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{"datasets_id": 161350, "wiki_id": "Q28861576", "sp": 8, "sc": 2265, "ep": 12, "ec": 379} | 161,350 | Q28861576 | 8 | 2,265 | 12 | 379 | Barbara Masekela | Early life and education & Political career | time at Rutgers she only took a leave of absence to complete her master's degree in 1976.
Her poetry is included in such publications at Sterling Plumpp's Somehow We Survive: An Anthology of South African Writing (New York:Thunder's Mouth Press, 1982). Political career After being away from South Africa for 22 years, Masekela still kept up with and supported her country through the newspapers where African National Congress (ANC) issues were appearing in the headlines almost every day. From the media, Masekela learned about their push for the economic sanctions that would weaken the South African government, and their ever-strengthening ties |
{"datasets_id": 161350, "wiki_id": "Q28861576", "sp": 12, "sc": 379, "ep": 12, "ec": 988} | 161,350 | Q28861576 | 12 | 379 | 12 | 988 | Barbara Masekela | Political career | with the Scandinavian countries, all of which had long been associated with human rights issues. It was noted that Zimbabwe and Mozambique gained independence and were fighting the apartheid system along with South Africa. It was then, in the early 1980s that Masekela joined the anti-apartheid movement and gave speeches and demonstrations in America, giving her the reputation of being a serious activist. In August 1982 Masekela made her trip back to Lusaka, Zambia, where she worked as administrative secretary for the ANC on a full-time basis. After only working for the ANC for a year, she was asked to |
{"datasets_id": 161350, "wiki_id": "Q28861576", "sp": 12, "sc": 988, "ep": 12, "ec": 1599} | 161,350 | Q28861576 | 12 | 988 | 12 | 1,599 | Barbara Masekela | Political career | head the ANC’s Department of Arts and Culture, which she accepted.
In 1990, shortly after his release from his 27-year prison term, Nelson Mandela came to the United States and to India to thank everyone who had helped him and the ANC. Masekela was asked to accompany him, to handle arrangements and scheduling, and also to help raise funds and support from students and politicians for the organization in the multiracial, democratic elections that almost certainly lay ahead. Streamlined and efficient, she impressed Mandela so much that he asked her to become the head of staff in his office. In the |
{"datasets_id": 161350, "wiki_id": "Q28861576", "sp": 12, "sc": 1599, "ep": 12, "ec": 2222} | 161,350 | Q28861576 | 12 | 1,599 | 12 | 2,222 | Barbara Masekela | Political career | same year, Masekela gave a speech that made clear the relationship she always claimed between art and the culture of any society, that art in any form expressed the long-term values of a society, whether political, legal, or social.
Masekela was involved in the affairs of the ANC Women's League. She served the South African government at the highest level when on 8 September 2003, she became South Africa's ambassador to the United States. Before she became ambassador she served as an executive director for public and corporate affairs for De Beer Consolidated Mines until March 2003. She previously served as |
{"datasets_id": 161350, "wiki_id": "Q28861576", "sp": 12, "sc": 2222, "ep": 16, "ec": 205} | 161,350 | Q28861576 | 12 | 2,222 | 16 | 205 | Barbara Masekela | Political career & Awards | a trustee of the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund and the Nelson Mandela Foundation. Masekela also held various executive and non-executive directorships, including director of the Standard Bank of South Africa, the South African Broadcasting Corporation and the International Marketing Council.
She also served as ambassador to France and UNESCO (1995–99). She was appointed ambassador to the US in 2003, serving in the post until 2007. Awards Masekela is a recipient of the Order of Luthuli in Silver, which she was awarded for her "excellent contribution to the eradication of apartheid and contributing to the development of the new South African |
{"datasets_id": 161350, "wiki_id": "Q28861576", "sp": 16, "sc": 205, "ep": 16, "ec": 214} | 161,350 | Q28861576 | 16 | 205 | 16 | 214 | Barbara Masekela | Awards | values". |
{"datasets_id": 161351, "wiki_id": "Q13526786", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 596} | 161,351 | Q13526786 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 596 | Barony of Patras | History | Barony of Patras History The Barony of Patras was established ca. 1209, after the conquest of the Peloponnese by the Crusaders, and was one of the original twelve secular baronies within the Principality of Achaea. With twenty-four knight's fiefs attached to it, Patras, along with Akova, was the largest and one of the most important baronies of the Principality. Patras was in addition the seat of a Latin Archbishopric, which ranked as a distinct ecclesiastic vassal fief with eight knightly fiefs to its name. Relations between the Archbishop and the secular barons, and indeed with the Prince himself, were initially |
{"datasets_id": 161351, "wiki_id": "Q13526786", "sp": 6, "sc": 596, "ep": 6, "ec": 1240} | 161,351 | Q13526786 | 6 | 596 | 6 | 1,240 | Barony of Patras | History | strained. This was due to quarrels between the Archbishop and the Prince over the Latin clergy's allegiance and obligations to the Principality, and resulted in such incidents as the baron's forcible eviction of the Archbishop from his residence and the cathedral of St. Theodore, which were incorporated into the Patras Castle.
According to the French, Greek and Italian versions of the Chronicle of the Morea, the secular barony was granted to a knight from the Provence, William Aleman, but the Treaty of Sapienza between Achaea and the Republic of Venice, concluded in June 1209, mentions Arnulf Aleman as baron, probably William's |
{"datasets_id": 161351, "wiki_id": "Q13526786", "sp": 6, "sc": 1240, "ep": 6, "ec": 1835} | 161,351 | Q13526786 | 6 | 1,240 | 6 | 1,835 | Barony of Patras | History | otherwise unknown predecessor. In addition, the Aragonese version of the Chronicle lists a completely different, but unverifiable series of barons, beginning with Walter Aleman, who was succeeded by his son Conrad and he in turn by William (II), who then sold the rights to the barony to the Archbishop of Patras ca. 1276. Historians have generally followed this account in dating the cession of the barony to the Archbishopric to about or shortly after the middle of the century, but the transfer may have taken place, or at least begun, as early as the 1220s, for the first Archbishop, Antelm |
{"datasets_id": 161351, "wiki_id": "Q13526786", "sp": 6, "sc": 1835, "ep": 6, "ec": 2454} | 161,351 | Q13526786 | 6 | 1,835 | 6 | 2,454 | Barony of Patras | History | of Cluny, is said to have had possession of the Patras Castle by 1233.
The Archbishop now found himself, with thirty-two fiefs, as the strongest vassal of the Principality, and became a major factor in its affairs. Under William Frangipani (1317–1337) in particular, Patras enjoyed close relations with Venice and acted practically independent from the Prince. As a result, when Frangipani died in 1337, the Angevin bailli Bertrand of Les Baux, whom Frangipani had opposed, laid siege to the city hoping to reduce it to obedience. In the event, Pope Benedict XII reacted by declaring the city "land of the Holy |
{"datasets_id": 161351, "wiki_id": "Q13526786", "sp": 6, "sc": 2454, "ep": 6, "ec": 3090} | 161,351 | Q13526786 | 6 | 2,454 | 6 | 3,090 | Barony of Patras | History | Roman Church" and placed the Principality under the interdict. The mother and regent of the Prince, Catherine of Valois, conceded to the Church's demands. As a result, the Archbishop became independent, although his secular fiefs still owed allegiance and services to the Prince.
For the remainder of the century, the Archbishops of Patras played an active role in the intrigues and feuds of the Principality, and in turn the contending families often tried to place one of their own scions on the archiepiscopal throne. However, the increasing Ottoman threat on the Greek mainland and the depredations of the Albanians led the |
{"datasets_id": 161351, "wiki_id": "Q13526786", "sp": 6, "sc": 3090, "ep": 6, "ec": 3721} | 161,351 | Q13526786 | 6 | 3,090 | 6 | 3,721 | Barony of Patras | History | Archbishops to turn increasingly to Venice for protection; after several entreaties to secure its protection, in 1408 the Republic took over the administration of the barony, although it remained Church territory, in exchange for a rent of 1,000 ducats a year. This move was opposed by the Pope, however, and in 1413 Venice returned the administration to the Archbishopric; another attempt in 1418 again faltered at the opposition of the Holy See. Finally, in 1429/30, the city and the citadel were surrendered to the Byzantine Greeks of the Despotate of the Morea under Constantine Palaiologos, the future last Byzantine Emperor. |
{"datasets_id": 161352, "wiki_id": "Q4867375", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 547} | 161,352 | Q4867375 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 547 | Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka | History of Saint Stanislaus Kostka Parish | Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka History of Saint Stanislaus Kostka Parish The congregation dates back to April 2, 1871, when leaders of Winona's Kashubian Polish community formally declared its intent to organize a parish under the patronage of St. Stanislaus Kostka. Prior to this they had been attending Mass at either the "Irish" (Saint Thomas) or the "German" (Saint Joseph) Catholic church, but they wished to worship in their own language and to be led by a Kashubian or Polish pastor. Accordingly, a small wooden sanctuary was constructed at the corner of Fourth and Carimona Streets in 1872.
