1958. Roberts died in April 1962 at Charlton Kings, Gloucestershire.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2020–21 First League of the Republika Srpska was the twenty-sixth season of the First League of the Republika Srpska, the second tier football league of Bosnia and Herzegovina, since its original establishment and the nineteenth as a second-tier league.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "League table" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jacobus Van Dijk is a Dutch Egyptologist who is a retired Professor of Archaeology from the University of Groningen. In the 2007 and 2008 archaeological excavation season in Egypt, Geoffrey Thorndike Martin and Van Dijk both re-excavated Pharaoh Horemheb's KV57 tomb in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes, Egypt and found 168 new wine dockets. The dockets showed that Horemheb, who was the last Dynasty 18 king and assumed the throne within 4 or 5 years after Tutankhamun's death, ruled not more than 14 or 15 years rather than the 27 years traditionally assigned to him since none of the wine dockets bore a date higher than Year 14 of Horemheb's reign.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1986, Geoffrey Thorndike Martin and Van Dijk, the respective heads of a British and Dutch eight person archaeological team working together, rediscovered the tomb of Maya after a 10-year search at Saqqara. The tomb at Saqqara had been partly excavated in 1843 by Karl Richard Lepsius, and its impressive reliefs were recorded in sketches and many statues and carvings taken to Berlin. Over time, the tomb was covered by sand, and its location had been lost.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2001, the New York Times reported that \"a limestone relief depicting the head of an Egyptian goddess and dating to the 13th century B.C. was returned to the Egyptian government yesterday by the Metropolitan Museum of Art from New York due to the intervention of Jacobus Van Dijk, \"who recognized it as a piece from the chapel of Seti I, at the ancient pharaonic capital of Memphis. Upon returning home, he confirmed his hunch by checking a French publication where the same goddess's head was featured in a photograph of the Seti I chapel, taken around 1948, the year the site was discovered by archaeologists.\"", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2011, Van Dijk established that Seti I's highest date was not the Year 11 stela date from the great temple of Amun in the Gebel Barkal. He demonstrated that the date should rather be read as Year 3 of Seti I. Van Dijk argued that Seti I's reign was 8 or a maximum of 9 years. In the 2009 paper \"The Death of Meketaten\", Van Dijk was commissioned to write an article on the death of Akhenaten's daughter, in honor of the late William J. Murnane in a book which was published by Brill Publishers titled Peter Brand and Louise Cooper (ed.), Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane. Culture & History of the Ancient Near East, 37 (Leiden/Boston, 2009), pp. 83–88.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Seringia cacaobrunnea, commonly known as chocolate fire-bush, is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a bushy shrub with hairy new growth, oblong to elliptic leaves and purple flowers in groups of 3 to 11.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Seringia cacaobrunnea is a bushy, suckering shrub that typically grows up to 0.4–1.0 m (1 ft 4 in – 3 ft 3 in) high and 0.5–1 m (1 ft 8 in – 3 ft 3 in) wide, its young growth covered with dark brown, star-shaped hairs. The leaves are oblong to elliptic, 5–30 mm (0.20–1.18 in) long and 3–8 mm (0.12–0.31 in) wide on a petiole 1–5 mm (0.039–0.197 in) long, with narrow stipules up to 4 mm (0.16 in) long at the base. The upper surface of the leaves is more or less glabrous and the lower surface is covered with rust-coloured, star-shaped hairs. The flowers are purple, 12–15 mm (0.47–0.59 in) wide, borne in groups of 3 to 11 on a peduncle 2–8 mm (0.079–0.315 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 4–12 mm (0.16–0.47 in) long with rust-coloured bracts 4–10 mm (0.16–0.39 in) long at the base. The sepals are purple, 8–11 mm (0.31–0.43 in) and joined at the base for about half their length, and there are no petals. The staminodes are 2 mm (0.079 in) long, and the anthers are slightly shorter than the filaments. Flowering occurs from May to January, with a peak in September.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Seringia cacaobrunnea was first formally described in 2016 by Carolyn F. Wilkins in Australian Systematic Botany from specimens collected near the Norseman to Esperance Road in 2010. The specific epithet (cacaobrunnea) means \"chocolate-brown\" and refers to the hairs on the foliage.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Chocolate fire-bush grows in mallee heath and woodland in isolated populations near Ravensthorpe, Lake King, Mukinbudin and east of Salmon Gums in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Esperance Plains and Mallee bioregions of south-western Western Australia.", "title": "Distribution and habitat" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The species has been listed as \"not threatened\" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.", "title": "Conservation" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Barsoum Looking for a Job is a 1923 Egyptian silent film written and directed by Mohammed Bayoumi. It stars Bishara Wakim.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Barsoum looks for work to feed himself on a newspaper that costs him nothing. Barsoum collects newspapers thrown by a girl by the window. A boy enters the abandoned house where the protagonist sleeps in a straw den, but is beaten by a man who surprises him as he leaves. Barsoum makes the sign of the cross and prays in front of sacred Christian images and the photo of revolution leader Saad Zaghloul. Barsoum does not find bread and is in despair. Barsoum is invited to eat with another man by a wealthy gentleman and they eat with voraciousness and hunger, to the point of raising the food from the fork to the landlord and to a girl who is at the table.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The topic of this movie is an appeal for tolerance between Muslims and Christians in Egypt during the 1919 Revolution. We see Barsoum pray in front of a photograph of Saint Mary, under which there are the crescent, the cross, and the photograph of Saad Zaghloul, the leader of the revolution, showing the motto of unity between Muslims and Christians, one of the slogans of the revolution.", "title": "Overview" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1982 All-Southwest Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Southwest Conference teams for the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season. The selectors for the 1982 season included the Associated Press (AP).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "AP = Associated Press", "title": "Key" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jonathan I. Epstein is an American pathologist and physician-scientist who is the Reinhard Professor of Urologic Pathology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. He is director of surgical pathology at Johns Hopkins Hospital.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Epstein earned a B.A. and M.D. (1981) from Boston University. He completed a residency in anatomic pathology at Johns Hopkins Hospital and a fellowship in oncological pathology at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Epstein joined the faculty at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 1985. He is the Reinhard Professor of Urologic Pathology. He was president of the International Society of Urologic Pathology. He is the director of surgical pathology at Johns Hopkins Hospital. In May 2023, Epstein was placed on administrative leave.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2014, Epstein married pathologist Hillary Epstein in Big Sur.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Raheel Kamran Sheikh (Urdu: راحیل کامران شیخ, born 21 January 1974), is a Pakistani jurist and has been serving as a Justice at the Lahore High Court since 7 May 2021.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sheikh is a law graduate of the London School of Economics and a Barrister of the Middle Temple.