_id
stringlengths 77
96
| datasets_id
int32 0
1.38M
| wiki_id
stringlengths 2
9
| start_paragraph
int32 2
1.17k
| start_character
int32 0
70.3k
| end_paragraph
int32 4
1.18k
| end_character
int32 1
70.3k
| article_title
stringlengths 1
250
| section_title
stringlengths 0
1.12k
| passage_text
stringlengths 1
14k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
{"datasets_id": 161371, "wiki_id": "Q5059506", "sp": 10, "sc": 3658, "ep": 10, "ec": 4321} | 161,371 | Q5059506 | 10 | 3,658 | 10 | 4,321 | Center for Army Analysis | History | and Plans. While the primary role of CAA remains to support HQDA and Army leadership, its analytical activities have expanded to encompass a wide range of analytical services performed in support of many Army elements and, occasionally, other Department of Defense and US government organizations. The one thing that has not changed at CAA is our unwavering dedication to providing the Army’s top leadership with responsive, high-quality analytical support.
Current Director: Dr. William Forrest Crain
Past Directors:
• MG Hal Hallgren January 1973 – February 1976
• MG Ennis C. Whitehead Jr. April 1976 – May 1980
|
{"datasets_id": 161371, "wiki_id": "Q5059506", "sp": 10, "sc": 4321, "ep": 10, "ec": 4506} | 161,371 | Q5059506 | 10 | 4,321 | 10 | 4,506 | Center for Army Analysis | History | • MG Edward B. Atkenson July 1980 – February 1982
• Mr. David C. Hardison February 1982 – September 1984
• Mr. E. B. Vandiver III September 1984 – November 2012 |
{"datasets_id": 161372, "wiki_id": "Q2956293", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 621} | 161,372 | Q2956293 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 621 | Chantal Hébert | Life and career | Chantal Hébert Life and career Hébert was born on April 24, 1954, in Ottawa, Ontario. She is the oldest of five children. In 1966 her family moved to Toronto where the 12-year-old was enrolled in École secondaire catholique Monseigneur-de-Charbonnel. She then attended Toronto's first francophone high school, École secondaire Étienne-Brûlé. After high school, Hébert obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1976 in political science from the bilingual Glendon College of York University. She is a Senior Fellow of Massey College at the University of Toronto.
Hébert began her media career in 1975 at the regional television and radio newsroom of |
{"datasets_id": 161372, "wiki_id": "Q2956293", "sp": 6, "sc": 621, "ep": 10, "ec": 162} | 161,372 | Q2956293 | 6 | 621 | 10 | 162 | Chantal Hébert | Life and career & The "Lobster Pot" story | the French-language Radio-Canada facility in Toronto. She eventually became their reporter covering provincial politics at Queen's Park. After Radio-Canada appointed Hébert to cover federal politics on Parliament Hill, she worked as bureau chief for Montreal's Le Devoir and La Presse. She has written columns appearing in The London Free Press, the Ottawa Citizen, and the National Post, and currently in Le Devoir, Metro, and the Toronto Star. The "Lobster Pot" story In the summer of 1995, Hébert broke the story in La Presse that the 1995 Quebec referendum question's guarantee of an offer of partnership with the rest of Canada |
{"datasets_id": 161372, "wiki_id": "Q2956293", "sp": 10, "sc": 162, "ep": 10, "ec": 797} | 161,372 | Q2956293 | 10 | 162 | 10 | 797 | Chantal Hébert | The "Lobster Pot" story | before declaring sovereignty following a "Yes" vote was a sham. Hébert wrote that in a June 13 meeting with fifteen foreign diplomats, Quebec Premier Jacques Parizeau had stated that what mattered most was to get a majority vote from Quebec citizens for the proposal to secede from Canada because with that, Quebecers would be trapped "like lobsters thrown in boiling water" (in French: "comme des homards dans l'eau bouillante").
At the time, Parizeau was in France and in his place Quebec's deputy premier, Bernard Landry, who was not present at the meeting, declared categorically that the report was false. However, Hébert |
{"datasets_id": 161372, "wiki_id": "Q2956293", "sp": 10, "sc": 797, "ep": 14, "ec": 101} | 161,372 | Q2956293 | 10 | 797 | 14 | 101 | Chantal Hébert | The "Lobster Pot" story & Pundit and author | clarified her sources, stating that the information had been given to Foreign Affairs Canada in an official briefing by Jan Fietelaars, the Ambassador from the Netherlands who had been a participant at the meeting; in addition, she had backed up the claim by having it confirmed by three others: Ambassador Christian Fellens of Belgium, who was also present, and two other diplomatic attendees who spoke off the record. The remark hampered support for the "Yes" side as a result. Pundit and author Currently, Hébert is a national affairs writer with the Toronto Star as well as a guest columnist for |
{"datasets_id": 161372, "wiki_id": "Q2956293", "sp": 14, "sc": 101, "ep": 14, "ec": 767} | 161,372 | Q2956293 | 14 | 101 | 14 | 767 | Chantal Hébert | Pundit and author | Le Devoir and L'actualite. She frequently appears on CBC Television's The National as a member of the At Issue political panel and is a regular participant in various other French- and English-language television and radio current affairs programs.
Hébert received the 2005 Public Service Citation of the Association of Professional Executives of the Public Service of Canada (APEX). In February 2006, the Public Policy Forum voted her the Hyman Solomon Award for Excellence in Public Policy Journalism. She delivered the Michener Lecture at Queen's University in 2008.
In June 2006, Hébert took two months' leave of absence from the Toronto Star to |
{"datasets_id": 161372, "wiki_id": "Q2956293", "sp": 14, "sc": 767, "ep": 14, "ec": 1353} | 161,372 | Q2956293 | 14 | 767 | 14 | 1,353 | Chantal Hébert | Pundit and author | write her first book, French Kiss: Stephen Harper's Blind Date with Quebec (Knopf Canada, February 2007, ISBN 978-0-676-97907-7). French Kiss received shortlist honours for the 2008 Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction.
In September 2014, her second book was released, The Morning After: The 1995 Quebec Referendum and the Day that Almost Was (in French, Confessions post-référendaires: Les acteurs politiques de 1995 et le scénario d'un oui). The book, cowritten with Jean Lapierre, was a shortlisted nominee for the 2015 Shaughnessy Cohen Prize for Political Writing. |
{"datasets_id": 161373, "wiki_id": "Q5086888", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 598} | 161,373 | Q5086888 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 598 | Charters Towers Courthouse | History | Charters Towers Courthouse History The Charters Towers Courthouse was designed in 1885 by the Queensland Colonial Architect, John James Clark, as one of a series of substantial courthouses in major regional centres. It was completed in 1887 and extended by the addition of a wing in 1890.
Discovered in late 1871, Charters Towers became the richest of the North Queensland mining fields. The field was proclaimed a municipality (the Borough of Charters Towers) in 1877 and had become a prosperous settlement by 1882 when the Great Northern Railway line connected Charters Towers to the coast. Charters Towers gold was in deep |
{"datasets_id": 161373, "wiki_id": "Q5086888", "sp": 6, "sc": 598, "ep": 6, "ec": 1252} | 161,373 | Q5086888 | 6 | 598 | 6 | 1,252 | Charters Towers Courthouse | History | reefs and the equipment needed to extract and process it was financed by substantial southern and overseas investment. The town became a major regional centre providing employment for a considerable number of people.
The 1880s was a period of expansion in Queensland generally as the economy enjoyed a boom and people poured into the colony. This necessitated an increase in police numbers and court facilities. In fact, police and judiciary facilities were constructed at such a pace in this period that it became difficult to obtain suitably qualified contractors. Charters Towers was amongst a number of regional centres where substantial new |
{"datasets_id": 161373, "wiki_id": "Q5086888", "sp": 6, "sc": 1252, "ep": 6, "ec": 1893} | 161,373 | Q5086888 | 6 | 1,252 | 6 | 1,893 | Charters Towers Courthouse | History | courthouses were erected, probably in response to the increase in its importance and population and in keeping with the handsome new buildings then rapidly replacing the modest structures of the early township.
