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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "CPY may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Malthon is a city and a nagar panchayat in the Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh, India. In 2011, it had a population of 10, 764.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a timeline of History of Gabon. Each article deals with events in Gabon in a given year.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Twenty-first century" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Eleutherodactylus humboldti (common name: Humboldt's peeping frog, Spanish: rana fisgona de Humboldt) is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to central Mexico and known from specimens collected in the State of Mexico.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This species was first described in 2023 and named in honor of German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "E. humboldti has a triangular head and measures 23.4–25.7 mm (0.92–1.01 in) in snout-vent length. Its dorsal surfaces have small tubercles and are colored a brownish tan, whereas its ventral surfaces are translucent brownish tan with white tipped small tubercles on the belly and thighs. Its concealed surfaces on the posterior thigh and upper arm have an orange flash. The iris is split between a black lower half and a golden upper half.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "This species is found in clearings in pine-oak woodland in the Mil Cumbres region of the Eje Neovolcánico range. The three type specimens were found at an elevation of 1,982 m (6,503 ft) above sea level at night, calling from low vegetation.", "title": "Habitat and conservation" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Troest is Danish surname.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "BTY or bty may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Future Science City North station (Chinese: 未来科学城北站; pinyin: Wèilái Kēxuéchéng Běi Zhàn) is the northern terminus of Line 17 of Beijing Subway which opened on 30 December 2023. It is also called Weilɑikexuechengbei Zhɑn.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The station is located in the Beijing Future Science City, in the Tugou Village, Xiaotangshan, Changping, Beijing.", "title": "Location" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The construction of the station started in 2016. The station was called Weilai Kejicheng Beiqu (Chinese: 未来科技城北区; pinyin: Wèilái Kējìchéng Běiqū; lit. 'North Area of Future Science and Technology City') at the time.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2021, the station was officially renamed as Future Science City North.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The structure of the station was completed no later than 2022.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Future Science City North station is an underground station, orientated northeast–southwest, with a total length of 320.1 metres, a total width of the main structure of 23.7 metres, a total floor area of 22,962 square metres, and a platform length of 186 metres, with a platform width of 14 metres.", "title": "Station layout" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The station has three underground floors and one island platform. There is property above the station developed by China Resources Land.", "title": "Station layout" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John Wilson Hickman (April 17, 1831 – December 18, 1906) was an American politician from Pennsylvania. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Chester County from 1887 to 1890.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "John Wilson Hickman was born on April 17, 1831, in Russellville, Pennsylvania. He attended public and private schools in Chester County.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Hickman worked in the milling business. He was school director and was assistant assessor of internal revenue during the Civil War. He was elected to the council and served as justice of the peace in Coatesville. He also worked as a farmer and was owner of a livery stable.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Hickman was a Republican. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Chester County from 1887 to 1890.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Hickman died on December 18, 1906, in Chester County. He was interred at Beulah Baptist Church Cemetery in Russellville.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The myth of Diana and Endymion is a common subject in European art. Among the artworks which depict it are:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Say I Do is a 2003 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Ron Bignone, starring Ben Koldyke, Pamela Moore Somers, Rebecca Rosenak, Samuel Bliss Cooper and David Bel Ayche.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Eric Campos of Film Threat wrote a positive review of the film.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Manny Lewis of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer wrote that the film \"succeeds\" as a \"lens through which an impending marriage can be seen gradually shedding its formalities and pageantry until the only things remaining are the real people involved.\" Lewis also praised the performances, writing that the actors \"embody their roles so convincingly that what's onscreen always feels authentic.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Ted Fry of The Seattle Times wrote: \"Largely relying on improvisation, the movie is nicely characterized and moves along at a good clip, but without quite enough laughs or tearful moments to keep up with the concept.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "BXO may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dunnaria dunnii is a species of flowering plant in the rose family, Rosaceae. It is a tree native to southern China. It is the sole species in genus Dunnaria.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It is distinguished from other Sorboids (Sorbus and relatives) by leaves which are silvery hairy (tomentose) on the undersides with rufous hairs on veins, and by flowers/fruits in corymbs.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The species was first described as Sorbus dunnii by Alfred Rehder in 1915. In 2015 Keith Rushforth placed it in the new monotypic genus Dunnaria as D. dunnii.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Hera Diesel Power Plant is a diesel fuel powered power station in Cristo Rei, Dili Municipality, East Timor.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The power plant was commissioned in December 2011.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The power plant has an installed generation capacity of 119 MW.", "title": "Technical specifications" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mayse Young OAM (19 July 1912 – 20 March 2006) was an outback publican and a pioneer of the Northern Territory's hospitality industry. She ran pubs in Pine Creek, Katherine and Darwin.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Young was born in North Queensland to parents George and Elizabeth Dowling. Her siblings names were Ted, Jim and Ethel. Her father was a ganger on the railways and worked throughout the state and this meant that her childhood was somewhat itinerant and that the family travelled regularly – from job to job. Times were tough and Young did not have a pair of shoes until she was 11 years old and attended school only when there was one available nearby.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1927 the family moved to the Northern Territory and soon after built the Pine Creek Hotel, in Pine Creek, in the 1930s. While the pub was under construction the family lived in a tent nearby. When the pub was constructed Mayse later wrote:", "title": "Life in the Northern Territory" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "After living in a tent all my life it seemed like a palace. We wandered around in amazement, becoming adjusted to the fact that we now had such luxuries as real beds. Mum even had a stove to cook on, instead of billy cans and camp ovens.", "title": "Life in the Northern Territory" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "She became known there as a generous and friendly spirit with a good sense of humour. It is said that she was able to connect with all the visitors at the pub. She was 'Mum' to hundreds of stockmen, miners and drifters for who her hotel was the best drinking hole on the track.", "title": "Life in the Northern Territory" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1933 Young married Joe \"Bogger\" Young who worked in construction and they first lived together at Spring Hill mine near Pine Creek.", "title": "Life in the Northern Territory" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "During World War II she was evacuated by air on 31 December 1941 to South Australia and she was soon after joined by her husband. They spent the remainder of the war running a hotel at Crystal Brook. On their return to Pine Creek after the war they found that the pub had been used as a soldiers recreation hall and was stripped and derelict.", "title": "Life in the Northern Territory" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "She showed good business sense and, from 1950 on, owned and operated pubs in Darwin (The Seabreeze, which was destroyed in Cyclone Tracy) and Katherine (the Commercial Hotel and the Katherine Hotel); as well as taking over the management of the Pine Creek Hotel. She was also involved in the pastoral industry and owned a number of cattle stations. She did this all while raising 7 children.", "title": "Life in the Northern Territory" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In 1991 she published her autobiography: No Place for a Woman; this was a nod to her life as the ‘odd woman out’ – living in places that were mostly made up of men. This was co-authored by journalist and film producer Gabrielle Dalton.", "title": "Life in the Northern Territory" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Young was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for her service to the community in 1994.", "title": "Life in the Northern Territory" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Young died on 20 March 2006 at the age of 93.", "title": "Life in the Northern Territory" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "A collection of images were donated by Young to Library & Archives NT and are available in full online; many of these images were collected by her of the pioneering days of aviation which she was fascinated with.", "title": "Resources" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "EJM may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Batlle family is a prominent Uruguayan political family. In addition to different government positions, four members of the family have served as President of Uruguay between the 19th and 21st centuries. The family is associated with the Colorado Party, giving its name to one of its main factions, Batllism.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Batlle family originated in the town of Sitges, Catalonia, Spain. The Uruguayan family branch is descended from Josep Batlle i Carreó, who migrated from Sitges to Montevideo in 1800. In Uruguay he set up a mill and became a flour and wheat merchant, and during the emancipation struggles of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, he participated in the defense of Montevideo from the English invasion, in support of the metropolis.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Batlle i Carréo had three wives and nine children throughout his life. In 1814, he went into exile with his children, when the Spanish withdrew from Montevideo and his property was confiscated. They settled in Barcelona but in 1833 the family returned to Montevideo, capital of Uruguay, which had been proclaimed an independent state three years earlier.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Lorenzo Batlle y Grau —son of Josep Batlle i Carréo and his wife Gertrudis Grau i Font— studied in Spain and France during his family's exile, and upon his return to Uruguay he joined the Colorado Party and served in the Gobierno de la Defensa during the Uruguayan Civil War under the command of Giuseppe Garibaldi. After the war he entered politics, holding different government positions. In 1868 he took office as president, being the first member of the family to do so.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Lorenzo Batlle y Grau and his wife Amalia Ordóñez Duval had two sons, José Batlle y Ordóñez and Luis Batlle y Ordóñez. The eldest of the brothers, José was a journalist and politician who served as president in two terms, carrying out important social and labor reforms, such as the separation of Church and State, the introduction of universal suffrage and the eight-hour workday, as well as free high school education, and divorce. He developed Batllism, an ideology that defends state control of the basic aspects of the economy through monopoly, in addition to the sanction of social laws.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "José Batlle y Ordóñez was married to Matilde Pacheco, with whom he had four children: César (1885–1966), Rafael (1887–1960), Amalia Ana (1892–?), Ana Amalia (1894–?) and Lorenzo (1897–1954). They held different positions such as Senators and National Representatives or as journalists in the family newspaper, El Día. His nephew, Luis Batlle Berres —son of Luis Batlle y Ordóñez and his wife Petrona Berres y Mc Intyre, of Irish descent—, whom he raised since the death of his brother, had a more successful political career, since in the 1946 elections he was elected Vice President and in August 1947 he took office as president after the death of Tomás Berreta.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Luis Batlle Berres had three children with Matilde Ibáñez Tálice: Jorge Luis (1927–2016), Luis César (1930–2016) and Matilde Linda (born 1932). Jorge Luis served as president from 2000 to 2005, being the fourth member of the family to hold the position, descending in a direct line from Josep Batlle y Carrió.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "DKT may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Fiducia supplicans ('Supplicating Trust') is a 2023 declaration on Catholic doctrine that allows Catholic priests to bless couples who are not considered to be married according to church teaching, including the blessing of same-sex couples. Subtitled \"On the Pastoral Meaning of Blessings\", the document is dated 18 December 2023 and was released on the same day. Fiducia supplicans was issued by the Holy See's Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith (DDF) and approved with a signature by Pope Francis. It was the first declaration issued by the DDF since Dominus Iesus in 2000.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Fiducia supplicans received a wide variety of interpretations. Pope Francis advised that Holy See's bureaucrats should avoid \"rigid ideological positions\" three days after the document was issued. Fiducia supplicans is viewed as a reversal of a previous 2021 ruling by the same Holy See department that forbade blessing of same-sex couples.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2021, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (later renamed the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith in 2022) issued a responsum ad dubium ('response to doubt') that responded in the negative to the question of whether the church has \"the power to give the blessing to unions of persons of the same sex\". The reasons for that answer were set out in an accompanying explanatory note.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Fiducia supplicans is believed to have reversed this 2021 decision.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Fiducia supplicans provides clarifications and reforms on the church's treatment of \"irregular relationships\", that is, those who establish a monogamous and emotional bond that lasts over time and have not contracted a Catholic marriage. Notably, it allows Catholic priests and deacons to perform \"spontaneous blessings\" of same-sex couples, as well as opposite-sex couples who are not married, and civilly married couples at least one party of which was previously divorced but has not received an annulment.", "title": "Contents" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The document details that this type of informal and spontaneous blessing is neither a sacrament nor a rite of the Catholic Church, so no special ceremony is performed for it. The document maintains that sexual relations are licit only within marriage, so heterosexual couples are urged to marry and not consider this blessing as an alternative to marriage. All extramarital sexual relations are considered to be sinful by the Church and continue to be so, which is why it is asked for the affect that may exist between the two people of the same sex involved. The sexual attraction between two people of the same sex is not condemned according to the sexual morality of the Catholic Church, but the sexual act is.", "title": "Contents" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Fiducia supplicans does not provide for changes with respect to the institution of marriage in the Catholic Church. Marriage is still understood only as the union between a man and a woman, to the exclusion of all kinds of marriages that are not heterosexual and monogamous, such as same-sex marriage, as well as any kind of heterosexual or bisexual bigamy and polygamy.", "title": "Contents" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In Belgium, Antwerp Bishop Johan Bonny praised the decision as \"moving towards\" future recognition of same-sex sacramental marriage in the Catholic Church. According to Archbishop Franz Lackner of Salzburg, the document basically means that \"one can no longer say no\" to blessing same-sex unions. Geert De Kerpel, the spokesperson for the Belgian Catholic Church, stated that it would not have an impact locally, as same-sex unions were already being blessed, but that the declaration would rightfully now apply this situation at an international level. James Martin, an American Jesuit priest, called the declaration \"a major step forward in the church's ministry to LGBTQ people\" and demonstrated the church affirming same-sex couples' desire \"for God's presence and help in their committed and loving relationships\". The next day, he blessed a married same-sex couple.", "title": "Reaction" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In India, Archbishop Oswald Gracias of Bombay – who is one of the Cardinal Advisers – said that asking for and giving blessings is a widely accepted custom, a \"natural\" for India, calling it \"an affirmation of our spirituality and a gift\". He clarified that the Church doctrine of a marriage has not changed and Fiducia supplicans is not step forward towards giving a sacramental marriage. He added that Fiducia supplicans is consistent with his own pastoral practice with the LGBTQ+ community. Archbishop Victor Lyngdoh of Shillong, issued a letter to the clergy and followers, reiterating the sentiments of Fiducia supplicans. While he underscored that the blessing should not be misconstrued as the Church's blessings conferred during marriage, he drew on Pope Francis's, urging faithful to \"avoid being 'judges who only deny, reject, and exclude'\".", "title": "Reaction" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) issued a statement saying the declaration made \"a distinction between liturgical (sacramental) blessings, and pastoral blessings\", and that the declaration affirmed that \"[t]he Church's teaching on marriage has not changed\". American bishop Robert Barron – who serves as the chairman of the USCCB's Committee on Laity, Marriage, Family Life, and Youth – said the declaration did not demonstrate a change in Catholic doctrine on sexuality and marriage. The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops also said that the document affirms church teaching on marriage \"explicitly\". Danish bishop Czeslaw Kozon said that there was a problem not with the content of the statement \"but the way it will be received and interpreted\". The president of the Ghana Catholic Bishops' Conference, Bishop Matthew Kwasi Gyamfi said: \"What people do not understand is that if a gay couple goes to the priest to bless them, and the pope says yes, you are blessing the people and not the union\".", "title": "Reaction" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "However, the declaration sparked controversy and criticism among conservative Catholics, who worry the decision is a step towards the Catholic Church changing its long-held stance against homosexuality. The Archdiocese of Mary Most Holy in Astana in Kazakhstan condemned Fiducia supplicans, with Archbishop Tomasz Peta and Auxiliary Bishop Athanasius Schneider denouncing it for contradicting \"divine revelation and the uninterrupted, bimillennial doctrine and practice of the Catholic Church\"; they forbade any priest from performing such blessings. Schneider added that Fiducia supplicans was a \"great deception\" and warned of \"evil that resides in the very permission to bless [...] same-sex couples\". The Episcopal Conference of Malawi also prohibited the implementation of the Vatican's declaration, stating that \"blessings of any kind and for same sex unions of any kind, are not permitted in Malawi.\" Similarly, the Zambia Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Namibia Conference of Catholic Bishops rejected application of the declaration to avoid breaching local laws and to avoid any lack of clarity in pastoral practice. Sviatoslav Shevchuk, the major archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, invoked the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches in saying the declaration only applied to the Latin Church. The conservative Polish Episcopal Conference said any sex outside of a heterosexual marriage is \"always an offense against God's will\". Likewise, the Episcopal Conference of Hungary barred such blessings. German Cardinal Gerhard Ludwig Müller said the church \"cannot celebrate one thing and teach another\".", "title": "Reaction" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In an interview, Cardinal Víctor Manuel Fernández, the prefect of the DDF and an author of the document, explained that such blessings applied to couples and that \"the union is not blessed, for the reasons that the declaration repeatedly explains about the true meaning of Christian marriage and sexual relations\".", "title": "Reaction" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Francis DeBernardo, executive director of the advocacy group New Ways Ministry, which serves LGBT Catholics, praised the document's passages that urged not subjecting couples seeking blessings to \"an exhaustive moral analysis\". He said the declaration's importance \"cannot be overstated\". DeBernardo had met with Pope Francis in October 2023.", "title": "Reaction" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The Portuguese LGBT Catholic association Rumos Novos expressed skepticism over Fiducia supplicans in a press statement, stating the declaration had brought \"absolutely nothing [new]\" to the table compared to previous statements by Catholic institutions, and was \"another blow to the [opportunities to build] bridges with the ones who are and keep being on the margins\".", "title": "Reaction" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "American evangelist Franklin Graham, and the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary president Albert Mohler were critical.", "title": "Reaction" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 SAFF Women's Championship is the 7th edition of the SAFF Women's Championship, the international women's football championship contested by the national teams of the South Asian Football Federation (SAFF). The tournament is schedule to play from October– November 2024 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In the final, Bangladesh played Nepal on 19 September 2022 at the Dasharath Rangasala Stadium in Kathmandu. Bangladesh won the final match 3–1, claiming their first SAFF title.