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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2016 Continental Tire Monterey Grand Prix were a pair of sports car races sanctioned by the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) held on the Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca in Monterey, California on May 1, 2016. The events served as the fourth of twelve scheduled rounds of the 2016 IMSA SportsCar Championship. Both races were contested over two hours. The race marked the third time that the course had been used for IMSA racing and the second time that the venue had featured a doubleheader weekend with two races.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "During the first race, the No. 55 Mazda Prototype driven by of Tristan Nunez started in first position overall and held the lead until a slow pit stop during the second full course caution period.This handed the lead to Sean Rayhall in the No. 0 DeltaWing who held first position until Oswaldo Negri Jr. overtook Rayhall on the restart. Negri maintained the No. 60 Michael Shank Racing Ligier's advantage after the final pit stop cycle to secure the victory. VisitFlorida Racing's No. 90 car of Marc Goossens and Ryan Dalziel finished second and the No. 31 Action Express Racing Corvette Daytona Prototype of Eric Curran and Dane Cameron came in third. Ford Chip Ganassi Racing won the Grand Touring Le Mans (GTLM) category with a Ford GT shared by Ryan Briscoe and Richard Westbrook after Westbrook saved fuel in the closing minutes. Scuderia Corsa were second in class with Daniel Serra and Alessandro Pier Guidi. Porsche took third with Earl Bamber and Frédéric Makowiecki sharing a 911 RSR.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "During the second race, Robert Alon started in first position overall, but was passed by James French on lap 4. After the pit stop cycle, Tom Kimber-Smith took the lead and maintained the PR1/Mathiasen Motorsports' car advantage to secure victory in the Prototype Challenge (PC) category. Alex Popow and Renger van der Zande finished second, while Jon Bennett and Colin Braun was third. Mario Farnbacher and Alex Riberas in the No. 23 Alex Job Racing Porsche were unchallenged throughout the race and took the victory in the Grand Touring Daytona (GTD) class. Christina Nielsen and Alessandro Balzan were second in class for Scuderia Corsa, and TRG's Brandon Davis and James Davison took third.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The result meant Cameron and Curran took over the lead of the Prototype Drivers' Championship with 121 points. Negri Jr. and Pew moved from seventh to fifth. Simpson and Goikhberg continued to top the Prototype Challenge Drivers' Championship with 128 points, but their advantage was reduced to zero points as Alon and Kimber-Smith took over second position. Gavin and Milner continued to the GTLM Drivers' Championship, but their advantage was reduced by six points as Bamber and Makowiecki took over second in the GTLM Drivers' Championship. Honda and Chevrolet left Laguna Seca as the respective Prototype and GTLM Manufactures' Championship leaders with eight races left in the season.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) president Scott Atherton confirmed the race was part of the schedule for the 2016 IMSA SportsCar Championship (IMSA SCC) in August 2015. It was the third consecutive year the event was held as part of the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship. The 2016 Continental Tire Monterey Grand Prix was the fourth of twelve scheduled sports car races of 2016 by IMSA, and it was the second round not held as part of the North American Endurance Cup. The events were held at the eleven-turn 2.238 mi (3.602 km) Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca in Monterey County, California on May 1, 2016. Due to the field size, IMSA would use a doubleheader race format where the Prototype and GTLM classes would participate in the first event while the Prototype Challenge and GTD classes would participate in the second event.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Before the race, João Barbosa and Christian Fittipaldi led the Prototype Drivers' Championship with 93 points, ahead of Eric Curran and Dane Cameron with 90 points, and Jordan Taylor and Ricky Taylor in third with 89 points. With 101 points, PC was led by Misha Goikhberg and Stephen Simpson with an eight-point advantage over Alex Popow and Renger van der Zande. In GTLM, the Drivers' Championship was led by Oliver Gavin and Tommy Milner with 105 points; the trio held an eighteen-point gap over Earl Bamber and Frédéric Makowiecki. Andy Lally, John Potter, and Marco Seefried led the GTD Drivers' Championship with 67 points; the trio held a five-point advantage over Alessandro Balzan, Christina Nielsen, and Jeff Segal. Honda, Chevrolet, and Audi were leading their respective Manufacturers' Championships, while Action Express Racing, JDC-Miller MotorSports, Corvette Racing, and Magnus Racing each led their own Teams' Championships.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Forty-two cars were officially entered for the Continental Tire Monterey Grand Prix, with the bulk of entries in the two Grand Touring (GT) categories: Grand Touring Le Mans (GTLM) and Grand Touring Daytona (GTD). Since the majority of the remaining rounds of the 2016 IMSA SportsCar Championship were sprint races, GTD teams entered their regular driver pairings for the first time this season. Action Express Racing (AER) fielded two Chevrolet Corvette DP cars while VisitFlorida Racing (VFR) and WTR fielded one. Mazda Motorsports had two Lola B12/80 cars and Michael Shank Racing (MSR) entered one Ligier JS P2. Panoz brought the DeltaWing car to Laguna Seca for the fourth successive year. The Prototype Challenge (PC) class was composed of seven Oreca FLM09 cars: two from Starworks Motorsports. BAR1 Motorsports, CORE Autosport, JDC-Miller MotorSports, Performance Tech Motorsports and PR1/Mathiasen Motorsports entered one car each. GTLM was represented by ten entries from five different brands. Alessandro Pier Guidi returned to the No. 68 Scuderia Corsa entry. In the list of GTD entrants, seventeen GT3-specification vehicles were represented by seven different manufacturers. Lone Star Racing made their season debut.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "There were three practice sessions preceding the start of the races on Sunday: two on Friday and one on Saturday.The first two one-hour sessions were on Friday morning and afternoon while the third session on Saturday morning lasted 45 minutes.", "title": "Practice" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In the first practice session, Joel Miller set the fastest time in the No. 70 Mazda with a time of 1 minute, 18.564 seconds, 0.004 seconds faster than teammate Jonathan Bomarito in the No. 55 Mazda. Oswaldo Negri Jr. was third fastest in the No. 60 Ligier, Ricky Taylor's No. 10 Corvette DP placed fourth, and Dane Cameron's No. 31 AER car rounded out the top five. The fastest PC class car was Renger van der Zande in the No. 8 Starworks entry with 1 minute, 20.018 seconds, followed by Colin Braun in the No. 54 CORE Autosport car. The GTLM class was topped by the No. 68 Ferrari 488 GTE of Alessandro Pier Guidi. Dirk Müller in the No. 66 Ford GT was second and Toni Vilander's No. 62 Ferrari was third. Alex Riberas in the No. 23 Team Seattle/Alex Job Racing Porsche was fastest in GTD with a time of 1 minute, 25.260 seconds.", "title": "Practice" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In the second practice session, Bomarito's No. 55 Mazda was fastest with a time of 1 minute, 18.139 seconds, ahead of the No. 70 Mazda. The seven-vehicle PC class was led by CORE Autosport's No. 54 car, driven by Braun with a time of 1 minute, 19.673 seconds. Scuderia Corsa's Daniel Serra led GTLM from Joey Hand's second-placed No. 66 Ford GT. Mario Farnbacher led GTD with a time of 1 minute, 25.390 seconds.", "title": "Practice" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Miller led the final session in the No. 70 Mazda with a lap of 1 minute, 18.478 seconds. Tristan Nunez's No. 55 Mazda was second fastest. The No. 60 Ligier of Negri set the third-quickest lap. Dane Cameron's No. 31 AER car, along with Jordan Taylor's No. 10 WTR Corvette DP were fourth and fifth. A 1:20.094 lap saw van der Zande's No. 8 Starworks vehicle lead PC over Braun's CORE Autosport entry. Ferrari paced GTLM with Risi Competizione's 488 of Vilander lapping 1:23.086, ahead of the two Ford GTs. With a 1:25.639 lap, Riberas led the GTD class in the No. 23 Porsche, followed by Jens Klingmann's No. 96 Turner Motorsport BMW M6.", "title": "Practice" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Saturday afternoon's 90-minute four-group qualifying session gave 15-minute sessions to all categories. Cars in GTD were sent out first before those grouped in GTLM, PC, and Prototype had three separate identically timed sessions. Regulations stipulated teams to nominate one qualifying driver, with the fastest laps determining each classes starting order. IMSA would arranged the grid to put all Prototypes ahead of the PC, GTLM, and GTD cars.", "title": "Qualifying" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Nunez in the No. 55 Mazda set a new category track record, and took his first career pole position with a lap of 1 minutes, 18.143 seconds. He was joined on the grid's front row by Tom Long whose best lap in the sister No. 70 car was 0.236 seconds slower. Cameron's No. 31 Corvette DP took third followed by Ricky Taylor's No. 10 WTR car in fourth. Christian Fittipaldi's No. 5 ATR car started from fifth place. Sean Rayhall qualified the DeltaWing in sixth position. In GTLM, Serra took his first pole of the season with a lap of 1 minutes, 22.867 seconds. Ford took second and third positions, led by its No. 67 car driven by Briscoe (whose time was 0.169 seconds faster than Müller's third-placed No. 66 entry). The duo of Corvette Racing Chevrolet Corvette C7.Rs were fourth and sixth: Tommy Milner in the No. 4 car was faster than the sister No. 3 entry of Jan Magnussen. They were separated by fifth-placed Vilander in the No. 62 Ferrari. The two BMW Team RLL entries and Porsche North America cars rounded out the GTLM qualifiers.", "title": "Qualifying" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "On his tenth lap, Alon took pole position for PR1/Mathiasen Motorsports with a time 1 minute, 21.146 in PC. James French's Performance Tech car qualified second, and Alex Popow's No. 8 Starworks vehicle took third. Riberas took pole position in GTD in AJR's No. 23 Porsche with a 1-minute, 25.775 seconds time. Christina Nielsen put the No. 63 Scuderia Corsa Ferrari second, Patrick Lindsey for Park Place was third and Cédric Sbirrazzuoli's No. 27 Dream Lamborghini took fourth.", "title": "Qualifying" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Pole positions in each class are indicated in bold and by ‡. P stands for Prototype, PC (Prototype Challenge), GTLM (Grand Touring Le Mans) and GTD (Grand Touring Daytona).", "title": "Qualifying" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Notes:", "title": "Qualifying" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Eighteen cars were due to start, but Dalziel was in the pit lane to serve a drive-through penalty after his car did not make it to the grid in time. Nunez maintained his pole position advantage while Fittipaldi and Ricky Taylor overtook Cameron for third and fourth. Milner attempted to pass Briscoe and Müller in GTLM, but was unsuccessful before Vilander overtook Milner for fourth at turn eleven. Nunez and Long pulled away from the third-placed Fittipaldi by over 10 seconds before the first full course caution came out and the safety car appeared. The tire barrier at the Corkscrew was dislodged and necessitated a full course yellow. When racing resumed, Nunez maintained the lead from Long and Fittipaldi at the rolling restart on lap 10. A second full course yellow was called for on the twenty-fourth lap when Ricky Taylor passed Fittipaldi at turn nine. Fittipaldi attempted to overtake Taylor at turn ten, but lost traction on his Action Express car and sent both cars into the gravel trap. Under caution, majority of the field made pit stops for fuel, tires, and driver changes. The No. 55 Mazda had a slow pit stop due to refueling issues. The car eventually got refueled and Bomarito rejoined the race. Rayhall's DeltaWing took the overall lead following pit stops for the Prototype class. Dirk Werner's No. 25 BMW M6 had pitted earlier and advanced to first in GTLM through an alternate strategy.", "title": "Races" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Rayhall led the restart on lap 29. That lap, Negri moved to second position by passing Curran at turn one. Later that lap, Negri's MSR Ligier overtook Rayhall at turn eleven to take the overall lead. On lap 36, the final caution was given. Miller's No. 70 Mazda stopped at turn seven with a fuel pump failure and the car was retired. At the restart on lap 38, Negri maintained his lead over Bomarito. Werner pitted at the end of lap 38 and promoted Fisichella to the lead in GTLM. Pilet dropped to seventh in GTLM after being overtaken by Hand, Westbrook, Gavin, and García. Bomarito made an error, and spun at turn 10 on lap 45.After the final pit stop cycle, Negri kept his lead and Goossens moved to second. Hand moved into the lead of GTLM through an alternate strategy. With just under 15 minutes remaining, Westbrook overtook Hand for the lead in GTLM. Hand and García made late pit stops for fuel. Negri maintained the lead for the rest of the race winning after completing 80 laps. Goossens finished second, 30.099 seconds adrift of the No. 60 MSR Ligier, and Curran completed the podium positions by finishing third. Westbrook conserved enough fuel over the final 52 laps to win for Ford Chip Ganassi Racing by 12.545 seconds over Alessandro Pier Guidi's No. 68 Ferrari 488 GTE in second. Porsche completed the GTLM podium in third with the No. 912 car. It was the Ford GT's first victory in five starts globally.", "title": "Races" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Class winners are denoted in bold and ‡.", "title": "Races" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "The No. 44 Magnus Racing Audi R8 LMS of John Potter and Andy Lally caught fire during the warm-up and was in the pit lane to serve a drive-through penalty after their car did not make it to the grid in time. Alon maintained his pole position advantage over French to hold the lead on the approach to turn one. Nielsen attempted to pass Riberas for the lead in GTD, but was unsuccessful. French overtook Alon to take the overall lead on lap 4. Sbirrazzuoli's Dream Racing Lamborghini suffered suspension damage making contact with Kvamme's No. 88 Starworks Oreca. On lap 36, the only full course yellow was given. Tim Pappas, driving the No. 540 Black Swan Porsche spun at turn five and got stuck in the gravel trap. Under caution, majority of the field made pit stops for fuel, tires, and driver changes. Renger van der Zande's No. 8 Starworks car took the overall lead following pit stops for the Prototype Challenge class. Farnbacher kept the No. 23 Porsche's lead in GTD with Balzan in second.", "title": "Races" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "van der Zande led the restart on lap 41. On that lap, Tom Kimber-Smith overtook van der Zande at turn one for the overall lead. One lap later, Simpson moved the JDC-Miller MotorSports Oreca into second position. van der Zande re-overtook Simpson for second. Colin Braun moved the CORE Autosport car to fourth overall by passing Kyle Marcelli on the approach to turn five on lap 78. 3 laps later, Braun passed Simpson for third in PC. Klingmann's No. 96 BMW was caught by Davison's TGR Aston Martin on the final lap, who took third position in GTD at turn 9. Liddell's No. 6 Stevenson Audi passed Klingmann to finish fourth in the class. Kimber-Smith maintained the lead for the rest of the race winning after completing 82 laps. van der Zande finished second, 1.736 seconds behind the PR1/Mathiasen Motorsports car, and Braun completed the podium positions by finishing third in Prototype Challenge. The No. 23 AJR Porsche of Farnbacher and Riberas secured victory in GTD by 3.632 seconds ahead of the No. 63 Ferrari of Balzan and Nielsen in second. TGR's Brandon Davis and James Davison completed the GTD podium in third.", "title": "Races" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "Class winners are denoted in bold and ‡.", "title": "Races" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "With a total of 121 points, Cameron and Curran's second-place finish allowed them to take the lead of the Prototype Drivers' Championship. Goossens advanced from fourth to third. Goikhberg and Simpson continued to lead the Prototype Challenge Drivers' Championship with 128 points while Alon and Kimber-Smith advanced from third to second. The final results of GTLM meant Milner and Gavin continued to lead the Drivers' Championship, but their advantage was reduced by 6 points as Bamber and Makowiecki took over the second position. Briscoe and Westbrook advanced from seventh to third. With a total of 95 points, Balzan and Nielsen's second-place finish allowed them to take the lead of the GTD Drivers' Championship. David and Liddell advanced from eleventh to fifth while Lally and Potter dropped from first to third. Honda and Chevrolet continued to top their respective Manufacturers' Championships, while Porsche took the lead of the GTD Manufactures' Championship. Action Express Racing, JDC-Miller Motorsports, and Corvette Racing continued to top their respective Teams' Championships, while Scuderia Corsa took the lead of the GTD Teams' Championship with eight rounds left in the season.", "title": "Post-race" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Manoj Dey (born July 12, 1997) is an Indian YouTuber, vlogger, actor and motivational speaker. On March 21, 2022, he became a brand ambassador of Dhanbad Nagar Nigam.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Dey was born in Dhanbad, Jharkhand to a middle-class Hindu family. Her father is a cycle mechanic and her mother is a homemaker.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In March 2023, Dey married his long-time girlfriend Jyoti Shree Mahato, who is also a Youtuber and social media influencer.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Karin Janel Kimbrough is an American economist and Chief Economist at LinkedIn. She serves on the Board of Directors at Fannie Mae, and has previously worked at Google and Bank of America. She was named one of the world's most Powerful Women in Business in 2017.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kimbrough was an undergraduate student at Stanford University. She moved to the Harvard Kennedy School for her graduate studies, where she specialised in public policy. Kimbrough was a doctoral researcher at the University of Oxford, where she studied the West African Economic and Monetary Union.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "During the financial crisis Kimbrough was Vice President of Markets at the Federal Reserve Bank. At the Federal Reserve Bank she worked on Vice President and Director for Financial Stability and Analytical Development.", "title": "Research and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2014 she was appointed lead on Macroeconomic Policy at Bank of America, where she spent three years before joining Google as a treasurer.", "title": "Research and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In January 2020 Kimbrough was appointed the Chief Economist at LinkedIn. Her vision at LinkedIn is to create economic opportunities for the global workforce. She uses LinkedIn Economic Graph, a digital representation of the global economy, for research. She studies workplace trends and career opportunities. She has spoken about the need for Americans to gain more skills in artificial intelligence (AI). She believes that AI will transform the majority of jobs and enhance job mobility. Alongside AI, Kimbrough has argued for skills first hiring, i.e., selecting for competencies over degrees or institutions. She has recommended that congress reauthorise the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act, increase work experience opportunities and encourage state-wide skills-first hiring.", "title": "Research and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2019 she joined the Board of Directors at Fannie Mae, and in 2021 the Board at AllianceData.", "title": "Research and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "2017 Black Enterprise Most Powerful Women in Business", "title": "Research and career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Air commodore Raja Rizwan Ullah Khan (;راجہ رضوان اللہ خان13 August 1957 — 20 February 2003) MRAeS M-PEC Sbt was a general in the Pakistan Air Force, author, and aeronautical engineer who held the position of Personal Staff Officer to Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan) Mushaf Ali Mir. In the TV series Shahpar, he played the role of the Officer Commanding No. 11 Squadron PAF, mirroring his real-life position at the time.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He was also a member of the Royal Aeronautical Society of the United Kingdom and the Pakistan Engineering Council. He died in an air crash, along with Chief of Air Staff Mushaf Ali Mir, his wife Begum Bilquis Mir, Air Vice Marshal Saleem Akhtar Nawaz and 13 other air force officials and aircrew.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Air Commodore Rizwan Ullah Khan Shaheed Memorial Trust also known as Rizwan Scholars was established by the family and friends of Rizwan Ullah Khan after his passing and aims to support students from low-income backgrounds. In June 2009, the trust announced that scholarships of Rs. 8.5 million (equivalent to Rs. 43 million or US$150,000 in 2021) had been granted to 200 students, with 90 successfully graduating. The Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy awarded the trust the Nonprofit organization Certification, which has been given to few organisations in Pakistan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Born on 13 August 1957 in Rawalpindi, Rizwan Ullah was the first child of Captain Abdullah Khan of the Pakistan Army and Zubaida Abdullah. Growing up on various army bases, he faced the challenges of a military upbringing. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, his father Lt Colonel Abdullah Khan was taken as a Prisoner of war and spent three years in a POW camp. At the time of Rizwan's death, his brother Imran Ullah Khan was a tanker captain in Houston, Texas and their sister Nabeela, pursued a career as a medical doctor and worked for the Fauji Foundation.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Rizwan's mother Zubaida, decided to enroll both of her sons in Cadet College Hasan Abdal. This decision along with the insightful letters regularly sent by their POW father, became a defining chapter in Rizwan's life. Later, Rizwan Ullah often shared with his children that his father's remote guidance through letters played a crucial role in shaping his personality, character, and destiny. Rizwan was in the 17th Entry (1970) of PAF College Sargodha.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Rizwan married Samina Rais, the daughter of Rais Rafi Ahmad. They have four children, Andaleeb, Taimur, Sabine, and Bilal. At the time of his death, his wife Samina was the Regional Manager Oracle Corporation for South Asian countries Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Nepal.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Rizwan was commissioned into the Pakistan Air Force as the top graduate of the 66 GD(P) course of the PAF Academy for which he received the Sword of Honour (Pakistan). He learnt basic fighter flying skills on the Shenyang J-6.", "title": "Pakistan Air Force career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "He earned a Bachelor of Science in Aerosciences from PAF College Sargodha in 1977. In 1982, he graduated from the Flying Instructor's School at PAF Academy and served as a Cessna T-37 Tweet instructor for two years. He earned a Bachelor of Engineering in Aerospace from the College of Aeronautical Engineering in 1987. He graduated from RAF Staff College, Bracknell and earned Master of Arts in Defence studies from King's College London.", "title": "Pakistan Air Force career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "From July 1995 to April 1997, he commanded the No. 11 Squadron PAF.He became the Personal Staff Officer of Mushaf Ali Mir in August 2002.", "title": "Pakistan Air Force career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On 20 February 2003, Air Commodore Raja Rizwan Ullah Khan and Air Chief Marshal Mushaf Ali Mir boarded a Fokker F-27 aircraft operated by the Pakistan Air Force, along with his wife Bilquis Mir and 14 senior air force officers and crew from Chaklala airbase for a routine flight to Northern Air Command PAF Base Kohat in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa for the annual inspection of the base and to review annual preparations and readiness.", "title": "Death in air crash" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The plane lost contact from military radars at the Northern Air Command and crashed after hitting the highest peak of the mountain at the Tolanj mountain range in Kohat District due to extreme fog and winter temperature. Among the casualties were other high-ranking officials of the Pakistan Air Force, including Air Commodore Rizwan Personal Staff Officer to Mushaf Ali Mir and two Principal Staff Officers – Air Vice Marshal Abdul Razzaq, DCAS (Training & Evaluation) and Air Vice Marshal Saleem Nawaz, DCAS (Administration) – and the air crew.", "title": "Death in air crash" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The Government of Pakistan gave them a state funeral which was attended by 75,000+ people along with foreign dignitaries. Citizens lined the streets from Chaklala to Islamabad and as their coffins passed, many were crying openly. Air Commodore Raja Rizwan Ullah Khan and Air Vice Marshal Saleem Akhter Nawaz were buried next to each other in Islamabad.", "title": "Death in air crash" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Pakistan Air Force Flight Safety and CAA ruled out the \"act of sabotage\" and termed the incident as an accident. Additional inquiries in 2015 by the air force and civilian investigations, the Government of Pakistan declared the aircraft as faulty.", "title": "Death in air crash" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Further military insights revealed in the 2015 parliamentary committee noted that the aircraft was faulty and was first identified as such by the Pakistan Navys inspection team as early as 1993. The Pakistan Navy purchased the aircraft for reconnaissance missions before it was transferred to Pakistan Army Aviation Corps in 1993, who then transferred the plane to the Pakistan Air Force in 1994, which never reviewed the inspection protocol to assess the performance of the aircraft.", "title": "Death in air crash" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "María José Gatica Bertin (born 15 April 1984) is a Chilean politician who currently serves as a member of the Senate of Chile.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023 World Cup Taekwondo Team Championship was held in two rounds, first in Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang, South Korea in November and second in Wuxi, China on 19 December.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "a plethora of organometallc bismuth-transition metal compounds and clusters with interesting electronics and 3D structures result from the stabilization of the Bi in the +3 oxidation state.