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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Adran Leagues (for sponsorship reasons called the Genero Adran Leagues) is the senior women's football league in Wales. Founded in 2009 as the Welsh Women's League, it rebranded in 2021 as the Adran Leagues.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The leagues consist of three divisions – the top tier is the Adran Premier, and the second tier is split geographically into Adran North and Adran South conferences. The Adran Leagues runs an annual competition for all clubs, known as the Adran Trophy.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "As of 2023, the Adran Premier consists of eight teams. Each year one is relegated and one is promoted from the second tier. The winners of Adran North and Adran South conferences have a playoff to determine who is promoted, if that team qualifies for a tier one license.", "title": "Adran Premier" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "During the first three years of the league's existence, the Premier league was also split into North and South conferences, with a final match determining the overall league champion.", "title": "Adran Premier" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "For the 2023-24 season , the teams in Adran North are:", "title": "Adran North" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "", "title": "Adran North" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "For the 2023-24 season, the teams in Adran North are:", "title": "Adran South" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "", "title": "Adran South" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "This annual competition is run with 24 competing clubs, including all current members of the Premier, North, and South leagues, with the possibility of additional wildcard entries to bring the total number of clubs to 24.", "title": "Adran Trophy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Alessandro Ruspoli may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Uspenka Raion (Ukrainian: Успенський район) was a raion of Voroshylovhrad Oblast (now Luhansk Oblast) in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic until 1959. Its administrative center was Uspenka.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In December 1948, Pershozvanivka village council [uk] was transferred from Novosvitlivka Raion [Wikidata] to Uspenka Raion. On 23 September 1959, Uspenka Raion was abolished, with its former territory distributed to Rovenky Raion and Oleksandrivsk Raion [Wikidata].", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Glory cloud may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sherwood ward is an electoral ward in the city of Nottingham, England. The ward contains 24 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. All the listed buildings are designated at Grade II, the lowest of the three grades, which is applied to \"buildings of national importance and special interest\". The ward is a residential district to the north of the city centre, and includes the areas of Sherwood and Carrington. Most of the listed buildings are houses and associated structures, a proportion of which were designed by Watson Fothergill, and the others include churches and associated structures, a former hospital chapel, a school, its wall and gateways, a war memorial gateway, two public houses and an inn sign.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "General elections are scheduled to be held in Liechtenstein on 2 February 2025 to elect the 25 members of the Landtag. They will be the 48th general election since the ratification of the 1862 constitution.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The constitution requires general elections to be held every four years, with election day in February or March, unless otherwise called by the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein.", "title": "Date" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The 25 members of the Landtag are elected by open list proportional representation from two constituencies, Oberland with 15 seats and Unterland with 10 seats. Voters vote for a party list and then may strike through candidates they do not wish to cast a preferential vote for and may add names of candidates from other lists. The electoral threshold to win a seat is 8%. Landtag members sit four year terms. Once formed the Landtag votes to elect a prime minister who governs through a cabinet of four ministers, who are selected from Landtag members. Voting is compulsory by law and most is carried out by post. Polling stations are only open for one and a half hours on election day. Citizens over 18 years of age who have been resident in the country for one month prior to election day are eligible to vote.", "title": "Electoral system" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Future of Democracy: A Defence of the Rules of the Game (Italian: Il futuro della democrazia) is a 1984 book by the Italian political scientist Norberto Bobbio.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The book contains seven essays about the relationship between democracy and the institutions it relies on. Bobbio examined what he called the \"six broken promises of democracy\". These concern the respect for the individual's sovereignty, the conflict between political representation and particular interests, oligarchy, self-governance, education and transparency. Bobbio defined democracy as a set of rules and argued that even a poorly functioning democracy is preferable to a well-functioning dictatorship.", "title": "Summary" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Richard Dagger wrote in the Social Science Quarterly that although Bobbio represented the Italian Socialist Party in the Senate of the Republic, his conception of democracy is liberal rather than socialist, because Bobbio argued that competition between elites is the defining characteristic of democracy. Dagger wrote that the book contains \"good advice\" but criticised Bobbio for being too willing to accept deficiencies in democratic regimes.", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ambohimandroso may refer to the following places in Madagascar:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Fuad Saba (1902–1984) was a Palestinian accountant, businessman and politician during the Mandatory Palestine. He was one of the early Palestinians who received an accounting certificate. He was also a leading politicians in the Mandatory Palestine who attempted to end the jewish settlement in Palestine.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Saba was in Shefa-Amr, Ottoman Palestine, on 14 December 1902. He was the son of Reverend Salih Saba and Louisa Meyer. His father was an Anglican pastor.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Saba attended the Orthodox School, the Maronite School, and the Frères Secondary School in Haifa and St. George's School in Jerusalem. He obtained a degree in commerce from the American University of Beirut in 1924. He continued his studied in accountancy in England the same year.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Following his graduation Saba taught at Catholic Terra Sancta College in Jerusalem for a while. He was qualified as a certified accountant receiving a a license from the Palestine government and then, he and his brother Aziz started an accounting company, Saba & Co., in 1926. He was involved in the establishment of the Arab Bank in 1930 and of the Palestinian National Fund. His company expanded over time through the opening of branches in Haifa and Jaffa. Its branches were opened later in Beirut, Lebanon, Amman, Jordan, Damascus, Syria, and Baghdad, Iraq. The company opened further branches in Kuwait in 1949 and in Saudi Arabia and Libya in 1957.", "title": "Career and activities" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Saba was a member of the Palestine Arab Party which opposed the Zionist rule in the region. He founded the Arab Publication Company in Jerusalem in 1935. The company produced two magazines on Arab economic affairs, Arab Economic Affairs (1935–1936) and Palestine and Transjordan (1936–37). The latter publication was published in English, and both titles were edited by Saba. He also founded the Arab News Agency.", "title": "Career and activities" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Saba was named as the secretary of the Arab Higher Committee in 1936. He along with other Committee members, Hussein Khalidi, Yaqub al-Ghusayn, Ahmed Hilmi Pasha, and Rashid al-Haj Ibrahim, were arrested by the British Mandate rulers on 1 October 1937 immediately after the assassination of Lewis Andrews, British official. They were exiled to the Seychelles in 1937. His exile ended in the late 1938. After his return to Palestine he became a member of the Palestinian delegation to the Roundtable Conference at St James's Palace in London in February 1939. During the conference the Palestinian delegation opposed the British White Paper proposals.", "title": "Career and activities" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Saba moved to Beirut and resided there until 1942 when his return to Jerusalem was allowed by the British. He continued to work in his accounting firm and was one of the founders of the Arabia Insurance Company and Al Mashriq Investment Company. He published a book entitled Income Tax and Its Problems in Palestine in 1947. After the Nakba in 1948 he was forced to leave Jerusalem. He settled in Beirut where the headquarters of Saba & Co. was reopened.", "title": "Career and activities" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Saba was married to Muhiba Khattar Maluf, and they had three children: two sons, Suhail and Fawzi, and one daughter, Nadia.", "title": "Personal life and death" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Saba died in Beirut on 27 August 1984 and was buried there.", "title": "Personal life and death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Programmable photonics is a subfield of photonics that studies the development of photonic circuits for computation. It encompasses passive computation, which sculpts light in a way that performs a certain computation, and the more ambitious, futuristic active computation (like in semiconductors).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Programmable photonics has received increasing interest from the defense, virtual reality, and augmented reality sectors, among others.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Optical metasurfaces (OMs) are widely considered the current state of the art in passive programmable photonics, making the pragmatic decision of sticking to a 2D layer due to the difficulty of fabricating nanoscale 3D structures. Significant research effort is devoted to fabricating nanoscale, complex 3D structures more efficiently and precisely.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Arjunpur is a town in West Bengal, India.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Arjunpur may also refer to the following places in India:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Uspenka is a city in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine. Uspenka may also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Below is a list of Rebated rim cartridges:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "No More Blue Skies is the third studio album by American art rock band Gold Dime, led by Andrya Ambro of Talk Normal. It was released on October 20, 2023, through No Gold. The album received acclaim from critics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ambro announced the album on July 25, 2023, and released the lead single \"Wasted Wanted\" the same day. No More Blue Skies was produced by the musician herself and features mastering by Talk Normal bandmate Sarah Register. The record sees Ambro \"wailing over noisy, widescreen rock backing\", taking inspiration from various artists, including Eurythmics, Nina Simone, and the poetry of Kate Mohanty.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional critics, the album received an average score of 91 based on four reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\". The editors of The Wire counted the album as one of the \"most vibrant, purposeful rock records of the year\" and highlighted Ambro's ability to balance \"the sickly weariness of this day and age with a triumphant jubilation of simply being alive\". The staff at Uncut thought No More Blue Skies might represent Ambro's vision at its \"most accurate\", displaying a \"singular blend of abrasively charming feel-bad noir rock\".", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "PopMatters's Chris Ingalls opined that the album can be \"loud, fast, and urgent\" but is also able to \"disarm\" the listener in order to create a \"deeply unsettling atmosphere\" that is \"well worth the wait\". Writing for The Quietus, Alex Deller felt that Gold Dime stayed true to their \"distinct, established sound\" while simultaneously pushing forward their \"sonic palette\".", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "All tracks are written by Andrya Ambro", "title": "Track listing" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cândido Lima da Silva Dias (Mococa, December 31, 1913 – São Paulo, September 15, 1998) was a Brazilian mathematician and one of the first graduates in mathematics from the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of the University of São Paulo (FFCL). He was an important figure in the creation of the Institute of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of São Paulo.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Cândido was born in 1913 in the city of Mococa. He was the son of Gabriel Antonio da Silva Dias, an electrical engineer who graduated from the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo in 1905, and Adília Lima da Silva Dias, a housewife. Encouraged by his father, Cândido began to learn and play with numbers, as well as arithmetic.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "To continue his studies, he moved to São Paulo, where he studied at the Colégio Franco Brasileiro. He enrolled at the Polytechnic School in February 1932, where he graduated as a surveyor in 1934. In the same year, he entered the mathematics course at the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of the University of São Paulo. In 1937, Cândido married Odila Leite Ribeiro and had four children, all of whom became university professors.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "After graduating in 1936, Cândido was appointed second scientific assistant to the Italian mathematician Luigi Fantappiè, a visiting professor at the University of São Paulo who was working on mathematical analysis. In 1937, he was promoted to first assistant, where he worked on theory and practice. Also in 1937, at a seminar, he was introduced to the theory of algebra developed by Gaetano Scorza, another Italian mathematician.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Between 1939 and 1941, he was responsible for the applied mathematics course. Throughout his career, he was a visiting researcher at Harvard and the University of Chicago, and in 1949 he was elected President of the Mathematical Society of São Paulo. He was crucial in founding the Institute of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of São Paulo, of which he was its first director, and the National Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Cândido retired from the University of São Paulo in 1978 and the following year became a professor at the Mathematics Institute of the Federal University of São Carlos, from where he retired in 1990. He died in the city of São Paulo on September 15, 1998, at the age of 84.", "title": "Retirement and death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "National Japanese American Historical Society (NJAHS) is an American non-profit organization based in Japantown in San Francisco, California.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It is dedicated to collecting, preserving, authentic interpretation of, and sharing historical information about the experience of Japanese Americans. As part of its mission, it hosts rotating exhibits, archives, and education programs aimed at education beyond the Japanese-American community.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The organization was founded in 1980 and incorporated in 1981. It is headquartered at the former site of the Uoki Sakai Fish Market at 1684 Post Street. The organization has received funding from the National Park Service's Japanese American Confinement Sites Grant Program.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The National Japanese American Historical Society operates the Military Intelligence Service Historic Learning Center in Crissy Field, within the Presidio of San Francisco. The site, known as Building 640, which was the original site of the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) Language School where Japanese American soldiers secretly trained in Japanese military language to assist the American war effort during World War II.", "title": "Military Intelligence Service (MIS) Historic Learning Center" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Military Intelligence Service (MIS) Language School, which started just weeks before the Pearl Harbor attack, operated in a clandestine manner to train Nisei as interpreters and intelligence personnel. Despite their families being interned, these individuals played a crucial role in translating and interpreting Japanese military communications, significantly aiding the U.S. war effort. The interpretive center aims to advance understanding of the Military Intelligence Service and Japanese American veterans' roles during the war which, according to Major General Charles Willoughby, \"shortened the Pacific War by two years and saved possibly a million American lives\". It also tells the story of how the work of Japanese Americans at MIS led directly to the creation of the Defense Language Institute.", "title": "Military Intelligence Service (MIS) Historic Learning Center" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Originally expected to open in 2012, the museum finally opened its doors in 2013.", "title": "Military Intelligence Service (MIS) Historic Learning Center" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The NJAHS has created a number of different traveling exhibitions relating to Japanese American history, for example internment camps during World War II and the history of Japanese American women. It also hosts exhibits that highlight various aspects of the Japanese American experience. The Peace Gallery, located at its headquarters, showcases exhibits on many issues and themes relating to the Japanese American experience. Exhibits are free to the pubic and typically last three to six months. As of December 2023, it is currently hosting an exhibit featuring Japanese American veterans by Los Angeles photographer Shane Sato.", "title": "Peace Gallery and exhibitions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The TitansRX is a rallycross series which was organised by racing driver Max Pucher. In late 2018, Max Pucher set up the series TitansRX to start in 2019. The TitansRX International Series was planned to start in 2021. The 2020 campaign was scaled back to a one-make single race in March. After that no futher season came to be althought the Pantera RX cars created for this series were used in various competitions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In october 2018 the series was created annouced as GRC Europe. But already in December of the same year that was dropped and the series was renamed TitansRX.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The format will consist of 10 one-day events driven on 5 closed circuits with mixed surface (mostly asphalt and gravel), with an 11th event acting as a series final. Each event consists of:", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Unlike other rallycross championships, Joker Laps are not used in all vehicle classes and for the Titans-RX class, has instead modified the intermediate point system to encourage overtaking on the main part of the track.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Intermediate points are split into two categories, Race Time points (for race time, regardless of group) and Race Position points (for position in each group), which are scored as follows:", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Championship points are scored as follows:", "title": "Format" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kamalapur Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in Karnataka state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of Bidar Lok Sabha seat.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Election results" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "See also" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "17°34′57″N 76°59′00″E / 17.582441°N 76.983282°E / 17.582441; 76.983282", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Arpalı is a town and municipality in Bayburt Province, Turkey.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Arpalı may also refer to the following settlements in Turkey:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 32nd Central American Championships in Athletics were held at the Estadio Olímpico del IND in Managua, Nicaragua, between 2 and 3 July 2022.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A total of 45 events were contested, 22 by men, 22 by women, as well as one mixed event.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "* Host nation (Nicaragua)", "title": "Medal table" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The barbarian invasions of the third century (212-305) constituted an uninterrupted period of raids within the borders of the Roman Empire, conducted for purposes of plunder and booty by armed peoples belonging to populations gravitating along the northern frontiers: Picts, Caledonians, and Saxons in Britain; the Germanic tribes of Frisii, Saxons, Franks, Alemanni, Burgundians, Marcomanni, Quadi, Lugii, Vandals, Juthungi, Gepids and Goths (Tervingi in the west and Greuthungi in the east), the Dacian tribes of the Carpi and the Sarmatian tribes of Iazyges, Roxolani and Alans, as well as Bastarnae, Scythians, Borani and Heruli along the Rhine-Danube rivers and the Black Sea.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Since the time of Marcus Aurelius during the Marcomannic Wars (166/167-189), Germanic-Sarmatian tribes had not exerted such strong pressure along the northern borders of the Roman Empire.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The growing danger to the Roman Empire of Germans and Sarmatians was mainly due to a change from previous centuries in the tribal structure of their society: the population, constantly growing and driven by the eastern peoples, needed new territories to expand, or else the weaker tribes would become extinct. Hence the need to aggregate into large ethnic federations, such as those of the Alemanni, Franks and Goths, in order to better attack the neighboring Empire or to defend themselves against the irruption of other neighboring barbarian populations. For other scholars, however, in addition to the pressure of outside populations, it was also the contact and confrontation with the Roman imperial civilization (its wealth, language, weapons, and organization) that prompted the Germanic peoples to restructure and organize themselves into more robust and permanent social systems, capable of better defending themselves or seriously attacking the Empire. Rome, for its part, had been trying since the first century A.D. to prevent the penetration of the barbarians by entrenching itself behind the limes, that is, the continuous line of fortifications extended between the Rhine and the Danube and built precisely to contain the pressure of the Germanic peoples.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The breakthrough by the barbarian peoples along the limes was also facilitated by the period of severe internal instability that ran through the Roman Empire during the third century. In Rome, there was a continuous alternation of emperors and usurpers (the so-called military anarchy). Not only did the internal wars unnecessarily consume important resources in the clashes between the various contenders, but – most seriously – they ended up depleting precisely the frontiers subjected to barbarian aggression.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "As if this were not enough, along the eastern front of Mesopotamia and Armenia from 224 onward the Persian dynasty of the Parthians had been replaced by that of the Sasanids, which on several occasions severely engaged the Roman Empire, forced to suffer attacks that often joined the less strenuous but nonetheless dangerous invasions carried out along the African front by the Berber tribes of Moors, Baquates, Quinquegentiani, Nobati and Blemmyes. Rome showed that it was in serious difficulty in conducting so many wars at once and almost collapsed two centuries early.