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dobrivoje Vidić (Serbian Cyrillic: Добривоје Видић; 24 December 1918 – 3 March 1992) was a Serbian politician and diplomat who served as the President of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia (the precursor to the post of President of Serbia) from 5 May 1978 to 5 May 1982.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He additionally served as Yugoslav ambassador to Burma (1952–1953), Soviet Union (1953–1956 and 1965–1969), United Nations (1958–1960) and United Kingdom (1970–1973).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "According to the newspaper Blic, during 1941 Vidić worked as a translator for the Germans in Užice, and at the end of 1944, as the secretary of the KPY for the Užice district, he decided to shoot Andrija Mirković, the former mayor of Užice.", "title": "Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rus' State Residence (Russian: Государственная резиденция «Русь») (also known as Zavidovo (Russian: Завидово) after the nearby settlement) is a state residence of the President of the Russian Federation, located near the village of Kozlovo in the Konakovsky District of Tver Oblast, on the territory of the Zavidovo National Park.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Rus' residence is included in the Zavidovo State Complex of the Federal Security Service. The complex includes both the residence itself and the national park in which it is located - all 125 thousand hectares. The main building (two floors, with a fireplace and oak furniture) is located on the outskirts of the village of Kozlovo. Nearby there is a guest house, a hunting ground, and two lakes for fishing.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "During the Soviet era it was described as the \"Politburo hunting preserve\" and the \"Soviet equivalent of Camp David\". Henry Kissinger visited in May 1973 and was informed that it was a great honour to be invited there, being only the third foreigner (after President Tito of Yugoslavia and President Urho Kekkonen of Finland) to be invited. It was extensively used by Leonid Brezhnev, who loved to come hunting In February 1992, Russian President Boris Yeltsin ordered the creation of the Zavidovo State Complex, which includes the Zavidovo National Park and the official country residence of the president, Rus. By the same order, the complex was subordinated to the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. On August 18, 1996, by decree signed by President Boris Yeltsin, the Zavidovo State Complex was approved as one of the residences of the President of the Russian Federation. In the 2000s, the residence was occasionally used by president Putin and Medvedev for various public events such as meeting with the Sate Duma factions' leaders and meetings of the State Council as well as with foreign leaders.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Media related to State residence Rus, Zavidovo at Wikimedia Commons", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "A. Kimberley McAllister is an American cellular and molecular neuroscientist who specializes in synapse biology and neuroimmunology. She is director of the Center for Neuroscience and a Professor of Neurology and Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior at the University of California, Davis. She is also an affiliate member of the UC Davis MIND Institute, the UC Davis Center for Neuroengineering and Medicine, and the UC Davis Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "McAllister grew up in Great Falls, Virginia. She was inspired to pursue biology through internships with Mr. John Trott, an ornithologist and botanist, who was her teacher at the Langley School for middle school and also at the Madeira School for high school (1980–1984). She obtained her B.S. in Biology from Davidson College in 1988, graduating cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "McAllister pursued neurobiology research at Duke University, first as a technician in the laboratory of Dr. Anthony LaMantia and then as a graduate student starting in 1992 in the laboratory of the late Lawrence C. Katz. She obtained her Ph.D. in neurobiology in 1996.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "As a Ph.D. student at Duke University, McAllister was trained as a developmental neurobiologist by Lawrence C. Katz and Donald C. Lo and studied the role for neurotrophins in regulating dendritic growth of pyramidal neurons in the developing visual cortex. During that time, she adapted biolistic transfection for use in transfecting neurons in organotypic slices. This new approach transformed the field of neurobiology by allowing rapid and reliable transfection of neurons and laid the groundwork for the rapidly expanding fields of synaptic plasticity and dendritic growth.", "title": "Academic career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "For postdoctoral training, McAllister worked in Charles F. Stevens’ Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory at the Salk Institute from 1997–1999. She optimized a technique to record synaptic transmission at single, identified synapses in cultured neurons and discovered fundamental principles of synaptic transmission. During the summer of 1998, she was a Grass Fellow in Neurophysiology at the Marine Biology Laboratory at Woods Hole, where she obtained some of the first data showing that synaptic proteins are mobile in axons before synapses are formed.", "title": "Academic career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "McAllister moved to the nascent Center for Neuroscience at the University of California, Davis in 2000 to establish her independent laboratory. Her research focuses on understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of brain development. Through pioneering time-lapse imaging approaches to study protein transport before and during synapse formation, her team made seminal discoveries about the initial mechanisms of synapse formation. Her lab also studies how “immune” molecules, such as major histocompatibility complex I molecules and cytokines, regulate the initial establishment of synaptic connections during brain development as well as contribute to synapse loss in Alzheimer’s disease. Finally, McAllister’s team has led efforts to improve reproducibility in rodent models of maternal immune activation (MIA). Through the interdisciplinary Conte Center that she co-directs, her group has identified biomarkers in female mice before pregnancy and following MIA during gestation that predict susceptibility and resilience to schizophrenia- and autism-related behavioral and neurochemical alterations in offspring.", "title": "Academic career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "McAllister has been director of the Center for Neuroscience at UC Davis since 2016 after serving as Associate Director from 2013–2016. She has led multiple interdisciplinary research efforts, including launching the UC Davis Neuroscience Consortium. McAllister is an Associate Editor at Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience and served as an Associate Editor for Physiological Reviews (2020–2023) and Journal of Neuroscience (2007–2013).", "title": "Service" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "McAllister currently serves as a member of the finance committee for the Society for Neuroscience and previously served on the Young Investigator Award Committee (2015–2017) and the Program Committee (2002–2005). She is also currently a member of the Program Committee for the American Society for Neurochemistry and was previously a member of the Pew Scholar Alumni Review Board (2013– 2023) and the Scientific Advisory Boards of Autism Speaks (2008–2014) and the Brain Research Foundation (2009–2013).", "title": "Service" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "McAllister has trained 10 predoctoral and 13 postdoctoral fellows, as well as more than 60 undergraduates and 13 post-bacs. She has taught courses for both undergraduates and graduate students and is also the founding director of the UC Davis Learning, Memory, and Plasticity (LaMP) Training Program funded by a T32 grant from the National Institutes for Mental Health since 2016.", "title": "Teaching" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Joseph Elian Sarkis (1856–1932) was a writer and translator from Damascus.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Damascus in 1856, Joseph was a writer, translator, and bibliographer, he was also known for his activity as a bookseller-publisher in Cairo, where he settled in 1912. He pursued his literary activity alongside a banking profession, as he worked for nearly 35 years as an employee at the Ottoman Imperial Bank in the branches of Beirut, Damascus, Cyprus, Ankara, and Constantinople.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Zheltau (Kazakh: Желтау; Russian: Горы Жельтау) is a massif located in Karkaraly District, Karaganda Region and Bayanaul District, Pavlodar Region, Kazakhstan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The border between Karaganda Region and Pavlodar Region runs from east to west along the mountain massif. Zhanatilek lies 50 kilometers (31 mi) to the northwest and Yegindybulak town 65 kilometers (40 mi) to the southeast.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Zheltau is located in the Kazakh Uplands, 13 kilometers (8.1 mi) to the southwest of the Kyzyltau. The massif rises just to the south of the southern shore of lake Shalkarkol. Lake Saumalkol lies 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) to the south of the southern slopes. The Ashchysu river flows to the west of the western end and the Kyrgyn, its right tributary, flows northwestward close to the southern slopes.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Zheltau consists of an elongated cluster of hills rising quite detached from each other. The relief is generally steep, deeply cut by river valleys and ravines. The highest point of the massif is 959 metres (3,146 ft) high Mt Zheltau, located in the central sector. Now abandoned Zheltau village was located at the feet of the northern slopes of the range.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The mountains are covered in parts with resilient low vegetation, such as Artemisia austriaca, Chamaesphacos, Festuca, Helictotrichon and Caragana, most plant growth is found in riverside meadows.", "title": "Flora" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Haji Onn bin Haji Ismail (1939–5 April 2023) is former Malaysian politician who served as Speaker of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly from 1995 to 2008, Member of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly for Sementa seat from 1974 to 1986 and Selat Klang from 1986 to 1999. He is a member of United Malays National Organisation, a component party of Barisan Nasional (BN).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "His parents had 16 children, but eight of them died during the Japanese occupation (1941-1945) because there was not enough food. Only eight left and Onn Ismail is the second youngest child. He is married and has six children, three boys and three girls, including Senator Norhayati Onn.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Norhayati Onn was the first woman in Malaysia to be appointed political secretary to Malaysian Prime Minister, Najib Razak. Her ex-husband is Mohd Suffian Abdul Aziz.", "title": "Family" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "His son-in-law is Faizal Abdullah, former Kapar UMNO Youth Leader and CEO of Wijaya Baru Global Bhd. Faizal was once a member of the Klang Port Council and was involved in the controversy of not having house plans approved together with Zakaria Deros and Mazlynoor Abdul Latiff. The bungalow was built in Kampung Raja Uda without plan approval. As a result, the then Menteri Besar of Selangor, Khir Toyo asked Faizal to resign as a council member.", "title": "Family" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Onn Ismail made his first electoral debut in 1974 Sementa seat and won. When he was Speaker of the Selangor State Assembly in 2003, he once called the police to bring out Teng Chang Khim MLA for Sungai Pinang. Teng was not satisfied because the motion he brought was rejected. Teng was suspended for 6 months for refusing to \"politely apologise\" following an incident in 2005 when he threw a book of the Standing Rules of the Meeting into the wastebasket.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "'Selangor cowboy' became a nickname for Onn Ismail in the 1980s. During a section meeting, a group of people beat up three people because of a disagreement. He fired a shot on top of the meeting tent. The group also ran because they were reminded that the police were coming to raid. That action was able to save three people who were almost paralyzed by almost 30 people. The incident was in the newspaper. When the Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah called himself 'this is the Cowboy of Selangor'! like the popular drama at that time 'High Chapparal'.", "title": "Selangor cowboy" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Onn Ismail died on 5 April 2023 at his son's residence in Kampung Raja Uda, Pelabuhan Klang.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ronald K. Anderson (August 19, 1934, Kansas City, MO - September 5, 2023, Shushan, NY) was an American trumpeter and teacher.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Anderson performed after World War II as part of the Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra. Later he was a founding member of the American Brass Quintet, remaining during the period 1962 to 1965, as well as of the The Group for Contemporary Music.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He taught at Purchase College, New York University, Stony Brook University, and Bennington College.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "As well as his activities with the American Brass Quintet and the The Group for Contemporary Music, Anderson commissioned or premiered many contemporary works for solo trumpet, by composers including Charles Dodge (Extensions for trumpet and tape), Ralph Shapey, Stefan Wolpe (Piece for Trumpet and Seven Instruments (1971), and Solo Piece for Trumpet (1966), Charles Wuorinen Nature's Concord (1969) for trumpet and piano). and Justin Connolly (Tesserae D, for trumpet and tape).", "title": "Repertoire" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Anderson worked frequently with the BBC while on tour in Europe. Broadcasts included a duo recital with the pianist Susan Bradshaw, of works by Hindemith, Honegger and Maxwell Davies, as well as recordings of works by Justin Connolly and Charles Dodge.", "title": "Repertoire" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1982 he travelled to China under the auspices of the Center for US-China Arts Exchange at Columbia University, teaching and presenting commissioned solo works such as the Connolly Tesserae D.", "title": "Repertoire" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Vivian Fine: Quartet For Brass (1978) on CRI SD 434 (LP) and CRI CD CRI CD 692 (CD) for more see Page at Discogs", "title": "Discography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Yola Semedo (born 8 May 1978) is an Angolan singer, known for her work both as part of the group Impactus 4 as well as her solo albums. She is known for songs such as \"Você me abana\", \"Não entendo\", and \"Volta amor\". Dubbed the \"Diva of Angolan Music\", she has gone on to win awards from the Angola Music Awards, and was nominated for an award by African Entertainment Awards USA.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Semedo was born in the city of Lobito, near Benguela, to a musical family. She has been singing since her youth. She started singing for the group Impactus 4, started by her brothers, as a young child in 1984. In the following years, she would participate more in performances in the region as a vocalist, as well as playing keyboard. Semedo and the group became more internationally known in 1985, when she received the Voice of Gold award from UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar during the UNESCO International festival in Sofia, Bulgaria. She would be later recognized as the Young Female Voice of Gold of Africa by the government of São Tomé and Príncipe, as well as to commemorate the 1 year anniversary of the death of Mozambican leader Samora Machel. The group went on to perform at many more events and receiving more awards internationally. They also worked on another project called O projecção until 1989.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1990, after the divorce of her parents, her mother emigrated with her family to Namibia, where she resided until 2005. During this time period, she continued to tour and perform in both Angola and Namibia, as well as worldwide. She began to record solo albums around the same time, such as Yola Semedo and Minha alma. She performed with artists such as Lucky Dube, Michael Jackson, Brenda Fassie, and Stevie Wonder. She also has collaborated with Angolan artists such as Yola Araújo and Paulo Flores. Her collaboration with Flores, namely the song \"Mar Azul\", is featured in the soundtrack of A Única Mulher.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1995, she again won the Voice of Gold award. In 2015, she won four categories during that year's Angola Music Awards, including for album of the year with Filho meu, best kizomba, best semba, and female artist of the year. During that year as well, she was a judge on The Voice Angola. In 2019, she was nominated for PALOP Female Artist during the 2019 African Entertainment Awards USA in Newark, New Jersey, USA.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Semedo has worked previously with various public health campaigns in Angola, including campaigns targeting the spread of HIV and malaria in Angola. She became an UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassador for Angola in 2015.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Semedo is married to Carlos Manuel Resende Dias and has two children.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Humayun Kabir (born 3 April 1961) is an Indian politician and former police officer from West Bengal, who is serving as member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Debra constituency since 2021. A member of Trinamool Congress, he has also served as cabinet minister of state under Third Banerjee ministry, from 2021 to 2022.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kabir born on 3 April 1961 to Arsed Ali and Jinatun Begum. He is a native of Debara village located in Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal. He earned his Ph.D. in Botany from Kalyani University in 1991.", "title": "Early Life and Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Kabir joined IPS through West Bengal State Police Service in 2003. His first posting was in DSP in North 24 Parganas. At that time, Hatkata Dilip, a renowned criminal who is reportedly close to several CPI-M leaders, was apprehended by Kabir. He was demoted by Jyoti Basu administration as punishment.", "title": "Police Service" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "During 2014 elections, he was sent to Murshidabad as Police Superintendent. He was alleged to have connections of supporting Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury, the member of parliament. So, he was sent to compulsory weighting again.", "title": "Police Service" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2019, he was transferred to Chandernagore as Commissioner of Police. In 2021, few months before state election, he arrested some BJP workers for raising the incendiary and provocative slogans at a rally. He resigned from his service after that.", "title": "Police Service" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Kabir joined Trinamool Congress in February 2021 at a party rally in Kalna in the presence of West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee. He received ticket of contesting from his native town Debra. He won the seat on 2 May 2021. He was appointed as cabinet minister of state (independent charge) on 10 May 2021. He was removed from the cabinet on the next year on 3 August.", "title": "Political career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Julia Hart may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a timeline of History of the Gambia. Each article deals with events in The Gambia in a given year.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Future Science City station (Chinese: 未来科学城站; pinyin: Wèilái Kēxuéchéng Zhàn) is an underground station of Beijing Subway Line 17. It is planned to open on 30 December 2023. It is also called Weilɑikexuecheng Zhɑn.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The station is located in the Beijing Future Science City, in the Lutuan Village (鲁疃村), Beiqijia, Changping, Beijing.", "title": "Location" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The construction of the station started in 2016. The station was called Weilai Kejicheng Nanqu (Chinese: 未来科技城南区; pinyin: Wèilái Kējìchéng Nánqū; lit. 'South Area of Future Science and Technology City') at the time.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2021, the station was renamed as Future Science City South. In 2023, the station was officially named as Future Science City station.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The structure of the station was completed no later than 2022. The station is planned to open by the end of 2023.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Future Science City station is an underground station with a total length of 496.8 metres, a total width of the main structure of 23.7 metres and a platform length of 186 metres, with a platform width of 14 metres.", "title": "Station layout" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The station has three underground floors and one island platform. Future Metropolitan, a TOD property near the station is developed by Poly Real Estate.", "title": "Station layout" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sveinsdóttir is an Icelandic feminine patronymic, meaning daughter of Sveinn. In Icelandic names, a patronymic is not a surname. Notable people with this name include:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "VOKhR, VeCheka or The Internal Security forces of the Soviet Union (Russian: ВОХР, Силы внутренней безопасности Советского Союза tr. Voyska Okhrany Krasnogo Ugla) was a paramilitary organisation that operated with Civilian, Military and Security force troops who worked in a separate section of the military and security forces for the internal security of the Soviet Union. They were designated as a paramilitary force tasked with protecting the internal security, communications, transportation and, guarding of borders and regions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "During the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks had a paramilitary organisation called the Bolshevik red guards, they developed into the Red Army after Vladimir Lenin wrote: \"There is only one way to prevent the restoration of the police, and that is to create a people's militia and to fuse it with the army (the standing army to be replaced by the arming of the entire people).\" The Red army was established in 1918 soon after the revolution, the predecessor of the VOKhR paramilitary was called the \"Departmental armed and unarmed guards\". At the time the Russian Civil War had began and had already greatly affected the Bolsheviks, they had taken over the government but the White Army and the many minorities and republics declared war in the midst of the chaos. Because of the numerous external and internal security threats that were present during the civil war, the Council of People's Commissars created the Cheka. The VOKhR paramilitary was created and developed from the Departmental armed and unarmed guards along with the larger secret police of the Cheka, internal security was needed but the security of the undeveloped countryside of Russia and many other forms of security were also needed which was the main reason that the VOKhR branch was created. VOKhR was largely designed to be operated by both officials, extensively trained personnel from the Cheka and other internal security branches and civilians who volunteer or were drafted. Civilians were more needed because they could report, guard or operate in smaller communities and roads across the countryside.