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Due to the inert pair effect of the heavy, organometallic compounds of Bi (III) show Lewis acidic properties given the lower ability of the 6s electron pair to mix with molecular orbitals and form σ-bonds. The search for non-toxic equivalents of boronic acids in advancing the Suzuki-Miyaura carbon-carbon coupling reactions and expand the scope of carbon-nitrogen and carbon-oxygen coupling ones turned chemists' attention to organometallic bismuch chemistry. Two catalytic mechanisms were proposed in the C-C bond formation catalyzed by bismuth organometallic compounds. The major difference arises from the rate of the oxidative addition to Pd(0) into a C-Bi bond or C-O one, yielding cycles A and B, respectively (see image).", "title": "Organometallic Bismuth Compounds as Catalysts" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Among the first representatives of the organometallic bismuth chemistry are a series of iron cyclopentadienyl compounds synthesized by Cullen et al. Characteristic to these is a σ Fe-Bi bond, the iron center bound to 1 cyclopentadienyl and to carbon monoxide ligands only having 17 electron in its coordination sphere in the absence of the Bi bond.", "title": "Compounds with a Metal-Bi σ-Bond" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Adding to this, Huttner et al. contributed to the enrichment of bismuth organometallic chemistry through synthesis of mixed Mn-Bi compounds. Most of the synthetic routes deploy the use of bismuth trichloride as the bismuth metal source. The first proposed route relied on manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl as the starting material. A better yielding route employed [Cp(CO)2Mn(SiPh3)] anionic species as the manganese metal source.The synthesized [{Cp(CO)2Mn}2BiCl] adduct dimerizes in the solid-state.", "title": "Compounds with a Metal-Bi σ-Bond" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Compounds derived from various transition metal carbonyl complexes are organometallic representatives with somewhat unusual cyclic structure and electronics. Such a representative is given in the form of the paramagnetic, ten-electron, tetrahedral [Cp2Co][Bi{Co(CO)4}4] complex.", "title": "Bismuth Compounds Derived from Transition Metal Carbonyl Complexes" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Additionally, clusters like closo-[Bi3Cr2(CO)6] and [Bi3Mo2(CO)6] have been reported to stabilize the ozone-like structure of [Bi3]. The [Bi3] species, isostructural and isoelectronic with ozone, can be analyzed independently as a moiety bound to the metal carbonyl complexes. The reported Bi-Bi distance falls in between the single and double bond region and is elongated compared to Bi=Bi bond in the [Bi4] cluster, the later displaying a bond order of 1.25. This experimental observation is being rationalized by some amount of π-donation to the metal carbonyl center and simultaneously π* back-bonding to the bismuth cluster from the metallocene complex.", "title": "Bismuth Compounds Derived from Transition Metal Carbonyl Complexes" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2009, Pearl et al. described the synthesis and isomerization of heterometallic complexes containing bismuth and rhenium. The precursors used in synthesis were an alkene-coordinated carbonyl rhenium complex and BiPh3. The reaction yields two types of heteronuclear bismuth-rhenium complexes and a homodinuclear rhenium one as a side product. Upon heating, the hexametallic tribismuth-trirhenium heteronuclear complex undergoes isomerization to cis- and trans-clusters containing the bicyclo [3.3.0] core (see scheme below). Under subsequent irradiation both stereoisomers convert to a common spiro [4.3] cluster compound.", "title": "Bismuth Compounds Derived from Transition Metal Carbonyl Complexes" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Adding to the transition metal-bismuth carbonyl clusters, the dibismuth clusters with transition metals have also been explored by synthetic chemists. The core of such compounds is represented in the form of dibismuthene or dibismithyne unit, in which the Bi atoms contain the inert 6s lone pair and through π-bond-donation are able to coordinate to carbonyl moieties of transition metals .", "title": "Dibismuth Transition Metal-Clusters" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The common synthetic precursor is the trimethylsilylmethyl-cyclobismuthane. Upon reaction with tungsten pentacarbonyl, the resulting side-on adduct preserved the dibismuthene unit, while reaction with diiron noncarbonyl yields the a tetracylic heteronuclear iron-bismuth carbonyl compund (see scheme to the right).", "title": "Dibismuth Transition Metal-Clusters" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The complexity of the dibismuthene complexes ranges from incorporation of cobalt ions to generate a prismatic cobalto carbonyl dicapped structure in the [(CO)11Co4Bi2] structure to iron incorporation to yield diiron dibismuth tetracyclic moiety side-on capped with cobaltocarbonyl unit. A similar structure was synthesized with tungsten replacing the iron units and this time capped with a bismuth-iron carbonyl-Cp'' unit. Finally, another example comes in the form of a side-on coordinated zirconium dicyclopentadienyl unit to the dibismuth mesitylene moiety (see figure).", "title": "Dibismuth Transition Metal-Clusters" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Multiple bismuth-containing clusters were reported, some of them synthesized through carbon monoxide ligand loss from the previously reported bismuth complexes. Strained cluster complexes with monodentate as well as bridging carbon monoxide units have also been isolated, such as [{Cp(μ2-CO)Fe}3(μ3-Bi)] and [(µ3-Bi)Co3(CO)6(µ-CO)3].", "title": "Bismuth-containing clusters" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Spiro-like clusters such as [{Ru2(CO)8}(µ4-Bi){(µ-H)Ru3(CO)10} and cubane-like ones as [Bi4Co*4] are representatives as well. The former displays a tetracoordinate bismuth metallic center along with a dicoordinated hydride ligand. The structure of the latter is cubic with the edges alternating bismuth and cobalt metallic centers.", "title": "Bismuth-containing clusters" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Inspired from the dirhodium tetraacetate bimetallic salt, synthetic chemists decided to explore the synthesis of paddlewheel mixed heteronuclear bismuth-rhodium salts. The synthesis involves treatment of the [Rh2(O2CR)4] salt with the dibusmuth tetrafluoroacetate [Bi2(O2CCF3)4] equivalent. Depending on the nature and sterics of the R ligand, the resulting mixed salt has either two Bu R-substituents resulting in the cis mixed salt or a single Me R-substituent provenient from the dirhodium precursor (see scheme to the right). The mixed salts display increased air and moisture compared to the parental dimetallic salts and show Lewis acidity at the rhodium center.", "title": "\"Paddlewheel\" complexes" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "", "title": "\"Paddlewheel\" complexes" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Almyra B. \"Myra\" Spafard (March 24, 1864 – March 13, 1940) was an American artist.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Spafard was born in Manchester, Michigan, the daughter of Thomas Franklin (Frank) Spafard and Sarah Maria Carpenter Spafard. She attended Cooper Union in the 1880s, and earned a bachelor's degree in education from Teachers College, Columbia University in 1892, She also studied at the Art Students' League and the Chase Art School. Her aunt, Emily Maria Scott, and Henry B. Snell were among her teachers.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Like her aunt and mentor E. M. Scott, Spafard was known for her botanical paintings. Her work was included in exhibitions at the National Academy of Design in 1888, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1896, the American Water-Color Society in 1901 and 1903, the Boston Art Club in 1902 and 1903, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis in 1904, the St. Paul School of Fine Arts in 1905, the Art Institute of Chicago in 1907, and the Philadelphia Water Color Exhibition, also in 1904.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Later in life, she taught art at Southeastern High School in Detroit.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Spafard died in 1940, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, at the age of 75. Her work is in the collection of Middlebury College Museum of Art.", "title": "Personal life and legacy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sarah Milroy CM is the Executive director and Chief Curator of the McMichael Canadian Collection in Kleinburg, Ontario, responsible for the 2021 exhibition and editor of the book Uninvited: Canadian women artists in the modern moment (2021) as well as Tom Thomson: North Star (2023) and contributing to more than a dozen books on art, including Mary Pratt, From the Forest to the Sea: Emily Carr in British Columbia, and David Milne: Modern Painting. She is a champion of the art of Canada.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Milroy was the third daughter born to Elizabeth Nichol, who founded Vancouver's Equinox Gallery in 1972 and John Nichol, a Liberal politician and senator who served in the Second World War and was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.. She grew up in Vancouver and studied English literature at McGill University (BA ’79), Cambridge University ((NC 1980), and at Hunter College in New York where she received a master's in art history. She planned to be a teacher, but an exhibition of Paraskeva Clark made her change her focus. Having written about the show for the journal Canadian Forum she decided to write about art.", "title": "Early years" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "from 1984 to 1996, she wrote for the journal Canadian Art, and in 1991 became its Editor and Publisher. She also contributed to the CBC as a visual arts correspondent. In 1996, she began working for The Globe and Mail covering the visual arts in Vancouver. She became the newspaper's chief art critic in 2001 and remained there till 2011, afterwards working as an independent art critic and curator.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She co-curated three international exhibitions for the Dulwich Picture Gallery in London in collaboration with its then Sackler Director, Ian Dejardin (afterwards Executive Director of the McMichael Canadian Art Collection till 2023): From the Forest to the Sea: Emily Carr in British Columbia (shown at the Art Gallery of Ontario, 2015); Vanessa Bell (2016) and David Milne: Modern Painting (2018) shown in Canada at the Vancouver Art Gallery and the McMichael Canadian Art Collection. Milroy also wrote essays for catalogues on subjects such as Jack Chambers (2011) and Greg Curnoe (2001), both for the Art Gallery of Ontario, as well as Gathie Falk (2022), Mary Pratt (2013) and others.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2018, Milroy was made chief curator at McMichael and she and the museum worked to broaden the collection guidelines and rebalance the narrative, bringing in black, Indigenous and people of colour artists as well as focusing on women artists. She balanced A Like Vision: the Group of Seven & Tom Thomson, which she co-authored with Dejardin, works selected from the gallery’s collection by members of the Group of Seven, to mark the 100th anniversary of its founding and an exhibition of Tom Thomson, with Uninvited: Canadian Women Artists in the Modern Moment, a show with a major book catalogue, of 40 modernist Canadian women painters. The show upheld the accomplishments of women artists and was widely reviewed as offering a wider and more inclusive picture of the visual arts in Canada during a pivotal modern period.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Milroy has served as a member of the Canada Committee of Human Rights Watch, a board member of the Art Canada Institute, and a member of the Editorial Advisory board of the \"Inuit Art Quarterly\".", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cayetano in Action with Boy Abunda is a Philippine television public affairs talk show broadcast by GMA Network. It is hosted by Alan Peter Cayetano, Pia Cayetano and Boy Abunda. It premiered on February 5, 2023, on the network's Sunday Grande sa Gabi line up.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The show is streaming online on YouTube.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Inspired by the radio and television show Compañero y Compañera – Alan Peter Cayetano, Pia Cayetano and Boy Abunda will give legal counsel to people in their own perspectives. It is filmed with a live studio audience.", "title": "Premise" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "'The Cowbellion de Rakin Societywas the first formally organized and masked mystic society in the United States to celebrate with a parade in 1830. The Cowbellions got their start when a cotton factor from Pennsylvania, Michael Krafft began a parade with rakes, hoes, and cowbells. The Cowbellions introduced horse-drawn floats to the parades in 1840 with a parade entitled, \"Heathen Gods and Goddesses.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Azərbaycan Respublikasının əməkdar müəllimi - The title of Honored Teacher of the Republic of Azerbaijan is awarded to directors and teachers of pre-school educational institutions, teachers and teachers of general education, primary and secondary vocational educational institutions and other employees of the education system for at least twenty years. It carries out studies in this field for its special services in the field of education.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Carlos Ignacio Kuschel Silva (born 15 March 1953) is a Chilean politician who currently serves as a member of the Senate of Chile.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Nordic 4 Championship season is the eighth season of the F4 Danish Championship. The season begins at Padborg Park in April and conclude at Jyllandsringen in October. This is the first season of the championship running under the new Nordic 4 banner as FIA had restricted the use of the Formula 4 name.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The championship make two abroad visits to Sweden. For these two rounds as well as the final round in Denmark, the series will be combining its grid with Formula Nordic, as it did in 2023.", "title": "Calendar" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Japan Industrial Partners, Inc. is a Japanese private equity firm, which is based in Tokyo. It was founded in 2002 with investment from firms including Mizuho Financial Group and Bain & Company. Its CEO is Hidemi Moue.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2007 Japan Industrial Partners bought SunTelephone with Bain Capital. In 2010 it bought Kyowa Hakko Chemical from Kyowa Hakko Kirin.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2012 Japan Industrial partners bought the core operations of the telecommunications company ITX Corp from Olympus Corporation for $676 million.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2014 Japan Industrial partners bought the computer manufacturer Vaio from Sony. In 2020 Japan Industrial Partners bought Nippon Avionics from NEC, and changed the company's leadership.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2020 the company bought the imaging arm of Olumpus. This was transferred to a new company, named OM Digital Solutions in 2022 as the deal only allowed the brand name to be used for a transitional period.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2023 Japan Industrial Partners and 19 other companies, including Orix, Rohm and Chubu Electric Power, offered to buy Toshiba for US$15 billion, which was accepted by Toshiba's board in September.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Japan Industrial Partners deals within the electronics industry, where they perform corporate carve-outs, buyouts, and spinouts.", "title": "Operations" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Japan Industrial Partners likes to keep a low profile and rarely attends interviews. It also does not hire restructuring consultants, and prefers to do it themselves.", "title": "Operations" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Amirabad (Persian: امیرآباد) is a village in Tang Chenar Rural District of the Central District of Mehriz County, Yazd province, Iran.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 289 people in 98 households. It was the largest village in its rural district.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Law Marc McCabe (born 12 June 2006) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Middlesbrough.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "McCabe joined the youth academy of Middlesbrough as a U9, and worked his way up their youth levels. On 28 February 2023, he signed his first professional contract with the club. He made his senior and professional debut with Middlesbrough as a late substitute in a 4–0 EFL Championship win over Preston North End on 28 November 2023. On 8 December 2023, he extended his contract with Middlesbrough until 2027.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "McCabe is a youth international for England, having been called up to the England U18s for the 2023 Tournoi de Limoges.", "title": "International career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Portuguese Negapatam (Portuguese: Negapatão Portuguesa) refers to the time period in which the city of Nagapattinam was part of the Portuguese Empire, between 1642 and 1658. It was captured by the Dutch East India Company.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1498, the Portuguese established direct contact with Asia after Vasco da Gama reached Calicut via the Cape Route.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Portuguese merchants established at Negapatam found a major patron in Sevappa Nayak, who protected them and allowed them to trade in his territory. They carried out major trade operations with Ceylon, while missionaries converted the Paravars of the Fishery Coast.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Portuguese merchants settled in Negapatam in the early 16th century and by the early 1530s there were some forty-odd Portuguese households in the city. Initially the Portuguese were engaged on one hand in the busy coastal commerce in rice to Jaffna and southern Malabar, bringing back areca, timber, cinnamon and pepper, on the other in the export of textiles. In 1543, the Portuguese Crown nominated a captain to govern the city. Relations with local Indian officials were generally friendly. With the advent of the succession crisis in Vijayanagara, the Portuguese captain in Negapatam assumed virtually full authority. Between 1543 and 1642 the status of Negapatam was ambiguous, with the Portuguese de-facto controlling the city while considering the Nayak of Tanjore the nominal owner of the territory.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Cesare Federici wrote that Negapatam in 1567 was a \"very great city and very populous of Christians of the country and partly gentile. Negapatam was described as a flourishing centre of trade by 1586.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1577 the population of Portuguese Negapatam included 60 Portuguese casados (\"married men\"), 200 eurasians and 300 Indian Christians. In 1635 there 140 white casados, 360 Topasses casados' and 700 Indian Christians.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "By the early 1630 Negapatam had a larger Portuguese population than Portuguese Malacca. A Portuguese settler in Negapatam Domingos de Seixas first informed the viceroy Count of Linhares at Goa that Hughli had been taken by the Mughals in 1632. By 1630 resident Portuguese merchants established in Negapatam, São Tomé de Meliapor and the Coromandel Coast pioneered regular trade between the Phillippines and Indonesia. In 1646 they landed 300 bales of cloth at Makassar compared to the combined total of 400 bales landed by the Danish East India Company and the English East India Company. Unable to compete with the Portuguese, the English shifted focus to Surat.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In April 12 1642, the Dutch East India Company attacked the city and extracted a heavy tribute. A naval battle between the Portuguese and the Dutch took place whereby the Dutch were forced to withdraw. Facing increasing attacks attacks by the VOC, in 1642 the Portuguese Viceroy of India struck a deal with the Nayak of Tanjore whereby Negapatam was ceded to the Portuguese Empire and officially annexed. Only then was the city walled, a fort built and a garrison established. At this time it boasted 7000 inhabitants.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The city was sieged and captured by the Dutch VOC in 1658. Although a minor episode, it symbolized the ascendency of the Dutch in Coromandel. In 1661, the Dutch VOC was granted the income of the ten villages formerly owned by the Portuguese in Negapatam.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "After Negapatam was taken by the Dutch, the Portuguese moved to Porto Novo, or \"New Port\". In 1665, the Portuguese Viceroy wrote to the Danish established at Tranquebar requesting that they provide shelter to the Portuguese fleeing from Negapatam after it was occupied by the Dutch.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caroline Willard Baldwin (June 30, 1869 - January 31, 1928) was a physicist, known for being the first woman to earn a doctoral degree in physics from Cornell University, and one of the first women to earn a doctoral degree in physics from any United States institution.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Caroline Willard Baldwin was born on June 30, 1869 in San Francisco to Alfred Baldwin and Fannie Willard. She received her primary education from her mother and from the Santa Cruz, California public schools.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Baldwin attended the University of California, earning a B.S. in 1892. She was the first woman to graduate from the College of Mechanics. Baldwin placed third in her graduating class and spoke at the commencement.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Baldwin conducted her graduate studies under Edward L. Nichols at Cornell University. She earned an Sc.D. from Cornell in 1895. This was the first doctoral degree in physics awarded to a woman by Cornell, and one of the first among all U.S. institutions. Baldwin published her thesis in 1896 in Physical Review.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "From 1895 to 1900, Baldwin taught physics at the California School of Mechanical Arts, a secondary school in San Francisco. In 1898 she coauthored with Arthur Merrill a textbook, entitled Physics Course of the California School of Mechanical Arts.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Baldwin married Charles Theobald Morrison in 1898. They had two children, Frances and George. Baldwin died in 1928.", "title": "Personal Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Slangerup Speedway Center is a motorcycle speedway facility located on the western outskirts of Slangerup, Denmark. The track is on the Hørup Skovvej road. The stadium is the home track for the Slangerup Speedway Klub.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The track opened in the early 1970s and hosted the speedway clubs Kulsvierne (the Charcoalers), Drabanterne (The Guardsmen) and Skovtroldene (The Forest Trolls).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On 22 May 1977, a second smaller moped track opened. In 1993, the Speedway Center hosted a round of the 1993 Speedway World Team Cup.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2023, the Danish Individual Speedway Championship was held at Slangerup for the fifth time in its history.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lyn Finelli is an American epidemiologist and infectious disease researcher, who helped lead the U.S. response to the 2009 H1N1 epidemic and contributed to research and public health communication about the COVID-19 pandemic. In 1990 Finelli was granted a doctorate in infectious disease epidemiology from Columbia University. She worked as chief of influenza surveillance and outbreak response at the Center for Disease Control. She led the CDC's response to the 2009 H1N1 outbreak and oversaw 200 employees. She was widely quoted in news coverage about the epidemic. Finelli now serves as executive director of new vaccine development at Merck Research Laboratories. In late March 2020, Finelli co-authored a paper published in the New England Journal of Medicine defining the epidemiology of COVID-19 and calling for further studies. Throughout her career, she has written over 100 scientific papers, book chapters, and articles on a variety of public health related topics, including RSV, sexual health, pneumonia, and hepatitus c.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hyesoon Kim (born 1974) is a South Korean-American computer engineer specializing in computer architecture, especially involving graphics processing units and their incorporation into heterogeneous computing systems. She is a professor in the Georgia Tech School of Computer Science, where she heads the High Performance Architecture Lab.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kim was born in Daejeon in 1974. She was a student at the Daejeon Science High School for the Gifted, and then became an undergraduate student at KAIST in Daejon, graduating with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1996. She continued for a master's degree in mechanical engineering at Seoul National University in 1998, and then worked in industry for two years at the Hyundai Motor Company, performing research on car engines.", "title": "Education and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Next, she went to the University of Texas at Austin for graduate study in electrical engineering, earning a master's degree in 2003 and completing her Ph.D. in 2007. Her doctoral dissertation, Adaptive predication via compiler-microarchitecture cooperation, was supervised by Yale Patt.", "title": "Education and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She joined the Georgia Tech faculty as an assistant professor in 2007, and gained tenure there as an associate professor in 2013. She also holds an affiliation as adjunct professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering.", "title": "Education and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Kim was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2024 class of fellows, \"for contributions to resource modeling and partitioning in heterogeneous computing systems\".", "title": "Recognition" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 TCR South America Touring Car Championship was the fourth season of TCR South America Touring Car Championship.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The championship is to begin in April 2024, with a maximum of 35 entries, ten rounds consisting of eighteen 35-minute races and two endurance races would be run in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. It will also feature two rounds of the TCR World Tour.", "title": "Calendar" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Daichi Sasaki (佐々木大地, Sasaki Daichi) better known by his ring name Musashi is a Japanese professional wrestler currently signed to the Michinoku Pro Wrestling promotion where he is a former Tohoku Junior Heavyweight Champion and a Tohoku Tag Team Champion. He is also known for his work in the Japanese independent scene.