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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "İkizdere is a town in Rize Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "İkizdere may also refer to the following settlements in Turkey:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Transmitter is an online publication dedicated to neuroscience research news and commentary. Aimed at professionals from across the neuroscience discipline, the website is an editorially-independent publication of the Simons Foundation.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2008, the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative website debuted a News & Opinion section, which relaunched as Spectrum magazine in 2015.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Spectrum editorial team founded The Transmitter to expand the publication's neuroscience coverage beyond the autism field; autism stories are covered on The Transmitter within a dedicated Spectrum vertical. Like its predecessor, The Transmitter is funded by the Simons Foundation but maintains editorial independence. The new website was launched on November 13, 2023, with an announcement at a satellite event hosted by the Simons Foundation during the 2023 Society for Neuroscience meeting in Washington, D.C..", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 season is IFK Göteborg's 119th in existence, their 92nd season in Allsvenskan and their 48th consecutive season in the league. They compete in Allsvenskan and Svenska Cupen. League play will start on 31 March and end on 10 November.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Source: IFK Göteborg and Gamla Ullevi", "title": "Club" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Updated to match played 18 December 2023Source: Competitions", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Last updated: 18 December 2023. Source: svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish)", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Kickoff times are in UTC+2 unless stated otherwise.", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Kickoff times are in UTC+1.", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Kickoff times are in UTC+1.", "title": "Non competitive" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Mississippi Aviation Heritage Museum is an aviation museum in Gulfport, Mississippi.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1973, Thomas E. Simmons, a businessman and pilot, read a newspaper article about Gulfport native and early African-American aviator John C. Robinson. After years of research that led to creation of a book about Robinson, the John C. Robinson Brown Condor Association was established in 2001. The following year, it received $250,000 from the state legislature to create a museum and began collaborating with the University of Southern Mississippi to conduct oral history interviews with individuals who knew Robinson or the environment he grew up in. The association commissioned a bust of Robinson, which went on display at the Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport in 2010. The dedication also served as the beginning of efforts to build the museum. Plans originally called for the construction of a two-floor 52,000 sq ft (4,800 m) building near the airport. Focus eventually shifted to a World War II-era hangar at the airport, but this also did not come to fruition.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The museum leased a vacant 33,000 sq ft (3,100 m) furniture store from the city in September 2016 and began renovating it. After four years of work, the museum opened on 3 October 2020.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Exhibits at the museum include the Mississippi Aviation Hall of Fame, as well as galleries about the Tuskegee Airmen, Hurricane Hunters, crop dusting and military bases in Mississippi.", "title": "Exhibits" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "A scale replica of a C-130 that was used in parades was donated in 2021.", "title": "Exhibits" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Monastery of Saint Rose of Lima (Spanish: Monasterio de Santa Rosa de Lima, Monasterio de Santa Rosa de Santa María or Santa Rosa de las Monjas) is a Catholic monastery dedicated to Saint Rose of Lima (born Isabel Flores de Oliva) located next to the Plaza Gastañeta in the historic centre of Lima, Peru.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It is made up of the Church and the Monastery, it was built in the 17th and 18th centuries, next to the house in which Saint Rose of Lima lived and spent the last three months of her life until her death in her room on August 24, 1617. Said room has since been converted into a chapel.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 SDHL season is the seventeenth ice hockey season of the Swedish Women's Hockey League (SDHL). The season began on 24 September 2023 and will conclude on 20 February 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "No SDHL teams were relegated at the end of the 2022–23 SDHL season due to Göteborg HC's mid-season withdrawl from the league in November 2022. The nine teams that completed the 2022–23 season returned for the 2023–24 season and were joined by Frölunda HC, the Nationella Damhockeyligan (NDHL) champions of the 2023 Kvalserie till SDHL. The promotion of Frölunda HC brought the number of teams participating in the league back to ten.", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The season marks the first time in league history that fewer than sixty percent of active players are of Swedish nationality. Import players hail from fifteen different countries, with the largest contingents coming from Canada (20 players), Czechia (19 players), and Finland (19 players).", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In contrast to the rising number of import players, the number of Swedish captains increased from two in the 2022–23 season to five at the start of the 2023–24 season – with AIK, Brynäs IF, Frölunda HC, Linköping HC, and MoDo Hockey all sporting Swedish captains. The remaining five captaincies were filled by two Canadians (Djurgårdens IF and Leksands IF), two Finns (HV71 and Luleå HF/MSSK), and one Netherlander (SDE HF).", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Alternate captain Michelle Karvinen stepped into the Frölunda HC captaincy on an interim basis after captain Hanna Olsson sustained a season-ending hamstring injury caused by a blindsided open-ice hit from Luleå forward Petra Niemenen on 13 October 2023. HV71's captain, Sanni Hakala, ended her ice hockey career on 30 November 2023 due to injuries sustained in a match earlier in the month; HV71 alternate captain Elin Svensson was named captain shortly thereafter.", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Sources:", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The 2023–24 SDHL season began on 24 September 2023. The schedule comprises 36 games per team, in which each team will play every opponent four times – twice at home and twice away.", "title": "Regular season" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The following players lead the league in points at the completion of games played on 28 December 2023.", "title": "Regular season" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The following goaltenders playing at least one third of their team’s minutes in net at the conclusion of games played on 28 December 2023, sorted by save percentage.", "title": "Regular season" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The SDHL player of the month (Swedish: månadens spelare) is selected by a jury comprising SDHL sports director Oscar Alsenfelt, Svenska Spel sponsorship manager Mats Einarsson, SVT sports commentator Chris Härenstam [sv], TV4 ice hockey commentator Pernilla Winberg, and Damkronorna head coach Ulf \"Uffe\" Lundberg; every member of the jury is not required vote each month. Each winner selects a project to receive 10,000kr towards promoting Swedish ice hockey. Winners are listed with their selected programs in parentheses.", "title": "Awards and honors" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The SDHL assist of the month award is called the \"delivery of the month\" (Swedish: \"månadens leverans\") due to its sponsorship by shipping company DHL. Each winner earns 5000kr for a project of their choice that promotes Swedish ice hockey. Winners are listed with their selected programs in parentheses.", "title": "Awards and honors" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The SDHL goal of the week (Swedish: Veckans mål) is selected by fan vote from five candidates via the league’s website and social media accounts. Percentage of votes cast for the winner is in parentheses, when available.", "title": "Awards and honors" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The SDHL save of the week (Swedish: Veckans räddning) is selected from five candidates by fan vote via the league’s website and social media accounts. Percentage of votes cast for the winner is in parentheses, when available.", "title": "Awards and honors" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "İncirli is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Keçiören, Ankara Province, Turkey.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "İncirli may also refer to:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Stations" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dania Vizzi is an American sport shooter. She won the gold medal in the 2023 Pan American Games in the Mixed pairs skeet event.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism (French: marche pour la République et contre l'antisémitisme) was a protest that took place in many cities, but predominantly Paris, in France on 12 November 2023 in response to the rise in antisemitism since the beginning of the 2023 Israel-Hamas War.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Since the beginning of the surprise attack against Israel, a growing number of acts of antisemitism have occurred in France. On 7 November 2023, President of the National Assembly Yaël Braun-Pivet and President of the Senate Gérard Larcher called for the formation of a \"large civil protest\" against antisemitism in the Palais Bourbon and Palais Luxembourg.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In Paris, a march of silence began on Les Invalides at 3:00 PM, and marchers passed the National Assembly and Senate Building two hours later. Over 105,000 participated in the event, including figures such as:", "title": "Protests" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "President Emmanuel Macron condemned antisemitism in a letter and stated that the march was a \"sign of hope\". In total, across France, over 182,000 people participated in the protests. Every political party represented in the current French legislature responded to the protests, with the exception of La France Insoumise, although various LFI politicians participated in the Strasbourg protests.", "title": "Protests" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Jean-Luc Mélenchon, founder of the LFI, claimed that the march was a \"far-right\" protest with an agenda of unconditional supoprt for the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip.", "title": "Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Jewish left-wing collective, \"Golem\", founded on the night before the march, mobilized against it, upset with participtation of the Rassemblement National (RN).", "title": "Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "During the demonstration, members of the Jewish Defense League, who provided the RN's security service, assaulted a person who was protesting against Marine Le Pen and attacked demonstrators from the Golem collective.", "title": "Controversies" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ella R. Frank was a British contralto opera singer.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Frank trained at the Royal Academy of Music where she won the Gilbert Betjemann Prize.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Frank further trained in France under Marguerite Hasselmans, the mistress of Gabriel Fauré, in 1924, and the Canadian soprano Pauline Donalda in 1925, and was engaged at the Théâtre municipal de Nantes and the Opéra de Lille where she was an artist in residence. Le Figaro in 1924 reported her contralto voice as being of rare beauty and that she interpreted Sàint-Saëns and Fauré remarkably. The same newspaper in 1926 reported that, while at the Opéra de Lille, Frank won applause for her magnificent voice and her moving style.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Frank married flight pioneer Lawrence Arthur Wingfield in 1928.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dane Court was an independent boarding and day preparatory school for boys aged 4 to 13 which was based at several sites in its 114 year history, but principally at Pyrford, Surrey, England. The school closed permanently in 1981.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The school was founded in 1867 when Rev Henry John Graham began educating 'three or four boys' at Garsington Rectory for entry into the public schools and the Royal Navy, the first of which was H. Rider Haggard. Graham continued as an educator when he became Vicar of Ashampstead in 1871, with several pupils boarding with him and his wife, Jessie, in the vicarage. By 1883, he had opened his first school, which was known as The Mount School at Mount Lodge, St Leonard's on Sea, before expanding to larger premises on St Peter's Road in Parkstone, Dorset in 1900. It was here that the school first became known as Dane Court.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Rev Graham retired in 1911 and the assistant master, Hugh Pooley (younger brother of Sir Ernest Pooley Bt), took over as headmaster. He and his Danish wife, Michaela (née Krohn), would run Dane Court together for the next 50 years. (It is a myth that the school derived its name from Mrs Pooley's nationality.)", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The school was split into two in 1921 with the Pooleys taking on the premises and pupils of an unrelated Surrey school called Dean Court (founded 1909, under Henry Edmund Kingsford) and reopening it as Dane Court, Pyrford.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The extant Dane Court, Parkstone was renamed The Daison in 1921 but reverted to Dane Court, Parkstone by 1923. It continued for 20 years under a succession of headmasters, beginning with Harold Wilton Turner and Paul Phipps. In 1933, Rev Cecil Ayerst became headmaster and opened a pre-prep department for boys aged 5 to 8. In 1936, he relocated the prep school element to new premises at Longham, rebranding as Holmwood Park Preparatory School, which had ceased to operate by 1943 following a scandal involving a subsequent proprietor. Dane Court, Parkstone continued as a pre-prep under headmaster Gordon Holligan, but had been converted to a Barnardo's Home for Boys by 1941.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Hugh and Michaela Pooley ran Dane Court successfully at Pyrford from 1921 to 1939, but relocated the school to Whatcombe House in Lower Whatcombe near Blandford Forum when the Pyrford site was requisitioned by the War Office for the duration of the war. They were able to re-open in Pyrford in May 1946 and ran both schools in tandem with the help of an additional 'Master in Charge', Guy Boys, a former Bryanston School master. In 1950 they terminated the lease at Whatcombe House, which then became the original premises of Marchant-Holliday School, before reverting to its owners.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The Pooleys retired in 1961 and headship passed to their son Robin Krohn Pooley. The school closed permanently in 1981 and the site was redeveloped into residential property. The Dane Court Society of alumni held its last meeting on 19 September 2009.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Flaming Swords is the debut studio album by Belgian-American band Fievel Is Glauque. It was released on November 25, 2022, on Math Interactive. It was the band's first full-length studio release, following their 2021 compilation album God’s Trashmen Sent to Right the Mess.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Fievel Is Glauque co-founders Zach Phillips and Ma Clément wrote the music of Flaming Swords over the course of several months while Phillips was living in Clément's native Brussels. Phillips explained, \"Musically, Ma directed melodic impetus and I directed harmonic and rhythmic framing ... Lyrically, we fought and embraced our initial impulses alternatingly; above all, we tried to trust and document the psychodynamics of the process itself rather than attempting to express concrete, prefab emotional or intellectual messaging.", "title": "Writing and recording" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Joined by session musicians Anatole Damien, Raphaël Desmarets, Johannes Eimermacher, Gaspard Sicx, and Eric Kinny, the latter a pedal steel guitarist who first introduced Phillips to Clément, the group recorded the entirety of the album's 18 tracks live to tape in one day at La Savonnerie in Brussels. Regarding the album's recording session, Phillips remarked, \"That was a really long day ... I got there at, like, nine in the morning and we didn’t leave until 1AM.\"", "title": "Writing and recording" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Fievel Is Glauque announced the album alongside the release of its lead single, \"Save the Phenomenon\", on October 5, 2022, while the band was on tour opening for Stereolab. On November 9, 2022, the band released the album's second single, \"Clues Not to Read\", which serves as the album's closer and is its longest track by nearly two minutes.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Flaming Swords was met with critical acclaim. In an 8.1/10 review for Pitchfork, Travis Shosa wrote, \"Cramming highly technical and conversational fusion compositions within sub-two-minute songs, the album has the allure of a puzzle box with no right or wrong answers: just barrages of instrumental hooks and Delphic ponderings of the human condition.\" Bill Pearis of BrooklynVegan called the album \"a stylish mix of Tropicália, jazz, ’70s laid-back grooves, skronky prog, movie samples and just a little punk, almost entirely played as tight little vignettes.\"", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Jason Friedman of Paste wrote, \"Flaming Swords' jazzy, pop complexity feels curious, whimsical, and exploratory,\" noting that \"the album is hard to compare to any other musical movements happening right now, seemingly defying convention at every possible turn.\" In a review for Bandcamp Daily, Miles Bowe complimented \"the compositional partnership between Phillips and Clément, whose strength for creating impossibly complex arrangements and powerful, heart-stirring melodies complement each other wonderfully,\" also calling attention to \"the album’s few, well-placed skits—taken from old, dubbed films in a move that surprisingly recalls Wu-Tang Clan.\"", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "All tracks are written by Zach Phillips and Ma Clément, except where otherwise noted.", "title": "Track listing" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Adapted from Bandcamp.", "title": "Personnel" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Heads and Tales is a 2023 Indian Telugu-language drama film directed by Sai Krishna Enreddy. The film stars Divya Sripada, Chandi Rao and Sri Vidya Maharshi.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A critic from Cinema Express rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that \"It is a joy to watch when characters in films do not behave like they are conscious of the fact that they are in a film. It takes effort to create “realness”, a mood that persists through most parts of Heads and Tales, written by Sandeep Raj and directed by Sai Krishna Enreddy\". A critic from 123telugu rated the film 2+3⁄4 out of 5 and wrote that \"On the whole, Head and Tales is a simple film that has a good backdrop. Though the performances are good, the dull narration and lack of good drama take down the film and make it just an ordinary watch due to its crisp runtime\". A critic from The Times of India wrote that \"The concept Heads & Tales is based on sounds pretty good on paper, but when it comes to the narration and execution of these characters and the film’s plot points, the director falters. While the performances are laudable, the subdued narration is a let-down\".", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The ROH Women's World Television Championship is a women's professional wrestling world television championship in the Ring of Honor (ROH) promotion. It is comparable to the ROH World Television Championship in the men's division. The title has yet to have an inaugural champion.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ring of Honor owner Tony Khan unveiled the championship on December 16, 2023 during a taping of Ring of Honor Wrestling. The championship is a secondary title in the ROH women's division. The design of the belt matches the men's World Television Championship. Several names were confirmed for the inaugural tournament with the likes of Leyla Hirsch, Kiera Hogan, Lady Frost, Rachael Ellering and Billie Starkz.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The San Diego Seals are a lacrosse team based in San Diego, California. The team plays in the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The 2024 season is their 5th season in the NLL. The season started on December 9th, 2022 as a home opener against the Calgary Roughnecks.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "On September 13, 2023, before the start of the season, team captain Brodie Merrill announced his retirement from professional lacrosse. His number (#17) was retired at the home opener. Wesley Berg was named as the new team captain.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Reference:", "title": "Regular season" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Reference:", "title": "Game log" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "References:", "title": "Roster" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The 2023 NLL Entry Draft took place on September 15, 2023. The Seals made the following selections:", "title": "Roster" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "List of equipment of the Swedish Navy.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Local elections in Pateros were held on May 13, 2013, within the Philippine general election. The voters elected for the elective local posts in the city: the mayor, vice mayor, District representative, and councilors, six in each of the city's two legislative districts.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mayor Jaime \"Joey\" Medina ran for reelection under the Nacionalista Party. He was challenged by Miguel \"Ike\" Ponce III of Liberal Party.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Vice Mayor Jose Jonathan \"Jojo\" Sanchez ran for city council instead. His party chosen Second District Councilor Ernesto \"Totong\" Cortez to run in his place. Cortez faced his opponents First District Councilor Gerald German of Liberal Party and independent Jing Tuazon. German was Ponce's running mate.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Taguig-Pateros Rep. Arnel Cerafica ran for re-election. Cerafica was challenged by Gigi de Mesa of Nacionalista Party.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Taguig-Pateros Rep. Arnel Cerafica won over his opponent, Gigi de Mesa.", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Mayor Jaime \"Joey\" Medina was re-elected, defeating his closest opponent, Miguel \"Ike\" Ponce III. Medina won over Ponce, garnering a margin of 602 votes.", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "First District Councilor Gerald German won. He defeated his closest rival, fellow Second District Councilor Ernesto \"Totong\" Cortez.", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 Saint Joseph's Hawks women's basketball team represents Saint Joseph's University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Hawks, led by 23rd-year head coach Cindy Griffin, play their home games at Hagan Arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Hawks finished the 2022–23 season 20–11, 9–7 in A-10 play to finish in a tie for sixth place. As the #6 seed in the A-10 tournament, they defeated #11 seed Davidson in the second round, before falling to #3 seed and eventual tournament champions Saint Louis in the quarterfinals. They received an at-large bid into the WNIT, where they would be defeated by Seton Hall in the first round.