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Sheikh was admitted as an Advocate of the High Courts on 22 April 2000 and as an Advocate of the Supreme Court of Pakistan (SCP) on 27 September 2012. Throughout his legal career, Sheikh was elected as a Member of the Pakistan Bar Council (PBC), serving a five-year term (2016-2020). He held the positions of Chairman of the Human Rights Committee and Member of the Executive Committee during his tenure. Sheikh's legal practice encompassed various areas, including public law, commercial law, taxation, regulatory regimes, white-collar crimes, and human rights.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He firmly supports the involvement of Parliament in the appointment of judges. In line with this stance, on 10 June 2017, as a senior member of PBC, he advocated for Parliament's role in appointing an ad hoc judge for the International Court of Justice to preside over the Kulbhushan Jadhav case, rather than leaving the decision solely to the government.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In his capacity as a PBC member, on 24 July 2018, he insisted that a full SCP bench should adjudicate a case involving Islamabad High Court judge Shaukat Aziz Siddiqui. Siddiqui had accused the then head of Inter-Services Intelligence, General Faiz Hameed, of influencing the court proceedings against former Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Sheikh took on the role of additional justice at Lahore High Court (LHC) on 7 May 2021. The Judicial Commission of Pakistan, led by then Chief Justice of Pakistan Umar Ata Bandial, officially sanctioned his appointment as a permanent judge of LHC on 13 October 2022. He subsequently formally pledged as a permanent judge of LHC on 4 November 2022.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Percy was a Canadian technology company that specialized in providing virtual cashier services. The company's system utilized videotelephony technology to employ remote workers, often from developing countries. It was based in Toronto, Canada.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Percy was founded in 2021 by Matthew Corrin, Angela Argo, and Ali Aqueel. The concept of Percy originated as a response to staffing shortages experienced by Freshii, a fast-food chain. It was named after the character of the \"reliable and eager-to-please\" tank engine from the children's television series Thomas and Friends. In an effort to mitigate these challenges, Matthew Corrin, then-CEO of Freshii, initiated a pilot project in November 2021. The project involved the deployment of Percy devices: video-calling units attached to cash registers at selected Freshii locations. These devices would activate when customers approached, connecting them to cashiers who were physically located in distant locations, such as a call center in Bolivia, Nicaragua, and Pakistan.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The remote cashiers, equipped with headsets, managed customer orders from their offshore locations. This system allowed for operational cost savings, as the wages paid to these virtual cashiers were significantly lower than the minimum wage in Ontario. Despite being part of the customer service process, these remote employees were distinctly separated from the on-site staff who performed tasks such as food preparation and maintenance.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In February 2022, after its initial testing and development phase, Percy was officially launched.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In January 2023, Crazy Pita, a local restaurant in Las Vegas, started using Percy.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In August 2023, Freshii announced its decision to discontinue the use of its virtual cashier system, Percy.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Freshii, a user of Percy virtual cashier system, faced controversy for replacing some Ontario-based in-store cashiers with Nicaraguan workers operating remotely, at a wage of $3.75 per hour. Labor organizations, including the Canadian Labour Congress, condemned the move, highlighting the negative impact on local employment and international labour laws.", "title": "Controversy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Priffe or Preference is a classic Swedish, trick-taking card game for four players who form two teams of two. It is an elaboration of Whist that involves bidding, but this is a different form from that in American Bid Whist. Together with Vira, Priffe was one of the most common card games in Sweden until superseded by Bridge.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The aim of each team is to win as many tricks as possible in a trump or suit game. In the misère contract, called Noll, the goal is to take as few tricks as possible.", "title": "Rules" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Players draw lots (e.g. by cutting the pack) and the player who draws the highest card becomes the first dealer; the one with the second highest becomes forehand (the player to the dealer's left), the player with the third highest is the dealer's partner and the player with the lowest card, partners with forehand.", "title": "Rules" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The players in each pair sit opposite one another and compete against the other pair. In a classic game of Priffe, the players rotate so that everyone partners everyone else. In this way, an individual winner can finally be selected.", "title": "Rules" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "A hand begins with all cards being dealt so that the players receive 13 cards each.", "title": "Rules" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Forehand opens a single round of bidding which proceeds clockwise, everyone getting to make one bid. To help with bidding, there is a table of \"honour tricks\" (Honnörsstickstabell).", "title": "Bidding" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Honours: A K Q J 10 ht = honour trick + = 1/4 hs X = low card", "title": "Bidding" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "2+ht: A K Q in same suit 2 ht: A K (if J, if 10) in same suit 1½ht: A Q (if J, if 10) in same suit 1+ht: A J 10/X of same suit or K Q J of same suit or solo A 1 ht: A J in same suit or K Q in same suit or K J 10 in same suit ½+ht: K J X in same suit ½ ht: K J/X in same suit or Q J 10/X in same suit + ht: Q J/10/X of same suit or solo K/Q/J", "title": "Bidding" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The possibles in descending order are:", "title": "Bidding" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "A bid may not be announced if a higher bid has already been made. \"Pass\" is the only exception, as it can be called at any time. If any player bids \"Play\", the game starts at once and the remaining players may not bid. The last bid announced becomes the final bid and the team that called it the bid become the declarers. If the final bid is Spades or Clubs, a forced Noll is played, played as a normal Noll but neither team are the declarers.", "title": "Bidding" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "When the bidding is over, it will have resulted in one of the following five contracts:", "title": "Bidding" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "1. Forced Noll - everyone passed, and teams now aim to take as few tricks as possible 2. Diamonds - Diamonds was the highest bid; the declarers must now take as many tricks as possible with Diamonds as trump 3. Hearts - Hearts was the highest bid; the declarers must now take as many tricks as possible with Hearts as trump 4. Noll - Noll was the highest bid; the declarers must now take as few tricks as possible 5. Play - the team whose player announced \"play\" must now take as many tricks as possible with no trumps", "title": "Bidding" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Players must follow suit if able. The highest card of the led suit wins the trick, unless a trump was played in which case the highest trump wins. It does not matter which of the pair wins the trick. The declaring side is playing for the game. This means that it is extra important for them to take more (or fewer in a Noll) tricks than the other team, as the defenders get twice as many points if they manage to take home more (or fewer in a Noll) than half of the tricks. If there is a tie, both teams have