The new courthouse was designed by noted architect J.J. Clark, who was at the time Colonial Architect. John James Clark was born and trained in Liverpool, England. He arrived in Melbourne in 1853 and won a number of architectural competitions; his success in such competitions being a feature of his career. Clark designed some major public buildings in Melbourne, including the Treasury, then moved to Sydney in 1881 and |
{"datasets_id": 161373, "wiki_id": "Q5086888", "sp": 6, "sc": 1893, "ep": 6, "ec": 2569} | 161,373 | Q5086888 | 6 | 1,893 | 6 | 2,569 | Charters Towers Courthouse | History | in 1883 became Queensland Colonial Architect. Although he left the position in 1885, he was responsible for some important public buildings during this time, including courthouses at Mackay, Rockhampton and Warwick. They and the Charters Towers courthouse were designed in the classical revival style thought appropriate for public buildings intended to convey a sense of stability and dignity, particularly a courthouse which represented the power of the law.
The Charters Towers courthouse was constructed by contractor Charles Miller at a cost of £4650 and opened on 9 February 1887. The local newspaper, The Northern Miner, indulged in some critical remarks about |
{"datasets_id": 161373, "wiki_id": "Q5086888", "sp": 6, "sc": 2569, "ep": 6, "ec": 3196} | 161,373 | Q5086888 | 6 | 2,569 | 6 | 3,196 | Charters Towers Courthouse | History | the appearance of the building, describing it as "unpretentious", but admitted that it was commodious and well ventilated. In general style and layout it resembled that of the courthouse at Mackay, built about the same time. Apart from the court, rooms were provided for the judge, police magistrate, Clerk of Petty Sessions, jury, witnesses and gold warden, plus a number of other offices. Even so, by 1890 the building had become inadequate, reflecting the rapid growth of the city. Local building contractor, Benjamin Toll, was employed to construct a large brick extension with verandahs on three sides alongside the court |
{"datasets_id": 161373, "wiki_id": "Q5086888", "sp": 6, "sc": 3196, "ep": 10, "ec": 342} | 161,373 | Q5086888 | 6 | 3,196 | 10 | 342 | Charters Towers Courthouse | History & Description | and connected to it.
The courthouse has changed little since and has served the Charters Towers and district community in this capacity for over a hundred years, with the 1890s wing now providing office space for the Department of Mines and Energy and the Department of Natural Resources. Description The courthouse consists of 2 brick buildings parallel to each other and connected at the rear. They are situated on a large government reserve at the corner of Hodgkinson and Church Streets, Charters Towers, along with the former School of Mines.
The original courthouse is a classical revival building of rendered brick with |
{"datasets_id": 161373, "wiki_id": "Q5086888", "sp": 10, "sc": 342, "ep": 10, "ec": 916} | 161,373 | Q5086888 | 10 | 342 | 10 | 916 | Charters Towers Courthouse | Description | a corrugated iron roof and is set well back facing Hodgkinson Street. The core of the building is the court room which rises to 2 storeys and is approached through a slightly lower portico with a Tuscan order arcade of 3 bays separated by square pilasters rising through 2 stories to the triangular pediment, which has a circular louvred vent in its centre. This entrance is flanked by single storey attached pavilions with pyramid roofs. These have pairs of sash windows shaded by a sun hood on cast iron brackets. The rear of the building has similar pavilion style wings |
{"datasets_id": 161373, "wiki_id": "Q5086888", "sp": 10, "sc": 916, "ep": 10, "ec": 1485} | 161,373 | Q5086888 | 10 | 916 | 10 | 1,485 | Charters Towers Courthouse | Description | linked by a verandah, and a verandah links the front and rear pavilions on the western side. The eastern verandah area is now used for disabled parking. The rear pavilion on the eastern side is linked to the newer building and now houses a tea room. It retains a chimney and corner fireplace. Other rooms to the rear include offices and a strong room. The court room is still in use for this purpose and has plastered walls and a rather austere coffered ceiling. There is a public gallery at the northern end. It retains cedar furniture and fittings.
The 1890s |
{"datasets_id": 161373, "wiki_id": "Q5086888", "sp": 10, "sc": 1485, "ep": 10, "ec": 2085} | 161,373 | Q5086888 | 10 | 1,485 | 10 | 2,085 | Charters Towers Courthouse | Description | extension building is set back from the older building and only joins it towards the rear. It is constructed of brick with a gambrel roof clad in corrugated iron and is basically rectangular in form. For much of its length it is free standing, having a ground floor verandah and awning which encircles the front and sides. This is supported on posts with decorative brackets. The building is symmetrical and has its own central entrance consisting of double doors flanked by windows and approached from across the verandah by low steps.
It houses the offices of the Department of Justice and |
{"datasets_id": 161373, "wiki_id": "Q5086888", "sp": 10, "sc": 2085, "ep": 14, "ec": 641} | 161,373 | Q5086888 | 10 | 2,085 | 14 | 641 | Charters Towers Courthouse | Description & Heritage listing | Attorney General and other government department tenancies. Heritage listing Charters Towers Courthouse was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
Charters Towers, as an extraordinarily rich goldfield, made a major contribution to the economy of Queensland and to the development of the North. The Charters Towers Courthouse, constructed in 1886 and extended in the 1890s, demonstrates the growth of Charters Towers as a major goldfield and reflects its importance as a regional centre in the late 19th century.
The place demonstrates rare, |
{"datasets_id": 161373, "wiki_id": "Q5086888", "sp": 14, "sc": 641, "ep": 14, "ec": 1384} | 161,373 | Q5086888 | 14 | 641 | 14 | 1,384 | Charters Towers Courthouse | Heritage listing | uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
The court room remains substantially unchanged since completion and retains the major components of its original furniture, which is now rare.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
The courthouse is characteristic of major regional courthouses, influenced by classical revival styles imbuing tradition and authority and providing a lofty courtroom with attendant offices. It is a fine example of a public building of its era and demonstrates the high quality work produced by the Colonial Architect's office in the late nineteenth century.
The place is important because |
{"datasets_id": 161373, "wiki_id": "Q5086888", "sp": 14, "sc": 1384, "ep": 14, "ec": 2093} | 161,373 | Q5086888 | 14 | 1,384 | 14 | 2,093 | Charters Towers Courthouse | Heritage listing | of its aesthetic significance.
As a substantial and prominently sited public building, of architectural merit, it makes an important visual contribution to the character of Charters Towers.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The courthouse has had a long connection with the people of Charters Towers and the surrounding district as the focus for the administration of justice in the area.
The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.
As a major public building designed |
{"datasets_id": 161373, "wiki_id": "Q5086888", "sp": 14, "sc": 2093, "ep": 14, "ec": 2296} | 161,373 | Q5086888 | 14 | 2,093 | 14 | 2,296 | Charters Towers Courthouse | Heritage listing | during his tenure as Colonial architect, the courthouse has important associations with the life and work of JJ Clark who made an important contribution to the development of architecture in Queensland. |
{"datasets_id": 161374, "wiki_id": "Q5096098", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 577} | 161,374 | Q5096098 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 577 | Chick Donovan | Professional wrestling career | Chick Donovan Professional wrestling career Making his professional debut in 1977, he carried on notable feuds with wrestling legends Jerry "The King" Lawler and Tommy Rich. He wrestled at the peak of his career in the American Wrestling Association and the NWA.
In 1981, he became one of the original members of the now famous The First Family managed by Jimmy Hart.
From 1987 to 1988 he wrestled in World Wrestling Federation as a jobber losing to Ricky Steamboat and The Ultimate Warrior.
From 1992 until 1995 he wrestled for World Championship Wrestling as a jobber. On June 20, 1995 he faced |
{"datasets_id": 161374, "wiki_id": "Q5096098", "sp": 6, "sc": 577, "ep": 6, "ec": 1209} | 161,374 | Q5096098 | 6 | 577 | 6 | 1,209 | Chick Donovan | Professional wrestling career | against WCW US Champion Sting in a losing effort on WCW Pro.
In 1995 he returned to WWF jobbing by making a couple appearances on TV. He retired alter that year.
In 2005, Donovan came out of retirement.
His last official match was on February 3, 2006 in Birmingham, AL against Adrian Street.