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Sources:", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cosmoplatus polis is a recently discovered species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Juan José Ramírez Hernández, Antonio Santos-Silva, and Francisco E. De L. Nascimento in 2019. The species is named after the village where it was first collected, San Juan de Polis, Loreto, Peru.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "İsmailli may refer to the following places in Turkey:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "See also" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Italy Square (Spanish: Plaza Italia), formerly known as Saint Anne's Square (Spanish: Plaza Santa Ana), is a public square in the Barrios Altos neighbourhood of Lima, Peru. It was the second square built by the Spanish during the colonial era and later served as one of the four squares where the independence of Peru was declared in the city.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The second square to be laid out in Lima, it took its original name from the indian hospital located next to it. Of this hospital, only the chapel remains, currently functioning as a church. With the construction of the neighbourhood or redoubt of Cercado de Indias, later known as Santiago del Cercado, a series of streets were laid out that would give rise to the current neighbourhood of Barrios Altos.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1821, José de San Martín declared the Independence of Peru in this square, as he had previously done in the Plaza de Armas and the square of La Merced. In the middle of the 19th century, in its surroundings, the largest Italian neighbourhood of the city was established, highlighting among them the Quinta Carbone and the Quinta Baselli. In honour of one of its greatest neighbours, the Italian naturalist Antonio Raimondi, it was renamed Plaza Italia after the inauguration of the monument in 1910 by then president Guillermo Billinghurst.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Joaquín Beunza Redín (1872-1936) was a Spanish Carlist politician. His career climaxed in 1931–1933, when during one term he served as deputy to the Cortes; in 1909-1917 he was also member of Diputación Foral, the Navarrese self-government, and in 1901-1906 he formed part of the Pamplonese city council. He is best known for long-time efforts to preserve and broaden separate Navarrese legal establishments; he represented Pamplona in talks with Madrid during 1917-1919 negotiations on so-called reintegración foral, in 1924–1927 on so-called cupo and Convenio Económico, in 1930–1931 on Basque-Navarrese autonomy and in 1936 on separate Navarrese Carta Foral.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The family reportedly originated from Beunza, a hamlet in mountainous area north of Pamplona; the surname became fairly popular in Navarre are somewhat less in Gipuzkoa. There were some distinguished Beunzas in Navarrese history, e.g. in the mid-18th century one served as procurador de los Tribunales Reales, but none of them can be traced as Joaquín's ancestor. The most distant one identified is his paternal grandfather, Joaquín Beunza Ezcurra; he originated from the village of Ziaurritz, few miles away from Beunza. At some point he moved to Pamplona, where in 1844 he got married to Juliana Viguria Ibañez (1827-1891). It is not clear what he was doing for a living; the couple had at least 6 children. Their son and Joaquín's father, Fernando Ramón Beunza Viguria (1845-1894), was born in Pamplona. In 1871 he married a local girl, Juliana Josefa Redín Espinal (1844-1900); except names of the parents, there is close to nothing known about her.", "title": "Family and youth" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In numerous sources it is noted that Beunza originated from “familia campesina”, “familia modesta” or “humilde familia”. It seems that his father was a working-class horticultural employee, living and working in the then horticulture-focused Pamplonese suburb of Rochapea, even though obituary notes featured “Don Ramón Beunza y Viguria”. It is not clear how many children the couple had; except Joaquín, there is only one sister known. It was with great financial difficulty that in the mid-1880s he received secondary education in Instituto Provincial de Pamplona, gaining prizes for excellent results along the way. He obtained bachillerato with premio extraordinario, which in turn allowed him to enter the university. At least since the early 1890s Beunza was studying law in the University of Salamanca, though he registered also at economy courses. He was an excellent student, obtaining awards and representing the faculty in Madrid and abroad. He graduated in 1895 but continued studies in Madrid and – thanks to a grant – in Paris. In 1897 he was admitted to Colegio de Abogados in Pamplona and commenced practice, not clear in what office and what position. He specialized in derecho foral.", "title": "Family and youth" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1900 Beunza married Asunción Sáez Oroquieta (?-1960), a girl from Pamplona. She was daughter to Domingo Sáez, a “conocido comerciante” of the city. The couple settled in Pamplona; they had at least 4 children, 2 sons and 2 daughters. None of them was a public figure. Both sons became lawyers, Domingo in Logroño and Daniel in Valencia. Both were Carlists; the latter first served in Navarrese wartime executive and then very briefly in Gipuzkoan FET command layer. He remained moderately active in Comunión Tradicionalista and in the 1960s advocated a firm anti-Francoist stand of the organisation; in 1975 he demanded that the Carlist claimant prince Carlos Hugo, suspected of deviating from Traditionalist orthodoxy, confirms the Carlist credo. The best-known Beunza's descendant is his grandson José Luis Beunza Vázquez, the first conscientious objector in Spain; his case made headlines of foreign press and he remains sort of celebrity until today.", "title": "Family and youth" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Political preferences of Beunza's ancestors are not clear. His own became known in his mid-20s; in 1898 he was noted as member of the local Junta Directiva of Asociación de San Luis Gonzaga, a Catholic association which grouped young males. During the 1899 local elections he was running to the town hall as a Carlist from the Pamplonese primer distrito, which included his native Rochapea; he was elected, but his competitors lodged a protest; eventually for unclear reason he was declared “incapacitado de ejercer el cargo de concejal” and his ticket was annulled. In 1901 Beunza once again stood in primer distrito, was successful and this time got his ticket confirmed.", "title": "Early political career (1898-1909)" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Beunza's service in the ayuntamiento lasted 2 terms and 5 years, until 1906. Initially he acted as “regidor sindico”; since 1904 he was segundo teniente de alcalde, second deputy mayor. There is little known of his endeavours, though the result of some is visible until today: in 1904 he was within the faction which successfully opposed the plan to demolish the city walls. When approaching social question Beunza remained rather conservative. In 1902 he demanded that Federación Obrera did not go beyond defence of legitimate rights and did not advance socialism. During “crisis obrera” of 1905 he voiced against the project of launching municipal works; Beunza claimed that it was too broadly sketched (applicable to people either born in Pamplona, or married to Pamplonesa or with 2 years of residence in the city) and would attract masses of poor people, coming to the city. As a lawyer he was also delegated to take part in numerous lawsuits that the city was engaged in, e.g. in 1906 against a company named Finca de Arrobi. However, his position was far from established; in 1905 he failed in elections for compromisarios, e.g. electors entitled to elect senators from Navarre.", "title": "Early political career (1898-1909)" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "It is not clear when Beunza's term in the town hall expired; in August 1906 he was already referred to as ex-consejal. Some sources count him already among “ricos propietarios”, yet there is no information on his alleged wealth. It is known that in 1902 he was in management of Sociedad Burlada y Belascoain, a small company running sort of minor spa and extracting mineral waters south of Pamplona, and that in 1907 he figured in Consejo de Administración of La Vasconia, an insurance company; he would remain in its board for almost 30 years to come. Within Carlism his position was moderate; during the 1907 elections to Diputación Provincial, the Navarrese self-governmental body, his role was limited to supporting the party candidate and the Carlist leader in Navarre Francisco Martínez Alsúa, who competed from the merindad of Estella.", "title": "Early political career (1898-1909)" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "At the turn of the decades the Navarrese politics was dominated by Carlism; Carlists held numerous local alcaldias, Cortes tickets and mandates in Diputación Foral. The latter, which consisted of 7 members, had a half of its members elected every 2 years. In 1909 elections Beunza had no counter-candidate and was voted into Diputación. Until 1912 the body was entirely controlled by the Carlists and there was little controversy recorded. Apart from purely procedural and ceremonial duties, Beunza was noted for efforts to construct a railway line from Pamplona via Leiza to Irún, supervision of education as member of junta provincial de instrucción, promotion of Basque language and support for local businesses. He was member of the body when in 1910 it adopted the Navas de Tolosa standard as the Navarrese emblem.", "title": "Diputado Foral (1909-1917)" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Beunza was comfortably re-elected to Diputación in 1913; the body was still totally controlled by the Carlists. However, partial 1915 elections produced their defeat and loosened the Traditionalist grip on self-government. At the time it was in conflict with the Madrid government; the issue was authority over local municipalities. Newly elected liberal members seized the opportunity. They declared that Diputación was an inoperative nest of Carlist caciquismo and produced a plan of major rehaul, which included formal rulebook of proceedings and making the sessions public (Navarre was the only one of 50 Spanish provinces with its diputación proceedings held behind close doors). Beunza took the lead when refuting their claims and declared proposed changes anti-foral. When the proposals were rejected, in 1916 liberal deputies resigned in protest. Despite meagre governmental efforts and demands from some ayuntamientos, Diputación managed to defend its modus operandi. However, the case produced major controversies in Navarre. It is not clear whether the turmoil was the reason why Beunza did not stand in the 1917 elections; in the spring his term expired.", "title": "Diputado Foral (1909-1917)" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In the party Beunza was not particularly active. In the 1910s he was secretario of Junta Regional; he welcomed party heavyweights like Juan Vázquez de Mella in Navarre, represented Carlism during various Catholic rallies, e.g. in 1912 against blasphemy, and in executive of provincial Junta de Defensa Católica. His declaration that “no hay más que dos partidos enamorados del ideal. El carlista y el republicano” triggered protests of mainstream press. He seldom published in local Traditionalist periodicals. However, he was far from sectarian. As a lawyer he was involved in a civil lawsuit, related to religion. A priest admonished a boy, who refused to stand up while the former was leaving the church with a cross in front of him. The boy confronted the religious and was assisted by his parents, who during altercation followed the priest into the temple. Beunza defended the parents in court.", "title": "Diputado Foral (1909-1917)" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In mid-1917 three diputaciónes of Basque provinces followed the example of Catalonia and in a joint initiative demanded reintegración foral, return of old separate establishments, dismantled in course of the 19th century. At the time Beunza was member of Consejo Foral Administrativo, an advisory body composed of representatives of local municipalities and appointees of the Navarrese self-government. He advocated the Navarrese access to the Basque initiative and “reintegración vasco-navarra armonizándola con los altos intereses de la Patria”, but Diputación limited themselves to non-committal letter of support. However, the issue gained enormous attention. In 1918 Beunza co-signed a non-party petition in support of full reintegracion foral and “armonizar ese derecho con la indiscutible unidad de España”; the Carlists underlined that Basque-Navarrese establishments should operate “dentro del Estado español y dentro de la unidad nacional”. During the 1919 Asamblea de Pamplona - with 400 ayuntamientos represented – he co-signed a motion demanding that Diputación appoints a commission to propose a new foral regime; he also joined Junta de Reintegración Foral, and was appointed to section focusing on future justice system. It seemed that major reform was behind the corner, but situation in Catalonia escalated, government introduced estado de guerra, then cabinet turmoil followed and the matter faded away. Beunza kept advising the diputación on local issues related to application of derecho foral, be it in case of Lerín in 1919 or Elizondo in 1922.", "title": "Reintegración foral (1917-1923)" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Apart from supporting separate legal Basque-Navarrese establishments, Beunza was involved also in works on build-up of Basque cultural-scientific infrastructure. In 1918 he was among the founding members of Sociedad de Estudios Vascos; during the following years he would take part in two SEV congresses yet his overall activity in the organisation was moderate. Within Navarrese Carlism he formed the faction which supported alliance with Basque nationalists. This stand became one of local threads of the conflict between the claimant Don Jaime and the chief theorist Vázquez de Mella; the disagreement matured since the mid-1910s and in principle, Beunza was not involved, apart from what looked like a pro-Mellista support for Spanish neutrality in the Great War. The conflict erupted in 1919; the chief vasco-navarrese Mellista, Víctor Pradera, declared that “los señores Beunza, Llorens y Arevalo son el alma de neojaimismo” up to the point of fanaticism, and apart from support for “cesarista” line they are to blame that “antiguo partido se intoxicó de un nacionalismo [i.e. Basque nationalism]”. When the movement broke into the Mellistas and the Jaimistas, Beunza sided with the latter. In 1919 he was rumoured to run for the Cortes His relations with the claimant were tense; he co-signed a letter which in ultimative tone demanded that “funesta y perjudicial” influence of Melgar, a Francophile adviser to Don Jaime, be reduced, and threatened with withdrawal into privacy.", "title": "Reintegración foral (1917-1923)" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The Primo de Rivera dictatorship embarked on self-government reform; in early 1924 the Directorio introduced new Estatuto Municipal. Its regulations were partially incompatible with Navarrese practice, mostly because they envisioned some Diputación competencies to be with municipal authorities. Beunza formed part of a legal team, sent by Diputación to Madrid to work out some compromise. It materialized as so-called Ley de Bases, which was then discussed by the Navarrese self-government and which Beunza again negotiated in Madrid in early 1925; eventually “armonización con nuestro regimen foral” has been declared. In 1926-1927 he was engaged in another controversy between Pamplona and Madrid; the finance minister Calvo Sotelo tried to raise so-called cupo, an annual financial contribution of Navarre to central budget. First as member of Consejo Foral Administrativo Beunza advised the Diputación on negotiation strategy, especially that Navarrese press made cupo a hotly debated issue. Then he remained engaged in talks, which ended up as a new Convenio Económico; scholars evaluate the outcome as fairly satisfactory for Navarre. The Diputación apparently agreed; in recognition of his merits, which included involvement in numerous other projects, in 1927 Beunza – at the time asesor of the Pamplona ayuntamiento – was declared hijo predilecto de Navarra.", "title": "Dictatorship (1923-1931)" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Though Beunza tried to work out some modus vivendi with the dictatorship, none of the sources consulted claims he was personally involved in supporting it. He is missing on lists of prestigious Navarrese members of the primoderiverista state party, Unión Patriótica. According to later hostile press he was member of Comité de Homenaje a Primo de Rivera, but this information is not confirmed elsewhere. In the late 1920s he was involved in sketchy works on Basque establishments, discussed as part of regional legislation to be prepared by the quasi-parliament set up by Primo, Asamblea Nacional Consultiva. Apart from this, he remained engaged in religious activity and culture, giving lecture on at times unintuitive topics.", "title": "Dictatorship (1923-1931)" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Following resignation of Primo and in anticipation of eminent change, in 1930 SEV resumed works on Basque-Navarrese autonomy. Beunza was first consulted and then invited to Comisión de Autonomía. Among detailed regulations suggested he voiced also in favour of ikurriña as “una expresión de la unidad espiritual de los vascos”. During Dictablanda also Carlism, dormant for the last few years, assumed more active stance. As representative of Navarre (with Rodezno) in June 1930 Beunza co-signed a nationwide Comunión Tradicionalista manifesto; locally he took part in Carlist rallies \"Por la Religión, por la Monarquía Tradicional y por la Reintegración Foral\", e.g. in March 1931 in Pamplona. In early 1931 it seemed that the government would soon organise general elections, to be followed by the local ones. In the press Beunza was listed as a likely Carlist candidate to the Cortes. He was referred to as “actualmente financista en Madrid” and apart from La Vasconia, was in executive boards of numerous other companies: Sociedad Navarra de Industrias, Banco Español de Paris, Hidráulica del Urederra and a few sugar plants.", "title": "Dictatorship (1923-1931)" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Once Republic has been declared in May 1931 SEV sped up works on autonomy statute; as legal expert Beunza remained heavily engaged, especially that he entered the SEV Junta Permanente. He pronounced on many issues, e.g. claimed that 80 members of the future Consejo Vasco-Navarro was far too many or opted for a separate penal code for Navarre. He opposed definition of local electoral processes as “democratic” and claimed that every province of the future autonomous region should be free to decide its own way of nominating representatives to a common council. However, he also remained firmly in favour of Basque-Navarrese unity and during a grand meeting successfully lobbied to change every instance of “vasco” in the text to “vasco-navarro”. It is not clear whether he was present during a massive rally of town hall representatives in June 1931 in Estella, which slightly changed the SEV draft, yet he remained a staunch supporter of what became known as Estatuto de Estella.", "title": "Estatuto de Estella (1931)" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Within Carlism there was no clear opinion on the autonomy issue; Beunza led the faction which supported it, and his followers were dubbed “beunzas”. During the electoral campaign to the Cortes in June 1931 he emerged as key personal link between the Carlists and the Basque nationalists, and it was largely thanks to his efforts that in 4 provinces the two formed common electoral lists. Beunza was running in Navarre. Apart from autonomous agenda, he advanced also the religious cause against the rising secular tide. Though usually moderate, during a rally in June he sounded particularly adamant; the Carlist manifesto aimed against secular legislation that he co-signed contained warning that in Navarre it would not be met “sin la mayor resistencia”, though it was noted that “dentro de los límites jurídicos”. Eventually he was comfortably elected, yet in Pamplona and in particular in his native Rochapea his results were far worse. The candidates elected formed a 15-member minority, named Minoría Vasco-Navarra. As one of its most experienced politicians and as a person respected in both groups, in July Beunza became the formal leader of the minority in the chamber.", "title": "Estatuto de Estella (1931)" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "In the Cortes initially Beunza adopted a moderate posture. During his inaugural address in late July he admitted that the Catalan issue appeared more urgent than the Basque one and did not press the cause of autonomous statute. He merely asked that the regular ayuntamientos – in early days of the Republic replaced by appointed comisiones gestoras, the move he considered somehow justified given threat of revolutionary violence – be restored now that the situation stabilized. Beunza did not advance anti-Republican propaganda, though in August in name of Minoría Vasco-Navarra he voiced against exaltation of pro-republican Jaca rebels, executed during last days of the monarchy. In September 1931 – once Estatuto de Estella has been finalised – together with the nationalist leader José Antonio Aguirre and during a solemn ceremony, accompanied by some 400 alcaldes from Basque-Navarrese municipios, he handed the autonomy statute proposal to the then prime minister, Niceto Alcala-Zamora.", "title": "Estatuto de Estella (1931)" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Estatuto de Estella was subject to parliamentary works in late September; Beunza due to his status of a lawyer specializing in derecho foral and the experience he gained in 1917-1919 and 1925–1927 in negotiations with central authorities was among chief advocates of the document. It soon turned out that its stipulations were not compatible with numerous paragraphs of the constitution draft, which was being discussed at the time. Beunza tried to bridge the gap, i.e. he co-signed a proposal of constitutional amendment which would allow “la federación de regiones autónomas que sean limítrofes”. It was rejected in the chamber and following barely two weeks, in late September the entire Estatuto de Estella draft was dismissed in the Cortes as non-constitutional.", "title": "Constitution (1931)" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "Another major topic that Beunza discussed at length was religion. Initially he suggested that the new Republic focuses on social issues and puts religious ones on hold; it was when responding to him that in October Manuel Azaña uttered his famous “Spain ceased to be Catholic”. Apart from protests against what he perceived as persecution of the church he criticised the constitutional draft as it specified no state religion; the Minoría even tried parliamentary obstruction to prevent adopting the paragraph in question. In legislative commission he recorded numerous “votos particulares”. When together with other members of the minority he was ironically dubbed \"vasco-romano-cavernicola\" he declared accepting with pride the term \"Basque-Roman\", claimed that Republic was making a problem of religion while in fact there was none, and kept asking why severe measures were applied against economic