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Soviet authorities paid special attention to the protection of communication routes and industrial enterprises. Decree of the Council of People's Commissars (SNC) published on March 26, 1918) \"On the centralization of management, protection of roads and increase of their transportability\" military protection of Railways was established from detachments organized mainly from railway workers, who were subordinate to responsible persons appointed or approved by the People's Commissar of Railways. These detachments, including the duties of flying control detachments, both to combat stowaway and indiscriminate transportation of goods, and to combat the downtime of wagons and steam locomotives. In accordance with this Decree, the Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of July 17, 1918 № 600, the Directorate for the Protection of Railways was established under the People's Commissariat of Railways, it was planned to bring the number of security officers to seventy thousand people. Thus, for the first time, measures were taken to create a centralized system of departmental protection.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The created armed security units were able to slightly improve the order on the railways, the railwaymen were protected from raids by armed gangs. At the same time, some roads sought to independently solve the issues of security organization, opposing the centralization of security management and did not take into account the instructions of the NKPS. In addition, employees. The Cheka criticized the railway security:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The materials available to the commission on protection from a number of localities of the Soviet Federation indicate many cases of inndonation, a disorganizing action to combat fraud, cases of collision of food detachments with the protection of the railways on the Kursk line and a number of processes in the hands of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Speculation - all this gives the right to conclude that the railway guard cannot be considered reliable, cannot protect a major railway mechanism and can politically pose a huge danger to the Soviet power... Thus, life itself dictates the need to organize a corps of disciplined and militarily trained people.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Other departments also created their own armed formations that were not part of the Red Army (ship protection of the Main Department of Water Transport (created on May 14, 1918, transferred to the NKVD of the RSFSR on July 25, 1918 in order to create a river militia), protection of Glavsahar, protection of the Centertextile, etc.) Accordingly, each of these departments used its own armed formations at its own discretion. In this regard, on August 19, 1918. The Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree on the unification of all armed forces of the republic and their transfer to the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs. At a meeting of the Revolutionary Council of the Republic on September 15, 1918, it was announced that the railway guard was subordinate to the Revolutionary military Council. The said Decree of the Council of People's Commissars № 668 was announced in the order of the Revolutionary military Council of the Republic № 46 only on October 10, 1918.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On November 28, 1918, by the decree of the Council of People's Commissarsmartial law was introduced on the railways, all railway employees were considered called up for military service, remaining in the performance of their duties. The previously existing NKPS communication route security", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "was disbanded, its personnel with all property and weapons were transferred to the military department.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "On March 3, 1920, a department of industrial militia was established as part of the Main Directorate of Police of the RSFSR, and similar departments were formed in the provincial departments. The industrial police had a special task - to protect the economic heritage of the Republic: factories, warehouses, institutions, forests, state farms, mining, etc. In December 1921, due to the transition to NEP and a significant reduction in staff, the industrial militia was disbanded. However, many industrial and commercial enterprises, not wanting to remain defenseless, retained the material base and a team of security guards, organizing departmental protection in their staff. At the same time, a significant mass of warehouses belonging to various departments actually remained without round-the-clock security, as the low remuneration of watchmen did not contribute to the influx of those wishing to join the service, which naturally negatively affected the quality of protection", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On June 1, 1921, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted the Decree \"On Measures to Combat Theft from State Warehouses and Official Crimes Contributing to Theft\".", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "On December 9, 1921, on the initiative of F. E. Dzerzhinsky adopted the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the STO of the RSFSR \"On the protection of warehouses, warehouses and storage rooms, as well as structures on railway and waterways\", according to which the Armed Protection of Communication Routes of both state (various departments) and private property was created in the structure of the NKPS of the RSFSR on the basis of the abolished railway and water militia.The defense of communication routes and the protection of individual structures of strategic importance remained with the Military Department. The protection of the NKPS of the RSFSR became the first departmental state armed protection with a special status, a prototype of paramilitary security.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "On May 24, 1922, by a resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the Regulation on the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR was put into effect, which entrusted the workers' and peasants' militia with the tasks of protecting most civil institutions and structures of national exceptional importance, concentration camps, forests, plantations, etc.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The Regulation determined that:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The protection of artillery warehouses, warehouses of explosives and firearms, as well as institutions of the military and maritime departments, the protection of all property transferred to the jurisdiction of these departments, as well as the transportation of goods of these departments was entrusted to the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Institutions and warehouses of no national importance may be guarded by armed or unarmed guards. The determination of the importance of an institution or warehouse of local importance for the need to be punished by the police, as well as the cases of inability to entrust it to the latter, is carried out by a commission chaired by the relevant police chief or his representative and consisting of members - a representative of the People's Commissariat of the Workers' and Peasant Inspectorate and a representative of the department interested in the protection of the department.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "The resolution of the above-mentioned commission serves as a basis for the interested agencies to protect civilian armed or unarmed guards and request appropriate loans for this subject.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "On November 15, 1922, the government of the RSFSR considered a draft Regulation on the organization of departmental armed protection of state institutions, enterprises and property.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "On February 6, 1924, the Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on the creation of a departmental militia was adopted and the Regulation on departmental police was approved. It was created to protect the property of state enterprises and institutions, as well as private organizations of state importance and the protection of law and order within the territory occupied by these facilities. The departmental police was created on a contractual basis with the administration of the national economic facilities it protected and was maintained at their expense.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "In 1923, the military department was exempted from the protection of a number of railway transport facilities, mainly bridges of strategic importance. The duty to protect them was assigned to the NKPS of the CCCR. Since December 4, 1923, Special Armed Detachments (SVOs)began to be created as part of the Communication Routes Protection, the personnel of which began to be guided by the provisions and charters in force in the Red Army. With the formation of the PSB, the armed guards of the NKPS were divided into two parts: non-military, which was used to protect property and transported goods, and paramilitary, designed primarily to protect objects of national importance. For the first time, the position of \"shooter\" was introduced for ordinary employees of the PSB. Each detachment was armed with a machine gun, as well as an armored train, which was used to escort passenger and freight trains with particularly valuable or important cargo and to repel raids of large gangs. The creation of PSBs contributed to improving the protection of facilities and cargo. Thus, if in 1922 7,888,724 poods of cargo were stolen, in 1923 - 2,221,000 poods. In September 1924, it was noted that \"the obvious thefts committed by breaking the seals, running cars, etc. almost completely stopped on transport...\".", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "On October 22, 1926, the NKPS established, according to the approved list, in 15 commercial ports (Vladivostok, Arkhangelsk and others) Armed Protection of Ports, operating on the same grounds as the railway security. The shooters and command staff had to have the trademark of the merchant fleet emblem on their uniforms (crossing sea anchor and Mercury rod).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "The resolutions and resolutions of the XV Congress of the CPSU (b) in November 1927stated that the five-year plan should take into account the possibility of an attack on the USSR and its reflection. Due to the sharp aggravation of the international situation and the growing military threat from the economically stronger states, the curtailment ofNEP in all areas of economic and social policy, a planned militarization of certain sectors of the economywas carried out, on the basis of departmental protection, following the example of the Protection of the Railways of the NKPS of the USSR, a system of paramilitary protection was created.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "Militarized security - special armed detachments built on the principle of military units and designed to protect transport, enterprises and other state facilities of great state importance.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "On May 12, 1927, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted the \"Regulations on paramilitary protection of industrial enterprises and state structures\". The regulation established that the main role in the organization of paramilitary security belonged to the OGPU, whose territorial bodies were given not only the right to form VO teams, but also to control the organization of service at protected enterprises and institutions. Moreover, the teams were excluded from subordination to the local garrisons of the Red Army, and the rights and duties of the head of the garrison, in relation to paramilitary security teams, were assigned to the directors of the relevant enterprises (plants, factories, trusts and departments). The NKVD bodies were eliminated from ensuring the protection of industrial facilities, with the gradual replacement with paramilitary security units.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "The circular of the Central Administrative Department (CAU) of the NKVD № 528 № 233 (44) of June 20, 1927 \"On Paramilitary Protection\" established a list of enterprises, where it was ordered to replace the departmental police with a military guard.[The completion of paramilitary protection of industrial enterprises and state structures of the Supreme Council of National Economy (VSNH) of the USSR has begun. The headquarters of the Main Directorate of Paramilitary Security of the USSR Armed Forces was staffed with experienced commanders and political workers of the Red Army. He headed the security of A. I. Selyavkin. The principle of organization of protection was adopted by the army. Within the boundaries of the army military districts, the headquarters of the industrial districts of the VOKhR were established, subordinate to regiments, battalions and individual companies. For the training and retraining of the command and commanding personnel of the shooting and fire brigades of the VOKhR in Strelna, near Leningrad (in the monastery building of the Trinity-Sergius Desert), a training base was created - the Joint Courses (School) of Command Staff Improvement.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "Chairman of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR V. B. On April 30, 1930, Kuibyshev issued an order in which the work of the VOKhR was assessed:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "In 1931, the paramilitary protection of the People's Commissariat of People's Tyazhprom of the USSR was transferred to the OGPU of the USSR.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "On the basis of the order of the NKPS of the USSR of March 16, 1928 № 218 \"On the militaryization of the protection of communication routes\", the Protection of the Ways of Communication was transformed into the Shooting Protection of the Ways, which has the status of a paramilitary guard.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "Main article: Departmental (militarized) protection of railway transport", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "On January 30, 1931, river and sea transport was allocated from the NKPS, including the relevant units of the Rifle Protection of Communications of the NKPS to the newly created People's Commissariat of Water Transport of the USSR.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "Persons of HE belonged by their status to militarized workers, to whom labor legislation was not covered and were equated in their rights and duties to military personnel, taking into account the specifics of their activities.[", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "The paramilitary guard was staffed mainly from among the Red Army soldiers in reserve and junior commanders. The persons who were accepted had to be able to read and write, not have a criminal record, not to be under trial and investigation, not to be deprived of civil rights and, for health reasons, meet the requirements of the shooting service of the Red Army. The recruits pledged to serve for at least 2 years, which was given a written commitment.[", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "Persons who entered the service of the security service undertook to comply with the requirements of departmental documents, as well as to observe discipline and order in accordance with the charters of the Red Army (internal service, garrison and disciplinary), for some exemptions due to the specific features of the service of a particular type of HE. They were subject to benefits for military personnel in the ranks of the Red Army, as well as jurisdiction to military tribunals. Penalties were applied for the crimes committed, according to the regulation on war crimes. Supervision of the legality of the actions of the commands and officials of the VO was carried out by military prosecutors. The personnel of the HE could not be a member of the trade union, and those who were members of the trade union before joining the service were considered to have left the trade union. However, at the end of service, they were automatically enlisted as members of the trade union, and the time of service in the protection was counted as a trade union experience. Private and junior command staff of the VO (not family) usually lived in barracks.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "Riflemen of paramilitary protection of communication routes enjoyed the rights established by the NKPS for all workers and employees of transport, such as: the use of free tickets for travel on railways and waterways, obtaining fuel from transport warehouses, the use of medical assistance from transport medical institutions, receiving termination benefits upon dismissal, etc. The shooters who remained for a second service life had the opportunity to take training courses in one of the transport specialties. Riflemen of paramilitary security of industrial enterprises, who have served their service in good faith, enjoyed the right of extraordinary employment in protected enterprises.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "On August 13, 1931, state support was established for the employees of the combat (private and superior) and administrative and economic personnel of the paramilitary guard and their families on an equal basis with the officials of the commanding staff of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army and their families.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 34, "text": "In September 1929, the STO considered the issue of transferring under the protection of the troops of the OGPU and the Workers' and Peasants' Militia of all enterprises and structures protected by the paramilitary protection of the Supreme Council of the Supreme National Army", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 35, "text": "By December 1931, the People's Commissariat of Railways of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of Water Transport, the People's Commissariat of Water Transport,Supreme Council of National Economy, People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR,Central Union of Consumer Societies.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 36, "text": "On December 1, 1931, it was decided to transfer all departmental paramilitary protection of industrial enterprises to the OGPU. It was supposed to protect the objects (depending on the defense significance) by the police and the newly formed military units of the OGPU, and to liquidate the paramilitary security during 1932. On December 8, 1931, the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) \"On streamlining the protection of the most important economic facilities (power plants, plants, railway structures\"was adopted.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 37, "text": "The reorganization of the paramilitary guards coincided with the mass famine that broke out in 1932/33. Freight trains were attacked by groups of starving people of up to 80-120 people. The armed guard of the NKPS, consisting only of watchmen, was unable to perform the tasks of combating theft of goods. In this regard, on the basis of the decision of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU(b)by the resolution of the STO of the USSR of July 27, 1932, the shooting guard was restored in the NKPS system.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 38, "text": "In August 1932, the shooting protection of communication routes and the paramilitary fire protection of the NKPS was carried out under the direct leadership of the Central Directorate of Militarized Protection of Communications Routes, again organized in the structure of the NKPS of the USSR.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 39, "text": "In some cases, additional tasks were entrusted to the military protection. For example, since October 1, 1932, the duties of the Pamilitary protection authorities of the NKPS, in addition to the main ones, included the detention and sanitization of street children moving on the railways, providing them with food and cultural leisure. The staff of the paramilitary guard included teachers-educators carrying out their activities in wagons or waiting rooms. Thousands of lives of boys and girls were saved by NKPS security fighters. In 1932, a company from the NKPS Paramilitary Guard was sent to Central Asia, whose fighters showed courage and heroism in the fight against the Basmachs, many of them were awarded state awards.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 40, "text": "In the 30s and 40s, armed watchmen (watch) guards operated in the structure of a number of people's commissariats. The main position in the units was called \"watchman\" .", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 41, "text": "The structure of some ministries of the USSR included both paramilitary and armed guards.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 42, "text": "The Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of September 13, 1951 № 3476-1616approved the Regulation on paramilitary protection of the first category. According to the Regulations, paramilitary protection was a special type of departmental protection for the protection and defense of the most important facilities of ministries and departments and was maintained from January 1, 1952 at the expense of the ministries and departments in charge of it.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 43, "text": "On the basis of this resolution, on the basis of the 26th brigade of the troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR for the protection of particularly important objectsthe paramilitary security of the first category of the Ministry of Finance of the USSR was created, which initially included 8 detachments. 4 of them were stationed in Moscow and one each in Leningrad, Kiev, Kazan and Krasnokamsk, Perm region. The total number of personnel was about three thousand people. Employees retained the former benefits of military personnel: food rations, departmental polyclinics, kindergartens and more. The staffing of security was carried out mainly at the expense of conscripts who were to be dismissed to the reserve. The succession security owned military camps with well-equipped barracks and office premises. In 1973, as a result of another reorganization, a special paramilitary guard of the Ministry of Finance of the USSR was created.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 44, "text": "In 1959, only two types of security were installed: paramilitary and guard Regulations on non-departmental and departmental protection were adopted, which defined the main activities, their rights and obligations, as well as relationships with owners.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 45, "text": "On March 14, 1961, the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR № 219 \"On departmental paramilitary protection\" was adopted, which approved the Model Regulation on departmental paramilitary protection (the effect of this Regulation did not apply to the paramilitary protection of the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of the Navy and the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet under the Council of Ministers of the USSR). The procedure for determining the objects that should be protected by departmental paramilitary security, the management system of departmental paramilitary protection were established by the Councils of Ministers of the Union Republics, ministries and departments of the USSR. The VOKhR was maintained at the expense of protected objects or at the expense of other sources in accordance with the decisions of the Government of the USSR. The departmental paramilitary guard managed the departmental guard and, if necessary, the voluntary fire brigade", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 46, "text": "At the initiative of the Ministry of Railways of the USSR, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 19, 1984 was adopted. \"On the detention of offenders by paramilitary guards and their use of weapons in exceptional cases.