On August 11, 2007, Donovan made a return to in-ring action with Georgia Wrestling Promotions, appearing at a show in Waleska, GA, pinning Chris Lightning. He is currently wrestling for the Prime Time Pro Wrestling (PTPW) and IWN (Independent Wrestling Network), both based in the Columbus area. Donovan, |
{"datasets_id": 161374, "wiki_id": "Q5096098", "sp": 6, "sc": 1209, "ep": 6, "ec": 1914} | 161,374 | Q5096098 | 6 | 1,209 | 6 | 1,914 | Chick Donovan | Professional wrestling career | also makes frequent appearances at the Allstar Wrestling Network (AWN) in Fort Valley, Georgia.
Tommy Rich & Scotty Blaze & Hawkins beat Chick Donovan & Billy Love & Valentine in Villa Rica Georgia in Nov. 2007.
Chick Donovan wrestled for Alabama Wrestling federation on April 24, 2010 in Lucedale, Ms.
Chick Donovan has made several appearances for Swainsboro, Georgia-based company, Galaxie Pro Xtreme Wrestling, holding the GPXW World Heavyweight Championship. He battled Scotty Bullwinkle in November, losing via countout, and December, going to a double countout at shows in 2010.
Throughout 2010 Donovan has also frequently appeared at Fort Valley's AWN where he has |
{"datasets_id": 161374, "wiki_id": "Q5096098", "sp": 6, "sc": 1914, "ep": 6, "ec": 2477} | 161,374 | Q5096098 | 6 | 1,914 | 6 | 2,477 | Chick Donovan | Professional wrestling career | feuded with Jake Slater, Paul Warfield, Joey Kidman, Chris Nelms and other up and comers. In addition to the AWN Donovan made his debut in Championship Wrestling Overload, as well as appearing in many other promotions.
On July 7, 2018, Donovan lost to the Masked Professional in a hair vs mask match at a CCW event in Dothan, Alabama. After the match the Masked Professional cut off all of Donovan's long blonde hair. He would not return to the ring until a year later.
Donovan still wrestling at 72 years old competing in his home state Georgia. |
{"datasets_id": 161375, "wiki_id": "Q5102124", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 146} | 161,375 | Q5102124 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 146 | Chislehurston | History | Chislehurston History The suburb is situated on part of an old Witwatersrand farm called Syferfontein. It was established in 1958 and was named after Chislehurst, Kent. |
{"datasets_id": 161376, "wiki_id": "Q1086856", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 656} | 161,376 | Q1086856 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 656 | Chris Montgomery | Chris Montgomery Christopher "Monty" Montgomery (born June 6, 1972) is an American programmer. He is the original creator of the Ogg Free Software container format and the Vorbis audio codec and others, and the founder of The Xiph.Org Foundation, which promotes public domain multimedia codecs. He is also known as "Monty" and uses xiphmont as an online pseudonym.
He holds a B.S. in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a M.Eng. degree in computer engineering from the Tokyo Institute of Technology.
A multimedia programmer, free software advocate and musician, Monty resides in the Boston area. He |
|
{"datasets_id": 161376, "wiki_id": "Q1086856", "sp": 4, "sc": 656, "ep": 4, "ec": 963} | 161,376 | Q1086856 | 4 | 656 | 4 | 963 | Chris Montgomery | previously worked for Red Hat on improving the quality of the Ogg Theora format and decoders. In October 2013, he announced his almost immediate switch to Mozilla. Work on Daala will be an important part of his work there.
Montgomery was the evening keynote at the Ohio LinuxFest in September 2010. |
|
{"datasets_id": 161377, "wiki_id": "Q5130606", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 55} | 161,377 | Q5130606 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 55 | Cleanup hitter | Theory | Cleanup hitter In baseball, a cleanup hitter is the fourth hitter in the lineup. They are the ones with the most power in the team and their most important job is to bring runs in, the cleanup hitter “cleans up the bases” meaning that if there are runners on the bases the cleanup hitter scores them in ergo the name. There is much theory on how a coach sets up his lineup card before the game in order to maximize the effectiveness of his players during the game. Theory The theory behind the use of the cleanup hitter is that |
{"datasets_id": 161377, "wiki_id": "Q5130606", "sp": 8, "sc": 55, "ep": 8, "ec": 599} | 161,377 | Q5130606 | 8 | 55 | 8 | 599 | Cleanup hitter | Theory | at least one of the batters before him should reach a base in a way possible, usually being a walk or a base hit. The batters in the beginning of the lineup have a variety of different traits but traditionally the lead off hitter which sits at the number one spot has speed, plate discipline, and high on-base percentage. The second batter is usually a contact hitter, meaning they are able to consistently make contact with the ball and put it in play by any means possible to move the runner up and into scoring position. It is a possibility |
{"datasets_id": 161377, "wiki_id": "Q5130606", "sp": 8, "sc": 599, "ep": 8, "ec": 1109} | 161,377 | Q5130606 | 8 | 599 | 8 | 1,109 | Cleanup hitter | Theory | for the first or second batter to bunt their way on base because they both should have good speed. The third batter is usually the best all-around batter that tends to have the highest batting average and has the role of scoring runs himself, but ultimately the job comes down to getting on base for the cleanup hitter to have a turn to bat in the same inning. Now with cleanup hitter coming up to hit if he has runners on base he has a chance to produce runs by getting a hit or by using their power they can |
{"datasets_id": 161377, "wiki_id": "Q5130606", "sp": 8, "sc": 1109, "ep": 8, "ec": 1610} | 161,377 | Q5130606 | 8 | 1,109 | 8 | 1,610 | Cleanup hitter | Theory | hit a home run or an extra base hit. It is often found that the 3rd and 4th batter can switch roles in a game because of the ability of the 3rd batter to also produce runs. The 5th batter in the lineup also has a small responsibility of pushing in runs so he acts like a backup for the cleanup hitter in case he doesn't get the job done. He shares multiple traits with the cleanup hitter therefore can also compete for the spot on the lineup to become a cleanup hitter. After that batters from 6 to 9 |
{"datasets_id": 161377, "wiki_id": "Q5130606", "sp": 8, "sc": 1610, "ep": 12, "ec": 449} | 161,377 | Q5130606 | 8 | 1,610 | 12 | 449 | Cleanup hitter | Theory & Trends | descend by their skill level meaning the 9th batter has a tendency of being the worst batter. Trends There are reoccurring trends each specific batter has, which is what gives them the position in the lineup card. A cleanup hitter has trends in his statistics, which is how cleanup hitters are determined from the rest of the team or even how good of a cleanup hitter they are. A cleanup player tends to hit a lot of home runs and extra base hits, has lower on base percentage (OBP), high number of runs batted in, have high slugging percentages, and |
{"datasets_id": 161377, "wiki_id": "Q5130606", "sp": 12, "sc": 449, "ep": 12, "ec": 991} | 161,377 | Q5130606 | 12 | 449 | 12 | 991 | Cleanup hitter | Trends | can also tend to be the player with the most strikeouts. Since the cleanup hitter is more of a power hitter than a contact hitter so there are a good number of strikeouts, which also explains the low (OBP). Cleanup hitters also commonly attend home run derbies because they lead in home runs. Even though it is just an event the home run derby is where they get the chance to show case their power without the pressure of being in a game. Although there are athletes that break or don't fit into these trends, either because they are missing |