activity of religious orders, while e.g. socialist Casas del Pueblo also owned land.", "title": "Constitution (1931)" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "During late autumn of 1931 Beunza was getting increasingly disappointed with the emerging republican regime, not only due to rejection of Estatuto de Estella, but also because of what he perceived as militantly sectarian secularism, imposing its ideas over the Catholic masses. A scholar writes about “his parliamentary correctness deserting him” when Beunza concluded one of the addresses with what might have been interpreted as threat of violence in name of “dignity of free men against tyranny”, since “our defence will meet aggression wherever it strikes”. During a rally in November “Joaquín Beunza, a far from extreme Carlist, thundered to an audience of 22,000 people” that the Catholics should defend their rights by all means, legal or not, and declared the Cortes a zoo. Though in some other issues he supported innovative legislation – e.g. he argued in favour of female vote - the government considered the Basque-Carlist alliance a dangerous one and the minister of interior Casares Quiroga informed Beunza that all their rallies were suspended. In December the Cortes adopted the constitution, which included most articles earlier challenged by the right.", "title": "Constitution (1931)" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "In early 1932 Beunza's political engagements were twofold. On the one hand, he mobilised support against secular republican course. As in January 1932 the claimant Alfonso Carlos appointed him to the Carlist Junta Suprema he was touring the country far beyond Navarre. In January he was in Burriana; with a lecture ¿Ha dejado España de ser católica? he tackled the already notorious Azaña's phrase. In March he spoke in Barcelona, and in April he took part in Semana Tradicionalista in Seville, where he claimed that the Church should receive back the estates expropriated in the 19th century. On the other hand, he kept advocating the Basque-Navarrese autonomy, even though the new draft was being prepared by comisiones gestoras of the 4 provinces. He had little influence over them, and tried to get the project channelled via parliamentarians from Vascongadas and Navarre, but to no avail. Once the draft, known as Estatuto de las Gestoras, was ready, Beunza voiced in favour, even though at this point most hitherto favourable Carlists withdrew their support. Among the Basque nationalists he was considered the most tractable Carlist and PNV tried to use his influence in Comunión Tradicionalista accordingly. It all went to nothing; in June 1932 representatives of local Navarrese councils rejected the Gestoras draft.", "title": "Collapse of Basque-Navarrese autonomy (1932-1933)" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "Beunza was devastated by Navarre opting out of the joint autonomy scheme. Since he was its staunch advocate, he concluded that he no longer represented the Navarrese vox populi. He wrote a letter to José Sanchez Marco, president of the electoral Junta Católico-Fuerista, and declared his resignation from the Cortes. The matter remained in suspense, but eventually JCF did not accept his departure and Beunza continued to serve. However, at this point Minoría Vasco-Navarra became a fiction, as PNV lost any interest in co-operation with the Carlists and considered the alliance practically over. Present-day historians tend to agree.", "title": "Collapse of Basque-Navarrese autonomy (1932-1933)" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "Increasingly disappointed with sectarian left-dominated Cortes, Beunza was losing faith in parliamentary debates; in relation to debate on the Jesuit order he declared that opposition in the chamber was a waste of time. However, as late as in December 1932 he still hoped that during next elections the right – if standing jointly on basis of Catholic unity – might get some 100 MPs and become a sizeable minority to be reckoned with. In 1933 he was noted mostly as participant in various Carlist rallies, be it in Navarre or beyond. He kept supporting Estatuto de las Gestoras as drafted for 3 Basque provinces only, even though he had no influence over its contents. Formally he still remained jefe de Minoría Vasco-Navarra and this is how he was referred to in the press. In May he again renounced his parliamentary ticket, this time “por incompatibilidad” with being in executive of Compañía del Norte, partially state-owned major railway company; however, there is no information on his mandate having expired. When the chamber was dissolved in October, as formal leader of the parliamentary group Beunza formed part of Diputación Permanente of the Cortes.", "title": "Collapse of Basque-Navarrese autonomy (1932-1933)" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "Beunza did not stand in general elections of November 1933 and it looked like he was gradually gearing down for retirement, e.g. in 1934 he vacated the seat in Junta Permanente of SEV and resigned long-held post in executive of La Vasconia. He still practiced as a lawyer, running offices in Pamplona and Madrid. He remained a prestigious local figure, kept providing legal advice to various Navarrese bodies and was being admitted by the civil governor. However, within Carlism he remained merely a local politician of older generation and did not hold a seat in either national or provincial jefatura. By Basque nationalists he was viewed as a spent force, and their hardline papers counted Beunza among these who “traicionaron a su pueblo”.", "title": "Estatuto Navarro (1934-1936)" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "Beunza did not abandon the hope of getting separate regional establishments restored or introduced. In a series of lectures, delivered between March and May 1935 in the Pamplonese Ateneo, he recommended a piecemeal strategy, to “solicitar enseñanza, legislación civil, justicia, política agraria, legislación social y otras varias facultades”. He did not seem attached to any particular formula – be it reintegración foral, autonomy or federation – and claimed that any solution might do given it is supported by population, acceptable constitutionally, and constitutes a step forward. To maintain mobilisation, he launched the idea that every year Navarre celebrates Dia de los Fueros.", "title": "Estatuto Navarro (1934-1936)" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "In 1935 the Navarrese Comisión Gestora was replaced by Diputación, the first one elected during the republican era. In early 1936 the new self-government restored Consejo Foral Administrativo and appointed Beunza as its member. Some members of CFA – Beunza and numerous Carlists included - floated the idea of Navarre as an autonomous region, though 3 other groups opposed the project: some (La Voz de Navarra) viewed it as impediment on path towards a future joint Basque-Navarrese autonomy, some (Frente Popular Navarro) were anxious that left-wing forces in the province would be left on their own, and some (Diario de Navarra) perceived it as incompatible with genuine fueros. Eventually supporters of the project prevailed and in May 1936 Beunza – among 3 other representatives – was once again sent to the capital to mediate between Pamplona and Madrid.", "title": "Estatuto Navarro (1934-1936)" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "As both asesor jurídico (legal advisor) to Consejo Foral and negotiator between Pamplona and Madrid Beunza tried to keep two options open: Navarre joining the future autonomous Vascongadas (as its already advanced draft allowed such possibility) or Navarre having its own autonomous status. In May and June and as “Miguel Ramón” in El Pensamiento Navarro he engaged in polemics with Eladio Esparza; he adopted a very pragmatic approach and advocated any tangible step forward, even if the future solution turns to be “especie de fuero reducido o disminuido”. Unlike Esparza he tended to accept the 1931 constitution as a point of departure and – despite traditional fuerista stand – was prepared to see the future Carta Foral as a pact between Navarre and the central government. Until mid-July 1936 talks on Navarrese statute did not reach a meaningful stage.", "title": "Estatuto Navarro (1934-1936)" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "Beunza took part in Carlist electoral campaign prior to the February 1936 general elections, during Traditionalist rallies speaking in favour of party candidates both in Pamplona and in minor locations like Viana. Most sources consulted provide no information whether he was involved or even aware of Carlist conspiracy; one claims the Comunión Tradicionalista executive did not inform him about gear-up to insurgency. As was his habit during the summer period, in early July he suspended his law practice and moved to Cestona, a small spa in Gipuzkoa which he frequented since the 1910s. In Gipuzkoa the coup failed, and the province was soon engulfed in revolutionary violence. On July 23 an unidentified patrol of militiamen detained Beunza in Cestona; he was transported to the Ondarreta prison in San Sebastián.", "title": "Last weeks (1936)" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "There are various unconfirmed news about Beunza's fate in captivity. Reportedly Manuel Irujo, one of PNV leaders and personal friend of Beunza, having learnt about his fate first saved him from immediate execution during his first hours in Ondarreta, and then tried to help Beunza afterwards. Some time in August certain groupings within the Republican conglomerate in Gipuzkoa, possibly the Communists, tried to arrange a prisoner exchange; Beunza and some other captives were to be swooped for some PCE prisoners in Nationalist captivity. Allegedly confidential talks were going on well until general Mola got wind of the plan and cancelled it. On the other hand, a somewhat contradictory information is that in August Junta Central Carlista de Guerra de Navarra – unaware of Beunza's captivity – appointed him among experts to work out a scheme of reintegración foral in the future, new Spain.", "title": "Last weeks (1936)" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "At unspecified time in late August or early September 1936 the CNT militiamen transported most prisoners from Ondarreta to the fortress of Guadalupe in nearby Hondarribia. One source claims that in Guadalupe his captors offered Beunza freedom in exchange for money, the proposal he allegedly turned down. On September 4, when Carlist troops were already fighting at the outskirts of Hondarribia, Beunza was called out for execution. According to eye-witness who survived the carnage, he tried to explain to militiamen that he was merely a lawyer, the declaration greeted with the derisive “tanto gusto en conocerte”. The rosary he always carried on him was taken away and he was allowed 15 minutes to write a message to his family. Then, when escorted through a tunnel running across the fortification, he was machine-gunned with a series of bullets; his corpse was reportedly “impossible to look at”. Two days later Nationalist troops seized Hondarribia. On September 8 Beunza's corpse was placed to lie in state in Palacio de la Diputación in Pamplona and then was buried during a solemn ceremony. His killers have never been identified.", "title": "Last weeks (1936)" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Adai Caddo Indians of Louisiana is a state-recognized tribe in Louisiana and nonprofit organization in Houston, Texas. Its members identify as descendants of the Adai people. This group is not federally recognized as a Native American tribe.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The late Rufus Davis served as the organization's chief. Their chief in 2023 is John Mark Davis.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Governor Edwin Edwards created the Louisiana Office of Indian Affairs in 1972 through an executive order. In the 1990s, the office designated the Adai Caddo Indians of Louisiana as a state-recognized tribe.", "title": "State-recognition" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The state-recognized tribe, based in Robeline, goes by several other names, including Caddo Adais Tribe, Addai Caddo, Adai Caddo Tribe, and the Adai Caddo Indian Nation.", "title": "State-recognition" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Louisiana has 11 state-recognized tribes and three federally recognized tribes, the Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana, the Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana, Jena Band of Choctaw Indians, and Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe.", "title": "State-recognition" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Louisiana State Senate passed Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 16 in honor of the Caddo Adais Indians.", "title": "State-recognition" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Caddo Adais Indians, Inc., organized as a nonprofit corporation in Robeline, Louisiana, in May 1991 and in Houston, Texas, in October 1993. Ann Davis of Houston, Texas, served as its principal officer.", "title": "Nonprofit organizations" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The Friends of Caddo Adais Indians, Inc., a nonprofit organization in Shreveport, Louisiana on October 1, 1992. E. Craig Kennedy served as the registered agent; however the nonprofit is inactive.", "title": "Nonprofit organizations" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The Adai Caddo Tribe sent a letter of intent to petition for federal recognition on September 13, 1993; however, they never submitted a completed petition for federal recognition.", "title": "Petition for recognition" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The organization maintains a Caddo Indian Nation Cultural Center, open by appointment, in Robeline, Louisiana. The center is about five miles north of Los Adaes State Historic Site, an early 18th-century Spanish mission.", "title": "Activity" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "They host an annual powwow each October at their center in Robeline.", "title": "Activity" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The illegal drug trade in Israel encompasses all the trafficking of illicit substances within the country of Israel. While many drugs are sold and dealt in Israel, Israel is not a major hub for drug traffickers, nor is it a major hotspot for the purchase, transporation, or sale of drugs by consumers. Although Israel as a country does not experience overall high levels of drug trafficking, volume has increased in recent years and 2022 saw a record high number of drug flow through the country.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Drug smugglers commonly attempt to transport illegal substances through Israel's southern border with Egypt between the Sinai and Negev Desert. Hundreds of attempted border crossings occur each year, and Israel has placed a significant police and military presence at the border to combat a growing number of trafficking attempts. 2022 saw a record low $85 million of drugs smuggled into Israel.", "title": "International trafficking" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Jordanian border has become a popular location for attempted smuggling of cocaine and hashish since the end of the Second Lebanon War in 2006.", "title": "International trafficking" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Similar to many other developed countries, Fentanyl smuggling is becoming a larger problem in Israel as citizens become addicted to perscription painkillers. A 2020 study asserted that Israel had the largest Fentanyl abuse rate per capita out of any country in the world.", "title": "International trafficking" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Israel does not currently promote the use or sale of any illegal drugs, and cannabis is not legal for recreational use. The Israeli government, through the Israel Anti-Drug Authority, has developed and supported a number of programs domestically to prevent and combat drug trade and use, including amongst youth.", "title": "Legislation" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Category:Illegal drug trade by country", "title": "References" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Category:Crime in Israel", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lakkundi is a village in Belagavi district, Karnataka, India. It is located in the southern portion of the district, about 34 kilometres east of the district headquarter Belgaum. As of the year 2011, it had a total population of 1,720.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kakkundi is situated on the banks of Badabadi River, along the Karnataka State Highway 138. It covers a total area of 652.2 hectares.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "According to the 2011 census of India, there were 359 households within the village. Among the local population, 858 were male and 862 were female. The average literacy rate was 60.12%, with 581 of the male residents and 453 of the female residents being literate.", "title": "Demographics" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Laura Ackerman Smoller is an American scholar of medieval history and religion at the University of Rochester and a Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America. She is the author of The Saint and the Chopped-Up Baby: The Cult of Vincent Ferrer in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (2014), which was awarded the 2016 La corónica book award, and History, Prophecy, and the Stars: The Christian Astrology of Pierre d’Ailly, 1350-1420 (1994). After undergraduate study at Dartmouth College, she received a Ph.D. in history from Harvard University in 1991. She taught at Stanford University and the University of Arkansas for many years before joining the faculty at the University of Rochester in 2014. She is currently the president of the Hagiography Society, dedicated to the study of the history of sanctity and sainthood. Her research has been supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Guggenheimm Foundation.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kinki Proportional Representation Block is one of the 11 proportional representation blocks in the House of Representatives in Japan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kinki is usually defined as comprising the following regions: Osaka Prefecture, Hyōgo Prefecture, Kyoto Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, Wakayama Prefecture, and Mie Prefecture. While Wakayama is in the Kinki proportional representation block, Mie is in the Tōkai proportional representation block.", "title": "Summary" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "With a population of 20.7 million people and 28 seats, this is the largest proportional block in terms of population and seats in Japan. Since this is the block with the most seats, the \"winning range\" of votes here is lower than that in other blocks. However, political groups that meet the requirements of the Public Offices Election Law must field more candidates than 10% of the number of seats.", "title": "Summary" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Shiga Prefecture, Kyoto Prefecture, Osaka Prefecture, Hyōgo Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, Wakayama Prefecture", "title": "Area" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The D'Hondt method is used to allocate seats.", "title": "MPs elected" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "※The numbers in parentheses are the \"assumed ranking\" of Your Party and DPJ candidates that could have been elected.", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 Georgia Southern Eagles women's basketball team represents Georgia Southern University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The basketball team, led by fifth-year head coach Anita Howard, play all home games at the Hanner Fieldhouse along with the Georgia Southern Eagles men's basketball team. They are members of the Sun Belt Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rod fishing is the act of fishing with a rod, right?", "title": "" } ]

[]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rosanna \"Rose\" Duncan Lamb (1843 – 1927) was an American portrait painter.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Rose Lamb was born in 1843 in Boston to a prominent family.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Lamb was a student of William Morris Hunt in the 1870s. She exhibited infrequently, but her portraits were in high demand from members of the Boston elite and she particularly excelled at painting children. She made several trips to Europe and beginning in 1884 she was a drawing instructor at the South Boston School of Art. Around 1900, she gave up painting after an illness.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She was friends with the poet Celia Thaxter and after Thaxter's death, she and Annie Adams Fields edited and published Thaxter's letters.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Her papers are at the Archives of American Art.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023 Keiser Sehawks football represented Keiser University as a member of the Sun Conference during the 2023 NAIA football season. Led by 6th-year head coach Doug Socha, the Seahawks compiled an overall record of 12–2 with a mark of 7–0 in conference play; winning the Sun Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Keiser beat St. Thomas (FL) in the first round, Bethel (TN) in the quarterfinals, and College of Idaho in the seminfinals before playing in the 2023 NAIA Football National Championship where they played Northwestern (IA) and won 31–21 to secure the school's first-overall title. Keiser played home games at Keiser Multi-Purpose Field in West Palm Beach, Florida.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Schedule" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Fritz Erler school is a vocational school, a Wirtschaftsgymnasium and business high school of the city of Pforzheim. It was named after the politician Fritz Erler. In 1998, it was the largest school in the administrative district of Karlsruhe and housed the largest high school in southern Germany. With almost 2000 pupils, it is the largest school in Pforzheim and the Enzkreis.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The origins of the school date back to 1859, when Carl Zerrenner, the then Mayor of Pforzheim, arranged a trade course. The reason was the increasing importance of jewellery industry in the city. It became an upper secondary school in 1898, and was allowed to call itself a \"commercial school\". From 1899, girls were also admitted to the school. The school became independent in 1911. On July 4, 1967, the school was renamed to \"Fritz Erler School\".", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "It is an annual prize awarded by the city of Pforzheim to the best graduates of the Fritz Erler School. The prize is a medal with the inscription: \"A people needs knowledge of its history, but it must live in the present and for the future\" (German: Ein Volk braucht die Erkenntnis seiner Geschichte, aber es muss in der Gegenwart und für die Zukunft leben).", "title": "The Fritz Erler Prize" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Flag Square (Spanish: Plaza de la Bandera) is a public square in Lima, Peru. It is located next to the Mateo Salado Huaca at the intersection of Breña, Lima and Pueblo Libre districts.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The works for the construction of the space began in 1978, with the participation of the residents of the Parque San Martín urbanization in Pueblo Libre headed by Catalina Ciccia Ciccia de Chávez. It was inaugurated coincidentally on the day of creation of the first flag of Peru on October 21, 1980, with the presence of then president Fernando Belaúnde Terry. Prior to the works, the area was occupied by a market.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The oval-shaped square was remodelled by the Municipality of Lima in 2017, with the earthen slopes being replaced by a flatter area with gardens, concrete steps and a central flagpole. In 2019, during the ceremony of the 199th anniversary of the first flag of Peru, an effigy of the Peruvian Motherland and statues of the heroes of the four branches of the Armed Forces of Peru were unveiled: Francisco Bolognesi (Army), Miguel Grau (Navy), José Quiñones (Air Force) and Mariano Santos Mateo (Police).