\"", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 47, "text": "In most countries of the post-Soviet space, paramilitary protection continues its activities.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 48, "text": "In the Russian Federation, departmental paramilitary protection existed as a legal institution until 1999 (in fact, until 2002).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 49, "text": "Due to the unfavorable socio-economic situation, the increase in the crime rate in the country, the paramilitary security units of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation (MPU of Russia) were in the most difficult situation. In 1992-1995 on the Trans-Baikal Railway, the consolidated groups of shooting units of the paramilitary security of the Ministry of Railways of Russia carried out the fight against mass cargo theft, robbery, robbery committed, including with the use of firearms, on stretches and in the parks of railway stations (Zabaikalsk, Borzya, Karymskaya, etc.) by the local population, railway workers and persons who specially came to this region from other parts of the country.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 50, "text": "From December 1994 to December 1996, more than 800 employees of rifle and fire brigades of the paramilitary protection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia performed their duties in the conditions of the armed conflict in the Chechen Republic and the adjacent territories of the Russian Federation classified as a zone of armed conflict, as well as during counter-terrorist operations in the North Caucasus region (since August 1999). Objects protected by paramilitary guards were shelled more than 300 times. During the period of service, the consolidated teams suffered losses of personnel killed, wounded and injured. For their courage and heroism, dozens of shooters and commanders were awarded state awards.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 51, "text": "In the Russian Federation, since 2000, on the basis of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of April 14, 1999. № No. 77-FZ \"On Departmental Protection\", on the basis of departmental paramilitary protection, departmental protection has been created, which is not paramilitary in legal status, in connection with which employees do not serve, but perform work in accordance with the employment contract with the employer. Employees of departmental security are subject to labor legislation. In state paramilitary organizations (Ministry of Defense of Russia, Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia), paramilitary guards retained the name, being a departmental protection in legal status, and is organizationally included in military units and structural organizations.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 52, "text": "On the basis of the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of October 29, 1952. № 4633-1835 \"On the use in industry, construction and other sectors of the national economy of workers released from departmental protection, to improve the organization of protection of economic facilities of ministries and departments\" and the order of the Ministry of Foreign Security Service of the USSR № 00965 of October 10, 1952 \"On the organization in the main police departments of the Ministry of Police of the Ministry of Defence of the USSR of Independent Guard and the introduction of the posts of heads of police departments of the police service for non-departmental protection in the police departments of the Union Republics\" was created a non-departmental external guard guard (VNSO) under the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. Guard brigades that guarded trade and economic facilities were transferred to the internal affairs bodies.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 53, "text": "The application of the resolution № 4633-1835 has led to negative consequences in some cases. Thus, the reduction in the number of employees of the paramilitary security of the Ministry of Railways of the USSR eventually affected the deterioration of cargo safety indicators.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 54, "text": "Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 24, 1959. № 93-42 \"On streamlining the protection of enterprises, organizations and institutions\" instead of numerous types of protection, it was envisaged to establish two types of protection: paramilitary and guard. Pursuant to this document, the Regulations on non-departmental and departmental protection were adopted, which defined the main activities, their rights and obligations, as well as relations with owners.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 55, "text": "Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of February 8, 1965. № 76-30 \"On improving the organization of protection of enterprises, institutions and organizations\" the Soviet government for the first time obliged to transfer all facilities located in cities, working settlements and district centers to non-departmental protection. The only exception was the facilities of some ministries and departments, which were allowed to maintain departmental protection if necessary.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 56, "text": "On February 18, 1966, the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR approved the Model Regulation on non-departmental protection under police bodies, which determined that non-departmental protection under police bodies is organized to protect enterprises, construction sites, institutions and organizations located in cities, working settlements and district centers, and consists of paramilitary units designed to protect particularly important and security facilities, and guard units designed to protect other facilities. Non-departmental protection under the police was under the jurisdiction of the ministries of public order of the Union Republics. Paramilitary units of non-departmental security under the police bodies consisted of detachments, individual teams, groups and departments, and guard units consisted of brigades. Paramilitary units armed themselvescarbines,rifles,pistols andrevolvers", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 57, "text": "The militaryization of employees guarding prisoners in camps and colonies began after the establishment of the OGPU Camp Management in April 1930 as part of the OGPU The paramilitary staff of the Gulag guard was staffed mainly from demobilized Red Army soldiers and junior commanders of the Red Army and NKVD troops.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 58, "text": "The legal status of VOKhR employees was determined by the secret instructions of the OGPU-NKVD-MVD. The charters of the service of the OGPU-NKVD-MVD troops, the combined arms regulations of the Red Army determined the rights of the general and official duties of security officers, regulated the garrison, guard and internal service. In terms of their legal and socio-economic situation, the VOKhR employees were equated to persons of active military service. For ITL security employees there was a policy of benefits and privileges: in the field of labor land use of agriculture; labor and social insurance; public education; health care, as well as when crossing on railways and waterways; postal; cash benefits; judicial; compulsory insurance; taxes and fees; housing.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 59, "text": "In accordance with the \"Temporary instructions for the service of paramilitary protection of correctional labor camps of the NKVD of the USSR\", approved by the Deputy NKVD of the USSR Chernyshev on 04.03.1939, the tasks of the VOKhR were:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 60, "text": "In addition, by the decision of the Soviet government in May 1951, the VOKhR of the Gulag was entrusted with other tasks:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 61, "text": "In order for the paramilitary guard to justify their appointment, the Charter of the VOKhR defined service as the performance of a combat mission.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 62, "text": "In March 1940. The GULAG VOKhR numbered about 107 thousand people", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 63, "text": "Interestingly, in a number of camps, proven prisoners, who were called self-guard or self-supervision, were used as paramilitary gunners. As of January 1, 1939, the number of such shooters reached 25 thousand people, by the beginning of 1940 - up to 12,115 people.[The personnel of the self-security were formed from former employees of the OGPU-NKVD, police, former servicemen. Due to the absence or insufficient number of this category of convicts, the camp administration was forced to appoint prisoners for various crimes to serve on duty", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 64, "text": "The NKVD could attract them to its side only by promising certain benefits for good work. Self-protected prisoners lived in separate barracks in improved living conditions. They were provided primarily with bedding, uniforms, and were credited to all types of allowances. They were allocated separate tables in the common dining room. Food for this category of prisoners was established to the same extent as those working in the workplace and meeting the norm of convicts. In the post-war period, orders were periodically issued prohibiting the use of prisoners in the protection of ITL. However, the shortage of paramilitary security personnel forced the camp administration to use prisoners as self-security shooters throughout the existence of the Gulag.[", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 65, "text": "...the self-guards were angry with their comrades, caught a formal occasion and shot. And in Parma, Nyroblag's penal business trip, only the Fifty-Eighth sat and the self-guard was from the Fifty-Eighth! Political...", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 66, "text": "Paramilitary guards have been repeatedly convicted of committing numerous crimes (self-committed shootings, beatings of arrested persons, rape of female prisoners, provoking prisoners to escape with the aim of their subsequent murder and robbery, etc.)", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 67, "text": "From the first days of the war, the paramilitary guards were transferred to martial law with the barracks of personnel. Of the 135,000 GULAG's 135, VOKhR gunmen, 93,500 people, i.e. 69% of the personnel, were sent to the front. The mobilized were replaced by senior military personnel, limitedly fit for military service, as well as women. Persons aged 20 to 40 were 38% of them, while there were 86% of them before the war. The party-komsomol layer has almost halved. In August 1944, the paramilitary guard of the Gulag numbered 110 thousand people, including 98 thousand ordinary personnel, sergeant - 10 thousand and officer - 2 thousand. The shortage of privates and junior commanders was 6,600 people. A direct consequence of the changes in the protection was a sharp increase in the number of escapes of prisoners, especially bandits and repeat offenders. If in 1940-41 the annual percentage of refugees was 0.37% and increased to 0.47% in 1942, in subsequent years the number of refugees decreases, amounting to the average annual number of prisoners: in 1943 0.22% and in the first half of 1944 only 0.08%.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 68, "text": "There are known cases of the uprising of prisoners, in the suppression of which GULAG VOKhR units were involved, for example, the uprising of prisoners of the Lesoreid camp near the village of Ust-Usa (Komi ASSR), which took place in early 1942 and was known as the Ust-Usinsk uprising of 1942.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 69, "text": "As of January 1, 1954, the actual number of the paramilitary rifle guard (including the guard service and fire brigade) was 116,356 people.[", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 70, "text": "As of April 1, 1956, the militarized rifle guard of the Gulag of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR organizationally consisted of 3 departments, 61 guards, 122 detachments, 444 divisions, 2, 150 platoons, 1 training regiment, 3 training detachments, 18 training divisions, 22 training platoons, 4 schools for the training of sergeants-guides of search dogs, 25 cateries of service dog breeding. The number of WOHR by state is 11,2011 people, in fact - 96653. To strengthen the service for the protection of prisoners and search for fugitives, 10,729 service dogs were used in paramilitary protection, including 1,686 search dogs, 1,434 convoys, 7,609 guard dogs.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 71, "text": "Taking into account the resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU of March 12, 1954 \"On the main tasks of the Ministry of Internal Affairs\" and of July 10, 1954 \"On measures to improve the work of correctional labor camps and colonies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs\" on August 13, 1956, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR issued an order \"On the transfer of correctional labor camps of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR to the subordination of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Union Republics - in territoriality\".", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 72, "text": "In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR of 27.10.1956 № 0500, the paramilitary protection of correctional labor camps was renamed the convoy guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. The order of its acquisition has fundamentally changed. By the decision of the Government, the convoy protection of places of detention began to serve on conscription through the Ministry of Defense of the USSR.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 73, "text": "By analogy with military terminology, persons who entered the military guard were called personnel. The personnel of the departmental paramilitary guard, depending on the positions held, was divided into senior, middle, junior commanding staff and privates The main position (profession) of the \"shooters\" rank and file.", "title": "Professions and positions in paramilitary guards, Organizational structure of the units." }, { "paragraph_id": 74, "text": "The paramilitary guard units directly carrying out the guard included shooting teams (groups).", "title": "Professions and positions in paramilitary guards, Organizational structure of the units." }, { "paragraph_id": 75, "text": "Guards, outfits and security posts were mainly used as forms of organization of activities of paramilitary guard units.", "title": "Professions and positions in paramilitary guards, Organizational structure of the units." }, { "paragraph_id": 76, "text": "The personnel of the paramilitary guard were obliged to wear the established uniform and the insignia corresponding to their official position in the performance of their duties.", "title": "Uniforms and insignia" }, { "paragraph_id": 77, "text": "Until 1961, each departmental paramilitary guard had its own personal ranks, uniforms and insignia. For example, in 1947, the Ministry of River Fleet of the USSR installed an emblem for paramilitary protection - two cross-crossed rifles at anchor. For the paramilitary guards of the Ministry of Railways, in 1949 the Supreme Soviet of the USSR introduced personal ranks similar to those used in the Armed Forces of the USSR (for example, junior sergeant of paramilitary security, colonel of paramilitary guard)", "title": "Uniforms and insignia" }, { "paragraph_id": 78, "text": "In accordance with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of March 14, 1961 № 219 \"On Departmental Paramilitary Protection\" from June 1, 1961, a single uniform was introduced for the personnel of most units of the paramilitary security (dark blue with insignia on the buttonholes), the description of which was approved by the State Planning Committee of the USSR on March 18, 1960. The existing uniform was preserved for the personnel of the paramilitary guard of the Ministry of the Navy, the Ministry of Communications of the USSR, the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet under the Council of Ministers of the USSR and paramilitary protection at the river transport facilities of the Union Republics (in the form of clothing of security personnel at river transport facilities, the epuns were replaced with sleeve insignia).", "title": "Uniforms and insignia" }, { "paragraph_id": 79, "text": "The insignia of the VOKhR externally resembled the insignia of the Red Army until 1943 (2, 3, 4 triangles on the buttonholes of the younger composition, 1-4 cubes and 1-3 \"spales\" - for the middle and senior).", "title": "Uniforms and insignia" }, { "paragraph_id": 80, "text": "Paramilitary guard units were armed depending on the tasks and conditions of service. As a rule, paramilitary guards were given small arms adopted in the Armed Forces (Nagan's revolver, TT pistol, Mosin rifle and carbine, Simonov's self-loading carbine). Separate VOKhR teams, for example, the paramilitary security teams of the Ministry of Railways for the protection of particularly important objects (railway bridges, tunnels, etc.), were armed with Shpagin submachine guns (PPSh) and Degtyarev (DP) machine guns .", "title": "Weapons" }, { "paragraph_id": 81, "text": "Pistols and revolvers were usually issued to heads of guard teams, senior shifts, employees at internal posts (in buildings and premises), carbines and pistols - shooters at external posts. Certain categories of employees (security of especially important facilities, alarm groups, cargo escort outfits, specialized groups) were armed with Makarov PM pistols and automatic weapons - 7.62-mm KalashnikovAKM or AKMS assault rifles.", "title": "Weapons" }, { "paragraph_id": 82, "text": "Service dogs were used in the protection of objects and cargo, search for offenders.", "title": "Weapons" }, { "paragraph_id": 83, "text": "At the expense of paramilitary guards of the Stalin (now Donetsk) region of Ukraine, an aircraft \"Polikarpov I-3\" was built with the inscription on board: \"SHOOT VOKhR STALINSHCHYNA\". This machine was part of the 5th Air Brigade of the Kiev Military District. The plane was piloted by pilot Kirill Snegurov (1928)", "title": "Participation of paramilitary protection in the life of society" }, { "paragraph_id": 84, "text": "About the GULAG VOKhR:", "title": "Reflection in culture and art" }, { "paragraph_id": 85, "text": "About the military guard of the IPU:", "title": "Reflection in culture and art" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The eleventh season of Network 10's Australian Survivor, also known as Australian Survivor: Titans V Rebels, is an upcoming Australian television series based on the international reality game show franchise Survivor, which is scheduled to air on February 5, 2024. In this season, twenty-four contestants were stranded in Samoa and divided into two tribes of Titans and Rebels.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The season was filmed in Upolu, Samoa, the same location of the previous season.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This cast featured footballers Nathan Freeman and Kirby Bentley as two of the contestants. The cast of 24 was divided into two tribes of 12, based on the contestants' personalities as either a \"Titan\" or a \"Rebel.\"", "title": "Contestants" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Liona Poon is an obstetrician-gynaecologist with clinical research interests devoted to improving women's and children's health. Poon is currently the Chairperson of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and a visiting professor at the Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Poon completed primary school (Holy Family Canossian School, St Frances of Assisi's Caritas School) and proceeded to secondary school at St Mary's Canossian College in 1991. At the age of 14, Poon decided firmly that she would pursue a career as a clinical doctor, and in the same year, she left Hong Kong to study in the UK. She attended Abbots Bromley School for Girls, Staffordshire, UK, for GSCS and A levels. She received her Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery, MBBS degree at Guy's King's and St Thomas’ School of Medicine, University of London, in 2002, with distinction in Special Study Modules.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Her first involvement in research was on Nicolaides’ progesterone trial for the prevention of preterm birth, and soon after that she began her own postgraduate project on first trimester prediction of preeclampsia. In 2011, one year after obtaining her MRCOG (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists), Poon graduated with an MD(Res) degree, also at Guy's King's and St Thomas’ School of Medicine, under the supervision of Nicolaides.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In the last 20 years she has focused her research on establishing a programme for effective early prediction and prevention of preeclampsia.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Poon was the first researcher to have developed an effective first trimester prediction model based on a combination of maternal factors, blood pressure, uterine artery Doppler, serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and placental growth factor for early-onset preeclampsia, achieving a detection rate of 90%, at 5% false-positive rate. Working together with the Fetal Medicine Foundation team, the first trimester prediction model has evolved from a multivariate logistic regression model to a novel Bayes theorem-based model that incorporates a survival-time model for the gestational age at delivery with preeclampsia. The benefit of using the Bayes theorem-based method is that when future research identifies new effective biomarkers, they can easily be incorporated within the Bayes paradigm.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In addition, Poon's work in the area of preeclampsia led to a double-blinded randomised controlled trial of low-dose aspirin in pregnancies identified as high-risk of preeclampsia following first-trimester screening (ASPRE trial). This study was awarded a major grant from the European Union 7th Framework Programme with Poon as the Co-Chief Investigator of the project. The trial demonstrated that the use of low-dose aspirin from 11 to 14 weeks’ gestation reduced the rate of preterm preeclampsia with delivery before 37 weeks’ gestation by 62%. This work has been published in the New England Journal of Medicine.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Poon relocated back to Hong Kong in 2016 and was appointed by The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) as an associate professor at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in 2016. In 2018, Poon was promoted to Professor (Clinical). In 2020, Poon was appointed as a trustee of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In August 2022, Poon was appointed Chairperson of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chinese University of Hong Kong. In the same year, she obtained FHKCOG, FHKAM (Obstetrics and Gynaecology).", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Eickelberg Peak is a 3,648-foot-elevation (1,112-meter) summit in Alaska, United States.