the same chance to score.", "title": "Bidding" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The point system in Priffe is based on a certain amount that must be reached before the pairs rotate. The number of rounds can therefore vary from time to time.", "title": "Bidding" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "A rubber is completed when either team has won two games. In partnership games, the declaring side score 10 for every trick over 6 and an extra 10 for taking 6 overtricks (little slam) and an extra 20 for taking 7 overtricks (big slam). If the declarers lose, the defenders win double.", "title": "Bidding" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "In a Noll, each trick below 7 scores 10 points; double if the declarers lose.", "title": "Bidding" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "In addition, points are awarded for honours. Which cards count as honours depends on the contract (see table). Honours score bonus points as follows:", "title": "Bidding" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "If a team, after scoring, has 30 or more points, they make the \"first exit\" and score an additional 10 bonus points. If that team later scores more than 40 additional points, they make \"second exit\" and receive 20 bonus points.", "title": "Bidding" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "As a team achieves a second exit, players rotate, individual points are scored and a new rubber starts. Individual points are scored as follows: The points for each team are scored and the team with the higher score wins. The losers subtract their total from that of the winners and the result is divided by ten. This is then added to each winner's total and subtracted from each loser.", "title": "Bidding" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "If you play several rubbers, you change places, with a second rubber, the dealer and forehand stay put and the other two change places. Typically six rubbers are played allowing each player to team up with every other one twice. The player with the highest individual score at the end is the overall winner.", "title": "Bidding" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "A slightly different scoring system is as follows:", "title": "Bidding" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The men's 54 kg competition of the powerlifting events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 19 at the Chimkowe Gym in Santiago, Chile.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:", "title": "Records" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The results were as follows:", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Vladislav Ivanovich Yegorov (Russian: Владислав Иванович Егоров; born on 8 September 1969), is a Russian politician who is currently a member of the State Duma of the eighth convocation from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation since 13 Decmber 2023. He is the First Secretary of the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1992, he graduated with honors from the Faculty of History of Nizhny Novgorod State University. N.I. Lobachevsky, awarded the academic degree of Candidate of Philosophical Sciences in 1996.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1996, he began his career at Nizhny Novgorod State University. N.I. Lobachevsky from the position of assistant at the department of social philosophy. Since 2001, for 14 years, he worked part-time as a senior lecturer at the faculties of law, history, philology, and the faculty of international relations of Nizhny Novgorod State University. N.I. Lobachevsky.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "From 2001 to 2003, he had been an assistant to a deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly. From 2003 to 2005 he worked in socio-political organizations. In 2006, he was elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast of the 4th convocation, and served as deputy chairman of the committee on rules and parliamentary ethics.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On December 13, 2023, the Central Election Commission, transferred the mandate of Vladimir Blotsky, who had prematurely terminated his parliamentary powers, to the first secretary of the Nizhny Novgorod regional branch of the party, Yegorov.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "“The vacant mandate of a deputy of the State Duma of the eighth convocation was transferred to Vladislav Egorov (Communist Party of the Russian Federation) in connection with the early termination of the powers of Vladimir Blotsky,” the message says.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Gaza Strip faced a preterm birth crisis during the 2023 Gaza humanitarian crisis. The situation escalated when the Israeli Defense Forces raided Al-Shifa Hospital, Al-Nasr Children's Hospital, and Kamal Adwan Hospital. Reports of premature babies in intensive care, added to concerns about the rising number of preterm births in Gaza. The newborns gained global attention.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Starting on 21 October, Medical Aid for Palestinians and UNICEF issued an \"urgent warning\" that 130 premature babies would die if fuel did not reach Gaza hospitals soon. On 23 October, officials in Gaza confirmed that that due to the Israeli siege on fuel, when hospitals lost electricity, premature babies in NICUs were at risk of death.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On 11 November, IDF spokesman Daniel Hagari stated the army would help evacuate babies from al-Shifa Hospital, but a Gaza Health Ministry spokesman stated Israel had not provided \"any mechanism to get the babies out to a safer hospital.\" The same day, Physicians for Human Rights stated two premature babies had died due to the loss of electricity. Two additional babies died soon after. The babies were reported to be suffering from severe hypoglycemia — insufficient blood sugar.", "title": "Al-Shifa Hospital" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 15 November, Israel launched a raid on al-Shifa Hospital, where three dozen premature babies were still sheltering. The director of Al-Shifa stated Israel's claim to provide incubators to premature babies was false. One mother reported believing that her premature son was going to die. On 19 November, 31 premature babies at al-Shifa were evacuated by the Palestinian Red Crescent, WHO, and UNOCHA to southern Gaza. They were planned to be moved to Egypt with their families the following day. On 20 November, 28 of the babies were evacuated to Egypt. Only eight were accompanied by their parents, as the others were orphans, or their parents were unable to leave Gaza. At least two sets of parents were reunited with their babies in Egypt after being added to an urgent list of medical travelers. In total, eight babies were reported dead at al-Shifa.", "title": "Al-Shifa Hospital" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On 10 November, Doctors Without Borders reported that evacuating medical workers at Al-Nasr Children's Hospital had to leave babies in incubators after the IDF bombed the pediatric hospital. On 29 November, video footage from Al-Nasr showed the aftermath of the hospital's evacuation, with the five premature babies dead still in their incubators. The Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor confirmed the Al-Nasr infants' deaths. They stated the IDF had indicated to hospital staff they would evacuate the babies, though the IDF denied any involvement. In a recording of a phone call between COGAT and a medical official, the IDF official confirmed ambulances would retrieve patients from al-Nasr, but hospital officials stated the ambulances never arrived. The Red Cross stated they were \"devastated\" by the footage and denied they were responsible for their abandonment.", "title": "Al-Nasr Children’s Hospital" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In mid-December, Israel began a military siege and raid on the Kamal Adwan hospital. On 14 December, the Gaza Health Ministry reported IDF soldiers had prevented medical staff from continuing support to 12 babies in intensive care. Three premature babies had died at Kamal Adwan in November following a power outage.", "title": "Kamal Adwan Hospital" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "A pediatric doctor at the Emirati Hospital in Rafah, stated the number of