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "It was also thanks to the subsequent internal and provisional division of the Roman state into three parts (to the west the Empire of Gaul, in the center Italy, Illyricum and African provinces, and to the east the Kingdom of Palmyra) that the Empire managed to save itself from ultimate collapse and dismemberment. However, it was only after the death of Gallienus (268) that a group of emperor-soldiers of Illyrian origin (Claudius the Gothic, Aurelian, and Marcus Aurelius Probus) finally succeeded in reunifying the Empire into a single bloc, even though the civil wars that had been going on for about fifty years and the barbarian invasions had forced the Romans to give up both the region of the Agri decumates (left to the Alemanni in about 260) and the province of Dacia (256-271), which had been subjected to incursions by the Dacian population of the Carpi, the Tervingi Goths, and the Iazigi Sarmatians.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The invasions of the third century, according to tradition, began with the first incursion conducted by the Germanic confederation of the Alemanni in 212 under Emperor Caracalla and ended in 305 at the time of Diocletian's abdication for the benefit of the new tetrarchic system.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "After about thirty years of relative quiet along the Rhine-Danubian frontiers, a new crisis broke out along the Germanic-Rhaetian Limes in 212, caused by the first invasion of the Alemanni confederation.", "title": "Historical context" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In Central and Eastern Europe, the barbarian world was shaken by strong internal unrest and migratory movements of populations that tended to change the balance with the neighboring Roman Empire. These peoples, seeking new territories in which to settle due to the increasing population growth in ancient Germania, were also attracted by the wealth and affluent life of the Roman world.", "title": "Historical context" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Fifty years earlier, on the fringes of the Germanic area, along the Danubian and Carpathian frontier, there had been movement and mixing of peoples, with the advent of a new phenomenon among the Germans, which represented an overcoming of the tribal dimension: entire peoples (such as Marcomanni, Quadi and Naristi, Vandals, Cotini, Iazigi, Buri, etc.), had grouped together in coalitions, mostly military in nature, implementing greater pressure on the nearby Roman limes.", "title": "Historical context" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Under Caracalla the phenomenon of aggregation had evolved further, going so far as to establish in the area of the Agri decumates some real ethnic confederations of tribes: the Alemanni, who aggregated Catti, Naristi, Hermunduri and part of the Semnones and positioned themselves on the upper Rhine from Mogontiacum to the Danube near Castra Regina; the Franks, on the lower Rhine from the mouth of the river to Bonn; and the Saxons, composed of the seafaring peoples between the mouths of the Weser and Elbe rivers.", "title": "Historical context" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "At the same time the thrust of the East Germans from Scandinavia also increased, such as the Goths (in the various branches of the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, and Heruli), who came from the Vistula: they had been slowly moving southeastward for more than fifty years, and had now come close to the northern shores of the Black Sea. In that region they came into conflict with the Sarmatian peoples of Roxolani and Alans. Also from the Silesian-Vistula region came two other major populations: the Vandals, who had already come into contact with the Roman legions of Pannonia and Dacia Porolissensis at the time of the Marcomannic wars under Marcus Aurelius, and the Burgundians, who were heading westward toward the rivers Elbe and Main.", "title": "Historical context" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "In 166/167, the first clash occurred along the Pannonian frontiers by a few bands of marauding Lombards and Osii, which, due to the prompt intervention of the border troops, were promptly repelled. The peace stipulated with the neighboring Germanic peoples north of the Danube was handled directly by the emperors themselves, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, who were now wary of the barbarian aggressors and traveled for these reasons as far as distant Carnuntum (in 168). The untimely death of Lucius (in 169 not far from Aquileia), and the breaking of pacts by the barbarians (many of whom had been \"clients\" since the time of Tiberius), led a never-before-seen wave of troops to swarm devastatingly through northern Italy all the way to below the walls of Aquileia, the heart of Venetia. The impression caused was enormous: it was since the time of Marius that a barbarian population had not laid siege to centers in northern Italy.", "title": "Historical context" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Marcus Aurelius fought a long and exhausting war against the barbarian populations, first repelling them and \"cleaning up\" the territories of Cisalpine Gaul, Noricum, and Rhaetia (170-171), then counterattacking with a massive offensive in Germanic territory, which took several years of fighting, until 175. These events forced the emperor to reside for several years along the Pannonian front, never returning to Rome. However, the truce signed with these peoples, particularly the Marcomanni, Quadi and Iazyges, lasted only a couple of years. By the end of 178 the emperor Marcus Aurelius was forced to return to the castrum of Brigetio from where, in the following spring of 179, the last campaign was conducted. The death of the Roman emperor in 180 soon put an end to Roman expansionist plans and resulted in the abandonment of the occupied territories of Marcomannia and the making of new treaties with the \"client\" peoples northeast of the Middle Danube.", "title": "Historical context" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Numerous were the legionary and auxiliary forces fielded during this period by the Roman Empire. The numbers are difficult to estimate, since in the course of the century some units were destroyed and replaced with new ones; moreover, when Diocletian's new tetrarchical system took over, it was the overall strategic organization itself that changed.", "title": "Forces in the field: along the Rhine and Danube European front" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "In the 3rd century the Roman Empire deployed numerous legions against barbarian invasions: I Adiutrix, I Illyricorum (recruited under Aurelian), I Italica, I Maximiana (under Maximian), I Minervia, I Pontica (under Diocletian), II Adiutrix, II Italica, legio II Parthica, III Italica, IIII Flavia, IIII Italica (under Alexander Severus), V Macedonica, VII Claudia, VIII Augusta, X Gemina, XI Claudia Pia Fidelis, XIII Gemina, Legio XIIII Gemina Martia Victrix, XV Apollinaris, XX Valeria Victrix, XXII Primigenia and XXX Ulpia Victrix. The total forces fielded by the Roman Empire may have exceeded 200 to 250,000 armed men from the beginning to the end of the third century; of these, one half were legionaries, the remainder auxiliaries.", "title": "Forces in the field: along the Rhine and Danube European front" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "At the death of Caracalla out of 33 legions along the entire system of imperial fortifications, as many as 16 were along the Rhenish and Danubian limes (accounting for 48.5% of the total), as well as 2 others in the rear as \"strategic reserve\" (in Hispania and Italy), as is highlighted below in the summary table on their deployment (in 217):", "title": "Forces in the field: along the Rhine and Danube European front" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "A little less than a century later, during Diocletian's Tetrarchic period, the number of legions placed along the northern front (Rhine and Danube) was increased to 24, in addition to the 3 positioned to guard the Alps (legio Iulia Alpina, legio II Iulia Alpina, and legio III Iulia Alpina), out of a combined total of 56 (or 48.2%), as highlighted below:", "title": "Forces in the field: along the Rhine and Danube European front" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Concerning the massive forces that the barbarians were able to field in the course of the invasions of the 3rd century, it is briefly summarized below as follows:", "title": "Forces in the field: along the Rhine and Danube European front" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "Caracalla defeated the Germans north of the Limes and obtained legality and friendship from them, so much so that he dressed his auxiliary troops like them and created with them his own personal bodyguard with selected men of great strength and good looks.[...] He also used to use an elaborate blond wig so as to appear with a Germanic type of hairstyle. The barbarians by this were pleased and adored him.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "The pressure of the barbarians along the northern frontiers and the simultaneous pressure of the Sasanians in the East had not only intensified but had spread the feeling that the empire was totally encircled by its enemies. The tools of traditional diplomacy, used since the time of Augustus and based on the threat of the use of force and the fomenting of internal dissensions among the various hostile tribes to keep them engaged against each other, were now proving ineffective. Immediate recourse to force was necessary, deploying tactically superior armies capable of intercepting every possible avenue of invasion by the barbarians as quickly as possible; however, the strategy was made difficult by having to garrison immense stretches of frontier with mostly sparse military contingents. Many of the emperors who were gradually proclaimed by the legions over a period of twenty-five years did not even manage to set foot in Rome, let alone, during their very short reigns, undertake internal reforms, as they were permanently occupied with defending the imperial throne from other claimants and the territory from external enemies.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "[Maximinus] went through Germania with the entire army and troops of Moors, Osroenes, and Parthians, as well as all the others that Alexander had brought with him for the military campaign. And the main reason he took the eastern auxiliary troops with him was that no one was worth more in combat against the Germans than lightly armed archers. Alexander also had an admirable war apparatus, to which Maximinus is said to have added many new devices. He entered Trans-Renan Germania for three hundred or four hundred miles of the barbarian territory, burned villages, raided cattle, plundered, killed many of the barbarians, generated considerable booty to his soldiers, took numerous prisoners, and if the Germans had not retreated to the swamps and forests, would have subdued all of Germania to Rome.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "Having completed his campaigns in Germania [against the Alemanni], Maximinus went to Sirmium, preparing an expedition against the Sarmatians, and planning to subdue to Rome the northern regions as far as the Ocean.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "Gordian left for war against the Sasanian Persians with a large army and such a large amount of gold that he could easily defeat the enemy either with legionaries or auxiliaries. He marched through Moesia and, in the course of his advance, destroyed, put to flight, and drove away all the enemies who were in Thrace.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "Under the empire of that Philip [...] the Goths displeased that tribute was no longer paid to them, turned into enemies from the friends they were. For although they lived under their kings in a remote region, they were federates of the empire and received an annual contribution. [...] Ostrogotha crossed the Danube with his men and began ravaging Moesia and Thrace, while Philip sent against him Senator Decius. The latter reporting no success, dismissed his soldiers sending them back to their homes and returning to Philip [...]. Ostrogotha, king of the Goths, [shortly thereafter and again] marched against the Romans at the head of thirty thousand armed men, to whom were also added Taifal warriors, Hasdingi, and three thousand Carpi, the latter a very warlike people and often fatal to the Romans.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "Decius, with the purpose of relieving the city of Beroea [...], had his troops and horses resting there when Cniva suddenly attacked him and, after inflicting heavy losses on the Roman army, drove the emperor and the few survivors from Thrace back through the mountains to Moesia. In Moesia Gallus, commander of that frontier sector, had numerous forces. By reuniting them with as many of his own who had survived the enemy, Decius prepared to continue the military campaign.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "And immediately Decius' son fell fatally pierced by an arrow. At the news the father, certainly to cheer up the soldiers, reportedly said, \"Let no one be sad, the loss of one man must not affect the forces of the Republic.\" But shortly thereafter, not withstanding his father's grief, he launched himself at the enemy, seeking either death or revenge for his son. [...] He therefore lost both his empire and his life.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "Since Trebonianus Gallus administered power poorly, the Scythians [meaning the Goths, ed.] began to invade neighboring provinces, and they advanced by plundering even the territories washed by the sea [the Black Sea, ed.], and so no province of the Romans was spared their devastation. All the cities without fortifications and most of those provided with walls were taken. And as well as the war, an epidemic of plague also broke out everywhere, in villages and towns, eliminating the surviving barbarians and causing so many deaths as never before.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "Continued raids by barbarians in the two decades following the end of the Severan dynasty had brought the economy and trade of the Roman Empire to its knees. Numerous farms and crops had been destroyed, if not by barbarians, then by bands of brigands and by Roman armies seeking sustenance during military campaigns fought against both external and internal enemies (usurpers to the imperial purple). Moreover, food shortages generated a demand that exceeded the supply of foodstuffs, with obvious inflationary consequences on basic necessities. Added to all this was a constant forced recruitment of soldiers, to the detriment of the labor force employed in the agricultural countryside, resulting in the abandonment of many farms and vast areas of fields to be cultivated. This pressing demand for soldiers, in turn, had generated an implicit race to raise the price of obtaining the imperial purple. Each new emperor or usurper was forced, therefore, to offer his army increasing donations and ever more rewarding wages, to the serious detriment of the imperial treasury, which was often forced to cover these extraordinary expenses with the confiscation of huge estates of private citizens, victims in these years of \"partisan\" proscriptions. These difficulties forced the new emperor, Valerian, to partition the administration of the Roman state with his son Gallienus, entrusting the latter with the western part and reserving the eastern part for himself, as had previously been the case with Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (161-169).", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "The Goths, as soon as they noticed that the soldiers inside the walls were lazy and drunken and did not even go up along the walkways of the walls, pulled over a few logs to the wall, where it was possible, and in the middle of the night, went up in small groups and conquered the city. [...] The barbarians seized great wealth and a large number of prisoners [...] and after destroying the temples, buildings and all that was beautiful and magnificent, they returned home with many ships.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "[Gallienus] had as a concubine a girl named Pipa, whom he received when part of the province of Upper Pannonia was granted under a treaty to her father, king of the Marcomanni, given to him as a wedding gift.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "From 260 onward, and until about 274, the Roman Empire suffered the secession of two vast territorial areas, but these allowed its survival. In the west, the usurpers of the Gallic Empire, such as Postumus (260-268), Laelian (268), Marcus Aurelius Marius (268-269), Victorinus (269-271), Domitian II (271), and Tetricus (271-274), succeeded in defending the borders of the provinces of Britain, Gaul, and Hispania. Eutropius writes:", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "Since Gallienus had thus abandoned the state, the Roman Empire was saved in the West by Postumus and in the East by Odaenathus.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "Postumus had succeeded in establishing an empire in the West, centered on the provinces of Germania Inferior and Gallia Belgica, and which was joined shortly afterwards by all the other Gallic, British, Hispanic, and, for a short time, even the province of Rhaetia.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 34, "text": "These emperors not only formed their own senate at their major center of Augusta Treverorum and gave the classical titles of consul, pontifex maximus or tribune of the plebs to their magistrates in the name of Roma Aeterna, but also assumed the normal imperial titling, minting coins at the mint of Lugdunum, aspiring to unity with Rome and, more importantly, never thinking of marching against the so-called \"legitimate\" emperors (such as Gallienus, Claudius the Gothic, Quintillus or Aurelian) who ruled over Rome (i.e., those who ruled Italy, the West African provinces up to Tripolitania, the Danubian provinces and the Balkan area). They, on the contrary, felt they had to defend the Rhine borders and the Gallic littoral from attacks by the Germanic populations of Franks, Saxons, and Alemanni. The Imperium Galliarum turned out, therefore, to be one of the three territorial areas that allowed Rome to retain its western part.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 35, "text": "In the East, on the other hand, it was the Kingdom of Palmyra that took over from Rome the government of the provinces of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt, defending them from Persian attacks, first with Odaenathus (260-267), appointed \"Corrector Orientis\" by Gallienus, and then with his secessionist widow, Zenobia (267-271).", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 36, "text": "To these negative things had also been added that the Scythians [meaning the Goths, ed.] had invaded Bithynia and destroyed some cities. Eventually they burned and severely devastated the city of Asta, now called Nicomedia.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 37, "text": "Since the Scythians [i.e., the Goths, ed.] had brought great destruction to Hellas and besieged Athens, Gallienus sought to fight against them, who by then had occupied Thrace.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 38, "text": "invaded Cappadocia. There they occupied some cities and, after a war waged with uncertain outcome, headed for Bithynia.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 39, "text": "The Scythians [to be understood as Goths, ed.], sailing through the Pontus Euxinus penetrated the Danube and brought great devastation to Roman soil. Gallienus knowing these things gave the Byzantines Cleodamus and Athenaeus the task of rebuilding and walling the cities, and when a battle was fought near Pontus the barbarians were defeated by the Byzantine generals. The Goths were also beaten in a naval battle by General Venerian, and he himself died during the fight.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 40, "text": "And so the different tribes of Scythia, such as Peucini, Grutungi, Ostrogoths, Tervingi, Visigoths, Gepids, Celts and Heruli, attracted by the hope of looting, came to Roman soil and wreaked great devastation there, while Claudius was engaged in other actions [against the Alamanni, ed.] [...]. Three hundred and twenty thousand armed men from the different peoples were fielded [...] in addition to having two thousand ships (six thousand according to Zosimus), that is, twice as many as were used by the Greeks [...] when they undertook the conquest of the cities of Asia [the Trojan War, ed.]", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 41, "text": "They fought in Achaia, under the command of Marcian, against the Goths, who, defeated by the Achaeans, retreated from there. While the Scythians, always part of the Goths, ravaged Asia [these are the invasions that began in 267/268 and ended in 269/70, ed.], where the temple at Ephesus was burned.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 42, "text": "Beginning with Claudius the Gothic, but especially with his successor, Aurelian, the ideal of a restoration of the unity of the Roman Empire became firmly established. The main task awaiting this last emperor was to have to reunite the two \"trunks\" that had been formed during the reign of Gallienus, namely, the Gallic Empire in the West and the kingdom of Queen Zenobia's Palmyra in the East.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 43, "text": "We have defeated three hundred and twenty thousand Goths and sunk two thousand ships. The rivers are covered with the enemy's shields, all the beaches are covered with swords and spears. The fields can no longer even be seen hidden by bones, there is no clear road, numerous chariots have been abandoned. We have captured so many women that our victorious soldiers can keep two or three each for themselves.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 44, "text": "Many cities in Gaul and also many fortresses that Postumus had built in barbarian territory [across the Rhine River, ed.] over the course of seven years and that, after his death, had been destroyed and burned during a sudden incursion of the Germans [these were either the Franks or the Alemanni, in early 269, ed.], had been rebuilt, restoring them to their previous state.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 45, "text": "Aurelian wanted to face the enemy army all at once, gathering his forces together, but near Piacenza he suffered such a rout that the Roman Empire almost fell. The cause of this defeat was a treacherous and cunning movement on the part of the barbarians. They, unable to meet the fight in the open field, took refuge in a very dense forest and towards evening attacked ours by surprise.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 46, "text": "The assassination of Emperor Aurelian, on his way to lead a campaign against the Sasanian Empire, produced deep mourning throughout the empire, but also triggered new assaults by barbarians along the northern borders.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 47, "text": "[...] in a very few days [Emperor Carus] was able to restore security to Pannonia, killing sixteen thousand Sarmatians and capturing twenty thousand of both sexes.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 48, "text": "With the death of the emperor Numerian in November 284 (to whom his father Carus had entrusted the Roman East), and the subsequent refusal of the eastern troops to recognize Carinus (Carus' eldest son) as their natural successor, Diocletian, a very capable general, was elevated to the imperial purple. The resulting civil war saw Carinus at first prevail over the Pannonian armies of the usurper Julian, and later the defeat of his armies by Diocletian at the Margus River, near the ancient city and legionary fortress of Singidunum. Carinus died due to a conspiracy of his own generals (spring of 285).", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 49, "text": "Having obtained power, in November 285 Diocletian appointed as his deputy (caesar) a valiant officer, Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus, whom a few months later he elevated to the rank of augustus (April 1, 286): he thus formed a diarchy, in which the two emperors divided on a geographical basis the government of the empire and the responsibility for the defense of the frontiers and the fight against usurpers.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 50, "text": "Given the increasing difficulty in containing the numerous revolts within and along the borders, a further territorial division was made in 293 in order to facilitate military operations: Diocletian appointed Galerius as his Caesar for the East, while Maximian did the same with Constantius Chlorus for the West.