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The sqare has been the scene of various official civic events since 1980. One of them is the daily raising, from Monday to Saturday, of a large national flag. On Sundays, larger national flag is raised by the Peruvian Armed Forces, on a 40 m high flagpole.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Šmarje may refer to the following settlements in Slovenia:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sir George Wombwell, 3rd Baronet (13 April 1792 – 14 January 1855) was a British baronet.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Wombwell was born on 13 April 1792. He was the eldest son of Sir George Wombwell, 2nd Baronet and Lady Anne Belasyse. After his mother's death in 1808, his father married Eliza Little, daughter of T. E. Little. From his parent's marriage, he had a younger brother, Henry Walter Wombwell, who died unmarried. From his father's second marriage, he had a half-sister, Louisa (née Wombwell) Beauclerk (best known for her lengthy relationship with Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, grandson of King George III and cousin of Queen Victoria), and a half-brother, Charles Orby Wombwell (who married his wife's sister, Charlotte Catherine Hunter, in 1836).", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "His paternal grandparents were Sir George Wombwell, 1st Baronet and Susannah Rawlinson (a daughter of Sir Thomas Rawlinson). His maternal grandparents were Henry Belasyse, 2nd Earl Fauconberg of Newborough, Yorkshire, and the former Hon. Charlotte Lamb (daughter of Sir Matthew Lamb, 1st Baronet and sister of Peniston Lamb, 1st Viscount Melbourne). His aunt, Lady Elizabeth Belasyse, was married to Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Upon the death of his father on 28 October 1846, George, who was \"well-known in fashionable circles\", succeeded as the 3rd Baronet Wombwell, of Wombwell, and inherited Newburgh Priory in Coxwold, North Yorkshire, the old seat of the Belasyses.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Sir George never took part in \"public politics\" and was mainly known \"in the fashionable world, and on the Turf\".", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On 23 June 1824, Wombwell married Georgiana Hunter (1807–1875) at the bride's father's house in Grosvenor Place, London. She was the youngest daughter of Thomas Orby Hunter (a grandson of Thomas Orby Hunter, MP for Winchelsea) and Frances Heywood (daughter of James Modyford Heywood). Together, they were the parents of:", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Sir George died suddenly on 14 January 1855, at his townhouse at 15 St George Hanover Square.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Through his youngest son Frederick, he was a grandfather of Frederick Adolphus Wombwell (father of Sir Frederick Wombwell, 6th Baronet) and Almina Herbert, Countess of Carnarvon.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Operation Prosperity Guardian is a US-led military operation by a multinational coalition formed in December 2023 to respond to Houthi-led attacks on shipping in the Red Sea.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "United States Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin announced the formation of an international maritime security force, which aims to end the Houthi blockade of Israel in the Red Sea and counter threats by Houthi forces against international maritime commerce heading or related to Israel following weeks of attacks against commercial vessels amid the 2023 Israel–Hamas war and Houthi involvement in it. The coalition currently has more than 20 members. Egypt and Saudi Arabia, both economically reliant on unhindered commercial shipping in the area, are absent from the listed participants. The chairman of the Suez Canal Authority, Usama Rabia, stated that \"Navigation traffic in the Suez Canal was not affected by what is happening in the Red Sea\". In addition to the eleven listed coalition members, ten governments are anonymously involved.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The operation aims to ensure the safety of maritime traffic in the Red Sea, Bab al-Mandeb and Gulf of Aden. Following the start of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, multiple civilian container and freight ships were attacked and hijacked in the Gulf of Aden by Houthi forces. The attacks prompted most major shipping companies to divert their routes away from the Suez Canal. As of 30 December 2023, at least sixteen civilian vessels have been attacked.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The waterways to and from the Red Sea are shipping chokepoints for the global economy which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean and the Suez Canal with the Horn of Africa. This had led to the 2023 situation being dubbed \"a new Suez Crisis\" by The Economist.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Combined Task Force 153, under control of the U.S. Combined Maritime Forces, will control the vessels of the operation, which currently includes the British destroyer HMS Diamond, a Hellenic Navy frigate, USS Laboon, and two other U.S. destroyers. The US contingent may include the USS Carney and USS Mason. Denmark has announced that it will send an officer, with a second announcement on 29 December 2023 that they would be contributing a frigate to the operation by the end of January 2024.", "title": "Forces" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Netherlands plans to send two staff officers. Norway plans on dispatching up to ten staff officers, but as of now is not sending any vessels. Australia announced that it will send 11 military personnel with no warships (despite the US having requested one).", "title": "Forces" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Canada is sending three staff officers by way of Operation Artemis. The Canadian Armed Forces will deploy an unspecified number of land, air and sea support vehicles. Seychelles is not deploying any vessels or personnel, and limits its participation to \"providing and receiving information\" as a member of Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) (which is based in Bahrain).", "title": "Forces" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The Houthis stated: \"We have capabilities to sink your fleet, your submarines, your warships\", adding \"the Red Sea will be your graveyard\". In a public statement, Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Hossein Salami reassured the Iranian public that there is nothing to fear from the coalition. (The Iranian government has long had purported direct ties to the Houthi movement.) IRGC senior officer Mohammad Reza Naqdi was cited as threatening to close \"the Mediterranean Sea, (the Strait of) Gibraltar and other waterways\" without explaining how.", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Whilst named by the United States as part of the coalition, the French Defense Ministry stated that its warships, including the frigate Languedoc, would remain under French command. Italian Defense Ministry, which has deployed the frigate Virginio Fasan in the Red Sea, also stated that the warship was not part of Prosperity Guardian. Spanish Defense Ministry stated that it would only take part in operations under NATO or EU coordination. Spain also vetoed any potential EU contribution to Operation Prosperity Guardian through the resources of EU-conducted Operation Atalanta. At the time, Spain was the commanding nation of Operation Atalanta and had the frigate Victoria deployed in the area.", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The Maersk Line announced on 24 December that with Operation Prosperity Guardian now in place, it would resume using the Suez Canal.", "title": "Reactions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lookout (sometimes spelled as Look Out) is a village in the northern portion of the Caribbean island of Montserrat, a British Overseas Territory. The population was 696 as of 2018. Lookout is the home of several notable buildings including St. Patrick's Church and Blakes Estate Stadium, which is the largest stadium in Montserrat and has a higher capacity than the population of the entire town. The stadium is the home of the Montserrat national football team and several club teams in the Montserrat Championship including Police, Ideal, Tremors, and others.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lookout is the youngest settlement on Montserrat. It was founded in 1998 following the 1997 Soufrière Hills eruption. Many of Lookout's current residents evacuated from Plymouth, the former capital of the island, which was destroyed in the eruption.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jammargal (Urdu: جمرگال), also written as Jamar Ghal or Jamarghal, is a village located in the Jhelum District of Punjab, Pakistan. It is part of Jhelum Tehsil and comes under Nakka Khurd union council. It is located 10.35 kilometers northwest of Rasul and 11.39 kilometers northeast of Jalalpur Sharif.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Jammargal is located in southern part of Jhelum tehsil.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A small dam bearing the same nomenclature is located 1.93 kilometers west of the village.", "title": "Landmarks" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nathan Updegraff (September 3, 1750 in York County, Pennsylvania - March 3, 1827 in Mount Pleasant, Jefferson County, Ohio) was an American Quaker minister, abolitionist and founder and delegate to Ohio's first constitutional convention in 1802.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Nathan Updegraff was born to the couple Joseph Updegraff (1726-1801), commissioner of York County, Pennsylvania, and Mary Webb Updegraff (1747-1833). He descendants from a long line of ministers and elders of the Quaker church, which belong to the Op den Graeffs, a German family of Dutch origin. He was a direct descendant of Herman op den Graeff, mennonite leader of Krefeld, and his grandson Abraham op den Graeff, one of the founders of Germantown and in 1688 signer of the first protest against slavery in colonial America.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Nathan growing up in York County, Pennsylvania. In 1780 he married to Ann Love (around 1757 - 1787/88) and after his first wife death he remarried with Ann Lupton (9 June 1767 - 25 December 1833) in 1788. Afterwards the settled in Winchester, Virginia and established a had factory. In 1801 they joined the Quaker migration to the Northwest Territory. In the following year he moved with his family to Mount Pleasant, Jefferson, Ohio. In the same year he became founder and delegate to Ohio's first constitutional convention for Jefferson County. Nathan became a leader and minister of the Quakers in that area. He also served as a charter member of the Concord montly meeting, the first in Ohio. They built up a meeting house in 1806/07 which was the largest one in the state. Mount Pleasant became a center of Quaker activity in eastern Ohio. Due his and other Quakers influence and work the city became a center of the abolition movement. Politically and socially, he not only strongly opposed slavery within the state, but also voted to extend various civil rights, including the right to vote, to Black people.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Updegraff built the first Mill in Mount Pleasant Township, maufactured paper and owned estates of 1,586 acres.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Nathan Updegraff and Anne Love (around 1757 - 1787/88) had following children:", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Children of Nathan Updegraff and Ann Lupton (9 June 1767 - 25 December 1833):", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "There is a reference about the Op den Graeff glass paintings of Krefeld with a description of the Coat of Arms was found in the estate of W. Niepoth (op den Graeff folder) in the archives of the city of Krefeld, who noted a letter dated November 17, 1935 from Richard Wolfferts to Dr Risler: Saw the Coat of Arms glass pane in the old museum: 'Herman op den Graeff und Grietgen syn housfrau' or the like. Coat of Arms - In the sign a silver swan in blue. Helmet decoration (I think): Swan growing.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Aluminylenes are a sub-class of aluminium(I) compounds that feature singly-coordinated aluminium atoms with a lone pair of electrons. As aluminylenes exhibit two unoccupied orbitals, they are not strictly aluminium analogues of carbenes until stabilized by a Lewis base to form aluminium(I) nucleophiles. The lone pair and two empty orbitals on the aluminium allow for ambiphilic bonding where the aluminylene can act as both an electrophile and a nucleophile. Aluminylenes have also been reported under the names alumylenes and alanediyl.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The +1 oxidation state for aluminium is less stable than heavier group 13 elements, but the lower stability and higher reactivity of aluminium(I) compounds makes for interesting chemistry. The first aluminium(I) compound to be isolated was Dohmeier’s (AlCp*)4 which existed as a tetrameric solid but dissociated in solution to the monomer. This was followed by Roesky’s synthesis of a doubly coordinate aluminium(I) and nitrogen heterocycle analogous to an aluminium Arduengo carbene Despite some rich aluminium(I) chemistry following those discoveries, it wasn’t until 2020 that a free (not Lewis base stabilized) aluminylene was synthesized.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Simple aluminylenes have been studied but are highly reactive and only exist in the gas phase under extreme conditions. The first free aluminylene came from Tuononen and Power, who used bulky terphenyl ligands to stabilize the reduction of the aluminium(III) diiodide. The isolated arylaluminylene formed thermally stable yellow-orange crystals that were characterized via X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The aluminylene demonstrated more reactivity than its gallium analogue and quickly formed an aluminum hydride upon reaction with hydrogen gas.", "title": "Free aluminylenes" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Soon after, Liu and coworkers as well as Hinz and coworkers separately synthesized a free nitrogen bound aluminylenes that was stabilized with the use of bulky carbazolyl ligands. While also thermally stable, the N-aluminylene was extremely sensitive to air and water. Part of the stability of the N-aluminylene is based on slight pi-donation from the nitrogen atom, facilitated by the planar nature of the molecule. This conclusion is supported by electronic structure calculations and a slightly shorter N-Al bond distance than would be expected for a N-Al single bond. Both free aluminylenes largely depend on the steric bulk of their ligands for kinetic protection, a common motif in stabilizing reactive main group complexes.", "title": "Free aluminylenes" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The ambiphilic nature of aluminylenes, as well as the reactivity of aluminium(I) complexes more generally, allows for aluminylenes to participate in a diverse range of reactions. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) calculations showed that the frontier orbitals of these aluminylenes matched expectations with the aluminium lone pair as the HOMO and a largely aluminium p-orbital based LUMO.", "title": "Reactivity" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Power’s aluminylene was shown to react with organic azides to create aluminium(III) imides. In a reaction with ArN3, the terphenyl aluminylene was able to form an Al-N triple bond, a conclusion supported by the shortest reported Al-N bond distances (1.625Å). This aluminylene also reacted with less bulky azides, but the lack of steric protection meant that a second equivalent of azide reacted to give a multiply coordinated aluminium(III) compound.", "title": "Reactivity" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The N-aluminylene reported by Liu and coworkers was shown to undergo an oxidative insertion reaction when mixed with IDippCuCl (IDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) to form a terminal copper-alumanyl complex.", "title": "Reactivity" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Liu also demonstrated that the N-aluminylene could act as an important precursor to organoaluminium compounds. In these reactions, the aluminylene performs cycloaddition with unsaturated hydrocarbons to create aluminium heterocycles. Subsequently, the Al-N bond can be cleaved using a nucleophilic salt to free the newly formed organoaluminium compound.", "title": "Reactivity" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In 2023, Liu and coworkers published further examples of the reactivity of their N-aluminylene as they attempted to react the compound with various boron based Lewis acids. Upon reaction with Ph2BOBPh2, the aluminylene formed a tricoordinate species featuring new aluminium-boron and aluminium-oxygen bonds. This free alumaborane was characterized via B NMR and showed two three-coordinate boron atoms, an observation further supported by x-ray crystallography data. The formation of Lewis adducts was also observed when the aluminylene was mixed with strong Lewis acids such as BCF (Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane) and Piers’ borane (HB(C6F5)2).", "title": "Reactivity" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In addition to free aluminylenes, there have been several attempts to further stabilize these reactive species through the coordination of another Lewis base. Transient versions of these compounds have been reported on the way to other products via coordination with N-heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs) and amidophosphines. However, in 2022 Liu and coworkers were able to form an adduct between their N-aluminylene and an NHC, a combination that demonstrated increased reactivity compared to the free aluminylene. They explained this with Density Functional Theory calculations at the M06-2X/def2-SVP level showing that the NHC coordination narrowed of the HOMO-LUMO gap by raising the energy of the aluminium lone pair (HOMO). This aluminylene-NHC adduct was then shown to activate otherwise unreactive arene species to initiate ring expansions.", "title": "Reactivity" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Aluminylenes have also demonstrated the ability to act as ligands and coordinate to transition metal centers. Tokitoh demonstrated multiple methods for using dialumene starting materials to create an arylaluminylene platinum complexes. NBO calculations showed that the Al-Pt bond showed a large degree of electrostatic interaction, supplemented by sigma donation from the aluminium and pi-backbonding from the platinum.", "title": "Reactivity" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The N-aluminylene reported by Liu, also demonstrated an ability to coordinate to metal atoms. UV irradiation of tungsten hexacarbonyl in the presence of the N-aluminylene created an aluminylene-W(CO)5 compound. Furthermore, treatment of the N-aluminylene with W(CO)6 and Cr(CO)6 in coordinating solvents such as THF and DMAP also formed the aluminylene-transition metal complexes. In these cases, the aluminylene was stabilized by having a THF molecule or two DMAP molecules donate their lone pairs into the aluminylenes empty orbitals. Intrinsic Bond Orbital calculations showed a significant degree of pi-backbonding from the aluminylene in the tungsten and chromium complexes, which added further stabilization.", "title": "Reactivity" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ivan Dimitrov Stancioff (1897–1972) was a Bulgarian diplomat.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born on December 17, 1897, to Bulgarian diplomat and politician Dimitar Stanchov and French/Bulgarian countess Anne de Grenaud, Ivan was the fourth of five children from his parents.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Stancioff's life began in Saint Petersburg, Russia, where his father, Dimitar, had been appointed diplomatic agent of Bulgaria to the Court of Tsar Nicholas II.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "After spending most of his youth accompanying his father at his different diplomatic posts in Russia (until 1907) and then in France (1908–1915), Stancioff received his first mission from Major Hristo Lukov as translator to the local Bulgarian troups and the recently arrived Anglo-French troops (October 6, 1918) within Bulgaria.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "After the First World War, he followed the family as they moved to London, where his father, Dimitar, had been appointed Minister to Great Britain.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In London, Stancioff met his life-long love Carolyn Marion Mitchell and they were married on February 17, 1925, at the Brompton Oratory. Together, they had seven children, Dimitar, Anne, Ivan, Feodora, Peter, Nadejda, and Andrew.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Stancioff served as Consul General of Bulgaria to Rome from 1931 to 1936, as consul general in Galatz to Bessarabia from 1942 to 1944, and briefly as ambassador to Turkey in Ankara at the end of 1944 before fleeing war-torn Eastern Europe for the United States, where he settled with his wife and seven children in 1946 in Urbana, Maryland, at Landon House.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Stancioff died July 28, 1972 and is buried at Saint Ignatius Church in Urbana, Maryland.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ana García Armada is a Spanish electrical engineer specializing in Wireless communication, especially involving multi-carrier and multi-antenna communications, signal processing, and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. She is a professor at Charles III University of Madrid.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "García earned a licenciate from the Technical University of Madrid in 1994, and completed her Ph.D. there in 1998. Her doctoral dissertation, Contribución al desarrollo de técnicas de prototipado rápido de sistemas de comunicaciones, was directed by Miguel Calvo Ramón. In the same year she joined the academic staff of Charles III University. She was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2024 class of fellows, \"for contributions to wireless communications transceivers\".", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Fiasco is an upcoming French comedy television series created, written and directed by Igor Gotesman, co-created and co-written by Pierre Niney for Netflix. It stars Niney, François Civil, Gotesman, Géraldine Nakache, Louise Coldefy, Leslie Medina, Pascal Demolon, Juliette Gasquet, Djimo and Marie-Christine Barrault. The series is set to be released in 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Raphaël Valande is shooting his directorial debut, a film to pay tribute to his grandmother. Things starts to go wrong on the set and the shooting becomes a nightmare when a member of the team tries to sabotage the film.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The series was created, written and directed by Igor Gotesman, co-created and co-written by Pierre Niney, and co-written by Nicolas Slomka and Tania Gotesman. It was co-produced by Five Dogs and Ninety Films.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 27 October 2022, Pierre Niney announced in his Instagram account that he was writing and was also going to co-produce and star in a new comedy series directed by his friend Igor Gotesman. \"I could say that this is the big sister of the series Casting(s) and the film Five. You will find people that you may have liked,\" Niney said.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On 24 February 2023, Netflix France announced that the series Fiasco was being filmed and that it will have 7 episodes of 35 minutes. Netflix also shared a behind-the-scenes video showing the cast (Niney, François Civil, Gotesman, Géraldine Nakache, Louise Coldefy, Leslie Medina, Pascal Demolon, Juliette Gasquet, Djimo and Marie-Christine Barrault). Gotesman, Niney and Civil had previously worked together on the television series Casting(s) (2013–2015) and on the comedy film Five (2016). Niney said that they dreamed of making this project since Casting(s) and Five.