premature babies born in Gaza had risen sharply. On 23 November, Oxfam stated the number of premature births had risen by nearly one-third due to factors like stress and trauma.", "title": "Rise in preterm births" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Statue of Atatürk may refer to the following monuments to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "AIFA will be the northern terminus of a branch of the Tren Suburbano. It will be located in the Municipality of Zumpango, State of Mexico. The station is expected to be opened in 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The terminal will be housed in the basement of the user parking building. It will provide a fast and efficient service to passengers and employees of Felipe Ángeles International Airport (AIFA), transporting them in a comfortable and safe way between Mexico City and the State of Mexico.", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The station will cover an area of almost 12,000 square meters, and it will have elevators, escalators, service stairs, and closed circuit television and equipment.", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The terminal will be connected to Lines I, II and IV of the Mexibús.", "title": "Connections" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The stations on Line I to connect with the station are: Loma Bonita, Ozumbilla, San Francisco, Hueyotenco, Tecámac, Haciendas del Bosque (location to be defined), Glorieta Militar, Combustibles, Hacienda and Passenger Terminal.", "title": "Connections" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Furthermore, to connect the station with Line IV, an extension is planned from the Universidad Mexiquense terminal to AIFA, thus connecting from La Raza in Mexico City to the Aerodrome. It is expected to use the new road on the way to Tonanitla, which has not yet been delivered.", "title": "Connections" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kyzyltash may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "David A. Asch is an American physician-scientist and academic administrator serving as the senior vice dean for strategic initiatives at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. He is the John Morgan professor of medicine.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Asch earned a A.B. from Harvard College in 1980. He completed an M.D. from Cornell University in 1984. He earned a M.B.A. from Wharton School in 1989.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Asch is the senior vice dean for strategic initiatives and the John Morgan professor of medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. He is a professor of health care management and professor of operations, information, and decisions at Wharton School.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Habib Muhammad Hanif bin Abdurrahman Alatas (Arabic: محمد حنيف بن عبد الرحمن العطاس, romanized: Muḥammad Ḥanīf bin ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān al-Aṭṭās; most commonly known as Habib Hanif; born January 13, 1993) is an Indonesian Islamic cleric, preacher and activist of the Islamic Defenders Front (Indonesian: Front Pembela Islam, abbreviated as FPI). He is the son-in-law of the founder and high priest of FPI, Habib Muhammad Rizieq Shihab. He married Sharifah Zulfa Shihab, Rizieq's daughter, on August 17, 2016. FPI was disbanded by the Indonesian government on December 30, 2020, but its sympathizers then founded a new FPI organization with the acronym Islamic Brotherhood Front (Indonesian: Front Persaudaraan Islam). In 2022, a new FPI management was formed, Hanif himself then served as secretary of the shuro council of the FPI central board.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Hanif was born in Petamburan, Tanah Abang, Central Jakarta on 20 Rajab 1413 AH as the first of four children of Habib Abdurrahman Alatas and Sharifah Fadhilah binti Ahmadun Alatas. Both of them are native residents of Petamburan, Central Jakarta, but later moved to the Kembangan area, West Jakarta. His father, Abdurrahman, was one of the figures and founders of the Islamic Defenders Front when it was first formed in 1998.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Statue of James Cook may refer to the following monuments to Captain James Cook:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Monte San Martino, also known as Svet Martin in Slovene, is a mountain of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy, with an elevation of 987 metres (3,238 ft). It is located in the Julian Prealps, in the Province of Udine.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It lies in the territory of the Grimacco, between the Cosizza and Alberone valleys, next to the Priavelo pass (663 m), from which its peak can be reached through a dirt road or a hiking path. A small Romanesque church dedicated to Saint Martin (San Martino), dating to the 13th century, is located just below the summit, while a small mountain hut (Baita CAI Val Natisone) was built in 2016 on its slopes, near Priavelo pass.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In April 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence, volunteers of the Republic of San Marco took control of the mountain and exploited its commanding position to halt the advance of Austrian troops heading towards Udine. They laid down their arms after the fall of Udine rendered their resistance pointless.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "A traditional festival of the local Slovene minority is held at the church of San Martino every year, on the third Sunday of September.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Martine Trollsås Fenger (born October 9, 2006) is a Norwegian footballer who plays as a striker for Barcelona.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Fenger attended WANG School in Norway.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Fenger played for Norwegian side Kolbotn, where she was regarded as one of the club's most important players.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Fenger has represented Norway internationally at youth level.", "title": "International career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Australia–Palestine relations refer to foreign relations between Australia and the State of Palestine. Australia does not recognise the State of Palestine but does support a two state solution.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Australia has a representative office in Ramallah, West Bank. The Australian government often takes a pro-Israel and anti-Palestine stance.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Australia–Palestine relationship started in 1982 with the establishment of a Palestinian information office in Australia at Canberra.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2012 Australia voted for making Palestine a Non-Member Observer State in the United Nations.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Riad Malki, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Palestine visited Australia in 2015. Tony Abbott withdrew Australian opposition to Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Malcolm Turnbull criticised United Nations resolutions against settlement activities. In 2018 Australia recognised Jerusalem as the capital of Israel after Guatemala and the United States.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2021 the Australian Labor Party incorporated Palestinian Statehood in its election platform. From 2022 to 2023 Australia provided US$11.0 million to the Palestinian territories and US$12.9 million to United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. In October 2022 the Australian government under Anthony Albanese reversed the recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and restarted using the term Occupied Palestinian Territories. It also confirmed that the Australian embassy to Israel will remain in Jerusalem. This move was criticised by representatives of the Australian Jewish community, including the Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council, but welcomed by the Palestinian community and Mohammed Shtayyeh, Prime Minister of Palestine.Shanahan, Rodger (2023-08-09). \"Australian politics and the Israeli–Palestinian issue\". The Strategist. Retrieved 2023-12-25.