From its very |
{"datasets_id": 161352, "wiki_id": "Q4867375", "sp": 6, "sc": 547, "ep": 6, "ec": 1214} | 161,352 | Q4867375 | 6 | 547 | 6 | 1,214 | Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka | History of Saint Stanislaus Kostka Parish | beginning, the new Saint Stanislaus Kostka Parish served as the religious and the civic center for Winona's Kashubian Poles. The first permanent pastor was the Reverend Joseph Juskiewicz, who was succeeded in January 1875 by the Reverend Alexander Michnowski. In 1875, the Reverend Jan Romuald Byzewski (1842–1905), a Kashubian-born Franciscan forced to emigrate from German Poland due to the Kulturkampf, arrived and served as pastor until 1890.
Winona grew rapidly during the 1880s and 1890s, and the continuation of the Kashubian diaspora played a major part of this population boom. By 1893, Saint Stanislaus Kostka Parish had completely outgrown its old |
{"datasets_id": 161352, "wiki_id": "Q4867375", "sp": 6, "sc": 1214, "ep": 10, "ec": 123} | 161,352 | Q4867375 | 6 | 1,214 | 10 | 123 | Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka | History of Saint Stanislaus Kostka Parish & The Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka | sanctuary. Creation of a satellite Polish parish on Winona's West End was considered; indeed, such a parish, Saint Casimir, would be established in 1906. The congregation was bitterly divided on the question of whether to build a new church or expand the old. But as a matter of religious and civic pride, the parishioners of Saint Stanislaus Kostka decided to build a larger, grander 1800-seat structure on the site of their present church. The Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka The Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka was designed during the winter of 1893–4 in the Polish Cathedral Style (it has also |
{"datasets_id": 161352, "wiki_id": "Q4867375", "sp": 10, "sc": 123, "ep": 10, "ec": 755} | 161,352 | Q4867375 | 10 | 123 | 10 | 755 | Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka | The Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka | been attributed to the Romanesque style) by the Winona architectural firm of C.G. Maybury and Son, which had also designed Sacred Heart-Saint Wenceslaus Church in nearby Pine Creek, Wisconsin. The old church was demolished in the spring of 1894, under the direction of then-pastor Reverend Antoni Klawiter. While the new one was built, the parishioners worshiped in the nearby Bohemian parish of Saint John Nepomucene. The foundation stone was laid by the new pastor, Reverend Jakub W.J. Pacholski, on October 28, 1894. The Basilica was dedicated on Thanksgiving Day November 28, 1895, by the Most Reverend Joseph B. Cotter, Bishop |
{"datasets_id": 161352, "wiki_id": "Q4867375", "sp": 10, "sc": 755, "ep": 10, "ec": 1437} | 161,352 | Q4867375 | 10 | 755 | 10 | 1,437 | Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka | The Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka | of Winona. From the very beginning, the Basilica's great golden dome dominated the skyline of Winona, testifying to the piety and thrift of the Kashubian Polish community which built it at the then-exorbitant cost of $86,000.
The Basilica's interior has undergone many changes over time. It is adorned with beautiful stained glass windows dedicated to various saints and devotions particularly cherished by Kashubian Poles, with inscriptions in Polish. On Thanksgiving Day 1920 the parish celebrated the Basilica's dedication by consecrating a massive marble altar with a canopy supported by marble pillars. New sanctuary furniture, new confessionals, and a pipe organ were |
{"datasets_id": 161352, "wiki_id": "Q4867375", "sp": 10, "sc": 1437, "ep": 10, "ec": 2101} | 161,352 | Q4867375 | 10 | 1,437 | 10 | 2,101 | Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka | The Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka | installed by Reverend Pacholski's successor as pastor, the Reverend Jozef Cieminski (a parishioner in his youth) – along with landscaping of the entire church property. Some of the Basilica's original furnishings, along with many contemporary furnishings preserved from other churches in the diocese, can be viewed at the nearby Polish Cultural Institute and Museum.
At 7:40 pm on Sunday, June 5, 1966, lightning from a severe electrical storm struck the Basilica's dome. According to the parish's Centennial History, the dome turned bright red when the lightning bolt struck and flames burst out the windows from the wooden framework inside. After costly |
{"datasets_id": 161352, "wiki_id": "Q4867375", "sp": 10, "sc": 2101, "ep": 10, "ec": 2760} | 161,352 | Q4867375 | 10 | 2,101 | 10 | 2,760 | Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka | The Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka | and expensive repairs were performed, the Basilica was re-opened on Sunday, December 11, 1966. The Basilica's exterior was once more washed and renovated in preparation for the parish's centennial anniversary celebration on May 15–16, 1971. From 1991 to 1992 another extensive renovation project resulted in the main dome and towers being covered in metal. The seating capacity is now 1085 people, due to numerous renovations over the years.
The Basilica was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 for having local significance in the theme of architecture. It was nominated for its fine architecture, a prominent manifestation of |
{"datasets_id": 161352, "wiki_id": "Q4867375", "sp": 10, "sc": 2760, "ep": 14, "ec": 509} | 161,352 | Q4867375 | 10 | 2,760 | 14 | 509 | Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka | The Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka & Saint Stanislaus Kostka Parish School | what was for decades Minnesota's largest Polish American community. Saint Stanislaus Kostka Parish School Founded in the early 1880s by Reverend Byzewski, the first Saint Stanislaus Kostka School was a one-room frame building. Classes were taught by the first parish organist, Dominik Hamerski. The school was gradually expanded to six rooms and on September 5, 1887 it was placed in the charge of the School Sisters of Notre Dame. A substantial brick convent was built for the Sisters soon afterward, to the east of the Basilica. By 1903 almost 700 students were enrolled in grades one through six, necessitating a |
{"datasets_id": 161352, "wiki_id": "Q4867375", "sp": 14, "sc": 509, "ep": 14, "ec": 774} | 161,352 | Q4867375 | 14 | 509 | 14 | 774 | Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka | Saint Stanislaus Kostka Parish School | new school to be built immediately south of the Basilica, completed in 1905. In 1966 this school building was demolished and a modern school building built in its place. This modern school building continues to serve Saint Stanislaus Elementary School to this day. |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 569} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 569 | Battle of Mount Elba | Background | Battle of Mount Elba Background The town of Mount Elba, located on the Saline River in present-day Cleveland County, Arkansas, was established in the 1830s and became a thriving southern Arkansas commercial center. With the construction of the road from Pine Bluff, Jefferson County, to Camden , Ouachita County in the 1830s, and the establishment of a nearby ferry by Simeon Goodwin in 1845, a trade center began to develop. In the 1850s a two story Masonic Lodge and a Masonic Female College. The town's businesses included the ferry crossing, a post office, two stores, three doctors, a school, and |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 6, "sc": 569, "ep": 6, "ec": 1188} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 6 | 569 | 6 | 1,188 | Battle of Mount Elba | Background | a blacksmith. The largest business, which employed five workers, was a nearby steam-powered sawmill that produced approximately 600,000 board feet of lumber annually. A levee built by slave labor, stretched from the ferry crossing to the south to protect the town and local plantations from flooding from the Saline River. Further down river from the town was a ford that could be used during period of low water. The town was located between the road from Pine Bluff to Princeton and the road from Pine Bluff to Warren.
The village of Longview (also spelled Long View) was established around 1840, forty-three |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 6, "sc": 1188, "ep": 6, "ec": 1781} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 6 | 1,188 | 6 | 1,781 | Battle of Mount Elba | Background | miles to the southeast of Mount Elba in Bradley County was also a port on the Saline River. Longview was also an important center of transportation for the counties both sides of the river, including Ashley, Drew, and Bradley counties. Local road networks brought travelers to and from the port. On the east side of the river, a branch of the Louisiana Trace led through Fountain Hill to the Pine Bluff and Monroe, Louisiana road. A north-south route passing through Longview connected Monticello, Fountain Hill and the Marie Saline landing on the Ouachita River. A road from the Mississippi |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 6, "sc": 1781, "ep": 6, "ec": 2360} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 6 | 1,781 | 6 | 2,360 | Battle of Mount Elba | Background | river port town, Columbia, in Chicot County, passed through Longview on its way to Camden and served as a westward route to Texas. With the beginning of the Civil War, the port and ferry at Longview assumed even more importance because of the need to move troops from the west to the major theater of operations in the east. By the summer of 1864, the Confederates had constructed a pontoon bridge across the river to provide faster and more reliable crossings from the eastern part of Arkansas to the Camden and western areas of Arkansas and Texas.