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 51, "text": "At the same time Caesar Constantius Chlorus fought in Gaul with good luck. At the Lingons in a single day he experienced bad and good luck. Because the barbarians were advancing fast, he was forced to enter the city, and because of the necessity of closing the gates so quickly, he was hoisted on the walls with ropes, but in only five hours the army arrived and tore to pieces about sixty thousand Alemanni.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 52, "text": "Also along the fourth and final frontier sector of the Roman Empire, the southern one, were numerous and continuous incursions by semi-nomadic African peoples, beginning in the mid-3rd century. This sector, which had always been protected to the south by the natural barrier of the Sahara Desert, and thus poorly manned by armies, was forced, like the other three, to defend itself against the growing pressure of Berber peoples.", "title": "Invasions" }, { "paragraph_id": 53, "text": "In the crisis that the Empire experienced in the third century, barbarian invasions undoubtedly constituted an extremely important element in the political, social, and economic evolution that led to the new Diocletian and Constantinian state. After two centuries of apparent calm along the western and eastern borders, from the beginning of the century populations of different ethnicities, mostly Germanic, engaged Roman forces in long and exhausting campaigns of containment, often fruitless, sometimes catastrophic. Since the time of Hadrian, it had been decided in Rome, out of expediency or prudence, to stop venturing into the conquest of new territories and to take precautions along the thousands of kilometers that constituted the Empire's limes; this was not enough, however, and already with Marcus Aurelius, the Marcomanni reached Italy and pushed as far as Aquileia, the heart of Venetia, causing a huge impact: it had been since the time of Marius that a barbarian population had not besieged centers in northern Italy.", "title": "Consequences" }, { "paragraph_id": 54, "text": "The cadence with which the barbarian incursions followed one another from the third decade of the century onward constituted only the most conspicuous consequence of a phenomenon that had been going on for several decades, causes and consequences of which were both internal and external to the Roman world. While it is well true that from the end of the second century onward the migrations of Germanic peoples accentuated their westward reach, it is equally true that until then the Empire's system of defence-in-depth had held up more or less admirably, through fortifications, legions, and patronage alliances. However, in the face of increasing pressure on the borders, the center of Roman power found itself in difficulty: after a century the imperial purple again became with Septimius Severus a conquest of arms.", "title": "Consequences" }, { "paragraph_id": 55, "text": "Inevitably, the coexistence of internal political uncertainty and external military difficulties resulted in the destabilization of the entire apparatus of power; the army became the sole arbiter of Roman politics, effectively depriving the already agonizing Senate of its power. Thus, for Augustus and his successors Concordia ordinum was the slogan of the new system; in the third century imperial coinage relentlessly bore the words \"Fides exercitus.\" The principate, understood by Mommsen as a military dictatorship characterized by the figure of the prince, the Senate and the army, lost an essential element in the delicate balance established by Octavian. Although, as early as the Year of the Four Emperors, the most attentive observers noted with regret that the emperor could well elect himself far from Rome, by the third century this circumstance became routine. In the face of external threats, military commanders endowed with ever-increasing powers had an easy time being acclaimed augusti by an army aware of its decisive role in choosing princes; if before the praetorian cohorts had their decisive weight in this regard, now the new situation created along the borders of the Empire undoubtedly privileged the limitanean legions, revolutionizing a balance that had seen, in the first two centuries of the Empire, the praetorian cohorts represent, in their own ranks, a good part of the municipal Italic elites and of the provinces of ancient Romanization.", "title": "Consequences" }, { "paragraph_id": 56, "text": "From the advent of Maximinus the Thracian, there was instead a gradual but ineluctable change of direction; figures who were expressions of the army, the viri militares, often of modest origin and raised in the ranks of the legions of the limes, obtained roles and powers that had previously been reserved for members of senatorial, Italic or provincial families. It was from the armies most engaged on the containment front that these men arose; and among them, the broad Danubian and Pannonian sector in particular brought forth emperors such as Decius, Claudius the Gothic, Probus, and Valentinian I. Although of greater importance, the Danubian area was not the only cradle of emperors and usurpers, and the lack of a strong central power in Rome represented by the Senate caused on more than one occasion the momentary disintegration of the Empire, as in the case of the Gallic Empire and the Kingdom of Palmyra. However, this also showed that the defense of the Empire could by then no longer be entrusted to one man, unless the entire administrative structure of the provinces was revolutionized: something that, once the storm had passed, Diocletian tried to implement.", "title": "Consequences" }, { "paragraph_id": 57, "text": "The slow ousting of the senatorial class from military leadership had a turning point with Gallienus, who went on to entrust such positions to figures of equestrian rank, who had come out of the army after a long career: they anticipated and gave rise to those duces who from the end of the century replaced the provincial governor in the defense of the borders. Inevitably, the growing burden of the army, accompanied by political instability and the struggle for power, caused a monetary decline due, moreover, to the long-standing lack of liquidity from the conquests of previous centuries. A growing tax burden affected the ruling classes of the municipalities and colonies, setting the stage for the contraction of the urban fabric as documented for the fourth century. Private evergetism, the real driving force behind the redistribution of wealth in the centers of the empire, gradually came to a standstill. Silver, which was along with the denarii the most widespread currency, slowly declined, so much so that it caused the inflation that was at the center of every emperor's thoughts in the third century, and which Diocletian tried in vain to save with his Edictum De Pretiis Rerum Venalium. Constantine understood that gold would be the dominant metal of the new course.", "title": "Consequences" }, { "paragraph_id": 58, "text": "However, in this climate of continuous internal and limitaneous alertness, not all cities suffered from the aforementioned economic contraction: other centers, which had previously been nothing more than legion headquarters, became during the third century the new capitals of the Empire. Augusta Treverorum, Sirmium, Mediolanum were the habitual seats of the emperors.", "title": "Consequences" }, { "paragraph_id": 59, "text": "The effort undertaken by the successive augusts during the third century, either because of the lack of a long-term plan or because of the economic crisis that affected the Roman tributary system, failed to save the integrity of the Empire as it stood at the end of the second century: in particular the province of Dacia, and the so-called Agri Decumates between Germania and Rhaetia were abandoned. The Empire was now entirely west of the two great European rivers, the Rhine and the Danube. It was clear that any effort to maintain the status quo would not produce results within the institutional framework created in its time by Augustus: a new era was coming, and although the barbarian invasions had not by themselves caused the crisis of the third century, they accelerated the process of disintegration and estrangement between West and East that would be the basis of Late Antiquity. Rome, for its part, lost during the third century its role as caput mundi: the frontiers were never so distant and so close at the same time. Aurelian was convinced to endow the city with walls; seven centuries had passed since the last stone was laid to defend the city.", "title": "Consequences" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jacqueline Newman is an American lawyer. She is the managing partner of Berkman Bottger Newman & Schein LLP. She joined them in 1998.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Newman is the author of the book The New Rules of Divorce: Twelve Secrets to Protecting Your Wealth, Health, and Happiness, published by Simon & Schuster in January 2020.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Newman earned her B.S. at the University of Delaware and her J.D. at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Newman is an adjunct professor at Cardozo School of Law, where she educates on Divorce Processes. She was also a faculty member at Fordham University School of Law, teaching Family Law Practice alongside Barry Berkman.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Newman has also taught Collaborative Family Law at The New York Association of Collaborative Professionals and the Center for Mediation in Law as well as for the New York State Unified Court System, where she taught Introduction of Matrimonial Law.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Theedhum Soodhum Endhan Mugavari is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language Crime Thriller film directed by Ghitha Mohhan. The film stars Sreekumar Jay, Angana Arya and Avinash Yelandur in the lead roles. The film was produced by Sreekumar Jay under the banner of Jayanthi Productions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The film was produced by Sreekumar Jay under the banner of Jayanthi Productions. The cinematography was done by Parandhagan E , while editing was handled by Bhuvanesh Manivannan.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Times Now critc rated 3 out of 5 and worte that \"Theedhum Soodhum Endhan Mugavari promises a compelling journey through the intricacies of love and the challenges posed by societal expectations.\" and rated three out of five stars. Maalai Malar critic rated two point five out of five and stated that \"lthough we have already seen the story of kidnapping for money in many films, it is special to change the course of the screenplay\".", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Archie Vanes (born 16 September 2001) is an English professional rugby union player for Leicester Tigers in Premiership Rugby, his preferred position is hooker.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Burton on Trent Vanes first played rugby for Melbourne RFC in Derbyshire before joining Ashby RFC in Leicestershire. He represented England at under 18s level, and in 2021 played for England U20 in the 2021 Six Nations.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Vanes made his Leicester debut on 13 November 2021 as a replacement in a game against Sale Sharks in the Premiership Rugby Cup. He made his league debut on 18 November 2023 as a late replacement against Northampton Saints, and made his European Rugby Champions Cup debut on 17 December 2023, where Vanes scored a hat trick of tries as Leicester beat Stade Francais Paris 27–24. He was the first Leicester player to score a hat trick on their European debut.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sheila Dixit Karki (Nepali: शीला दीक्षित कार्की) is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist). She is currently serving as a member of the 2nd Koshi Provincial Assembly. In the 2022 Nepalese provincial election she was elected as a proportional representative from the Khas people category.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1992 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various selectors for their All-Atlantic Coast Conference (\"ACC\") teams for the 1992 college football season. Selectors in 1992 included the Associated Press (AP).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "AP = Associated Press", "title": "Key" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "1992 College Football All-America Team", "title": "See also" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kon Gopone Mon Bheseche is a 2023 Indian Bengali Romantic Drama television series that premiered from 18 December 2023 on Zee Bangla. The series is produced by under the banner of Zee Bangla Productions. It stars Shweta Bhattacharya and Ranojoy Bishnu in lead roles.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Cast" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nayab is an upcoming sports drama film directed by Umair Nasir Ali (in his feature directorial debut). It is produced by Rumina Umair and Umair Irfani under banners Kenneyz Films and Num Films. It features Yumna Zaidi as the lead role in her film debut, with Jawed Sheikh, Usama Khan and M. Fawad Khan in prominent roles. The trailer was released on 10 December 2023, and the film is scheduled to release on 26 January 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Amidst the bustling canvas of Karachi, Nayab, a spirited young girl with a fervent passion for cricket, faces her father's belief that the sport lacks a tangible future due to stereotyping. However, her path intertwines with Akber, her brother, who was once a rising star who struggles with his past. Follow Nayab's journey as she navigates challenges, seeking to reconcile her dreams with familial expectations, all while finding unexpected support in Akber on her quest to pursue her future goals in a tale of ambition, resilience and family.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In January 2023, the details of the Yumna Zaidi's debut film along with the motion poster were revealed. For the preparation of her role, Zaidi learned to play cricket. The trailer was released on 10 December 2023.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The first song of the film \"Mental Sa Dil\" was released on 14 December 2023, with music by Shani Arshad who performed it as well. The dance number choreographed by Nigah Hussain, performed by Rosemary and music by Arshad, and featuring Faryal Mehmood in a special appearance was released on 17 December 2023.", "title": "Soundtrack" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Reklai is a Palauan surname. Notable people with the surname include:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Vazirovs or Vezirovs (Azerbaijani: Vəzirovlar) are an Azerbaijani noble family from Karabakh and a part of Javanshir clan. Vazirov or Vezirov is a Russified version of the word vizier. First person to adop the surname was Azerbaijani historian and later Imperial Russian army officer Mirza Jamal Javanshir, who was a vizier of Ibrahim Khalil Khan and Mehdigulu Khan of Karabakh.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Connected to ruling family of Karabakh Khanate, Vazirovs were descended from Sharif beg Javanshir, head of Hajilu subclan of Javanshir clan. Sharif beg was great-grandfather of Mirza Jamal. Family had two branches - elder one based in Shusha and younger one based in Karyagino, modern Fuzuli. Famous family members include politicians like Zeynal bey Vazirov, Bahram bey Vazirov; as well as poets, merchants and army officers. Penultimate leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, Abdurrahman Vazirov was also a member of this family. According to him, suggestion to adopt surname Vazirov came from Mirza Fatali Akhundov to Mirza Jamal.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Sharif bey Javanshir was earlieast attested member of the family, whom had two sons. This is not a full list and only intends to show important members of the family:", "title": "Members" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a timeline of the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon during 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Anglophone Crisis is an ongoing armed conflict in the Republic of Cameroon in Central Africa, where historically English-speaking Ambazonian separatists are seeking the independence of the former British trust territory of Southern Cameroons, which was unified with Cameroon since 1961.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Military of the Bruneian Sultanate (Malay: Angkatan bersenjata Kesultanan Brunei, Jawi: ڠىلنشفشى لاثقسثىتشفش ،ثسعمفشىشى لآقعىثه) were the land force of the Bruneian Sultanate from 1368 to 1888 or 1906 when it became a regiment of the British Empire in 1961 and then finally becoming the modern day, Royal Brunei Land Forces and the Royal Brunei Armed Forces.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In the 1300s the Chinese annals, Nanhai zhi, reported that Brunei invaded or administered Sarawak and Sabah as well as the Philippine kingdoms of: Butuan, Sulu, Ma-i (Mindoro), Malilu (present-day Manila), Shahuchong (present-day Siocon or Zamboanga), Yachen (Oton, once part of the Madja-as Kedatuan), and Wenduling (present-day Mindanao), which would regain their independence at a later date. It eventually evolved to be called Pon-i and it was a vassal-state to the Javanese-centered Majapahit Empire.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After the Bruneian Sultanate declared independence from Majapahit Empire in 1408, the Sultan, Sulaiman of Brunei re-established the Bruneian Sultanate's military, its unclear what did they used but it is suspected that officers who bears the royal regalia of the Sultan of Brunei such as the Panglima Asgar, Perwira Asgar and the Hulubalang Asgar carried the royal weapons of a kalasak (shield) and a kampilan (sword).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "A 15th-century Chinese shipwreck containing hand cannons was found near Brunei during Bolkiah's reign, Bolkiah paid 40 Javanese blacksmiths to teach metal casting in Brunei, possibly introducing cannon casting. Since Bolkiah was the first Bruneian sultan to have used cannon,those 40 Javanese introduced cannon technology to Brunei.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1521, Antonio Pigafetta reported Brunei's military had a fleet of more than 100 boats (ships) which were involved in an attack with a faction in the south.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Bruneian Military prior to the Castilian War of 1578, was still had a strong army and navy. But despite this, they lost two battles against the Spaniards , but regain their strength after the Spanish force occupying the capital greatly weakened by an outbreak of cholera and dysentery. Before the Spanish retreated, the Spanish burned and destroyed the city's mosque. After just 72 days, the Spanish would later returned to Manila on 26 June.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 26 June 1578 (the same day as the Spanish retreat to Manila) the Bruneian Forces under Bendahara Sakam fought against Bruneian Defectors who defected to Spain under Pengiran Seri Ratna. The Bruneian Forces under Bendahara Sakam would win the Battle of Muara and kill Pengiran Seri Ratna (during the battle).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 1660 the Bruneian Civil War would start and again spilt into two forces. Abdul Hakkul Mubin and Muhyiddin. During the civil war, Muhyiddin was concerned that the civil war was dragging on for too long and asked the help of the Sultan of Sulu to send for his forces. He reportedly promised the land of eastern Sabah as a reward for the latter's assistance. During the civil war, Abdul Hakkul Mubin fled to Kinarut (in present-day Papar, Sabah, Malaysia) where, he stayed there for ten years, repelling repeated attacks by Sultan Muhyiddin. They returned to Brunei after a final attack by Muhyiddin's forces in which they failed to defeat Abdul Hakkul Mubin. It also noted that Muhyiddin finally defeated Abdul Hakkul Mubin in Cermin Island, by of the purchasing of gunpowder. Which came from Jambi Sultanate.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The Sulu army was supposed to help Muhyiddin forces in Cermin Island, but when they arrived the Sulu army in their ships arrived just to watch Muhyiddin forces fight Abdul Hakkul Mubin forces instead of helping the Muhyiddin forces, they landed after the battle to take war booty and to enslaved prisoners. This would infuriated Muhyiddin, who ordered the Sulu army to leave without giving eastern Sabah to them. Brunei denied giving eastern Sabah to the Sulu Sultanate. As there is no written evidence of the transfer. And the civil war ended in 1673.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In 18th to 19th century, the Bruneian Military was in bad shape and later disbanded by the last sultan after signing the Treaty of Protection and then became a regiment of the British in 1961.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In 1961, The Royal Brunei Malay Regiment was formed, when the first intake of 60 recruits began training. The formal foundation of the regiment occurred in June 1962 when men of the first three intakes were formed into the regimental headquarters and three rifle companies. In 1965, the regiment received the royal prefix, becoming the Royal Brunei Malay Regiment. Initially stationed at Port Dickson in Malaya, the regiment was soon moved to a purpose built barracks in Brunei itself. The Royal Brunei Malay Regiment established two new units, the Boat Section and the Air Service in 1965 to increase its capabilities further. These two units, together with the infantry, were amalgamated into a single task force in 1966.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In 1972, the regiment's structure was changed, with the infantry, aviation and naval sections split into separate units once again. The infantry companies became the 1st Battalion, Royal Brunei Malay Regiment, with a total of five rifle companies. Three years later, the 2nd Battalion, Royal Brunei Malay Regiment was formed by deamalgamating B and E Companies of the 1st Battalion.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "In 1984, Brunei achieved full independence from the United Kingdom. At that time, the Royal Brunei Malay Regiment was renamed as the Royal Brunei Land Forces, part of the wider Royal Brunei Armed Forces.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The Bruneian army in 1521 had around 1,000 men (royal guards sometimes referred as \"warriors\"), plus 100 boats and 62 artillery served as defense and invasion force, total numbered 2,620 men, ships and artillery pieces. During the reign of Bolkiah (r. 1485–1524), military was still 1,000 men and 62 cannons. But decreased down to 50 boats. During the reign of Saiful Rijal (r. 1533–1583), the army reduced itself further to a 60 recruits when it became a regiment of the British Empire.", "title": "Organisation" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1991 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various selectors for their All-Atlantic Coast Conference (\"ACC\") teams for the 1991 college football season. Selectors in 1991 included the Associated Press (AP).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "AP = Associated Press", "title": "Key" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "1991 College Football All-America Team", "title": "See also" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Aydın is a city in Aydın Province, Turkey.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Aydın may also refer to:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Other uses" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Inosuke Inoue (September 2, 1882 – June 20, 1966), whose Chinese given name was Gao Tianming, was born in Kochi Prefecture, Japan. In addition to being a Christian clergyman, he also engaged in medical services.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Inosuke Inoue's father, during the early days of Taiwan under Japanese rule, went to Hualien, Taiwan, to engage in camphor harvesting. Later, during the Weili Incident, he and dozens of government officials were killed by the Taroko people. For this reason, after Inosuke graduated from the seminary, he went to Taiwan's aboriginal tribes to carry out missionary and medical work with the concept of education and service. Later, he made many contributions to the medical work of Taiwan's aborigines throughout his life; therefore, he is known as the \"Father of Aboriginal Medical Services\" in Taiwan. Tzu Chi Monthly called Inoue \"revenge with love.