{"datasets_id": 161377, "wiki_id": "Q5130606", "sp": 12, "sc": 991, "ep": 16, "ec": 324} | 161,377 | Q5130606 | 12 | 991 | 16 | 324 | Cleanup hitter | Trends & American League vs. National League | a couple of the traits or is an all-round player that can't be categorized to just the cleanup spot. An all-around player is good at most if not all aspects of the game and lead the leader boards in statistics. American League vs. National League There are two leagues in North American Major League Baseball, the American league and the National League. A key difference between the two is that the American League has a designated hitter (DH). The DH is a batter that hits for the pitcher and never plays defense. Meanwhile, the National League demands that the pitcher |
{"datasets_id": 161377, "wiki_id": "Q5130606", "sp": 16, "sc": 324, "ep": 16, "ec": 851} | 161,377 | Q5130606 | 16 | 324 | 16 | 851 | Cleanup hitter | American League vs. National League | hit in the lineup unless another player pinch hits for the pitcher, in which case the pitcher must leave the game and must be replaced for the team's next defensive half-inning. The DH is important in the American league because it is usually one of the better hitters. It is a trend that the DH is either in the 3rd, 4th, or 5th spot in the lineup. This is taken away when there are interleague games when the National League is the home team, so the American League team does not use a DH, and their pitchers take their turn |
{"datasets_id": 161377, "wiki_id": "Q5130606", "sp": 16, "sc": 851, "ep": 20, "ec": 533} | 161,377 | Q5130606 | 16 | 851 | 20 | 533 | Cleanup hitter | American League vs. National League & Current | at bat. Current There are many examples of batters that have excelled in the cleanup spot of the lineup. These batters have left a mark on contemporary baseball and helped it evolve into the game it is now. One example of a cleanup hitter is Albert Pujols. He is considered as a candidate for baseball's hall of fame due to his immense contributions to his team as a cleanup hitter. Albert is also known as “The Machine” which originated due to his power and runs batted in (RBI) statistics. He has bounced around between the three spot and the four |
{"datasets_id": 161377, "wiki_id": "Q5130606", "sp": 20, "sc": 533, "ep": 24, "ec": 462} | 161,377 | Q5130606 | 20 | 533 | 24 | 462 | Cleanup hitter | Current & Clean Up Batter Examples | spot as a hitter in his career. He currently plays for the Los Angeles Angels and was recently demoted to DH in the cleanup spot. Clean Up Batter Examples Here is a small list of more Cleanup Batters that have made a name for themselves due to their role as a clean up hitter and strong offensive force for their team:
Buster Posey
Reggie Jackson
Edgar Martinez
David Ortiz (Big Papi)
Evan Longoria
Babe Ruth
Mark McGwire
Lou Gehrig
Evan Gattis
Mike Napoli
Adam Jones
Jed Lowrie
Kent Hrbek
Yoenis Cespedes |
{"datasets_id": 161378, "wiki_id": "Q16980837", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 83} | 161,378 | Q16980837 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 83 | Clymeniidae | Distribution | Clymeniidae Distribution Fossils of species within this family have been found in the Devonian of Australia. |
{"datasets_id": 161379, "wiki_id": "Q16980882", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 623} | 161,379 | Q16980882 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 623 | Coloborhynchus spielbergi | Description | Coloborhynchus spielbergi Description C. spielbergi was a large species originally based on RGM 401 880, a fossil specimen known from a nearly complete skull and parts of the skeleton currently housed in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum in the Netherlands.
Like other species assigned to the genus Coloborhynchus, C. spielbergi bore large, rounded crests at the ends of expanded upper and lower jaws. However, rather than being robust and box-shaped as in many Coloborhynchus species, the jaw tips were more slender and spoon-shaped, and the crest is thin from top to bottom, both features commonly seen in species typically referred to Anhanguera, |
{"datasets_id": 161379, "wiki_id": "Q16980882", "sp": 6, "sc": 623, "ep": 10, "ec": 316} | 161,379 | Q16980882 | 6 | 623 | 10 | 316 | Coloborhynchus spielbergi | Description & Classification | a genus in which C. speilbergi is classified by some researchers (as A. spielbergi). As in other ornithocheirids, the size and orientation of the teeth vary considerably along the jawline. In C. spielbergi, the tooth pattern has been described as more similar to that of Tropeognathus robustus than to Anhanguera piscator. Classification This species was originally classified in the genus Coloborhynchus due to the flattened upper jaw behind the crest, and a raised maxilla, though the usefulness of those in ornithocheirid classification has been questioned. Because the front half of the skull was poorly preserved, characteristics found there may not |
{"datasets_id": 161379, "wiki_id": "Q16980882", "sp": 10, "sc": 316, "ep": 10, "ec": 521} | 161,379 | Q16980882 | 10 | 316 | 10 | 521 | Coloborhynchus spielbergi | Classification | be ideal for comparing with similar species to determine genus assignment. Additionally, a flattened snout has been reported to be widespread among similar species, including those referred to Anhanguera. |
{"datasets_id": 161380, "wiki_id": "Q27970560", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 296} | 161,380 | Q27970560 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 296 | Constance Keys | Biography | Constance Keys Constance Mabel Keys (30 October 1886 – 17 March 1964) was one of the most highly decorated nurses from Australia who served in World War I. She was mentioned twice in despatches, was awarded the Royal Red Cross, First Class and the Médaille des Epidémies. Biography Keys was born in Mount Perry, a small town in the Wide Bay–Burnett region, the seventh child of Irish immigrant James Keys, a schoolteacher, and his wife Margaret. Trained at the Brisbane General Hospital as a nurse, she enlisted in September 1914 in the Australian Army Nursing Service, and was |
{"datasets_id": 161380, "wiki_id": "Q27970560", "sp": 8, "sc": 296, "ep": 8, "ec": 367} | 161,380 | Q27970560 | 8 | 296 | 8 | 367 | Constance Keys | Biography | sent first to Egypt, later travelling onto Britain and then to France. |
{"datasets_id": 161381, "wiki_id": "Q2995650", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 682} | 161,381 | Q2995650 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 682 | Continental Films | Continental Films Continental Films was a German-controlled French film production company. It stood as the sole authorized film production organization in Nazi-occupied France.
Established in October 1940, it was entirely bankrolled by the German government, and headed by Alfred Greven in Paris, with its finances, production and distribution tightly integrated with the German film industry. Continental's first production was Who Killed Santa Claus? (L'Assassinat du père Noël, 1941). The firm gave Henri-Georges Clouzot his first directoral job for the comic thriller The Murderer Lives at Number 21 (L'Assassin habite au 21, 1942), which Clouzot also co-wrote. Continental released 30 |
|
{"datasets_id": 161381, "wiki_id": "Q2995650", "sp": 4, "sc": 682, "ep": 8, "ec": 367} | 161,381 | Q2995650 | 4 | 682 | 8 | 367 | Continental Films | Alfred Greven | features before ending production four years later. Its last release was Majestic Hotel Cellars (1944).
The film Safe Conduct (Laissez-passer, 2002) depicts life and work at Continental, based on the memoirs of director Jean Devaivre. Alfred Greven The director of Continental Film was the German producer Alfred Greven, who was born in 1897 in Elberfeld and died in 1973 in Cologne. After leaving the Gymnasium he volunteered in September 1914 for the German Army. He fought at the Western Front in the infantry and was severely wounded. In 1917, he fought in the Luftstreitkräfte and was awarded the Iron Cross 1st |
{"datasets_id": 161381, "wiki_id": "Q2995650", "sp": 8, "sc": 367, "ep": 8, "ec": 879} | 161,381 | Q2995650 | 8 | 367 | 8 | 879 | Continental Films | Alfred Greven | and 2nd class.