After the capture of |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 6, "sc": 2360, "ep": 6, "ec": 3027} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 6 | 2,360 | 6 | 3,027 | Battle of Mount Elba | Background | Little Rock on September 10, 1863 by the Federal army commanded by Major General Frederick Steele, the Confederate army commanded by Major-General Sterling Price retreated to Arkadelphia and then to Camden where they went into winter quarters. The Camden Expedition was launched in cooperation with the Red River Campaign of 1864. U.S. planners envisioned two federal armies converging simultaneously, one force under the command of General Nathaniel Banks pressing northward up the Red River commencing at Alexandria, Louisiana and the other federal army under the command of General Frederick Steele driving southwestward from Little Rock Arkansas. The objective |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 6, "sc": 3027, "ep": 10, "ec": 312} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 6 | 3,027 | 10 | 312 | Battle of Mount Elba | Background & Prelude | was to press the rebel army of General E. Kirby Smith back upon the rebel stronghold at Shreveport and defeat him. If successful, a somewhat vague second phase envisioned the two federal armies combining into one large force and continuing their offensive with a westward push into Texas. Prelude On March 23, 1864, Maj. Gen. Frederick Steele marched a combined 8,500-man force of infantry, artillery and cavalry from the Little Rock Arsenal. At roughly the same time, Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks' army departed from New Orleans in conjunction with Rear Admiral David Porter's naval expedition. Steele and Banks |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 10, "sc": 312, "ep": 10, "ec": 927} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 10 | 312 | 10 | 927 | Battle of Mount Elba | Prelude | were to push aside the enemy in their respective fronts, then combine forces to seize Shreveport. Steele would garrison that city while Banks forged ahead into northeastern Texas.
To General Steele, who on March 27 was camped 20 miles from Arkadelphia, Confederate troops at Monticello were a threat to his rear area. Reporting to Major General W. T. Sherman, he wrote: "It is officially reported that a large force of the enemy is fortifying at Monticello. More than half of my cavalry are dismounted, and most of the rest very poorly mounted. Artillery horses and transportation in the same condition ... |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 10, "sc": 927, "ep": 10, "ec": 1500} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 10 | 927 | 10 | 1,500 | Battle of Mount Elba | Prelude | We have had to haul most of our forage 30 and 40 miles for months.
On the 24th, Colonel Powell Clayton, the post commander at Pine Bluff received written instructions from General Steele. His orders stated that he was to remain at Pine Bluff to guard the rear of the Union army and to observe the enemy in the direction of Monticello and Camden and if he found them to be retreating, to press them with all his available force. In obedience to these orders, Colonel Clayton selected Lieutenants Greathouse and Young of the 5th Kansas cavalry. Both lieutenants had |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 10, "sc": 1500, "ep": 14, "ec": 23} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 10 | 1,500 | 14 | 23 | Battle of Mount Elba | Prelude & Union | 40 picked and well mounted men and orders to penetrate the enemy's outer lines, hanging upon the flanks of his camps until they could obtain definite information of the enemy's movements. On the evening of the 26th, Lieutenants Greathouse and Young returned and expressed their opinion that Dockery's force was preparing to leave Monticello. The expedition to Mount Elba began on March 27, 1864 when the Union forces under Colonel Powell Clayton left the post at Pine Bluff on its mission to attack the Confederate forces commanded by Brigadier General Thomas P. Dockery camped at Monticello. Union Colonel Clayton's force |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 14, "sc": 23, "ep": 14, "ec": 637} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 14 | 23 | 14 | 637 | Battle of Mount Elba | Union | consisted of seven officers and 230 enlisted men from the 18th Illinois Infantry, a detachment of five officers and 260 men from the 28th Wisconsin Infantry, and 600 men, four mountain howitzers and two steel rifled guns from the 1st Indiana, 5th Kansas and 7th Missouri Cavalry (US) units. The infantry portion of the expedition was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel Marks of the 18th Illinois and the cavalry portion was under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Wilton Jenkins of the 5th Kansas cavalry. In addition to the men and guns, Clayton's force also carried eight pontoons, mounted on wagon wheels, |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 14, "sc": 637, "ep": 18, "ec": 546} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 14 | 637 | 18 | 546 | Battle of Mount Elba | Union & Confederate | along with them to bridge streams as they came to them as well as a small wagon train of supplies. Confederate General Dockery's forces consisted of his own brigade composed of the remnants of several regiments what had been paroled and declared exchanged following the Confederate defeats at Vicksburg and Port Hudson in July 1863, and elements of Colonel Crawford’s Arkansas Cavalry Brigade, including his own 1st Arkansas Cavalry, Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Slemon's 2nd Arkansas Cavalry, McMurtrey’s Cavalry Battalions and Poe's battalion of the 11th Arkansas Mounted Infantry. It appears that elements of Woods's Missouri Cavalry Battalion, which |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 18, "sc": 546, "ep": 22, "ec": 436} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 18 | 546 | 22 | 436 | Battle of Mount Elba | Confederate & Initial movements | was assigned as Maj. Gen. Sterling Price's personal escort were involved in as a part of Dockery's command. Initial movements On March 27, 1864 Colonel Clayton, who commanded the Fifth Kansas Cavalry at Pine Bluff, reported to Union Brigadier General Kimball his plans to launch an attack at Mount Elba, a community on the Saline in modern day Cleveland County, and "at which point, I will throw a temporary bridge across the Saline, and leave my infantry and part of my artillery to hold the same and act as a reserve. I will cross with my cavalry, make a feint |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 22, "sc": 436, "ep": 22, "ec": 997} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 22 | 436 | 22 | 997 | Battle of Mount Elba | Initial movements | in the direction of Camden, and move rapidly down the Saline by way of Warren to Long View, at which point the enemy have a pontoon bridge over which they cross in communicating with Camden from Monticello. I think they have some military stores also at this point. By destroying this bridge, I will cut off their communications and will be able to attack any small parties that may be between the Saline and the Washita (sic)."
The infantry and train moved out of the post at Pine Bluff at sunset on the 27th with 100 cavalry commanded by Lieutenants |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 22, "sc": 997, "ep": 22, "ec": 1639} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 22 | 997 | 22 | 1,639 | Battle of Mount Elba | Initial movements | Greathouse and Young in the direction on Monticello. The balance of the cavalry started at daylight the next morning.
Clayton moved first toward Monticello, then toward Mount Elba. Arriving at Mount Elba in Cleveland County about 4 p. m. on March 28, the Union troops killed one and captured four of the Confederates defenders there. They then began assembling their wheeled pontoons and completed a bridge across the river by midnight.
Confederate troops at Mount Elba were returning from Gaines Landing on the Mississippi River near Eudora where they had picked up supplies to be taken to the Confederate command in Camden. |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 22, "sc": 1639, "ep": 22, "ec": 2249} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 22 | 1,639 | 22 | 2,249 | Battle of Mount Elba | Initial movements | With the attack on Mount Elba, many of those soldiers withdrew to the Longview area.
Lieutenants Greathouse and Young returned during the night and reported that they had driven in the enemy's pickets at Branchville the night before. At daylight on the morning of the 29th, Colonel Clayton left all the infantry, three pieces of artillery and one squadron of cavalry with the train at Mount Elba under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Marks with instructions to hold the bridge and observe the enemy in the direction of Monticello. He then moved eight miles with the balance of his command across the |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 22, "sc": 2249, "ep": 22, "ec": 2825} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 22 | 2,249 | 22 | 2,825 | Battle of Mount Elba | Initial movements | Saline in the direction of Camden to the vicinity of Marks' Mill.
Colonel Clayton made this crossroads the base of his operations and gave instructions to Lieutenants Greathouse and Young with 50 picked and well mounted men each, for a total of 100, to move rapidly by the way of Warren to Longview to destroy the pontoon bridge. In order to cover the raid on Longview, Colonel Clayton sent a squad of cavalry along the Camden road, the two Princeton roads and up each side of the Saline River with instructions to convey the idea that the whole command was advancing |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 22, "sc": 2825, "ep": 26, "ec": 203} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 22 | 2,825 | 26 | 203 | Battle of Mount Elba | Initial movements & Skirmish at Longview | on each of these roads. These squads of cavalry went out from 10 to 20 miles and returned the same day. Captain Pierce captured six prisoners on the road up the south banks of the Saline River. Captain Young skirmished with a squad of Confederate cavalry on the Princeton road, capturing 10 prisoners and reported Confederate General Joseph Shelby was at Princeton. Skirmish at Longview At daylight on the morning of March 29, the Union troops left their encampment at Mount Elba and moved rapidly toward Camden to the vicinity of Mark's Mills. From there, Clayton sent Lieutenants Frank M. |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 26, "sc": 203, "ep": 26, "ec": 807} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 26 | 203 | 26 | 807 | Battle of Mount Elba | Skirmish at Longview | Greathouse of the First Indiana Cavalry and Grover Young of the Fifth Kansas Cavalry with 50 picked men from each unit, for a total of 100 troopers, "to move with the utmost rapidity by the way of Warren to Long View, to destroy the pontoon bridge, the enemy's trains, etc."