</ref> It was also criticised by Peter Dutton, leader of opposition, Zionist Federation of Australia, Executive Council of Australian Jewry, and the government of Israel. It marked a \"modest\" change in the Australian government's policy towards Palestine under the Australian Labor Party. The majority of Australians support the establishment of a Palestinian State according to a 2022 poll.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "During the 2023 Israel–Hamas war a poll by the Guardian Essential found Australians wanted their government to provide aid to the Palestinians. The Australian government defended Israel's right to defend itself and retaliate. It called for the release of hostages taken by Hamas. Gareth Evans, and Bob Carr have called on Australia to recognise Palestine. Palestine Action Group organised protests against the war in Australia. The Palestinian Authority was critical of the Australian government's response to the conflict.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mohammad Torabi (Persian: محمد ترابی; born 16 September 1992 in Isfahan) is an Iranian professional basketball player for Palayesh Naft Abadan of the Iranian Basketball Super League.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mohammad Torabi on Instagram", "title": "Other Websites" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This article has no link in Wikidata", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Statue of William Shakespeare may refer to the following monuments to William Shakespeare:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Stegastes baldwini, is a damselfish of the family Pomacentridae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It is endemic to the waters surrounding Clipperton Island in the eastern Pacific Ocean. It is found on rocky reefs at depths ranging from 1 to 5 m (3 ft 3 in to 16 ft 5 in).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Edmond Sylvestre Polynice was a Haitian military and political figure who served as interim President of Haiti twice in 1914.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In the 1910s, Haiti experienced a severe political crisis. These turbulent years were marked by successive ephemeral governments and Cacos revolts. After the deaths of generals Cincinnatus Leconte and Tancrède Auguste, civilian Michel Oreste was elected president in 1913. He was forced to resign on January 27, 1914, because of an insurrectional coup led by the Zamor's cacos. Edmond Polynice temporarily assumed power in Haiti, presiding over a civil-military committee responsible for maintaining order after Michel Oreste's departure, ruling from January 27 to February 8. Polynice transferred power to Oreste Zamor, after the National Assembly elected him as president. After Zamor's fall in the same year, Polynice took power again with an interim committee, ruling from October 29 to November 6, transferring the presidency to Joseph Davilmar Théodore.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Edmond Polynice, together with Charles de Delva and Herman Robin, formed a revolutionary plot against President Vilbrun Guillaume Sam which culminated in the early hours of July 27, in an attack on the National Palace. Cornered, President Sam took refuge in the French Legation. In retaliation, Sam's loyal police chief, Charles Oscar Étienne, ordered the execution of political prisoners. Polynice, who lost three sons during the executions, appeared in person at the Dominican Legation, finding Charles Oscar Étienne and shoot him dead. Around the same time, a mob invades the French Legation and kills the President Sam.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "After the murder of Vilbrun Sam, Polynice became a member of the Revolutionary Committee (28 July to 11 August 1915, led by Charles de Delva). In fact, the committee only controlled the country's capital, Port-au-Prince, and its activities took place against the backdrop of the American invasion of Haiti and the rebellion of revolutionary Rosalvo Bobo. Polynice was part of a special commission that negotiated with Bobo. In August, the committee transferred power to Philippe Dartiguenave.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "José Quiroga may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Theodore L. DeWeese is an American radiation oncologist and academic administrator who is the fifteenth Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the third chief executive officer of Johns Hopkins Hospital.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "DeWeese was raised in a housing project in Denver. He earned a M.D. from the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center in 1990.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "DeWeese is a past president of the American Association for Radiation Oncology. Following Paul B. Rothman's retirement, in the summer of 2022, DeWeese became the interim dean of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and CEO of Johns Hopkins Hospital. He assumed the roles on a permanent basis in December 2023.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Strane may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sydenham John Somers-Cox MC (18 July 1895 – 1972) was a South African first-class cricketer and an officer in both the British Army and the British Indian Army.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The son of Sydenham Easton Southall-Cox, he was born at Johannesburg in July 1895. Upon the outbreak of the First World War, he joined the British Army from the Royal Military College as a second lieutenant with the Worcestershire Regiment in May 1915. He was made a temporary captain in September 1915, prior to being appointed an adjutant and temporary lieutenant in November 1915; he gained the full rank of lieutenant in October 1916. Somers-Cox was awarded the Military Cross in November 1916, for conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty when he organised the defence of his lines following the deaths of his commanding officer and senior ranked comrades, doing so with courage and fearlessness. In July 1918, he was appointed to the British Indian Army as a lieutenant with the 97th Deccan Infantry. In India, he made a single appearance in first-class cricket for the Europeans against the Parsees at Bombay in 1917–18 Bombay Quadrangular. Batting twice in the match, he was dismissed for a single run in the Europeans first innings by M. B. Vatcha, while in their second innings he was unbeaten on a single run. Opening the bowling in the Parsees first innings, he took the wicket of Hormasji Kanga for the cost of 39 runs from seven overs.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Somers-Cox commanded a company in the 129th Baluchis until February 1919, by which point the war had ended. In May 1919, he was promoted to captain, followed by promotion to major in May 1933. Following a period as an instructor in the 1930s, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in October 1937. After serving in the Second World War, he retired from the BIA in July 1946. Somers-Cox later retired to the Salisbury suburb of Borrowdale in Rhodesia in 1972.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Onion Book of Known Knowledge is a satirical encyclopaedia written by the staff of The Onion, an American satirical newspaper. The book was published by Little, Brown and Company on October 23, 2012.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The book satirizes topics in a wide range of fields, including politics, history, entertainment, medicine and religion.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "According to Onion editor Will Tracy, the writing process saw the team listing down various topics they felt had to be covered, such as God and World War II. Once these topics were written, the writers were then given the freedom to write about any other topic they wanted. The writers also scattered various inside jokes throughout the book.", "title": "Development" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Written by the staff of The Onion, the book was published by Little, Brown and Company on October 23, 2012. An audiobook version narrated by Avery Sandford and June Bunt was also released that year by Hachette Audio.", "title": "Publication history" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Kirkus Reviews thought the book was \"well worth dipping into\" and praised its artwork in particular. AudioFile's W.M. noted some of the jokes \"wear a bit thin\", but found the book funny and entertaining as a whole. The Daily Telegraph's Madeline Healy was impressed by the writers' ability to maintain a consistent voice throughout the book.", "title": "Critical reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Marcos Quiroga may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Loteprednol/tobramycin, sold under the brand name Zylet, is a fixed-dose combination medication used for the treatment of inflammation of the eye. It is a combination of loteprednol, as the etabonate, a corticosteroid; and tobramycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. It is used as drops in the eye.