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sasaki spent almost all of his career in Michinoku Pro Wrestling. He made his professional wrestling debut in the company on one of The Great Sasuke's 20th Anniversary series of events from June 11, 2010, where he fell short to Rasse in singles competition. He has held both of the promotion's signature titles. As for the Tohoku Tag Team Championship, he first won it by teaming up with his \"New Phase\" tag team partner Ayumu Gunji to defeat Mu no Taiyo (The Great Sasuke and Brahman Kei) at at 3 Battles in March Tour from March 14, 2015. He has held the tag titles on one more occasion, alongside Kazuki Hashimoto after they defeated Bad Boy (Ken45° and Manjimaru) at July Series 2022: Rihikyokuchoku on July 17. As for the Tohoku Junior Heavyweight Championship, he first won it by defeating Kenbai at Golden Week Series 2019 on May 6. He has held the title on one more occasion by defeating Rui Hyugaji at Michinoku Pro Hyakka Ryoran: Junji Takehana Death 3rd Memorial Event on July 17, 2021.", "title": "Professional wrestling career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Due to also making some freelancing work, Sasaki is known for his appearances in various promotions of the Japanese independent scene as a talent sent by Michinoku Pro Wrestling. He competed in a couple of matches promoted by Pro Wrestling Noah on June 4 and 5, 2014, at Noah Northern Navigation. On the first night from June 4, he competed twice. First against Masa Kitamiya and Taiji Ishimori in a three-way match, and secondly in a ten-man battle royal won by Ishimori and also involving various opponents such as Kenoh, Hitoshi Kumano, Maybach Taniguchi, Quiet Storm, Shane Haste and Yoshinari Ogawa. On the second night of the event from June 5, he defeated Hitoshi Kumano in singles competition. At Gleat G ProWrestling Ver. 9, he teamed up with Coelacanths (Cima and Kaz Hayashi) to defeat StrongHearts (El Lindaman, Issei Onitsuka and T-Hawk). At Gatoh Move ChocoPro #256, an event promoted by Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling on September 20, 2022, Sasaki teamed up with Yamaya Ringo in a losing effort against BestBros (Baliyan Akki and Mei Suruga). At BJW/DDT Toshikoshi Pro-Wrestling 2022, a cross-over one-day tournament held by both DDT Pro-Wrestling and Big Japan Pro Wrestling on December 31, 2022, he teamed up with Kazusada Higuchi and Kota Sekifuda to defeat team of Chris Brookes, Daisuke Sekimoto and Isami Kodaka in the first rounds, but fell short to Mao, Yuko Miyamoto and Yuya Aoki in the semifinals. At AJPW Dynamite Series 2023, an event promoted by All Japan Pro Wrestling on June 11, he teamed up with Kohei Sato and Zennichi Shin Jidai (Rising Hayato and Ryo Inoue) to defeat Atsuki Aoyagi, Dan Tamura, Oji Shiiba and Ren Ayabe in an eight-man tag team match. At BASARA 222 ~ Oensogura, an event promoted by Pro-Wrestling Basara on June 17, 2023, he battled Isami Kodaka into a time-limit draw. At Masaaki Mochizuki Produce Buyuden Rei ~ Zero ~ Vol. 2, an event promoted by Dragongate on July 8, 2023, Sasaki teamed up with Taro Nohashi in a losing effort against D'courage (Madoka Kikuta and Yuki Yoshioka).", "title": "Professional wrestling career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Sasaki made his debut in New Japan Pro Wrestling at the 2023 edition of the Super Junior Tag League where he teamed up wit Yoh as \"Musashi Komatsu\" and scored a total of eight points after competing against the teams of Catch 2/2 (TJP and Francesco Akira), El DespeWato (El Desperado and Master Wato), House Of Torture (Sho and Yoshinobu Kanemaru), Bullet Club War Dogs (Clark Connors and Drilla Moloney), Los Ingobernables de Japon (Bushi and Titán), Intergalactic Jet Setters (Kushida and Kevin Knight), Ichiban Sweet Boys (Robbie Eagles and Kosei Fujita), Just 5 Guys (Douki and Taka Michinoku), and Ryusuke Taguchi and The DKC. At Power Struggle 2023 on November 4, he again teamed up with Yoh to face some of the teams they competed against in the tag league such as Master Wato and El Desperado, Kosei Fujita and Robbie Eagles, and Drilla Moloney and Clark Connors in a four-way tag team match from which they came unsuccessful.", "title": "Professional wrestling career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The men's individual road time trial H1–5 competition of the cycling events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 19 on the Streets of Isla de Maipo, Chile.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The results were as follows:", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "WPJB (1420 AM) was a radio station in Providence, Rhode Island, which began broadcasting in 1941. It was deleted in 1954 after its owner, the Providence Journal-Bulletin, purchased a second local station, WEAN, because contemporary Federal Communications Commission ownership rules had a limit of a single local station on the AM band.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The station was first issued a construction permit in the fall of 1940, as WFCI, to the Pawtucket Broadcasting Company on 1390 kHz, with a transmitter site in Lincoln. However, as of March 1941, most stations on 1390 kHz, including the not-yet-operational WFCI, were moved to 1420 kHz, because of the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The station call letters reflected the station's founder and president, Frank Cook. This was the second Pawtucket station to hold the WFCI call sign, as an earlier WFCI, founded by Cook in 1926, had also been WFCI until changing to WPAW two years later. With the reappearance of the historic WFCI call sign, the 1941 station was commonly referred to as \"The New WFCI\". The station began regularly scheduled programming on April 28. W. Paul Oury was general manager, and George Sutherland was program director.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "WFCI was one of four radio stations in the pre-World War II Providence market (the others being WPRO, WEAN and WJAR). WFCI was an affiliate of the NBC Blue network, which in 1943 became simply the Blue Network, and finally changed to the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in 1945. WFCI added FM service on 101.5 MHz in about 1950; on that frequency today is WWBB.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The station became a Colonial and Mutual affiliate as of April 5, 1941 (prior to that it had served as WEAN's overflow station). WFCI moved to the Biltmore Hotel in Providence in 1949 and took over WEAN's ABC affiliation.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "WFCI was relicensed to Providence in 1950.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Frank F. Cook, owner of 70% of the station, died in an automobile accident on December 1, 1950. WFCI was sold to the Providence Journal-Bulletin in 1952; the newspaper changed the call sign to WPJB, matching their radio station on 105.1 MHz (now WWLI).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The Journal-Bulletin bought a second local station, WEAN in 1954. However, the August 1941 adoption of the Federal Communications Commission's \"duopoly\" rule restricted licensees from operating more than one radio station in a given market. Therefore, it surrendered WPJB's license back to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for deletion.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The vacated assignment for 1420 AM was soon reused, when WBSM in New Bedford, Massachusetts, was given permission to move to 1420 kHz in 1956, where it remains to this day.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Carlos Recondo Lavanderos (born 27 April 1954) is a Chilean politician who served as member of the Constitutional Council and the Chamber of Deputies of his country.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Boots Ireland is the Irish subsidiary of the British pharmacy and beauty chain, Boots. Since 1996, the chain has expanded to almost 90 stores across the Republic of Ireland.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1996, Boots stated they were making a £7.6 million investment in the Republic of Ireland at an announcement in the Clarence Hotel; the first store opened later that year. In 1998, the Small Firm Association recommended to Boots that they should set up a company within Ireland for the Irish market. The subsidiary was registered on 5 November 2002 as Boots Retail (Ireland) Limited.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2006, the parent company Boots became Alliance Boots following a merger with Alliance UniChem. In 2014, Alliance Boots merged with Walgreens to form Walgreens Boots Alliance. On 24 April 2019, Boots Hearingcare Ireland was registered as they began to provide hearing aids and free hearing tests.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The first store in Ireland opened on 8 November 1996 in the Jervis Shopping Centre, representing an investment of £3.6 million and employing 150 people. The second store was officially opened in The Square Tallaght on 17 February 1997, creating an additional 40 jobs. As of 2023, there are 89 stores across Ireland.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1999, they launched an asthma awareness campaign in partnership with the Asthma Association of Ireland. In 2012, Boots formed a partnership with the Irish Cancer Society to support those living with cancer in Ireland.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On 14 June 2013, the website was launched, enabling customers to purchase online. In October 2014, the company created its Click and Collect service, allowing customers to pay for items online and then collect them in-store.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Georgia Madelon Baker (1910 or 1911 – February 26, 1999) was a record producer, music publisher, actress and singer, known for her role in launching singer-songwriter Jimmy Webb's career, and her work with Gospel, R&B and doo wop artists such as Cassietta George, Ron Kenoly and the Paradons. As an actress, she performed in the world premiere of the John Cage/Kenneth Patchen radio play The City Wears a Slouch Hat, and had substantial roles in both the short-lived Gasoline Alley film series and the much-ballyhooed 1955 short subject, The Great Adventure, commemorating the 50th anniversary of Rotary International.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A native of Marion, Illinois, Baker was the youngest of five daughters born to Fannie Elizabeth Bateman and George Christie Baker, a coal miner who died in 1924 at age 54. Shortly thereafter, the family moved to Highland Park, Michigan and Baker began modeling. She later attended Wayne State University before transferring to Northwestern.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "By the following decade, Baker was appearing on radio in such series as The Lone Ranger and The Romance of Helen Trent, as well as becoming one of the featured vocalists for bandleaders Henry Busse and Johnny Hamp, as well as her then-husband Carl Grayson (né Graub).", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On May 31, 1942, on WBBM in Chicago, under the direction of her soon-to-be husband Les Mitchel, Baker—as Madelon Grayson—co-starred with Les Tremayne, Forrest Lewis, Jonathan Hole, Frank Dane, and John Larkin in Columbia Workshop's world premiere presentation of poet Kenneth Patchen's radio play The City Wears a Slouch Hat, accompanied by a five-member percussion ensemble performing John Cage's score, conducted by the composer. Later that year, Baker and fellow WBBM staffer Jane Webb were among a host of local radio people donating their time and talents to the new serviceman's canteen which opened on Christmas Day under the auspices of the Women's Army Corps.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Baker was fashion coordinator for Marshall Field's in Chicago from 1942 to 1944, at which point she and Mitchel moved to Los Angeles. From 1944 through 1951, she was employed in varying capacities at Les Mitchel Productions; she served variously as producer, secretary-treasurer (as G. Madelon Mitchel) and, on at least one occasion, performer.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1955, Baker—as Madelon Mitchell—co-starred with Edward Arnold, Jim Backus, Lyle Talbot, and Sujata Rubener in The Great Adventure, a 29-minute docu-drama commemorating the 50th anniversary of Rotary International, which had its world premiere simultaneously in 80 countries on February 23. Debuting on December 1st of that year and continuing for at least three months, Baker, still billed as Mitchell, hosted a cooking show entitled Camera Kitchen on KHJ-TV in Los Angeles. Among her guests were Barbara Ellen Davenport (wife of college football star Bob Davenport), pioneer TV cook Monty Margetts, and fashion consultant Caroline Leonetti.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 1959, Baker, together with her husband Jackson Baker, began Audio Arts Inc., a recording studio specializing in R&B and Gospel, performed by artists such as Cassietta George and Ron Kenoly. One notable exception was their much-heralded discovery, singer-songwriter Jimmy Webb, whose first single they recorded and released, and approximately 50 of whose songs—including \"Didn't We,\" \"Where's the Playground Susie\" and \"Galveston\"—were published by the Bakers' company, Ja-Ma Music. Another Audio Arts coup was its discovery of the Paradons, resulting in the studio's first hit record (which proved to be the band's only hit), \"Diamonds and Pearls\".", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Baker was married at least three times. The first two marriages ended in divorce: with violinist/vocalist Carl Graub (aka Grayson) from 1933 to 1940, and with producer Lester Mandiville \"Les\" Mitchel from 1942 to 1952. By contrast, Baker's final marriage, to her Audio Arts partner/co-founder—and partial namesake—Jackson Correll Baker, lasted from from 1956 until his death in 1975.", "title": "Personal life and death" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "On February 26, 1999, Baker died of a stroke in Laguna Hills, California.", "title": "Personal life and death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nymphaea lasiophylla is a species of waterlily native to East Brazil. It has also been introduced to the Venezuelan Antilles.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Nymphaea lasiophylla is an aquatic herb with cylindrical tubers. The leaf blade is suborbicular to orbicular and has an entire, flat margin. The actinodromous leaf venation with impressed veins has 7-11 primary veins.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The nocturnal flowers float on the water surface. The crimson red, 6-7 mm long carpellary appendages are clavate.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The strongly aromatic, solvent-like floral fragrance consists of twelve compounds: Methyl hexanoate, Methyl 2-methylbutanoate, Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, Methyl 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate, Methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate, Benzyl alcohol, Benzaldehyde, Methyl benzoate, Benzyl 2-methylbutanoate, Anisole, (methoxymethyl)benzene, and 1.4-dimethoxybenzene.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The diploid chromosome count is 2n = 18.", "title": "Cytology" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Both stolons and proliferating pseudanthia are present. Nymphaea lasiophylla forms 1-2 secondary proliferating pseudanthia. They are the main mode of reproduction in this species. The tubers, which often develop leaves and roots prior to their detachment, break off easily from the proliferating pseudanthia. They briefly float in the water and grow into new plants elsewhere.", "title": "Reproduction" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "While generative reproduction does occur, its significance is diminished by the prominence of vegetative reproduction through proliferating pseudanthia. Seeds were only observed in one of 20 populations.", "title": "Reproduction" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "It was first described by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini in 1832.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The type specimen was collected close to Joazerio in the state of Bahia, Brazil.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "It is placed in Nymphaea subgenus Hydrocallis.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Plant material previously believed to be Nymphaea lasiophylla was later assigned to a new species, Nymphaea caatingae.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The specific epithet lasiophylla means woolly-leaved. However, the name is misleading, as the authors mistook a layer of algae as trichomes.", "title": "Etymology" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Nymphaea lasiophylla may face loss of habitat, due to climate change.", "title": "Conservation" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Nymphaea lasiophylla is found growing in temporary bodies of water along roadsides, in depressions in arid climate regions, in coastal lagoons, in artificial ponds, and in stagnant waters. Populations of Nymphaea lasiophylla have the ability to persist in and dominate temporary aquatic habitats. It occurs sympatrically with Nymphaea vanildae.", "title": "Ecology" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "It is pollinated by the beetle species Cyclocephala putrida. Beetles have been discovered trapped within flowers, which close during the day.", "title": "Ecology" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Finlay Cartwright (born 28 February 2007) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Middlesbrough.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Cartwright joined the youth academy of Middlesbrough at the age of 6, and worked his way up their youth categories. He made his senior and professional debut with Middlesbrough as a late substitute in a 3–2 EFL Cup win over Huddersfield Town on 8 August 2023. At 16 years and 161 days old, he was the second youngest debutant in the history Middlesbrough in a competitive match.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "McCabe is a youth international for England, having been called up to the England U17s for a set of friendlies in September 2023.", "title": "International career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Germán Becker Alvear (born 13 March 1955) is a Chilean politician who served as member of the Constitutional Council and the Chamber of Deputies of his country. Similarly, he was appointed as ambassador to Panama during Sebastián Piñera's second government.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "In solar observation and imaging, coordinate systems are used to identify and communicate locations on and around the Sun. Since the Sun is gaseous in nature, there are no permanent demarcated points that can be referenced.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Sun is a rotating ball of plasma at the center of the Solar System. It lacks a solid or liquid surface, so the interface separating its interior and its exterior is usually defined as the boundary where plasma becomes opaque to visible light, the photosphere. Since plasma is gaseous in nature, this surface has no permanent demarcated points that can be used for reference. Furthermore, its rate of rotation varies with latitude, rotating faster at the equator than at the poles.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Heliographic coordinate systems are used to identify locations on the Sun's surface. The two most commonly used systems are the Stonyhurst and Carrington systems. They both define latitude as the angular distance from the solar equator, but differ in how they define longitude. In Stonyhurst coordinates, the longitude is fixed for an observer on Earth, and, in Carrington coordinates, the longitude is fixed for the Sun's rotation.", "title": "Heliographic" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Stonyhurst heliographic coordinate system, developed at Stonyhurst College in the 1800s, has its origin (where longitude and latitude are both 0°) at the point where the solar equator intersects the central solar meridian as seen from Earth. Longitude in this system is therefore fixed for observers on Earth.", "title": "Heliographic" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Carrington heliographic coordinate system, established by Richard C. Carrington in 1863, rotates with the Sun at a fixed rate based on the observed rotation of low-latitude sunspots. It rotates with a sidereal period of exactly 25.38 days, which corresponds to a mean synodic period of 27.2753 days.", "title": "Heliographic" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Whenever the Carrington prime meridian (the line of 0° Carrington latitude) passes the Sun's central meridian as seen from Earth, a new Carrington rotation begins. These rotations are numbered sequentially, with Carrington rotation number 1 starting on 9 November 1853.", "title": "Heliographic" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Heliocentric coordinate systems measure spatial positions relative to an origin at the Sun's center. There are four systems in use: the heliocentric inertial (HCI) system, the heliocentric Aries ecliptic (HAE) system, the heliocentric Earth ecliptic (HEE) system, and the heliocentric Earth equatorial (HEEQ) system. They are summarized in the following table.", "title": "Heliocentric" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Santa Cruz de Tenerife metropolitan area (known in Spanish as: Área metropolitana de Murcia) is the metropolitan area of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. The metropolitan area is located in the island of Tenerife, with an area of 1,748 km", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2020 Santa Cruz de Tenerife gross metropolitan product was €17.138 billion. This puts Santa Cruz de Tenerife in 136th place among cities in European Union.", "title": "Economy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "William Scott Ross (born 28 November 1956) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A Brisbane Grammar School product, Ross was an Australian Schools representative on the 1973/74 tour of Britain and by 1976 had been rewarded with a state debut for Queensland. He gained 13 caps for the Wallabies as hooker, debuting in 1979 against Ireland at Ballymore. His international career included the successful Bledisloe Cup defence in 1980. He attended Oxford University during the early 1980s, attaining a rugby blue.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Ross was team manager of the Queensland Reds between 1996 and 1998. He served as a Queensland Rugby Union selector from 2003 to 2006, then Vice President between 2010 and 2018. In the 2013 Queen's Birthday Honours, Ross was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) \"for service to rugby union, and to the community\".", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Amidon House (historically known as the Garver-Amidon House) is a Queen Anne-style Victorian mansion in the historic Midtown neighborhood of Wichita, Kansas. Built in 1887 by financier Martin L. Garver, it became particularly notable as the residence of prominent Wichitan Samuel B. Amidon from 1896 to 1925, during his tenure as Sedgwick County Attorney and later as Vice Chair of the Democratic National Committee.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Rezoned for commercial use in the 1970s, the house has since served as offices for various firms, practices, and consultancies. It was registered as a Historic Landmark by the City of Wichita in 1978, and nominated for inclusion in the state and National Registers of Historic Places in 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Designed by the Wichita architectural firm of Gould & Terry, the mansion finished construction in 1887 at an estimated cost of $10,000 (or $323,000 in 2023 dollars). Located on the northwest corner of Market and Park (now 9th) Streets, the home was commissioned by builder and financier Martin L. Garver who first purchased the .38 acre plot of land in 1883.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The home's builders and original occupants, the Garver family was headed by prominent builder and financier Martin Luther (M.L.) Garver and his wife, Kathryn (\"Kate\") B. Emminger. They lived in the home with their four children Mary, George, James, and Charles from its completion in 1887 until 1896, when the family moved to 1231 N. Waco.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Mr. Garver was born near Scotland, Pennsylvania on May 16, 1844, and raised on his family farm. He served briefly in the Union Army during the American Civil War as a member of Company A of the 26th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment before being discharged in 1863. After graduating from Wittenberg College in 1866, he married Kate Emminger of Mansfield, Ohio on April 11, 1871. After going into the real estate and loan business, Martin relocated the family to Wichita in 1879, where earlier in the decade he had \"camped just south of where the Second Street bridge [was once] located, and bought Buffalo steak at 25 cents a basket.\"", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On January 26, 1896, Garver listed the house for sale in the Wichita Eagle, offering \"my splendid brick, slate-roof, 10-room house... at 33 per cent of cost if sold at once. The chance of your lifetime.\" Why Garver was willing to immediately sell his custom-built mansion at a third of its construction price is unclear, although economic turbulence in the wake of the Panic of 1893 likely had a temporary impact on the outlook of his real estate business. Regardless, just one month later on February 27, the Eagle was reporting that Samuel B. Amidon \"has purchased the fine home of M.L. Garver.\" The newspaper went on to state that \"when Sam and Mrs. Amidon get through furnishing it in accordance with their plans it will be one of the most comfortable homes in the city,\" noting that the Amidons had outmaneuvered several prominent citizens of Wichita who also wanted to purchase the property.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Media related to Allen–Lambe House at Wikimedia Commons", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "WT-4 (adopted under the name РТШ-IV in the USSR) is a Polish telephone plug used to connect telephone sets to the network. Introduced in the second half of the 20th century and adopted in several Eastern Bloc countries as a standard. It has since been replaced by the RJ-11 standard. Sockets are labelled with the text GTN-4.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "WT-4 plugs consist of 4 metal pins with an additional plastic pin at the bottom to prevent inserting the plug the wrong way round. When the plug is inserted into a socket, the plastic pin also disconnects a 1μF capacitor built into the socket. When connected, the capacitor simulates a telephone set with the handset hung up. This allows for the testing of the line even when the subscriber doesn't have a telephone connected to the network. In the mid-1990s, installations of WT-4 plugs began to be phased out, and the standardised shape of the socket was used to install RJ-11 connectors instead.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A rare 6-pin version also existed, called WT-6. Extra pins (numbered with the missing 1 and 2) were located between the existing pins 3 and 5, and 4 and 6, respectively. These extra pins were used for powering telephone sets with illuminated rotary dials, as well as some more advanced telephone installations.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Feliciano/10to23 is a 1969 album by Puerto Rican guitarist José Feliciano. Many of the tracks are acoustic cover versions of songs popularized by other artists, including Bee Gees, Cole Porter and The Beatles with some instrumentals played with classical guitar with jazz influenced.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Feliciano 10to23 has been the second most successful album of his career in the US, peaking at number 16 on Billboard Top LP chart (number 54 on the end-of-year chart for 1969); it also reached number 15 on the R&B charts. The album performed well outside the US, reaching number 8 in Canada and number 2 in Australia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Side one", "title": "Track listing" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Side two", "title": "Track listing" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Technical", "title": "Personnel" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "{{album chart|Spain|4|", "title": "Chart performance" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "WFCI may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The women's individual road time trial H1–5 competition of the cycling events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 19 on the Streets of Isla de Maipo, Chile.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The results were as follows:", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Battle of Bacsil Ridge was a battle fought beginning on 19 March 1945. It was one of the continued main battles of the 1944–1945 Philippines Campaign of the Second World War between the Filipino soldiers under the 121st Infantry Regiment, Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFIP-NL, under the command of American General Russell W. Volckmann, and the Japanese Imperial forces under General Tomoyuki Yamashita, which resulted in the capture of San Fernando, La Union on 23 March 1945, and lead to the subsequent capture Bacnotan, La Union after two months of fighting between the armies and guerilla fighters.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tage Ottosen Thott (pronunciation; spelled Tott before 1778; 20 October 1739 – 7 March 1824) was a Swedish nobleman, civil servant and military officer.