The Union cavalrymen moved rapidly, arriving on the west side of the river at Longview just after sundown. A number of Confederate soldiers were encamped on the west side of the river.
Apparently Confederate pickets failed to respond to the presence of the Union raiding party because they assumed that the Union |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 26, "sc": 807, "ep": 26, "ec": 1444} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 26 | 807 | 26 | 1,444 | Battle of Mount Elba | Skirmish at Longview | soldiers were a party of Wright's Cavalry that recently passed through the area were returning for some reason. It was often difficult to distinguish Union soldiers from Confederates during this period of the war. Some Confederates in Arkansas were wearing clothing manufactured at Confederate depots made out of English army cloth. Confederates had received a supply of British cloth through the Union blockade to Confederate depots in Texas, and a supply of uniforms made from this cloth had been forwarded to Arkansas. Jackets made from this material were hard to distinguish from Federal infantry and mounted service jackets. To add |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 26, "sc": 1444, "ep": 26, "ec": 2042} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 26 | 1,444 | 26 | 2,042 | Battle of Mount Elba | Skirmish at Longview | to the confusion, some Confederate units, such as Confederate General Joe Shelby's Missouri Cavalry Brigade had become known for dressing in captured Union uniforms.
Confederates on the west side of the river apparently thought that the Union cavalrymen were fellow Confederates and made no attempt to resist them. The written report that the two lieutenants explained, "When we came to the fork of Long View and Camden Road, which is some two miles from Long View, we took four prisoners, and learned from them that there had been a train of nine wagons and 25 men passed out a short time |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 26, "sc": 2042, "ep": 26, "ec": 2591} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 26 | 2,042 | 26 | 2,591 | Battle of Mount Elba | Skirmish at Longview | ahead of us. We sent a party out after them, burnt the wagons, and captured the men. We learned from them that there was a large train crossing, which had come out from Monticello that day. We moved on, and reached their camp just at dark. We charged into their camp, surrounded them, and demanded their surrender, and ordered them to fall into line. We coming on them so unexpectedly, and they being in such confusion, they obeyed immediately. There were 250 men, 7 or 8 officers. We destroyed their bridge, threw about 175 or 200 stand of arms in |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 26, "sc": 2591, "ep": 26, "ec": 3177} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 26 | 2,591 | 26 | 3,177 | Battle of Mount Elba | Skirmish at Longview | the river, burnt 30 wagons, which were loaded with baggage and camp equippage, also ammunition; took some 300 horses and mules. We then mounted our prisoners, and returned to our most worthy commander all O. K."
Numerous accounts of the skirmish at Longview seemed to suggest that most of the Confederates there were engaged in unloading a steamer of corn along with a supply and baggage train headed to Camden. The Steamer was not captured as once it became apparent what was happening the crew slipped it mooring and allowed the boat to drift downstream to be hidden in some |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 26, "sc": 3177, "ep": 30, "ec": 353} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 26 | 3,177 | 30 | 353 | Battle of Mount Elba | Skirmish at Longview & Battle of Mount Elba | rushes.
The Union troops cut the pontoon bridge and destroyed a Confederate supply train they found on the west side of the river, and by 9:30 the next morning, had returned to the Union camp at Mount Elba. Battle of Mount Elba While the remainder of Dockery's brigade remained in camp at Monticello, Colonel John C. Wrights' regiment was on outpost duty between Pine Bluff and Monticello. Here, Colonel Wright received orders from General Dockery to move in the direction of Pine Bluff and ascertain whether the enemy had moved or was preparing to move. When within a few miles of |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 30, "sc": 353, "ep": 30, "ec": 927} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 30 | 353 | 30 | 927 | Battle of Mount Elba | Battle of Mount Elba | Pine Bluff, Colonel Wright learned that the enemy had gone south on the day before in the direction of Mount Elba, Colonel Wright immediately took up the pursuit and overtook the enemy at sundown camped in the town of Mount Elba. At this time his presence was not known. Leaving a strong picket in the enemy's rear, he moved five miles east across Big Creek and went into camp. Earlier he had sent a courier to General Dockery at Monticello informing him of the condition and asking for re-enforcements.
In a few hours a courier from General Dockery arrived with an |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 30, "sc": 927, "ep": 30, "ec": 1497} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 30 | 927 | 30 | 1,497 | Battle of Mount Elba | Battle of Mount Elba | order stating, "The General commanding is surprised to learn of your whereabouts; supposed from the orders given you, you would be in the vicinity of Pine Bluff. You will report at once to these headquarters." Colonel Wright's answer to this was, "if I obey this order there will not be so much as a single picket between you and the enemy. I am sure the General commanding does not understand this situation, hence I decline to obey until further orders." This answer was dispatched in haste and by daylight on the morning of the 30th, General Dockery with his brigade |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 30, "sc": 1497, "ep": 30, "ec": 2086} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 30 | 1,497 | 30 | 2,086 | Battle of Mount Elba | Battle of Mount Elba | was at the camp of Colonel Wright.
While en route to attack the Union force at Mount Elba, Colonel Wright informed General Dockery that he had men in his command that knew the country well, who had before sunrise had gotten behind the Federal pickets and captured them without firing a shot, so that when the whole command was within a few hundred yards of the Union camp, their presence being unsuspected.
A charge then would have taken them by surprise and the results would be almost certain capture of all north of the river. But, General Dockery would not consent and |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 30, "sc": 2086, "ep": 30, "ec": 2703} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 30 | 2,086 | 30 | 2,703 | Battle of Mount Elba | Battle of Mount Elba | delayed two hours getting his regiments into position. Meanwhile, their presence had been discovered by Captain Barnes with a squad of cavalry who had been sent on the road toward Monticello to watch the enemy.
About 2:00 a.m. on the morning of the 30th, fearing that Lieutenant-Colonel Marks might not have sufficient cavalry to watch the enemy in the direction of Monticello, Colonel Clayton sent Captain Barnes with a squad of cavalry to report to him with orders to move at daylight in that direction. About 8:30 a.m. Colonel Clayton received a report that Captain Barnes had met the enemy on an opposite |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 30, "sc": 2703, "ep": 30, "ec": 3342} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 30 | 2,703 | 30 | 3,342 | Battle of Mount Elba | Battle of Mount Elba | side of the river and had been driven in. Colonel Clayton immediately sent Lieutenant Colonel Jenkins with the Fifth Kansas cavalry to the assistance of Lieutenant-Colonel Marks, who was holding the bridge at Mount Elba.
At 9:30 a.m. Lieutenants Greathouse and Young returned and reported the destruction of the bridge at Long View, the burning of a loaded train of 35 wagons, the capture of a large number of arms and ammunition, and bringing with them about 260 prisoners, nearly 300 horses and mules and a large number of contrabands.
When Captain Barnes reported to Lieutenant-Colonel Marks early on the morning of the |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 30, "sc": 3342, "ep": 30, "ec": 3941} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 30 | 3,342 | 30 | 3,941 | Battle of Mount Elba | Battle of Mount Elba | 30th, he sent his out on the road toward Monticello with instructions to scout the road for some distance and report by night. At 7:30 a.m. Captain Barnes returned and reported that he had encountered a body of the enemy cavalry of 100 men marching in the direction of Mount Elba.
Colonel Marks immediately prepared for their defense. A barricade was formed of rails and logs from some negro huts and companies A, F, G, H and I of the Twenty-Eighth Wisconsin was thrown forward as skirmishers to engage the enemy and watch his movements. Here the skirmishing continued for approximately two |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 30, "sc": 3941, "ep": 30, "ec": 4550} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 30 | 3,941 | 30 | 4,550 | Battle of Mount Elba | Battle of Mount Elba | hours. A t 9:30 a.m., The Federal skirmishers were forced to retreat into their camp, closely followed by the Confederates who made a spirited attack. About the time the Federal skirmishers were driven in, Lieutenant-Colonel Jenkins of the Fifth Kansas cavalry arrived at the Ferry and assumed command of the camp.
Dismounting his men and leaving the horses under the bluff across the river from the camp, Colonel Jenkins sent his men to the front and threw out the line of skirmishers to hold the enemy in check as long as possible enabling them to improve on the hastily constructed barricades from |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 30, "sc": 4550, "ep": 30, "ec": 5160} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 30 | 4,550 | 30 | 5,160 | Battle of Mount Elba | Battle of Mount Elba | the rails lying scattered around and in the fences nearby. This was done under a heavy fire from the enemy who now appeared in such force that Colonel Jenkins' skirmishers had to fall back on the main command.