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Loteprednol/tobramycin was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2004.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Further reading" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Warrego Highway state-controlled roads presents information about how the Warrego Highway is described for administrative and funding purposes by the Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads, and about the state-controlled roads that intersect with it.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Warrego Highway runs from Ipswich to Charleville in Queensland, Australia. It is a state-controlled road, divided into seven sections for administrative and funding purposes. Six of the seven sections (numbers 18A to 18F) are part of the National Highway, while section 18G is a regional road. The sections are:", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The following state-controlled roads intersect with section 18A:", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18A)" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Details of above roads not described in another article are shown below.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18A)" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Riverview–Moggill Ferry Road (Riverview Road) is a state-controlled district road (number 916). It runs from the Warrego Highway in Riverview to Moggill Sub–Arterial Road (Moggill Ferry Road) in Riverview, a distance of 2.0 kilometres (1.2 mi). It does not intersect with any state-controlled roads.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18A)" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "River Road (Queensland) is a state-controlled district road (number 309). It runs from the Warrego Highway in Riverview to the Cunningham Highway in Dinmore, a distance of 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi). It intersects with Ipswich–Cunningham Highway Connection Road (Brisbane Road) in Dinmore.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18A)" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Mount Crosby Road is a state-controlled district road (number 3042), rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It runs from the Ipswich–Warrego Highway Connection Road (Downs Street) in North Ipswich to the Moggill Sub–Arterial Road (Moggill Road) in Pinjarra Hills, a distance of 19.6 kilometres (12.2 mi). This road carries the State Route 37 shield. It intersects with the Warrego Highway on the North Tivoli / Chuwar boundary.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18A)" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Ipswich–Warrego Highway Connection Road is a state-controlled district road (number 302), rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It runs from the Ipswich–Cunningham Highway Connection Road (Brisbane Street / Limestone Street) in Ipswich to the Warrego Highway in Brassall, a distance of 7.4 kilometres (4.6 mi). This road carries the State Route 38 shield. It intersects with Mount Crosby Road in North Ipswich.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18A)" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Haigslea–Amberley Road is a state-controlled district road (number 3041), rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It runs from the Warrego Highway on the Haigslea / Ironbark / Walloon tripoint to the Ipswich–Rosewood Road in Amberley, a distance of 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi). It intersects with Karrabin–Rosewood Road in Amberley.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18A)" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Rosewood–Marburg Road is a state-controlled district road (number 303), rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It runs from the Ipswich–Rosewood Road in Rosewood to the Warrego Highway in Marburg, a distance of 10.5 kilometres (6.5 mi). It intersects with Rosewood–Laidley Road and Karrabin–Rosewood Road in Rosewood.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18A)" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Laidley–Plainland Road is a state-controlled district road (number 311), part of which is rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It runs from the Rosewood–Laidley Road in Laidley to the Warrego Highway in Plainland, a distance of 8.6 kilometres (5.3 mi). It intersects with Gatton–Laidley Road in Laidley.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18A)" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Murphys Creek Road is a state-controlled district road (number 4104), rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It runs from the New England Highway in Blue Mountain Heights to the Warrego Highway (Toowoomba Connection Road – see below) in Postmans Ridge, a distance of 24.6 kilometres (15.3 mi). It does not intersect with any state-controlled roads.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18A)" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Officially, section 18A follows what is now known as Toowoomba Connection Road to its intersection with the New England Highway, where section 18B commences. The Toowoomba Second Range Crossing is now part of the National Highway, and is gazetted as road 319. It is planned to gazette the Toowoomba Connection Road as number 315.", "title": "Status of Toowoomba roads" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The following state-controlled roads intersect with section 18B:", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18B)" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Details of above roads not described in another article are shown below.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18B)" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Charlton Connection Road (Troys Road) is a state-controlled district road (number 320). It runs from the Warrego Highway (Toowoomba Connection Road) in Charlton to Toowoomba–Cecil Plains Road in Charlton, a distance of 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi). It does not intersect with any state-controlled roads.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18B)" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "The following state-controlled roads intersect with section 18C:", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18C)" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Details of above roads not described in another article are shown below.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18C)" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Warra–Canaga Creek Road is a state-controlled district road (number 4201), rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It runs from the Warrego Highway in Warra to Chinchilla–Wondai Road on the Canaga / Langlands midpoint, a distance of 30.9 kilometres (19.2 mi). It does not intersect with any state-controlled roads.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18C)" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "Auburn Road (Queensland) is a state-controlled district road (number 4261), rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It runs from the Warrego Highway in Chinchilla to Auburn Road in Auburn, a distance of 104 kilometres (65 mi). It does not intersect with any state-controlled roads. Auburn Road continues north as a local road to Sujeewong, where it transitions to Redbank Road. This continues north to an intersection with Eidsvold–Theodore Road in Eidsvold West.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18C)" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "The following state-controlled roads intersect with section 18D:", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18D)" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "Details of above roads not described in another article are shown below.