\"", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1895, due to the victory in the Sino-Japanese War of 1895-1895, Japan obtained the territory of Taiwan. To obtain colonial economic resources, the Taiwan Governor-General, the highest administrative agency set up by Japan in Taiwan, began large-Government-General of Taiwan. Not only did the Governor-General promulgate the \"Rules for the Banning of Government-owned Forestry and Camphor Manufacturing\" in the same year, and the \"Rules for the Banning of Camphor Business and Camphor Taxation\" the following year, a few years later, a camphor bureau was set up under the Government-General's Office to conduct camphor production. Manufacturing and exclusive sales. Among them, camphor wood required for camphor is cultivated and developed in the mountainous areas of western Taiwan and as far away as the Hualien area, where most of the Taiwanese aborigines live.", "title": "Father died" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Although in charge of the camphor monopoly, the Camphor Bureau of the Governor's Office still actively cooperates with companies on the Japanese island. The cooperative companies in the Hualien area include the well-known Japanese private company Kada Group. In the summer of 1906, fierce conflicts broke out in the camphor factory set up by the Hetian Group in Hualien Weilishe. There were fierce battles between the camphor-making workers, mostly Taroko people and the Japanese-dominated employers because of labor disputes. During the battle, a total of 32 Japanese people were killed. Since everyone's head was cut off on the day of the murder, some people believe that one of the causes of the incident was the grass-cutting ceremony held by the residents of the Weili community of the Taroko ethnic group. After liquidation, among the deceased were the Hualien Branch Chief of Police Oyama Juro and Inoue Inosuke's father, Inoue Yanosuke, who worked as a technician in the camphor field.", "title": "Father died" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Japanese priest Juji Nakada baptized Inosuke Inoue in June 1903. In September 1905, he entered the Holy Book College of the Oriental Missionary Society. When the news of his father's murder reached Japan, Inosuke, who was studying at the seminary, not only mourned but also thought from the perspective of a religious person. He believed the Taroko people did this because they were not exposed to Christian teachings. Therefore, he came up with the idea of going to Taiwan to preach: \"From today on, I will pray for the Taiwanese aborigines every day, praying that someone will preach the gospel to them as soon as possible and become kind people.\"", "title": "Missionary motivation" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "After two years of consideration and prayer, Inoue applied to the Japanese government in 1908 for missionary work in Taiwan's aboriginal areas. However, since the Japanese government's national religion is Shinto, it has no intention of approving Inoue's application to preach.", "title": "Heading to Taiwan" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Despite this setback, Inoue did not give up on preaching. He decided to plan a trip to Taiwan in the name of medical service. To this end, Inosuke began studying medicine and obtained a medical license nine months later. Soon afterward, he finally received approval from the Japanese government and went to Taiwan for medical service in 1911.", "title": "Heading to Taiwan" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Inosuke Inoue, who had just arrived in Taiwan, was ordered to go to the aboriginal tribe in the Zhudong Mountain District of Hsinchu. The first official task the local Hsinchu Office government assigned him, which was engaged in Tibetan affairs, was to \"Entrust mountain affairs, appoint the Shuqilin Branch Office, and arrange for the Taiwan Aboriginal Medical Center to serve.\"", "title": "Heading to Taiwan" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In 1911, Inoue went to the Hsinchu Mountain Control Area in Taiwan. His service scope included the Galapai and the Sirak societies, where Atayal people gathered. Suppose a Taiwanese aborigine living in the two communities becomes ill or injured in an accident. In that case, the tribal leaders of the two communities will send Aboriginal soldiers to the stationed medical center to look for him. Because medical services are usually still some distance away from tribal areas in the mountainous areas, Inoue usually needs to hike to the indigenous tribes to receive treatment. In 1917, he had to be transferred back to Japan because he contracted malaria. In 1918, Inoue mentioned in Japan: \"In the autumn of that year (1918), a vicious cold (flu) spread all over the world. Many people suffered from it, and even many people died. Unfortunately, a family of five also died. Quan fell ill. After more than a month, although he has recovered slightly, he has adapted to Taiwan's warm climate over the years and has no resistance to the cold, so he wants to go to a warm place.\" This shows that he misses Taiwan.", "title": "Medical service" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In 1922, Inosuke came to Taiwan again and launched medical services in Taiwan's aboriginal areas. In addition to the two tribes mentioned above, the area he serves includes the Baimao Society, Meiyuan Society, Xinwangyang Malieba Society, Bunun Naifenpu Society, and Nama Kabang Society in Taichung Prefecture. The most special ones are, Under the orders of the Governor-General, he went to the Qingliu tribe to treat malaria and trauma for more than 300 locals who survived the Wushe incident. In 1931, he served as a commissioned officer of the Police Division of Nengao County Hall. In 1931, he served as a public physician in Taichung Prefecture. Because of his outstanding achievements in providing medical services to Taiwan's Aborigines, he was later honored as the \"Father of Aboriginal Medical Services.\"", "title": "Medical service" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "During this period of medical service, Inosuke did not give up his missionary ideals. He applied for Christian missionary work in 1916 and 1926 but was rejected by the competent authorities. However, even so, he still carried out evangelistic work among Taiwan's aboriginal people while carrying out medical work. In 1939, he resigned from his job in the Namakabang tribe and went to Neihu Village on the outskirts of Taipei City to open a hospital. He was also elected as the village coordinator of Neihu Village. Later, he went to a mental sanatorium in Songshan, Taipei, to treat people with mental health conditions.", "title": "Medical service" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In 1945, the Second World War ended, Japan was defeated and surrendered, and Taiwan entered the Republic of China period. Due to the change of government, the Japanese Inosuke Inoue faced the dilemma of being deported back to Japan. To stay in Taiwan and continue to provide medical services, Inosuke changed his name to Gao Tianming and was appointed by the Health Bureau as Songshan Sanatorium. The following year, he resigned from his job in the sanatorium. He went to Yilan to continue his service as a power generation doctor at Tianpi Institute and continue his preaching work. However, he was soon forced to leave Taiwan due to the turmoil caused by the February 28 Incident.", "title": "Returning to Japan after the war" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Inosuke Inoue, who returned to Japan, did not engage in medical services anymore but switched to clergy and teaching.", "title": "Died" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "At 1:40 a.m. on June 20, 1966, he died of encephalomalacia at his home at the foot of Ueno Oji Castle, Nada-ku, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. The farewell ceremony was held at 2:00 p.m. on June 26 in Kamiyama-cho, Kita-ku, Osaka City. He was held and buried in the Iruma Memorial Cemetery in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. His tombstone was engraved with the significant word \"love,\" and below it was written \"トミーヌン‧ウットフ,\" which is the Atayal \"tminun Utux,\" tminun means \"weaving,\" Utux means \"God,\" tminun Utux means \"神わwovenりgive (God is weaving).\"", "title": "Died" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "According to Yumi Kojima's research, for the Atayal people, birth is tminun utux (God is weaving), and death is mason tminun utux (God has finished weaving). Inosuke Inoue commented on this during his lifetime: Everything in the universe is the will of God, and humans can do nothing. If the war fails, they say: \"God's weaving is not good.\" When humans are happy and victorious, they say: \"God weaves well.\"Just as a woman weaves fabric, it can be said that God is intricately crafting the course of the world and humanity's journey. What profound and meaningful words! I have fulfilled fifty years of prayers and missions. It is an impossible task for me alone, but through God and the individuals He has chosen, the mission has been accomplished on my behalf. God is in the process of weaving, tminun Utux. I believe God will weave the ethnic groups of Taiwan into something beautiful to rescue and sanctify them in the eyes of the Japanese and the global community.", "title": "Died" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "\"From today onwards, I am going to pray every day for the aborigines in Taiwan, praying that someone will preach the gospel to them soon and instead become a people of goodness.\"", "title": "Quotation" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "\"I don't know how long it will take for the aboriginal people of Taiwan to stop killing people's heads, and I pray that through the power of God the Father, they will repent from this horrible and great sin and become good people as soon as possible.\"", "title": "Quotation" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "\"If the locals of Taiwan, who in the eyes of the world are considered to be the same as wild animals, are also honorable human beings made in the image of God, I am sure that God will save them...I must do it so that others can recognize God's presence in the faces of the locals.\"", "title": "Quotation" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "\"Now faced with the situation of not being able to preach publicly, what can I preach to those around me? Only by my daily prayers and deeds.\"", "title": "Quotation" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Seting clothes and Cual cloth are traditional clothes from the Bangka Belitung Islands in Indonesia. Cual cloth has similarities with songket cloth, which is typical of Palembang, as both are quite complicated and take a long time to produce. Due to its long production time, Cual cloth is often expensive and is associated with traditional royal clothing, weddings and various other major events. At large events, the Cual Cloth is paired with the Seting Shirt. Cual cloth is a cloth native to the Bangka Belitung culture which is made using the traditional ikat weaving method.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The clothes worn by Bangka Belitung brides are Seting Clothes and Cual Cloth. Apart from that, this shirt is equipped with several accessories. Brides in Bangka Belitung wear the traditional Baju Seting attire. This clothing has the form of an ordinary clothes bracket, red color made from velvet or silk cloth. The bottom clothes of this set of clothes are cual cloth, which is often also called lasem cloth or besusur cloth. Cual cloth is a cloth native to the culture of the Bangka Belitung people, made using the ikat weaving method. There are 2 motifs, namely the Penganten Bekecak motif (full pattern), and the Jande Bekecak motif (empty space motif). Some of them are special footwear called pending slippers or Arabic sandals which have a special characteristic, namely that the tip is sharp like a boat.", "title": "Bridal clothes" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The traditional wedding attire for native men from Bangka Belitung is a long robe. The characteristic of this robe is the Arabic pattern on the robe and its dark red or dark red color. This robe is equipped with a long cloth in the form of a shawl. Usually this cloth is worn by slinging it over the right shoulder sideways. The bottom part of this clothing is trousers with a color that matches the color of the top worn. Apart from that, the top and bottom of this outfit are decorated with motifs that match the clothes worn by the bride.", "title": "Bridal clothes" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "According to the story that has developed in the Bangka Belitung community, Seting clothes and Cual cloth are a combination of Arab and Chinese culture. In the past, there was a rich Arab merchant who came to Bangka Belitung to trade and spread the Islamic religion. This is because the location of Bangka Belitung was very strategic in maritime trade in the past, thus making the cultural acculturation of the Bangka Belitung people with immigrant communities very clearly felt in this area. Not long after, the merchant found a wife of Chinese descent who lived in the Mentok area. This merchant fell in love with a Chinese girl and then married the Chinese girl. At this wedding they wore their respective traditional clothes. This husband and wife usually wear clothes with the type of Seting Shirt and Cual Cloth which attract the attention of local residents. After this, there were many Chinese and Arab people who came to migrate to the island of Bangka, especially to Mentok City which was the center of government at that time, some of whom married native people, or among themselves, so there were many island residents. Bangka who imitated these clothes. Apart from that, based on information from the public, many of the native people of Bangka Belitung were originally brought and worn by Arab brothers who married local Chinese girls, so that since then this clothing has been used as traditional clothing. In development, local residents mix and match the Seting Clothes and Cual Cloth with local styles of native Malay culture from Bangka Belitung. So in general, these clothes are a combination of Arab, Chinese and Malay culture. The native people of Bangka come from the Sekak tribe. The Sekak tribe itself is a group of Malay people who inhabit the coasts of Bangka Belitung. In its development, the Sekak tribe people became the original inhabitants of Bangka Belitung. In these islands, people created and preserved culture until it survived until now. Of the many cultural variations of Bangka Belitung, one of the cultural heritages known from the Sekak tribe is the traditional clothing of the Bangka Belitung Islands, namely the Seting Baju and Cual Cloth.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In the past, this Cual cloth could be called Limar Muntok. At first glance, the Limar Muntok motif is similar to songket cloth from South Sumatra. However, there is a slight difference, namely that there will be a floral motif. These floral motifs resemble clove flowers, cempaka, animal motifs and plant motifs. The motifs on this Cual Cloth are the Kembang Kenanga, Duck, Jellyfish, Peacock, Kembang Rukem and Kembang Setaman motifs. According to the story, this cloth, which is also often called the Limar Muntok cloth, developed in a city called Muntok. This happened precisely in the 17th century. This cloth was first introduced by the great-grandfather of the founder of the Cual Ishadi cloth shop in Pangkal Pinang. This cloth is almost similar to Palembang songket, its shape is similar to songket, indicating the influence of Malay culture. This cloth is made manually using weaving techniques. Malay motifs with bright colors and floral and fauna motifs are unique to this Cual cloth.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The process of making Cual Cloth is quite complicated because the materials used are quite unique and require effort to obtain. This causes the price of this fabric to be quite expensive. The materials for making this cloth are polyester, silk, cotton, wood fiber and some also use 18 carat gold thread. So you can imagine the reason why this fabric is quite expensive. Apart from containing its own historical value, this traditional clothing also has philosophical value. The arrangement of motifs on Cual Cloth not only depicts the beauty of the complicated weaving process but also the complexity of the materials that make it up. So this Cual cloth is often used as oversized clothing among the nobility, as bridal clothing, and other oversized clothing. This Cual cloth is a typical counterpart to the Ceting shirt which is also known as the Seting shirt which is made from silk or velvet. Usually mothers work on Cual Cloth while filling their free time. However, nowadays, in the charcoal era, you can find a lot of Cual cloth or Cual patterned cloth which is used as uniform cloth in several elementary schools and government offices.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "This traditional clothing is usually worn at traditional events or several formal occasions. For important occasions, Seting Clothes and Cual Cloth are usually worn along with crowns (paksian) worn by women and turbans (sungkon) worn by men.[1] The crown (paksian) is a gold-colored accessory equipped with special ornaments in the form of a lotus flower which is used as a breast covering on clothes, goyang flowers, bamboo leaves, cempaka flowers, tenggalung fence, moon juice, cempaka florets, and the head decoration is a bun cap. or flowers. Apart from that, long necklaces and earrings, shrimp pins or ornaments pinned to both earlobes, large pending bracelets; These bracelets are usually used as belt accessories, as well as ronce jasmine decorations that are attached to clothes. So if summarized, the accessories used are", "title": "Accessories" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kangarli cavalry (Azerbaijani: Kəngərli süvariləri; Russian: Конница Кенгерли) was an army unit in the Russian army in 1828 – 1856. They participated in the Russian-Ottoman war under the leadership of Ehsan Khan from Nakhchivan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Beys used epaulettes, viceroys, and adjutants to command an army unit.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Kangarlis are one of the Turkic tribes that have existed since early times. They were also active during the Safavid period and formed a branch of Ustaj, one of the main Qizilbash tribes. Currently, their heirs live in the Iranian Azerbaijan and Qom-Varamin regions of Iran. The Khans of Nakhchivan belonged to this tribe.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1787, Kalbali Khan, who relied on cavalry from the Kangarli tribe, came to power as a result of a palace coup. After a short time, he subjugated the nomadic tribes and clans as Khan of Nakhchivan and established full power.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Kangarli Cavalry, part of the Russian Imperial Army, was created in 1828 during the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829. It was commanded by Colonel Ehsan Khan. The uniform of the Kangarli cavalry consisted of a shirt, a cloth or felt (for winter) dark blue stand-up collar, a braided beshmet, a high-pointed hat (for winter) made as a headdress, and a green cloth eight-pointed star on it. Although boots were used in war or travel situations, in peacetime, dolamas were used. Grooms wore epaulettes, and their assistants, viceroys and lawyers, were distinguished from soldiers and nökers. Nökers had a special mark on their collars. In winter, everyone used yapinji [az; tr]. Rifles, pistols and daggers were the weapons.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "With the consultation of the elders of the Kangarli tribe of Nakhchivan, two hundred Kangarli cavalrymen were sent to help General Parkechiv. The cavalry was commanded by Farajulla Bey, the son of Kor Khan, the captain of the Russian army. His assistant was captain Zeynalabdin Soltan, son of Haji Isa Soltan, one of the Kangarli beys. Mehdi Agha, son of Kalbali Khan, was also on the list of centurions. In general, all Kangarli gentlemen who could hold a weapon were serving in this group.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "During the entire campaign of 1829, the Kangarli Cavalry mainly operated as part of the consolidated Cossack regiment and participated in the Oltu expedition of Lieutenant Colonel Prince M. Z. Argutinsky-Dolgorukin's detachment as an independent unit only on September 18–20. The siege of the Oltu fortress and its subsequent firing led to the surrender of the fortress garrison. Kangarli cavalrymen, who were in the vanguard of the detachment, became more prominent in the battle of Milli-Duz. All Transcaucasia Muslim cavalry regiments, including the Kangarli cavalry, were awarded with commemorative flags on October 26, 1830, for their distinction in the battles of 1829. According to the order of Nicholas I, Kangarli cavalrymen were given an honorary flag for their bravery, the State Coat of Arms and the monogram of Nicholas I were depicted on its green fabric. There is a flag in History Museum of Azerbaijan belonging to a detachment of the Kangarli cavalry. Researches show that the flag of the Kangarli Cavalry was transported to the palace of Ehsan Khan under the personal leadership of the Caucasus Governor - Field Marshal Prince Mikhail Semenovich Vorontsov (1782-1856).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In the 1830s, the 350 cavalry union was kept ready for war and 8,400 rubles were collected from the Nakhchivan khanate for the detention of the army. Kangaris were the only community in the Caucasus Corps, which is permanently served in the military. In 1837, hundreds of Kangarli cavalrymen led by Farajulla bey, brother of Ehsan Khan, arrested Molla Mahammad Sadigh, who were talking about the end of the world. On October 5, 1837, during the journey to Caucasus, the Russian Emperor – Nicholas I saw the Kangarli cavalary and called them \"incomparable\". Historian Farhad Nagdaliyev states that after Nicholas seeing the excellence of Kangarli cavalary, he ordered formation of a Muslim detachment out of noble families for his convoy. From the story of Nicholas written by A. H. Benckendorff:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "When I went down to the gorge, I saw the unparalled Kangarli cavalrymen with beautiful horses and in uniform lined in front of me in a ready position. The leader, Ehsan Khan came to me in a hurry, and reported like an officer of our regual army. I went till famous Echmiadzin monastery with them. Armenian patriach Yohannes met me on horse in front of monastery. When I left monastery I looked at Kangarli cavalrymen who were escorting me on my way to Iravan.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In 1850, the Kangarli cavalry group, who was previously subordinate to the military management, began to carry out police, border and customs–quarantine guardians in Nakhichvan uyezd. During the Crimean War, three hundred Kangarli Cavalry were fighting as part of Iravan detachment under the command of Lieutenant-General Baron K.K Wrangel. During the entire campaign of 1854, horsemen were constantly in the forefront, performing reconnaissance and patrol duties.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "With the end of military activity, on August 30, 1856, the Kangarli Cavalry Union was dissolved.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In the official letter dated April 23, 1845, the official appeal of Ehsan Khan was reflected. The next day, with letter number 44, the head of the region was informed that Prince Gagarin was entrusted with the transfer of the honorary flag kept in the administrative center to the palace of Ehsan Khan. Gagarin was on an official visit to Iran at that time. In the last sentence of the letter, it was written that \"give me my letter and gift and show my respect to Ehsan Khan\". The letter No. 498 dated April 25 of the commander-in-chief of the Russian troops in the Caucasus to the aforementioned guard colonel Prince Gagarin notes:", "title": "Flag" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The flag of honor presented to the Kangarli tribe by the most merciful ruler. Currently, it is kept in the Nakhchivan district administration. Major General Ehsan Khan, the father of the march of Muslim troops, asks to deliver this flag to his palace. Therefore, as soon as you return from Iran, solemnly deliver this flag to the palace of Ehsan Khan. Notify me once the ceremony is completed.", "title": "Flag" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "After the ceremonial delivery of the flag to the palace of Ehsan Khan, the latter wrote a letter of thanks to M.S. Vorontsov, the governor of the Caucasus, which is kept among the documents. The letter expresses gratitude for the trust shown to him, for the gifts and for allowing the Kangarli cavalry flag to be kept in his palace. This letter was written on June 1, 1845, in Nakhchivan and confirmed by the personal seal and signature of Ehsan Khan.", "title": "Flag" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "During the Crimean War in June 1854, II Kalbali Kangarli showed bravery during the battles for Chingil Hill, for which he was awarded the 4th degree Order of George. In the same year, Emperor Nicholas I sent a battle flag to Kalbali Khan. This square banner measuring 145x120 cm is blue in color, made of silk fabric, with images and inscriptions on the front and back sides.", "title": "Flag" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "The battle and honor flags of the Kangarli Cavalry are stored in the \"New and Modern History\" fund of the museum in Baku. The battle flag of the Kangarli cavalry differs from the flags of other Muslim cavalry regiments of the Russian army by the green color of the canvas and some elements. The rectangular silk flag measures 134x128 cm and features a somewhat schematic representation of an eagle with a gray shield on its chest and cannonballs in its claws. The flagpole is black. Unlike the flags of other Muslim regiments, here in Arabic \"Goodness is rewarded with goodness\". The just sultan is the shadow of God on earth. The inscription \"Al-Murad Kangarli\" is not on the ribbon, but directly on the flag itself. Let's note that this Murad is the great-grandfather of Nakhchivan Khan, Kalbala I. It can be concluded that most of the symbolical elements of this flag belong to the Kangarli tribe. The Honorary Flag of Kangarli's coup is green, and the dimensions are made of 158x140 cm, double silk fabric. The center is given a two-headed eagle description of the golden wreath in a white background. The upper end yellow, lower and grasses are the same as the other regiment's honor placards. This is a copy of the flag that moved to the Palace of Ehsan Khan. According to Russian historian Oleg Kuznetsov, the Honorary Flag is kept in the St. Petersburg Museum.", "title": "Flag" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023 FIBA 3x3 Africa Cup – Men's tournament is the fifth edition of this continental championship. The event was held in Cairo, Egypt for the second consecutive year. It was contested by 8 teams.