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Eickelberg Peak is an Aleutian Range stratovolcano located along the west rim of Fisher Caldera on Unimak Island of the Aleutian Islands. Precipitation runoff from the mountain's east slope drains into the caldera and from the other slopes into tributaries of the Pogromni River. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises approximately 3,050 feet (930 meters) above a caldera lake in less than one mile (1.6 km). The nearest community is False Pass, 44 miles (71 km) to the east-northeast. The mountain was named after Lieutenant Commander Ernest Werner Eickelberg (1890–1941), who was involved in triangulation and topography with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in Alaska. The mountain's toponym was published on a 1951 map by the United States Geological Survey and has been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "According to the Köppen climate classification system, Eickelberg Peak is located in a subpolar oceanic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and cool summers. Weather systems coming off the North Pacific are forced upwards by the mountains (orographic lift), causing heavy precipitation in the form of rainfall and snowfall. Winter temperatures can drop to 0 °F with wind chill factors below −10 °F.", "title": "Climate" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hartshill Hayes Country Park is a country park located immediately west of the village of Hartshill in northern Warwickshire, England in between the towns of Nuneaton and Atherstone. The park covers 137 acres (55 ha) of woodland, and is run by Warwickshire County Council. The park is traversed by footpaths. It is on a hilltop location, and views can be enjoyed over the surrounding countryside.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Within the park is a Memorial for Road Traffic Victims in Warwickshire.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "52°32′48″N 1°31′37″W / 52.546623°N 1.526851°W / 52.546623; -1.526851", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "United Right Alliance (Romanian: Alianța Dreapta Unită) is a centre-right electoral alliance that was formed to compete in the 2024 Romanian elections.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "On 14 December 2023, Save Romania Union, Force of the Right and the People's Movement Party officially announced the creation of a right-wing opposition electoral alliance to contest in the 2024 elections. On 18 December, the alliance was formally named as United Right Alliance.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship final will be a hurling match that will be played at Croke Park on 20 January 2024 to determine the winners of the 2023-24 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship, the 53rd season of the All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship, a tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association for the champion clubs of the four provinces of Ireland. The match was shown live on TG4.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The final will be contested by St Thomas and O'Loughlin Gaels.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "GDG may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rape of the Sabines (Italian: Ratto delle Sabine) may refer to either of two oil paintings by the Italian Baroque artist Pietro da Cortona. One is in the Capitol Museum, Rome. The other is listed in 19th century catalogues of the art collection at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire. Both pictures depict the legendary rape of the Sabine women.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "At right, a woman in a soldier's embrace, raises her hands in supplication; at left, another, borne away by a Roman, looks pityingly at her infant, who cries and seeks to follow her; in middle, a third energetically resists her aggressor.", "title": "Capitol picture" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Copy by J. C. Naigeon, Dijon Museum. Engraved by P. Aquila.", "title": "Capitol picture" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Waagen expresses his opinion that this picture is one of the painter's best and most careful works, exhibiting unusual force of colouring and careful execution. Figures the size of life. Painted on canvas.", "title": "Blenheim picture" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "GEG may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a list of Kazakh football transfers during the 2023 winter transfer window.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Valencia metropolitan area (known in Spanish as: Área metropolitana de Valencia) is the metropolitan area of Valencia. The metropolitan area is located in the Province of Valencia, with an area of 1,161 km", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2020 Valencia's gross metropolitan product was €56.413 billion. This puts Valencia in 41th place among cities in European Union.", "title": "Economy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 12349 / 12350 Godda – New Delhi Humsafar Express is a superfast train belonging to East Central Railway zone that runs between Godda and New Delhi Railway Station", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It is currently being operated with 12349/12350train numbers on weekly basis.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The trains are completely 3-tier AC sleeper trains designed by Indian Railways with features of LED screen display to show information about stations, train speed etc. and will have announcement system as well, Vending machines for tea, coffee and milk, Bio toilets in compartments as well as CCTV cameras.", "title": "Coach composition" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The 12349/Godda - New Delhi Weekly Humsafar Express has an average speed of 58.58 km/h, and covers 1323 km in 23 hrs. 50 minutes", "title": "Service" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The 12350/New Delhi - Godda Weekly Humsafar Express has an average speed of 56 km/h, and covers 1326 km in 24 hrs.", "title": "Service" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The important halts of the train are :", "title": "Route and halts" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The train share its rake with 22923/22924 Bandra Terminus–Jamnagar Humsafar Express.", "title": "Rake sharing" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Both trains are hauled by a Kanpur Electric Loco Shed based WAP 7 & Ghaziabad Electric Loco Shed based WAP 7 locomotive from Godda to New Delhi and vice versa.", "title": "Traction" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "'GDK may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "National Memorials are decided upon by the New Zealand Government for those events, relationships, or persons who have had a \"significant impact\" on the country. There are 13 National Memorials in New Zealand and a further 8 overseas. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage (MCH) is responsible for 20 of those National Memorials. The remaining National Memorial, the Abel Tasman Monument, was transferred from MCH to the Department of Conservation in 2020.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "There are 13 National Memorials located in New Zealand:", "title": "Domestic National Memorials" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Most of the National Memorials outside of New Zealand are war memorials:", "title": "International National Memorials" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Varanasi may refer too:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "GHM may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The North Macedonia women's national volleyball team ( Macedonian : Женски национален отбор по одбојка на Македонија ) represents North Macedonia in international women's volleyball competitions and friendly matches, The Team Ruled and managed by the North Macedonian Volleyball Federation that is a part of the Federation of International Volleyball (FIVB) as well as the European Volleyball Confederation (CEV), The North Macedonia Team also follow the Balkan Volleyball Association (BVA) .", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "After the collapse of Yugoslavia and the independence of the Republic of Macedonia in 1992, the Macedonian Volleyball Federation joined the FIVB and the CEV. The first appearance of the women's national team of the Republic of Macedonia in the official international competitions took place only 6 years later during the qualifying tournament of the European Championship 1999 (category \"B\"). In their debut match on May 31, 1998, they defeated Finland 3:1 on the road. The next three games in their group, was the defeating against Turkey twice and one from Greece, and then they withdrew from the competition. Later the Macedonian national team only occasionally participated in official international competitions under the auspices of FIVB and CEV. The team has twice participated in the European Championship qualifiers (2001 and 2009), as well as in the 2014 World Championship qualifiers. In the ranking of European national teams, the North Macedonian is low ranked. The reason for this is that volleyball in this small European country lags behind the popularity of such game sports like football, handball and basketball.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Justin Oke Oboavwoduo (born 23 August 2006) is an English professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger for Premier League club Manchester City. He is an England youth international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Oboavwoduo came through the academy at Manchester City having joined the club at eight years-old. He was part of the Man City U18 side which won the U18 Premier League national title in May 23, scoring two goals in the final against West Ham U18. He was included in the Manchester City squad that travelled to Saudi Arabia to play in the 2023 FIFA Club World Cup.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "As well as playing as a striker, he is capable of playing as an attacking midfielder or winger.", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "An England youth international, he featured for the England U17 side at the UEFA European Under-17 Championship, and the 2023 FIFA U-17 World Cup.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Oboavwoduo has Nigerian heritage.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Seville metropolitan area (known in Spanish as: Aglomeración urbana de Sevilla) is the metropolitan area of Seville. The metropolitan area is located in the Province of Seville, with an area of 4,905 km.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2020 Seville's gross metropolitan product was €36.785 billion. This puts Seville in 62th place among cities in European Union.", "title": "Economy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "GFV may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "GNX may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Asturias metropolitan area (known in Spanish as: Área metropolitana de Asturias) is the metropolitan area of Gijón and Oviedo. The metropolitan area is located in the Province of Asturias, with an area of 1,463 km.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2020 Asturias gross metropolitan product was €21.271 billion. This puts Asturias in 111th place among cities in European Union.", "title": "Economy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "GPV may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "GKF may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1990–91 Mexican Primera División final phase was played between 5 and 22 June 1991. A total of eight teams competed in the final phase to decide the champions of the 1990–91 Mexican Primera División season.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "UNAM defeated América 3–3 on aways goals win their third league title. Both finalists qualified for the 1992 CONCACAF Champions' Cup.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Bracket" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "Bracket" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The first legs were played on 12–13 June, and the second legs were playes on 15–16 June 1991.", "title": "Semi-finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The first leg was played on 19 June, and the second leg was played on 22 June 1991.", "title": "Finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "3–3 on aggregate. UNAM won on away goals.", "title": "Finals" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Félix Bañobre Carballo (born 5 July 1970) is a Spanish basketball coach and former player. He currently serves as head coach of the VfL AstroStars Bochum. He also holds British citizenship.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Even though Bañobre was born in London, his home town is A Coruña. Bañobre returned to his home country at the age of 15. Because of his height, he was approached by a scout from first division club CB OAR Ferrol.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Bañobre played as Swingman. In 2016, he recalled that as a player, he had been a good shooter who once scored 56 points in a game.", "title": "Playing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Bañobre started coaching children and young people during his playing career. He also coached the professionals at his first station and a second division club.", "title": "Coaching career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In Spain, he once had the later NBA players Ricky Rubio and Pau Gasol under his wing at an elite camp for the country's best talents.", "title": "Coaching career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Later, he wanted to get out of Spain and was active in Denmark. Then, he managed the German regional league club BC Erfurt.", "title": "Coaching career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2016, Bañobre already had 27 years of experience in this area.", "title": "Coaching career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In August 2016, he moved from BC Erfurt to SC Rist Wedel, cooperation partner of Hamburg Towers. He later left Wedel and joined Bochum for the 2019/2020 season.", "title": "Coaching career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In his first year, he and the team qualified for the ProB playoffs. In the following season, Bochum was promoted to the 2nd Bundesliga ProA. In their first year in ProA, they managed to stay in the league. This season, the team has also already managed to stay in the league and barely missed the play-offs.", "title": "Coaching career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In late April 2023, he extended his contract there until 2026.", "title": "Coaching career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In mid-2016, Bañobre stated that he follows the “Spanish style of basketball,” meaning much freedom for the players while taking away pressure from them.", "title": "Coaching style" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "He plays chess in his free time, collects exclusive wristwatches.", "title": "Personal" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Monthly Darul Uloom (Urdu: ماہنامہ دارالعلوم) is an Urdu magazine published by Darul Uloom Deoband since 1941. Inaugurated under the supervision of Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, with Abdul Wahid Ghazipuri as the initial editor, the magazine is currently edited by Salman Bijnori, guided by Abul Qasim Nomani. Comprising articles primarily authored by faculty members or alumni, the publication extends its focus beyond the reformation of the nation and the Muslim community. It covers a range of topics, including current religious, intellectual, social, and political issues, providing readers with insights into contemporary events and situations while also alerting Muslims to the challenges they may encounter. The magazine holds a distinct journalistic perspective on key issues related to the Deobandi movement. Though it faced cessation in the late 1940s, it was later revived by Azhar Shah Qaiser. Under his three-decade editorship, it evolved into a multidimensional publication, leaving a lasting legacy evident in the influence it exerted on other educational institutions, inspiring the creation of magazines such as Bayyināt that follow its model.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Over sixteen years, Darul Uloom Deoband initiated the launch of a new monthly Urdu magazine following the demise of Al-Qasim and Al-Rashid. Guided by Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi and edited by Abdul Wahid Ghazipuri, the institution unveiled its inaugural issue in May-June 1941. Ghazipuri served as the editor until 1944, later separating from Monthly Darul Uloom and relocating to Delhi. Qazi Khaliq Ahmad assumed the editorship but, facing time constraints, relinquished the position in 1948.", "title": "Inception and Expansion" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1949, Abdul Hafeez Balyawi took over as editor, but financial constraints led to the publication of only seven issues during his tenure. Monthly Darul Uloom transformed into a quarterly publication in the latter part of 1949, shedding its scholarly status and adopting a promotional brochure format under Azhar Shah Qaiser's oversight. After a hiatus, the magazine resumed its monthly schedule in April 1951 under Qaiser's editorship, continuing until 1982. Under his editorship, his influential connections brought numerous scholars, writers, poets, and journalists to the magazine, such as Zafeeruddin Miftahi and, briefly, Nadeem al-Wajidi, playing a role in its success with a comprehensive and versatile range of content.", "title": "Inception and Expansion" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Following Azhar Shah Qaiser, Riyasat Ali Zafar Bijnori assumed the editorship, succeeded later by Habibur Rahman Azmi, who held the position from October 1984 to November 2016. Nayab Hasan Qasmi notes that throughout Azmi's tenure, the magazine not only retained its former glory but also experienced significant growth, expanding its readership beyond India into other Asian countries. Salman Bijnori took over as the seventh editor after Azmi's passing.", "title": "Inception and Expansion" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Darul Uloom Deoband has an office for managing Monthly Darul Uloom, published online on the institution's website for several years. Permanent writers to the magazine include Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi, Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, Izaz Ali Amrohi, Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi, Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi, Muhammad Miyan Deobandi, Idris Kandhlawi, Yusuf Banuri, Manazir Ahsan Gilani, Manzoor Nomani, and Habibur Rahman Azmi.", "title": "Inception and Expansion" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Monthly Darul Uloom begins with an editorial section titled \"Rashhāt,\" focusing on religious and theological analyses alongside commentary on national and global issues. The magazine features articles from national and international researchers. The final pages highlight the recent travels of Darul Uloom Deoband's head under the title \"Darul Uloom.\"", "title": "Printed narratives" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Azhar Shah Qaiser's writings, titled \"Harf-e-Aghaz,\" cover academic, intellectual, research, literary, and political issues. Writing from Zafeeruddin Miftahi and occasionally Nadim Al-Wajdi are also included. The \"Adabiyyat\" section consistently showcases ghazals from poets like Mahir ul Qadri, Jigar Moradabadi, and others.", "title": "Printed narratives" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Every month, the criticism and commentary column presents reviews for new books by various authors, addressing multiple releases concurrently. Alongside Azhar Shah Qaiser, writers like Anzar Shah Kashmiri, Abdul Rauf Aali, and Qamar Ahmed Usmani engage in commentary writing, with Aali and Usmani receiving recognition from the Urdu Academy for their writings.", "title": "Printed narratives" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Under Azhar Shah Qaiser's editorship, the Monthly Darul Uloom becomes a comprehensive publication, covering academic, religious, literary, and critical topics for a diverse audience. Habibur Rahman Azmi's column, \"Nigarishat Ka Column,\" features creations from scholars and writers, while his articles in the Monthly Darul Uloom are compiled into a three-volume series titled \"Maqalat-e-Habib,\" have received acclaim in academic circles.", "title": "Printed narratives" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In its inaugural edition, the editor of Monthly Darul Uloom delineated the magazine's objectives. The publication aims to present divine sciences and prophetic teachings in an accessible manner, transcending social classes. Its mission includes clarifying the principles of Islam, investigating Islamic theology, and presenting clear responses to historical events and arguments from both contemporary and historical critics of Islam. It works to highlight the aesthetic aspects of the faith, engaging both allies and adversaries in developing a religious mindset among Muslims in the current era of disbelief and irreligiosity. Emphasizing legal matters within the Islamic framework, the magazine only features writings from within the Islamic faith, excluding writers from other religions or rites.", "title": "Theme examination" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "It has received diverse academic responses. Wasim Ahmad from Jamia Hamdard notes its responsiveness to assumed Muslim needs, albeit with a focus on specific concerns. Delhi University's PhD scholar, Muhammad Sirajullah, commends its high standards and occasional linguistic complexity. Mohammad Moosa, a PhD scholar from Panjab University, emphasizes the magazine's commitment to informing the Muslim community on a broad spectrum of issues. Nayab Hasan Qasmi, author of Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama, acknowledges the magazine's significant contribution to Islamic journalism. Muhammadullah Qasmi from Jamia Hamdard appreciates the publication's diversity, covering scholarly, reformative, and thought-provoking content on religious, political, and administrative topics.", "title": "Academic acknowledgment" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Aghori is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language action horror film written and directed by D.S.Rajkumar. The film stars Sidhu Sid, Shruthi Ramakrishnan and Sayaji Shinde in the lead roles. The film was produced by Suresh K Menon under the banner of Motion Film Picture Inc.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The film was produced by Suresh K Menon under the banner of Motion Film Picture Inc. The cinematography was done by A.V. Vasanth , while editing was handled by Rajkumar.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A critic from Maalai Malar stated that \"Although the story of the film is known at the beginning, will the people trapped in the haunted house escape? He thinks to make it interesting till the end\".Times Now critic wrote that \"Aghori successfully merges a haunting premise, stellar performances, and skilled direction,.....\" and gave three out of five star", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Pink Angels is a 1971 American outlaw biker comedy film directed by Larry G. Brown, starring John Alderman, Tom Basham, Robert Biheller, Bruce Kimball, Henry Olek and Maurice Warfield.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote that while the humour \"gets campy\", the satire is \"quite gentle and goodnatured, so much so that the enlightened tone of their film compensates for any number of technical awkwarndesses, especially in the pacing of various scenes.\" Thomas also praised the performances, and named Santangello as a standout.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Paul Mavis of DVD Talk wrote that too much of the film \"makes absolutely no sense\" and criticised the editing.