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Principal photography began on 17 January 2023 under the title Making Of, and wrapped on 19 April 2023. Filming took place in Paris, Seine-et-Marne in Nandy, Saint-Chéron, and in Bruyères-le-Châtel, Essonne.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The series is set to be released on Netflix in 2024.", "title": "Release" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Émile Doumergue (1844 – 1937) was a French scholar of John Calvin who wrote the seven volume John Calvin: The Man and His Times, which was published between 1899 and 1927. He was professor of ecclesiastical history at the Theology Faculty of Montauban from 1880 until 1919.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Doumergue portrayed Calvin as the \"founder of modern freedoms\" and said that the areas where Calvinism was popular were also the areas where democracy established itself.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hardpoint was a proposed short-range anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system conceived by ARPA and developed by the US Army under ARPA's Project Defender program. Hardpoint was designed to exploit the difficulty the Soviet Union's ICBM fleet would have destroying missile silos due to the Soviet warhead's relatively low accuracy. The idea was to shoot only at those warheads that would approach the silos within their lethal distance, ignoring the rest and allowing them to hit the ground. This acted as a force multiplier, allowing a small number of interceptors to offset a large number of Soviet missiles.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In order to fulfill this mission, the Hardpoint concept relied on having extremely rapid and accurate tracking of the incoming warheads. This led to the development of the Hardpoint Demonstration Array Radar, or HAPDAR, a passive array radar system that was built at the White Sands Missile Range in the early 1960s. Hardpoint also relied on waiting until the absolute last second before launching on the incoming warheads, both to ensure the trajectory was accurate as well as to deal with the possibility of maneuvering reentry vehicles. This led to the HiBEX and UpSTAGE missile experiments that tested accelerations as high as 400 g.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "There was some interest by the Army and US Air Force in the concept, and they continued studying the basic concept under the name Hardsite. Ultimately, as had been the case several times in the past, the Air Force eventually rejected any Army involvement in \"their\" strategic role, and the various follow-up studies went nowhere. A later development known as LoADS examined combining the missile and a radar into a missile silo as part of the MX missile program, but was ultimately abandoned by Ronald Reagan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Hardpoint ultimately traces its history to the Nike Zeus program of the late 1950s. Nike Zeus was a general-purpose anti-ballistic missile (ABM) designed to provide defenses against any sort of ballistic missile attack. As the program continued, it became clear that the system was subject to a number of serious problems that suggested it would ultimately be useless before it could even be deployed.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Among the problems was the fact that the Zeus system used mechanically steered radars, requiring one radar for each target. A typical Zeus site might have four of these Target Tracking Radars. This was reasonable number when the Soviet missile fleet contained a few dozen missiles, but it was clear that they producing more missiles and the Zeus sites would eventually face a large fleet. A report by the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG) concluded that an attack by four warheads would lead to one of them getting through 90% of the time, something the Soviets could easily afford by the time Zeus was fully operational in the early 1960s.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Another serious concern was over the use of radar decoys. These consist of lightweight metal foils or metal-coated plastics that produce radar returns that are indistinguishable from the reentry vehicles when seen on radar at long range. Early ICBMs launched very heavy nuclear warheads, and as lighter warhead designs became available, these missiles had considerable leftover performance they could use to launch these decoys. To Zeus these would appear as additional warheads that had to be attacked, meaning that a single ICBM with a small number of decoys would reach the four-\"warhead\" limit that Zeus could handle. WSEG suggested even a single missile with decoys would almost certainly defeat Zeus.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "If this were not enough, nuclear tests carried out at high altitudes in the late 1950s demonstrated a new and unexpected effect that caused radar to be blacked out across an area of hundreds of miles. Today known as nuclear blackout, the Soviets could use this effect by exploding a single warhead just out of reach of the Zeus missiles, causing a blackout over the entire area. This would prevent the Zeus radars from seeing warheads behind the explosion, and by the time the warheads flew through the blackout area in the high atmosphere, it was too late for the Zeus to attack it.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "As the problems with Zeus became clear, President Eisenhower asked the recently formed ARPA to examine the problem and suggest potential solutions. They organized an umbrella effort known as Project Defender which spawned many sub-projects to consider everything from how to distinguish decoys from warheads at long range, to high-tech weapons like lasers.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "One thing that became clear from these tests was that the problems with decoys and blackout both had the same Achilles heel; they only worked in outer space or the very upper limits of the atmosphere. Decoys were so light that drag began to slow them down while still at high altitude, whereas the much denser warhead did not slow down appreciably until much lower. One could pick out the reentry vehicle by comparing the various decelerations at about 60 kilometres (37 mi) altitude. Blackout was likewise dependant on physical effects that only occurred in the upper atmosphere, with the lower edge around 60 km as well.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "This provided a solution to the problems of Zeus; an ABM system could successfully attack the reentry vehicles as long as it could develop tracking information and successfully attack the warheads at altitudes below 60 km. To do so would require a very fast-scanning radar, which was possible through the newly emerging active electronically scanned array (AESA) techniques. Combined with a new computer, such a radar would also be able to track dozens of objects at once, eliminating the possibility of simply overwhelming the system through sheer numbers. The system would also need a missile to match this performance, carrying out interceptions in as little as five seconds. By 1963 it was clear that Zeus was not going to be useful, and the Army was directed to use its funding for the development of a new system incorporating these ideas. This became the Nike-X project.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "As part of the same ARPA study, a number of other potential ABM system concepts were considered. While the Army went forward with Nike-X, Project Defender continued examining other possibilities. Among these was the concept that eventually emerged as Hardpoint.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "One of the concepts considered from the earliest days of the Zeus program was the idea of using the missiles to protect the Air Force's Strategic Air Command (SAC) bases. There were only a few dozen of these, and there was concern that a sneak attack by even a limited force of Soviet missiles could destroy a major portion of the SAC bomber fleet on the ground. As manned bombers gave way to ICBMs in the 1960s, the same concern came to be expressed over the security of the missiles, especially the early examples that had long fuelling times and were unprotected while being prepared for launch, which took about 15 minutes.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The survivability of the US ICBM fleet was greatly enhanced by the introduction of missiles stored in a missile silo, and especially with the Minuteman missile which kept its inertial guidance system spun-up at all times and could be launched in a few minutes. Compared to a system protecting a city, where a single warhead avoiding interception may result in millions of casualties, an attack on these silos would have no effect on the other missiles. So in this case, even if the system system fails a few interceptions, those silos it does protect will be extremely effective in terms of preserving the counterforce.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Additionally, the interception was technically simpler. Early Soviet guidance systems were known, though intercepts of tracking information by British and US intelligence services, to be on the order of several miles. This meant the chance that an individual Soviet warhead would destroy a US silo was small enough that they would have to use several warheads for every silo to ensure its destruction. The US could track the incoming warheads and determine which, if any, were actually approaching the silos and then attack only those that would fall within that lethal range. In such an exchange, a small number of interceptor missiles could successfully defend against a very large counterforce attack, attriting it to such an extent that it could use up a huge amount of the Soviet missile fleet and leave the US fleet largely untouched. This would leave the US with an enormous strategic advantage, one so great that the Soviets would not be willing to launch an attack with this outcome.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "In order for this to be successful, the tracks generated for the incoming warheads would have to be extremely accurate and generated very rapidly. A serious problem for the Nike-X system was the high cost of its MAR radar. This was designed to detect the enemy warheads at long range, quickly develop tracks for them, and then use velocity extraction for decoy discrimination. To provide all of these features, MAR used an AESA radar in which each element in the array was a self-contained transmitter/receiver unit. This was both expensive and extremely complex to wire up.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Finally, the system had to be cheap. The basic idea behind Hardpoint was that you needed fewer missiles than the attacker to offset any additions to their fleet, however, the missiles and radar systems that drove them were complex and expensive. Therefore, the system had to be less expensive than the missiles it would offset, not just less numerous. Otherwise it might be cheaper to build more Minuteman missiles. Today this concept is known as the Nitze criteria.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Although Hardpoint testing was considered to be highly successful, by the time the program was winding down it was clear that the Soviets were holding to the ABM Treaty and appeared to be interested in further reductions in warhead count as part of the SALT II process. The project ended with a total expenditure of about $25 million for HAPDAR and HiBEX, and another $26 million for PRESTAGE and UpSTAGE.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "ARPA's work on Hardpoint generated enough interest to lead to some work by the Army and US Air Force on a similar concept known as Hardsite. The difference was that these systems would use the existing Nike-X technology instead of their own dedicated missiles and radars. The original idea was to use a Nike-X site at a city as a way to defend nearby military bases, like an airfield. This could be offered by placing a remote launch site close to the target and running the interceptions from the MAR radar that would have been installed anyway.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Hardsite was interesting enough for the Army and Air Force to carry out a follow-up study, Hardsite-II, to consider a dedicated Sprint base covering the US missile fields. Although initially supportive of the Hardsite concept, by 1966 the Air Force came to oppose it largely for the same reasons it had opposed Zeus in the same role. If money was to be spent on protecting Minuteman, they felt that money would be better spent by the Air Force than the Army. As Morton Halperin noted:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "In part this was a reflex reaction, a desire not to have Air Force missiles protected by \"Army\" ABMs. ... The Air Force clearly preferred that the funds for missile defense be used by the Air Force to develop new hard rock silos or mobile systems.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "As part of the ongoing debate about how to best protect the MX missile from attack, a Hardpoint-like system was proposed. This system, initially known as LoADS, was based around a missile essentially identical to the original HiBEX. The major change was to use newly developed radar systems that were so small they could be packaged into a container along with the missile. The MX would be packed into a similar container, along with an additional 22 decoy containers. The MX and LoADS would then be moved around randomly around a set of 24 silos so the Soviets would not know which silo they were in. On warning of an attack, the radar would be raised from the silo, watch the incoming warheads to see if any were approaching the silo with the MX, and the missile fired only in that case. When Ronald Reagan selected Dense Pack as the ultimate basing solution for MX, LoADS, by this time known as Sentry, was cancelled.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "Shortly after the decision was made to move from Nike Zeus to Nike-X, Project Defender decided to begin development of a low-cost radar system, the Hard Point Demonstration Army Radar, or HAPDAR, along with a new short-range, high-acceleration missile, HiBEX. During the initial project definition, the US had begun exploring maneuverable reentry vehicles (MARVs), which were intended to avoid ABM defences by continually moving and thereby upsetting any pre-computed intercept course. ARPA decided to add another phase of study to consider a highly maneuverable second stage that could be used to counter Soviet MARVs. This became the \"Upper Stage Acceleration and Guidance Experiment\", or UpSTAGE.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "Hardpoint's mission was entirely different from the one for Nike-X. The area being protected was smaller, the size of the missile field instead of a large suburbanized city, so initial long-range detection could be handled by other radars like the Perimeter Acquisition Radar (PAR). MAR's discrimination capability was not needed because the decoys and radar blackout were well above the altitudes that the system would operate at. What was needed was very high accuracy and a very fast scanning speed, so that accurate trajectories could be rapidly computed and to a degree of accuracy that allowed the dangerous warheads to be picked out. The result was the Hard Point Demonstration Army Radar, or HAPDAR.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "For this task, the ARPA team selected the somewhat simpler passive electronically scanned array (PESA) concept, where there is a single transmitter and receiver, and a series of phase shifters arranged in the array. In the HAPDAR, the transmitter sent out a coherent signal which illuminates the back of the array of shifters on the face of the radar. Each shifter has an antenna on the side facing the transmitter and another on the outside of the array. When the signal is picked up at the back, it travels though a coaxial cable or waveguide to the outer antenna where it is rebroadcast. The shifter has more than one path from the back to the front, each one adding additional length to the overall signal path, thereby delaying the signal by a selected amount. By shifting some of signal and not others, the wavefront changes direction, allowing the beam to the steered with no moving parts.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "In the case of the HAPDAR design, Sperry used a new design known as the TACOL, short for Thinned Aperture Computed Lens. The basic concept was that the back of the phase shifter array was normally formed into a curve so the signal reached all of the shifters at the same time. In TACOL, the phase delay shifters are individually modified to insert this same delay, allowing the back face of the antenna to be flat. The system used a single klystron transmitter and had 2165 shifters, each with a three-bit shift (values 0 through 7). An additional 1585 inactive feeds completed the 3750 element antenna.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "The system was controlled by a UNIVAC 1218, a militarized version of the UNIVAC 418 computer. It was able to produce up to five tracks at once.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "The goal of Hardpoint was to intercept incoming missiles just far enough away to keep them out of the lethal radius of their warheads. This was nominally set to altitudes of about 20,000 feet (6,100 m). At this altitude, the enemy reentry vehicles would be travelling at about 10,000 feet per second (3,000 m/s), which meant the interceptors would have to be extremely fast.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "To explore whether such a system was possible, ARPA and the U.S. Army Missile Command funded development of HiBEX with Boeing as the prime contractor, and Hercules supplying the new solid rocket motor. HIBEX was essentially a smaller version of the Sprint concept, about 16 feet (4.9 m) long and 3.6 feet (1.1 m) in diameter. It was powered by a 2,180 kilonewtons (490,000 lbf) rocket, and as it weighted only 2,600 pounds (1,200 kg), it gave the missile an initial acceleration of almost 400 g, and a top speed of 8,400 feet per second (2,600 m/s). At least seven HiBEX rockets were fired at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) between February 1965 and January 1966.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "With the success of HiBEX, ARPA began initial work on the PRESTAGE project that studied the concept of external burning, a new idea that appeared to provide a simple way to produce huge lateral accelerations. This project was carried out by McDonnell-Douglas, and experimented with a number of different concepts.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "In 1968, APRA began the UpSTAGE project. The system used a new \"finlet\" maneuvering system that injected hot gas between the fuselage and rocket exhaust, which provided enormous lateral thrust up to 300 g and response times in the order of milliseconds. The maneuvering was so rapid that the system had to use the recently developed ring laser gyroscope as mechanical gyroscopes could not react fast enough. Tracking was carried out by the existing Zeus Target Tracking Radars and instructions sent to the UpSTAGE vehicles from the ground. Five UpSTAGE tests were carried out at WSMR between November 1971 and August 1972.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Plazoleta de la Merced, also known as the Plazuela de la Merced, is a public square located in front of the Basilica and Convent of Nuestra Señora de la Merced, at the fifth block of the Jirón de la Unión and its intersection with the Jirón Huancavelica, in the historic centre of Lima, Peru.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Located in front of the Basilica de la Merced, the square was the scene of two important political moments in the republican history of Peru. In 1821, it was the location of one of José de San Martín's proclamations of the independence of Peru. Previously, he had done it in the city of Huaura and in the Plaza de Armas of Lima.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Subsequently, on June 1, 1956, the then candidate for the presidency of the republic, Fernando Belaúnde Terry, held a march in protest against the action of the National Jury of Elections, which did not agree to register his candidacy just sixteen days before the elections. This protest march was repressed with water jets thrown at the candidate, but it managed to get the state body to register his candidacy. Belaúnde lost that year's election to Manuel Prado Ugarteche.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The square is the site of a bronze monument made by David Lozano (Callao; January 7, 1865 — Lima; January 16, 1936) of former president Ramón Castilla, inaugurated on June 6, 1915, by then president Óscar R. Benavides, Marshal Andrés Avelino Cáceres, and then mayor of Lima, Federico Elguera.", "title": "Monument" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Originally planned to be located in the balneario of Chorrillos, it has been in its current location since 1915. In 2018, it was declared part of the Cultural heritage of Peru alongside the other statues located within the historic centre of Lima.", "title": "Monument" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "David Mamutovic (Serbian: Давид Мамутовић, romanized: David Mamutović; born 5 December 2000) is a German professional footballer who plays as a winger for Bundesliga club Mainz.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mamutovic is a youth product of SG Unterrath, Bayer Leverkusen and Bergisch Gladbach. He began his senior career with Bergisch Gladbach in the Regionalliga in 2019. He spent the 2021–22 season with Rot Weiss Ahlen. On 20 May 2022, he moved to Mainz, where he was originally assigned to their reserves. On 15 December 2023, he signed his first professional contract with Mainz until 2025. He made his professional debut with the senior Mainz team as a late substitute in a 1–0 Bundesliga loss to Heidenheim on 16 December 2023.", "title": "Playing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Born in Germany, Mamutovic is of Serbian and Polish descent. He was called up to a training camp with the Germany U15s.", "title": "International career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Iatan is a former unincorporated community and ghost town in Mitchell County, Texas. Founded in 1881 as a stop on the Texas and Pacific Railroad, it was also briefly known as Vista, Texas. The name \"Iatan\" is thought to have come from the nearby Williams-Waddell Iatan Tank Ranch.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A post office, granted by Daniel Crowe, opened in Iatan in March 1890 and served the community until September 10, 1924, when it was moved to the nearby town of Westbrook. Iatan's school merged with the Westbrook schools in 1938, at a time when the community had a population of about 125. The population declined to just 20 by the 1950s and remained at that level for many years.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The city has been considered a ghost town since the 1960s. By 1972, only a railroad depot remained in the community. As of 2023, the only remaining evidence of the community is a cemetery.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cameron Tucker may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Oded Lifshitz (Hebrew: עודד ליפשיץ; born 1940) is a retired Israeli journalist who was kidnapped during the Nir Oz massacre as a part of the surprise attack on Israel.