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He was the son of Otto Tott and his wife Christina Kaas. In 1756, he graduated from Lund University with a candidate of law degree. A year later, he joined the Crown Prince's Regiment and fought in the Pomeranian War. He quickly rose the ranks; being promoted in 1772 to lieutenant-colonel. Between 1774–1775 and 1776–1794, he held office as Vice-Governor and Governor of Malmöhus County respectively. He lived at Skabersjö Castle following his retirement.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "During his time, he was one of the largest landowners in Scania. He supposedly lived a debauched life in his youth, which made any parliamentary offices or duties impossible. However, he tried to redeem himself later in life. By proving his loyalty to the King during the Coup of 1772 and having influential associates, he became a favourite of Gustavus III, King of Sweden.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1778 and 1807, he was raised to baronial and comital peerages respectively, and adopted Thott as the new family name. In 1776, he became member of the Royal Physiographic Society of Lund, and was elected its president three years later. On 25 January 1763 in Widtsköfle, he married Ulrika Christina Barnekow. They had seven children, including Christian and Otto.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "William Alexander McKid (born 27 January 1953) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A native of Barraba in country New South Wales, McKid boarded at Scots College, Sydney and was a rugby product of Mosman Juniors. He played senior rugby back in Barraba and made his New South Wales Country debut in 1974-75.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "McKid, an outside centre, was capped six times for the Wallabies, debuting against England at Twickenham in 1976. He featured in two internationals on the 1978 tour of New Zealand, including a win in the 3rd Test at Eden Park.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Who Were We Running From? (Turkish: Biz Kimden Kaçiyorduk Anne?) is a 2023 Turkish crime thriller television series starring Melisa Sözen, Eylül Tumbar and Musa Uzunlar, broadcast on Netflix.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The series is based on a novel with the same name by author Perihan Mağden.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The story is about a mother (unnamed) and daughter (named \"Bambi\" like the Disney character) running from a mysterious past.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "After its debut, in the 7-day period that ended on April 2, the show was viewed 35.8 million hours, making it the number 1 non-English language show on Netflix.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Daily Free Press's review of the series was titled \"Too many questions, not enough answers\". Polly Conwat of Common Sense Media wrote that it \"stretches out the mystery to a near-frustrating point,\" but was \"compelling\" and \"cinematically shot\".", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Norma Anderson, et al. v. Jena Griswold is a 2023 Colorado Supreme Court case in which the court rejected the presidential eligibility of Donald Trump, the former president of the United States and a candidate in the 2024 presidential election, on the basis of his actions during the January 6 Capitol attack.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The court held that Trump's actions before and during the attack constituted engaging in insurrection; the Fourteenth Amendment disqualifies presidential candidates who have engaged in insurrection against the United States. The Colorado Supreme Court's ruling in Anderson v. Griswold is the first time that a presidential candidate has been disqualified from office in a state on the basis of the Fourteenth Amendment. It is stayed until a ruling is made by the Supreme Court of the United States.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On December 19, 2020, six weeks following his election loss, Trump urged his followers on Twitter to protest in Washington, D.C., on January 6, the day Congress was set to certify the results of the election, writing, \"Be there, will be wild!\" Over the course of the following weeks, Trump would repeat the January 6 date. Militant organizations and groups affiliated with the conspiracy theory QAnon formulated logistical plans to gather at the United States Capitol. Trump continued to repeat false claims about the election leading up to January 6, including Georgia, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Nevada, and Arizona. On the morning of January 6, Trump gave a speech in the Ellipse, an elliptical park near the White House, and encouraged his followers to walk down to Pennsylvania Avenue to incite within Republicans the \"kind of pride and boldness that they need to take back our country\". Provoked by Trump, the mob of Trump supporters stormed the Capitol.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Section 3. No person shall ... hold any office, civil or military, under the United States... who, having previously taken an oath... as an officer of the United States ...shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In August 2023, conservative legal scholars and Federalist Society members William Baude and Michael Stokes Paulsen, in an article published in the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, posed that Trump is ineligible to be president. Baude and Paulsen argue that Section Three of the Fourteenth Amendment—a section that prevents individuals from holding office who, having \"previously taken an oath [...] to support the Constitution of the United States\", have \"engaged in insurrection or rebellion\" against the United States—applies to Trump through his fraudulent electors plot and \"specific encouragement\" of January 6, including refusing to call in the National Guard, supported by the House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack and his second federal indictment. According to Baude and Paulsen, states are given legal obligation and precedent to remove Trump from primary ballots under Article Two of the Constitution, which establishes presidential eligibility requirements. Baude and Paulsen concede, however, that the legal precedent In re Griffin (1869) argues for a pragmatic consequentialist interpretation of Section Three. In March 2022, a district judge ruled that then-representative Madison Cawthorn could not be considered an insurrectionist. In a draft paper, law professors Josh Blackman and Seth Barrett Tillman argued against the basis for a Fourteenth Amendment disqualification against Trump.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On September 6, 2023, six voters filed a lawsuit in Colorado state district court invoking the Fourteenth Amendment disqualification theory. The petitioners included four Republican voters (including titular plaintiff Norma Anderson) and two unaffiliated voters. The lawsuit asks for the court to prevent Trump from appearing on the state's Republican presidential primary. Jena Griswold is named as the respondent in her official capacity as Colorado Secretary of State, while Trump and the Colorado Republican State Central Committee are named as intervenors.", "title": "Colorado District Court" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The trial began on October 30. Judge Sarah B. Wallace refused a request from Trump's lawyers to dismiss the case.", "title": "Colorado District Court" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "On November 17, Wallace ruled that Griswold must keep Trump on the ballot but stated that Trump engaged in insurrection by standard of preponderance of the evidence, the first time a judge has explicitly stated Trump incited the January 6 Capitol attack, with regards to his prior rhetoric and inaction during the attack. Wallace stated that Trump was not an officer of the United States with sparse \"direct evidence\" suggesting the presidency is included as part of the functionary.", "title": "Colorado District Court" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The plaintiffs appealed on November 20. The Colorado Supreme Court agreed to take up Anderson v. Griswold on November 21.", "title": "Colorado Supreme Court" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On December 19, the court ruled in a 4–3 per curiam decision that Trump is disqualified from the primary ballot, reversing the district court's ruling. In its decision, the Colorado Supreme Court noted that not all other states have standards to pre-qualify candidates for primary elections, citing the primary election framework in Michigan; election law in Michigan does not include the term \"qualified candidate\", Michigan courts cannot explicitly assess the qualifications of a candidate, and the Michigan secretary of state's responsibilities are limited in primary elections. Colorado's election code, by contrast, provides the state with greater dominion over the removal of a candidate.", "title": "Colorado Supreme Court" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Chief Justice Brian Boatright and justices Carlos Samour and Maria Berkenkotter offered dissenting opinions. Chief Justice Boatright dissented based on the contention that the question of whether a candidate had participated in an insurrection was too broad to be adjudicated under the relevant jurisdictional statute. Justice Samour doubted that the abbreviated trial proceeding on eligibility could have provided adequate due process.", "title": "Colorado Supreme Court" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The court's ruling was initially stayed until January 4, 2024, the day before Colorado's deadline to print primary ballots.", "title": "Colorado Supreme Court" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The Colorado Republican Party appealed the ruling in Anderson v. Griswold to the Supreme Court of the United States on December 27, which indefinitely extended the Colorado Supreme Court's stay on the ruling. According to The New York Times, Trump's advisors intend to file a challenge to the case on January 2.", "title": "U.S. Supreme Court" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Trump campaign spokesperson Steven Cheung stated that the Colorado Supreme Court's ruling eliminated the \"rights of Colorado voters to vote for the candidate of their choice\". The Trump campaign used the ruling to fundraise, accusing Democrats of attempting to \"amass total control over America by rigging the election\". Trump did not mention the ruling during a speech hours later in Waterloo, Iowa. He has denied being an insurrectionist.", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Presidential candidates Vivek Ramaswamy, Nikki Haley, and Ron DeSantis criticized the decision. Chris Christie, an ardent critic of Trump, stated that Trump should be \"prevented from being president of the United States by the voters\". Candidate Asa Hutchinson stated that the ruling would \"haunt his candidacy\"; Hutchinson had drawn attention to the Fourteenth Amendment disqualification theory during the first Republican debate.", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Speaker of the House Mike Johnson described the decision as a \"thinly veiled partisan attack\". Senator Thom Tillis said he intends to introduce legislation withholding election administration federal funds to states implementing the Fourteenth Amendment disqualification theory. Representative Lauren Boebert wrote that the decision was \"designed to suppress the vote and voices of hundreds of thousands of Coloradans\".", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Vivek Ramaswamy vowed to withdraw from the ballot in protest. The Colorado Republican Party tweeted that it would \"withdraw\" from the primary and instead use a pure caucus system if the ruling stands.", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "President Joe Biden stated, in response to the Colorado Supreme Court's ruling, that there was \"no question\" of Trump having supported an insurrection, Trump \"certainly\" had. Representative Jason Crow lauded the decision.", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Senator Chris Coons hailed the Colorado Supreme Court's ruling barring former President Donald Trump from the state's ballot, calling it \"a plain reading of the text of the 14th amendment\". Presidential candidate Marianne Williamson criticized the decision, stating that Trump \"has not been proven guilty of insurrection in a court of law, and a ruling based on nothing but that opinion is stepping onto a very slippery slope.\"", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "Nayib Bukele, president of El Salvador, wrote that the United States has \"lost its ability to lecture any other country about 'democracy'\".", "title": "Reactions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Basilides was a Christian gnostic who taught in Alexandria from 117 to 138 AD.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Basilides may also refer to:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "See also" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Constructions électriques de France (CEF) was a former French company specializing in the construction of electric locomotives and rolling stock for trams. The company was founded on 7 March 1920. It later acquired the license for the construction of electrical devices from the English company Dick Kerr.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The company constructed numerous series of French electric locomotives for the former railway companies:", "title": "Production" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Compagnie des chemins de fer algériens de l'État (CFAE) was a French company established in 1908 in Algeria to operate a network of narrow-gauge railway lines in the regions of Constantine, Oran, and Bône.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The company took over the assets of:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On July 2, 1907, the CFAE was granted a local interest railway from Mostaganem to Macta by the Oran department.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The CFAE company became one of the two railway operators, alongside the Compagnie des chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée, on July 1, 1921, and the Algerian network was renamed PLMA. It was dissolved on May 30, 1938, nationalized, and integrated into the SNCF, and on January 1, 1939, it became part of the Office des chemins de fer algériens (OCFA).", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Gary Keith Pearse (born 8 February 1953) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Pearse was born in Sydney and educated at Maroubra Bay High School, during which time he played as a centre.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "During the late 1970s, Pearse was capped nine times as a flanker for the Wallabies. On the 1975–76 tour of Britain and Ireland, he made his Test debut off the bench against Wales in Cardiff, then was the starting flanker in a win over Ireland at Lansdowne Road. He later returned to Europe to play rugby for Italian club Lazio and he also played two seasons with Durban High School Old Boys. In his final Test appearance, against the All Blacks in 1978, he scored his fourth Wallabies try in a rare win at Eden Park. He captained the Wallabies twice that tour in uncapped matches.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Pearse is a former Chief Executive of New South Wales Rugby Union.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tage Thott may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Human name disambiguation" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Heinrich Reiner (10 December 1892 – 15 January 1946) was a German Nazi Party official and politician who served as the Deputy Gauleiter of Hesse-Nassau and in several governmental posts in the People's State of Hesse. He died in Allied custody eight months after the defeat of Nazi Germany in the Second World War.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Reiner was born in Hof, Bavaria. After attending the Volksschule and the Gymnasium in Regensburg, he enlisted in the 4th Pioneer Battalion of the Royal Bavarian Army in 1913 as a Fahnenjunker (officer candidate). In September 1914 shortly after the outbreak of the First World War, he was commissioned as a Leutnant, and fought as a pioneer and pilot on the western front. In 1917 he was appointed as an adjutant to the commanding general of pioneers at the 6th Army. In 1918, he was promoted to Oberleutnant.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After the end of the war, Reiner was made company commander in the 4th Engineer Battalion in Ingolstadt. In March 1919, he joined the Freikorps commanded by Franz Ritter von Epp, where he acted as a recruiting officer. He also participated with them in the overthrow of the Bavarian Soviet Republic in May 1919. From June to October 1919, he held a command at the officer training school in Munich. He later transferred to the 1st Pioneer Battalion of the Reichswehr Rifle Brigade 21 and, later, to the 7th Pioneer Battalion. He was discharged from the army in April 1920. From 1920 to 1931 Reiner worked as an engineer in the construction and electrical industries.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In April 1923, Reiner joined the Nazi Party but, after the party was banned in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch, he joined a Nazi front organization and rejoined the Party after the ban was lifted. From 1932 he worked full-time in the Party and became the adjutant to Jakob Sprenger, then the Gauleiter in Hesse Nassau with its capital in Frankfurt. Following the Nazi seizure of power, Reiner was appointed as Deputy Gauleiter of Hesse-Nassau under Sprenger on 15 March 1933, succeeding Karl Linder. He was also made a member of the municipal Landtag of Wiesbaden and the provincial Landtag of Hesse-Nassau. In July 1933, he became a Regierungsrat (Government Councilor) under Sprenger, who was also the Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) in the People's State of Hesse. In April 1935, Reiner was appointed deputy to Sprenger in his capacity as Führer der Landesregierung (Leader of the State Government) of the State of Hesse. In June 1935, he was named president of the German Red Cross (DRK) for Hesse. In January 1936, he was appointed a Hessian State Councilor.", "title": "Nazi Party career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On 29 March 1936, Reiner was elected as a deputy to the Reichstag for constituency 33 (Hesse). He was reelected in 1938 and served until the fall of the Nazi regime in May of 1945. On 30 June 1937, he left his post as Deputy Gauleiter, and the post was again filled by Linder. In January 1938, Reiner was named State Secretary in the Hesse state government, and he also became the overall head of the DRK for Landesstelle (state office) XII. In addition, he held the position of head of the Oberhessische Versorgungsbetriebe [de] (Upper Hessian Utilities Association) and was a member of the supervisory boards of Südwestdeutsche Flugbetriebs AG, Rhein Main Luftschiffhafen GmbH and Preußische Elektrizitäts AG. Frankfurt fell to elements of the US Army on 29 March 1945 and Reiner was arrested and interned in early April. He died while still in custody in a camp at Georgensgmünd, near Nuremberg, in mid-January 1946.", "title": "Nazi Party career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kamani Johnson (born 1 January 1998), is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Pacific Caesar of the Indonesian Basketball League (IBL).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He is the younger brother of former Kentucky Wildcats center, Dakari Johnson.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Denis Kulikov (born (2004-08-24)24 August 2004) is an Israeli footballer who plays as a center-back for Israeli Premier League club Maccabi Netanya and the Israel national under-21 team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ganah was born and raised in Ariel, Israel. He also holds an Russian passport.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Kulikov started his career in Ironi Ariel's youth team. Later moved to Maccabi Petah Tikva, Beitar Tubruk and age of 17 to Maccabi Netanya.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On May 15, 2023, Season 2022–23, he made his debut in a 5–1 loss to Maccabi Haifa at Bloomfield Stadium.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On 3 September 2023, Ganah was called up to the Israel national under-21 team, ahead of its 2025 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification three away matches. He then made his debut with the Israeli U21 squad on 17 November 2023, in a 2–1 away loss to Poland U21.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "On 17 December 2023, Naheda Anton and her daughter Samr Anton were shot and killed while walking inside the grounds of the Holy Family Church to go to the bathroom during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. Vatican News confirmed the situation, reporting that the daughter was killed while attempting to rescue her elderly mother, who had been shot by snipers. The women were Palestinian Christians. Family members in the compound attempted to reach the pair and were shot at and wounded. Reports stated that seven more people were shot and wounded while trying to protect others sheltering in the church. Hamas and the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem said an Israeli sniper killed the women.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The pair were part of a large group of civilians, including other Palestinian Christians, that had been taking refuge in the church. A family member of one of the civilians told reporters that those in the church were scared to leave for fear of being shot at, while another stated her family members - including two children - lay on the floor as they were scared that the Israelis were shooting anything that moves.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Archbishop of Westminster Cardinal Vincent Nichols, the most senior Catholic figure in the United Kingdom, expressed his horror: \"They were shot in cold blood inside the premises of the Parish, where there are no belligerents.\" Pope Francis condemned the attack and said: “Some would say ‘It is war. It is terrorism.’ Yes, it is war. It is terrorism\".", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Israeli military and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu have denied responsibility for the attack, claiming that they were not in the area the day of the shooting, per an IDF investigation. In a statement the IDF stated that they had taken the utmost care in investigating the claims as Christian communities are a minority group in the Middle East. After concluding the review the IDF stated that Hamas fired an RPG from the vicinity of church, its soldiers fired back and hit Hamas ‘spotters’.", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Deputy Mayor of Jerusalem Fleur Hassan-Nahoum, speaking on LBC, was asked about reports of snipers outside the church, and said: \"I saw the reports this morning. The church? There are no churches in Gaza.\" She added: \"Yes, unfortunately there are no Christians because they were driven out by Hamas.\"", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Italian Foreign Minister, Antonio Tajani, condemned the murders, stating, \"An (Israeli) sniper shot two women inside a church. This has nothing to do with the fight against Hamas because the terrorists are certainly not hiding in Christian churches.\"", "title": "Reactions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pilar Alejandra Gema Cuevas Mardones (born 13 March 1964) is a Chilean politician who served as member of the Constitutional Council. Similarly, she served as Intendant of the Aysen Region in Chile.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Birsinghpur is a sub district of Satna District in Madhya Pradesh, India.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Birsinghpur may also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Malhu (Urdu: ملہو), also recognized as Sanghoi Malhu, stands as one of the two localities within the Sanghoi village, situated in the Jhelum District of Punjab, Pakistan. It falls under the jurisdiction of Jhelum Tehsil and is a part of the Sanghoi union council, positioned 12.67 kilometers southwest of Jhelum city and 60.94 kilometers northeast of Pind Dadan Khan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Malhu constitutes the northeastern portion of Sanghoi village. Malhu is divided from Sanghoi Khas by the main road traversing the center of the village.", "title": "Geography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sean McDermotts is a Gaelic football club based in the village of Threemilehouse, County Monaghan, Ireland.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The club was founded in 1961, and takes its name from 1916 Easter Rising leader Seán Mac Diarmada.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The club won their first intermediate title in 2002 by beating Carrickmacross in the final. The Seans would reach the final of the Ulster Intermediate Club Football Championship, beating Drumgoon by 0–14 to 0–7 to become the first Monaghan club to win the competition.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The club's most recent championship success came in 2021, winning the junior championship.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Donald Trump's eligibility to run in the 2024 U.S. presidential election is in dispute, due to his involvement in the January 6 United States Capitol attack. Trump's involvement in the attack on the Capitol and subsequent indictments may bar him from serving as president under the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution's \"insurrection clause\", which disqualifies insurrectionists against the United States from holding office, if they have previously taken an oath to support the Constitution.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In December 2023, the Colorado Supreme Court in Anderson v. Griswold ruled that Trump had engaged in insurrection and was ineligible to hold the office of President, and ordered that he be removed from the state's primary election ballots as a result. The decision is stayed due to having been appealed to the United States Supreme Court. Later that same month, Maine Secretary of State Shenna Bellows also ruled that Trump engaged in insurrection and was therefore ineligible to be on the state's primary election ballot. That decision is stayed pending appeal. Previously, the Minnesota Supreme Court and the Michigan Court of Appeals both ruled that presidential eligibility cannot be applied by their state courts to primary elections, but did not rule on the issues for a general election. Several commentators have also argued for disqualification because of democratic backsliding, as well as the paradox of tolerance, arguing that voters should not be able to elect Donald Trump, whom they see as a threat to the republic.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "There have been widespread doxxing, swatting, and violent threats made against politicians who have attempted to remove Trump from the ballot. On December 29, 2023, Bellows was swatted. The incidents are part of the broader 2023 swatting of American politicians.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In the aftermath of the American Civil War, the 14th Amendment was enacted. Section 3 of the amendment prohibits anyone from holding public office if they had previously sworn an oath to support the Constitution, but then \"engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the [United States], or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof.\" The full text of this section reads:", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Trump's role in the January 6 United States Capitol attack is cited by opponents as a reason for his disqualification from seeking public office. A state may also make a determination that Trump is disqualified under Section 3 from appearing on that state's ballot. Trump could appeal in court any disqualification by Congress or by a state. In addition to state or federal legislative action, a court action could be brought against Trump seeking his disqualification under Section 3. The 14th Amendment itself provides a path for Congress to allow such a candidate to run, but this would require a vote of two-thirds of each House to remove such disability.