After the war he started to work in the movie business in 1920, joining the Nazi Party in 1931. In 1934, he was head of the committee for film production in the Reichsfilmkammer. Some of the films he produced were The Old and the Young King, The Green Domino and The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes. In 1940, Goebbels appointed him managing director of the newly established Continental Film, his direct superior being Max Winkler. Films Greven produced after the war include Bonjour Kathrin. |
{"datasets_id": 161382, "wiki_id": "Q5179802", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 100} | 161,382 | Q5179802 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 100 | Cowper House | History & Exterior | Cowper House History Cowper House was built in 1664, following the destruction of many buildings in Chester during the Civil War. It was built above undercrofts dating from 1350–75, or possibly earlier. Alterations have been made to the building in the 19th and 20th centuries. Thomas Cowper had been mayor of Chester in 1641–42 and a Royalist supporter in the Civil War. The rear undercroft was excavated in 1839, and it is thought that the front undercroft is older than that in the rear. Exterior The house is constructed in sandstone, brick, and timber framing with plaster panels. The roof is of |
{"datasets_id": 161382, "wiki_id": "Q5179802", "sp": 10, "sc": 100, "ep": 10, "ec": 640} | 161,382 | Q5179802 | 10 | 100 | 10 | 640 | Cowper House | Exterior | grey slate. It has four storeys and a gable overlooking the street. The street level consists of a modern shop front on the right of which is a flight of 11 stone steps leading to the Row level above. At the Row level is another modern shop front. Between this and the street is a walkway, a sloping stallboard and a rail with balusters overlooking the street. Above the Row opening is a carved fascia. In the storey above is a window running almost the whole width of the building. Its frame projects from the wall and is carried on eight |
{"datasets_id": 161382, "wiki_id": "Q5179802", "sp": 10, "sc": 640, "ep": 10, "ec": 1270} | 161,382 | Q5179802 | 10 | 640 | 10 | 1,270 | Cowper House | Exterior | corbels. The window has 14 lights, is mullioned and transomed, and contains leaded lights. Below and on each side of the window are timber-framed panels. The top storey is jettied. At its base is a bressummer carved centrally with "•T•C•1664" (the initials are those of Thomas Cowper), on each side of which are carved patterns. The top storey has a ten-light mullioned and transomed casement window containing leaded lights. Below the window are eight panels containing wooden carvings, and two similar panels are on each side of the window. Above the window are quadrant-braced panels. The bargeboard is decorated with carvings |
{"datasets_id": 161382, "wiki_id": "Q5179802", "sp": 10, "sc": 1270, "ep": 14, "ec": 406} | 161,382 | Q5179802 | 10 | 1,270 | 14 | 406 | Cowper House | Exterior & Interior | and at its peak is a finial. Interior Two steps lead down from the street to the front undercroft which is 16m long. At its rear, six steps lead down to the rear undercroft which is 13m long. This undercroft has six bays and is rib vaulted. At the far end is a three-light window. On the left side in the fifth bay is a stone stairway. In the third storey is a sandstone fireplace with a beam inscribed "TC 1661" on each side of a blank shield. |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 581} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 581 | Credit theory of money | Credit theory of money Credit theories of money, also called debt theories of money, are monetary economic theories concerning the relationship between credit and money. Proponents of these theories, such as Alfred Mitchell-Innes, sometimes emphasize that money and credit/debt are the same thing, seen from different points of view. Proponents assert that the essential nature of money is credit (debt), at least in eras where money is not backed by a commodity such as gold. Two common strands of thought within these theories are the idea that money originated as a unit of account for debt, and the |
|
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 4, "sc": 581, "ep": 4, "ec": 1198} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 4 | 581 | 4 | 1,198 | Credit theory of money | position that money creation involves the simultaneous creation of debt. Some proponents of credit theories of money argue that money is best understood as debt even in systems often understood as using commodity money. Others hold that money equates to credit only in a system based on fiat money, where they argue that all forms of money including cash can be considered as forms of credit money.
The first formal credit theory of money arose in the 19th century. Anthropologist David Graeber has argued that for most of human history, money has been widely understood to represent debt, though he concedes |
|
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 4, "sc": 1198, "ep": 8, "ec": 500} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 4 | 1,198 | 8 | 500 | Credit theory of money | Scholarship | that even prior to the modern era, there have been several periods where rival theories like metallism have held sway. Scholarship According to Joseph Schumpeter, the first known advocate of a credit theory of money was Plato. Schumpeter describes metallism as the other of "two fundamental theories of money", saying the first known advocate of metallism was Aristotle. The earliest modern thinker to formulate a credit theory of money was Henry Dunning Macleod (1821-1902), with his work in the 19th century, most especially with his The Theory of Credit (1889).
Macleod's work was expanded on by Alfred Mitchell-Innes |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 8, "sc": 500, "ep": 8, "ec": 1088} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 8 | 500 | 8 | 1,088 | Credit theory of money | Scholarship | in his papers What is Money? (1913) and The Credit Theory of Money (1914), where he argued against the then conventional view of money arising as a means to improve the practice of barter. In this alternative view, commerce and taxation created obligations between parties which were forms of credit and debt. Devices such as tally sticks were used to record these obligations and these then became negotiable instruments which could function as money. As Innes puts it in his 1914 article:
The Credit Theory is this: that a sale and purchase is the exchange of a commodity for |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 8, "sc": 1088, "ep": 8, "ec": 1640} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 8 | 1,088 | 8 | 1,640 | Credit theory of money | Scholarship | credit. From this main theory springs the sub-theory that the value of credit or money does not depend on the value of any metal or metals, but on the right which the creditor acquires to "payment," that is to say, to satisfaction for the credit, and on the obligation of the debtor to "pay" his debt and conversely on the right of the debtor to release himself from his debt by the tender of an equivalent debt owed by the creditor, and the obligation of the creditor to accept this tender in satisfaction of his credit.
Innes goes on to note |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 8, "sc": 1640, "ep": 8, "ec": 2312} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 8 | 1,640 | 8 | 2,312 | Credit theory of money | Scholarship | that a major problem in getting the public to understand the extent to which monetary systems are debt based is the challenge in persuading them that "things are not the way they seem".
A Quantity Theory of Credit was proposed in 1992 by Richard Werner, whereby credit creation is disaggregated into credit for GDP and non-GDP (financial circulation). The approach is tested empirically in a general-to-specific econometric time series model and found to be superior to alternative and traditional theories. According to Werner bank credit creation for GDP transactions Granger-causes nominal GDP growth, while credit creation for financial transactions explains |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 8, "sc": 2312, "ep": 8, "ec": 2969} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 8 | 2,312 | 8 | 2,969 | Credit theory of money | Scholarship | asset prices and banking crises.
Since the late 20th century, Innes' credit theory of money has been integrated into Modern Monetary Theory. The theory also combines elements of chartalism, noting that high powered money is functionally an IOU from the state, and therefore, "all 'state money' is also 'credit money'". The state ensures there is demand for its IOUs by accepting them as payment for taxes, fees, fines, tithes, and tribute.
In his 2011 book Debt: The First 5000 Years, the anthropologist David Graeber asserted that the best available evidence suggests the original monetary systems were debt based, and that most subsequent |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 8, "sc": 2969, "ep": 8, "ec": 3550} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 8 | 2,969 | 8 | 3,550 | Credit theory of money | Scholarship | systems have been too. Exceptions where the relationship between money and debt was less clear occurred during periods where money has been backed by bullion, as happens with a gold standard. Graeber echoes earlier theorists such as Innes by saying that during these eras population perception was that money derived its value from the precious metals of which the coins were made, but that even in these periods money is more accurately understood as debt. Graeber states that the three main functions of money are to act as: a medium of exchange; a unit of account; and a store |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 8, "sc": 3550, "ep": 8, "ec": 4177} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 8 | 3,550 | 8 | 4,177 | Credit theory of money | Scholarship | of value. Graeber writes that since Adam Smith's time, economists have tended to emphasise money as a medium of exchange. For Graeber, when money first appeared its primary purpose was to act as a unit of account, to denominate debt. He writes that coins were originally created as tokens which represented a unit of account rather than being an amount of precious metal which could be bartered.
Economics commentator Philip Coggan holds that the world's current monetary system became debt-based after the Nixon Shock, in which President Nixon suspended the link between money and gold in 1971. He writes that "Modern |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 8, "sc": 4177, "ep": 8, "ec": 4767} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 8 | 4,177 | 8 | 4,767 | Credit theory of money | Scholarship | money is debt and debt is money". Since the 1971 Nixon Shock, debt creation and the creation of money increasingly took place at once. This simultaneous creation of money and debt occurs as a feature of fractional reserve banking. After a commercial bank approves a loan, it is able to create the corresponding amount of money, which is then acquired by the borrower along with a similar amount of debt.
Coggan goes on to say that debtors often prefer debt-based monetary systems such as fiat money over commodity-based systems like the gold standard, because the former tend to |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 8, "sc": 4767, "ep": 8, "ec": 5342} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 8 | 4,767 | 8 | 5,342 | Credit theory of money | Scholarship | allow much higher volumes of money to circulate in the economy, and tend to be more expansive. This makes their debts easier to repay. Coggan refers to William Jennings Bryan's 19th century Cross of Gold speech as one of the first great attempts to weaken the link between gold and money; he says the former US presidential candidate was trying to expand the monetary base in the interests of indebted farmers, who at the time were often being forced into bankruptcy. However Coggan also says that the excessive debt which can be built up under a debt-based monetary system |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 8, "sc": 5342, "ep": 8, "ec": 5899} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 8 | 5,342 | 8 | 5,899 | Credit theory of money | Scholarship | can end up hurting all sections of society, including debtors.