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lifshitz grew up in Haifa and graduated from the city's Hebrew Reali School in 1957. He participated in the Hashomer Hatzair in his youth, and served in the 50th Battalion of the Parachute Nahal. He was one of the founding members of Kibbutz Nir Oz in 1955, serving as both coordinator and treasurer early on in the village's history. He defended Bedouin residents of Rafah when the IDF attempted to evacuate the Sinai Peninsula and was a on-the-grounds journalist who reported about the 1982 refugee camp massacre in Beirut.", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "From 1983 to 1995 he worked as a journalist at Al HaMishmar. He prepared articles for the radio program \"A Light Hour on Economics\", which broadcast on Army Radio.", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On October 7, 2023, during the Nir Oz massacre, Lifshitz and his wife were kidnapped from their home to the Gaza Strip by members of Hamas, and their home was set on fire. Their daughter, Sharone, spoke to news outlets stating that her parents were in danger, as they needed medication and that her mother used an oxygen mask when she slept. The National Union of Journalists called for their release.", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On October 23, his wife was released.", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Lifshitz is married to Yocheved, a former physical education teacher and current photographer. They have four children, as well as grandchildren and a great-grandchild. One of their grandchildren, Daniel Lifshitz, is a former footballer.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "He and his wife are peace activists who worked for Israeli organization \"On the Way to Recovery\", which helps aid Palestinian citizens in need of medical care in getting transporation to Israeli hospitals across the border.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1977 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various selectors for their All-Atlantic Coast Conference (\"ACC\") teams for the 1977 college football season. Selectors in 1977 included the Associated Press (AP).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "AP = Associated Press", "title": "Key" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Zarach County (Persian: شهرستان زارچ) is in Yazd province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Zarach, whose population at the 2016 National Census was 11,691 in 3,388 households.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In February 2023, Zarach District was separated from Yazd County in the establishment of Zarach County, which was divided into two districts and three rural districts, with Zarach as its capital and only city.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The structure of Zarach County's administrative divisions is shown in the following table.", "title": "Administrative divisions" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Fresno area population includes a large number of people with Chinese ancestral backgrounds and they were among the first to settle in the area. They faced segregation and formed a Chinatown community on the west side of the Central Pacific Railroad tracks.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The 1849-era California Gold Rush drew many Chinese immigrants to the United States, seeking fortune or simply seeking work. War, famine, and a poor economy created difficult living conditions in southeastern China at that time which also spurred the migration. Although these immigrants ended up spreading all over of the United States, some saw mining opportunities in the still largely unsettled Fresno area.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "They found early success in the mines along the upper reaches of the San Joaquin River but the 1850 Foreign Miners Tax drove many Chinese from working the mines. Turning to merchant opportunities to make a living, a substantial Chinese community grew in Millerton, the location where San Joaquin River miners stopped before flowing into the mountains and when coming back from them. Chinese in the Millerton settlement still faced considerable hardship, segregated from other settlers. Chinese stores were targeted for looting by desperadoes.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Millerton was named the original county seat of Fresno County in 1856 before the city of Fresno existed but a large flood in 1862 damaged the settlement. Another large flood in 1867 spelled the end of the settlement and most moved down to the Fresno area, which became the new county seat in 1874. When the county seat was moved, 200 of the total Fresno population of 600 were Chinese residents.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Many of the Chinese in the Fresno area began to establish new businesses and residences on the west side of the Central Pacific Railroad tracks. The 1898 Sanborn Map generally indicated Chinatown as existing between E, Mariposa, G and Kern Streets. When a Chinese blacksmith attempted to lease a washhouse located outside of this enclave in 1873, a meeting was held to prevent it. Community leaders collected signatures of other residents to pledge to not sell, lease, or rent to Chinese any property on the east side of the railroad track, forming a forcibly segregated area.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The open hostility toward the Chinese extended to an editorial in the Fresno Morning Republican by Dr. Chester Rowell published in 1876 and titled \"The Chinese Question.\" The editorial described the influx of Chinese as \"the greatest drawback to the prosperity of the country.\" This hostility was reflected in federal laws passed during this time, including the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 and the Geary Act in 1892.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Nevertheless, Chinatown during the early twentieth-century became a vibrant and resilient community. The few square blocks offered many amenities to the residents including work, food, benevolent associations, entertainment, education, and religious houses. A Chinese theater was located on China Alley and a Joss House (Chinese Temple) faced G Street. Most Chinese worked in local agriculture, farming figs, grapes, cotton and wheat.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Similar to the other Chinatowns in California such as in San Francisco, Los Angeles and Oakland, Fresno's Chinatown was regarded as a center of gambling, prostitution, and opium by the public and bore the brunt of many efforts to stifle vice in Fresno. In December 1885, the City of Fresno enacted an ordinance banning the use of Opium. Prostitution stings were also frequent.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Chinatown tunnels were built in an effort to escape from the Fresno heat, hide from police raids, and possibly travel to other parts of the town secretly. One tunnel originated from a fish company storage room, through a door and descended down a case of stairs. Excavation and exploration of these tunnels occurred during the construction of the California High-Speed Rail, routed through Fresno. Some tours of the tunnels have been conducted to allow the public to experience them.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The 1960s saw an effort at urban renewal in Fresno, which led to the demolition of Chinatown buildings and the displacement of residents. Decline of the area as a cultural enclave followed. The under-construction California High-Speed Rail route impinges on the Fresno Chinatown area but there are ongoing efforts to revitalize it.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023 World Series of Poker Paradise was the inaugural version of the event. It was held from December 3-14 at Atlantis Paradise Island in The Bahamas and featured 15 bracelet events.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The World Series of Poker (WSOP) announced the festival in July, in partnership with GGPoker. The $5,000 No-Limit Hold'em Main Event began on December 9, with Stanislav Zegal of Germany being crowned the first-ever champion on December 14.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Poker Hall of Famer Erik Seidel became the fifth player in WSOP history with 10 bracelets when he won Event #7: $50,000 Super High Roller No-Limit Hold'em.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Source:", "title": "Event Schedule" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The $5,000 Main Event began on December 9 with the first of four starting flights. There was also an online flight held on GGPoker. The event featured a $15 million guaranteed prize pool.", "title": "Main Event" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Main Event drew 3,010 total entries, generating a prize pool of $15,050,000. The top 447 players made the money, with the champion earning $2,000,000.", "title": "Main Event" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Stanislav Zegal, a German online qualifier, won the inaugural bracelet after defeating Michael Sklenicka heads-up. The final table also included Matt Glantz and WSOP bracelet winner Gabriel Schroeder.", "title": "Main Event" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "*Career statistics prior to the start of the 2023 WSOP Paradise Main Event", "title": "Main Event" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "NB: This list is restricted to top 100 finishers with an existing Wikipedia entry.", "title": "Main Event" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Iatan commonly refers to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Aridaeus sumbaensis is a species of longhorn beetle belonging to the family Cerambycidae that is found in Indonesia. It was first documented by Gérard Chemin and Francesco Vitali in 2013.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The male holotype is 17 mm (0.66 in) in length, with an orange and black body covered in golden pubescence. The elytra and legs are orange, except for a distinctive black median strip. The head of Aridaeus sumbaensis is fully orange, featuring bicolored mandibles with and orange base and black tips.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Marcus Müller (born 20 August 2002) is a German professional footballer who plays as a striker for Bundesliga club Mainz.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Müller is a youth product of Augsburg, FC Königsbrunn, and TSV Schwabmünchen. He began his senior career with Augsburg II in the Regionalliga in 2020. On 20 May 2023, he transferred to Mainz where he was originally assigned to their reserves. He made his professional debut with the senior Mainz team as a late substitute in a 1–0 Bundesliga loss to Heidenheim on 16 December 2023.", "title": "Playing career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pei Mei's Chinese Cook Book (Chinese: 培梅食谱) is a cookbook series by Fu Pei-mei, written in both Chinese and English. There were three volumes, the first published in 1969 and the last published in 1979.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The sales of the first volume reached 500,000. Luke Tsai, in Eater, described the first volume as \"easily one of the most influential Chinese cookbooks of all time.\" Tsai, also writing for Taste, stated that parents of people in Taiwan who became adults circa 1989 to 1999, and those people themselves, are likely to posess at least one volume of this series. The release of this book also made Fu known in Western countries, and this is the most well-known aspect of Fu in those countries.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "As of 2020 there are 1,000 copies of the book in Radical Family Farms, in Sebastopol, California.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Minister for Biosecurity is a minister in the government of New Zealand with the responsibility of managing biosecurity.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The current Minister for Biosecurity is Andrew Hoggard.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The following ministers have held the office of Minister for Biosecurity.", "title": "List of ministers for mental health" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "ACT", "title": "List of ministers for mental health" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Members of Parliament in the 2024 Portuguese legislative election will be elected in a closed list proportional representation system. Each constituency in Portugal elects a certain number of MPs depending on their number of registered voters. This number ranges from a minimum of 2 MPs in Portalegre to 48 in Lisbon. In this page, the names of the head candidates by party and/or coalition for each constituency will be listed. The leader of each party/coalition is displayed in bold.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Grace Jabbari (born (1992-12-19)December 19, 1992) is a British dancer and movement coach.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Jabbari was born in Reading, Berkshire. She studied at Tring Park School for the Performing Arts from 2009 to 2011 and the Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance from 2012 to 2014, graduating from the latter with a bachelor's degree. She earned a master's degree in dance from the Northern School of Contemporary Dance in 2015.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Following her graduation, Jabbari toured with the Mark Bruce Company, a dance theatre company. She portrayed a vampire bride in the company's production of Dracula and Calypso in its production of The Odyssey. In 2019, she participated in Russell Maliphant's production Silent Lines; Louise Levene of the Financial Times wrote that Jabbari \"shows off her flexible spine in a solo filled with impossible backbends that make her tiny feet seem nailed to the floor\", while Emma Byrne of the Evening Standard said she \"seems less to be dancing Maliphant's choreography than inhabiting it\".", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2020, Jabbari played Belle in A Christmas Carol, with the character being voiced by Carey Mulligan. She has appeared as a dancer in films such as Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One and Barbie. She also appeared in the music video for the Coldplay song \"Cry Cry Cry\" and worked as a movement coach on Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Jabbari lives in New York City and London.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In August 2021, Jabbari began a relationship with American actor Jonathan Majors, whom she met in London on the set of Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania. In 2023, she provided a court testimony regarding assault by Majors, which resulted in a conviction.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Following Majors's conviction, Jabbari asked her Instagram followers to donate to Sanctuary for Families, a charity for victims of domestic violence.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Adaklı is a town in Bingöl Province, Turkey.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Adaklı may also refer to the following places in Turkey:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Parvodus is an extinct genus of hybodont, known from the Mesozoic era.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The initial study naming the genus considered 3 species valid, which were originally placed in Lissodus.", "title": "Species" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The paper also noted a possible record is known from the Sinemurian of England.", "title": "Species" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Some later studies also included the species Parvodus heterodon (Patterson, 1966) from the Early Cretaceous of England in the genus, though other studies have included this species in the genus Polyacrodus. Some studies have also included the species \"Hybodus\" parvidens Woodward, 1916, from the Early Cretaceous of Europe and North America within Parvodus, though again this species has also been assigned to Polyacrodus. A 2023 paper assigned the newly described species P. huizodus from the Early Triassic of China to the genus. The species Parvodus celsucuspus Rees et al., 2013 has been reported from the Early Cretaceous of England and France.", "title": "Species" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ahatlı may refer to the following places in Turkey:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "KKZ may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Central Point, also known as the CBD One, is an office skyscraper building in Warsaw, Poland, located in the district of Downtown, at 37 Zielna Street, at the crossing of Marszałkowska Street and Świętokrzyska Street. The building was opened in 2021.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The construction of the Cenral Point begun in April 2019, and the building was opened in November 2021. Its investor was Immobel Poland, and it was constructed by Strabag. Since February 2022, the building is owned by Colliers company.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Cenral Point is a office skyscraper building in Warsaw, Poland, located in the district of Downtown, at 37 Zielna Street, at the crossing of Marszałkowska Street and Świętokrzyska Street. It is placed in the city centre, next to the Świętokrzyska metro station, PAST building, Centrum Marszałkowska, TR Warszawa building, and Holy Cross Park.", "title": "Characteristics" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Its height from the base to the roof is equal 70 m, and its total architectural hight, 86 m. It has 21 storeys, and the total area of of 19,100 m², of which 18,000 m² is designated for office spaces, and remaining for shopping and services.", "title": "Characteristics" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kevin Penev (born 30 March 2000) is an American-born Bulgarian artistic gymnast. He will represent Bulgaria at the 2024 Summer Olympics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Penev was born in 2000 in New York. His parents, Yulia Hristova and Marian Penev, both represented Bulgaria at international gymnastics competitions. His older brother Eddie Penev also competed for the United States and Bulgaria in gymnastics.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Penev competed for the University of Michigan gymnastics team in 2019. He tied for second place on the floor exercise at the Big Ten Championships.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Penev and his brother Eddie announced they would begin competing for Bulgaria in 2023. His nationality change was approved by the International Gymnastics Federation in May 2023. He was selected to compete for Bulgaria at the 2023 World Championships in Antwerp. He qualified for the vault final and finished in eighth place. As the highest-placing gymnast on vault who did not already qualify through the team or all-around, Penev qualified for the 2024 Olympic Games.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This article lists the winners and nominees for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Animated Motion Picture.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This award has been given since 2021.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold.", "title": "Winners and nominees" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Tacna–Arica railway is a transnational railway that connects the cities of Tacna and Arica, located in Peru and Chile, respectively. Agreed upon as part of the 1929 Treaty of Lima, it has a length of 62 km (39 mi) and a track gauge of 1,435 mm (4.708 ft). It is currently administered by the Regional Government of Tacna and operates since May 28, 2016, after being suspended since March 12, 2012.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It was built in 1856 by the English company The Arica & Tacna Railway Co. It is currently the only international railway that Peru has and is the oldest railway that is still in service, since it was the second to be built, during the government of Ramón Castilla.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "line has five bridges: San José, Chacalluta, Gallinazo, Hospicio, Lagartito; and six stations, of which only the 2 terminals are active.", "title": "Stations" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In addition to the aforementioned stations, in the 1990s ENAFER documents indicate the existence of 2 other stops: Concordia (located 10 km south of Hospicio) and Frontera (6 km south of Concordia).", "title": "Stations" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Metropolitan Macarius, secular name Mykhailo Fedorovych Oksiyuk (Ukrainian: Михайло Федорович Оксіюк, Polish: Michał Oksijuk; 29 September 1884 – 1 March 1961) was a religious leader in Poland and Soviet Union, a primate of the Polish Orthodox Church as Metropolitan of Warsaw and all Poland. Despite the fact that his brother Joseph was a bishop of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in 1920s and the Nazi Germany collaborator during occupation of Kyiv, following the World War II Mykhailo Oksiyuk made an excellent career as a religious functionary. As Metropolitan of Warsaw and All Poland, Macarius did not accept a Polish citizenship remaining a citizen of the Soviet Union.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born as Mykhailo Oksiyuk in Łukowisko, Siedlce Governorate (part of Russian Empire) on 29 September 1884 in a rich peasant family, in 1897-1901 he studied at the Warsaw Theological School. In 1907 he graduated the Chełm Theological Seminary where one of his teachers was Dionysius (Waledyński). In 1911 Oksiyuk graduated the Kiev Theological Academy as a candidate of Theology and later stayed in the academy acting as a docent of the Department of Old Christian Literature (Patrology and Byzantinology). In 1914 he was confirmed as a full pledged docent and received a title of Magister of Theology for his work \"Gregory of Nyssa Eschatology\". In 1917 Oksiyuk was confirmed as an extraordinary professor in the Kiev Theological Academy remaining there until 1922. Simultaneously in 1918-1920 he was a docent of Byzantine history in Kyiv University.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1926-1933 Oksiyuk worked in a library of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Later before the World War II, he worked as a clerk at different government institutions. Following the invasion of Nazi Germany of the Soviet Union, Oksiyuk stayed in Kyiv and in 1941-1942 for short time returned to his work in the library of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. During that time he also worked at the Kyiv city administration department of culture and education as an instructor of religious dominations section. In 1942 he left his job. Soon after that a road accident killed his wife who was ran over in the city by the German vehicle. Oksiyuk decided to return serving God and on 5 July 1942 he was ordained as a deacon by bishop of Lvov Panteleimon (Rudyk) (Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church) and the next day ordained as a priest. Until 1943 Mykhailo Oksiuk was a parson at the Intercession of the Theotokos temple at the Kyiv's Podil. From 1943 he was a protoiereus at the Demetrius Church at Podil.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1943-1944 Nazi Germany was driven out of Ukraine. In 1945 with the Ukrainian Exarchate was established eparchy of Lvov-Ternopol which was covering four oblasts: Lviv, Drohobych, Stanislav, Ternopil. Those were territories dominated by Greek-Catholics, but in order to statistically increase number of Orthodox faithful, Ternopil Oblast was established with territories of southern Volhynia which contained Pochaiv Lavra.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In April 1945 the Russian Orthodox Church Holy Synod appointed protoiereus Mykhailo Oksiyuk a bishop of Lvov-Ternopol. On 20 April he was tonsured as Macarius in a rank of archimandrite and on 22 April he was ordained as bishop at the Yelokhovo Cathedral by Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow, Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia John (Sokolov), Bishop of Kishinev and Moldavia Hieronim (Zakharov). Oksiyuk was also appointed as a holiest archimandrite of Pochaiv Lavra. Already on 29 April 1945 he was dispatched to Lviv. His arrival to Lviv coincided with detention of Metropolitan of Galicia Joseph (Slipyj) and start of the Soviet campaign of liquidation of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church through a union. Selection of Oksiyuk was not accidental. Discovery of supporting documents in the Security Service of Ukraine archives (former Kiev KGB Archives) showed that Oksiyuk was a NKVD agent under pseudonym \"Glebov\" (Gliebov) and had a trust within the Soviet special services. Oksiyuk was vouched by the People's Commissar of State Security (NKVD) of Ukrainian SSR General-Lieutenant Sergei Savchenko to the head of the 2nd Directorate of NKVD (counterintelligence) Pyotr Fedotov. Those documents also indicated that Oksiyuk was sent to Western Ukraine deliberately for the \"liquidation of uniates\" (Uniates those who joined the Union of Brest).