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Rob Beschizza of Boing Boing wrote that the film is \"so badly edited it laspes into incoherence\".", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "James R. Fienup is an American optician. He is the Robert E. Hopkins Professor of Optics at the Institute of Optics at the University of Rochester.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Fienup was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He attended the College of the Holy Cross, where he graduated in 1970 with a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), magna cum laude, in physics and mathematics. Fienup then pursued graduate studies at Stanford University, obtaining a Master of Science (M.S.) in applied physics in 1972 then a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in the field in 1975.", "title": "Early life and education" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Aurum bikes, is a Spanish brand of high end road bikes, founded by former professional cyclists and multiple Grand Tour winners Alberto Contador and Ivan Basso in 2020.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Aurum Magma equipped with full ENVE components and SRAM groupset, is the bike used by the Eolo–Kometa team UCI Pro Continental team.", "title": "Sponsorship" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Zhong Xiuting (Chinese: 钟秀婷; pinyin: Zhōng Xiùtíng; Jyutping: Zung1 Sau3-ting4; born 15 September 1999) is a Chinese modern pentathlete. She won the gold medal in the women's team event at the 2022 Asian Games held in Hangzhou, China.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in 1999 in Daze town in Xinhui, Guangdong, Zhong initially trained for swimming and was selected into provincial team before her coach switched her to train in modern pentathlon in 2010.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Zhong made her debut in modern pentathlon at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing, China during which she won gold medal in the individual event. At the 2015 UIPM Junior World Championships in Mexico City, she and Li Shuhan won the first place in mixed team relay.", "title": "Sports career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "At the 2018 UIPM Pentathlon Junior World Championships in Czech Republic, she and Gu Yewen won silver medals. In December 2018, she represented Guangdong at the 2018 National Modern Pentathlon Championships in Guangzhou, China and won bronze medal.", "title": "Sports career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On 24 October 2019, at the 7th CISM Military World Games in Wuhan, China, Zhong along with Wang Shiqi won gold medal at the pentathlon team competition. In November 2019, at the 2019 Modern Pentathlon Asian Championships and 2020 Summer Olympics Asia and Oceania Qualifying Adult Mixed Relay held in Wuhan, she and Zhang Yu won the championship with a total score of 1448 points.", "title": "Sports career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2022, at the Modern Pentathlon Asian Championships in Almaty, Kazakhstan, the Chinese team comprising of Zhong won the silver medal in women's team event with 3973 points. On 19 June 2023, at the 2023 National Modern Pentathlon Championships in Hangzhou, China, she won gold medal in the individual event with a total score of 1355 points.", "title": "Sports career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In September 2023, at the 19th Asian Games in Hangzhou, China, she along with Zhang Mingyu and Bian Yufei won gold medal in women's team event with a total of 4094 points.", "title": "Sports career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Campeonato Paraibano de Futebol is the 114th edition of Paraíba's top professional football league. The competition starts on 17 January 2024 and is scheduled to finish on 7 April 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The format of the competition remains unchanged from the 2023 season, and consists of a group stage where each of the ten teams face each other once. The top four proceed to a knockout semi-final and final, each over two legs. The bottom two teams in the group stage will be relegated to the second division.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The semi-final is drawn according to finishing places in the group stage. First played fourth and second played third, with the higher placed team at home in the second legs. The best performing team in the semi-finals will be at home in the second leg of the final.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The two finalists will qualify to participate in the 2025 Copa do Brasil, unless they obtain qualification via other means, in which case the place will pass to the third-placed team. The champion will qualify to participate in the 2025 Copa do Nordeste. The two best placed teams (other than those already participating in a national league) will qualify to participate in the 2025 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "Group phase" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caitlin Hayes (born 22 September 1995) is a footballer who plays as a defender for Celtic. Born in England, she is a Republic of Ireland international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Hayes grew up in Warrington, England.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Hayes attended Mississippi College in the United States, where she majored in kinesiology.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Hayes played for Scottish side Celtic, helping the club win the 2022 Scottish Women's Cup.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Hayes mainly operates as a defender and has been known for her goalscoring ability.", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Hayes is the daughter of Duane Hayes.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "INB may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tiantongyuandong station (Chinese: 天通苑东站; pinyin: Tiāntōngyuàn Dōng Zhàn) is an underground station of Beijing Subway Line 17. It is planned to open on 30 December 2023, becoming the fourth subway station within Tiantongyuan area.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The station is located under the interchange between Baifang Road (白坊路) and Beiyuan East Road (北苑东路) on the border between Tiantongyuanbei Subdistrict and Tiantongyuannan Subdistrict, in Changping, Beijing.", "title": "Location" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The structure of the station was completed in early 2022. The station is planned to open by the end of 2023.", "title": "History and future development" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The station is planned to be the interchange station between Line 13A and main line and branch line of Line 17.", "title": "History and future development" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Tiantongyuandong station is an underground station with 2 island platforms and 4 tracks, with a total length of 555.9 metres and a total width of the main structure of 45.3 metres.", "title": "Station layout" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "IIG may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ihn may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Malaga metropolitan area (known in Spanish as: Área metropolitana de Málaga) is the metropolitan area of Malaga. The metropolitan area is located in the Province of Malaga, with an area of 817 km", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2020 Malaga's gross metropolitan product was €28.244 billion. This puts Malaga in 78th place among cities in European Union.", "title": "Economy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jessica Kohm Ayers (born June 11, 1993) is an American soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Vittsjö GIK.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ayers grew up in Seattle. She is Jewish. She regarded United States international Mia Hamm as her football idol. Ayers played college soccer at Colorado College, earning first-team all-conference honors all four years.", "title": "Early life and amateur career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Ayers was drafted by FC Kansas City with the 26th pick in the 2015 NWSL College Draft. She later played for Swedish side Vittsjö GIK.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She was called up to the United States under-23 team in 2014.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Ayers has been described as \"connects the extremely hardworking and combative chain of defenders and forwards\".", "title": "Style of play" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a list of events taking place in 2024 relating to Scottish television.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Events" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Ongoing television programmes" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "JFN may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Helgi Númason (born 17 September 1946) is an Icelandic former footballer. He was part of the Iceland national football team in 1967. He played 2 matches, scoring 1 goal. On club level, he started his senior team in 1963 with Knattspyrnufélagið Fram. He was the joint topscorer of the 1968 Úrvalsdeild with 8 goals, along with Kári Árnason, Ólafur Lárusson and Reynir Jónsson.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "{{Infobox television | name = NH6 | image = | caption = | director = Jon Halder", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Quantum computational chemistry is an emerging field that integrates quantum mechanics with computational methods to simulate chemical systems. Despite quantum mechanics' foundational role in understanding chemical behaviors, traditional computational approaches face significant challenges, largely due to the complexity and computational intensity of quantum mechanical equations. This complexity arises from the exponential growth of a quantum system's wave function with each added particle, making exact simulations on classical computers inefficient.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Efficient quantum algorithms for chemistry problems are expected to have run-times and resource requirements that scale polynomially with system size and desired accuracy. Experimental efforts have validated proof-of-principle chemistry calculations, though currently limited to small systems.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "One of the problems with hamiltonian simulation is the computational complexity inherent to its formation. Qubitization is a mathematical and algorithmic concept in quantum computing to the simulation of quantum systems via Hamiltonian dynamics. The core idea of qubitization is to encode the problem of Hamiltonian simulation in a way that is more efficiently processable by quantum algorithms.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Qubitization involves a transformation of the Hamiltonian operator, a central object in quantum mechanics representing the total energy of a system. In classical computational terms, a Hamiltonian can be thought of as a matrix describing the energy interactions within a quantum system. The goal of qubitization is to embed this Hamiltonian into a larger, unitary operator, which is a type of operator in quantum mechanics that preserves the norm of vectors upon which it acts. This embedding is crucial for enabling the Hamiltonian's dynamics to be simulated on a quantum computer.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Mathematically, the process of qubitization constructs a unitary operator U {\\displaystyle U} such that a specific projection of U {\\displaystyle U} proportional to the Hamiltonian H of interest. This relationship can often be represented as H = ⟨ G | U | G ⟩ {\\displaystyle H=\\langle G|U|G\\rangle } , where | G ⟩ {\\displaystyle |G\\rangle } is a specific quantum state and ⟨ G | {\\displaystyle \\langle G|} is its conjugate transpose. The efficiency of this method comes from the fact that the unitary operator U {\\displaystyle U} can be implemented on a quantum computer with fewer resources (like qubits and quantum gates) than would be required for directly simulating H . {\\displaystyle H.}", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "A key feature of qubitization is in simulating Hamiltonian dynamics with high precision while reducing the quantum resource overhead. This efficiency is especially beneficial in quantum algorithms where the simulation of complex quantum systems is necessary, such as in quantum chemistry and materials science simulations. Qubitization also develops quantum algorithms for solving certain types of problems more efficiently than classical algorithms. For instance, it has implications for the Quantum Phase Estimation algorithm, which is fundamental in various quantum computing applications, including factoring and solving linear systems of equations.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In Gaussian orbital basis sets, phase estimation algorithms have been optimized empirically from O ( M 11 ) {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}(M^{11})} to O ( M 5 ) {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}(M^{5})} where M {\\displaystyle M} is the number of basis sets. Advanced Hamiltonian simulation algorithms have further reduced the scaling, with the introduction of techniques like Taylor series methods and qubitization, providing more efficient algorithms with reduced computational requirements.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Plane wave basis sets, suitable for periodic systems, have also seen advancements in algorithm efficiency, with improvements in product formula-based approaches and Taylor series methods.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Phase estimation, as proposed by Kitaev in 1996, identifies the lowest energy eigenstate ( | E 0 ⟩ {\\displaystyle |E_{0}\\rangle } ) and excited states ( | E i ⟩ {\\displaystyle |E_{i}\\rangle } ) of a physical Hamiltonian, as detailed by Abrams and Lloyd in 1999. In quantum computational chemistry, this technique is employed to encode fermionic Hamiltonians into a qubit framework.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The qubit register is initialized in a state, which has a nonzero overlap with the Full Configuration Interaction (FCI) target eigenstate of the system. This state | ψ ⟩ {\\displaystyle |\\psi \\rangle } is expressed as a sum over the energy eigenstates of the Hamiltonian, | ψ ⟩ = ∑ i = 1 c i | E i ⟩ {\\displaystyle |\\psi \\rangle =\\sum _{i=1}c_{i}|E_{i}\\rangle } , where c i {\\displaystyle c_{i}} represents complex coefficients.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Each ancilla qubit undergoes a Hadamard gate application, placing the ancilla register in a superposed state. Subsequently, controlled gates, as shown above, modify this state.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "This transform is applied to the ancilla qubits, revealing the phase information that encodes the energy eigenvalues.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The ancilla qubits are measured in the Z basis, collapsing the main register into the corresponding energy eigenstate | E i ⟩ {\\displaystyle |E_{i}\\rangle } based on the probability | c i | 2 {\\displaystyle |c_{i}|^{2}} .", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The algorithm requires ω {\\displaystyle \\omega } ancilla qubits, with their number determined by the desired precision and success probability of the energy estimate. Obtaining a binary energy estimate precise to n bits with a success probability p {\\displaystyle p} necessitates. ω = n + ⌈ log 2 ( 2 + 1 2 p ) ⌉ {\\displaystyle \\omega =n+\\lceil \\log _{2}\\left(2+{\\frac {1}{2p}}\\right)\\rceil } ancilla qubits. This phase estimation has been validated experimentally across various quantum architectures.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "The total coherent time evolution T {\\displaystyle T} required for the algorithm is approximately T = 2 ( ω + 1 ) π {\\displaystyle T=2^{(\\omega +1)}\\pi } . The total evolution time is related to the binary precision ε PE = 1 2 n {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{\\text{PE}}={\\frac {1}{2^{n}}}} , with an expected repeat of the procedure for accurate ground state estimation. Errors in the algorithm include errors in energy eigenvalue estimation ( ε P E {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{PE}} ), unitary evolutions ( ε U {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{U}} ), and circuit synthesis errors ( ε C S {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{CS}} ), which can be quantified using techniques like the Solovay-Kitaev theorem.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "The phase estimation algorithm can be enhanced or altered in several ways, such as using a single ancilla qubit for sequential measurements, increasing efficiency, parallelization, or enhancing noise resilience in analytical chemistry. The algorithm can also be scaled using classically obtained knowledge about energy gaps between states.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Effective state preparation is needed, as a randomly chosen state would exponentially decrease the probability of collapsing to the desired ground state. Various methods for state preparation have been proposed, including classical approaches and quantum techniques like adiabatic state preparation.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "The variational quantum eigensolver is an innovative algorithm in quantum computing, crucial for near-term quantum hardware. Initially proposed by Peruzzo et al. in 2014 and further developed by McClean et al. in 2016, VQE is integral in finding the lowest eigenvalue of Hamiltonians, particularly those in chemical systems. It employs the variational method (quantum mechanics), which guarantees that the expectation value of the Hamiltonian for any parameterized trial wave function is at least the lowest energy eigenvalue of that Hamiltonian. This principle is fundamental in VQE's strategy to optimize parameters and find the ground state energy. VQE is a hybrid algorithm that utilizes both quantum and classical computers. The quantum computer prepares and measures the quantum state, while the classical computer processes these measurements and updates the system. This synergy allows VQE to overcome some limitations of purely quantum methods.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "The reduced density matrices (1-RDM and 2-RDM) can be used to extrapolate the electronic structure of a system.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "In the Hamiltonian variational ansatz, the initial state | ψ 0 ⟩ {\\displaystyle |\\psi _{0}\\rangle } is prepared to represent the ground state of the molecular Hamiltonian without electron correlations. The evolution of this state under the Hamiltonian, split into commuting segments H j {\\displaystyle H_{j}} , is given by the equation bellow.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "| ψ ( θ ) ⟩ = ∏ d ∏ j e i θ d , j H j | ψ 0 ⟩ {\\displaystyle |\\psi (\\theta )\\rangle =\\prod _{d}\\prod _{j}e^{i\\theta _{d,j}H_{j}}|\\psi _{0}\\rangle }", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "where θ d , j {\\displaystyle \\theta _{d,j}} are variational parameters optimized to minimize the energy, providing insights into the electronic structure of the molecule.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "McClean et al. (2016) and Romero et al. (2019) proposed a formula to estimate the number of measurements ( N m {\\displaystyle N_{m}} ) required for energy precision. The formula is given by N m = ( ∑ i | h i | ) 2 / ϵ 2 {\\displaystyle N_{m}=\\left(\\sum _{i}|h_{i}|\\right)^{2}/\\epsilon ^{2}} , where h i {\\displaystyle h_{i}} are coefficients of each Pauli string in the Hamiltonian. This leads to a scaling of O ( M 6 / ϵ 2 ) {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}(M^{6}/\\epsilon ^{2})} in a Gaussian orbital basis and O ( M 4 / ϵ 2 ) {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}(M^{4}/\\epsilon ^{2})} in a plane wave dual basis. Note that M {\\displaystyle M} is the number of basis functions in the chosen basis set.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "A method by Bonet-Monroig, Babbush, and O'Brien (2019) focuses on grouping terms at a fermionic level rather than a qubit level, leading to a measurement requirement of only O ( M 2 ) {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}(M^{2})} circuits with an additional gate depth of O ( M ) {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}(M)} .", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "While VQE's application in solving the electronic Schrödinger equation for small molecules has shown success, its scalability is hindered by two main challenges: the complexity of the quantum circuits required and the intricacies involved in the classical optimization process. These challenges are significantly influenced by the choice of the variational ansatz, which is used to construct the trial wave function. Consequently, the development of an efficient ansatz is a key focus in current research. Modern quantum computers face limitations in running deep quantum circuits, especially when using the existing ansatzes for problems that exceed several qubits.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "Jordan-Wigner encoding is a fundamental method in quantum computing, extensively used for simulating fermionic systems like molecular orbitals and electron interactions in quantum chemistry.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "In quantum chemistry, electrons are modeled as fermions with antisymmetric wave functions. The Jordan-Wigner encoding maps these fermionic orbitals to qubits, preserving their antisymmetric nature. Mathematically, this is achieved by associating each fermionic creation ( a i † ) {\\displaystyle (a_{i}^{\\dagger })} and annihilation ( a i ) {\\displaystyle (a_{i})} operator with corresponding qubit operators through the Jordan-Wigner transformation:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "a i † → 1 2 ( ∏ k = 1 i − 1 Z k ) ( X i − i Y i ) {\\displaystyle a_{i}^{\\dagger }\\rightarrow {\\frac {1}{2}}\\left(\\prod _{k=1}^{i-1}Z_{k}\\right)(X_{i}-iY_{i})}", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "Where X i {\\displaystyle X_{i}} , Y i {\\displaystyle Y_{i}} , and Z i {\\displaystyle Z_{i}} are Pauli matrices acting on the i th {\\displaystyle i^{\\text{th}}} qubit.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "Electron hopping between orbitals, central to chemical bonding and reactions, is represented by terms like a † i a j + a † j a i {\\displaystyle a^{\\dagger _{i}}a_{j}+a^{\\dagger _{j}}a_{i}} . Under Jordan-Wigner encoding, these transform as follows:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "This transformation captures the quantum mechanical behavior of electron movement and interaction within molecules.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "The complexity of simulating a molecular system using Jordan-Wigner encoding is influenced by the structure of the molecule and the nature of electron interactions. For a molecular system with K {\\displaystyle K} orbitals, the number of required qubits scales linearly with K {\\displaystyle K} , but the complexity of gate operations depends on the specific interactions being modeled.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "The Jordan-Wigner transformation encodes fermionic operators into qubit operators, but it introduces non-local string operators that can make simulations inefficient. The FSWAP gate is used to mitigate this inefficiency by rearranging the ordering of fermions (or their qubit representations), thus simplifying the implementation of fermionic operations.