In a 2012 paper, economic theorist Perry Mehrling notes that what is commonly regarded as money can often be viewed as debt. He posits a hierarchy of assets with gold at the top, then currency, then deposits and then securities. The lower down the hierarchy, the easier it is to view the asset as reflecting someone else's debt.
A later 2012 paper from Claudio Borio of the BIS made the contrary case that it is loans that give rise to deposits, rather than the other way |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 8, "sc": 5899, "ep": 12, "ec": 151} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 8 | 5,899 | 12 | 151 | Credit theory of money | Scholarship & Advocacy | round.
In a book published in June 2013, Felix Martin argued that credit based theories of money are correct, citing earlier work by Macleod: "currency ... represents transferable debt, and nothing else". Martin writes that it's difficult for people to grasp the nature of money, because money is such a central part of society, and alludes to the Chinese proverb that "If you want to know what water is like, don't ask the fish." Advocacy The conception that money is essentially equivalent to credit or debt has long been used by those advocating particular reforms of the monetary system, |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 12, "sc": 151, "ep": 12, "ec": 727} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 12 | 151 | 12 | 727 | Credit theory of money | Advocacy | and by commentators calling for various monetary policy responses to events such as the financial crisis of 2007–08. A view held in common by most recent advocates, from all shades of political opinion, is that money can be equated with debt in the context of the contemporary monetary system. The view that money is equivalent to debt even in systems based on commodity money tends to be held only by those to the left of the political spectrum. Regardless of any commonality in their understanding of credit theories of money, the actual reforms proposed by advocates of |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 12, "sc": 727, "ep": 16, "ec": 448} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 12 | 727 | 16 | 448 | Credit theory of money | Advocacy & Advocacy for a return to a gold standard or similar commodity based system. | different political orientations are sometimes diametrically opposed. Advocacy for a return to a gold standard or similar commodity based system. Advocates from an Austrian School or libertarian perspective often hold that money is equivalent to debt in our current monetary system, but that it need not be in one where money has inherent value, such as a gold standard. They have frequently used this view point to support arguments that it would be best to return to a gold standard, to other forms of commodity money, or at least to a monetary system where money has positive value. Similar |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 16, "sc": 448, "ep": 16, "ec": 1004} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 16 | 448 | 16 | 1,004 | Credit theory of money | Advocacy for a return to a gold standard or similar commodity based system. | views are also occasionally expressed by conservatives. As an example of the latter, former British minister of state The Earl of Caithness made a 1997 speech in The House of Lords where he stated that since the 1971 Nixon Shock, the British money supply had grown by 2145% and personal debt had risen by almost 3000%. He argued that Britain ought to move from its current "debt-based monetary system" to one based on equity:
It is also a good time to stand back, to reassess whether our economy is soundly based. I would contest that it is not |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 16, "sc": 1004, "ep": 16, "ec": 1567} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 16 | 1,004 | 16 | 1,567 | Credit theory of money | Advocacy for a return to a gold standard or similar commodity based system. | ... as it is debt-based ... a system which by its very actions causes the value of money to decrease is dishonest and has within it its own seeds of destruction. We did not vote for it. It grew upon us gradually but markedly since 1971 when the commodity-based system was abandoned...We all want our businesses to succeed, but under the existing system the irony is that the better our banks, building societies and lending institutions do, the more debt is created ... There is a different way: it is an equity-based system and one in which those businesses can |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 16, "sc": 1567, "ep": 16, "ec": 2201} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 16 | 1,567 | 16 | 2,201 | Credit theory of money | Advocacy for a return to a gold standard or similar commodity based system. | play a responsible role. The next government must grasp the nettle, accept their responsibility for controlling the money supply and change from our debt-based monetary system. My Lords, will they? If they do not, our monetary system will break us and the sorry legacy we are already leaving our children will be a disaster.
In the early to mid-1970s, a return to a gold-anchored system was advocated by gold-rich creditor countries including France and Germany.
A return has repeatedly been advocated by libertarians, as they tend to see commodity money as far preferable to fiat money. Since the 2008 crisis and the |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 16, "sc": 2201, "ep": 24, "ec": 163} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 16 | 2,201 | 24 | 163 | Credit theory of money | Advocacy for a return to a gold standard or similar commodity based system. & Advocacy against the gold standard & Advocacy for expansionary monetary policy | rapid rise in the price of gold that soon followed it, a return to a gold standard has frequently been advocated by goldbugs. Advocacy against the gold standard From centrist and left-wing perspectives, credit theories of money have been used to oppose the gold standard while it was still in effect, and to reject arguments for its reinstatement. Innes's 1914 paper is an early example of this. Advocacy for expansionary monetary policy From a moderate mainstream perspective, Martin Wolf has argued that since most money in our contemporary system is already being dual-created with debt by private |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 24, "sc": 163, "ep": 28, "ec": 221} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 24 | 163 | 28 | 221 | Credit theory of money | Advocacy for expansionary monetary policy & Advocacy for debt cancellation | banks, there is no reason to oppose monetary creation by central banks in order to support monetary policy such as quantitative easing. In Wolf's view, the argument against Q.E. on the grounds that it creates debt is offset by potential benefits to economic growth and employment, and because the increase in debt would be temporary and easy to reverse. Advocacy for debt cancellation Arguments for debt forgiveness have long been made from people of all political orientations; as an example, in 2010 hedge fund manager Hugh Hendry, a strong believer in free markets, argued for a partial cancellation of |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 28, "sc": 221, "ep": 28, "ec": 832} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 28 | 221 | 28 | 832 | Credit theory of money | Advocacy for debt cancellation | Greece's debt as part of the solution to the Euro crisis. But generally advocates of debt forgiveness simply point out that debts are too high in relation to the debtors’ ability to repay; they don't make reference to a debt-based theory of money. Exceptions include David Graeber, who from a radical perspective, has used credit theories of money to argue against recent trends to strengthen the enforcement of debt collection, such as greater use of custodial sentences against debtors in the US. He also argued against the over-zealous application of the view that paying one’s debts is central to morality, |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 28, "sc": 832, "ep": 36, "ec": 165} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 28 | 832 | 36 | 165 | Credit theory of money | Advocacy for debt cancellation & Advocacy for full-reserve banking & Relationship with other theories of money | and has proposed the enactment of a biblical style Jubilee where debts will be cancelled for all. Advocacy for full-reserve banking The 2008 financial crisis has led to renewed interest in full reserve banking and sovereign money issued by a central bank. Monetary reformers point out that fractional reserve banking and debt-based money lead to unpayable debt, growing inequality, inevitable bankruptcies, and an imperative for perpetual and unsustainable economic growth. Relationship with other theories of money Debt theories of money fall into a broader category of work which postulates that monetary creation is endogenous.
Historically, debt theories of money have |
{"datasets_id": 161383, "wiki_id": "Q1410855", "sp": 36, "sc": 165, "ep": 36, "ec": 617} | 161,383 | Q1410855 | 36 | 165 | 36 | 617 | Credit theory of money | Relationship with other theories of money | overlapped with chartalism and were opposed to metallism. This largely remains the case today, especially in the forms commonly held by those to the left of the political spectrum. Conversely, in the forms held by late 20th-century and 21st-century advocates with a conservative libertarian perspective, debt theories of money are often compatible with the quantity theory of money and with metallism, at least when the latter is broadly understood. |
{"datasets_id": 161384, "wiki_id": "Q5189447", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 566} | 161,384 | Q5189447 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 566 | Crown Proceedings Act 1947 | Background | Crown Proceedings Act 1947 Background Before the Act, the Crown could not be sued in contract. However, as it was seen to be desirable that Crown contractors could obtain redress, they would otherwise be inhibited from taking on such work, so a petition of right came to be used in such situations, especially after the Petitions of Right Act 1860 simplified the process.
Before the petition could be heard by the courts, it had to be endorsed with the words fiat justitia on the advice of the Home Secretary and Attorney-General.