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18D)" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "Jackson–Wandoan Road is a state-controlled district road (number 4302), rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It runs from the Warrego Highway in Jackson to the Leichhardt Highway in Wandoan, a distance of 81.2 kilometres (50.5 mi). It does not intersect with any state-controlled roads.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18D)" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "The following state-controlled roads intersect with section 18E:", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18E)" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "Details of the above roads are shown below.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18E)" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "Mitchell–Forestvale Road is a state-controlled district road (number 4403), rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It runs from the Warrego Highway in Mitchell to Mount Moffatt Road in Forestvale, a distance of 67.8 kilometres (42.1 mi). It does not intersect with any state-controlled roads.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18E)" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "Mitchell–St George Road is a state-controlled district road (number 355), rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It runs from the Warrego Highway in Mitchell to the Balonne Highway in St George, a distance of 203 kilometres (126 mi). It does not intersect with any state-controlled roads.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Section 18E)" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "Section 18F ends at an intersection with the Landsborough Highway in Morven, and section 18G ends at an intersection with the Mitchell Highway in Charleville.", "title": "Intersecting state-controlled roads (Sections 18F and 18G)" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "IBM Heron is a 133-qubit tunable-coupler quantum processor created by IBM, unveiled during the IBM Quantum Summit 2023, which occurred on 4 December 2023, and is the highest performance quantum processor IBM has ever built.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It is currently in use on the IBM Quantum System Two, unveiled during the same event.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "IBM claims that this processor eliminates crosstalk errors that emerged in their previous quantum processors, and that this processor is being made available for users via the cloud.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "It is reportedly 5 times faster than their previous best record set by the IBM Eagle.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Facundo Quiroga (1788-1835), Argentine caudillo", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Facundo Quiroga may also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. is a collection of photographs and ephemera related to the American Civil War. The bulk of the collection is ambrotypes, tintypes, and cartes de visite of individual soldiers and officers from both sides of the conflict.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The collection, still in progress, has been assembled and donated by McLean, Virginia business owner Tom Liljenquist and his three sons, Jason Liljenquist, Brandon Liljenquist, and Christian Liljenquist. Liljenquist owns four jewelry and watch boutiques in the Delmarva area of the United States. The family assembled the first 700 items in the archive through online auctions and visiting Civil War memorabilia vendors. Research into a drummer boy from Maine who wrote of serving three years \"with the greatest army that was ever known\" and died at age 21 of complications from malaria was part of what inspired the Liljenquists to donate their assembled collection to the Library. Ambrotypes, an early photographic process with a unique \"tonality,\" were an early focus of the family collection. The collection now numbers more than 7,000 items and the family continues to make donations of new items.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Liljenquist Collection was the basis of the 2011 Library of Congress exhibit The Last Full Measure: Civil War Photographs from the Liljenquist Family Collection, which was organized to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the beginning of the American Civil War. Many of the photographs have been dispersed over time from their families of origin and lack identifications, so the Library of Congress created a Flickr stream and has a contact email for the collection, as it is actively soliciting potential IDs from genealogists and volunteer Civil War researchers. Community identifications have been made, either tentatively, or conclusively, such as a \"famous\" photo of a Confederate that was initially cataloged as unidentified but that was familiar to hard-core Georgia historians, and a group photograph that was connected with Company H of the 124th New York Volunteer Infantry—an image, as it happened, that included both a future Congressman and a Medal of Honor winner.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Patrick B. Roberson is a United States Army Major General, serving as the Deputy Commanding General of", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "United States Army Special Operations Command since August 2022. He previously served as Commanding General, United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School from August 2019 to August 2022, and as Commander of Special Operations Joint Task Force-Operation Inherent Resolve Iraq and Syria July 2018 and June 2019.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Roberson attended the Minnesota State University, Mankato and graduated in 1990 with a Bachelor of Science degree in political science, and was commissioned from the Maverick ROTC Battalion as a second lieutenant into the Infantry Branch. His initial assignment was with the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment at Fort Liberty as a rifle platoon leader, then a heavy weapons platoon leader, and finally as a company executive officer.", "title": "Military career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1994, Roberson volunteered for US Army Special Forces. Upon completion of the Special Forces Qualification Course, Roberson served in 10th Special Forces Group (Airborne) as a Detachment Commander in Iraq during Operation Provide Comfort and in Bosnia-Herzegovina during Operation Joint Guard. He served as a Company Commander in Task Force Viking, a Battalion Executive Officer, and as the Battalion Commander of a Special Operations Task Force in Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom", "title": "Military career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Following Battalion Command in 2010, Roberson attended the School of Advanced Military Studies War College Fellowship and then assumed command of 3rd Special Forces Group (Airborne) at Fort Liberty. A significant part of this time was spent in Afghanistan as the Commander of CJSOTF Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. Upon completion of command, he was selected to serve as the United States Army Special Operations Command Chief of Staff.", "title": "Military career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2015, Roberson was assigned as Deputy Commanding General-Operations, 1st Special Forces Command (Airborne) . He then served as the Deputy Commanding General for Special Operations Joint Task Force Operation Inherent Resolve in Iraq and Syria. Following this, he took the position of Deputy Chief of Staff G-3/5/7, United States Army Reserve Command at Fort Liberty. His follow-on assignment was as Commanding General Special Operations Joint Task Force Operation Inherent Resolve in Iraq and Syria from 2018-2019.", "title": "Military career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Roberson was assigned as Commander, United States John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School in August 2019. His current assignment is as the Deputy Commanding General of the United States Army Special Operations Command.", "title": "Military career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Fremantle Football Club season is the club's 30th season of senior competition in the Australian Football League (AFL).