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "FSWAP networks rearrange qubits to efficiently simulate electron dynamics in molecules. These networks are essential for reducing the gate complexity in simulations, especially for non-neighboring electron interactions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 34, "text": "When two fermionic modes (represented as qubits after the Jordan-Wigner transformation) are swapped, the FSWAP gate not only exchanges their states but also correctly updates the phase of the wavefunction to maintain fermionic antisymmetry. This is in contrast to the standard SWAP gate, which does not account for the phase change required in the antisymmetric wavefunctions of fermions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 35, "text": "The use of FSWAP gates can significantly reduce the complexity of quantum circuits for simulating fermionic systems. By intelligently rearranging the fermions, the number of gates required to simulate certain fermionic operations can be reduced, leading to more efficient simulations. This is particularly useful in simulations where fermions need to be moved across large distances within the system, as it can avoid the need for long chains of operations that would otherwise be required.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 36, "text": "The atoms in molecules (QTAIM) model of Richard Bader was developed to effectively link the quantum mechanical model of a molecule, as an electronic wavefunction, to chemically useful concepts such as atoms in molecules, functional groups, bonding, the theory of Lewis pairs, and the valence bond model. Bader has demonstrated that these empirically useful chemistry concepts can be related to the topology of the observable charge density distribution, whether measured or calculated from a quantum mechanical wavefunction. QTAIM analysis of molecular wavefunctions is implemented, for example, in the AIMAll software package.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "St Luke's Church was an Anglican church in Berwick Street, in the City of Westminster, London. It was built in 1839, on the site of a Huguenot church of 1689 and an Anglican chapel of ease of the 18th century. It was demolished in 1936.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A church in Berwick Street (at coordinates 51°30′47.0″N 0°8′4.2″W / 51.513056°N 0.134500°W / 51.513056; -0.134500) was opened in 1689. It was one of two non-conforming churches in London known as La Patente (the other being in Spitalfields), a licence having been granted by James II to a group of French church ministers to establish churches for Huguenot refugees in London. When in 1694 ministers and congregation moved to a new building in Little Chapel Street (now Sheraton Street), three ministers and part of the congregaton remained, the church being known as L'Ancienne Patente or La Vieille Patente.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1707, when there was no longer a congregation, it was proposed by the rector of the vestry of St James's parish that the building be purchased and made into a chapel of ease for the parish. The chapel, which may have been rebuilt, was completed the following year. There were repairs in the 1760s, and in 1766 the chapel acquired the organ from Tenison Chapel in King Street. The freehold was purchased in 1801.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Church Building Commissioners were consulted about a proposal to erect a new chapel elsewhere, since by 1833 the district was judged to be no longer respectable. The Commissioners stipulated that they would assist only in building a new church on the existing site. This was carried out: the freehold was conveyed to the Commissioners in 1835, and on 15 March 1838 Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey laid the first stone. The new church, designed by Edward Blore and dedicated to St Luke, was consecrated on 23 July 1839.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "An ecclesiastical district of St Luke was established in 1841. Because of the poverty of the area, pew rent was abandoned by 1863. The district became in 1935 part of the neighbouring parish of St Anne; the church was demolished the following year.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Kemp House, a 14-storey residential block built in 1960, now stands on the site.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Incumbents of St Luke's include the following:", "title": "Incumbents and organists" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "William Henry Brookfield was curate from 1841. Francis Marendaz was minister at his death on 10 June 1842. Thomas Henry Jones was curate from 1854 to 1857. Stanley Leathes was curate in 1858; John Oakley was curate in 1858. Henry Wace was curate from 1861 to 1863.", "title": "Incumbents and organists" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "John Festing was vicar from 1873. His biographer Ernest Pearce (1912) describes that \"he was appointed to the vicarage of St Luke, Berwick Street, a poor parish close to Seven Dials, which had recently been visited by cholera. Festing increased his reputation here for pastoral diligence, and on 19 May 1878 John Jackson, bishop of London, collated him to the important vicarage of Christ Church, Albany Street\".", "title": "Incumbents and organists" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Arnold Whitaker Oxford was vicar in 1883.", "title": "Incumbents and organists" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Edward John Hopkins was organist of the church from 1841 to 1843.", "title": "Incumbents and organists" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "«vDud» is a Russian YouTube channel established in 2017. The author of the channel is journalist Yury Dud who takes interviews and informational videos. The first episode appeared on February 7, 2017.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This channel demonstrates interviews of Yuri Dud with different guests: musicians, politicians, Internet, culture and film personalities. According to Yuri himself, he initially conceived this format in order to train himself to do interviews not about sports.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Documentary filmmakers:", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Operators:", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Editing:", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Editors:", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Sound:", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Colour Correction:", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Translation:", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "New episodes are released every two weeks. As of September 2023, 180 episodes have been released across 10 seasons, of which 22 are documentaries.", "title": "List of episodes" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pahang Rangers Futsal Club is a professional Futsal club based in Kuantan, Pahang. The club competes in the Malaysia Premier Futsal League, the national futsal league in Malaysia. Founded in 2016 as Kuantan Rangers Futsal Club, the club compete as an amateur status futsal club before rebranding to Pahang Rangers F.C. to became fully professional in 2019.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In terms of success, the club has won 1 MPFL title, 1 Brunei Futsal League title and 1 Malaysia Futsal Cup. Both of the MPFL and Malaysia Futsal Cup titles were won in 2023 season with Gerard Casas as the head coach of the club.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Kuantan Rangers F.C. was established in November 2016 and participated in the Qualifying Round of the 2017 Liga Futsal Kebangsaan from December 21 to 23, with Mohammad Faizul Abdul Gaffar as the club's head coach. They were drawn into Group B with ATM, KSMR Kangar FC, Pulau Pinang, and Penang MBPP. In their first-ever non-friendly match, they lost 3–4 to Penang MBPP. Faisal Saharudin became the club's first goalscorer as he scored in the 18th minute of that game. They ended their group matches with two draws and two losses. Due to this, they failed to qualify for the 2017 Liga Futsal Kebangsaan in their first try.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 7 April 2017, Brunei Futsal announced that Pahang Rangers would be taking part in the 2017 Brunei Futsal League as an invited team. Pahang Rangers ended the season by winning the league undefeated, with a record of seven wins and one draw in nine games played.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Pahang Rangers participated in the Qualifying Round of the 2018 Liga Futsal Kebangsaan. In the new format, they were drawn into Group B with PKB and PST IIUM Mustangs. They succeeded in winning over them and reached the quarter-finals. They defeated KL Marcerra United 3–1 and won 3–0 against Kedah in the semi-finals. For the first time in their history, Pahang Rangers qualified for the Liga Futsal Kebangsaan. In their first season, they exceeded people's expectations as they finished in 5th place with eight wins, three draws, and seven losses. Iqbal Aikal became the club's top goalscorer in that season with 10 goals.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In the 2019 season, Kuantan Rangers went through a rebranding process, officially known as Pahang Rangers, and represented the Pahang state futsal team in the Malaysia Premier Futsal League. For the first time in three years, the team wore the traditional color yellow as the official home jersey. On 16 May 2019, Pahang Rangers announced Taufik Yaiyah as the new club’s head coach. The team started the 2019 MPFL season with a 4–2 win against Kuala Lumpur. In that season, the team began a rivalry with Selangor MAC after a 0–6 loss against them in the pre-season friendly match. It is reported that the match was quite tense, and there were several incidents between the two sides. The rivalry between the sides intensified, as on 21 August 2019, Pahang Rangers hosted the visit of Selangor MAC at the SUKMA Indoor Stadium; the game ended 4–2, with Pahang Rangers securing the win. It was reported that the attendance of the game was a full house, with 5,000 people watching the game in the stadium. The club ended the season finished in 2nd place with 10 wins, 4 draws and 2 losses. On 21 November 2019, the club's head coach, Taufik Yaiyah, parted ways with the club.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On January 7, 2020, the club announced that Gerard Casas would be their new head coach. In the 2020 MPFL season, the club played only one game, as the Football Association of Malaysia (FAM) announced that the competition would be cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. The 2021 MPFL season was also cancelled. The club participated in 2021 AFF Futsal Cup, this will be the club second continental competition since 2017 Brunei Futsal League. They ended the competition with one win and 3 losses.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In the 2022 MPFL season, the club ended in 2nd place, finishing once again behind Selangor MAC with 10 wins, three draws, and one loss. The club's only loss was against PDRM with a score of 3–4. Also, in the first edition of the Malaysia Futsal Cup, the club lost to Selangor MAC in the final with a score of 3–4. They once again failed to win their first domestic trophy.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "On 14 December 2022, the club officially extended Gerard Casas' contract for one year. As the MPFL format changed in the 2023 season, the club was drawn into Group A with ATM, Kedah, KPT-PST Mustangs, Pulau Pinang, Sabah, and Terengganu. The team flew to Thailand to participate in the 2023 AFF Futsal Club Championship, scheduled from 1 to 7 May 2023. They finished the competition in fourth place with a record of one win and three losses. Meanwhile, they finished MPFL Group A in first place with a record of eleven wins and one draw, thus qualifying for the playoffs. They defeated holders Selangor MAC in the semi-finals and beat Johor Darul Ta'zim in the final to capture the first MPFL title in the club's history. They also won their first Malaysia Futsal Cup title after beating Johor Darul Ta'zim in the final on penalties. With these achievements, the club decided to extend Gerard Casas' contract.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The official colors of Pahang Rangers, reflecting the rich heritage and identity of the state, are a striking combination of black and white. These colors hold significant symbolic value as they mirror the distinctive hues present in both the flag and coat of arms of Pahang. The choice of black and white serves not only as a representation of the club but also as a nod to the historical and cultural elements associated with the region.", "title": "Colours and badge" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In the realm of team attire, Pahang Rangers predominantly don jerseys in the classic black and white ensemble. This choice underscores a sense of tradition and solidarity within the team. However, it is worth noting that there were deviations from this norm in the 2019 and 2020 seasons. During these periods, the club embraced a vibrant palette, with yellow and blue taking center stage as the primary jersey colors. This departure from the traditional black and white added a dynamic and refreshing element to the team's visual identity, offering fans a unique and memorable representation during those particular seasons.", "title": "Colours and badge" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The emblem of the club, fashioned in the shape of a shield, proudly showcases the iconic black and white color scheme that has become synonymous with Pahang Rangers. At the heart of this emblem, a majestic elephant head takes center stage, symbolizing strength, resilience, and the spirit of the team. The inclusion of stalks of rice on either side not only pays homage to the agricultural richness of the region but also serves as a nod to the unity and growth that the club strives for.", "title": "Colours and badge" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Adding a touch of grandeur, a pair of tusks adorns the bottom of the emblem, further emphasizing the club's commitment to power and tenacity. Each element within the badge contributes to the narrative of the club's identity, weaving together elements of tradition, local heritage, and the formidable ethos that defines Pahang Rangers. This meticulously crafted emblem is more than just a symbol; it encapsulates the essence and aspirations of the team, making it a visual representation of pride for both players and supporters alike.", "title": "Colours and badge" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Pahang Rangers' first domestic trophy was the Malaysia Premier Futsal League, which it won in the club's fourth season after rebranding as Pahang Rangers F.C. In the same season, the club also won the Malaysia Futsal Cup.", "title": "Honours" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Stephanie Mariana Ribeiro (born 10 June 1994) is an American soccer player who plays as a striker for Pumas.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ribeiro started playing soccer at the age of four.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Ribeiro attended Cumberland High School in the United States, where she was regarded as one of the soccer team's most important players.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Ribeiro played for Mexican side América, whee she suffered an injury. She was described as \"one of their best signings during the first days\". She has worked as a youth soccer coach. She previously played in Iceland.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Ribeiro mainly operates as a striker and has described herself as \" My core competencies are clearly scoring goals. At the same time, I will always try to set my teammates up for opportunities, while I also don't mind working defensively and running a lot of meters\".", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Ribeiro is a native of Pawtucket, United States.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Deep time (Italian: margini di sottosuolo) is an Italian 2011 docufiction directed by Domenico Distilo.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The film, alternating documentary and fiction, explores themes related to anthropic geography and the feelings that bind men to their past, through encounters with former grave robbers previously active in the area of the archaeological site of Selinunte.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The film tells the story of an elderly Sicilian grave robber, who begins to show signs of inexorable memory loss. The man travels the landscape like an explorer, a man of many paths and a thousand maps, capable of seeing what others miss. The advancing disease drives him on a desperate quest: to find his son, in a last attempt to perpetuate his memory. This intertwines with the investigations of an artist and photographer, who draws on ancient art as a source of inspiration for her performances. Their intersection leads to a series of encounters and discoveries that build the narrative fabric of the story.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The film, shot entirely in Selinunte, shows part of the Veneroso collection, an exceptional archaeological ensemble from the prehistoric era. Named in honour of the passionate archaeologist Primo Veneroso, this vast collection is one of the largest private archaeological collections in Italy. It is notable for including pottery from the 'Vaso campaniforme' culture, fundamental in redefining Sicily's role in the spread of this culture throughout prehistoric Western Europe.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The film's musical composition is entrusted to Teho Teardo, who, using a mix of traditional instruments and electronic sounds, contributes to creating evocative and suspended atmospheres, blending contemporary and classical elements already present in the evocative images of the archaeological site of Selinunte.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Deep time premiered in December 2011 at the Messina festival Assaggi di Realtà, winning the Maestri del Documentario (Masters of documentary films) award. It was subsequently broadcast in 2013 as a TV premiere on Rai 3 as part of .", "title": "Distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Surgeon Vice-Admiral Sir Eric Dick Caldwell, KBE, CB, FRCP, FRCPE (6 July 1909 - 11 July 2000) was a Royal Navy officer.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Educated at the University of Edinburgh, Caldwell entered the Royal Navy in 1934. He survived two torpedoings in the Second World War. After a succession of clinical appointments, he joined the Admiralty Medical Board in 1961. He was appointed Surgeon Rear-Admiral in 1963 and was then finally promoted to Surgeon Vice-Admiral in 1966, when he was appointed Medical Director-General (Naval), serving until he retired in 1969. On retirement, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The son of a doctor, Caldwell was born in 1909. He attended the University of Edinburgh, graduating MB ChB in 1933. He briefly worked in a casualty ward before supporting his father's work.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 20 September 1934, Caldwell was commissioned into the Royal Navy as a Surgeon Lieutenant. He served in the East Indies, at Portsmouth, in the Royal Marine Infirmary and on RFA Maine, before a brief spell on HMS Royal Oak; he survived the latter's sinking in 1939. He was promoted to Surgeon Lieutenant-Commander in 1940. In 1941, he was posted to HMS Prince of Wales, and survived that ship's torpedoing as well. He was subsequently give a succession of clinical positions during the remainder of the Second World War, culminating in his appointed as principal medical officer on HMS Euroclydon in Malta. After further training, Caldwell served at the Royal Naval Hospital Hong Kong from 1947 to 1950; he was promoted to Surgeon Commander on 30 June 1949. He was awarded an MD in 1950.", "title": "Military career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Caldwell then had positions at HMS Ganges (1950 to 1952) and Britannia Royal Naval College (1952 to 1955). From 1956 to 1958, he was the Senior Medical Specialist at the Royal Naval Hospital Haslar. He was promoted to Surgeon Captain on 31 December 1957. In 1958, he became Senior Medical Specialist to the Royal Navy families in Malta. He was appointed to the Admiralty Medical Board in 1961. He was promoted to Surgeon Rear-Admiral on 24 October 1963 and was also appointed an Honorary Physician to the Queen. From 1963 to 1966, he was Medical Officer in charge of the Royal Naval Hospital, Plymouth. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1965. Caldwell was then finally promoted to Surgeon Vice-Admiral on 24 October 1966, and appointed Medical Director-General (Naval) in 1966, serving until he retired on 11 August 1969. On retirement, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE). He had, by that time, been elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1962 and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1968.", "title": "Military career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Caldwell finally worked as Executive Director of the Medical Council on Alcoholism from 1970 to 1979. He died on 11 July 2000. His wife Margery Lee Abbott had predeceased him.", "title": "Later life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Laura D. Kubzansky is a psychologist.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kubzansky earned her doctorate in psychology from the University of Michigan in 1995, and completed her master's in public health at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in 1997. She later joined the faculty, and held the Lee Kum Kee Professorship in social and behavioral sciences.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Kubzansky is a fellow of the American Psychological Association.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Oswald Francis Gerard Stonor (3 June 1872 – 22 June 1940) was a British colonial administrator who served in British Malaya.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Stonor joined the Malay civil service as a junior officer in 1890, and began his career as Acting Private Secretary to Governor of the Straits Settlements, Cecil Clementi Smith. He then served in various positions including Assistant District Officer at Serendah; District Officer at Ulu Langat; Acting Registrar of Titles and Collector of Land Revenue at Kuala Lumpur; District Officer at Tapah, and District Officer at Batang Padang. In 1921, he was promoted to British Resident of Selangor where he remained until 1926 when he was appointed British Resident of Perak. He retired from the service after less than a year in the post due to illness.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Stonor was born on 3 June 1872, the son of Charles Joseph Stonor and Maude Mary Welman. He married Florence Mary Josephine on 24 October 1906 and they had three children. He was a keen cricketer, captaining the Selangor Cricket team, and donated the Stonor Cup which was contested for many years. His career was cut short when he failed to recover from an operation and was forced to return home in 1926. He died on 22 June 1940, in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, France, aged 68.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Stonor was awarded the CMG in 1925. Stonor Road (now Jalan Stonor) in Kuala Lumpur was named after him.", "title": "Awards and legacy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Metropolitan Police Act 1857 was one of the Metropolitan Police Acts, granted royal assent on 25 August 1857. It enabled the Metropolitan Police's Receiver to borrow on the Police Rates to raise a sum of £60,000 to spend on purpose-built police stations to replace the lock-ups it had inherited from the parish constable system. It also authorised him to top up the Police Superannuation Fund (an early form of police pension fund) from other Met funds if necessary.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Plains is a 2022 Australian docudrama film written and directed by David Easteal. It premiered at the 51st International Film Festival Rotterdam.