Similarly, the Crown could not be sued in tort. The usual |
{"datasets_id": 161384, "wiki_id": "Q5189447", "sp": 6, "sc": 566, "ep": 6, "ec": 1186} | 161,384 | Q5189447 | 6 | 566 | 6 | 1,186 | Crown Proceedings Act 1947 | Background | remedy was for the complainant to sue the public servant responsible for the injury. A famous example was the case of Entick v Carrington. The Crown usually indemnified the servant against any damages.
Henry Brougham called for equality between Crown and subjects in a House of Commons motion in 1828 but it was to be a further century before the proposal was realised. Government departments came up with a range of pragmatic devices to mitigate some of the effects of Crown immunity, and although these left many problems unaddressed, many lawyers and politicians believed that the law generally struck a good |
{"datasets_id": 161384, "wiki_id": "Q5189447", "sp": 6, "sc": 1186, "ep": 6, "ec": 1780} | 161,384 | Q5189447 | 6 | 1,186 | 6 | 1,780 | Crown Proceedings Act 1947 | Background | balance.
In 1921 a Crown Proceedings Committee was established, following a campaign by the legal profession which was also supported by the Law Officers of the Crown. The Committee was chaired by Lord Hewart. The Committee was deeply divided on the question of whether the Crown should be made liable in tort, but was instructed by the Lord Chancellor to draft a bill on the basis that it was desirable, leaving the political question to be decided by the Government once the bill had been prepared. The Committee produced a draft Bill in 1927. However, little was done to progress it |
{"datasets_id": 161384, "wiki_id": "Q5189447", "sp": 6, "sc": 1780, "ep": 6, "ec": 2419} | 161,384 | Q5189447 | 6 | 1,780 | 6 | 2,419 | Crown Proceedings Act 1947 | Background | through Parliament due to opposition within the Government (primarily from Admiralty and Viscount Hailsham.)
In the 1940s, there was adverse criticism of the state of affairs from the House of Lords and the Court of Appeal. There was also political pressure on the Labour government from the trade unions, who feared that Crown immunity would severely affect the rights of workers in nationalised industries. The Lord Chancellor, Lord Jowitt, also believed that it was politically important to demonstrate that the Labour government was committed to maintaining the rights of citizens against the State. The result was that the |
{"datasets_id": 161384, "wiki_id": "Q5189447", "sp": 6, "sc": 2419, "ep": 10, "ec": 487} | 161,384 | Q5189447 | 6 | 2,419 | 10 | 487 | Crown Proceedings Act 1947 | Background & Limitations | Act was made a priority, and passed through Parliament in 1947 with little controversy and to general acclaim. Limitations Section 2(5) exempts the Crown from liability for any person exercising "responsibilities of a judicial nature". This means, for example, that a claim under the Human Rights Act 1998 may not be brought against the Crown with respect to judicial decisions, unless it is brought within a right of appeal according to Section 9 of that Act.
Section 10 exempted the Crown from actions for death or personal injury caused by members of the British Armed Forces to other members of the |
{"datasets_id": 161384, "wiki_id": "Q5189447", "sp": 10, "sc": 487, "ep": 14, "ec": 115} | 161,384 | Q5189447 | 10 | 487 | 14 | 115 | Crown Proceedings Act 1947 | Limitations & Crown privilege and Public Interest Immunity | British Armed Forces. This section was suspended by the Crown Proceedings (Armed Forces) Act 1987, sections 1 and 2 with a power for the Secretary of State for Defence to revive it when "necessary and expedient". There was some retrospective litigation after the 1987 Act in which a declaration was made under the Human Rights Act 1998, section 4 that such immunity was compatible with the European Convention on Human Rights, article 6(1). Crown privilege and Public Interest Immunity Section 28 gave the courts, for the first time, the power to order disclosure of documents by the Crown and require |
{"datasets_id": 161384, "wiki_id": "Q5189447", "sp": 14, "sc": 115, "ep": 18, "ec": 264} | 161,384 | Q5189447 | 14 | 115 | 18 | 264 | Crown Proceedings Act 1947 | Crown privilege and Public Interest Immunity & Amendments since royal assent | the Crown to answer requests for further information. This new power is subject to important qualifications in s.28(2) including the proviso that the Crown can resist disclosure where this could be “injurious to the public interest”. This reasserted the traditional doctrine of Crown privilege but also made the issue justiciable, ultimately giving rise to the doctrine of public-interest immunity. Amendments since royal assent Sections 5 to 8 originally covered Admiralty claims but these sections were repealed and replaced by provisions under the Merchant Shipping Act 1995.
Section 9 originally excluded claims arising from the operations of the Post Office, including telegraphic |
{"datasets_id": 161384, "wiki_id": "Q5189447", "sp": 18, "sc": 264, "ep": 18, "ec": 415} | 161,384 | Q5189447 | 18 | 264 | 18 | 415 | Crown Proceedings Act 1947 | Amendments since royal assent | and telephone services, other than the loss or damage of a registered letter. These provisions were repealed and replaced by the Post Office Act 1969. |
{"datasets_id": 161385, "wiki_id": "Q22096641", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 106} | 161,385 | Q22096641 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 106 | Crystal Dickinson | Career & Personal life | Crystal Dickinson Career Dickinson appeared in several TV series such as House of Payne and The Good Wife.
She made her Broadway debut in Bruce Norris' Clybourne Park and has since returned to Broadway appearing alongside James Earl Jones in You Can't Take It With You.
A recipient of Theatre World Award in 2012 for Clybourne Park, she has also won a Jenny Award for Best Actress. She was nominated for the AUDELCO in 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2013. Personal life Dickinson is married to actor Brandon J. Dirden. They have one son, Chase Ari Dirden, born March 29, 2014. |
{"datasets_id": 161386, "wiki_id": "Q5192768", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 376} | 161,386 | Q5192768 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 376 | Cuisine of Chiloé | Cuisine of Chiloé The cuisine of Chiloé is a distinct form of cuisine from Chiloé Archipelago. The current cuisine of Chiloé emerged from the fusion of Chiloé's indigenous Chono cuisine with those of Huilliche and Spanish invaders. One of the main characteristics of the cuisine of Chiloé is the use of earth ovens and extensive use of shellfish and of the different potato varieties of Chiloé. |
|
{"datasets_id": 161387, "wiki_id": "Q5192951", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 171} | 161,387 | Q5192951 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 171 | Culinary Institute of St. Louis | Admissions & Accreditation | Culinary Institute of St. Louis Admissions The admission process begins with a personal interview with an admissions representative and a tour of the facilities. Students are required to have obtained a high school diploma or GED prior to admission. Financial aid is available for those who qualify. Students may schedule a personal financial planning session to review the financial aid options available. Information may be found at www.CI-STL.com. Accreditation Culinary Institute of St Louis at Hickey College is a part of Hickey College. Hickey College is accredited by the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools. |
{"datasets_id": 161388, "wiki_id": "Q5196020", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 515} | 161,388 | Q5196020 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 515 | Curtorim | Geography & History | Curtorim Geography Curtorim is located at 15.28°N 74.03°E. It has an average elevation of 33 m (108 ft). History A copper-plate inscription was issued by King Viramarmadeva of the Kadamba dynasty in 1049 CE concerning a grant of a piece of land called 'Tudukapura' in 'Kudtarika agrahara' of 'Chhat sathi desha'. This inscription suggests that 'Kudatari' or modern 'Curtorim' was known as 'Kudatarika' then. 'Chhat sathi' refers to modern Salcete, known as 'Sashti' in the local Konkani language. It had an 'Agrahara', which means an education centre or a university in the modern sense and was started most probably by the said |
{"datasets_id": 161388, "wiki_id": "Q5196020", "sp": 10, "sc": 515, "ep": 14, "ec": 468} | 161,388 | Q5196020 | 10 | 515 | 14 | 468 | Curtorim | History & Religion | monarch Viramarmadeva or by 'Sasthadeva II' or 'Guhalladeva II' of Goa Kadamba dynasty. Religion Curtorim has a predominantly Catholic Christian population. The Church of St Alex is the main feature of the village. It is one of the oldest churches in Goa. It was built in 1597 CE amidst a scenic natural backdrop of a lake 'Angoddi Tollem' across the woods on the site of an ancient Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Ravalnath (a form of Lord Shiva). The remains of the ancient temple of Ravalnath are still visible today. The church of St Alex was first a chapel |
{"datasets_id": 161388, "wiki_id": "Q5196020", "sp": 14, "sc": 468, "ep": 16, "ec": 9} | 161,388 | Q5196020 | 14 | 468 | 16 | 9 | Curtorim | Religion & Politics | church; in 1808 CE it was converted to a church. This church once housed the 'Kudtari/Kundodari' Mahamaya temple deities, now currently located at 'Ghudo Avadem'. Although the feast of the patron Saint Alex is celebrated with great fervour on 17 July, it is the feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe on 18 December that is extremely popular amongst the villagers as ‘Feast of O’ or kelleam fest (feast of bananas).