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Through his fluency in Ukrainian language, Macarius was effective in earning trust among Greek Catholic clergy. He was an honorary guest at a gathering knows as \"Lvov Assembly\" on 6 March 1946 where the Union of Brest was proclaimed invalid. On 9 March he played a key role in organization of the \"unification of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church with the Russian Orthodox Church\".", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Éric Perrot (born 26 August 1969) is a retired French sprinter who specialized in the 100 and 200 metres. He most notably won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 1994 European Athletics Championships.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Swift Museum is an aviation museum located at the McMinn County Airport in Athens, Tennessee.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Swift Museum Foundation was established by Charlie Nelson in 1968. In the early 1980s it purchased the Globe Swift type certificate and production tooling from Univair.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "It acquired the first production Swift in 2007.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The foundation announced plans for a 10,000 sq ft (930 m) hangar in April 2008. This would allow the museum to consolidate aircraft it had stored in multiple buildings around the airport. After five years, it broke ground on the first phase, a 3,200 sq ft (300 m) office and parts storage building, in March 2013 and completed it later that year.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "After signing a new lease with the airport that expanded the size of its parcel in 2015, it opened the second phase, a 6,400 sq ft (590 m) hangar, the following year.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The third phase, a 3,200 sq ft (300 m) expansion for additional parts, was finished in time for the 50th anniversary of the foundation in October 2018. In the meantime, the museum had worked with AirCorps Library to have its collection of drawings and manuals digitized.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The sole LoPresti Fury was donated to the museum in 2019.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The museum holds an annual fly-in.", "title": "Events" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Eggert Christopher (von) Knuth, Count of Knuthenborg and Gyldensteen (20 October 1722 – 26 February 1776) was a Danish landowner, Supreme Court justice and Prefect of the Diocese of Zealand. He was the brother of Christian Frederik and Conrad Ditlev Knuth and the fahter of Johan Henrik Knuth and Frederik Knuth.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Knuth was the son of Adam Christopher Knuth (1687-1838) and Ida Margrethe Reventlow (1701-1757). He studied in Göttingen in 1739.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On his return to Denmark he enrolled in the army where he became a captain in 1742. In 1732, he joined the Life Guard on Foot. In 1749 he became adjudant-general to the king. In 1751 he resigned from the army )with rank of colonel) to become a Supreme Court justice. In 1759, he was appointed as geheimeråd.In 1764 he was appointed Prefect of the Diocese of Zealand. In 1772, he was appointed as one of the judges in the trial against Queen Caroline Mathilde.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Eggert Christopher Knuth succeeded his father to the County of Knuthenborg in 1747. Through his first wife he also acquired the County of Gyldensteen on Funen. In 1760 he acquired Ravnstrup at Næstved only to sell it again eight years later. In 1772, he acquired Mørup and converted it into a stamhus (sold in 1803).", "title": "Property and titles" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1759, Knuth purchased the Plessen Mansion at Frederiksholms Kanal as his city home in Copenhagen. It was from then on known as \"Det Knuthske Hotel\" (The Knuth Hotel).", "title": "Property and titles" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Inn 1842 Knuth was awarded the title of chamberlain (jammerherre) . In 1754 Knuth was created a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog. In 1763, he was awarded the Ordre de l'Union Parfaite. In 1766, he was awarded the title of gehejmekonferensråd In 1773, he was awarded the Order of the Elephant.", "title": "Property and titles" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Knuth was married three times. His first wife was Marguerithe Maurice Francoise Isidore Isidore Casado de Monteleone (1723–1752), daughter of Joachim Christoph Moltke, Diplomat & Gesandt og Sophia Albertine baronesse Wolzogen. The wedding took place on 5 February 1742 in Gunseby Church. Her maternal grandfather was Jean Henri Huguetan Gyldensteen. They had two daughters and a son:", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Knuth's second wife was Marie Numsen (173-1765), daughter of atter af Michael Mathiasen von Numsen og Anna Sophie Margarethe Marie Thomasine von Ingenhaeff. The wedding took place on 20 October 1752, They had one daughter and one son:", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On 9 September 1765, Knuth married Eleonore Louise Caroline Moltke (1725-1785). She was a niece of Adam Gottlob Moltke.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "He died on 26 February 1776. He is buried in Hunseby Church.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Anne Beth Accomando Weidinger is a film and theatre critic for KPBS, who formerly worked as an arts reporter for NPR, XETV and The Star-News. She hosts the Cinema Junkie podcast and has curated several film events throughout San Diego County. Accomando edited the 1991-92 sequels of the Attack of the Killer Tomatoes franchise and is part of the Alliance of Women Film Journalists and Critics' Choice Movie Awards. Her work has been distributed through several publications including RogerEbert.com.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Upon graduating from Bonita Vista High School in 1978, Accomando was the recipient of the Bank of America certificate for English and was Chula Vista Elks Most Valuable Scholar. While in college, she was a special writer for The Star-News. Accomando graduated from University of California, San Diego in 1982 with a degree in communications and visual arts.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Accomando is a theatre and film critic for KPBS who reviewed films such as Sucker Punch, The Fall, The Brave One, and Knocked Up. She runs a podcast called Cinema Junkie and in 2014, Accomando organized The Film Geeks late-night screenings at Digital Gym Cinema. She described just how much George Romero's Night of the Living Dead influenced Edgar Wright's Shaun of the Dead.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1985, Accomando was one of 12 women featured in A San Diego Exhibition: Forty-two Emerging Artists at La Jolla Museum of Contemporary Art. In the early 1990s, she was the film editor for Killer Tomatoes Strike Back and Killer Tomatoes Eat France. Accomando worked for XETV-TDT in 1992 and in 1998, introduced the film Rashomon at Landmark's Ken Cinema.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2000, Accomando curated an event in San Diego that held premieres for Butterfly and Sword, Eastern Condors, Holy Weapon, The Magic Crystal, Pedicab Driver and Shanghai Blues. She wrote for National Public Radio and helped put together an Asian festival at University of California, San Diego. In a 2007 interview, Lee Ann Kim described Accomando as the one \"who really plugged me into international Asian film.\" Accomando has interviewed Chow Yun Fat, Jackie Chan, Stanley Tong and John Woo. She was a panelist at UCSD's Up & Coming Film Festival with Ham Tran in 2008, Ligiah Villalobos in 2009, and with Arthur Ollman in 2011. In 2016, Accomando judged a play called Killing Buddha at San Diego International Fringe Festival.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2021, Accomando was part of a Storytelling in Film panel with Neal Hallford and Jonathan Hammond at San Diego Comic Con. She hosted Flicks on the Bricks in 2018, 2022 and 2023 at Athenaeum Music & Arts Library.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Operation B (Czech: Akce B) is a 1952 Czech war drama film directed by Josef Mach and starring Antonie Hegerlíková, Vlasta Chramostová and Josef Bek. It was shot at the Barrandov Studios in Prague. The film's sets were designed by the art director Miroslav Pelc. It is set during Operation B, a military operation conducted by the Czechoslovak Army against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the aftermath of the Second World War.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This article lists the winners and nominees for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Animated Series.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This award has been given since 2021. Several animated series, including Doc McStuffins, Dora the Explorer and The Proud Family, were previously the recipient of multiple awards and nominations for Outstanding Children's Program, with Little Bill being the first to receive a nomination in 2001 and Dora the Explorer being the first to win the award in 2009.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold.", "title": "Winners and nominees" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The molecular formula C14H14N4O3 may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mike Gennetti is an American football coach and former player who is the head coach for the Merrimack Warriors of the Northeast Conference (NEC). He played college football for the Worcester State Lancers and was an assistant coach for them from 2003 to 2004 before joining Merrimack in 2005. After having been an assistant for the Warriors from 2005 to 2023, he was named the head coach for the 2024 season.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "From Wilmington, Massachusetts, Gennetti attended Wilmington High School where he played as the football team's starting running back and linebacker. He was a tri-team captain at Wilmington. He attended Worcester State University and played football for the Lancers, being a four-year starter at defensive back. Gennetti played for them from 1999 to 2002 and placed sixth nationally with eight interceptions in nine games in 2000. He was a first-team all-area selection, was Worcester State's football team captain as a senior in 2002, and was named the school's Senior Male Athlete of the Year.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After his graduation from Worcester State, Gennetti served as an assistant coach at the school for two seasons, being their defensive backs coach and strength and conditioning coach from 2003 to 2004. He coached three players to all-conference honors, helped a player win the conference rookie of the year award in 2003, and helped Worcester State have the top passing defense in NCAA Division III in 2004.", "title": "Coaching career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Gennetti was hired as the linebackers coach for the Merrimack Warriors in 2005. He was promoted to defensive coordinator in 2011, and added the role of assistant head coach two years later. Merrimack, previously a Division II program, transitioned to Division I FCS in 2019, with Gennetti helping them have one of the top Northeast Conference (NEC) defenses that year. He was named the interim head coach after Dan Curran resigned following the 2023 season, and several days later was named the team's full-time head coach.", "title": "Coaching career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The molecular formula C21H18F3N3O3 may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Louisiana Jockey Club was an American sporting association founded in 1837 with the completion of the Carrollton Race Course, in New Orleans, Louisiana. Today it is the only remaining Thoroughbred Race Course of the old-line tracks, the others which have closed are the Metairie Race Course (Metairie Jockey Club), the Eclipse Race Course (The New Orleans Jockey Club), and the independently run Bingaman Race Course; it exists as the Fair Grounds Race Course, where races are still held-making it the 2nd oldest continuous racing track in operation in the United States, after the Freehold Raceway and before the Saratoga Race Course.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "An announcement dated March 12, 1837, in The Picayune exclaims the completion of the Carrollton Race Course. Two races were held on Tuesday, March 14, 1837. On Friday, March 17, 1837, The Louisiana Jockey Club sponsored the Purse for the fourth day of racing at the Eclipse Race Course during the first meeting of The New Orleans Jockey Club.", "title": "1837" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Proprietors Dr. Julius C Branch, a Virginia Native, and University of Pennsylvania Medical School graduate; local French-Creole American nobleman, playboy, planter, politician, duelist, writer, horse breeder, land developer, and President of the Louisiana State Senate Bernard de Marigny; and Virginia, Tidewater scion, Henry A. Tayloe, whose father John Tayloe III of The Octagon was the leader on American Turf, bred the first great American Sire Sir Archy, whose sire Diomed, first winner of the Epsom Derby, Tayloe III had imported from England to his stud farm Mount Airy.", "title": "1837" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The club admitted black spectators to the public stretch, but barred them from the last quarter.", "title": "1837" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Gavin Barnick is an American sport shooter. He won the bronze medal in the 2023 Pan American Games in the Mixed pairs air rifle along with Sagen Maddalena.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John's Hall (Irish: Halla Eoin), also known as Birr Town Hall (Irish: Halla an Bhaile Biorra) is a municipal building in John's Mall, Birr, County Offaly, Ireland. The building is currently used by the Irish Heritage School as their lecturing and exhibition venue.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The building was commissioned by Lawrence Parsons, 2nd Earl of Rosse, whose seat was at Birr Castle, to commemorate the death of his son, John Clere Parsons, who died of scarlet fever in August 1828, aged 26. The building was designed by Bernard Mullins in the neoclassical style and was inspired by the Temple on the Ilissus at Athens. It was built in ashlar stone at a cost of £1,100 and completed in 1833. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage facing onto John's Mall. It featured a short flight of steps leading up to a full-height portico formed by four fluted Ionic order columns supporting an entablature and a pediment. There was a square-headed doorway with an architrave, surmounted by a panel commemorating the short life of John Clere Parsons at the back of the portico, and the side elevations, of five bays each, were fenestrated by sash windows with architraves.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A mechanics' institute, established to provide adult education for local people, was instituted in the building at an early stage. A Russian cannon, captured at the Siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War, was presented to the town by the former Secretary of State for War, Lord Panmure, and installed to the southeast of the building in 1858.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "A statue of the astronomer, William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, who built several giant telescopes, was designed and sculpted by John Henry Foley and unveiled in front of the building by the Countess of Rosse on 21 March 1876. A megalithic monument known as the \"Seffin Stone\", which had originally been located at Seffin to the south of Birr, was installed just to the southwest of the building in June 1974. The historian, Geraldus Cambrensis, referred to it as Umbilicus Hiberniae or the \"Navel of Ireland\", while Archbishop James Ussher claimed that it marked the \"Centre of Ireland\".", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The building was used as a meeting place by Birr Urban District Council until 2002, and then as the meeting place of the successor town council, with the council offices located behind the main building, but it ceased to be the local seat of government when the council relocated to Saint John's Convent of Mercy in Wilmer Road in summer 2006. John's Hall, which has always remained in the ownership of the Birr Castle Estate, was leased to the Irish Heritage School, established in 2010, as their lecturing and exhibition venue, in 2019.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "George Alford Mangus (born c. 1969) is an American college football coach. He is the offensive coordinator for Hammond School; a position he has held since 2023. He was the head football coach for Delaware Valley University from 2002 to 2005. He also coached for Florida, Widener, Ursinus, Salesianum School, Middle Tennessee, South Carolina, South Carolina State, Kutztown, Heathwood Hall Episcopal School, and the New York Guardians of the XFL. He played college football for Florida as a quarterback.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kofi Jeremy Amoako (born 6 May 2005) is a German professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Bundesliga club Mainz.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Amoako is a youth product of Fortuna Sachsenross, Hannover and Wolfsburg. At Wolsburg, he worked his way up their youth categories and eventually captained their U19 squad. On 9 February 2023, he signed a professional contract with the club. He made his professional debut with Wolfsburg as a late substitute in a 1–0 Bundesliga win over Darmstadt on 16 December 2023.", "title": "Playing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Born in Germany, Amoako is of Ghanaian descent. He is a youth international for Germany, having played for the Germany U19s in 2023.", "title": "International career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tokyo Fashion Week (Japanese: 東京コレクション or Tokyo Collection) is a fashion trade show held bi-annually in Tokyo, Japan. It is held twice a year with luxury, ready-to-wear, and streetwear brands presenting their spring collections and fall collections.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It is considered a \"Big Five\" global fashion week due to its frequent inclusion alongside the traditional \"Big Four\" weeks in New York, Paris, Milan, and London. This characterization is disputed by others who note that Tokyo's international influence lags its peers who make up the traditional Big Four. In recent years, promoting internationalization of Tokyo Fashion Week and Japan's fashion industry has been a key priority for industry leaders.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Tokyo Fashion Week is particularly known as the world's leading showcase for avant-garde and experimental fashion, as well as Tokyo streetwear. It is the largest fashion week in Asia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Since 2019, Rakuten has been the title sponsor branding the event as the Rakuten Fashion Week Tokyo. Prior title sponsors have included Amazon Fashion and Mercedes-Benz. The 2020 show was canceled as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Åsa Carlsson and Iroda Tulyaganova were the defending champions, but none competed this year.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kelly Liggan and Renata Voráčová won the title by defeating Lina Krasnoroutskaya and Tatiana Panova 7–5, 7–6 in the final.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sara Barrios Navarro (born 4 September 2000) is a Spanish field hockey player.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sara Barrios has a twin sister, Laura, who also plays for the Spanish national team.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In the Spanish national league, the Liga Iberdrola, Barrios represents the Club de Campo.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Barrios made her debut for the Spanish U–21s in 2017, representing the team at the EuroHockey Junior Championship in Valencia.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "She won a gold medal at her second EuroHockey Junior Championship two years later, again in Valencia.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2022, Barrios was named in the Red Sticks squad for the first time. She made her debut during season three of the FIH Pro League. She played in her first major tournament later that year, representing Spain at the FIH World Cup in Amsterdam and Terrassa.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jamaica Money Market Brokers (JMMB) is a Jamaican based Caribbean investment firm, operating in Trinidad and Tobago, the Dominican Republic as well as Barbados.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It is considered responsible for the development of the secondary money market for debt in Jamaica.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Founded in November 1992 by Joan Duncan, JMMB is headquartered in Kingston, Jamaica, with regional offices in Trinidad, the Dominican Republic, as well as Barbados.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Warwick Schiller is a horse trainer, author, and podcaster who was born in Young, New South Wales, Australia. After moving to the United States to begin training horses, he became an NRHA (National Reining Horse Association) Reserve World Champion. He also represented Australia at the 2010 & 2018 World Equestrian Games. His training philosophy combines natural horsemanship with elements of psychology and mindfulness.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Warwick grew up on a 1,200-acre sheep and wheat farm in Young, New South Wales, Australia. His father, Ray Schiller, was a rodeo champion and talented bull rider. Warwick began riding horses at age six, and he showed at Quarter Horse shows throughout his childhood. After visiting America in 1990, Warwick ended up working under NRCHA Hall of Famer Don Murphy. He met his wife, Robyn, at a horse show in California.", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Schiller became an independent reining horse trainer in 1995. His accomplishments include the NRHA Reserve World Champion in 2002 and wins at the major reining horse shows, including the NRHA Futurity, NRHA Derby, National Reining Breeder’s Classic, and All American Quarter Horse Congress.", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Both Warwick and his wife Robyn represented Team Australia in the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Schiller eventually began making online horse training videos on YouTube in 2011 and transitioned away from training reining horses. After gaining a following on social media, Schiller began to present at numerous horse-related expos, such as Equitana, Western States Horse Expo, and the Midwest Horse Fair.", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2020, he started The Journey On Podcast, discussing his horse training career and personal life. Since its inception, it has had over 2.9 million downloads", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "He published his first book, The Principles of Training, in 2023, which documents the 13 foundational principles of all horsemanship techniques.", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Warwick's horsemanship is rooted in psychology and understanding the mammalian nervous system states. His work often revolves around the Polyvagal Theory, which pertains to the vagus nerve's role in emotional regulation, social connection, and fear responses. Using somatic techniques to alleviate fear and anxiety, Schiller takes an empathetic approach to horse training by understanding how the horse feels at any given moment.", "title": "Horsemanship philosophy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "April Nowell (born 1969) is a Paleolithic archaeologist, Professor of Anthropology and Distinguished Lansdowne Fellow at the University of Victoria, Canada. Her research team works on international projects in areas including Jordan, Australia, France, and South Africa.