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On January 10, 2021, Nancy Pelosi, the Speaker of the House, formally requested Representatives' input as to whether to pursue Section 3 disqualification of outgoing President Donald Trump because of his role in the January 6 Capitol attack. On January 13, 2021, a majority of the House of Representatives (232–197) voted to impeach Trump for 'incitement of insurrection'. In the Senate impeachment trial, a majority of the Senate (57–43) voted on February 13, 2021 that he was guilty, which fell short of the two-thirds supermajority required to convict him.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "On July 1, 2021, the U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol was formed. Over a year and a half, the committee interviewed over a thousand people, reviewed over a million documents, and held public hearings. On August 5, 2021, President Joe Biden signed into law a bill passed by the 117th United States Congress to award four Congressional Gold Medals to the United States Capitol Police, the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia, and two U.S. Capitol Police officers who protected the United States Capitol during the January 6 attack, where a finding listed in Section 1 declared that \"On January 6, 2021, a mob of insurrectionists forced its way into the U.S. Capitol building and congressional office buildings and engaged in acts of vandalism, looting, and violently attacked Capitol Police officers.\" On December 15, 2022, House Democrats introduced a bill to prevent Trump from running for office again, but it did not advance. On December 22, the House Select January 6 Committee published an 845-page final report. The final report states that the 17 central findings of the Committee were as follows:", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In February 2021, Mississippi Representative Bennie Thompson filed a lawsuit against Trump that alleged that Trump incited the January 6 Capitol attack, and California Representative Eric Swalwell and two U.S. Capitol Police officers filed lawsuits against Trump likewise alleging incitement of the attack the next month. On December 19, 2022, the House Select January 6 Committee voted unanimously to refer Trump to the U.S. Department of Justice for prosecution, along with the lawyer John Eastman. The committee recommended four charges for Trump: obstruction of an official proceeding; conspiracy to defraud the United States; conspiracy to make a false statement; and attempts to \"incite\", \"assist\" or \"aid or comfort\" an insurrection. On August 1, 2023, a grand jury indicted Trump in the District of Columbia U.S. District Court on four charges for his conduct following the 2020 presidential election through the January 6 Capitol attack: conspiracy to defraud the United States under Title 18 of the United States Code, obstructing an official proceeding and conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding under the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002, and conspiracy against rights under the Enforcement Act of 1870.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In August 2023, two prominent conservative legal scholars, William Baude and Michael Stokes Paulsen, wrote in a research paper that Section 3 of the 14th Amendment disqualifies Trump from being president as a consequence of his actions involving attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election. Conservative legal scholar J. Michael Luttig and liberal legal scholar Laurence Tribe soon concurred in an article they co-wrote, arguing Section 3 protections are automatic and \"self-executing\", independent of congressional action. Luttig explained the reasoning during television appearances. Some legal experts believe a court would be required to make a final determination if Trump was disqualified under Section 3. Scholars believe these challenges are likely to reach the Supreme Court, which has a conservative majority; lawyer Marshall Tanick said they are unlikely to disqualify Trump.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The Case or Controversy Clause of Article III, Section II states that \"The judicial Power [of the Supreme Court and such inferior courts the Congress ordains and establishes] shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution... [and] the Laws of the United States\". The Congressional Research Service (CRS) has noted that the Supreme Court required that subject-matter jurisdiction must be established as a \"threshold matter\" for justiciability in Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment (1998), and established the following three-part test in Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife (1992) for establishing standing:", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The CRS also notes that the Supreme Court required in Warth v. Seldin (1975) that a plaintiff must \"ha[ve] 'alleged such a personal stake in the outcome of the controversy' as to warrant his invocation of federal court jurisdiction and to justify exercise of the court's remedial powers on his behalf.\" However, the Supreme Court noted in ASARCO v. Kadish (1989) that is has \"recognized often that the constraints of Article III do not apply to state courts, and accordingly the state courts are not bound by the limitations of a case or controversy or other federal rules of justiciability, even when they address issues of federal law, as when they are called upon to interpret the Constitution\". While the political question doctrine of the Supreme Court for non-justiciability was established in Marbury v. Madison (1803), the modern test for whether a controversy constitutes a political question was established in Baker v. Carr (1962) with six criteria:", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "In Nixon v. United States (1993), the Supreme Court held that whether the Senate had properly tried an impeachment trial under the Impeachment Trial Clause of Article I, Section III was a political question. In establishing the constitutional avoidance doctrine of judicial review, the Supreme Court formulated a seven-rule test in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority (1936) for the justiciability of controversies presenting constitutional questions:", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "In September 2022, the CRS issued a report on Section 3 that cites an opinion article co-authored by South Texas College of Law Houston professor Josh Blackman and Maynooth University law professor Seth Barrett Tillman (which in turn summarized a law review article Blackman and Tillman co-authored) in noting that the Presidency is not explicitly included in the text of Section 3, and as such, could possibly be exempt from the section's terms. Blackman and Tillman note that since Trump never took an oath of office as a member of Congress, nor as a state legislator, nor as a state executive or judicial officer, and has only taken the presidential oath of office, that Trump can only be disqualified under Section 3 if the President is an \"officer of the United States\".", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Citing the Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States written by Supreme Court Associate Justice Joseph Story, Blackman and Tillman argue that the President is not an officer of the United States when considering usage in Article I, Article II, and Article VI of the phrases \"officer of the United States\" and \"office under the United States\" which they contend refer to distinct classes of positions within the federal government. Blackman and Tillman further argue that the former phrase excludes all legislative branch officers of the federal government, that the elected officials of the federal government are not included among the \"officers of the United States\" under Mississippi v. Johnson (1867), United States v. Hartwell (1867), United States v. Mouat (1888), and Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (2010), and that there was no drift in the meaning of \"officer of the United States\" between the ratification of the federal constitution in 1788 and the Mouat decision twenty years after the ratification of the 14th Amendment in 1868. Based upon their law review article, Blackman and Tillman also co-authored a law review article in response to Baude and Paulsen.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Conversely, citing a law review article written by Indiana University School of Law professor Gerard Magliocca, the CRS report also notes an exchange in congressional debate between Maryland Senator Reverdy Johnson and Maine Senator Lot M. Morrill during the drafting process of Section 3 in concluding that it could be more likely that the President is an officer of the United States subject to disqualification under the section:", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "[Mr. JOHNSON.] ... I do not see but that any one of these gentlemen may be elected President or Vice President of the United States, and why did you omit to exclude them? I do not understand them to be excluded from the privilege of holding the two highest offices in the gift of the nation. ...", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Mr. MORRILL. Let me call the Senator's attention to the words \"or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States.\"", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Mr. JOHNSON. Perhaps I am wrong as to the exclusion from the Presidency; no doubt I am; but I was misled by noticing the specific exclusion in the case of Senators and Representatives. ...", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "Baude and Paulsen likewise cite the exchange between Senators Johnson and Morrill in disputing Blackman and Tillman's argument, and argue further that Blackman and Tillman's argument \"implausibly splits linguistic hairs\". In May 2023, the British Journal of American Legal Studies accepted a law review article written by John Vlahoplus that argues that in the context of Section 3 the President is an officer of the United States and the Presidency is an office under the United States, cites the 1862 statute formulating the Ironclad Oath, which said \"every person elected or appointed to any office of honor or profit under the government of the United States, either in the civil, military, or naval departments of the public service, excepting the President of the United States\", and argues that this acknowledged the Presidency as an \"office ... under the government of the United States\".", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "Blackman and Tillman cite the fact that the Committee of Style at the 1787 Constitutional Convention shortened the use of \"Officer of the United States\" in the Presidential Succession Clause of Article II, Section I to \"Officer\" and changed \"[The President, the Vice President] and other civil Officers of the United States\" [emphasis added] to \"The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States\" [emphasis added] in the Impeachment Clause of Article II, Section IV as evidence that the phrases \"officer of the United States\" and \"office under the United States\" were not used indiscriminately by the Framers. Despite the fact that the Presidential Electors Clause of Article II, Section I requires that \"no ... Person holding an Office ... under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector\", that the No Religious Test Clause of Article VI requires that \"no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office ... under the United States\", and that the Impeachment Disqualification Clause of Article I, Section III states that conviction in a federal impeachment trial extends to \"disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office ... under the United States\", Blackman and Tillman argue that elected officials do not hold \"offices under the United States\" under the Constitution's first seven articles and take no position on whether the Presidency and Vice Presidency are \"office[s] under the United States\" in Section 3. Blackman and Tillman also claim that the Clerk of the House of Representatives and the Secretary of the Senate do not take an oath of office pursuant to the Oath or Affirmation Clause of Article VI.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "University of Maryland School of Law professor Mark A. Graber has noted that a congressional report presented to the 39th United States Congress concluded that \"a little consideration of this matter will show that 'officers of' and 'officers under' the United States are ... 'indiscriminately used in the Constitution.'\" In delegating to Congress the power to pass legislation providing for the case of a dual vacancy in the Presidency and Vice Presidency, the Presidential Succession Clause states that Congress shall \"declar[e] what Officer shall ... act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly\". Pursuant to the Presidential Succession Clause, the 2nd United States Congress passed the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 that included the Speaker of the House of Representatives and President pro tempore of the Senate in the presidential line of succession. The CRS and the Continuity of Government Commission have noted that the use of \"Officer\" in the clause caused debate in Congress at the time over whether including legislative branch officers in the presidential line of succession was constitutional, with opponents of the bill (who included James Madison) arguing that the use of \"Officer\" in the clause referred to \"Officer of the United States\" and that officers of the United States were limited to executive branch officers.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "After the 49th United States Congress removed the Speaker and the President pro tem from the presidential line of succession when passing the Presidential Succession Act of 1886, the 80th United States Congress restored the positions to the presidential line of succession under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947. While congressional debate on both bills revisited whether including legislative branch officers in the presidential line of succession was constitutional, the 80th United States Congress restored their inclusion when considering that the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was in effect for 94 years before being repealed, was the contemporaneous effectuation of the Presidential Succession Clause, and that some of the members of the 2nd United States Congress who supported the bill were also Constitutional Convention delegates. Additionally, the 80th United States Congress also took into consideration the Supreme Court's ruling in Lamar v. United States (1916) that members of the House of Representatives are officers of the United States in upholding a conviction under a federal penal statute that criminalized impersonating an officer of the United States for the purpose of committing fraud. Until the ratification of the 17th Amendment, Senators were chosen in indirect elections by state legislatures under Article I, Section III and James Madison refers to the indirect elections in Federalist No. 62 as an \"appointment\" four times.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "In Minor v. Happersett (1875), the Supreme Court refers to the President in obiter dicta as being among the \"elective officers of the United States\" along with the Vice President and members of Congress. In United States v. Burr (1807), Chief Justice John Marshall, presiding as the Circuit Justice for Virginia, noted that \"By the Constitution of the United States, the President, as well as any other officer of the government, may be impeached…\". George Mason University law professor Ilya Somin has argued that the exclusion of the President from the \"civil officers of the United States\" in the Impeachment Clause of Article II, Section IV is due to the President being the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Armed Forces under Article II, Section II, that use of \"appointment\" in the Appointments Clause of Article II, Section II is not mutually exclusive from the use of \"election\", that the presidential oath of office effectively commissions the President, and that Blackman and Tillman's argument that the Presidency is not an \"office under the United States\" would lead to the conclusion that impeached and convicted federal government officials could still serve as president but not be appointed to lower federal government positions.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "Also, under the 12th Amendment, \"no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President\", and as a consequence, the Vice Presidency has the same eligibility requirements as the Presidency. The Appointments Clause states that \"[The President] shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors… and all other Officers of the United States… but the Congress may … vest the Appointment of … inferior Officers… in the President alone\", while the Commissions Clause of Article II, Section III states that \"[The President] … shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.\" The Oath or Affirmation Clause states that \"The Senators and Representatives before mentioned… and all executive and judicial Officers… of the United States… shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution\". While the Oath or Affirmation Clause does not explicitly require an oath of office of the Vice President, the Oath Administration Act passed by the 1st United States Congress pursuant to the Oath or Affirmation Clause (and which remains in effect) requires that \"...the said oath or affirmation ... [required by Article VI] … shall be administered to [the President of the Senate]\" and the Vice President is the President of the Senate under Article I, Section III.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "In Federalist No. 68, Alexander Hamilton described the indirect election of the President and Vice President by the United States Electoral College as an \"appointment\" four times. Also, in every presidential election from 1788 through 1828, multiple state legislatures selected their presidential electors by discretionary appointment rather than on the basis of a poll, while the South Carolina General Assembly did so in every presidential election through 1860 and the Colorado General Assembly selected its state's electors by discretionary appointment in 1876. In practice, the Presidential Electors Clause bars all federal government employees from serving as presidential electors in addition to explicitly barring members of Congress. The Domestic Emoluments Clause of Article II, Section I requires that \"The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation... during the Period for which he shall have been elected\", and the current salary of the President and Vice President are $400,000 per year and $235,100 per year respectively. While the text of the House Officers Clause of Article I, Section II does not explicitly require the Speaker of the House to be a House member, all Speakers have been House members and the text of the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 assumes that the Speaker is a House member in requiring the Speaker's resignation upon succession to the Presidency due to the Ineligibility Clause of Article I, Section VI.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "The Ineligibility Clause states that \"No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under ... the United States ... and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.\" Even though the Clerk of the House of Representatives is not a House member and no Secretary of the Senate has been an incumbent Senator, the Oath Administration Act provides that \"...the oath or affirmation [required by Article VI]… shall be administered ... to the Speaker... and to the [C]lerk\" and that \"the [S]ecretary of the Senate... shall... [take] the oath or affirmation [required by Article VI]\". In holding in National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning (2014) that the Recess Appointments Clause of Article II, Section II does not authorize the President to make appointments while the Senate is in pro forma sessions, the Supreme Court cited Marbury v. Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) in concluding that \"The longstanding 'practice of the government' ... can inform [the] determination of 'what the law is'\".", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "In upholding the authority of Congress to issue the corporate charter for the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 under the Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I, Section VIII, the Supreme Court noted in McCulloch v. Maryland that the 1st United States Congress actively debated whether issuing the corporate charter for the First Bank of the United States was constitutional, but \"After being resisted first in the fair and open field of debate, and afterwards in the executive cabinet... [the bill] became a law\" in 1791, and as the law was \"[a]n exposition of the Constitution, deliberately established by legislative acts... [and] not to be lightly disregarded\", the Court concluded that whether Congress had the authority to incorporate a bank by the time of the McCulloch decision could \"scarcely be considered as an open question.\"", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "In its September 2022 report on Section 3, the CRS notes that the Constitution does not define what qualifies as an insurrection or a rebellion but that the Militia Clause of Article I, Section VIII authorizes Congress to pass laws to \"To provide for calling forth the Militia to, execute the Laws of the Union, [and] suppress Insurrections\", while Baude and Paulsen note that Article I, Section IX states that \"The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.\" The CRS notes that the Congress passed the Insurrection Act pursuant to the Article I, Section VIII, that the Insurrection Act authorizes the President to use the militia and armed forces to prevent \"unlawful obstructions, combinations, or assemblages, or rebellion against the authority of the United States [that] make it impracticable to enforce the laws of the United States in any State by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings\", and that the 1871 amendment to the Insurrection Act authorizes the use of the armed forces to suppress insurrection attempting to \"oppose or obstruct the execution of the laws of the United States or impede the course of justice under those laws.\"", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "As it is required by the 12th Amendment and effectuated by the Electoral Count Act and the Electoral Count Reform Act (ECRA), the CRS notes that the Electoral College vote count arguably qualifies as an execution of the laws of the United States. In a dispute over whether the state government and constitution installed in Rhode Island by the Dorr Rebellion or the state government operating under the Rhode Island Royal Charter was the legitimate state government under the Guarantee Clause of the Article IV, Section IV, the Supreme Court held in Luther v. Borden (1849) that the controversy was a political question that could only be determined by Congress. The CRS cites the Supreme Court's ruling in Luther v. Borden as establishing that the Insurrection Act generally leaves the decision to determine whether a civil disturbance qualifies as an insurrection at the discretion of the President with invocation sufficing for disqualification under Section 3. Baude and Paulsen cite the Supreme Court's ruling in the Prize Cases (1863) as stating \"This greatest of civil wars was not gradually developed by popular commotion, tumultuous assemblies, or local unorganized insurrections... [but] sprung forth suddenly ... in the full panoply of war. The President was bound to meet it in the shape it presented itself, without waiting for Congress to baptize it with a name\".", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "The CRS also suggests that presidential invocation of the Insurrection Act might be unnecessary to establish an event as an insurrection because the Militia Clause and the Enforcement Clause in Section 5 of the 14th Amendment probably also provide Congress with the legislative authority to designate an event as an insurrection for determining disqualification under Section 3. Along with the definitions of \"insurrection\" and \"rebellion\" in the 1828 and 1864 editions of the American Dictionary of the English Language originally compiled by lexicographer Noah Webster, the 1860 abridgement of Webster's Dictionary compiled by lexicographer Joseph Emerson Worcester, and the 12th edition of Bouvier's Law Dictionary released in 1868, Baude and Paulsen cite the Prize Cases as stating that \"Insurrection against a government may or may not culminate in an organized rebellion, but a civil war always begins by insurrection against the lawful authority of the Government,\" in arguing that \"insurrection\" and \"rebellion\" are legally distinct. Along with Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address and Lincoln's July 4, 1861 message to Congress, Baude and Paulsen argue that the text of the Ironclad Oath and Sections 2 and 3 of the Second Confiscation Act are instructive for understanding the original meaning of \"insurrection\" and \"rebellion\" in Section 3.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "Adopted by the 37th United States Congress in 1862 for the incoming members of the 38th United States Congress, the Ironclad Oath states:", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "I, A. B., do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I have never voluntarily borne arms against the United States since I have been a citizen thereof; that I have voluntarily given no aid, countenance, counsel, or encouragement to persons engaged in armed hostility thereto; that I have neither sought nor accepted nor attempted to exercise the functions of any office whatever, under any authority or pretended authority in hostility to the United States; that I have not yielded a voluntary support to any pretended government, authority, power or constitution within the United States, hostile or inimical thereto. And I do further swear (or affirm) that, to the best of my knowledge and ability, I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States, against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter, so help me God.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "Sections 2 and 3 of the Second Confiscation Act state:", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 34, "text": "[Section 2]. … [I]f any person shall hereafter incite, set on foot, assist, or engage in any rebellion or insurrection against the authority of the United States, or the laws thereof, or shall give aid or comfort thereto, or shall engage in, or give aid and comfort to, any such existing rebellion or insurrection, and be convicted thereof, such person shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding ten years, or by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars, and by the liberation of all his slaves, if any he have; or by both of said punishments, at the discretion of the court.[Section 3]. … [E]very person guilty of … the offences described in this act shall be forever incapable and disqualified to hold any office under the United States.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 35, "text": "Baude and Paulsen cite the invocation of the Insurrection Act by George Washington during the Whiskey Rebellion, by John Adams during the Fries's Rebellion, by Millard Fillmore during the Christiana Riot, by Abraham Lincoln in the presidential proclamation calling for 75,000 volunteers following the Battle of Fort Sumter, and by Ulysses S. Grant after the Colfax massacre in 1873 and the Battle of Liberty Place in 1874, during the Brooks–Baxter War in 1874, during the Vicksburg massacre in 1875, twice in South Carolina in 1871, and during the Hamburg massacre, the Ellenton massacre, and the other South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 as examples of such presidential designation of civil disturbances as insurrections or rebellions. With respect to the Christiana Riot, Nat Turner's slave rebellion, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, and other riots interfering with enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 in Boston in 1850 and 1851 and in Wisconsin in 1859, Baude and Paulsen state \"These rebels and insurrectionists were fighting deeply unjust laws, but there is no question that they committed many acts of insurrection nonetheless. Rebellion for a good cause is still rebellion.