The Union battle line was formed with the right flank held by the Eightieth Illinois infantry, the left by the Twenty- Eighth Wisconsin and two companies of the Fifth Kansas cavalry and the center by three howitzers supported by the dismounted cavalry. The Confederates evidently expecting easy victory, kept moving steadily forward under the cover of the timber keeping up a continuous fire |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 30, "sc": 5160, "ep": 30, "ec": 5740} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 30 | 5,160 | 30 | 5,740 | Battle of Mount Elba | Battle of Mount Elba | along their whole line. Up to this time only two or three rounds had been fired from the artillery though the firing of small arms had been severe for some time. The Confederates were now advancing with loud cheers and could plainly be seen through the woods in their front. Colonel Jenkins ordered the howitzers to be fired as rapidly as possible. After 30 minutes of hard fighting, it became evident that the severity of the Union fire was causing the Confederates to fall back in great haste and confusion. Seeing this, Colonel Jenkins again advanced his skirmishers and threw |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 30, "sc": 5740, "ep": 30, "ec": 6300} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 30 | 5,740 | 30 | 6,300 | Battle of Mount Elba | Battle of Mount Elba | his left flank for ward some 300 or 400 yards. Here they found a number of Confederate dead and wounded as well as a number of arms which had been left in their hurried retreat. Colonel Jenkins now had the horses brought across the river and Majors Walker and Scudder of the Fifth Kansas cavalry with 100 men and one howitzer were sent after the retreating Confederates with orders to harass them as much as possible. Lieutenant Colonel Jenkins had just issued orders to have the dead collected, the wounded taken into the house, and to have the arms gathered |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 30, "sc": 6300, "ep": 30, "ec": 6908} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 30 | 6,300 | 30 | 6,908 | Battle of Mount Elba | Battle of Mount Elba | when Colonel Clayton arrived relieving him of command.
When the sound of the artillery firing was heard in the direction of Mount Elba and after a courier from Colonel Jenkins reported an engagement going on at that place, Colonel Clayton, who was still at his camp at Mark's Mill, immediately marched to the assistance of Colonel Jenkins. When he arrived at the crossing, he found that the enemy had been repulsed and had fallen back about one mile, followed by Majors Walker and Scudder with the Fifth Kansas cavalry. He immediately joined the pursuit with all his available cavalry and instructed |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 30, "sc": 6908, "ep": 30, "ec": 7500} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 30 | 6,908 | 30 | 7,500 | Battle of Mount Elba | Battle of Mount Elba | Colonel Marks to follow with the infantry. After going about one mile, he found the enemy posted in thick timber with an enclosed field and peach orchard between his position. He had the fence thrown down and ordered the charge.
When the artillery opened fire, the Union cavalry charged across the. open field into the timber. Here the Confederates broke into the wildest confusion and from this time on, their retreat was a perfect rout. The road and timber was strewn with blankets, saddlebags and guns. Prisoners were being brought in and sent to the rear. The pursuit was kept up |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 30, "sc": 7500, "ep": 30, "ec": 8071} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 30 | 7,500 | 30 | 8,071 | Battle of Mount Elba | Battle of Mount Elba | until the Union cavalry reached a point about five miles from Mount Elba where the road crosses Big Creek. Here the Confederate rear guard under the command of Colonel Wright had succeeded in tearing up about 20 feet of the bridge and carrying off the boards. The creek could not be forded, therefore the pursuit was suddenly and effectively halted. By the time the Union forces were ready to move again, it was 5:00 p.m. and by the time they reached Centerville, a point about 12 miles from Mount Elba, it was night.
At this time the greater part of the cavalry |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 30, "sc": 8071, "ep": 30, "ec": 8631} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 30 | 8,071 | 30 | 8,631 | Battle of Mount Elba | Battle of Mount Elba | that had the expedition to Longview was very much fatigued and unable to move any further. The infantry with the prisoners and train were still somewhere behind. In view of this and the fact that the enemy had obtained four hours head start by obstructing the bridge and the encumbrance of the prisoners who would be difficult to guard during a night march, Colonel Clayton concluded that to pursue the enemy any further would be a useless tax upon the energy and endurance of his command. He therefore went to camp and the next day; marched the 28 miles back |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 30, "sc": 8631, "ep": 34, "ec": 577} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 30 | 8,631 | 34 | 577 | Battle of Mount Elba | Battle of Mount Elba & Aftermath | to Pine Bluff. Aftermath The Battle of Mount Elba lasted two and one half hours. For the Union forces, the expedition was a brilliant success. For three days they were deep in enemy territory, where they had fought and defeated forces more than twice their number. By skillful maneuvering, 100 picked men of this small force managed to get behind the Confederate army, capture and destroy his train of 35 wagons loaded with a great value of stores containing their paymasters safe with $860,000 (Confederate money), destroy their pontoon bridge over the Saline River, captured and brought to Mount Elba |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 34, "sc": 577, "ep": 34, "ec": 1156} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 34 | 577 | 34 | 1,156 | Battle of Mount Elba | Aftermath | 260 prisoners, 300 horses and mules and a large number of contrabands. The Union loss throughout the expedition was only two killed and eight missing. The Confederate forces at Mount Elba consisted of Crawford's, Crockett's and Wright's regiments or about 1,200 men commanded by General Dockery in person. Their defeat was thorough and complete with a loss in killed, wounded and missing, independent of the 260 captured at Long View, of over 160 men. General Dockery, by not taking advantage of the information sent to him the night of the 29th by Colonel John Wright and by |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 34, "sc": 1156, "ep": 34, "ec": 1839} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 34 | 1,156 | 34 | 1,839 | Battle of Mount Elba | Aftermath | delaying two hours in getting his brigade into position, let slip through his hands the chance to capture the greater part of the Union forces at Mount Elba.
Major General Sterling Price, the commander of the Confederate district of Arkansas, wrote to Brigadier-General W. R. Boggs, Chief of Staff of the Trans-Mississippi Department, that General Dockery, who was headquartered at Monticello commanding the 12th Arkansas Battalion Sharpshooters, the 18th Arkansas, the 19th Arkansas and the 20th Arkansas, had been ordered to harass the rear flanks of the Union troop movements and attack Union supply trains. "Unfortunately," he reported, "before Brigadier-General Dockery |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 34, "sc": 1839, "ep": 34, "ec": 2459} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 34 | 1,839 | 34 | 2,459 | Battle of Mount Elba | Aftermath | could execute this order he was on March 29 attacked at Mount Elba by a party of the enemy from Pine Bluff and completely routed. They at the same time captured at Long View his entire train (twenty-six wagons) and about 200 prisoners."
Powell's success at Longview and Mount Elba were one of few bright spots for the Union forces in Arkansas that spring and the Union press lavished praise on Powell and his men"
"Col. Clayton, commanding the expedition from Pine Bluff, destroyed the pontoon bridge at Longview--burned a train of thirty-five wagons loaded with camp and garrison equipage, ammunition, |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 34, "sc": 2459, "ep": 34, "ec": 3067} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 34 | 2,459 | 34 | 3,067 | Battle of Mount Elba | Aftermath | quartermaster's stores, etc., and captured over three hundred prisoners.....He engaged (General Thomas) Dockery's division, of about 1200 men, from Monticello, on the morning of the 30th ult., routed and pursued him ten miles, with a loss on his side of over one hundred killed and wounded--capturing a large quantity of small arms and two stands of colors. Our loss did not exceed fifteen in killed, wounded and missing.".
Col. Clayton by this expedition has added fresh laurels to his brow. He is worthy of all honor, and deserving the highest reward at the hands of the government. He has been in |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 34, "sc": 3067, "ep": 34, "ec": 3683} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 34 | 3,067 | 34 | 3,683 | Battle of Mount Elba | Aftermath | every instance successful and will be promoted to the rank of Brigadier General for valiant service to the Union cause. He justly deserves the honor.".
Clayton's report to his superiors highly praised the two lieutenants who had commanded the raid which resulted in the skirmish at Longview. He said, "The Long View raid reflects the highest credit to Lieutenants Greathouse and Young, and for brilliancy and success is almost without a parallel. One hundred men (50 from the First Indiana and 50 from the Fifth Kansas Cavalry) marched 40 miles into the enemy's country, captured and destroyed a train of 35 |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 34, "sc": 3683, "ep": 34, "ec": 4311} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 34 | 3,683 | 34 | 4,311 | Battle of Mount Elba | Aftermath | wagons loaded with stores of great value (their paymaster's safe containing over $60,000), destroyed their pontoon bridge over the Saline River, captured and brought to Mount Elba 260 prisoners, nearly 300 horses and mules, and a large number of contrabands, all, including the march of 80 miles to Long View and back, in the surprising short space of twenty-four hours. Our loss throughout the expedition was but two killed and eight missing. The conduct of the officers and men throughout was most gallant and energetic, and deserves the highest commendation."