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Egypt won their second title with a win over Nigeria in the final.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Egypt's capital, Cairo, was given the hosting rights on 31 May 2022.", "title": "Host selection" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "All African National Federations were invited to register a team for the FIBA 3x3 Africa Cup 2023.", "title": "Participating teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The pools were announced on July 20, 2023.", "title": "Preliminary round" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "All times are local.", "title": "Knockout stage" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "These players were given the awards after the competition:", "title": "Awards" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The term weak continuum hypothesis can be used to refer to the hypothesis that 2 ℵ 0 < 2 ℵ 1 {\\displaystyle 2^{\\aleph _{0}}<2^{\\aleph _{1}}} , which is the negation of the second continuum hypothesis. It can also be used to refer to the assertion that every uncountable set of real numbers can be placed in bijective correspondence with the set of all reals. This second assertion was Cantor's original form of the Continuum Hypothesis (CH). Given the Axiom of Choice, it is equivalent to the usual form of CH, that 2 ℵ 0 = ℵ 1 {\\displaystyle 2^{\\aleph _{0}}=\\aleph _{1}} .", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "2023 FIBA 3x3 Africa Cup consists of two sections:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Morelle McCane is an American boxer.She won the silver medal in the 2023 Pan American Games in Boxing in the Women's 66 kg category.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Psyduck was a small trance music rave party that took place in the open fields between kibbutz Nir Oz and kibbutz Nirim, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the border of Gaza. The rave hosted about 100 participants. On 7 October 2023 morning, as part of the surprise attack on Israel, the Palestinian Islamist militant group Hamas attacked the Psyduck festival, killing 17 Israeli partygoers.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "For five years, Psyduck music gatherings were held once every two months, with the location of the party kept a secret. In many cases, even the organizers didn't know where the party would take place until right before the event began. The 2023 location was a pastoral-looking wadi between Nir Oz and Nirim, was chosen by one of the party organizers, Moshe Amzaleg, from Tifrah in Eshkol regional council. The party was arranged as a covert gathering, funded by the participants and without police authorization and undisclosed to the authorities.", "title": "Gathering" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Approximately 100 people took part in the event, which was considerably smaller compared to the well-known Nova festival near Re'im.", "title": "Gathering" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The party started on 6 October around midnight. On the early morning of October 7th, while people were dancing to sound of music, a barrage of rockets started. Partygoers quickly realized that this was no ordinary barrage. According to the testimonies of survivors, a motorized Hamas paraglider came near the party venue, but did not attack them. After that, Palestinian militants arrived at the venue by foot and motorized vehicles from the Gaza Strip. As the shooting increased, some of the festival participants decided to run away, while others stayed hiding until the arrival a few hours later of the Israel Defense Forces.", "title": "Hamas' assault" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Some of those who decided to flee encountered Hamas militants, and were killed while trying to escape on the roads, in shelters, or at nearby kibbuzim, Nirim, Nir-Oz and Kisufim. In total, seventeen of the festival participants were killed.", "title": "Hamas' assault" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The National social security agency in Israel formally recognizes the experiences and trauma of the survivors of the Psyduck festival. Survivors can submit claims for recognition as victims of work-related injuries and as casualties of hostile actions. They are entitled to several benefits, such as financial assistance, medical and psychological support, legal aid and compensation for any lost or damaged property.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Family members of victims of the two festivals gathered to create the Party Flowers Forum, to demand the immediate establishment of a third party committee to investigate any potential negligence leading up to the 7 October attacks.", "title": "Aftermath" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The second series of The Traitors is set to premiere on BBC One on 3 January 2024. Claudia Winkleman will return as the show's presenter. The series will also be accompanied by a spin-off show The Traitors: Uncloaked.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In February 2023, it was announced that The Traitors had been renewed for a second series following the success of the first. In a statement the BBC said \"In news [that would] surprise no-one; following the smash-hit first series, the BBC has confirmed that The Traitors will be returning for a second run. Host Winkleman said of the show's recommissioning that: \"[She couldn't] wait to go back to the castle to watch people play the greatest game on television.\"", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The series is also set to see the debut of a spin-off show The Traitors: Uncloaked, which will include interviews with banished and murdered contestants, as well as bonus unseen footage where the contestants learn the identity of the Traitors for the very first time.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The first teaser trailer for the series aired in October 2023, prior to the Halloween Week episode of the twenty-first series of Strictly Come Dancing. Further trailers promoting the series were released by the BBC in the lead up to the series premiere.", "title": "Production" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Leonid Moiseevich Vainshtein (Russian: Леонид Моисеевич Вайнштейн, April 20, 1945, Baku - June 20, 1994, Baku) was a Soviet and Azerbaijani composer, as well as Honored Artist of Azerbaijan of Jewish background.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Leonid Vainshtein was born on April 20, 1945 to Moisey Vainshtein and Olga (née Belyavskaya). He studied in Classical Gymnasium No. 160, a popular choice for the elite of his time, including He graduated from the Azerbaijan State Conservatory in 1968 in the class of Gara Garayev. He worked as a docent at the composition departments of the Azerbaijan State Conservatory and the Azerbaijan National Conservatory Music College, and also as a music composer at the Azerbaijan State Russian Drama Theater. He preferred theater-stage and symphonic music.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "His main works include ballet \"Inspiration\", rock opera \"White Sun of the Desert\", children's operas \"Puss in Boots\", \"Cinderella\", 6 symphonies for large symphony orchestra, Violin Concerto, Concerto for string orchestra, string quartet; \"Memorial\" triptych for organ (dedication to the Khojaly massacre), \"Azerbaijan-60\" cantata for BSO with mixed choir; oratorio \"I want to return to the sea\" for soloist, male choir and BSO (to the poems of Nazim Hikmet), vocal series \"Sea, sky and love\" (to the poems of Nabi Khazri), music for theater, movies, variety plays, romances and songs. One of his last works \"Your spring will come to Azerbaijan!\" (\"Азербайджан, твоя весна придёт!\") was a romance.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Leonid Weinstein died in 1994 in Baku. He was married to Bayaz Vainshtein (née Vazirova), sister of Abdurrahman Vazirov, with whom he had a son called Timur. He was Harry Kasparov's uncle.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The eighteenth series of British reality television series The Apprentice (UK) is scheduled to premiere in February 2024 in the UK on BBC One. Karren Brady and Tim Campbell will return as Lord Sugar's aide's.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In January 2023, whilst the previous series was airing, the BBC announced applications were open for the eighteenth series. The applications closed on 29 January 2023. In November 2023, it was confirmed that the series would be pushed back to February 2024 instead of the usual slot due to the second series of The Traitors launching in January.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Ahead of the series, Lord Sugar spoke during an interview with The Times announcing his plans to \"tone down\" the penultimate \"interviews\" episode for this series, following the controversy surrounding the interrogations from the interviewers in the previous series, which Sugar himself said he found \"hard to watch.\" His aide Karren Brady defended the segment of the process however, insisting that she wasn't trying to upset the candidates, [during the interviews] however added that \"resilience\" was critical for running a successful business.", "title": "Production" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nathanael Koh (born 20 March 2010) is a Singaporean child prodigy.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Koh was born in Singapore on 20 March 2010. About a year later, he was diagnosed with global developmental delay. He began playing the piano at the age of three. From 2015 to 2020, Koh and his family lived in Otago, New Zealand. He studied music composition at the Australian National University and graduated in 2023, becoming the university's youngest ever graduand.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Koh is currently a composer-in-residence at the Kids' Philharmonic@sg Orchestra.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The fifth series of the British version of The Masked Singer premiered on ITV on 30 December 2023, following a Christmas special episode on 25 December. Joel Dommett returned as the show's presenter, whilst Mo Gilligan, Davina McCall, Rita Ora and Jonathan Ross return as panellists. The series is the second in a two-year commissioning by ITV.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The commissioning of the fifth series was announced by ITV in February 2022, alongside the fourth series as part of a two-year contract. Filming for the series took place in October 2023 at Bovingdon Studios in Hertfordshire, with the public being invited to apply for tickets to be in the audience. The series is set to begin airing on 30 December 2023, following the show's first Christmas special episode that aired on 25 December and as in second series, would begin prior to the New Year.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Panellists and host" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Prior to the series airing, it was announced that Joel Dommett would return as presenter, with Jonathan Ross, Davina McCall, Rita Ora and Mo Gilligan all returning to the panel. However, due to Ora's scheduling conflicts with the eleventh season of the American version where she filled in for Nicole Scherzinger, it was confirmed that Jennifer Saunders, Olly Murs and Charlie Simpson, the latter of whom won the previous series as \"Rhino\", would serve as guest panellists in her place for three of the respective episodes.", "title": "Panellists and host" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The twelve costumes for the fifth series were released on 10 December 2023.", "title": "Contestants" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Palazzo della Credenza (Piedmontese: Palass dla Chërdensa) is a historic building located in Ivrea, Italy.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The building was built in the early 14th century in what was then the market square in the upper town of Ivrea to house the seat of the council of the free commune of Ivrea. This institution was known as Crendenza, whence the name of the building.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The building comprises three floors and is built with bricks. The main façade features a portico with ogival arches and pointed arch windows on the upper floors.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Media related to Palazzo della Credenza at Wikimedia Commons", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bárbara dos Santos is a Brazilian boxer.She won the gold medal in the 2023 Pan American Games in Boxing in the Women's 66 kg category.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Oleh Palchyk is a Ukrainian photographer, journalist, soldier, junior sergeant of the TRO forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, a participant in the Russian-Ukrainian war.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2006, he started working professionally in documentary, advertising and creative photography. He worked as a reportage photographer for the Kharkiv City Council, a photographer and post-production designer for PositivePictures (2016–2018). He covered the preparation and holding of the 2012 European Football Championship (2011–2012, Kharkiv).", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Currently, he is a member of the TRO Media team.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The works were published in CNN Business, The New York Times, BBC News, Business Insider; used in the photo albums Euro Holidays in Kharkov and Kharkov sources (2013, Kharkiv).", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The men's individual compound open competition of the archery events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held from November 19 to 22 at the Archery Center in Santiago, Chile.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The results were as follows:", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The results during the elimination rounds were as follows:", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tonino De Bernardi (born 24 August 1937) is an Italian film director and screenwriter.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Chivasso near Turin, after graduating in literature with Massimo Mila, with a thesis on neoclassical Stravinsky, Tonino De Bernardi joined the Cooperativa Cinema Indipendente Italiano in 1967, based first in Naples and then in Rome. In Turin he collaborated with Paolo Menzio (\"Il mostro verde\", 16mm, in competition at Knokke-le-Zoute 1967–68, EXPRMNTL, Experimental Film Festival) and Pia Epremian De Silvestris (De Bernardi acted, together with Mariella Navale, in \"Medea\" and other films of hers, and Pia, in turn, appears in De Bernardi's works). In Rome, the Cooperative's films were often screened at festivals organized at the Filmstudio '70 (from March 1968). Among others, Giorgio Turi, Adamo Vergine, Alfredo Leonardi, Gianfranco Baruchello, Massimo Bacigalupo - who was to become a fundamental friend of Tonino and Mariella - Luca Patella, Piero Bargellini, Guido Lombardi and Anna Lajolo took part in the Cooperative.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Anthony Cristiano, Experimental and Independent Italian Cinema-Legacies and Transformations Into the Twenty-First Century, Edinburgh University Press, 2020, ISBN 9781474474054", "title": "Bibliography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Andrea Mariani, Denis Lotti, Diego Cavallotti, Scrivere la storia, costruire l’archivio-Note per una storiografia del cinema e dei media, Meltemi, 2021, ISBN 9788855194167", "title": "Bibliography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Angela Bianca Saponari, Federico Zecca, Oltre l’inetto-Rappresentazioni plurali della mascolinità nel cinema italiano, Meltemi, 2021, ISBN 9788855195270", "title": "Bibliography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Sergio Toffetti, Stefano Francia di Celle, Dalle lontane province. Il cinema di Tonino De Bernardi, Lindau, 1995, ISBN 9788871801278", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 Loyola Ramblers women's basketball team represents Loyola University Chicago during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Ramblers, led by second-year head coach Allison Guth, play their home games at the Joseph J. Gentile Arena in Chicago, Illinois as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Ramblers finished the 2022–23 season 6–24, 1–15 in A-10 play to finish in last place. As the #15 seed in the A-10 tournament, they were defeated by #10 seed Duquesne in the first round.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Sources:", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Yunisleidy De La Caridad Garcia (born 11 August 1999) is a Cuban track and field athlete who competes as a sprinter. A multiple-time national champion, she was a gold medalist at the 2023 Pan American Games over 100 metres.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Garcia was born in Remedios, part of the Villa Clara Province, Cuba.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In August 2022, she competed at the 2022 NACAC Championships in Freeport, Bahamas where her Cuban 4x100m relay team finished fifth in the final.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In May 2023, she set a new personal best of 11.16 seconds for the 100 metres. She then bettered that in the same weekend to see a new national record over 100 metres, clocking 11.08 seconds in Martinique to beat the previous record set by Liliana Allen in 1992. In July 2023, she was a bronze medalist at the Central American and Caribbean Games in San Salvador, behind winner Julien Alfred. In August 2023, she was named as part of the Cuban squad for the 2023 World Athletics Championships in Budapest.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Competing at the 2023 Pan American Games, she won gold over 100 metres, silver in the 200 metres and gold in the 4x100m relay.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Claire Mersereau was an American stage and film actress of the silent film era. She appeared several in films including Black is White (1920) directed by Charles Giblyn and played the leading role in a touring production of Polyanna in 1919. She was the sister of actress Violet Mersereau.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1904, at the age of twelve, Mersereau performed before King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in a production of Her Own Way alongside by Maxine Elliott.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Mersereau played the titular character in Ashes (1916), a film about a maid in an Alaska boarding-house who inherits a fortune. The film was directed by Robert F. Hill and also starred Nellie Slattery, Stanley Walpole and Joseph Granby. She also appeared with Walpole in The Seeds of Redemption (1917) and The Mantle of Deceit (1916).", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Mersereau's final film credit came as Lyda Desmond in Black is White (1920), directed by Charles Giblyn and starring Holmes Herbert, Jack Crosby, Clifford Bruce, and Lillian Lawrence.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Mersereau also had a successful career on stage, appearing in productions of Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, Zaza, and The Clansman. In 1919, she played the leading role of Pollyanna Whittier in a touring production of Polyanna, which was adapted for the stage by Catherine Chisholm Cushing from the novel series of the same name by Eleanor H. Porter. Her performance was generally praised by critics, with the Green Bay Press-Gazette writing that \"The little star is just a bundle of gladness on the stage and her rare bits of humor frewuently brought forth much applause.\" Pollyanna had previously been played by Helen Hayes and Patricia Collinge. After Mersereau, the role was played by Viola Harper.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On Broadway, Mersereau originated the roles of Countess Ermintrude in Forbidden (1919-1920), Vivienne in Sophie (1920) and Lydia Bertram in George M. Cohan's American Born (1925).", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bernardo Romeo Benítez Fariña (born 14 November 2002) is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays mainly as a left winger for Guaraní.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Sargento José Félix López, Benítez joined Guaraní's youth setup at the age of 15, from hometown club Club Sportivo Cerro Corá de Concepción. He made his first team – and Primera División – debut on 9 April 2022, starting in a 1–0 away win over Sportivo Ameliano.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Benítez scored his first professional goal on 21 May 2022, netting his team's third in a 4–0 away routing of General Caballero JLM. He started to feature more regularly in the 2023 season, and scored a brace in a 2–1 home win over Sportivo Luqueño on 24 September of that year.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Battle of Lạng Sơn (1940) was a short military battle between Imperial Japan and Vichy France in French Indochina. This battle was one of the very few battles of the Japanese invasion of French Indochina, an invasion only lasting three days. This battle took place in Lạng Sơn, and the areas surrounding it, which are located in modern-day northern Vietnam. The city was invaded by the Japanese army, after forcibly crossing the Chinese border into Vietnam. The French forces were outnumbered by Japan's forces, and they were forced to withdraw from the city on 25 September 1940.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Evelyn Ijeh (born 12 Augsut 2001) is a Swedish footballer who plays as a striker for Tigres.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ijeh started playing football at the age of ten.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Ijeh started her career with Swedish side IFK Göteborg, where she debuted for the club during a 1-3 loss to Hammarby Fotboll.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Ijeh mainly operates as a striker and has been described as \"played in all positions, even goalkeeper as a child. And in F19, Evelyn Ijeh shifted between being left back and center back\".", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Ijeh is the sister of Swedish footballer Josephine Ijeh.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Manassas Club was a gentlemen's club in Mobile, Alabama, founded in 1861.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Founded in November 1861, the Manassas Club was the oldest gentlemen's club in Mobile, Alabama, preceding The Athelstan Club by a decade.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In an article by the Mobile Press Register Today in history: Wrapping up Mardi Gras 1911,", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "\"Hundreds of maskers entered the prize contest arranged by the Carnival Association, gathering on the east side of Bienville Square Tuesday afternoon at 3 o'clock, from where they were viewed by the judges from the balcony of the Manassas Club. . . A sensation was caused by the appearance of a magnificently costumed debutante among the throng, and Chief Price, of the fire department, nearly got in bad with all his friends by escorting the lady down Dauphin street. Dares were handed about on the gallery of the Manassas Club, but no member had the hardihood to be seen in company with the dashing belle. It later transpired that the 'peach' was Tommy Price, who won the first prize for individual maskers.