\"", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 36, "text": "Like Baude and Paulsen, the CRS notes that the Treason Clause of Article III, Section III states \"Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort\" and mirrors the language of Section 3 to describe the offenses qualifying for disqualification. The CRS goes on to cite the Supreme Court's rulings in Cramer v. United States (1945) and Haupt v. United States (1947) in suggesting that simple association with a person is insufficient to qualify as \"giving aid or comfort\" but that actions that provide even relatively minor material support does qualify. The CRS and Baude and Paulsen cite the Prize Cases as concluding that citizens of the Confederate States of America, while not foreign, qualified as \"enemies\" for law of war purposes, and Baude and Paulsen cite the Court as stating in the Prize Cases that \"It is not the less a civil war, with belligerent parties in hostile array, because it may be called an 'insurrection' by one side, and the insurgents be considered as rebels or traitors.\" Baude and Paulsen also cite the text of the Ironclad Oath and the Second Confiscation Act to argue that the use of \"enemies\" in Section 3 refers to \"enemies foreign and domestic\" and that \"giving aid or comfort\" includes providing indirect material assistance.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 37, "text": "In Federalist No. 78, Alexander Hamilton states:", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 38, "text": "Th[e] exercise of judicial discretion, in determining between two contradictory laws, is exemplified in a familiar instance. It not uncommonly happens, that there are two statutes existing at one time, clashing in whole or in part with each other, and neither of them containing any repealing clause or expression. In such a case, it is the province of the courts to liquidate and fix their meaning and operation. So far as they can, by any fair construction, be reconciled to each other, reason and law conspire to dictate that this should be done; where this is impracticable, it becomes a matter of necessity to give effect to one, in exclusion of the other. The rule which has obtained in the courts for determining their relative validity is, that the last in order of time shall be preferred to the first. But this is a mere rule of construction, not derived from any positive law, but from the nature and reason of the thing. It is a rule not enjoined upon the courts by legislative provision, but adopted by themselves, as consonant to truth and propriety, for the direction of their conduct as interpreters of the law. They thought it reasonable, that between the interfering acts of an EQUAL authority, that which was the last indication of its will should have the preference.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 39, "text": "Citing Hamilton in Federalist No. 78 and the Supreme Court's rulings in Chisholm v. Georgia (1793) and Hollingsworth v. Virginia (1798) before and after the ratification of the 11th Amendment, Baude and Paulsen argue that Section 3 supersedes or qualifies any prior constitutional provisions with which it could be in conflict and cite the Freedom of Speech Clause of the 1st Amendment specifically. The CRS and Baude and Paulsen cite the exclusion of John Y. Brown and John Duncan Young of Kentucky by the House of Representatives in 1867 for oral or print speech that the House determined qualified for disqualification, while Baude and Paulsen also cite the open letter written by Abraham Lincoln to New York Representative Erastus Corning on June 12, 1863 in support of the military arrest of former Ohio Representative Clement Vallandigham in support of their argument that Section 3 qualifies the Freedom of Speech Clause. Baude and Paulsen cite the exclusion of Philip Francis Thomas in 1867 from the Senate as an example of disqualification for \"giving aid or comfort to ... enemies\".", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 40, "text": "The CRS and Baude and Paulsen also note the disqualification and removal of Wisconsin Representative Victor L. Berger from the House of Representatives in 1919 under Section 3 after being convicted of treason under the Espionage Act of 1917. Berger's conviction was subsequently overturned by the Supreme Court in Berger v. United States (1921) and Berger was reelected and seated from 1923 to 1929. Blackman and Tillman argue that since engaging in insurrection or rebellion and giving aid or comfort to enemies are textually distinct in Section 3, that Baude and Paulsen conflate engaging in insurrection or rebellion with giving aid or comfort to enemies and in effect create \"giving aid or comfort to insurrection\" as a criminal offense which does not appear in the text of Section 3. Conversely, the CRS notes that while a criminal conviction for insurrection or treason under Section 2383 or 2381, respectively, of Title 18 of the United States Code would presumably be sufficient for determining whether specific individuals are disqualified under Section 3, the definitions of \"insurrection\" and \"rebellion\" for the purpose of Section 3 disqualification would not necessarily be confined by statute.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 41, "text": "In November 2022, the New Mexico Supreme Court upheld the removal and lifetime disqualification from public office of Otero County Board Commissioner Couy Griffin under Section 3 by New Mexico District Court Judge Francis J. Mathew the previous September after District of Columbia U.S. District Court Judge Trevor N. McFadden ruled that Griffin was guilty of trespassing during the January 6 Capitol attack in March 2022. The New Mexico Supreme Court reaffirmed its decision in February 2023. As of December 2022, about 290 out of over 910 defendants associated with the January 6 Capitol attack had been charged with obstructing an official proceeding, with over 70 convicted. In December 2023, the Supreme Court announced that it will hear an appeal of a U.S. District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals panel ruling (where Florence Y. Pan, Justin R. Walker, and Gregory G. Katsas were presiding) that reversed the ruling of District of Columbia U.S. District Court Judge Carl J. Nichols in a January 6 case in March 2022 that obstructing an official proceeding is limited to documents tampering.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 42, "text": "In its September 2022 report on Section 3, the CRS states that it is unclear whether Section 3 is \"self-executing\", that Section 3 does not establish a procedure for determining whether specific persons are disqualified under its terms, and that Congress has not passed legislation for creating such a procedure. The Supremacy Clause of Article VI states that \"This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof… shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.\" Citing the Supremacy Clause, Baude and Paulsen argue that Section 3 is \"legally self-executing\" in that it does not require additional legislation to effectuate it and make it legally operative. In arguing its terms are legally self-executing, Baude and Paulsen compare the text of Section 3 to the text of the House Qualifications Clause of Article I, Section II, the Senate Qualifications Clause of Article I, Section III, and the Presidential Qualifications Clause of Article II, Section I, in noting that none of the clauses include a delegation of power to any organ of the government for their enforcement. The 22nd Amendment also does not delegate power to any organ of the government for its enforcement.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 43, "text": "In contrast, Baude and Paulsen note that in comparison to the language of Section 3, the Impeachment Power Clause of Article I, Section II, the Impeachment Trial Clause of Article I, Section III, the Impeachment Disqualification Clause of Article I, Section III, the Impeachment Clause of Article II, Section IV, and the Treason Clause of Article III, Section III, define their offenses or specify the organs of the government responsible their enforcement, while Section 3 neither defines its offenses nor specifies which organs of the government must enforce it but provides punishment to specific persons itself. While Baude and Paulsen acknowledge the ruling in Griffin's Case presided over by Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase as the Circuit Justice of Virginia (where a black man named Caesar Griffin was tried and convicted in a case presided over by Hugh White Sheffey whom Griffin argued was disqualified from serving as a state judge under Section 3 as Sheffey had served as the Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates under the Confederacy), Baude and Paulsen argue that it was wrongly decided. Blackman and Tillman dispute Baude and Paulsen's interpretation of Griffin's Case, arguing that they apply frameworks of judicial interpretation developed decades after the case to reject it and effectively misconstrue the decision.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 44, "text": "Blackman and Tillman argue further that the treason indictment and military trial of Jefferson Davis (which was also presided over by Chase) is not in tension with Griffin's Case and conclude that the decision in the cases when taken together lead to the conclusion that Section 3 is not self-executing. Excluding cases covered by the preceding Original Jurisdiction Clause, the Appellate Jurisdiction Clause of Article III, Section II states that \"In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.\" While noting the Court's opinions in Durousseau v. United States (1810) and Ex parte McCardle (1869), Blackman and Tillman argue that the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction under the Appellate Jurisdiction Clause is not clearly self-executing citing Wiscart v. D'Auchy (1796), Turner v. Bank of North America (1799), Barry v. Mercein (1847), Daniels v. Railroad Company (1865), and The Francis Wright (1881), and Blackman and Tillman also suggest, citing the CRS, that the prevailing opinion among legal scholars today is that the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction is not self-executing but is currently a matter of debate.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 45, "text": "Noting that, despite the age requirements for membership in Article I, the House of Representatives chose to seat Tennessee Representative William C. C. Claiborne for the 5th United States Congress, that the Senate chose to seat Kentucky Senator Henry Clay for the 9th United States Congress, Virginia Senator Armistead Thomson Mason for the 14th United States Congress, and Tennessee Senator John Eaton for the 15th United States Congress, and that the Senate dismissed a complaint brought by incumbent West Virginia Senator Henry D. Hatfield following the 1934 Senate elections to not seat Rush Holt Sr. for the 74th United States Congress, Blackman and Tillman argue that the Article I membership qualifications have been enforced by Congress in a discretionary manner rather than a self-executing one. Blackman and Tillman also note that the House of Representatives had seated Victor L. Berger for the 66th United States Congress despite his conviction under the Espionage Act in February 1919 and did not remove him from his seat under Section 3 until the following November, and that Clay, Mason, and Eaton were chosen by state legislatures—whose members were bound by the Oath or Affirmation Clause and the Supremacy Clause—in indirect elections prior to the ratification of the 17th Amendment as additional examples that demonstrate that Article I qualifications are enforced by discretion and are not self-executing.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 46, "text": "Similarly, historian David T. Beito has noted that while Eugene V. Debs had served as a member of the Indiana House of Representatives and was later convicted under the Sedition Act of 1918, Debs still appeared on the ballot in at least 40 states as the Socialist Party presidential nominee in the 1920 presidential election. Also in contrast to Berger, Debs' conviction was upheld by the Supreme Court in Debs v. United States (1919). Conversely, Baude and Paulsen argue that the problem of enforcement while real is a non-sequitur from the question of whether Section 3 is self-executing because \"...the meaning of the Constitution comes first. Officials must enforce the Constitution because it is law; it is wrong to think that it only becomes law if they decide to enforce it.\" Blackman and Tillman cite the Slaughter-House Cases (1873), Bradwell v. Illinois (1873), United States v. Cruikshank (1876), Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), Ex parte Young (1908), and Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents (1971) in arguing that Section 1 of the 14th Amendment is only self-executing where there is federal enforcement legislation for an applicant seeking affirmative relief in a cause of action under the section or as a defense in litigation or prosecution or against an enforcement action, and Blackman and Tillman argue that Baude and Paulsen fail to account for this dichotomy in arguing that Section 1 is self-executing. Blackman and Tillman also claim that the plaintiffs in Shelley v. Kraemer (1948), Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Roe v. Wade (1973), and Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) invoked the Second Enforcement Act of 1871 as codified in Section 1983 of Title 42 of the United States Code for relief as examples.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 47, "text": "The CRS notes that the text of Section 3 does not explicitly require a criminal conviction for disqualification and that ex-Confederate officials disqualified during Reconstruction were instead barred by civil actions brought by federal prosecutors or by Congress refusing to seat elected ex-Confederate candidates for Congress under the Electoral Judgement Clause of Article I, Section V. Along with the CRS, Baude and Paulsen note that after the ruling in Griffin's Case, that Congress passed the Enforcement Act of 1870 to effectuate Section 3 by permitting federal prosecutors to issue writs of quo warranto for its enforcement, and Baude and Paulsen also note that the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 also incorporated the text that would ultimately be included in Section 3. While the CRS notes that Congress would subsequently amend the Enforcement Act of 1870 with the Amnesty Act in 1872 in accordance with the two-thirds majority requirement of Section 3, the CRS has also noted that in the U.S. 4th Circuit Court of Appeals ruling in the Section 3 lawsuit brought against North Carolina Representative Madison Cawthorn held that the Amnesty Act applied only retrospectively and not prospectively in that only acts prior to its enactment qualified for amnesty from Section 3 disqualification and not acts subsequent to its enactment.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 48, "text": "While the quo warranto provision of the Enforcement Act of 1870 was repealed in 1948, the CRS suggests that private parties can still request that a federal judge issue a writ of quo warranto for Section 3 disqualification under Rule 81 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Baude and Paulsen note that the disqualification of Couy Griffin occurred by a quo warranto lawsuit under state law. Other legal commentators have argued that Griffin's disqualification has established a precedent to bar Trump from office. While the Double Jeopardy Clause of the 5th Amendment states that \"No person… shall… be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb\", the Impeachment Disqualification Clause states that \"Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification... but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.\" Noting that the scope of high crimes and misdemeanors in the Impeachment Clause of Article II, Section IV in practice has not been limited to criminal offenses, the CRS notes that the text of the Impeachment Disqualification Clause establishes that disqualification from public office by conviction in an impeachment trial is legally distinct from conviction in a criminal trial.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 49, "text": "In Federalist No. 65, Alexander Hamilton notes that the power to conduct impeachment trials is delegated to the Senate rather than the Supreme Court to preclude the possibility of double jeopardy because of the language in the Impeachment Disqualification Clause, stating \"Would it be proper that the persons who had disposed [impeached officials of their] fame… in one trial, should, in another trial, for the same offense, be also the disposers of [their] life and … fortune? Would there not be the greatest reason to apprehend, that error, in the first sentence, would be the parent of error in the second sentence? … [By] making the same persons judges in both cases, [impeached officials] would… be deprived of the double security intended them by a double trial.\" While the CRS notes that there is debate in legal scholarship about whether Congress has the authority to pass legislation to name specific individuals disqualified under Section 3 due to the Bill of Attainder Clause of Article I, Section IX, Baude and Paulsen argue that Section 3 qualifies the clause as well as the Ex post facto Law Clause of Article I, Section IX and the Due Process Clause of the 5th Amendment along with the Freedom of Speech Clause. The Due Process Clause of the 5th Amendment states that \"No person shall ... be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law\".", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 50, "text": "Noting the text of the Due Process Clause and citing the Supreme Court in Taylor v. Beckham (1900) as stating that \"The decisions are numerous to the effect that public offices are mere agencies or trusts, and not property as such\", Baude and Paulsen argue that holding public office in the United States, as it is a republic rather than a constitutional monarchy like the United Kingdom with hereditary peerage, is a public privilege and public trust and not a form of \"life, liberty, or property\" to which persons have a personal or private right protected from deprivation by due process. The Foreign Emoluments Clause of Article I, Section IX states that \"No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States\". Based on the concurrent majorities in favor of the article of impeachment in the second Trump impeachment in the House and the impeachment trial in the Senate, and the passage of Congressional Gold Medals bill for the U.S. Capitol Police officers in August 2021, Baude and Paulsen argue that Congress has effectively designated the January 6 Capitol attack as an insurrection. Baude and Paulsen conclude, \"If the public record is accurate, the case is not even close. [Donald Trump] is no longer eligible to the office of Presidency, or any other state or federal office covered by the Constitution.\" Reiterating their argument that the President is not an \"officer of the United States\", Blackman and Tillman argue that it is not clear that Trump is disqualified under Section 3.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 51, "text": "As the \"practical construction\" of the Presidential Electors Clause had \"conceded plenary power to the state legislatures in [choosing the method or mode of] appointment of electors\", the Supreme Court upheld a Michigan election law appointing presidential electors in McPherson v. Blacker (1892) because \"where there is ambiguity or doubt\" as to the meaning of constitutional text the \"contemporaneous and subsequent practical construction is entitled to the greatest weight.\" The Presidential Electors Clause states that \"Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress\", and the clause delegates the authority to create election laws regulating election administration for presidential elections to state governments rather than the federal government. In Chiafalo v. Washington (2020), the Court clarified that while the power delegated to state governments under the Presidential Electors Clause is not absolute, the clause \"gives the States far-reaching authority over presidential electors, absent some other constitutional constraint\" and references the Presidential Qualifications Clause as an example.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 52, "text": "In Moore v. Harper (2023), the Court clarified further that the Presidential Electors Clause and the Congressional Elections Clause of Article I, Section IV \"[do] not vest exclusive and independent authority in state legislatures to set the rules regarding federal elections\" within their respective states in rejection of independent state legislature theory, ruling that election laws passed by state legislatures pursuant to the clauses are not only restrained by the federal constitution and federal law but also remain subject to judicial review by state courts, presentment to state governors, and the constraints of state constitutions. The CRS has noted that the concurring opinion in the U.S. 4th Circuit Court of Appeals ruling in the Madison Cawthorn Section 3 lawsuit argued that no court has ever held that state governments are precluded from determining the constitutional eligibility of candidates for Congress under the Electoral Judgement Clause and may do so under the Congressional Elections Clause. Under Section 109 of the ECRA, members of Congress remain permitted to object to the counting of the electoral votes from any state or the District of Columbia at the Electoral College vote count (which remains scheduled for the January 6 after the Electoral College meetings) if the electors were not lawfully certified under a certificate of ascertainment or if one or more of the electoral votes have not been regularly given, and concurrent majorities in both houses of Congress remain necessary for objections to be sustained.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 53, "text": "At the Electoral College vote count following the 1872 presidential election, objections to counting the 14 electoral votes from Arkansas and Louisiana for the Republican Party ticket were sustained due to voting irregularities and allegations of electoral fraud, while objections to counting the 3 electoral votes from Georgia that had been cast for Liberal Republican Party and Democratic Party presidential nominee Horace Greeley (who had died after Election Day but prior to the Electoral College meetings) were sustained because Greeley's death rendered him constitutionally ineligible for the Presidency as he was \"[no longer] a person within the meaning of the Constitution\" and so his electoral votes \"[could not] lawfully be counted\". At the Electoral College meetings following the 1912 presidential election, the 8 electoral votes from Utah and Vermont for the Republican Party nominee for vice president were cast for Nicholas Murray Butler instead of James S. Sherman, as the latter, who had been nominated at the Republican National Convention, died less than a week before Election Day.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 54, "text": "While holding that state governments may restrict presidential electors from voting faithlessly upon pain of penalty, removal, and replacement, the Supreme Court also noted in Chiafalo v. Washington that while the issue was not before the Court, \"nothing in this opinion should be taken to permit the States to bind electors to a deceased candidate\" in reference to the fact that the 63 presidential electors pledged to Horace Greeley in 1872 who voted faithlessly accounted for one-third of all of the faithless elector votes in the history of U.S. presidential elections. In Fitzgerald v. Green (1890) and Bush v. Gore (2000), the Supreme Court held that presidential electors are state government officials, and the Oath or Affirmation Clause also requires that \"all ... Officers... of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution\". Under the 12th Amendment, contingent elections for president and Vice President are held by the House of Representatives and the Senate respectively if no candidate receives \"a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed\".", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 55, "text": "Section 1 of the 20th Amendment changed the expiration date for congressional terms of office to January 3 and presidential and vice presidential terms of office to January 20, and Section 2 of the 20th Amendment changed the commencement date of congressional sessions to January 3 from the first Monday of December under the Congressional Sessions Clause of Article I, Section IV. Consequently, contingent elections are now conducted by incoming congressional sessions rather than by lame-duck sessions. Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if a President-elect is not chosen or fails to qualify before Inauguration Day that the Vice President-elect acts as President until a President is chosen; in the event that a contingent election conducted by the House fails to elect a President by Inauguration Day or if the Electoral College attempts to elect a President constitutionally ineligible to serve, and if neither a President-elect nor a Vice President-elect is elected or has qualified, Congress is delegated the power to declare who will act as president or create a selection process by which an Acting President is chosen until a President or Vice President has qualified. The 80th United States Congress included \"failure to qualify\" as a condition for presidential succession under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947.", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 56, "text": "In upholding a California election law that denied ballot access to independent candidates who had a registered affiliation with a political party within one year of a primary election, the Supreme Court noted in Storer v. Brown (1974) that \"the States have evolved comprehensive, and in many respects complex, election codes regulating in most substantial ways, with respect to both federal and state elections, the time, place, and manner of holding primary and general elections... and the selection and qualification of candidates\", and also that each \"State has an interest, if not a duty, to protect the integrity of its political processes from frivolous or fraudulent candidacies.\" In upholding a Washington general election ballot access law that required third-party candidates receive 1% of the vote in the state's blanket primary in Munro v. Socialist Workers Party (1986), the Court reiterated that such laws are constitutional to \"prevent voter confusion, ballot overcrowding, or the presence of frivolous candidacies\". In addition to ballot access, many states have election laws mandating vote tabulation registration requirements for write-in candidates. Since at least the 1932 New York City mayoral election, Mickey Mouse has received write-in votes in many elections as a protest vote. In U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995), the Court clarified that state election laws regulating ballot access and election administration do not amount to additional qualifications for elected office because such laws \"[regulate] election procedures and [do] not … [render] a class of potential candidates ineligible\".", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 57, "text": "Under Sections 102 and 106 of the ECRA, states may only appoint presidential electors under election laws enacted prior to Election Day and the electors are required to meet on the first Tuesday following the second Wednesday of December following their appointment. Under the Electoral College Meetings Clause of Article II, Section I, \"Congress may determine the Time of [choosing presidential] Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes\", while the Necessary and Proper Clause states that \"Congress shall have Power... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution ... all ... Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States\". In Burroughs v. United States (1934), the Supreme Court upheld the Federal Corrupt Practices Act because that law \"[n]either in purpose nor in effect … interfere[d] with the power of a state to appoint electors or the manner in which their appointment shall be made\", and since presidential electors \"exercise federal functions under... the Constitution... Congress [possesses the power] to pass appropriate legislation to safeguard [presidential elections] ... to preserve the departments and institutions of the general government from impairment or destruction, whether threatened by force or by corruption.\"", "title": "Constitutional questions" }, { "paragraph_id": 58, "text": "A court may be required to make a final determination that Trump was disqualified under Section 3, according to some legal scholars. The United States Supreme Court has never ruled on the insurrection clause in Section 3 of the 14th Amendment. Legal experts expect at least one state case involving that clause to be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.", "title": "Litigation" }, { "paragraph_id": 59, "text": "In December 2023, pending challenges to Trump's eligibility existed in state courts in Colorado, Michigan, Oregon, New Jersey, and Wisconsin; and in federal courts in Alaska, Arizona, Nevada, New York, New Mexico, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming. The non-profit group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) and other advocacy groups and individuals are planning state-by-state efforts to keep Trump off state ballots.", "title": "Litigation" }, { "paragraph_id": 60, "text": "On August 24, 2023, Lawrence Caplan, a tax attorney in Palm Beach County, Florida, filed a challenge in the Southern Florida U.S. District Court to disqualify Trump from the 2024 General Election, citing the 14th Amendment. One week later on September 1, United States District Judge Robin L. Rosenberg dismissed the case for lack of standing.", "title": "Litigation" }, { "paragraph_id": 61, "text": "By the end of October, John Anthony Castro, a candidate for the 2024 Republican presidential nomination, had sued Trump based on the 14th Amendment in at least 26 federal district courts across the country. On October 2, 2023, the United States Supreme Court declined to hear Castro's appeal of a Florida federal court's dismissal of his case for lack of standing. On October 30, Castro's lawsuit in the federal court in New Hampshire was also dismissed for lack of standing. The New Hampshire court opined that even if Castro had standing, his claims would seem to be barred as a political question. In late November, the U.S. 1st Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal for lack of standing. Castro has also had federal lawsuits dismissed for lack of standing in Rhode Island, Arizona and West Virginia, and has voluntarily dismissed several others.", "title": "Litigation" }, { "paragraph_id": 62, "text": "On November 29, 2023, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Washington dismissed a claim against Trump under section 3 of the 14th amendment that a Spokane Valley resident had filed too early for subject matter jurisdiction to apply.", "title": "Litigation" }, { "paragraph_id": 63, "text": "On November 17, the Colorado District Court, a state trial court, dismissed a lawsuit brought by a bipartisan group of Colorado voters that sought to bar Trump from the state's presidential primaries and general election. This court was the first to rule on the merits of whether Section 3 of the 14th Amendment applied to Trump. It ruled that the January 6 Capitol attack was an \"insurrection\" within the meaning of Section 3, and that Trump did \"engage\" in insurrection by inciting the attack (outside of the protections of the First Amendment), but that Section 3 did not apply to Trump because the President of the United States is not an Officer of the United States and thus Trump had not \"previously taken an oath ... as an officer of the United States,\" as required by Section 3. The court ordered the Colorado Secretary of State to place Trump's name on the state's presidential primary ballot.", "title": "Litigation" }, { "paragraph_id": 64, "text": "The plaintiffs appealed. On December 19, the Colorado Supreme Court reversed the Colorado District Court decision that the President is not an Officer of the United States while upholding the District Court's holding that Trump had engaged in insurrection, and ordered that Trump be removed from the 2024 Colorado Republican presidential primary ballot. The Colorado Republican Party has appealed.", "title": "Litigation" }, { "paragraph_id": 65, "text": "The Colorado Supreme Court drew a distinction between the laws of Colorado and of Michigan, observing that there is a statutory and constitutional role for the Colorado courts to assess the qualifications of a primary election candidate, and to order the secretary of state to exclude unqualified persons, even though no analogous responsibilities were identified by a contemporaneous Michigan Court of Appeals ruling relating to Trump.", "title": "Litigation" }, { "paragraph_id": 66, "text": "Asked whether Trump is an insurrectionist, President Biden responded \"... whether the 14th Amendment applies, I’ll let the court make that decision. But he certainly supported an insurrection.\"", "title": "Litigation" }, { "paragraph_id": 67, "text": "In the Michigan case, Trump v. Benson, on November 14, Judge James Robert Redford of the Michigan Court of Claims, a specialized trial court for claims against the state, dismissed a lawsuit that sought to bar Trump from the state's presidential primaries, ruling that neither the state courts nor the Michigan Secretary of State had the authority to determine whether Trump was disqualified by the 14th Amendment, because disqualification was a political question to be decided by Congress, and if Congress disqualifies Trump, the 20th Amendment provides for a remedy (the vice-president assuming the presidency). He ruled that Trump's eligibility to appear on the Republican primary ballot \"presents a political question that is nonjusticiable at the present time\", and found that the general election question \"is not ripe for adjudication at this time\".", "title": "Litigation" }, { "paragraph_id": 68, "text": "The plaintiffs appealed. On December 14, the Michigan Court of Appeals rejected their appeal, ruling that political parties could decide eligibility for the primary ballot and that the issue of eligibility for the general election ballot was not yet ripe. The plaintiffs subsequently appealed to the Michigan Supreme Court.", "title": "Litigation" }, { "paragraph_id": 69, "text": "On December 27, the Michigan Supreme Court declined to hear the appeal, thus keeping him on the ballot.", "title": "Litigation" }, { "paragraph_id": 70, "text": "On November 8, the Minnesota Supreme Court, the state's highest court, dismissed a lawsuit brought by a bipartisan group of Minnesota voters that sought to bar Trump from the state's presidential primaries, ruling that no Minnesota state law prohibits political parties from listing ineligible candidates on their primary ballots. The court did not address whether the January 6 United States Capitol attack was an \"insurrection,\" and whether Trump \"engaged\" in it, within the meaning of Section 3 of the 14th Amendment. The court ruled that the challengers could file a new lawsuit seeking to bar Trump from the general election ballot if he is nominated as the Republican candidate for the general election.", "title": "Litigation" }, { "paragraph_id": 71, "text": "In early December 2023, an advocacy group filed a lawsuit with the Oregon Supreme Court. The group sued Oregon Secretary of State LaVonne Griffin-Valade after she said on November 30 that she did not have authority over who appears on the ballot for a primary election.", "title": "Litigation" }, { "paragraph_id": 72, "text": "In late December 2023, Kirk Bangstad began proceedings in Wisconsin, by first filing a complaint against the Wisconsin Elections Commission with that Commission, which recused itself.", "title": "Litigation" }, { "paragraph_id": 73, "text": "Some secretaries of state, who oversee elections in states, have begun preparing for potential challenges relating to whether Trump might be excluded from November 2024 ballots.", "title": "State election officials" }, { "paragraph_id": 74, "text": "In September 2023, New Hampshire Secretary of State David Scanlan stated he would not invoke the 14th Amendment to remove Trump from the state's primary ballot.", "title": "State election officials" }, { "paragraph_id": 75, "text": "California Secretary of State Shirley Weber has also declined to remove Trump from the ballot.", "title": "State election officials" }, { "paragraph_id": 76, "text": "On December 15, two challenges to Trump's eligibility as a candidate for the primary election via Section 3 of the 14th Amendment were presented to the Maine Secretary of State, Shenna Bellows. Another challenge, citing the 22nd Amendment restriction that \"no person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice\", said that Trump is ineligible because he claims to have already been elected for a second time.", "title": "State election officials" }, { "paragraph_id": 77, "text": "On December 28, Bellows announced Trump's ineligibility in a 34-page ruling, arguing that he \"used a false narrative of election fraud to inflame his supporters\" and \"engaged in insurrection or rebellion\". However, removal from the ballot has been stayed to permit time to appeal.", "title": "State election officials" }, { "paragraph_id": 78, "text": "There have been widespread doxxing, swatting, and violent threats made against politicians who have attempted to remove Trump from the ballot. On December 29, 2023, Bellows was swatted.", "title": "Violent incidents" }, { "paragraph_id": 79, "text": "The incidents are part of the 2023 swatting of American politicians.", "title": "Violent incidents" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sean McDermotts GAA may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John Kenneth Lambie (born 27 March 1951) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lambie was born in Sydney and attended Port Hacking High School in the city's south.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A fiery back-row forward, Lambie played his early rugby with Wollongong Teachers College and after performing well for New South Wales Country in 1974 was selected by the Wallabies for a home series against the All Blacks, where he featured in all three Tests. His fourth and final cap came against Wales in Cardiff on the 1975–76 tour of Britain and Ireland.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "A blouse is a loose-fitting upper garment.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Blouse may also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Aridaeus princeps is a species of longhorn beetle belonging to the family Cerambycidae that is found in Australia. It was first documented by Herbert James Carter in North Queensland in 1934.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Male Aridaeus princeps measure 21 mm (0.82 in) in length and 6 mm (0.23 in) in width; the holotype, collected in 1934, was noted to be the largest specimen of the genus Aridaeus. Its physique is characterized by spare white pubescence and a velvety black exterior. Red markings are present on its head, palpi, scutellum, and elytra. The prothorax of Aridaeus princeps is ovate, widest at the middle, and constricted at the base; the scutellum is triangular and pubescent. The elytra, widest at the shoulder display a red pattern, while the long legs with stout femora, terminate behind the tibiae.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Karel Nováček and Mats Wilander were the defending champions, but none competed this year.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Libor Pimek and Byron Talbot won the title by defeating Jiří Novák and David Rikl 7–5, 1–6, 7–6 in the final.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ivonne Mangelsdorff Galeb (born 23 May 1975) is a Chilean politician who served as member of the Constitutional Council.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Chandler Redmond (born January 9, 1997) is an American professional baseball First baseman in the St. Louis Cardinals organization.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Redmond attended Georgetown Preparatory School, a Christian private school in North Bethesda, Maryland. Redmond committed to play college baseball at Gardner-Webb University. He played there for three years.", "title": "Amateur career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The St. Louis Cardinals selected Redmond in the 32nd Round of the 2019 MLB Draft. Redmond played on Johnson City Cardinals in the Rookie Division of MiLB. He soon found a home on the Springfield Cardinals where he hit the infamous home-run cycle, being one of two minor leaguers to accomplish this feat.", "title": "Professional career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The A Coruña metropolitan area (known in Spanish as: Área metropolitana de La Coruña) is the metropolitan area of A Coruña. The metropolitan area is located in the Province of A Coruña, with an area of 1,748 km", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2020 A Coruña gross metropolitan product was €25.231 billion. This puts A Coruña in 91th place among cities in European Union.", "title": "Economy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Penn State Nittany Lions football team will represent Pennsylvania State University in the Big Ten Conference during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Nittany Lions are led by head coach James Franklin, who is in his 11th year. Their home stadium is Beaver Stadium in State College, Pennsylvania.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Offseason" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Schedule" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "at Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium • Morgantown, West Virginia", "title": "Game Summaries" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bowman Creek is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Bowman Creek may also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Philautus macroscelis, the mossy bush frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to Brunei, Malaysia, and Borneo. It is suspected in Indonesia. It has been observed between 750 and 1800 meters above sea level.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Persatuan Sepakbola Indonesia Kota Jambi, commonly known as Persikoja, is an Indonesian football club based in Jambi City, Jambi. They currently compete in the Liga 3 Jambi Zone.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Suburban Guard Post (Hungarian: Külvárosi örszoba) is a 1943 Hungarian drama film directed by Dezsõ Ákos Hamza and starring Katalin Karády, István Nagy and Rózsi Csikós. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Klára B. Kokas and Imre Sörés. Karády plays one of her characteristic femme fatale roles. Stylistically it resembles film noir.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A young police officer is taken under the wing of an experienced colleague and becomes engaged to his daughter Lidi. However one night on a raid he encounters a woman playing an accordion in a shady bar who sets out to seduce him away from his duty and his fiancée.", "title": "Synopsis" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Granada metropolitan area (known in Spanish as: Área Metropolitana de Granada) is the metropolitan area of Granada. The metropolitan area is located in the Province of Granada, with an area of 973 km", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2020 Granda gross metropolitan product was €15.839 billion. This puts A Granada in 146th place among cities in European Union.", "title": "Economy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Independent Counter-Terrorist Police Subdivision (Polish: Samodzielny Pododdział Antyterrorystyczny Policji, SPAP) is a police tactical unit of the Police of Poland operating under the supervision of the Chief Police Commander. The SPAP units operate under the voivodeship commands.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The comparable police unit on the national level is the BOA BOA KGP [pl].", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The first special police units within the police of Poland were formed on 1 March 1978 as part of the paramilitary Motorized Reserves of the Citizens' Militia. In 1988, these units were increased to the size of companies. After the disbanding of the Polish Citizens' Militia and the creation of the modern Police Service, the special police units were named counter-terror companies.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2000, the counter-terror companies were separated from the existing structures and became directly subordinate to the respective commander of the Voivodeships, along with the name change to Independent Counter-terrorism Police Subdivision.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Due to the hazardous nature of their work, SPAP officers undergo a rigorous selection and training process.", "title": "Training" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Their training includes tactical training, advanced marksmanship and Combatives. Upon completion of their training, further specialization in various fields such as parachuting, altitude rescue, VIP-protection or IED-disposal is possible.", "title": "Training" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "During their creation, their training was heavily influenced by American, English, French and Israeli police tactical units.", "title": "Training" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "SPAP units operate in each police voivodeship commands. They are located in Warsaw, Szczecin, Gdańsk, Białystok, Łódź, Poznań, Wrocław, Katowice, Kraków, and Rzeszów. In larger cities, SPKP units may consist of up to 55 officers each. In smaller voivodship cities, SPAP units consist of approximately 20 policemen. These are located in: Kielce, Radom, Lublin, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Olsztyn, and Bydgoszcz.", "title": "Organisation" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Depending on the size of the local police units, the SPAP officers operate in their respective units as part-time officers and are only called into their units when needed.", "title": "Organisation" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In 2017, the police of Poland underwent a process of reorganisation. The existence of BOA KGP as the national unit was maintained. However, the SPAPs units were reorganised and their structure, equipment and logistics were harmonised. The tasks of SPAPs were also specified in detail, adapting the order of the Chief Police Commander to the requirements of the Act on anti-terrorist activities.", "title": "Organisation" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "SPAP has its own bomb-disposal section, in addition one of the sub-units is constantly on duty at the unit in case of operations.", "title": "Organisation" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Museum of the History of Odesa Jews or the \"Migdal-Shorashim\" is a historical museum in Odesa, Ukraine. It reflects the history of the Jews from their first settlement in Odesa to their impacts in the city in the modern age. It is located on 66 Nezhinskaya Street.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The museum opened on November 12, 2002 in a former apartment building, and was founded by the Migdal Jewish Community Center [ru]. At its founding, it was the first Jewish museum in a post-Soviet nation. The building is listed as #51-101-0776 on the State Register of Immovable Landmarks of Ukraine. It is a nonprofit and relies on visitor donations.", "title": "Details" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "It has a collection of over 13,000 items contained in 7 exhibitions. The location of the building is in close proximity to a formerly Jewish neighborhood of Odesa prior to the Holocaust.", "title": "Details" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Roger Andrew Davis (born 23 October 1951) is an Australian former banking executive and rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Davis, born in Sydney, was educated at The King's School, Parramatta.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A lock, Davis was a lineout specialist and played for Sydney University Football Club, where he developed his game under future Wallabies coach David Brockhoff. He featured in all three Tests on New Zealand's 1974 tour of Australia, before taking up a Rhodes Scholarship to study at Pembroke College, Oxford. While at Oxford, Davis earned rugby blues in 1974 and 1975. He later served nine years as chairman of New South Wales Rugby Union.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Davis was Bank of Queensland chairman from 2013 to 2019.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Francis Alex Tsegah is a Ghanaian former diplomat and Ambassador of Ghana.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Tsegah attended the University of Ghana where he had his L.L.B and further had his L.L.M from the Harvard Law School. He also went to Europa Institute and also the University of Amsterdam and The London School of Economics and Political Science.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Tsegah has served as Director of the Economic and Investment Bureau. He was also the Director of Personnel and Training. He was also the Chief of Protocol and Director of the Africa and OAU Bureau and also the Director of Policy Planning and Research Department.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In February 2001, he was presented with credential as a Minister-Counselor. In 2002, he was also a Minister (Deputy Chief of Mission).", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2017, he was a member and Senior Research Fellow at the Ghana Centre for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana) in Accra.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "As at 2022, he is a board member of The West Africa Civil Society Institute (WACSI).", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Tsegah was appointed by President John Kufuor as the Ambassador of Ghana to the Kingdom of Spain from 5 October 2004 to 11 April 2009.", "title": "Ambassadorial role" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In May 2009, he was awarded by the Spanish government with Spain's Order of the Civil Merit.", "title": "Honour" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Capitoline Wolf is a bronze sculpture in Rome depicting the city's founding.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Capitoline Wolf may also refer to the following similar statues:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "See also" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tyrese Spicer (born December 4, 2000) is a Triniadian footballer who plays for Major League Soccer club Toronto FC.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Spicer began playing youth football at age six with the Trincity Nationals, later playing with Central FC in the Youth Pro League.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Spicer attended St. Mary's College in Trinidad, helping the school become North Zone Champions in 2017. In 2019, he switch to St. Augustine Secondary School 2019 earning SSFL All-Star honours.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2020, he was to begin attending Lipscomb University and play with the men's soccer team on an athletic scholarship. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, he began attending in January 2021, and debuted in the spring 2021 season (which was delayed from the previous fall). On February 6, 2021, he made his collegiate debut and also scored his first goal in a victory over the Evansville Purple Aces. On September 6, 2021, he scored a hat trick in a victory over Evansville, which earned him ASUN Conference Player of the Week honours. At the end of his sophomore season, he was namedto the ASUN Conference All-Conference First Team, the All Region Second Team, was the ASUN Championship Co-MVP, and named to the ASUN All-Tournament Team, as Lipscomb won the ASUN title.", "title": "College career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Ahead of his junior season in 2022, he was named the ASUN Preseason Player of the Year, named to the Preseason All-Conference Team, named a USC Player to Watch, and named #65 on the TopDrawerSoccer Top 100 List. At the end of the season, after helping them to another ASUN title, he was named to the All-Conference Second Team, All-Atlantic Region First Team, a Third Team All-American, and the ASUN All-Tournament Team.", "title": "College career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Ahead of his senior season, he was again named a USC Player to Watch, was named to the Preseason All-ASUN Team, and was named to the MAC Hermann Trophy Watchlist. In September 2023, he was named the TSWA Men's Soccer Player of the Week. At the end of the season, he was named the ASUN Player of the Year, was named to the All-Conference First Team, All-Region First Team, and a First Team All-American.", "title": "College career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2022, he played with Tennessee SC in USL League Two. In 2023, he played with the Des Moines Menace.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "At the 2024 MLS SuperDraft, Spicer was selected first overall by Toronto FC. He pre-signed a contract prior to the draft, and his selection was announced by Toronto Maple Leafs captain John Tavares.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "He played with the Trinidad and Tobago U15 team playing two matches, recording two assists. In June 2020, he attended a training camp with the Trinidad and Tobago national team.", "title": "International career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023 CAA women's soccer tournament was the postseason women's soccer tournament for the Coastal Athletic Association held from October 26 through November 4, 2023. The First Round and Semifinals of the tournament were hosted by the first and second seed and the final was hosted by the highest remaining seed. The six-team single-elimination tournament consisted of three rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play. The defending champions were the Hofstra Pride, who were unable to defend their title, falling to Monmouth in the Semifinals. Towson won the tournament by defeating Monmouth in the Final, 2–1. The conference tournament title was the first overall for the Towson women's soccer program and the first for head coach Katherine Vettori. As tournament champions, Towson earned the CAA's automatic berth into the 2023 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Six Coastal Athletic Association schools participated in the tournament. Teams were seeded by conference record. No tiebreakers were required as all teams finished with unique regular season conference records. Towson won the regular season title for the first time in program history.", "title": "Seeding" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Source:", "title": "Bracket" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "There were 12 goals scored in 5 matches, for an average of 2.4 goals per match (as of November 5, 2023).", "title": "Statistics" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "2 goals", "title": "Statistics" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "1 goal", "title": "Statistics" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Source:", "title": "All-Tournament team" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "MVP in bold", "title": "All-Tournament team" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Vader Piet Wind Farm is a wind farm in Aruba", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The wind farm was commissioned in December 2009.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The wind farm has an installed capacity of 30 MW. Each wind turbine tower stands at a height of 80 m.", "title": "Technical specifications" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Fort Karl is a historic military fort located in Gustavia, the capital of Saint Barthélemy. It was built by the Swedish in 1789 and was named for Karl XIII. Today, the location of the fort's remains is a protected site.