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Nowell's areas of study include Neanderthal lifeways; the archaeology of childhood; the origins of art, symbol use, and language; the development of human cognition and behavior; and the historical development of archaeological theories. Her book Growing Up in the Ice Age (2021) won the 2023 European Archaeological Association Book Prize.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Nowell grew up in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. She received a BA from McGill University and did her first field work in Old Montreal. She later worked on sites in Belize, the Canadian Arctic, Ontario, France and Spain.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Nowell earned her PhD from the University of Pennsylvania. Her dissertation examined The archaeology of mind: Standardization and symmetry in lithics and their implications for the study of the evolution of the human mind. (2000).", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Nowell is a Professor of Anthropology and Distinguished Lansdowne Fellow at the University of Victoria, Canada. Nowell leads an international research team and collaborates on multiple projects worldwide. Her areas of study include Lower and Middle Paleolithic sites in Jordan, cave art in Australia and France, and ostrich eggshell beads in South Africa.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Nowell has challenged accepted beliefs about hominin artworks, suggesting that not only Homo sapiens but also Neanderthals and Denisovans may have created cave art much earlier than previously believed. In a 2011 study, Nowell and Genevieve von Petzinger unraveled the chain of attributions through which experts on cave art had dated artworks to specific ages. They found that very few artworks had been independently dated based on physical evidence using techniques like radiocarbon dating. More often, estimates of dates of one artwork were based on others, resulting in circular chains of attribution.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Nowell and von Petzinger have also created a database of symbols from more than 200 cave walls in France and Spain, such as Rouffignac, Chauvet and Lascaux. The symbols tended to be ignored next to the caves' vibrant paintings of animals. Documenting their location, time, and relationship to other markings led to the identification of twenty-six specific repeated signs. These included basic shapes like triangles, squares, full circles, semicircles, open angles, crosses and grouped dots, and more complex drawings of negative hands, finger flutings, branch-like penniforms, and hut-like tectiforms. Dating suggests that some signs originally appeared as truncated images of animals, and eventually became symbolic representations of concepts. Surprisingly, symbols often appeared in specific clusters, which were repeated in different caves, such as the combination of a negative hand with finger fluting. Nowell has cautioned: \"This is not writing as we know it or language as we understand it. However, in these caves we are looking at the patterning of symbols\" substantially predating the first occurrence of writing by 25,000 years.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In Jordan, Nowell's team has worked at the Azraq Basin, an area 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of Amman that was once a wetland oasis, but is now a desert. They have recovered 10,000 well-preserved Middle Pleistocene stone tools, some of which they have examined for traces of protein residue using crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). In 2016, they identified 17 of the stone tools as having identifiable traces of blood: the earliest that have been found. They showed that at least 250,000 years ago, early humans caught and ate animals ranging from duck to rhinoceros. Time Magazine listed the blood residue work among its top 100 discoveries.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In South Africa, Nowell has worked with Benjamin Collins and others on the study of both finished ostrich eggshell beads and OES fragments. Studying fragments has enabled researchers to examine patterns of manufacture and trading of beads among social groups through time. At Grassridge Rockshelter in the Eastern Cape, they have identified both ostrich eggshell beads at all stages of manufacture, and marine shell beads. Since Grassridge is at least 200 kilometres (120 mi) from the coast, this supports the idea that extensive social networks existed during the southern Africa Holocene.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In her examinations of archaeological evidence and visual material culture, Nowell emphasizes the importance of social interaction within communities. She has documented the lives of children, who were present alongside adults during many activities, as shown by evidence from Palaeolithic caves in Europe. Examinations of the archaeological record have typically studied adults rather than children. Nowell's work has challenged the invisibility of children in the Paleolithic archaeological record and filled a significant gap in physical and behavioral anthropology.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Nowell's book Growing Up in the Ice Age has been described as both \"illuminating and engaging\" and \"carefully written and impeccably researched\". Nowell's examination of Plio-Pleistocene childhood was awarded the 2023 European Archaeological Association Book Prize. The Association stated: \"A socially inclusive emphasis on dynamic and diverse childhoods, in which children are seen to have been active social and economic agents, is successfully combined with a wider evolutionary perspective, showing how childcare and socialisation affected the longer trajectory of the human species.\"", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Nowell appears in the NOVA series Ancient Earth (episode 5) and the CBC documentary Little Sapiens.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "52°24′12″N 4°53′51″E / 52.40333°N 4.89750°E / 52.40333; 4.89750", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Atatürk residential area (Dutch: Woonoord Atatürk; Turkish: Atatürk Yurdu) was a living space for Turkish guest workers in Amsterdam-Noord named after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. It was opened in 1965 and housed construction workers and Nederlandsche Dok en Scheepsbouw Maatschappij employees. In 1972, tension broke out between residents and complex staff after a Turkish chef was fired and the remaining chefs only cooked Dutch food, which ended with a new Turkish chef being hired. The complex was closed in 1978 due to cost issues and the buildings were demolished. Most workers brought their families to the Netherlands and moved to a permanent residence elsewhere. A monument commemorating Atatürk has been erected in the place where the site used to be.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On 9 August 1964, the Dutch and Turkish governments signed an agreement to bring over Turkish workers to the Netherlands to solve staff shortages across the country. A residential area for the guest workers was constructed on Klaprozenweg, Amsterdam-Noord, in 1965 and was named after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the first president of Turkey. Among Dutch locals, it was known as the Turkendorp (Turkish Village). The site consisted of 34 white barracks, each capable of housing 8 people, as well as a shared cafeteria. An Amsterdam savings bank visited the area every two weeks to talk with the migrants, which was done with translators. The complex was run by the Municipality of Amsterdam.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The buildings housed 120 workers in 1967 for construction companies, though 50 of them were fired in August due to the lack of construction projects. As this left most rooms empty, Turkish workers of the Nederlandsche Dok en Scheepsbouw Maatschappij were also moved to Atatürk. The governments of both countries expected the migrant workers to return at some point, so there was no effort made to familiarize them with Dutch society. The residents rarely left the complex. A football team, named Ataspor, was formed in 1968 and played in the courtyard of the complex. By 1972, around 260 Turkish immigrants lived inside the complex.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Residents of the complex stopped showing up for dinner on 23 December 1972 due to a Turkish chef being fired in November for causing a fire in the kitchen. This was done without him getting replaced, which led to the kitchen only cooking Dutch food, without any items from the Turkish cuisine. The municipality still ordered food to be cooked in the hope that the workers would change their mind, but the meals ended up being thrown out every day. Some workers who were leading the boycott were threatened to be kicked out of the complex, but the municipality later called this off and announced on 10 January 1973 that at least one Turkish chef would be hired for the kitchen, ending the hunger strike of the workers after two weeks.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "A lot of workers still left the complex following the incident; some returned to Turkey, while most moved elsewhere into a permanent residence and brought over their families. In 1975, new development plans for the NDSM neighborhood were published, where the Atatürk residence complex and buildings of the Nederlandsche Dok en Scheepsbouw Maatschappij would need to make way for offices and businesses. Two years later, the municipality announced that the complex was running on deficit and considered to close it. In October 1977, the complex was granted to stay open until at least July 1978 and options were explored to extend that even further. The Atatürk complex was closed in 1978 and its barracks were later demolished.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "A monument commemorating Atatürk by M. Turkmen was erected on a street next to the complex in 1978. It consists of a copper plate with an inscription, together with the decorative concrete elevation in front. The inscription includes the \"Peace at Home, Peace in the World\" quote of Atatürk in both Dutch and Turkish, as well as the text \"Here was the Ataturk residential complex, Turks lived there. Unity and solidarity brought happiness, and this monument was erected to remember them.\"", "title": "Monument" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "During the redevelopment process of the neighborhood in 1985, the street which the monument was located on was named Atatürk, referring to the village. The street is short and there are no houses on the it. The monument went through a repair in November 2010. A few months later, the copper inscription went missing and the municipality thought that it was stolen, but it was later revealed that a special unit for monuments of the municipality removed it without notice to clean it. A bus stop sharing the name of the street is served by lines 35 and 36 of the GVB.", "title": "Monument" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "A baby votive is an offering presented to a supernatural power at a shrine and represents an infant or child in the first few years of life. The phenomenon can be found across cultures at various points in history. They are easiest to identify in cultures with a visual tradition that distinguishes babies from older children and adults. They take a variety of forms, such as a swaddled infant or seated baby, and can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Votive babies are dedicated for a variety of reasons which are culturally, chronologically, and personally dependent. Generally people dedicate them to gain a future good or to give thanks for a past benefit. They can be given in hopes for a successful pregnancy and birth, to acquire health and good fortune for a baby, or to thank a holy figure for a baby’s survival and prosperity. Equally, they may serve the more prosaic function of reminding the divinity or other worshipers’ about the baby’s existence. They are ritually manipulated in different ways even within the same religious tradition, as the practices of the local shrine tend to dictate local custom. On Cyprus, Dr. EJ Graham observed wax babies, which were sold by local candle makers, hung from string in several village churches. Rather than being hung up in the churches, at the Shrine of Fatima in Portugal, wax models of babies, body parts, and candles are presented and burned on a fire pit.", "title": "Context and function" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In some artistic traditions, babies are not visually differentiated from adults. This makes it difficult to determine if votives refer to children or adults. In those contexts where the distinction is made, some visual types and motifs are common.", "title": "Forms" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "A particularly common visual schema is the swaddled infant. In ancient Italy, for example, offerings of infants wrapped in swaddling bands appeared starting in the 5 century BCE and would eventually be found in many parts of the Roman empire. These ancient Mediterranean examples were crafted in a variety of materials, including terracotta and various metals. In the 19 century in Germany, beeswax models of swaddled babies could be brightly painted, include glass eyes, and real hair attached; a remarkable example with elaborately painted swaddling clothes was given at a church in Upper Franconia before becoming part of the collection at the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum in Munich.", "title": "Forms" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Rather than emphasizing the swaddling bands of the child, other votives forms show babies with the ability to sit up. This form was common in the Late Classical and Hellenistic Mediterranean. The so-called ‘temple boy’ statues were dedicated to Apollo, Hera, and Aphrodite (among others, especially in Cyprus). In many cases, they are depicted wearing a diagonal amulet string across the chest, which served to protect the child from ill fortune; in Rome and Etruria, the children wear bullae, as seen in a 4 century BCE bronze votive of a child with a dedicatory inscription naming the Etruscan gods Selvans and Śuri. In addition to these early three-dimensional votives, two-dimensional seated babies are known from contemporary Christian contexts. Thin metal plaques with hammered designs, such as the tamata used in Orthodox regions, depict babies and are hung up in shrines.", "title": "Forms" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "While people may dedicate votive babies which show an infant on its own, religious representations of babies can take many forms even if they are not ‘votive babies’ per se. Motifs representing a divine child and mother can have various religious purposes. In the Late period in Egypt, for example, a man named Ankhhor gave a statuette of an enthroned Isis nursing the infant Horus to the goddess; two inscriptions on the statuette refer to Isis and call her the Divine Mother, while asking her to give health and life to the dedicator. Rather than a representation of a mortal child, the depiction emphasizes the deity being honored. Several centuries later, the enthroned mother and child motif appeared in the Byzantine-era icon of Mary and Jesus from St. Catherine’s Monastery in Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula. Rather than a votive presented to a divinity in their shrine, this image functioned as an icon, a sacred image meant to foster devotional interactions between worshiper and holy figure.", "title": "Other religious representations of babies" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Additionally, narratives featuring babies have also been set up at sanctuaries. Stories showing Maya giving birth to the Shakyamuni Buddha were commonly displayed at Buddhist ritual sites, such as stupas or stele shrines. A pottery fragment showing the birth of daughter found in an Etruscan sanctuary sacred to the goddess Uni has been described as the earliest known scene of birth in Western art, although the mother and child’s identity is not clear, nor is the function of the ancient vessel. Narratives involving mortal babies could be offered in ancient Greek sanctuaries, such as a votive relief carved with a sacrificial procession and presentation of an infant to a goddess, in this case likely Artemis. While these images may function as offerings or adornment for the sacred space, rather than focusing on the baby alone, they incorporate the baby into larger narratives and family networks.", "title": "Other religious representations of babies" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "A critic from The Times of India rated the film 2+1⁄2 out of 5 stars and wrote that \"What could have been the underdog champion of the year ends up just short of the finish line, as the director falls prey to commercial elements that he deemed mandatory\".", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Phoenix Rising FC season will be the club's eleventh season in the USL Championship and their eighth as Rising FC. They are the defending USL Championship winners.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Source: Match reports", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "All times from this point on Mountain Standard Time (UTC-07:00)", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "", "title": "Roster" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jirón Amazonas is a major street in the Damero de Pizarro, located in the historic centre of Lima, Peru. The street starts at its intersection with the Jirón Lampa and continues until it reaches Sebastián Lorente Avenue.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The road that today constitutes the jirón was laid by Francisco Pizarro when he founded the city of Lima on January 18, 1535. This street was located parallel to the bed of the Rímac River and was the first of the others, so in some passages, its northern side was delimited by the small gorges or ravines that led to that riverbed (currently space has been gained for the bed). In the 18th century, the first tobacco shop was established on the second block of this road. Likewise, in the parts that were not adjacent to the ravine, sections of the Walls of Lima were built.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1862, when the new urban nomenclature was adopted, the road was named Jirón Amazonas, after the northern department of Amazonas. Prior to this renaming, the each block (cuadra) had a unique name:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In the intersection with the Balta bridge, the now disappeared Plazuela de Viterbo stood out. This geographical space was of importance for the capital, until the beginning of the 1970s when it disappeared and began to be absorbed by the modernity of the city. It had stood out not only for being the entrance to the Cercado de Lima, arriving from the Plaza de Acho, but because in its surroundings were located: the Cinelandia cinema, a tram stop and, a few meters away, what was also the Train Station from Lima to Lurín (existing between 1913 and 1964). At the beginning of the 1970s, the municipality of Lima embarked on an (unfinished) plan to modernize this part of the city. Cinelandia was demolished in 1973 and around that time what was the Lima Lurín Station was also demolished. Currently, in almost all of that part of the jirón (Barrios Altos) there are used book dealers, who form an entire fair.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Júlia Strappato Garetta (born 16 January 2000) is a Spanish field hockey player.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Júlia Strappato originates from the Matadepera municipality in Catalonia.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In the Spanish national league, the Liga Iberdrola, Strappato represents Junior FC.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Strappato made her debut for the Spanish U–21s in 2017, representing the team at the EuroHockey Junior Championship in Valencia.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "She won a gold medal at her second EuroHockey Junior Championship two years later, again in Valencia.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2020, Strappato made her debut for the Red Sticks. She appeared in a test series against Argentina in Mar del Plata.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "She played in her first major tournament two years later, representing Spain in season three of the FIH Pro League.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Iceland Parliament Hotel, Curio Collection by Hilton, is a 163-room hotel located in central Reykjavík, Iceland, by the Icelandic Parliament, Alþingi. It is managed by Iceland Hotel Collection by Berjaya through a franchise agreement with Hilton Worldwide. The hotel is situated in a complex of seven rebuilt and new buildings. Three of downtown Reykjavík's main squares surround the building, with Austurvöllur to the east, Ingólfstorg to the north, and Víkurgarður to the west.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Initially scheduled to open in 2018, the hotel faced construction delays and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. These setbacks delayed the opening timeline, causing the hotel to open on December 27, 2022, by nearly 5 years behind schedule.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The hotel is made up of seven buildings. These include Iceland's former telecommunications headquarters (Landssímahúsið), the first secondary school for women in Iceland (Kvennaskólinn), and the Independence Hall. Other new buildings were added, both serving the purpose of connecting the buildings, but also add to the hotel’s capacity and facilities.", "title": "Architecture" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2017, a controversy arose when a change in the local planning was approved to allow the expansion of the hotel building in Landssímahús and into to Víkurgarður park on the building's northeast side. The Parish Committee of the Reykjavík Cathedral claimed that the project violated the Cathedral's right of jurisdiction over the ancient Víkurkirkjugarður Cemetery, which had also never been formally exhumed.", "title": "Controversy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023 Big West Conference women's soccer tournament was the postseason women's soccer tournament for the Big West Conference held from October 29 to November 5, 2023. The Semifinals and Final of the five-match tournament took place at Titan Stadium in Fullerton, California and the higher seed hosted First Round games. The six-team single-elimination tournament consisted of three rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play. The defending champions were the UC Irvine Anteaters. The Anteaters successfully defended their title as the fifth seed, defeating Cal Poly 1–0 in the Final. This was the fourth Big West tournament title for the UC Irvine program and the third for head coach Scott Juniper. UC Irvine and Juniper have now one three straight Big West Tournaments. As tournament champions, UC Irvine earned the Big West's automatic berth into the 2023 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The top six teams in the regular season earned a spot in the tournament and teams were seeded by regular season conference record. No tiebreakers were required as each team finished with a unique conference regular season record.", "title": "Seeding" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Source:", "title": "Bracket" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "There were 8 goals scored in 5 matches, for an average of 1.6 goals per match (as of November 5, 2023).", "title": "Statistics" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "1 goal", "title": "Statistics" } ]

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