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Players are listed by guernsey number, and 2023 statistics are for AFL regular season and finals series matches during the 2023 AFL season only. Career statistics include a player's complete AFL career, which, as a result, means that a player's debut and part or whole of their career statistics may be for another club. Statistics are correct as of round 24, 2023 and are taken from AFL Tables.", "title": "Squad" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Streatham is a district in south London, England.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Streatham may also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "West Zone (Hungarian: Nyugati övezet) is a 1952 Hungarian spy thriller film directed by Zoltán Várkonyi and starring Artúr Somlay, Ádám Szirtes and Sándor Pécsi. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Mátyás Varga.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Template:Zoltán Várkonyi", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Greg Mendez is an American indie rock musician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mendez released an EP, Shrug, in 2017. Mendez released an album in 2018 titled & Gum Trash\". In 2023, Mendez released his latest self-titled album. Mendez's self-titled album brought him considerably more attention than prior releases. Upon its release, the album was named one of \"10 New Albums You Should Listen To Now\" by Pitchfork.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Surbiton is a suburban neighbourhood in South West London, England.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Surbiton may also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "FKU IK-3 of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia for the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, also known as Polar Wolf, is a men’s high security corrective labor colony located in the village of Kharp in the Priuralsky District in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. It has an occupancy limit of 1,085 people. (1,050 by another source).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The colony was founded on 21 August 1961 on the former camp unit of the 501st Gulag construction site. It was initially known as “YATs-34/3”.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1964, the first residential buildings for convicts, a medical unit, a boiler room, a bathhouse, a laundry, a dormitory for the colony-settlement section, and a central checkpoint building were built. From 1966 to July 1970, the convicts worked in quarries, loading sand and gravel for filling the railway track. In 1964, the first permanent building was built in the village. In 1966, a canteen, then buildings, a headquarters building and a fire station were built. The first batch of especially dangerous convicted repeat offenders was brought to the colony in 1967.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1971, warehouses, an icehouse, and shelters to garage the institution’s equipment were built. Since 1985, IK-3 has been actively developing. The convicts held there were employed in manufacture at minimum wage. In 1999, the Temple of St. Sergius of Radonezh was opened, built by convicts.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1998, reform of the penal system began, and responsibility for the institution moved from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Ministry of Justice. In 1999, the institution came under the direct control of the Department of Execution of Punishments for the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. It was renamed from “YATs-34/3” to “Institution OG-98/3”.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2004, the institution was renamed to “FGU IK-3 Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia for the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug”. Since June 2008, it has been known as “FGU IK-3 Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia for the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug”.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2002, a section for general regime prisoners was created in the institution. In July 2006, a high-security section was opened in the colony in converted residential buildings No. 4, 5 and 6. In November 2006, a colony-settlement section was opened. In October 2010, general and strict regime sections were ended, and convicts from these sections were sent to serve their sentences in other regions.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "66°49′07″N 65°47′44″E / 66.81861°N 65.79556°E / 66.81861; 65.79556", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cypress Street or Cypress St can refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "José Haring was a German Roman Catholic prelate. He was bishop of Limoeiro do Norte from 2000 to 2017.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a list of events in 1779 in Delaware.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "president:Caesar Rodney", "title": "incumbents" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Corsari is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Churchill House may refer to the following buildings:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Fernando Redondo (born 1969), Argentina international football defensive midfielder", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Facundo Quiroga may also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Chinese Nude Oils Exhibition (油画人体艺术大展) is the first publib exhibition of nude art in Beijing and it is considered one of the most significant exhibitions in the history of Chinese contemporary art. Opending on December 12, 1988, at the National Art Museum of China, this exhibition included over 136 paintings of nude art from 28 artists in Central Academy of Fine Arts. The exhibition lasted for 18 days, with more than 220,000 visitors attended.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "At this time, the introduction of nude models into the teaching of human body painting in Chinese art academies was less than ten years old, and the public was still controversial about human body painting. Models at the Central Academy of Fine Arts suspended classes to protest the school's breach of its promise to keep them confidential. Since this exhibition, portraits and body paintings have gradually entered the Chinese public's horizons.", "title": "Background and controversy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The human body oil painting Girl in Front of Still Life (Yang Feiyun, 1988) was selected as the cover of the \"Oil Painting Exhibition\" album, and has always been considered one of the representative works of the exhibition. This work was auctioned at the Beijing Poly Spring Modern and Contemporary Art Auction held on June 2, 2012, with a starting price of 4.6 million yuan, and was finally sold for 34.5 million yuan. Double Human Body (Jin Shangyi, 1983), another important art work presented during the Chinese Nude Oils Exhibition, is Jin Shangyi's largest human body work and was sold for 63.25 million rmb on the China Guardian Auctions at 2019.", "title": "Representative Art works" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In addition, presented artists during the exhibitions include senior oil painting artist Lin Gang, non-oil painting teachers such as Guang Jun from the printmaking department, Sun Jingbo from the mural painting department, and young teachers who have just graduated, such as Meng Luding and Yu Hong.", "title": "Representative Art works" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Works of the Chinese Nude Oils Exhibition — Guangxi People's Publishing House, 1988", "title": "Further reading" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Yehoshua Ben-Arieh (9 May 1928 – 25 December 2023) was an Israeli geographer. He was rector of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem from 1993 to 1997. He died on 25 December 2023, at the age of 95.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Yehoshua Ben-Arieh was born in Petah Tikva. He was a relative of the founder of Petah Tikva, Yehoshua Stampfer, and named for him.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Interview with Yehoshua Ben-Arieh", "title": "External links" } ]

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