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The site of Fort Karl is located in southwest Gustavia, on small hill approximately 34 meters (111 ft) high. The site overlooks Gustavia and its port (to the northeast) and Shell Beach (to the southeast). The surrounding islands of Saint Kitts & Nevis, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Saint Martin are visible from the fort's location.", "title": "Location" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Fort Karl was built in 1789 during the era of Swedish rule of Saint Barthélemy. It was built to protect Gustavia against attacks from the south. It was one of the three forts surrounding Gustavia during the Swedish era, along with Fort Gustav and Fort Oscar. Fort Karl was named for Karl XIII, the brother of Swedish King Gustav III. By the late 19th century, the remains of the fort had fallen into ruins.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Only ruins remain at the site of Fort Karl. In 2007, the Conservatoire du Littoral took possession of the Fort Karl site. Preservation is managed locally by the Saint-Barthélemy Nature Reserve. The Fort Karl site is a popular location for hiking and whale watching.", "title": "The Fort today" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Saint-Clair chapel is an extinct Catholic religious building located on the Balme Saint-Clair, on the banks of the Rhône, in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon, France. Attested in the 13th century, it was a dependency of the Saint-Pierre abbey. A seclusion was added before disappearing in the early modern era. Used as an almshouse from the 18th century onwards, it was destroyed during the French Revolution.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A chapel of the same name was built twenty years later in the commune of Caluire-et-Cuire, thus changing parish. In the 20th century, it was replaced by Saint-Clair church in the same commune.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "His name spread across the whole of the Lyonnais balme, and later became the name of the Saint-Clair district as well as several of its sites and buildings.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Saint Clair was a Catholic abbot who lived in the 6th century. Celebrated in Lyon on January 2, a public holiday in all the city's courtyards, he is the patron saint of glassmakers. In 1619, the latter joined forces with painters, protected by Saint Luc, to replace the first chapel on the left of Saint-Bonaventure church, dedicated to Mary, with their patrons. They were replaced two hundred years later by St. Francis of Assisi.", "title": "Saint Clair" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "A chapel dedicated to Saint Blandina is attested in the 13th century on the grounds of the Saint-Pierre abbey. A recluserie known as Saint-Irénée was built next door, and the whole complex was later named after Saint Clair. The name is sometimes spelled Saint-Cler, and compounded as Saint-Clair du Griffon; le Griffon was a nearby district. This recluserie, one of the most famous of the eleven in Lyon in the Middle Ages, was known for curing mainly sight-related illnesses; Jeanne de la Boisse was installed there as a recluse in 1258. Saint Clair is thus the abbey's secondary patron.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The nine Lyonnais recluseries located inside the city walls, which were mainly active between the 11th and 13th centuries, no longer existed in the 16th century. In a deed of 1618, the Saint-Clair chapel is mentioned as a former recluserie, known as Saint-Irénée. At the time, it was a simple devotional chapel with no fixed services. It was, however, rebuilt in 1656 and, by the mid-18th century, it was used as an almshouse, a function that continued until the French Revolution.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The nuns of Saint-Pierre Abbey sold part of their property to cover the cost of extending and repairing their church. The agreement was signed on December 12, 1742, with Breton, Desraisses, Léonard Milanais and Jacques-Germain Soufflot, for the sum of 50,000 pounds. It includes the \"tenement of houses, garden and vineyards, including the Saint-Clair chapel and related buildings, with the small square in front of the chapel's entrance door\". However, the chapel was to remain in its current state until worship could be transferred, or until it could be rebuilt to the same dimensions. It was demolished during the French Revolution.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The Lyonnaise chapel was located north of the Place Saint-Clair, before the Croix-Rousse rampart, near the Bastion Saint-Clair. Today, this square is called Louis Chazette. On a cadastral plan dating from 1755 or 1756, the chapel's footprint measures 45 feet long by 19 feet wide.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The recluserie and chapel's name Saint-Clair was given to the gate that pierced the ramparts towards the port, to the port itself and to the nearby bastion. In the second half of the 18th century, Jacques-Germain Soufflot laid out the Place Tolozan and Place Saint-Clair and, on the banks of the Rhône, the Quai Saint-Clair. the Pont Morand, at Place des Terreaux, was named Saint-Clair when it opened. The Pont Louis-Philippe, built opposite Place Saint-Clair in 1846, was renamed Pont Saint-Clair in 1848.", "title": "Posterity" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "After the demolition of the chapel, the inhabitants asked for a new place of worship: another Saint-Clair chapel was built on land in Caluire-et-Cuire, 3 kilometers northeast of the former recluserie, and became part of the Caluire parish: it was blessed on December 18, 1809. Having outgrown its space, the church of Saint-Clair was built in the same commune, between 1887 and 1926, by Louis Sainte-Marie Perrin. The parish gave its name to the Saint-Clair district, which includes Grande Rue de Saint-Clair and the Lyon-Saint-Clair train station.", "title": "Posterity" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "TUARON is a Latvian music company, record label, distribution and publisher company founded in 16 December 1999.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Tuaron music label was founded in December 1999. The label's goal was to support talented musicians. The company manages, publishes and distributes albums by Latvian and foreign artists of various music genres.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The name of the company has changed over the years - Tuaron Music, Tuaron Management or Tuaron. In 2018, Tuaron rebranded its brand. The TUARON label received a new concept of working with artists and a registered trademark with capital letters.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In addition to music publishing, the label also manages copyright and related rights through the Swedish international society of composers STIM (Svenska Tonsättares Internationella Musikbyrå). The distributor is the American company Symphonic Distribution.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "At the initial stage, the catalogue was based on releases by artists with whom Anton Sova collaborated at the time of the label's foundation: singers Artur Bosso, Andrew Boldar and Alex Luna, hip-hop artist Kal1br, Latvian artists Giacomo and Andrey Klad.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The first release of the label on 12 February 2012 was a single by Ukrainian singer Artur Bosso, set to the music of the Swedish music band BWO (Bodies Without Organs), from the song \"Sunshine In The Rain\" with original lyrics and title \"Amsterdam\". Following the signing of contracts with singers Alex Luna and Andrew Boldar, the catalogue was expanded to include their debut singles \"Hands to the heavens\" and \"Not together\".", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cedar Lane may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rózsi Csikós (1917–1992) was a Hungarian stage and film actress. She appeared at a variety of theatres including the Budapesti Operettszínház and established herself as a leading soubrette. During the 1930s and 1940s she appeared in several films. She was married to the composer Szabolcs Fényes.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Peter Alan Horton (born 20 July 1945) is an English-born Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born and raised in England, Horton was educated at Tulse Hill School and St Luke’s College, Exeter. He was a hooker and played for London club Streatham-Croydon, representing Surrey at county level.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Horton moved to Australia at the age of 24 and worked as the Sportsmaster at Gateshead High School in Newcastle, New South Wales, where he played rugby with the Waratahs club. Capped 19 times for the Wallabies from 1974 to 1979, Horton debuted against the All Blacks in Sydney and won a Bledisloe Cup title in his final year.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ghiyāth al-Dīn Ahī Ayna Beg (Armenian: Yaxiayna Bēk; Medieval Greek: Αχχὴς Ἀϊναπάκ; Old Anatolian Turkish: اخـی ایـنبـك; died 2–3 July 1362) was Emir of Erzincan from 1348 until his death. Thought to be a local ahī, he gained control of the region and city of Erzincan through a purchase from his predecessor sometime before 1348. He was initially loyal to Eretna, after whose death he practiced some degree of autonomy within the Eretnid Sultanate. He waged multiple wars against the Empire of Trebizond and Kingdom of Georgia. He is recorded to have died a shahīd (martyr) and was succeeded by Pīr Ḥusayn.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The region around Erzincan was located to the south of Empire of Trebizond. Although not part of it, it had significant commercial links with Trebizond, being mostly inhabited by Christian Armenians but administered by a Muslim ruler. It came under the rule of Ilkhanid officer Eretna at an unknown date in the first half of the 14th century. After his victory in 1343 at Karanbük (between Erzincan and Sivas) against the Chobanid army led by Suleiman Khan, Eretna declared independence as the sultan of his domains, minting his own coins and having the khuṭba delivered in his name.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A local ahī, Ahī Ayna purchased control of Erzincan from his predecessor sometime before 1348 according to Bazm-u Razm written by Aziz bin Ardashir-i Astarabadi. Ahī Ayna first appears in records as a vassal of Eretna circa 1348. Michael Panaretos wrote that in June 1348, Ahī Ayna led a joint attack against the Empire of Trebizond together with Tur Alī Beg of Aq Qoyunlu Turkmens and Muḥammad Rikābdār, the emir of Bayburt. He returned to Erzincan after 3 days of campaign was inconclusive.", "title": "Reign" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Following Eretna's death, Ahī Ayna exercised autonomy and attempted to increase his sphere of influence. An Armenian colophon of 1355 mentions that Ahī Ayna was attacked by \"Khochay Yali,\" likely Khoja Latif of Bayburt. In June 1362, Ghiyāth al-Dīn Ahī Ayna Beg went on an expedition in Georgia. He captured Akhaltsikhe, Samstskhe, and Atsquri, took 12,000 people captive, and had Manglisi pay jizya. On 6 August 1361, Ahī Ayna continued his expedition in the region of Lazica, i.e. eastern territories of the Empire of Trebizond. In October of that year, he besieged but wasn't able to capture the fortresses of Golacha and Koukos.", "title": "Reign" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Ahī Ayna was the suzerain of three other emirates, namely those in Erzurum, Bayburt, and Karahisar. His core territory stretched from the Erzincan Plain southwards to Upper Euphrates Valley near Çaltı. Kemah was under the administration of a governor instead of a vassal emir like Ahī Ayna. Although Ahī Ayna acted semi-independently during the reign of Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muḥammad I of the Eretnid Sultanate, an Eretnid coin minted in Erzincan from the year 1359 indicates that Ahī Ayna's subordinate position continued and he never declared independence.", "title": "Reign" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Ahī Ayna died on 2–3 July 1362 reportedly as a shahīd (martyr), suggesting a violent death. Pīr Ḥusayn, who was originally the ruler of Karahisar, arrived in Erzincan on 8 June 1362 and succeeded Ahī Ayna Beg. He \"gained independence\" on 10 July, having clashed with emirs who fled to Bayburt and Tercan. In Abū Bakr Quṭbī's Ta'rīkh-i taqwīm, he is mentioned as an emīr-zāda (lit. 'son of an emir') following the statement about Ahī Ayna's demise, hinting at the possibility he was Ahī Ayna's son.", "title": "Reign" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Chikkajala is an upcoming elevated metro station on the north–south corridor of the Blue Line of Namma Metro in Bangalore, India. This metro station will comprise of the main Chikkajala village which holds the main Chikkajala Fort Ruins followed by prime locations like Decathlon Anubhava Sports Arena, Chikkajala Police Station and Chikkajala Lake. This metro station is slated to be operational around June 2026.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Station Layout - To Be Confirmed", "title": "Station Layout" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Musée d'histoire urbaine et sociale de Suresnes (English: Suresnes Urban and Social History Museum) is a museum of France installed since June 2013 in the old Suresnes - Longchamp train station building.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Presenting the evolution of the city, it is particularly focused on the social urban planning of the 1920s and 1930s, of which the garden city and the Outdoor School are the most significant examples.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The museum was initially budgeted at a cost of €8.3 million for a total area of approximately 1,300 square meters, including the creation of the 220 square meter extension intended for temporary exhibitions. Its final cost is 10 million euros.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "{{DEFAULTSORT:Musee d'histoire urbaine et sociale de Suresnes}", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Swayne is a surname. It may also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Hastings Clock Tower is a public landmark in the New Zealand city of Hastings. Designed by Sidney George Chaplin, and erected in 1935, the tower is located in the Hastings central business district alongside the Palmerston North-Gisborne railway line adjacent to the intersection of Heretaunga Street and Russell Street. The clock tower was designed as a symbol of recovery from the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake and was not intended as a memorial; however, in 1995, brass plaques were added to the tower in memory of those who died during the earthquake.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1934, the Hastings Borough Council ran a national competition inviting designs for a clock tower to enhance the town's aesthetic beauty and restore a familiar sound, which people missed after the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake, of the old town clock striking the Westminster Quarter chimes every quarter hour. A young Hastings architect, Sidney George Chaplin, won the competition and supervised the erection of the tower facing Heretaunga Street adjacent to the railway crossing in the centre of Hastings.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The judges of the design competition were local architects Harold Davies (1886–1976) and Eric Phillips (1897–1980), whose firm Davies & Phillips was responsible for designing the majority of Hastings' rebuild. Davies & Phillips had extensive correspondence with William Gummer, at that time president of the New Zealand Institute of Architects, about the dangers of demeaning competitions with inadequate prize money. Sidney Chaplin was awarded 25 guineas as first prize winner for his clock tower design.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The tower cost £1,126 to build, which was more than the Hastings Borough Council had intended. However, those excavating the site struck old, underground wells and a site further back had to be permanently leased from the Railways Department. A 'Gents Electric turret striking and chiming clock', otherwise known as a turret clock, was procured from W. Littlejohns and Co. Ltd. in Wellington, and the chimes were salvaged from the debris of the Hastings Post Office tower that was destroyed in the 1931 earthquake.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Mayor George Roach was keen to see the old clock tower chimes reused despite their crashing down to the street during the collapse of the tower. The destroyed post office had been opened in October 1911 and was a neo-classical design in red brick, with a turret clock and chimes donated by local solicitor E. H. Williams. The clock was named \"Big Ben\" in reference to the Westminster Quarter chimes from London.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The council were \"eminently satisfied with the completed result\" but the proprietor of the Hastings Hotel across the road complained that his guests would be kept awake by the quarterly chimes through the night, so the chimes were timed to turn off at 11:00pm. The new landmark of \"low earthquake-fearing buildings\" symbolised hopes and expectations of renewed progress and prosperity.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The Hastings Clock Tower is an excellent example of mid-1930s Art Deco Moderne. The tower is square in plan, and at street level there is a recessed door indicating the tower frontage. At the rear is a niche, and either side are two plaques installed in 1995 to memorialise those who died in the 1931 earthquake. The base is formed to allow for seating and congregation around the tower.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The front door is capped with the coat of arms for the Borough of Hastings, surmounted with a semi-circular verandah. Incised above the verandah is the date 1935.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "There are three intermediate steps to the main part of the tower with three tiers of patterned infill panels and above them are louvres and the faces of the clock. The infill panels between the stripped columns have a strong saw-tooth design pointing upwards accelerating the height of the tower, with speed stripes in each of the four corners of the tower. It is neatly capped with a circular flat round disk for a roof, matching the four circular clock faces of the turret. The tower is surmounted with a flagpole, which for many decades the tower flew a flag that symbolised Hastings as the fruit bowl of New Zealand.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "As the most prominent landmark of Hastings, the clock tower has become iconic as a symbol for the city, being recreated and represented in ephemera, merchandise, and commemorative memorabilia.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In recognition of its historical importance, the Hastings Town Clock has a Category 1 listing with Heritage New Zealand.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In 2022 the tower received a façade colour palette change change to pastels of greens, pink, yellow and blue. The façade enhancement further emphasizes the ornamental Art Deco beauty of the tower.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The Hastings Clock Tower was commissioned as a symbol of triumph over adversity to commemorate the rebuild of Hastings following the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake. Although not intended to be an official earthquake memorial, the clock tower has become the central identity for the earthquake, where annual memorial services have taken place on 3 February.", "title": "1931 earthquake memorial plaques" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The memorial element of the clock tower was formalised in 1995 when two brass plaques were added to the base of the tower. The plaques alphabetically list the names of 98 people who died during the earthquake with the names split across the two plaques.", "title": "1931 earthquake memorial plaques" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "The plaques carry the wording:", "title": "1931 earthquake memorial plaques" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "THIS PLAQUE WAS ERECTED BY THEHASTINGS DISTRICT COUNCILTO THE MEMORY OF THOSE PEOPLEWHO LOST THEIR LIVES IN THEEARTHQUAKE AT HASTINGSON 3RD OF FEBRUARY 1931\"Their sun went down before it was noon\"", "title": "1931 earthquake memorial plaques" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The World Rapid Chess Championship 2023 is the 2023 edition of the annual World Rapid Chess Championship held by FIDE to determine the world champion in chess played under rapid time controls. Since 2012, FIDE has held the World Rapid and Blitz Championships at a joint tournament. The tournament is held in Samarkand, Uzbekistan from 26 to 28 December 2023, using a Swiss-system with 13 rounds for the open tournament and 11 rounds for the women's tournament. Players eligible to participate in the open tournament were either be rated at least 2550 Elo in a FIDE rating list during 2023, or reigning national champion.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The prize fund for both the open and women's tournament is shown below. In case of a tie (except for first place) all prize money is shared between the players. Players outside the brackets do not receive any prize money.", "title": "Prize fund" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Open tournament:", "title": "Prize fund" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Total: $350,000", "title": "Prize fund" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Women's tournament:", "title": "Prize fund" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Total: $150,000", "title": "Prize fund" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "For players who finish on the same score, final position is determined by the following tie-breaks, in order:", "title": "Tiebreak regulations" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "If two or more players are tied for any position other than first, the above-mentioned tiebreak system shall decide the ranking of the tied players.", "title": "Tiebreak regulations" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "If two or more players are tied for first, the top two players who finished the highest on the above-mentioned tiebreaks shall play a two-game mini match with the time control of 3+2 (with colours of the first game drawn) to decide the winner. If the score is tied 1-1, the players continue to play single 3+2 games until one of the players has won one game (the player who finished highest on the above-mentioned tiebreaks shall have the white pieces for the first game and the colours will alternate from the next game).", "title": "Tiebreak regulations" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "", "title": "Tiebreak regulations" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Fide World Rapid & Blitz 2023", "title": "Official website" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Maryland Terrapins football team will represent the University of Maryland in the Big Ten Conference during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Terrapins will be led by Mike Locksley in his sixth year as head coach. They will play their home games at SECU Stadium in College Park, Maryland.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Schedule" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "11 players elected to enter the NCAA transfer portal during or after the 2023 season.", "title": "Transfers" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Terrapins added five players from the NCAA transfer portal.", "title": "Transfers" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "Roster" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Roses from the South (German: Rosen aus dem Süden) is a 1934 German historical musical film directed by Walter Janssen and starring Paul Hörbiger, Gretl Theimer and Rózsi Csikós. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Wilhelm Depenau and Erich Zander.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "My Awkward Senpai (不器用な先輩。, Bukiyō na Senpai.) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Makoto Kudo. It initially began as a webcomic published on Kudo's Twitter account in March 2019. It later began serialization in Square Enix's seinen manga magazine Young Gangan in December 2019.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Written and illustrated by Makoto Kudo, My Awkward Senpai initially began as a webcomic published on Kudo's Twitter account published on March 2, 2019. It later began serialization in Square Enix's seinen manga magazine Young Gangan on December 6, 2019. Its chapters have been collected into seven tankōbon volumes as of October 2023. The series is published in English by Comikey and by Square Enix through their Manga UP! Global app.", "title": "Media" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In commemoration of the releases of volumes 3 and 4, the series had two cosplay collaborations with the model Nashiko Momotsuki dressed-up as main character Azusa Kannawa in 2021.", "title": "Media" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The series was ranked fifth at the sixth Next Manga Awards in the print category.", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023 World Blitz Chess Championship is the 2023 edition of the annual chess tournament held by FIDE to determine the world champion in chess played under blitz time controls. Since 2012, FIDE has held the World Rapid and Blitz Championships at a joint tournament. The tournament is held in Samarkand, Uzbekistan from 26 to 30 December 2023, using a Swiss-system with 21 rounds for the open tournament and 17 rounds for the women's tournament. Players eligible to participate were to either be rated at least 2550 Elo (2250 Elo for women) in a FIDE rating list during 2023, or be a reigning national champion. Time controls for the tournament were 3+2, meaning each player initially starts with 3 minutes and gains 2 additional seconds following each move.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The prize fund for both the open and women's tournament is shown below. In case of a tie (except for first place) all prize money is shared between the players. Players outside the brackets do not receive any prize money. All amounts are in United States dollars.", "title": "Prize fund" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Open tournament:", "title": "Prize fund" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Total: $350,000", "title": "Prize fund" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Women's tournament:", "title": "Prize fund" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Total: $150,000", "title": "Prize fund" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "", "title": "Prize fund" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "For players who finish on the same score, final position was determined by the following tie-breaks, in order:", "title": "Tiebreak regulations" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "If two or more players were tied for any position other than first, the above-mentioned tiebreak system decided the ranking of the tied players.", "title": "Tiebreak regulations" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "If two or more players were tied for first, the top two players who finished the highest on the above-mentioned tiebreaks would have played a two-game mini match with the time control of 3+2 (with colours of the first game drawn) to decide the winner. If the score is tied 1-1, the players continue to play single 3+2 games until one of the players has won one game (the player who finished highest on the above-mentioned tiebreaks shall have the white pieces for the first game and the colours will alternate from the next game).", "title": "Tiebreak regulations" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "", "title": "Tiebreak regulations" } ]

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