Minorities include Hindus. The Shanta Durga Chamundeshwari Temple is one among the few temples in the village and is located in the same vicinity as The Church Of St Alex. Politics |
{"datasets_id": 161388, "wiki_id": "Q5196020", "sp": 18, "sc": 0, "ep": 18, "ec": 348} | 161,388 | Q5196020 | 18 | 0 | 18 | 348 | Curtorim | Politics | The first MLA of Curtorim was Mr Enio Pimenta who also was a prominent freedom fighter. Distinguished people from this village include Gen. Sunith Francis Rodrigues, who was the ex-chief of the Indian Army Staff and Governor of Punjab from 2004–2010 and former South Goa MP Francisco Sardinha. As of July 2018, the MLA is Aleixo Reginaldo Lourenco. |
{"datasets_id": 161389, "wiki_id": "Q5200772", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 560} | 161,389 | Q5200772 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 560 | Cyril J. Fox | Cyril J. Fox Cyril James Fox (1889 – November 16, 1946) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Newfoundland. He represented St. John's East in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly from 1919 on.
He was born in St. John's and educated at Saint Bonaventure's College. Fox studied law with William R. Warren and was called to the Newfoundland bar in 1916. He served as speaker for the Newfoundland assembly from 1924 to 1928. Fox retired from politics and returned to his law practice in 1928. He was named a King's Counsel in the same year. In 1944, he |
|
{"datasets_id": 161389, "wiki_id": "Q5200772", "sp": 4, "sc": 560, "ep": 4, "ec": 814} | 161,389 | Q5200772 | 4 | 560 | 4 | 814 | Cyril J. Fox | was named a justice in the Newfoundland Supreme Court. Fox served as the first chairman for the Newfoundland National Convention but died suddenly before the end of the convention.
Fox married Mary Cashin, the daughter of Michael Patrick Cashin. |
|
{"datasets_id": 161390, "wiki_id": "Q3011586", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 576} | 161,390 | Q3011586 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 576 | Dabat (woreda) | Demographics | Dabat (woreda) Demographics Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this woreda has a total population of 145,509, an increase of 22.72% over the 1994 census, of whom 73,852 are men and 71,657 women; 15,821 or 10.87% are urban inhabitants. With an area of 1,187.93 square kilometers, Dabat has a population density of 122.49, which is greater than the Zone average of 63.76 persons per square kilometer. A total of 31,111 households were counted in this woreda, resulting in an average of 4.68 persons to a household, and 30,293 housing units. The |
{"datasets_id": 161390, "wiki_id": "Q3011586", "sp": 6, "sc": 576, "ep": 6, "ec": 1219} | 161,390 | Q3011586 | 6 | 576 | 6 | 1,219 | Dabat (woreda) | Demographics | majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 97.7% reporting that as their religion, while 2.4% of the population said they were Muslim.
The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 118,566 in 21,599 households, of whom 60,020 were men and 58,546 women; 10,991 or 9.27% of its population were urban dwellers at the time. The largest ethnic group reported in Dabat was the Amhara (99.44%); all other ethnic groups made up 0.56% of the population. Amharic was spoken as a first language by 99.59%; the remaining 0.41% spoke all other primary languages reported. 97.13% practiced |
{"datasets_id": 161390, "wiki_id": "Q3011586", "sp": 6, "sc": 1219, "ep": 6, "ec": 1303} | 161,390 | Q3011586 | 6 | 1,219 | 6 | 1,303 | Dabat (woreda) | Demographics | Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 2.79% of the population said they were Muslim. |
{"datasets_id": 161391, "wiki_id": "Q5215312", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 332} | 161,391 | Q5215312 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 332 | Dance to the Drums Again | Reception | Dance to the Drums Again Reception In a review for Allmusic, Scott Yanow gave the album 1.2 stars out of five, noting that with this album, Wilson was at the "crossroads of her career". A reviewer of New York Magazine wrote "This disc benefits greatly from the strength of the material most of which was penned by Wilson and guitarist-co-producer Jean-Paul Bourelly". |
{"datasets_id": 161392, "wiki_id": "Q5217806", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 606} | 161,392 | Q5217806 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 606 | Daniel Kipkorir Chepyegon | Daniel Kipkorir Chepyegon Daniel Kipkorir Chepyegon (born 1 June 1986) is a Ugandan professional marathon runner.
He was eighth at the Nairobi Marathon recording a time of 2:14:54. He gained selection for the men's marathon at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and was the only Ugandan to finish the race in Berlin, completing the course in 2:17:47 for 31st place. He recorded a time of 2:17:07 for fourth place at the 2010 Kuala Lumpur Marathon.
He ran at the 2010 Frankfurt Marathon and significantly improved his personal best time to 2:08:24, finishing in fifth place. This run marked an improvement upon |
|
{"datasets_id": 161392, "wiki_id": "Q5217806", "sp": 4, "sc": 606, "ep": 4, "ec": 1033} | 161,392 | Q5217806 | 4 | 606 | 4 | 1,033 | Daniel Kipkorir Chepyegon | Alex Malinga's previous Ugandan record by almost four minutes. His coach, Ronnie Kasirye, said Chepyegon's achievement was an indication of the country's potential in long-distance running: "It shows that we have the talent and only need to develop it with good training". In four years, Chepyegon had gone from a barefoot runner at local races in Kampala to a professional athlete competing alongside the world's top runners. |
|
{"datasets_id": 161393, "wiki_id": "Q13489583", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 618} | 161,393 | Q13489583 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 618 | Dasein ohne Leben | Dasein ohne Leben Dasein ohne Leben – Psychiatrie und Menschlichkeit (Existence Without Life – Psychiatry and Humanity) is a 1939 Nazi propaganda film about the physically and mentally disabled. The film labeled inherited mental illness as a threat to public health and society, and called for extermination of those affected.
The film was not released to the public, but was shown to perpetrators of the euthanasia program and to other leading figures. All known copies of the film were thought to be lost, but after the politico-economic turnaround in the former GDR following reunification, eight reels of the film were found |
|
{"datasets_id": 161393, "wiki_id": "Q13489583", "sp": 4, "sc": 618, "ep": 8, "ec": 609} | 161,393 | Q13489583 | 4 | 618 | 8 | 609 | Dasein ohne Leben | Plot | in a GDR film archive. Plot The theme of the film is the call for the killing of mentally ill patients: "Inherited mental illness" is the "greatest public health hazard." Whoever is "afflicted" bears "the heavy burden of fate: an existence without life".
Embedded in the plot is a brief history of psychiatry. A professor named "Kämpfer" (English: "fighter") tells two students about the successes achieved in the treatment of mentally ill patients via electro-shock and insulin shock therapy. Shortly before the turn of the 20th century, many new institutions were established in order to accommodate an ever-increasing number |
{"datasets_id": 161393, "wiki_id": "Q13489583", "sp": 8, "sc": 609, "ep": 8, "ec": 1244} | 161,393 | Q13489583 | 8 | 609 | 8 | 1,244 | Dasein ohne Leben | Plot | of patients. In the setting of the film, there are 1,000 institutions with about 500,000 patients, which have to be cared for by 2,000 physicians and 40,000 nurses. The patients are accommodated in historic buildings in beautiful landscape, none of which is appreciated by the patients.
The second line of argumentation is the suggestive presentation of sick individuals via voice-over. A group of "idiots" in Hartheim Euthanasia Centre is described as follows: "We see here their future destiny, as if reflected in a funhouse mirror". A group of "idiots" in Kindberg, also a euthanasia centre, are "crippled in body and soul, |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.