Even though Powell's raid on Longview was a success, it |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 34, "sc": 4311, "ep": 34, "ec": 4878} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 34 | 4,311 | 34 | 4,878 | Battle of Mount Elba | Aftermath | was followed by a string of Union defeats and ultimately the failure of both Steele's Camden Expedition and the over all Red River Campaign. By the time that Steele arrived back in Little Rock, after 40 days in which the expedition had covered 275 miles, he had lost 635 of the 800 wagons and 2,500 horses and mules, not including at least 150 wagons and several hundred horses and mules lost at the Battle of Marks' Mill. While complete figures are not available, the Union troops lost 1,775 in killed, wounded or missing, not including the losses at Poison Spring, |
{"datasets_id": 161353, "wiki_id": "Q23058892", "sp": 34, "sc": 4878, "ep": 34, "ec": 4964} | 161,353 | Q23058892 | 34 | 4,878 | 34 | 4,964 | Battle of Mount Elba | Aftermath | Jenkins, Ferry, or losses suffered by the various cavalry troops during the campaign. |
{"datasets_id": 161354, "wiki_id": "Q19880965", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 559} | 161,354 | Q19880965 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 559 | Big Brother 17 (American season) | Season development | Big Brother 17 (American season) Season development On September 24, 2014, CBS announced that it had renewed Big Brother for its seventeenth and eighteenth editions for broadcast in summer 2015 and 2016, respectively. The series would continue to be hosted by Julie Chen.
On June 15, 2015, CBS released pictures of the house via Entertainment Tonight, which has a modern steel beach house theme. The upstairs is 155 square feet larger than in previous seasons, the result of the incorporation of a glass bridge added in by Big Brother house designer Scott Storey. Season 17 is the first season for which |
{"datasets_id": 161354, "wiki_id": "Q19880965", "sp": 6, "sc": 559, "ep": 10, "ec": 203} | 161,354 | Q19880965 | 6 | 559 | 10 | 203 | Big Brother 17 (American season) | Season development & Format | the live feeds were bundled with CBS All Access, an over-the-top streaming service launched by CBS in January 2015 that allows users to view past and present episodes of CBS shows, and includes the live feeds and special Big Brother content.
While the aired episodes had transitioned to HD the previous season, BB17 was the first season in which the live internet feeds were broadcast in HD. Format The format has changed slightly from previous seasons. The contestants, referred to as "HouseGuests," are sequestered in the Big Brother House with no contact to or from the outside world. Each week, the |
{"datasets_id": 161354, "wiki_id": "Q19880965", "sp": 10, "sc": 203, "ep": 10, "ec": 832} | 161,354 | Q19880965 | 10 | 203 | 10 | 832 | Big Brother 17 (American season) | Format | HouseGuests take part in several compulsory challenges that determine who will win food, luxuries and power in the house.
At the start of each week, the HouseGuests compete in the Head of Household (HoH) competition. The winner of the HoH competition will select two HouseGuests to be nominated for eviction. As with the previous season, the first five weeks of the season feature two concurrent Heads of Household. Each HoH would nominate two other HouseGuests for eviction, totaling four nominees. The two pairs of nominees would then compete in the "Battle of the Block" competition. The winning pair would be removed |
{"datasets_id": 161354, "wiki_id": "Q19880965", "sp": 10, "sc": 832, "ep": 10, "ec": 1378} | 161,354 | Q19880965 | 10 | 832 | 10 | 1,378 | Big Brother 17 (American season) | Format | from the block, with the HoH who nominated them dethroned. The dethroned HoH would later be eligible to be nominated as a replacement if the Veto was used, while the Battle of the Block winners are safe for the rest of the week. The rest of the cycle would continue as per usual, with the remaining HoH retaining immunity for the week, and the two nominees being eligible for safety through the Power of Veto. The reigning (or sole) HoH also earns the right to name the "Have Nots" for the week, forcing the chosen HouseGuests to eat solely "Big |
{"datasets_id": 161354, "wiki_id": "Q19880965", "sp": 10, "sc": 1378, "ep": 10, "ec": 1982} | 161,354 | Q19880965 | 10 | 1,378 | 10 | 1,982 | Big Brother 17 (American season) | Format | Brother slop" and a weekly food selection chosen by producers, take cold showers, and sleep in a bedroom designed to look like a dental clinic.
Each week, six HouseGuests are selected to compete in the Power of Veto (PoV) competition: the reigning HoH, their two nominees, and three HouseGuests selected by random draw. The winner of the PoV competition wins the right to either revoke the nomination of one of the nominated HouseGuests or leave them as is; if the veto winner uses this power, the HoH must immediately nominate another HouseGuest for eviction. The PoV winner is also immune from |
{"datasets_id": 161354, "wiki_id": "Q19880965", "sp": 10, "sc": 1982, "ep": 10, "ec": 2540} | 161,354 | Q19880965 | 10 | 1,982 | 10 | 2,540 | Big Brother 17 (American season) | Format | being named as the replacement nominee. The HouseGuest overthrown as a result of the Battle of the Block competition is eligible to be nominated by the reigning Head of Household if the Power of Veto is used.
On eviction night, all HouseGuests vote to evict one of the two nominees, with the exception of the nominees and the Head of Household, who is only allowed to vote in the event of a tie, and in that case, must do so publicly. This compulsory vote is conducted in the privacy of the Diary Room. Unlike most other versions of Big Brother, the |
{"datasets_id": 161354, "wiki_id": "Q19880965", "sp": 10, "sc": 2540, "ep": 10, "ec": 3135} | 161,354 | Q19880965 | 10 | 2,540 | 10 | 3,135 | Big Brother 17 (American season) | Format | HouseGuests may openly and freely discuss the nomination and eviction process. The nominee with the majority of votes will be evicted from the house on the weekly live broadcast, exiting to an adjacent studio to be interviewed by Chen, after which the cycle begins again.
HouseGuests may voluntarily leave the house at any time and those who break the rules may be expelled from the house. The last nine evicted HouseGuests will form the Big Brother jury, and vote for the winner during the season finale. The jury members will be sequestered in a separate house and will not be allowed |
{"datasets_id": 161354, "wiki_id": "Q19880965", "sp": 10, "sc": 3135, "ep": 14, "ec": 323} | 161,354 | Q19880965 | 10 | 3,135 | 14 | 323 | Big Brother 17 (American season) | Format & Battle of the Block | to watch the show except for competitions and ceremonies that include all of the remaining HouseGuests; the jury members will not be shown any Diary Room interviews or any footage that may include strategy or details regarding nominations. Battle of the Block The Battle of the block was first introduced in the sixteenth season. In the twist, 2 houseguests would be nominated by each Head of Household. The pairs of houseguests that were nominated would compete in The Battle of the Block competition. Whoever won out of those two pairs would have safety for the week as the Head of |
{"datasets_id": 161354, "wiki_id": "Q19880965", "sp": 14, "sc": 323, "ep": 18, "ec": 420} | 161,354 | Q19880965 | 14 | 323 | 18 | 420 | Big Brother 17 (American season) | Battle of the Block & Twin Twist | Household who nominated them would be dethroned leaving one Head of Household remaining. The Battle of the block twist ended week six right after Jason Roy's eviction. Twin Twist As with the fifth season, a pair of twins competed as one, switching every few days between the house and a sequester location off-site; the twins, Liz and Julia, played as Liz, changing places in the Diary Room with approximately 10 minutes to catch each other up. After the twins survived the first five evictions, the twist was revealed and both twins competed separately. Though the twist was not officially revealed |
{"datasets_id": 161354, "wiki_id": "Q19880965", "sp": 18, "sc": 420, "ep": 22, "ec": 501} | 161,354 | Q19880965 | 18 | 420 | 22 | 501 | Big Brother 17 (American season) | Twin Twist & Future appearances | to the other HouseGuests before its completion, the twins were allowed to discuss it freely. Future appearances James Huling and Da'Vonne Rogers both returned as HouseGuests on Big Brother 18; Rogers finished in 11th and Huling finished in 3rd.
Jason Roy was a HouseGuest on Big Brother: Over the Top where he finished in 2nd place. Liz Nolan made an appearance on Big Brother: Over the Top for a Halloween event.
Rogers also competed on MTV's The Challenge: Final Reckoning, where she was paired with her vendetta from "Big Brother 18", Jozea Flores. They we're eliminated 3 times, and returned |
{"datasets_id": 161354, "wiki_id": "Q19880965", "sp": 22, "sc": 501, "ep": 22, "ec": 1071} | 161,354 | Q19880965 | 22 | 501 | 22 | 1,071 | Big Brother 17 (American season) | Future appearances | to the game the first 2 times after winning their way back from Redemption. They were officially eliminated on Episode 13.