\"", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Ulysses S. Grant was hosted for a luncheon in April 1880.", "title": "Famous guests" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "IJN (Imperial Japanese Navy), subtitled \"A Tactical Game of Naval and Naval-Air Combat in The Pacific, 1941–1945,\" is a board wargame published by Simulations Canada in 1978 that simulates various naval encounters during the Pacific Campaign of World War II. It was the first in a series of three interlocking naval wargames.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "IJN is a two-person wargame of search followed by combat. It is played on a large featureless hex grid map where each hex represents 100 yards (110 metres), and each turn represents 90 seconds of game time.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Scenarios vary from two-ship engagements to large fleet battles. In each case either destroyers or airplanes search for enemy ships. When the enemy is located, larger ships, possibly accompanied by bomber aircraft, move in to engage in battle.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Movement of both players is simultaneous, with each player preplotting their movement for the turn, and then revealing them at the same time. The turn then takes the following sequence, all done simultaneously for both players:", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The game comes with the following scenarios:", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Extra counters are included in the game to allow the players to design their own scenarios.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Steve Newberg designed IJN, which was published by Simulations Canada as both a ziplock bag game and as a boxed set with cover art by Rodger B. MacGowan. It was the first of three naval games designed by Newberg that used the same game system, meaning players could combine the three into one game that could be used to design scenarios for any naval engagement in any theatre of World War II. The other two games feature slightly different rule sets; Torpedo! (1979) adds rules for submarines, and Schnellboote (1984) does not have any rules for aircraft.", "title": "Publication history" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Kirk Stroup, in Fire & Movement, thought that this game \"makes one look forward to the other two [sister games] still to come, despite the fact that it has to deal with the mechanics of tactical naval simulation, a subject on which few gamers agree.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In Issue 70 of Fire & Movement, Friederich Helfferich and Joseph Miranda found the game to be a little ponderous, commenting that the rules were \"fairly simple and a little broad-brush. Even so, the game is a little slow in play, requiring a good deal of bookkeeping and cross-indexing with the usual die rolls.\" They concluded \"Designer Stephen Newberg is an old navy man. His experience shows, but even he has not found ideal solutions to the problems of tactical naval design.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Unlike some other reviewers, Dan Sichel, found the game \"can be learned quickly and played fast. There is very little sitting around.\" Sichel did find that the 100 yd/hex scale was too granular and concluded, \"IJN is not too bad a game. The scale has got to be changed however or the game is useless.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In Issue 11 of The Grenadier, Karl Wiegers looked at the three interlocking games produced by Simulations Canada (IJN, Torpedo! and Scnhellboote) and found that the identical game system used by all of them \"is easy to learn, and play moves quite rapidly ... Despite some shortcomings in realism, the main attraction of the games is their high playability.\" However, Sayre admitted that the lack of realism could be a problem for some players, writing, \"the gamer with a serious interest in WWII naval combat will only be partially satisfied ...The level of abstraction is just too great to be very rewarding, and all sorts of historically unreasonable things can happen in the course of a scenario.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Cliff Sayre also reviewed all three of Simulations Canada's naval games and felt that the designer \"has done an excellent job of retaining those aspects which should be significant in a naval game and yet retained a high degree of playability and simplicity.\" Sayre did feel that perhaps luck was more important than skill, noting, \"Luck of the die roll is a considerable factor in the games ... Winning does call for skill, but there will be times when the dice may rule.\" Despite this, Sayre concluded on a positive note, saying, \"I have enjoyed the three games very much. The game system offers features which are not available in any other games.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "In a retrospective review written almost twenty-five years after this game's publication, Joe Scoleri didn't like the highly abstracted air rules, writing, \"In short, if you are an air combat gamer looking for something with a more hard-core air-naval focus, this might not be your cup of tea. But if you are a naval gamer looking for a 'does-it-all' World War II system with a different flavor than the average tactical naval game, this is worth a look.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Woodrow Wilson (August 28, 1915 – December 25, 1999) was an American politician and banker who was the first African American to serve in the Nevada Assembly. He served from 1966 to 1972 as a Republican representing the 4th district of Clark County, Nevada. He later served on the Clark County Commission.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Wilson was born in Morton, Mississippi, in 1915. He graduated from Piney Woods Country Life School in Mississippi in 1934 and moved to Las Vegas in 1942. He obtained employment at the American Potash and Chemical Company, where he worked for thirty-eight years, retiring as a foreman. In 1951 he co-founded Westside Federal Credit Union to provide loans and credit to African Americans and other minorities in Clark County, serving as the credit union's treasurer-manager for 42 years and remaining on its board of directors until his death.", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "During the 1950s he became active in civic affairs and the Black civil rights movement, serving as president and board member of the Las Vegas chapter of the NAACP during the 1950s and chairing the state advisory committee for the United States Commission on Civil Rights in 1957.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Despite being a Republican in the heavily Democratic 4th House district, Wilson was elected to the Nevada Assembly in 1966 and served three terms through 1972. He was the first African American to serve in the Nevada Assembly. He served on the Assembly's education, civil defense, veterans affairs, and social welfare committees. He was instrumental in enacting the Nevada Fair Housing Act in 1971, along with legislation to mandate fair employment practices, strengthen vocational education, and improve workers' compensation. Wilson also championed economic development and served as vice chair of the Clark County Economic Opportunity Board. In 1979, he was appointed to the Nevada Equal Rights Commission and went on to serve as chair.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1980, Wilson was elected to the Clark County Commission, becoming the second Black man to serve on the commission.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Wilson resigned from the Clark County Commission in 1984 after his conviction on federal corruption charges stemming from an FBI sting operation called Operation Yobo, which also enshared second Clark County commissioner and two state senators. Wilson pleaded guilty to accepting a $5,000 bribe from an FBI agent posing as an investor seeking Wilson's commission vote on a zoning change. Wilson received a two-year suspended sentence and three years' probation and ultimately served no prison time. He remained a respected figure within the Black community, and his supporters claimed that Operation Yobo was little more than an entrapment scheme. He continued to work for the Westside Federal Credit Union until his retirement in 1993.", "title": "Criminal conviction" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Wilson had six children and was married to Nora Wilson until her death in 1993. He later married Addie Mae Wilson. He was the first African American to serve as a Las Vegas scoutmaster. He died from diabetes complications at the Sunrise Hospital in Winchester, Nevada, on the outskirts of Las Vegas, in 1999 at the age of 84.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The women's individual compound open competition of the archery events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held from November 19 to 22 at the Archery Center in Santiago, Chile.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The results were as follows:", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The results during the elimination rounds were as follows:", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Salzburg negotiations were bilateral diplomatic talks designed to precisely and rigorously define the practical details of the economic rapprochement between the dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy and the German Reich. These talks began on July 9, 1918, in Salzburg, an Austrian city close to the German-Austro-Hungarian border, and were intended above all to implement the decisions of principle imposed on Emperor Charles I and his ministers by Emperor Wilhelm II and his advisors at their meeting in Spa on May 12, 1918. Continued throughout the summer, these negotiations were suspended on October 19, 1918, when, without having informed the German negotiators, the Foreign Minister of the Dual Monarchy, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, ordered the Austro-Hungarian delegation to interrupt its participation in the talks, which had been rendered pointless by the development of the situation marked by the inevitability of the military defeat of the Reich and the Dual Monarchy.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "At his meeting with Emperor Wilhelm II in Spa on May 12, 1918, Charles I and his minister Stephan Burián von Rajecz were forced to accept the political and economic subjection of the Habsburg Empire to the Reich. This subjection took the form of a treaty between the two empires, binding them tightly together. Formally concluded on an equal footing between the signatory powers, the Reich and the dual monarchy, the Spa agreements of May 12 in fact endorsed the pre-eminence of the Reich and guaranteed its supremacy, while the Austro-Hungarian signatories, the Emperor and his Foreign Minister, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, were forced to place the Danube monarchy in a situation of political, economic and military dependence on the Reich.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "However, the Spa agreement, which made the dual monarchy subject to an \"Austro-German Zollverein\", failed to put an end to rivalries in the Balkans and Eastern Europe, or to political disagreements over the end of the conflict or the future of occupied Poland.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "At the meeting on May 12, German and Austro-Hungarian negotiators agreed to set up technical commissions to put into practice the economic and commercial provisions of the agreement in principle between the emperors.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "At the beginning of 1918, the Dual Monarchy was more submissive than ever to the Reich and its policies, while the war effort accelerated its internal decay.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "From the spring of 1915, the Dual Monarchy experienced severe food shortages, both at the front and in the rear, forcing the Austro-Hungarian government to resort to increasingly extreme means, such as hijacking food trains in transit on the Austro-Hungarian rail network. These hijackings served to deepen the mistrust of the Reich's political and military leaders towards their counterparts in the dual monarchy.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "From the summer of 1915, the Austro-Hungarian fronts were increasingly held by armies in which German divisions formed the backbone. This presence helped to reinforce the double monarchy's satellite status, preventing the Austro-Hungarians from pursuing any autonomous policy within the alliance with the Reich. Thus, from the end of 1916, in application of the provisions of the German-Austro-Hungarian agreement of September 6, 1916, the Austro-Hungarian army no longer enjoyed any real autonomy, while the training of soldiers and officers led to the inculcation of the elements of military doctrine used in the Imperial German Army. Finally, the joint army had to deal with the return of prisoners of war captured by the Russians: exhausted, they often refused to submit and organized themselves into maquis, undermining the Austrian and Hungarian governments' control over the territory of the dual monarchy.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Finally, on June 9, 1918, a few weeks before the opening of German-Austro-Hungarian negotiations, the Austro-Hungarian army launched its last major offensive of the conflict, on the Piave front, but, faced with a determined defense, suffered a serious defeat, resulting in the loss of 160,000 soldiers, killed, wounded or missing, and the last reserves of equipment of the dual monarchy.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The negotiations were meticulously prepared by the various German economic policymakers, representing both Prussia and the Reich. The main participants in German politics wanted to prepare for the end of the conflict, in the best commercial interests of the Reich, in these negotiations, as in all the economic policies they pursued in the spring and summer of 1918.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On June 7, 1918, all German and Prussian government officials met under the chairmanship of Imperial Chancellor Georg von Hertling. All in favor of placing the dual monarchy under economic trusteeship, as a springboard for the establishment of a German sphere of influence in the Balkans and beyond, the German officials in attendance clashed over the modalities of this takeover. On this occasion, the points proposed by Hans Karl von Stein, Prussian Minister of Trade, met with opposition from all the other attendants: the Chancellor, Georg von Hertling, Karl Helfferich and their advisors wanted to implement a customs union between the Reich and the Dual Monarchy. Against this bloc, the representatives of the economic ministries, as well as the business community, opposed the negotiation of such a customs union, not least because of the weakness of the Austro-Hungarian krone in relation to the Reichsmark. For example, Hans Karl von Stein, backed by the Prussian and Reich economic ministries and Reichsbank President Rudolf Havenstein, was hostile to any plans for a customs union between the two empires, preferring to tie Austria-Hungary in with a long-term trade treaty. Moreover, in the eyes of these economic leaders, aware of the weakness of the Austro-Hungarian economy, customs unification of the Reich and the dual monarchy would favor the latter, due to its lower production costs; in their view, the Reichsbank would be forced to intervene to support the Austro-Hungarian krone, and to accept a 25% devaluation of the Reichsmark to cushion the effects of the weak Austro-Hungarian currency on the Reich economy, without any guarantees given the unpredictable future of the dual monarchy. Acknowledging the existence of strong divergences within the Reich leadership itself, a commission met on June 10, 1918, reached agreement in principle on the Reich's final objective in these negotiations, but demanded the agreement of all Reich administrations competent in economic and commercial matters before opening negotiations with the Dual Monarchy.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Faced with this division, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, then Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, approached the forthcoming negotiations with great caution, at least in talks with his German counterpart Richard von Kühlmann on June 11 and 12, 1918. The Austro-Hungarian representatives implicitly stated their intention to empty the May 12 agreements of their commercial aspects, and to substitute preferential customs agreements for a customs union between the Reich and the Dual Monarchy, the option favored by the German negotiators at the time.", "title": "Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Meeting on July 9, 1918, the German and Austro-Hungarian delegations quickly drew up a joint declaration of principles, later referred to by Georges-Henri Soutou as the \"Salzburg negotiations\".", "title": "Partial results" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Negotiations initially focused on the terms of a customs agreement between the Reich and the dual monarchy, as both partners wished to retain control over their own trade policies.", "title": "Partial results" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Despite this shared desire, the German and Austro-Hungarian negotiators soon came to an agreement: a common tariff scheme was drawn up, imposing identical customs duties on the other countries, with intermediate duties for products subject to different customs duties between the two empires. However, this project quickly aroused the open hostility of the agrarians, who were influential in Prussia, greatly slowing down the negotiations.", "title": "Partial results" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Among the outstanding points, the German and Austro-Hungarian negotiators attempted to define the customs regime uniting the Balkan states, which were destined to be reorganized under German influence, and the new German-Austro-Hungarian customs bloc. Indeed, a new, independent Serbian state was to form a pole of balance in the Balkans, reorganized for the benefit of the Reich; this new Serbia, however, was destined to be absorbed into the Mitteleuropa customs bloc. However, the precise status of the new Serbia was still up in the air, due to German-Austro-Hungarian rivalries: the Germans planned to enlarge Serbia to include Montenegro and part of Albania, and to link it closely to the Reich through control of its railways and the Bor copper mines; the Austro-Hungarians aspired to reconstitute a small kingdom deprived of its conquests of 1912 and 1913, while placing it under strict Austro-Hungarian political and economic tutelage.", "title": "Partial results" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Despite the shared desire of the Reich and Austria-Hungary to maintain control over their customs policy, each of the partners had to contend with the reservations of their respective pressure groups.", "title": "Partial results" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "For example, the Hungarian negotiators on the Austro-Hungarian delegation in Salzburg were opposed to an agreement with the Reich on butcher's meat duties, as long as the equivalent agreement with Austria, pending since the conclusion of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise in 1917, had not been concluded with Austrian representatives.", "title": "Partial results" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "In addition, the Germans also developed divergent views on economic relations with the Dual Monarchy. Representatives from the German states expressed their reservations about too close a relationship with the Dual Monarchy. Members of the Prussian cabinet, mainly those in charge of the economic ministries, considered that a customs union with Austria-Hungary could, in the long term, harm the economic interests of the Kingdom of Prussia and favor Austro-Hungarian competition, made possible by an exchange rate favorable to the dual monarchy: for this reason, the Prussians favored the introduction of preferential tariffs, regularly negotiated between the two empires. The Bavarian government, which had sent a plenipotentiary to Salzburg, showed itself to be a fervent supporter of closer ties in the field of electricity generation; however, representatives of KraussMaffei, a major Bavarian company in the mechanical engineering sector, influenced the latter, which from then on was unflinchingly opposed to any rapprochement in this field.", "title": "Partial results" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Finally, the question of including territories controlled by the Central Powers in the German-Austrian-Hungarian customs union was another stumbling block between the Reich and the dual monarchy. The inclusion of Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and Albania was at the heart of German-Austro-Hungarian friction: indeed, Austro-Hungarian representatives defended the devolution of Serbia and Montenegro to the Austro-Hungarian sphere of influence. However, spurred on by Erich Ludendorff, the German negotiators wanted to integrate these states into the new German-Austro-Hungarian customs union that was to emerge during the Salzburg negotiations.", "title": "Partial results" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "Negotiations between the two empires failed to produce any general agreement, as the Reich and the Dual Monarchy were pursuing different objectives at this stage of the conflict. At the end of the conflict, moreover, the Germans found themselves in the same situation as after the Bosnian crisis, obliged both to keep the Dual Monarchy, the Reich's only reliable ally, in their alliance, and to control it closely.", "title": "Final setback" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "During the summer of 1918, the Allied blockade placed the Reich and the Dual Monarchy in a catastrophic economic situation. The fate of arms was unfavorable to the Central Powers, despite the ability of the German-Austrian-Hungarian armies to achieve partial victories over Allied troops, but these successes at the beginning of the first half of 1918 had no immediate effect. After the failure of the German offensives on the Western Front and the Austro-Hungarian offensive in Italy, Austro-German units no longer showed the bite necessary for victory, breaking down at the first shock or remaining incomplete due to massive desertions.", "title": "Final setback" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "The Allied blockade weakened the situation of the Central Powers even further, by suffocating their economies: starving populations were fed with food manufactured by the ersatz industry, while industries working for the army were forced to supply the armies of the Quadruplice with inferior quality equipment to maintain production figures.", "title": "Final setback" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "On October 19, 1918, despite the intermediate progress achieved by the German negotiators during the session of the 12th, the Austro-Hungarian negotiators informed their German counterparts of the unilateral Austro-Hungarian decision to put an end to the negotiations, which the Bulgarian armistice and the rapid reconquest of Serbia by the Allied armies were rendering more futile by the day.", "title": "Final setback" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "Indeed, during October 1918, Emperor and King Charles and the joint foreign minister of the dual monarchy, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, engaged in negotiations with the Allies for a separate armistice, tried desperately to put an end to Austro-Hungarian participation in the conflict. In addition, the two constituent parts of the Habsburg monarchy, Austria and Hungary, found themselves without government: on October 11, the Austrian and Hungarian governments resigned together, accelerating the process of advanced dissolution of the dual monarchy, amplified by Allied victories in the Balkans and on the Western Front, and by Emperor Charles's ill-fated initiatives to extricate his empire from the then lost conflict.", "title": "Final setback" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "Despite the failure of these negotiations, they fuelled the Rattachist movement in Austria in the 1920s. West German historian Fritz Fischer emphasizes the political, economic and commercial continuities between these negotiations and the ones between the Republican and later Hitler's Reich, on the one hand, and the successor states to the dual monarchy, notably Austria and Hungary, on the other.", "title": "Final setback" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "This view was seriously amended by Georges-Henri Soutou, based on the accounts of two of the Austro-Hungarian negotiators. Indeed, the French historian attributed to these negotiations the role of a \"stone of hope for the future\" and, in mentioning these recollections, also recalls the interest of the diplomats taking part in these negotiations in watering down after the war the outcome of negotiations whose failure was obvious in September 1918, and in attributing this failure to the defeat of the Reich by then consummated.", "title": "Final setback" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Quex may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Toronto City FC may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Irena Káňová (5 April 1893 – 8 April 1963) was a Slovak politician who served in the Revolutionary National Assembly [cs] of Czechoslovakia from 1919 until 1920 as a member of the Social Democratic Workers' Party. She was the only Slovak woman to serve in the Czechoslovak parliament during the entire Interwar period. Following her tenure, Káňová joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and organized labor strikes. She was a member of the Slovak resistance during World War II.