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Plains is filmed almost entirely from the backseat of a car showing the daily commute of a middle-aged lawyer, Andrew Rakowski.", "title": "Premise" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "David Easteal serves as writer, director, producer, editor and actor on the project. A Melbourne-based barrister and film maker, Easteal would give Rakowski a lift to and from work, their commute conversations served as the basis for the film, which were then scripted and filmed. Drone shots in Horsham, Victoria are also used as well as commuter traffic in Melbourne.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, The Plains holds an approval rating of 100% based from 12 reviews.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Richard Kuipers in Variety described it as “thematically rich and quietly compelling”. Ben Kenisberg in The New York Times said that “fans of structural film, Jeanne Dielman and Google Maps will find much to treasure. Luke Buckmaster in The Guardian described it as a “tremendous achievement and, in a subtle way, an amazing work of art” and that it demonstrates that “drama can exist without the dramatic and that engaging narratives are everywhere around us, observable with the right eyes.” He later included it as number one in his list of the top ten Austtalian films of the year.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The film had its world premiere at the Rotterdam Film Festival in January 2022.", "title": "Release" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Alicante-Elche metropolitan area (known in Spanish as: Área metropolitana de Alicante-Elche) is the metropolitan area of Alicante. The metropolitan area is located in the Province of Alicante, with an area of 1,441 km", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2020 Malaga's gross metropolitan product was €34.014 billion. This puts Alicante in 66th place among cities in European Union.", "title": "Economy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kubzansky is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Khaderan Singh (10 October 1899 – 20 August 1974), also known as Khaderan Babu, was an Indian politician, Indian freedom fighter, philanthropist, social reformer, advocate, and former minister in the Bihar government. He was elected two times as a member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly representing the Bikram Vidhan Sabha constituency from 1969 to 1972 and 1972 to 1974.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Khaderan Singh was born in Village Gorakhri in the Bikram block of Patna district. He was born to the Late Thakur Sharan Singh. He belonged to an agriculturalist family. He married Ram Sakhi Devi who fought the Zilla Parishad elections in 2001. He completed his schooling in Bikram and then pursued his graduation and L.L.B. degree from Patna Law College, Patna University. He began his career as a teacher and then he became an advocate in the Patna district court and later became a public prosecutor from 1957 to 1960 and again from 1960 to 1963.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After completing his LLB degree, he got to known to the social and economic problems of farmers in his area. He started practicing in Patna district court in 1930. He then joined the Peasant Movement started by Swami Sahajanand Saraswati and became one of the prominent leaders of this movement in Bihar. He also participated in the Quit India Movement in 1942 and went to Jail for conspiracy against Britishers. Then he became vice chairman of the Patna district board for 6 years from 1942 to 1948. Then he became Chairman of the Patna District Board for 12 years from 1948 to 1960 defeating Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav also known as Sher-e-Bihar by one vote. Then he was elected as a member of the Bihor Legislative Assembly from Bikram two times. His first tenure was from 1969 to 1972 with the Bhartiya Kranti Dal, and his second tenure was from 1972 to 1974 with the Indian National Congress organization. He also served as an ex-minister in the Bhola Paswan Shastri government, holding the Information and Tourism Ministry in 1969 and the Urban Development and Housing Ministry in 1971.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "After becoming Chairman of Patna District Board he provided education and Jobs to 40 to 50 thousand people in various fields. By fighting the British Khaderan Singh head brought the Bakhtiyarpur-Bihar Light railway which was run by Martin Company under the name RD Light Railway) under the District board at that time Patna Nalanda were together and Khaderan Singh was its chairman. He made canals for farmers for irrigation. He laid a strong foundation of Educational Institutes right up to the village level for basic education secondary education and higher education. He opened P.H.C. in every grom Panchayat and made doctors and compounders available in it. He opened veterinary hospitals in almost all the Panchayat. He got all the big villages electrified in the 50s. Apart from constructing the main roads of Naubatpur Bikram, Bihta-Bikram, and Bikram-Pali, he laid a network of rural roads. Due to the sugar mill located in Bihata, the income and standard of living of the farmers of the area improved. In this, Khaderan Singh played a big role. S.D.O. offices of electricity, REO, minor, irrigation, and major irrigation were constructed under Khaderan Singh's tenure.", "title": "Contribution to the society" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Khaderan Singh was married to Ram Sakhi Devi. They had five children three sons and two daughters. The eldest son named Dr.C. P. Sinha was a famous Doctor of Gaya, there is also a statue of him which was unveiled by the ex-minister of the Bihar government, Prem Kumar. The mediocre son's name is Ajat Shatru and the Youngest one name is Abinash Kumar he is currently doing social work for the welfare of society. The eldest daughter's name is Pushpa Singh and the youngest Daughter's name is Sushma Singh, His granddaughter is Dr. Usha Sharma is a gynecologist, and obstetrician and served as vice president of Lok Janshakti Party Her husband Dr. R.B. Sherma was a most famous Neurosurgeon of Bihar. The grandson of his brother Justice Birendra Kumar is a currently Rajasthan High Court Judge but earlier was a Patna High Court Judge.", "title": "Family" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He died on the 20th of August, 1974 due to a heart attack at Patna Medical College and Hospital.", "title": "Death" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "There is a statue of him in the Patna District Court, which was unveiled by the former Chief Justice of the Patna High Court, B.C. Basak. There is also a statue of him in Bikram, which was unveiled by the former Chief Minister and Union Minister of India, Dr. Jaganath Mishra, the former Leader of Opposition and ex-minister in the Bihar government, Ramashray Prasad Singh, and ex-minister in the Bihar government, Budh Deo Singh. Additionally, there is a street named after him, Khaderan Singh Marg, in Kadam Kuan, Patna.", "title": "Remarks" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Edith Latham Kernot MBE (4 December 1877 – 19 October 1967) was an Australian community worker in Geelong. She supported the District nurses, the local Red Cross and Geelong Hospital. She was vice-President of Geelong Hospital.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kernot was born in Geelong in 1877. She had an elder sibling and six younger ones who survived childhood. She showed an early talent for the violin and she would travel each week for lessons. She gave a perfomance as a teenager for the Ladies Benevolent Society and throughout her life she own and played her Duke violin. Her husband was Walter Charles Kernot who was a chemist. His uncle had founded a stationary / chemist business.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She supported the District Nursing Society and she became its vice President. She was a founding member of the local Australian Red Cross Society and during her fifty years of membership she was President for three years. She joined the Charities Board of Victoria in 1933 and served for fifteen years. Before she left in 1948 she was its President for three years.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She was vice-president of Geelong and District Hospital and in 1958 she became a Member of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. Kernot died in her home city of Geelong in 1967.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "She had three children including the golfer Edith Betty Kernot who became the Australian Ladies Golf champion. Her other daughter, May Latham married in 1936.", "title": "Private life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Peter Kwasi Sarpong (born 6 February 1933) is the former Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Kumasi. He was born in Offinso, Ashanti.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bustingorrytitan (meaning \"Bustingorry's giant\") is a genus of lithostrotian titanosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Huincul Formation of Argentina. The type species is Bustingorrytitan shiva.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2001, several sauropod skeletons were uncovered at Villa El Chocón. This sauropod was announced in a conference the same year by Simón, and received the informal name of \"Sauropodus\". It was first described in 2011, in a thesis by María Edith Simón.", "title": "Discovery and naming" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "It was named as a new genus and species of titanosaur in 2023. The generic name, \"Bustingorrytitan\", honors Manuel Bustingorry, the person who owns the land where the fossils were found, combining his name with the Greek titan, in reference to its large size. The specific name, \"shiva\", is named after the Hindu god Shiva, who destroys and transforms the universe, in reference to the Cenomanian-Turonian faunal turnover.", "title": "Discovery and naming" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The holotype of Bustingorrytitan is MMCH-Pv 59/1-40, a partial skeleton. Four specimens are known, together including parts of the dentary and postcranial skeleton.", "title": "Discovery and naming" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Bustingorrytitan is estimated as weighing approximately 67.3 tonnes (66.2 long tons; 74.2 short tons), making it one of the largest titanosaurs. It is also likely that the specimen doesn't belong to a fully grown animal.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Bustingorrytitan was entered into a phylogenetic analysis and recovered as a member of the Lithostrotia, which itself is recovered as a subclade of the Saltasauroidea, in contrast to most analyses. The results of the analysis are shown in the cladogram below:", "title": "Classification" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Bustingorrytitan was recovered from the Huincul Formation alongside two other gigantic titanosaurs, Argentinosaurus and Chucarosaurus. The three are not closely related to one another, which means that giant titanosaurs evolved multiple times within Eutitanosauria.", "title": "Paleoecology" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Carribber Castle, also known as Carriber Castle or Rob Gibb's Castle, is a ruined castle located near Linlithgow in West Lothian, Scotland.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It is a 16th century tower house castle, now ruined. The castle had number of small buildings and courtyards. A square courtyard to the north is now covered in vegetation. A doorway is present in the west wall, thought to be no earlier than the 17th century. To the south is a rectagular range, possibly originally stables. The remaining walls are only 2 1/2 feet thick, averaging 8 feet tall, though are higher in places. The ruin is believed to have been intentionally knocked down.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Rob Gibb (1490–1558) inherited the lands from this father, also called Rob Gibb (sometimes spelled as Gyb), in 1541. The lands subsequently went to John Gibb (c.1550–1628), and then to his son Henry Gibb. It was later passed to the Hays in 1710 and eventually the Blairs of Avonton.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a list of natural disasters in Ireland.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Metropolitan Police Act 1833 was the second of the Metropolitan Police Acts, granted royal assent on 28 August 1833. The Metropolitan Police had previously solely been paid by the Rates from parishes within the Metropolitan Police District, but the Act enabled that to be supplemented by payments from the Consolidated Fund of up to £60,000 a year.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography is a book by American geographer Martin W. Lewis and historian Kären E. Wigen. It was published in 1997 by the University of California Press.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lewis and Wigen challenge conventional geographical divisions, arguing that concepts like East vs. West, First World vs. Third World, and the traditional seven-fold continental system oversimplify and misrepresent the world. The authors trace the historical development of these misconceptions and highlight the interconnectedness of Europe, Asia, and Africa as part of a single landmass. The Myth of Continents emphasizes how cultural concepts shaped our metageographical assumptions, exploring the evolution of continental divisions and recent shifts in macro-regions. The analysis also considers the impact of economic changes, the end of the Cold War, and communication technologies on global perspectives, urging a more thoughtful and geographically informed approach to understanding human diversity on a planetary scale. The authors propose a new approach based on historical processes rather than diagnostic traits, aiming to combat Eurocentrism and environmental determinism.", "title": "Summary" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Xing Fang commended the book for challenging the conventional construct of continents, West and East, nation-states, and isolated civilizations. Fang appreciated the book's post-modern approach, emphasizing fluidity and multiplicity, and its organized composition. He highlighted its thorough historical review, its deconstruction of spatial and cultural notions, and its proposal of a revised world-region scheme. However, Fang noted some shortcomings, such as the need for in-depth discussion on comparable units, the limited exploration of oceanic cultural differences, and the book's concentration on Euro-American views. Despite these limitations, Fang saw the book as a valuable critique inspiring further studies in geography, history, anthropology, and political science.", "title": "Reviews" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In his review of the book in the New York Times, Michael Lind wrote:", "title": "Reviews" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Having criticized many others for their conceptual maps of the contemporary world, the authors are to be commended for their courage in setting forth their own ''refined world regional scheme.'' Their treatment of region as a surrogate for religion and culture works pretty well in Old World -- oops, I mean Afro-Eurasian regions like South Asia and East Asia. They are less convincing when they divide the Western Hemisphere into three regions, according to different and incompatible principles. North America and Ibero-America are defined by language and European colonial heritage, whereas ''African America,'' including the Caribbean islands and coastal Brazil (but not the American South) is defined by race. If language and culture are the criteria, shouldn't Britain be united with North America, Australia and New Zealand -- and Spain and Portugal with Ibero-America? In the map that Lewis and Wigen offer, Britain and Spain are assumed to have more in common with each other -- and with Scandinavia and Italy -- than either has with its former colonies. But these are quibbles. Debating these matters is not just important; it is fun. The very fact that their work stimulates such questions is a tribute to the authors. In ''The Myth of Continents,'' Lewis and Wigen have written an entertaining and informative account of the way our maps show us the world that we want to see.", "title": "Reviews" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Denis Cosgrove considered the book a serious and well-researched scholarly work that challenges conventional spatial divisions like continents and argues that they are arbitrary and discursive rather than scientific. Cosgrove also highlighted the authors' awareness of postcolonial sensibilities and the contradictions involved in embracing them while remaining committed to universal canons of scholarship.", "title": "Reviews" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In his review, Philip F. Kelly lauded the authors for critically examining common global categorizations such as continents, world regions, and East-West dichotomies. The review noted the book's thorough exploration of the historical and ideological aspects of these constructs, with a particular focus on the arbitrary nature of continental divisions. Kelly appreciated the authors' proposal of a modified world regional scheme that considers historical processes over specific diagnostic traits.", "title": "Reviews" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Tim Unwin acknowledged the book's sound historical interpretation and analysis of overarching terms used to describe the world order but criticized its exclusive focus on large-scale structures, such as continents and world-systems theory. Unwin noted the authors' rejection of postmodern perspectives and their attempt to develop a new metageography. While expressing disappointment with the book's proposed world regionalization scheme, he acknowledged its value in offering insights into the historicity of geographical terms.", "title": "Reviews" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Peter J. Taylor commended the book as a crucial exploration of critical metageography, emphasizing the significance of understanding how we structure our world spatially. Taylor emphasized the book's identification and critical examination of four geographical myths: continents, nation-states, east and west, and geographical concordance. He praised the authors for historicizing these myths and providing cartographic summaries that challenge conventional perspectives.", "title": "Reviews" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In his review, Robert Stock noted the authors' critical examination of metageographical constructs, including the classical Greek division and the seven-fold continental scheme. The review highlighted the book's exploration of Eurocentrism and Afrocentrism, with a positive acknowledgment of Afrocentric views challenging the Eurocentric perspective. Despite some critiques of the proposed alternative world regional framework, Stock commended the authors for producing a scholarly and thoroughly referenced volume that encourages a reevaluation of how we conceptualize large-scale territorial divisions on Earth.", "title": "Reviews" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "David Hooson described the book as a timely exploration of how humanity has conceptualized distinct regions since classical times. Hooson highlighted the book's emphasis on questioning age-old assumptions and reexamining global schemes proposed by scholars like Arnold Toynbee, Immanuel Wallerstein, and Samuel Huntington. The authors' focus on historical processes and their critique of traditional geographical categorizations, such as Eurocentrism and the nation-state concept, were commended. Hooson acknowledged the book as a thought-provoking and scholarly tour de force, suggesting it should be essential reading for those interested in understanding the evolving nature of our diverse planet.", "title": "Reviews" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In his review, David C. Engerman, commended Lewis and Wigen for their critical examination of geographic categories, particularly continents. Engerman focused on the authors' challenge to traditional dichotomies between \"East\" and \"West,\" questioning stereotypes associated with each. He noted the authors' extensive rebuttal of Karl Wittfogel's ideas and their broader critique of Eurocentrism, Afrocentrism, world-systems theories, and Samuel Huntington's \"clash of civilizations\" approach. Engerman appreciated the authors' proposed alternative of \"world regions,\" emphasizing their historical self-consciousness and humility in addressing the complexities of geographic categories.", "title": "Reviews" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Barney Warf noted that readers would find it a \"useful volume\" which dealt with Eurocentrism, Afrocentrism, Orientalism, postcolonial thought, and geographic education. Because it summarized classic and contemporary research, the volume was \"an important stepping-stone between frequently obtuse, jargon-laden academic works on the one hand, and popular views of geography on the other.\" Lewis and Wigen's concern is metageography, which they define as \"the set of spatial structures through which people order their knowledge of the world\" They find that geographies are \"much more than just the ways in which societies are stretched across the earth's surface. They also include the contested, arbitrary, power-laden, and often inconsistent ways in which those structures are represented epistemologically.\"", "title": "Reviews" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The anthropologist Rita Kipp in reviewing the book wrote:", "title": "Reviews" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "What is \"mythical\" about the canonical seven continents we learned in school is that their sometimes arbitrary boundaries can derail our generalizations about culture and history. The way \"Africa\" is used in much Afro-centric scholarship, for example, overlooks the cultural divide marked roughly by the Sahara Desert. Perhaps the most vexing continents, however, are Asia and Europe, the boundary between them being the tinder for many scholarly disputes. Martin and Wigen object, above all, when geographical determinism creeps into our talk of these \"continents,\" as if the land forms themselves and their analytical separability explain why people live and think differently in these places.", "title": "Reviews" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Kipp confessed \"I found myself in a defensive mood during much of this book, and sometimes bored with what I thought I already knew about Eurocentrism, Orientalism, and the social construction of all scholarly categories and boundaries. The total effect, however, is finally arresting.\"", "title": "Reviews" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Geographical historian James M. Blaut, while acknowledging the utility of the book, characterized it as \"pretentious\" and its argument as \"rather conventional and indeed rather conservative.\" He particularly took issue with the authors' introduction of the term \"metageography,\" dismissing it as an ostentatious substitute for \"world cultural geography.\" This critique prompted a discussion in the Journal of World History, where Lewis and Wigen offered a response. In turn, Blaut conceded, stating, \"Perhaps I placed too much emphasis on the shortcomings; if so, it was due to the somewhat off-putting tone of the book.\"", "title": "Reviews" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mayfield, Idaho is a former ghost town 20.8 miles (33.5 km) southeast of Boise, Idaho and immediately north of I-84. One of the numerous ephemeral settles along the old Oregon Trail, it is now a planned community of some 5000. Ambitious plans for an unincorporated townsite of 15,000 homesites were controversial due to concerns over the resources required, particularly water, the environment impact on the rangeland, and the sociological changes such a large settlement in an area of low population density would bring.", "title": "" } ]

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