Da'Vonne Rogers, Liz Nolan, and Julia Nolan all appeared on The Challenge: War of the Worlds. Liz Nolan was the first contestant eliminated at the Purge. Julia Nolan was eliminated alongside her partner CT Tamburello during a double elimination episode (Episode 4). Da'Vonne Rogers placed 9th and was eliminated exactly before the Final Challenge. Before the game was played individually, she was paired with "CBB UK" alum, Stephen Bear. |
{"datasets_id": 161355, "wiki_id": "Q4930977", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 560} | 161,355 | Q4930977 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 560 | Bnei Eilat F.C. | History | Bnei Eilat F.C. History Bnei Eilat were founded in 2006 and are not related to the football clubs which have previously operated in Eilat, Hapoel Eilat and A.S. Eilat.
In their first season of existence, the club won Liga Gimel South-Central division and promoted to Liga Bet. In the 2009–10 season, the club won Liga Bet South B division with a margin of 14 points, and promoted to Liga Alef. The following season, was the best season in the club history, after they finished third in Liga Alef South, and qualified for the promotion play-offs, where they lost 2–3 to Maccabi |
{"datasets_id": 161355, "wiki_id": "Q4930977", "sp": 6, "sc": 560, "ep": 6, "ec": 804} | 161,355 | Q4930977 | 6 | 560 | 6 | 804 | Bnei Eilat F.C. | History | Kabilio Jaffa, after a late goal. In the 2013–14 season, the club finished bottom in Liga Alef South and relegated to Liga Bet. However, in the following season, the club won Liga Bet South B division and made an immediate return to Liga Alef. |
{"datasets_id": 161356, "wiki_id": "Q48977127", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 588} | 161,356 | Q48977127 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 588 | Boris Mirski Gallery | History | Boris Mirski Gallery History In the early 1940s, Boris Mirski, a Lithuanian Jewish immigrant, opened a frame shop and small gallery on Charles Street in Boston. In October 1945, he moved his business to a redbrick mansion at 166 Newbury Street, next door to the Guild of Boston Artists. Here he opened a larger gallery and an art school in addition to the frame shop. The gallery made its debut with an exhibition of 53 paintings by the Guatemalan cubist Carlos Mérida.
Boston's art scene was notoriously conservative, dominated by the genteel Impressionist painters of the Boston School. Few local collectors |
{"datasets_id": 161356, "wiki_id": "Q48977127", "sp": 6, "sc": 588, "ep": 6, "ec": 1233} | 161,356 | Q48977127 | 6 | 588 | 6 | 1,233 | Boris Mirski Gallery | History | were interested in modern art, and only a few galleries deigned to exhibit it. Art historian Charles Giuliano describes the "sea change" that occurred in the late 1940s:
The faculty and focus of the School of the Museum of Fine Arts changed from polite and innocuous, ersatz American Impressionism to gritty and graphic Boston Expressionism. The old guard and its socially acceptable artists showed with the Copley Society of Art or the Guild of Boston Artists. The young Turks, Jews, and immigrants or their sons—like the Lebanese-American Gibran—showed with gallerist Boris Mirski or his former assistants Hyman Swetzoff and Alan Fink |
{"datasets_id": 161356, "wiki_id": "Q48977127", "sp": 6, "sc": 1233, "ep": 6, "ec": 1873} | 161,356 | Q48977127 | 6 | 1,233 | 6 | 1,873 | Boris Mirski Gallery | History | of Alpha Gallery.
The Mirski Gallery was an important venue for local artists who did not fit the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant or traditionalist mold, such as Hyman Bloom, Giglio Dante, Kahlil Gibran, and John Woodrow Wilson. Mirksi employed struggling artists in his frame shop and as teachers in his art school. The gallery also hosted exchange shows with Edith Halpert's Downtown Gallery in New York. Alan Fink, who managed the gallery in the 1950s and early 60s, later recalled:
The Mirski Gallery was very conservative by today's standards, but in the '50s it was considered daring. We got protests for showing artists |
{"datasets_id": 161356, "wiki_id": "Q48977127", "sp": 6, "sc": 1873, "ep": 6, "ec": 2488} | 161,356 | Q48977127 | 6 | 1,873 | 6 | 2,488 | Boris Mirski Gallery | History | who are now famous and not considered controversial in the least, artists like Hans Hoffmann and Leonard Baskin. And the Boston police once took a picture of a nude out of our window...Mirski and a couple of other galleries were the only ones selling modern art in Boston at the time.
Boston Globe critic Robert Taylor contrasted Mirski's aesthetic with that of two other important Boston gallerists, Margaret Brown and Hyman Swetzoff. Mirski, he said, introduced an "urban, Jewish, introverted and lyrical" visual sensibility to Boston.
Mirski died in Tel Aviv in 1974. The gallery closed in 1979. |
{"datasets_id": 161357, "wiki_id": "Q677054", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 602} | 161,357 | Q677054 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 602 | Brücken, Kusel | Location | Brücken, Kusel Location The municipality lies in the Ohmbach valley in the Western Palatinate. Near the village, the Ohmbach turns from its southerly direction of flow to a more southeasterly one where the valley floor also broadens out. Here it has an elevation of some 240 m above sea level, whereas the higher residential areas reach almost 300 m above sea level. The higher elevations within municipal limits, meanwhile, reach heights of some 380 m in the northeast and 320 m in the southeast. Also flowing through the municipal area in the southeast, near the small homestead of Paulengrund is the Kohlbach. The Neumühle, |
{"datasets_id": 161357, "wiki_id": "Q677054", "sp": 6, "sc": 602, "ep": 10, "ec": 28} | 161,357 | Q677054 | 6 | 602 | 10 | 28 | Brücken, Kusel | Location & Neighbouring municipalities | originally a gristmill and from the late 19th century until after the Second World War a diamond-cutting workshop, stands in the village's north in the Ohmbach valley, and the homestead of Fuchsgrund lies on the valley floor to the southeast. Wooded land stretches eastwards and northwards from the village, and is also found in the southwest. The galleries of former coalmines lie in the village's northeast on the Dammfeld and the Buchwiese (rural cadastral names), at the Schenkelberg (mountain) and in the Schleckenborn. The municipal area measures 811 ha, of which 166 ha is wooded. Neighbouring municipalities Brücken borders in the north |
{"datasets_id": 161357, "wiki_id": "Q677054", "sp": 10, "sc": 28, "ep": 18, "ec": 197} | 161,357 | Q677054 | 10 | 28 | 18 | 197 | Brücken, Kusel | Neighbouring municipalities & Constituent communities & Municipality’s layout | on the municipality of Steinbach am Glan, in the northeast on the municipality of Börsborn, in the east on the municipality of Gries, in the south on the municipality of Schönenberg-Kübelberg, in the west on the municipality of Dittweiler and in the northwest on the municipality of Ohmbach. Constituent communities Also belonging to Brücken are the outlying homesteads of Paulengrund, Neumühle and Fuchsgrund. Municipality’s layout The village stretches out along the bend in the Ohmbach on relatively even ground on the valley floor, and in the outskirts on roads that climb outwards in a star-shaped pattern. The main street is |
{"datasets_id": 161357, "wiki_id": "Q677054", "sp": 18, "sc": 197, "ep": 18, "ec": 866} | 161,357 | Q677054 | 18 | 197 | 18 | 866 | Brücken, Kusel | Municipality’s layout | one of these, running from the upper Ohmbach valley through the middle of the village and then in a broad bow to the south going towards Schönenberg-Kübelberg. On this main street (“Hauptstraße”) stands the schoolhouse, as does the Diamond-Cutting Museum (Diamantenschleifermuseum). In the northwest on the mountainside stands Saint Lawrence's Catholic Parish Church. Nearby lies the graveyard. The Evangelical parish church built in 1953 stands in the northeast on Straße Zum Krämel (a road). Old farmhouses of the type Quereinhaus type (a combination residential and commercial house divided for these two purposes down the middle, perpendicularly to the street) are |
{"datasets_id": 161357, "wiki_id": "Q677054", "sp": 18, "sc": 866, "ep": 22, "ec": 339} | 161,357 | Q677054 | 18 | 866 | 22 | 339 | Brücken, Kusel | Municipality’s layout & Antiquity | still to be found in the village core. The outer residential areas are otherwise characterized by houses, mostly newer single-family dwellings. A major sport field has been laid out in the Karstwald (forest) southeast of the village on the road going towards Schönenberg. Antiquity As early as prehistoric times, the area around the village was inhabited by mankind, bearing witness to which are various finds from both Brücken itself and almost every neighbouring municipality. In the woods east of Brücken, at least according to a listing in the documents at the Office for Prehistory and Protohistory (Amt für Vor- und |