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Irena Káňová was born on 5 April 1893 in the town of Banská Štiavnica in central Slovakia, then part of the Kingdom of Hungary within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Her parents were Anton Frindt and Anna Chválová. Her father worked as a shoemaker, and she had two brothers. Káňová attended local schools in Banská Štiavnica. Her husband was shoemaker Ján Kaňa, and they had two daughters and one son together. From 1919 until her retirement in 1949, Káňová worked at a tobacco factory in Banská Štiavnica.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Káňová joined the Social Democratic Party of Hungary in 1917, and was interred in Terezin during the First Hungarian Republic for organizing class conflict. After the formation of Czechoslovakia, she joined the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 5 December 1919, Káňová was appointed to the Revolutionary National Assembly [cs] of the First Czechoslovak Republic to finish the term of Alice Masaryková. Aged 26, Káňová was the youngest member of parliament and was the only Slovak woman to serve in the Czechoslovak parliament during the entire Interwar period. Her tenure began before women were granted suffrage in Czechoslovakia, which occurred on 29 February 1920. While in parliament, she advocated for legislation for legislation regarding breastfeeding, along with Anna Sychravová. Káňová served until the end of her term on 15 April 1920.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1921, Káňová joined the newly-formed Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and distributed the party magazine Proletárka. She was also involved in the Czechoslovak women's movement and organized labor strikes.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "During World War II, Káňová and her husband were members of the Slovak resistance. Following the war, she was an active member of the Communist Party of Slovakia and the Slovak Women's Union. She also served as a local party official during this period.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Káňová died in Žiar nad Hronom on 8 April 1963.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023 North Carolina FC season was the 17th season of the club's existence, and their third season in USL League One, the third division of the American soccer pyramid. North Carolina was coached by John Bradford, his third season with the club, and played their home games at Sahlen's Stadium at WakeMed Soccer Park. The club had finished at the bottom of the table in their second season in USL League One. North Carolina finished the season in 2nd place in the league table, earning a spot in the playoffs. After defeating Hailstorm FC 3–1 in the semi-finals, they defeated rival Charlotte Independence 5–4 in penalties to win the 2023 USL League One Final. It was announced on August 7, 2023, that North Carolina will return to the USL Championship for the 2024 season.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Leo F. McGrath (1898–1977) was an American politician who served as mayor of Peabody, Massachusetts from 1946 to 1952.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "McGrath was born and educated in Peabody. He was elected to the Peabody city council as a councilor at large in 1942. In 1945 he defeated incumbent mayor Joseph B. O'Keefe. During McGrath's tenure as mayor, J. B. Thomas Hospital reopened and the new Peabody Municipal Light Plant was constructed. In 1951, he was defeated for reelection by city councilor Philip C. O'Donnell. After leaving office, McGrath served as clerk of the Peabody district court. He retired in 1971 and spent his later years residing in Danvers, Massachusetts. McGrath died on April 10, 1977, at a nursing home in Peabody after a lengthy illness. He was 78 years old.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hakeem Muhammad Musa Amritsari (27 August 1927 – 17 November 1999) also known as Hakeem-e-Ahle Sunnat was an Indian–Pakistani Sufi saint of Chishti and Qadiriyya order and an Islamic scholar, belonging to the Barelvi movement of Sunni Islam. He was the Khalifa of Ziauddin Madani, a student of Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, the founder of Barelvi movement. He was the editor of Mehr wa Maah, Lahore, founder and president of Markazi Majlis Raza, Lahore.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Musa Amritsari was born to Hakeem Faqir Muhammad Amritsari on 27 August 1927 in Amritsar, India.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Amritsari got the education of Quran from his father and Qiraat from Qari Nazim Baksh, Persian language from Mufti Abdul Rahman Khan in the Madrasa Naumaniya.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He took the oath of allegiance to Mian Ali Muhammad Chishti Nizami in the Chishti-Fakhriya order and met Ziauddin Madani in Madina in 1974 during his Haj Pilgrimage and he got the Khilafat and Ijazah of Qadri-Razvi order.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He died on 17 November 1999 in Lahore, Pakistan.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Wonderful World (Korean: 원더풀 월드) is an upcoming South Korean television series starring Kim Nam-joo, Cha Eun-woo, Kim Kang-woo, and Im Se-mi. It is scheduled to premiere in March 2024, and will air on MBC TV every Friday and Saturday. It will also be available for streaming on Disney+ in selected regions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The series is about a mother who decides to pursue justice on her own when the legal system fails her following the tragic loss of her son.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In November 2023, production company Samhwa Networks announced that it had signed a license contract with Walt Disney Korea for the broadcasting rights of the series.", "title": "Release" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jennie Lakip Marshall (born 15 September 1990) is an American soccer player who plays as a striker for Querétaro.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lakip attended Brigham Young University in the United States, where she was regarded as one of the soccer team's most important players.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Wgile playing for Costa Rican side Dimas Escazú, Lakip was the top scorer of the 2020 Costa Rican Women's Premier Division with fourteen goals. After that, she played for Costa Rican side Alajuelense. She was regarded as one of the club's most important players.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Lakip mainly operates as a striker and has been described as a \"player with goals, control of the ball, a lot of technique and she also knows how to use her body very well\".", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Lakip is married and has two children. She has regarded Norway international Erling Haaland as her football idol.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Joshua Edwards is an American boxer. He won the gold medal in the 2023 Pan American Games in Boxing in the 92 kg category.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Events in the year 1850 in Iceland.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mazraeh Bideh (Persian: مزرعه بیده) is a village in Bafruiyeh Rural District of Bafruiyeh District, Meybod County, Yazd province, Iran.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "At the 2006 National Census, its population was 1,366 in 352 households, when it was in the Central District. The following census in 2011 counted 1,780 people in 488 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 2,137 people in 617 households, by which time the rural district had been separated from the district in the establishment of Bafruiyeh District. It was the largest village in its rural district.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sivert Guttorm Bakken (born 18 Juky 1998) is a Norwegian biathlete. He won the overall mass start title at the 2021–22 Biathlon World Cup. He also won his first world cup race the same year, in the 15 kilometer mass start in Oslo Holmenkollen, on 20 March 2022.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "After a successful 2021–2022 season, Bakken was unable to return to competition the following season due to a heart problem, pericarditis, that the Norwegian national team doctor determined was likely due to the coronavirus vaccine. He announced his intent to hopefully return during the 2023–2024 season, having resumed training, but has yet to have competed.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Bakken is in a relationship with fellow biathlete Juni Arnekleiv [de].", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.", "title": "Biathlon results" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "† – season in progress", "title": "Biathlon results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Eupolemos of Elis (Ancient Greek: Εὐπόλεμος Ἠλεῖος) or Eupolis of Elis was an ancient Greek athlete from the city of Elis. He won several pentathlons at the Panhellenic Games.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "His victory in the stadion at the XCVI Olympic Games, in 396 BC, was contested by the second-place finisher, Leon of Ambracia, who questioned the impartiality of the judges. This is an almost unique event in ancient olympic history. At the end of the appeal procedure initiated by Leon, the two judges who had decided in favor of Eupolemos were fined, but the victory remained his.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Eupolemos of Elis won the stadium-length (approx. 192 m) foot race at the XCVI Olympic Games in 396 BC. However, as the race was very close, his victory was contested by the runner-up, Leon of Ambracia.", "title": "Disputed Olympic victory" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Three referees, the Hellanodikai, were in charge of supervising the running events, a difficult task, as there were between twenty or so men spread over a width of more than 20 meters at the finish of a sprint of just under 200 meters. The month of compulsory training in Olympia prior to the Games, supervised by the Hellanodikai, was also intended to enable them to distinguish between the athletes. However, with the dust raised by the race, hesitation remained a possibility. Nevertheless, the numerous spectators could also judge the finish, and the sources do not mention any protests from the spectators when the Hellanodikai announced Eupolemos' victory. Nevertheless, Eupolemos was racing on his home turf, while Leon was arriving from the distant city of Ambracia.", "title": "Disputed Olympic victory" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Games were organized by the city of Elis, and the referees all hailed from there. Two of the three judges in the footrace had awarded victory to Eupolemos, their compatriot; the third had chosen Leon of Ambracia. The latter appealed to the olympic council, accusing the judges of being financially corrupt. The victory, however, went to Eupolemos. Indeed, it is his statue, made by Daedalus of Sicyone, that Pausanias described on the Altis.", "title": "Disputed Olympic victory" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "This reconsideration of the Hellanodikai was an anomaly in the history of the Olympic Games. Indeed, ancient authors tended to praise their qualities and impartiality. The two judges who decided in favor of Eupolemos were nevertheless fined by the olympic council, the amount of which is unknown. Fines imposed on athletes were often very high; those imposed on referees may also have been. It is possible that the sum was paid to Léon d'Ambracie as compensation. This verdict by the council was surprising, but it is highly probable that they were unable to reverse a decision by the Hellanodikai, primarily for religious reasons, since the winners were considered to have been chosen by the gods.", "title": "Disputed Olympic victory" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Leo of Ambracia's accusation of corruption was equally problematic. Had it been true, Eupolemos of Elis would also have been fined, but this does not appear to have been the case. However, it is still possible that someone else paid the judges to decide in Eupolemos' favor. It's also possible that they favored their compatriot, either consciously or unconsciously: knowing Eupolemos better than the foreign riders, they might have believed, in good faith, that he would come in first. Finally, there's one last possibility: as the Hellanodikai were chosen by lot from among the citizens of Elis, the referees of the XCVI Games footrace may have been incompetent.", "title": "Disputed Olympic victory" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Eupolemos of Elis also won the pentathlon twice at the Pythian Games (probably in 398 and 394 BC) and once at the Nemean Games (probably in 397 BC).", "title": "Pentathlete" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kondraty, Kondratiy, Kondrat surname derived Greek Κοδράτος, a name of several Christian saints. Notable people withe the name include:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "{{for|a given name|Kondraty (name) Kondrat is a surname derived Greek Κοδράτος, a name of several Christian saints. Notable people withe the name include:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "See also" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Charles Baker Stern (June 22, 1979 – December 10, 2023) was an American composer, musician, writer, and visual artist known for his work in experimental music. He was frontman and composer of Time of Orchids, played in Sculptress, and released solo and band works under the name Stern. He was born and lived in New York City. He died on December 10, 2023, at the age of 44.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Stern was a programmer for public-access television station Manhattan Neighborhood Network. He co-created Roboshithead, which The Village Voice called \"the best public access show in New York,\" and It Changed :(, which won the 2011 Hometown Video Original Teleplay Award.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "From 1999 to 2007, Stern was the frontman and composer for experimental band Time of Orchids. Over the band's tenure, its lineup included Eric Fitzgerald, Jesse Krakow, David Bodie, Kim Abrams, Will Redmond, and Charlie Looker, with guest performances from Tim Byrnes, Maryanna Hansen, jazz pianist Marilyn Crispell, Kate Pierson of The B-52's, and Julee Cruise of Twin Peaks. Time of Orchids released six albums; two were self-released, with others appearing on Relapse, Epicene, Tzadik, and Cuneiform.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2008, Stern and Charlie Looker formed a duo project, Sculptress.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Also in 2008, after announcing the end of Time of Orchids, Stern began a new solo project releasing music under his last name. \"Stern\" eventually grew into a quartet including former Kayo Dot members Abrams, Byrnes, and Toby Driver, with releases by the band formation including Bone Turquoise (New Atlantis, 2015) and Missive: Sister Ships (Sleeping Giant Glossolalia, 2018).", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Stern later returned to solo project status with Sunder Hawk (2020). The album features guest performances from Abrams, Erin Mount, and Stern's mother, Ellen Stern, who died in 2023. Stern's final release was Black Votive (2022).", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Tennessee Volunteers football team will represent the University of Tennessee in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Volunteers head coach is Josh Heupel, who is in his fourth year. The team will play its home games at Neyland Stadium in Knoxville, Tennessee.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Schedule" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "at Neyland Stadium • Knoxville, Tennessee", "title": "Game summaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "at Bank of America Stadium • Charlotte, North Carolina", "title": "Game summaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "at Neyland Stadium • Knoxville, Tennessee", "title": "Game summaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium • Norman, Oklahoma", "title": "Game summaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "at Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium • Fayetteville, Arkansas", "title": "Game summaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "at Neyland Stadium • Knoxville, Tennessee", "title": "Game summaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "at Neyland Stadium • Knoxville, Tennessee", "title": "Game summaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "at Neyland Stadium • Knoxville, Tennessee", "title": "Game summaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "at Neyland Stadium • Knoxville, Tennessee", "title": "Game summaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "at Sanford Stadium • Athens, Georgia", "title": "Game summaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "at Neyland Stadium • Knoxville, Tennessee", "title": "Game summaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "at FirstBank Stadium • Nashville, Tennessee", "title": "Game summaries" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Urawa Red Diamonds season is their 74th season in existence and the 23rd consecutive season in the J1 League. And also participate in the J. League Cup. For this season. The team can't participate in 2024 Emperor's Cup for a ban imposted by JFA.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1989 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various selectors for their All-Atlantic Coast Conference (\"ACC\") teams for the 1989 college football season. Selectors in 1989 included the Associated Press (AP).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "AP = Associated Press", "title": "Key" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "1989 College Football All-America Team", "title": "See also" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Marco Alonso Verde Alvarez is a Mexican boxer.He won the gold medal in the 2023 Pan American Games in Boxing in the 71 kg category.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Natalia Carolina Linares González (born 3 January 2003) is a Colombian track and field athlete who competes in the long jump. She was a gold medalist at the 2023 Pan American Games.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The daughter of Yanelis Gonzales, Linares attended the Gimnasio del Norte school in Valledupar, Colombia. By 2023, she had moved to Santa Marta where she trains alongside Arnovis Dalmero under Martin Suarez. She studied at the Universidad del Magdalena.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Linares won the silver medal in the South American Games in Asunción in 2022 and also win silver at the World Athletics U20 Championships in Cali in 2022. That year, she won the long jump at the 2022 Bolivarian Games, setting a new Colombian U23 (and U20) national record of 6.79 metres.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Linares won a gold medal in the long jump at the 2023 Central American and Caribbean Games, setting a personal best distance of 6.86 meters. In August 2023, she competed at the 2023 World Athletics Championships in Budapest.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "She won a gold medal at the 2023 Pan American Games in Santiago, jumping 6.66 metres.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kenny Shoemaker (September 7, 1929 - March 22, 2001) was an American dirt modified racing driver. Known as \"The Shoe\", he was a hired gun who piloted 78 different cars to over 150 wins, usually at venues within driving distance of his home because of his full time job.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kenny Shoemaker chipped in with boyhood pal Pete Corey in 1949 to buy a 1934 coupe and make it into a stock car. They numbered the black racer number 35 to represent the purchase price and began racing at Burden Lake Speedway NY. During his career he competed successfully at the renowned tracks of the northeast, including Albany-Saratoga Speedway NY, Fonda Speedway NY, Langhorne Speedway NY, Monroe County Fairgrounds NY, the Syracuse Mile NY, Utica-Rome Speedway NY, and Victoria Speedway, NY.", "title": "Racing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Kenny Shoemaker was inducted into the Northeast Dirt Modified and the New York State Stock Car Association Halls of Fame.", "title": "Racing career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team will represent Texas Tech University in the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Red Raiders will play their home games at Jones AT&T Stadium and Cody Campbell Field in Lubbock, Texas, and will compete as members of the Big 12 Conference. They are expected to be led by third-year head coach Joey McGuire.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Outgoing", "title": "Offseason" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Incoming", "title": "Offseason" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "References:", "title": "Offseason" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "Schedule" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kida Khodr Ramadan (born 8 October 1976) is a German actor and director. He has won several awards for his portrayal of Ali \"Toni\" Hamady in the series 4 Blocks.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kida Khodr Ramadan was born in 1976 in Beirut as the fifth child of a Mhallami family. His father, Mohamad Ramadan, was a successful businessman. As the Lebanese Civil War escalated and relatives of the family were killed, the family decided to leave Lebanon for Germany. They moved to West-Berlin, where they initially lived in a home for asylum seekers in Kreuzberg.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Ramadan went to the Hector-Peterson-Gesamtschule school in Kreuzberg. He said high school did not interest him and he left without qualification, and entered the local hip-hop and breakdance scene. He partook in street performances with Turkish and Arabic-speaking youths at Kurfürstendamm and elsewhere.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Turkish-German director Neco Çelik gave Ramadan his first break in 2003 after meeting him at a summer camp, giving him a role in Alltag (Everyday), a story about two youngsters who rob a bookies in Kreuzberg.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1996 he married Meryem in Turkey. They have six children together. He plays boules competitively. He lives in Berlin.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Unstoppable is an upcoming American biographical sports drama film directed by William Goldenberg in his directorial debut, written by John Hindman, and it is based on the book of the same name by Anthony Robles (also serves as producer) and Austin Murphy. It is produced by Ben Affleck and Matt Damon through Artists Equity, and Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas through Nuyorican Productions. It stars Jharrel Jerome as Robles, with the supporting cast that includes Jennifer Lopez, Bobby Cannavale, Michael Peña, and Don Cheadle.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Unstoppable will be released by Amazon MGM Studios.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The project was announced in March 2023, with William Goldenberg set to direct in his directorial debut. Goldenberg has collaborated with filmmaker Ben Affleck as film editor for Gone Baby Gone, Argo, Live by Night, and Air. Affleck and Matt Damon will serve as producers through the Artists Equity banner. It was also announced that Jennifer Lopez will star in the movie, with Jharrel Jerome playing as Anthony Robles.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Principal photography began in Los Angeles in May 2023, but it was halted two weeks later due to the 2023 Writers Guild of America strike. On December 12, 2023, principal photography has resumed after the end of the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike, with Don Cheadle, Michael Peña, and Bobby Cannavale joining the cast.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Unstoppable will be released by Amazon MGM Studios.", "title": "Release" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The men's individual BC2 competition of the boccia events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 19 - 22 at the Choose Healthy Living Center (Centro Elige Vivir Sano) in of Lo Espejo, Chile.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The results during the final stage were as follows:", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The results were as follows:", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "A recall petition took place in Wellingborough, a constituency of the United Kingdom House of Commons, following the suspension of its MP, Peter Bone, a former minister in the Conservative Government, from Parliament on 25 October 2023. MPs voted to suspend Bone after the parliamentary watchdog, the Independent Expert Panel, had upheld complaints of bullying and sexual misconduct against Bone, and recommended a six-week suspension. The length of his suspension automatically triggered a recall petition in his constituency.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The recall petition was successful, with 10,505 signatures (13.2% of the electorate), exceeding the 7,904 (10%) signature requirement. A by-election to fill the now-vacant seat is expected in early 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "An employee of Bone's made a complaint through the Independent Complaints and Grievance Scheme in October 2021. That led to an investigation by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards who upheld five allegations relating to bullying and harassment, and one of sexual misconduct. Bone appealed against the findings and the recommended suspension, which were both upheld, and so a report to the house was made by the Independent Expert Panel on 16 October 2023 recommending his suspension for six weeks.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Independent Expert Panel report found Bone had \"committed many varied acts of bullying and one act of sexual misconduct\" against a male member of his staff. The report stated that, having booked a single room for the two of them on a work trip in 2013, Bone had \"dropped his towel and exposed his genitals close to his employee's face\" while they were in the bathroom, and went on to expose himself to the complainant in their shared bedroom. Following that trip, Bone ostracised the complainant. Bone was also found to have pressured the man into massaging him when they were alone in the office, and to have thrown objects or struck him on a number of occasions.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Bone denied the allegations in the report, stating the claims listed were \"false and untrue\" and \"without foundation\". He also said that the investigation by the IEP was \"flawed\" and \"procedurally unfair\".", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On 17 October, the Conservative Party withdrew the whip, suspending him from his membership of the Parliamentary Conservative Party.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Following a vote, Bone was suspended from the House of Commons on 25 October 2023 for six weeks, therefore triggering a recall petition under the provisions of the Recall of MPs Act 2015. The Guardian estimated that, were the recall successful, a by-election would likely be held in February 2024.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The petition period was 8 November–19 December 2023. During this period registered voters in the constituency were able to sign at one of nine designated petition signing places between 9am and 5pm Monday–Friday, with extended signing hours on 13 November. Voters registered for postal or proxy ballots could also sign by these means. The threshold for a successful petition was determined to be 7,904 signatures.", "title": "Recall petition" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "On 19 December, it was announced that 10,505 people had signed the petition, exceeding the threshold and triggering the by-election.", "title": "Recall petition" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In November 2023, Labour selected Genevieve Kitchen as their candidate – a former Newham councillor who has worked in the charity sector.", "title": "Candidates" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Also in November, the Liberal Democrats selected Ana Savage Gunn – a care home worker and former police officer with Northamptonshire Police.", "title": "Candidates" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rachel Louisa Sargent Robinson (February 10, 1891 – December 18, 1977) was an American classical scholar. While working at North Central College, she published The Story of Greek Athletics (1927), which would later get an updated edition, Sources for the History of Greek Athletics (1955).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Rachel Louisa Sargent was born on February 10, 1891 in Methuen, Massachusetts. Her parents were Agnes (née Jackman) and Walter Sargent.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Needing money for higher education tuition, she began working as a high school Latin teacher, teaching at Westbrook College (1914-1916) while she got her AB at Bates College in 1914. Afterwards she moved to Illinois and taught at Champaign Central High School (1917-1920) while studying at the nearby University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, where she got her AM in 1917.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "After teaching at Shortridge High School (1920-1922) in Indianapolis, she returned to the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area, where she taught at University Laboratory High School (1922-1924) and got her PhD from the University of Illinois in 1923. Her PhD thesis, advised by William Abbott Oldfather, was titled The Size of the Slave Population at Athens during the Fifth and Fourth Centuries before Christ, and it was what allowed her to receive her Guggenheim Fellowship in 1928. She later used the fellowship to do research in Greece, which C. R. Trahman later called \"one of the happiest periods in her life\".", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1924, she began working at North Central College, where she was a classics teacher until 1928 and was head of the Department of Classics from 1924 until 1929. In 1929, she moved to Western Reserve University and was an associate professor there until her resignation in 1931.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On June 20, 1931, she married Rodney Potter Robinson, a classics professor at the University of Cincinnati. The same year, she later moved to the University of Cincinnati, where she taught about English-language translations of Greek lierature. She also spent several years organizing an informal session in which she and several classics students from the graduate school would spend an evening reading Greek together. She also accompanied him while he was Professor in Charge of the American Academy in Rome School of Classical Studies (1935-1937), and she would later take care of him after he had a severe myocardial infarction in 1941 until the latter's death on April 1, 1950. After her husband's death, she returned to academic positions to support herself financially, holding them at Ohio State University, the University of Oklahoma, and Miami University.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "As an academic, she specialized in sports in ancient history. While at North Central College, she and Oldfather worked on her 1927 book The Story of Greek Athletics. In 1955, she published Sources for the History of Greek Athletics, a larger update of The Story of Greek Athletics which would later see widespread usage in higher-educations courses in Ancient Greek sports.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Robinson died on December 18, 1977 in Cincinnati, aged 86. At the time of her death, she had been spending her free time working on a then-incomplete project similar to her 1927 book but focusing on the Roman era.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cadets or cadet corps are voluntary youth programs sponsored by a national military service or ministry of defence. These programs are aimed to provide youths with activities associated with military or paramilitary training, including drills, physical fitness, and education. Although these youth organisations are modelled after their sponsoring military service, they do not form a part of these services nor do they constitute a military service in their own right.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Several civilian organisations, including civil defence, police services, and emergency medical services like St John Ambulance, may also operate or sponsor their own \"cadet\" youth programs.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Antigua and Barbuda Cadet Corps consists of students between the ages of 12 and 19. It Is a voluntary youth organisation, sponsored by the government of Antigua & Barbuda. The main objective is to provide training and personal development to the youths through paramilitary activities and also embrace community activities. The cadet corps has 200 members and falls under the direct command of a regular officer of the Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force. There are two categories in the Cadet Corps, Sea Cadets and Infantry Cadets.", "title": "Antigua and Barbuda" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Australian Defence Force Cadets (ADFC) is the Australian Defence Force-sponsored youth program, and is made up of the Australian Army Cadets, Australian Navy Cadets, and Australian Air Force Cadets. The ADFC is funded by the Australian Government via the Department of Defence.", "title": "Australia" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Other cadet movements include the St John Ambulance Australia Cadets, and the South Australian Country Fire Service Cadets. The longest-running cadet corps in Australia is The King's School Cadet Corps.", "title": "Australia" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Bangladesh National Cadet Corps, under the dual administration of the ministries of defence and education, promotes youth development movement in Bangladesh. During the Bangladesh Liberation War, cadets of this organisation played an important role as freedom fighters, with several casualties", "title": "Bangladesh" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The Canadian Cadets Organisation is Canada's oldest and largest youth organisation, with over 52,000 participants in 2020. The Canadian Cadets Organisation is made up of three youth groups, the Royal Canadian Air Cadets, the Royal Canadian Army Cadets, and the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets, and is open to youths aged 12 to 18. The program is administered by the Department of National Defence (DND) and is sponsored by the Canadian Forces. However, cadets are not members of the Canadian Armed Forces and are not expected to join it. Funding for these organisations is provided through the DND in partnership with the Army Cadet, Air Cadet, and Navy Leagues of Canada. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police maintains a similar youth program in partnership with Scouts Canada called the RCMP Rovers and Ventures.", "title": "Canada" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The National Cadet Corps of Ghana is an amalgamation of the former Army, Navy, Air Force, Police and Fire Cadets programs in Ghana. It was established in 2002 under the Ministry of Education, presently Ministry of Youth and Sports.", "title": "Ghana" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Cadet corps are linked to Hong Kong colonial past including the Hong Kong Sea Cadet Corps, Hong Kong Adventure Corps, Hong Kong Air Cadet Corps and Hong Kong Army Cadets Association Limited. They are now funded by the Hong Kong government.", "title": "Hong Kong" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In India, the National Cadet Corps is a voluntary cadet organisation for motivating college students to pursue a career in the Indian Armed Forces. It aims to develop qualities of character, discipline, teamwork, leadership and adventure in the students. The corps organizes outdoor activities, such as camping, trekking, mountain climbing, etc. besides providing small arms training to cadets. Cadets do not commit serving in the armed forces but are given a preference by the Services Selection Board when applying for officer commissions in the military services.", "title": "India" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The New Zealand Cadet Forces is a voluntary youth organisation run in partnership with the New Zealand Defence Force. It includes the New Zealand Sea Cadet Corps, the New Zealand Cadet Corps, and the Air Training Corps.", "title": "New Zealand" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In Russia, cadets are students who study in the Cadet Corps which are military schools subordinate to the Russian Ministry of Defence, they provide secondary education and also have additional military-related classes which are to prepare children for future service.", "title": "Russia" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "In Singapore, there are three national cadet forces, the National Cadet Corps, the National Police Cadet Corps (NPCC), and the National Civil Defence Cadet Corps (NCDCC). Secondary school students who are members of these three organisations are called 'cadets'.", "title": "Singapore" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "In NPCC and NCDCC, the rank of Cadet is below the rank of Lance Corporal. For NPCC, Secondary One students officially attain the rank of Cadet at their Area's Swearing-In Ceremony. Cadets do not bear any rank insignia; however, the letters 'NPCC' and 'NCDCC' are at the bottom of the rank to differentiate NPCC and NCDCC Cadets from Singapore Police Force and Singapore Civil Defence Force personnel respectively.", "title": "Singapore" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "In Sri Lanka, there is one primary cadet force which is the National Cadet Corps (NCC). In recent years the NCC developed an Air Force Wing, a Naval Wing and a Police Wing. Western Cadet Bands and Eastern Cadet Bands The National Cadet Corps (Sri Lanka) is the Sri Lankan military cadet corps and is a Ministry of Defence sponsored youth organisation in Sri Lanka. Formally the Ceylon Cadet Corps since 1881. It is open to high school students on voluntary basis and has a history of more than 126 years. The officers are teachers who act as instructors. The cadets are given basic military training in small arms and parades. The officers and cadets have no liability for active military service but many volunteer to join the armed forces.", "title": "Sri Lanka" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "South Africa has a long history of having cadets, with many schools having their own corps, however after the end of apartheid they were phased out. Cadets exist today, with some schools still maintaining their own unit. The Sea Cadets are also still in existence.", "title": "South Africa" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "In the United Kingdom, the rank of Cadet is the first rank of the cadet forces, higher ranks also contain the word cadet such as Cadet Warrant Officer used in the Air Training Corps however in practice they are often referred to CWO. In the United Kingdom the cadet forces are the Community Cadet Forces, Combined Cadet Force and the Volunteer Cadet Corps. Other cadet organisations include Police Cadets, and St John Ambulance Cadets.", "title": "United Kingdom" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Youth cadet organisations in the United States include the American Cadet Alliance, the California Cadet Corps, the United States Naval Sea Cadet Corps, the Young Marines and the Civil Air Patrol. Students enrolled in military-themed secondary education academies or school programs, like the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps, are also referred to as cadets.", "title": "United States" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Media related to Cadet organizations at Wikimedia Commons", "title": "See also" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kolja Nuno Oudenne (born 11 November 2001) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Hannover 96.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Oudenne began his career at Internationale Berlin [de] before playing in the youth team of Hertha BSC from 2014 to 2015 and in the youth team of Bayern Munich from 2015 to 2018. In 2018, he moved to Hertha Zehlendorf, where he played for 3 years. There he also made his first senior appearances in the NOFV-Oberliga. In the summer of 2021, he moved to Regionalliga Nordost club Tasmania Berlin. After his team was relegated, he stayed in the league and transferred to VSG Altglienicke.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In the summer of 2023, he moved to the second team of Hannover 96 in the Regionalliga Nord. On 17 September 2023, Oudenne also made his first professional appearance for the first team in the 2. Bundesliga, coming on as a substitute for Cedric Teuchert in the 75th minute. The home match against VfL Osnabrück ended in a 7–0 win, with Oudenne providing the assist for the final goal five minutes after his substitution.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2017, Oudenne played three matches for the Swedish national under-16 team.", "title": "International career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Prabhakar More is an Indian actor and comedian most renowned for their flawless timing and outstanding comedic roles. He is currently works in Marathi language comedy show Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Prabhakar More was born in Chiplun and grew up in Wahal-Morewadi, Chiplun taluka of Ratnagiri district. He completed his schooling from Wahal high school, further education was done in DBJ college in Chiplun.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Prabhakar More made his theater debut with the plays of well-known producer and writer Santosh Pawar. He has created recognition among the audience with his powerful performance in many dramas. More has played the role of comedian and supporting actor in many serials and films. He has acted in the films Kutumb (2012), Katti Batti (2015), Bai Go Bai (2015), Takatak (2019). Prabhakar More's comedy style in programs like Comedychi Bullet Train, Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra got the audience's vogue. He got special admiration due to the program of Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra. Apart from this he acted in the serial Post Office Ughada Aahe alongside Makarand Anaspure and Samir Choughule. He has also acted in Mahesh Manjrekar's biographical film Bhai: Vyakti Ki Valli and Panghrun. In 2022, he is featured in Dhondi Champya - Ek Prem Katha.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Prabhakar More joined the Nationalist Congress Party in the presence of Ajit Pawar at the NCP's head office in Mumbai. Other officials of the NCP were also present on this occasion. He has been given the post of Chairman of the Cultural Konkan Department. Demands to outlaw the online game 'RummyCircle' have been made for the past few days. The NCP stated that official gambling is occurring through online rummy. Speaking about this, \"More stated that other artists shouldn't do such commercials and that he would not promote rummy.\"", "title": "Other work" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The women's individual BC2 competition of the boccia events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 19 - 22 at the Choose Healthy Living Center (Centro Elige Vivir Sano) in of Lo Espejo, Chile.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The results during the final stage were as follows:", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The results were as follows:", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "D3football.com is an organization that reports and recognizes accomplishments of Division III football. Some of the main goals of the D3football.com are to highlight the lower divisions of the NCAA and promote those student athletes. D3football.com is also responsible for one of the two Top 25 polls for Division III football, along with the American Football Coaches Association. They also keep attendance records for NCAA Division III football as well, since the NCAA does not recognize attendance records for lower divisions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The organization recognizes individuals through weekly awards throughout the season, as well as all-region and all-American teams at the conclusion of the year. They also help to present the Gagliardi Trophy by announcing semifinalist, finalist, and winner.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Since 1999, D3football.com has selected an All-American team. It is selected by the editors through nominations by DII sports information directors (SIDs) and is also recognized by the NCAA.", "title": "All-American Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "All-American Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2005, D3football.com started awarding a national coach of the year.", "title": "D3football.com National Coach of the Year" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "", "title": "D3football.com National Coach of the Year" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "", "title": "D3football.com National Coach of the Year" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 2005, D3football.com started awarding an offensive and defensive player of the year.", "title": "D3football.com National Player of the Year" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "", "title": "D3football.com National Player of the Year" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Local elections were held in San Juan on May 10, 2010 within the Philippine general election. The voters elected for the elective local posts in the city: the mayor, vice mayor, the congressman, and the councilors, six of them in the two districts of the city.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Few months after the 2007 local elections, former President Joseph Estrada, who once served the city as mayor from 1969 to 1986 before serving the senate said in a telephone interview that he supports Guia Gomez, mother of one of his children, Mayor Joseph Victor \"JV\" Ejercito. He said that there will be no conflict if Gomez run for mayor.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Mayor Joseph Victor \"JV\" Ejercito was term-limited. He ran as representative instead. His mother, former actress Guia Gomez ran for his place instead. Gomez faced Manuel Andrada of Lakas–CMD, and independent candidates Alton Glenn Angeles, Chito Tamayo, and Eduardo \"Doy\" San Pascual.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Vice Mayor Leonardo \"Boy\" Celles was term-limited too. His party chosen Second District Councilor Francisco Javier \"Francis\" Zamora, son of former Rep. Ronaldo \"Ronny\" Zamora, to run in his place. Zamora was challenged by Alex Enriquez.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Rep. Ronaldo \"Ronny\" Zamora was term-limited too. His party chosen Mayor Joseph Victor \"JV\" Ejercito to run in his place, unopposed.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Mayor Joseph Victor \"JV\" Ejercito ran and won unopposed.", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Former actress Guia Gomez won overwhelmingly against her opponents.", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Second District Councilor Francisco Javier \"Francis\" Zamora won overwhelmingly against his only opponent, Alexander \"Alex\" Enriquez.", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jajaira Gonzalez is an American boxer. She won the bronze medal in the 2023 Pan American Games in Boxing in the Women's 60 kg category.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023 FIBA 3x3 Africa Cup – Women's tournament is the fifth edition of this continental championship. The event was held in Cairo, Egypt for the second consecutive year. It was contested by 7 teams.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kenya won their first title with a win over Egypt in the final.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Egypt's capital, Cairo, was given the hosting rights on 31 May 2022.", "title": "Host selection" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "All African National Federations were invited to register a team for the FIBA 3x3 Africa Cup 2023.", "title": "Participating teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The pools were announced on July 20, 2023.", "title": "Preliminary round" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "All times are local.", "title": "Knockout stage" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "These players were given the awards after the competition:", "title": "Awards" } ]

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