{"datasets_id": 161357, "wiki_id": "Q677054", "sp": 22, "sc": 339, "ep": 22, "ec": 922} | 161,357 | Q677054 | 22 | 339 | 22 | 922 | Brücken, Kusel | Antiquity | Frühgeschichte) in Speyer, is a prehistoric barrow with a diameter of some nine metres and a height of 70 cm. Nevertheless, there is no longer any sign of it on the ground. Much clearer are traces left by the Romans. In 1928, while ploughing over the heights near the Paulengrund in the field named “Auf der Burg”, a farmer discovered some wall remnants of a Gallo-Roman villa rustica. This was temporarily unearthed so that it could be surveyed. According to statements made by earlier inhabitants, it is likely that in the early 20th century a vault with urns was unearthed. Later |
{"datasets_id": 161357, "wiki_id": "Q677054", "sp": 22, "sc": 922, "ep": 26, "ec": 194} | 161,357 | Q677054 | 22 | 922 | 26 | 194 | Brücken, Kusel | Antiquity & Middle Ages | attempts at digging, though, yielded no such result. According to information from writer Tilemann Stella, in his time (17th century), A Roman stone, found within Brücken's limits, was known, showing on one side the goddess Minerva and on the other side the god Vulcan. Also, reports from the 19th century mention that a coin was found within Brücken's limits, but this has since been lost. Middle Ages The village of Brücken belonged from the time of its founding to the free Imperial Domain (Reichsland) around the town and castle of Kaiserslautern and the Amt and court district of Kübelberg in |
{"datasets_id": 161357, "wiki_id": "Q677054", "sp": 26, "sc": 194, "ep": 26, "ec": 779} | 161,357 | Q677054 | 26 | 194 | 26 | 779 | Brücken, Kusel | Middle Ages | this domain. This Amt of Kübelberg, beginning in 1312, was taken over in succession by a whole series of secular lordships as an Imperial pledged holding, passing first to the Counts of Sponheim and in 1375 to Electoral Palatinate, and then in 1378 back to Sponheim, only to pass once again to Electoral Palatinate in 1437. Sometime before 1333 – the exact date is unknown – Brücken had its first documentary mention in a Weistum (cognate with English wisdom, this was a legal pronouncement issued by men learned in law in the Middle Ages and early modern times) from Glan-Münchweiler |
{"datasets_id": 161357, "wiki_id": "Q677054", "sp": 26, "sc": 779, "ep": 26, "ec": 1432} | 161,357 | Q677054 | 26 | 779 | 26 | 1,432 | Brücken, Kusel | Middle Ages | in which the boundaries of the landhold held by the Hornbach Monastery in the Münchweiler Tal (dale) were outlined, in both German and Latin. According to this description, the boundary came from a now vanished village called Wanrneshoben, ran round the Steinberg to Bartenvogt (a ford near Waldmohr) “…und darnach durch die mitten zwischen bruckhen bis gehn Brenheim” (“…and thereafter through the middle between Brücken and up until Brenheim”). The corresponding Latin text reads “…et tunc per medium inter Brugel et usque Berinheim”. Brenheim (Berinheim, Breitenheim) is a former village, but in connection with this matter, nothing is clear. Writer |
{"datasets_id": 161357, "wiki_id": "Q677054", "sp": 26, "sc": 1432, "ep": 26, "ec": 2004} | 161,357 | Q677054 | 26 | 1,432 | 26 | 2,004 | Brücken, Kusel | Middle Ages | Dieter Zenglein is of the opinion that the naming of Bruckhen and Brugel (another name used for the place in the Weistum) is likely to have nothing to do with the village of Brücken, but rather with named rural areas (common in Germany even now). It may be that Brücken was named in even older documents in connection with the Hornbach Monastery. Nevertheless, it is quite unclear whether Brücken in the Ohmbach valley is meant. A 1372 document says that Johann von Wilenstein pledged taxes owed him and his holdings “in the estate at Brücken in Obenbach parishes” to his |
{"datasets_id": 161357, "wiki_id": "Q677054", "sp": 26, "sc": 2004, "ep": 30, "ec": 38} | 161,357 | Q677054 | 26 | 2,004 | 30 | 38 | Brücken, Kusel | Middle Ages & Modern times | brother-in-law Frank von Wendelsheim. It is, however, certain that this refers to Brücken in the Oster valley. Otherwise, the village’s history is the same as that experienced by the whole Amt of Kübelberg. In the Late Middle Ages, the first of a series of Huberbücher (literally “books of farmers who work a whole Hube, a land area roughly equivalent to the English oxgang) was published by the Knights of Mauchenheim, who as vassals of the Counts Palatine of Zweibrücken and Electoral Palatinate were enfeoffed with holdings in the Amt of Kübelberg. Modern times Further lists of Huber appeared in the |
{"datasets_id": 161357, "wiki_id": "Q677054", "sp": 30, "sc": 38, "ep": 30, "ec": 663} | 161,357 | Q677054 | 30 | 38 | 30 | 663 | Brücken, Kusel | Modern times | 16th century, as did holding directories from the Wörschweiler Monastery. A comprehensive description by Electoral Palatinate Master Forester Vellmann comes from 1600. There was no great change in the arrangement of rulers in Early Modern Times. The Plague and the Thirty Years' War brought the village horror and death. “When in the autumn of 1635 the Imperial formations withdrew from Lorraine to the Rhine, they received orders to burn the villages on the army road down. Our village, too, was apparently overrun by troops in this year. The inhabitants were displaced, murdered or driven out, unless they had already fled |
{"datasets_id": 161357, "wiki_id": "Q677054", "sp": 30, "sc": 663, "ep": 30, "ec": 1242} | 161,357 | Q677054 | 30 | 663 | 30 | 1,242 | Brücken, Kusel | Modern times | sometime earlier.” As if to confirm this, the taxation rolls thereafter showed hardly any entries, and towards the end of this harrowing war, and even for a few years after the Peace of Westphalia (1648), Brücken was a ghost village. It was 1656 before anyone – only two people – ever lived in the village again, and there then followed a sparse repopulation. French King Louis XIV’s wars of conquest, though, led to more hardship, destruction and loss of life. Only after the Treaty of Ryswick (1697) was there any effort aimed at repopulating the village. This was promoted by |
{"datasets_id": 161357, "wiki_id": "Q677054", "sp": 30, "sc": 1242, "ep": 30, "ec": 1931} | 161,357 | Q677054 | 30 | 1,242 | 30 | 1,931 | Brücken, Kusel | Modern times | the Electoral Palatinate lord and brought newcomers from Switzerland, the Tyrol and even France to the region. The population figures rose swiftly in every village in the Amt of Kübelberg, including Brücken. Among these newcomers were also many Catholics, whereas earlier, from the beginning of the Reformation, only the faith according to Martin Luther had been tolerated.
Under the 1779 Treaty of Schwetzingen, Electoral Palatinate traded the court district of Kübelberg, and thereby Brücken, for the villages of Duchroth and Oberhausen and part of the village of Niederkirchen, all formerly belonging to the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken. Brücken was thereby also transferred |
{"datasets_id": 161357, "wiki_id": "Q677054", "sp": 30, "sc": 1931, "ep": 34, "ec": 133} | 161,357 | Q677054 | 30 | 1,931 | 34 | 133 | Brücken, Kusel | Modern times & Recent times | from the Electoral Palatinate Oberamt of Kaiserslautern to the Zweibrücken Oberamt of Homburg and to the Schultheißerei of Waldmohr. One year before the exchange, the Electoral Palatinate geographer Goswin Widder described the village of Brücken for his four-volume work Geographische Beschreibung der Kurpfalz (“Geographical Description of Electoral Palatinate”), which only came out in 1788. Because of the territorial swap, Brücken could no longer be listed in the work, though the foreseen text has been preserved in manuscript. Recent times The interlude with Palatinate-Zweibrücken, however, did not last long, for the old feudal states were all swept away in the aftermath |
{"datasets_id": 161357, "wiki_id": "Q677054", "sp": 34, "sc": 133, "ep": 34, "ec": 748} | 161,357 | Q677054 | 34 | 133 | 34 | 748 | Brücken, Kusel | Recent times | of the French Revolution. In 1793, the first French Revolutionary troops showed up in the region, exacting contributions from the populace and plundering the countryside. Brücken was spared none of this. In 1801, France annexed the German lands on the Rhine’s left bank and the oppression that had characterized the early days of French hegemony came to an end, although local young men were still being pressed into the French Army to fight France’s wars. During the short time of French rule, which ended in 1814, Brücken lay in the Mairie (“Mayoralty”) of Schönenberg, the Canton of Waldmohr, the Arrondissement |
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