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{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 10, "sc": 183, "ep": 12, "ec": 10} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 10 | 183 | 12 | 10 | David Zilberman (economist) | Academic career & Economics of Adoption | addresses either management or policy problems in the nexus of agriculture, natural resources and the environment. He has been involved in major policy debates, including the transition to water markets, regulation and use of pesticides, and biotechnology and biofuel policies. Zilberman’s research incorporates features of agronomic and biophysical systems into economic models. His work emphasizes heterogeneity of people and location, as well as dynamics and risk. He has published in academic journals including Science, the Quarterly Journal of Economics, Nature Biotechnology, The American Economic Review, Econometrica, and the Journal of Development Economics. His major areas of research include: Economics |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 12, "sc": 9, "ep": 14, "ec": 665} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 12 | 9 | 14 | 665 | David Zilberman (economist) | Economics of Adoption | of Adoption The traditional literature of technology diffusion viewed it as a process of imitation. Zilberman modeled diffusion as a result of economic choices by heterogeneous decision makers affected by dynamic processes. Zilberman, Zhao, and Heiman (2013) that choices of others make people aware of new technology, but they assess it according to their preferences and constraints. Differences in adoption behavior reflect economic and demographic heterogeneity. Dynamic processes such as learning by doing and learning by using may reduce the cost and increase the benefit of new technologies and enhance adoption over time. Feder, Just, and Zilberman (1985). studied both |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 14, "sc": 665, "ep": 18, "ec": 472} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 14 | 665 | 18 | 472 | David Zilberman (economist) | Economics of Adoption & Economics of Innovation | modelling of adoption choice (to adopt or not) and adoption intensity (how much to adopt) and emphasized the role of risk and risk aversion, lack of access to credit, and tenancy in slowing adoption of modern technology in developing countries. Economics of Innovation The survey by Sunding and Zilberman (2001), views technological innovations as outcomes of multistage activities (research, development, commercialization, marketing, adoption) affected by economic incentives. They suggest that studies of adoption should explicitly analyze the impact of marketing efforts including, advertisement, money back guarantee, sampling and demonstration.
Graff, Heiman and Zilberman (2002) emphasize the important role of the educational |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 18, "sc": 472, "ep": 22, "ec": 319} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 18 | 472 | 22 | 319 | David Zilberman (economist) | Economics of Innovation & Biotechnology and bioeconomy | industrial complex in introducing modern innovations. University research may come with new concepts and the right to develop these technologies may move to startups that may become or taken over by major companies. Excellence in research and development and affective technology transfer mechanisms are becoming key to strength in agriculture and industry. Biotechnology and bioeconomy Zilberman et al. (2013) looks at the political economy of biotechnology, especially in cross-continental differences in political economic outcomes with regards to adoption of agricultural biotechnology. This analysis contributed to understanding how the ideologies of GM crops have played out in the U.S. versus Europe |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 22, "sc": 319, "ep": 26, "ec": 60} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 22 | 319 | 26 | 60 | David Zilberman (economist) | Biotechnology and bioeconomy & Water | and Africa, and the different interest groups that played a role in this dynamic process. Zilberman, Kaplan, and Wesseler (2015) tried to understand the welfare loss associated with delayed adoption of GM technologies due to regulatory barriers. The article examined the specific context of adoption of Golden Rice, which prevents Vitamin A deficiency, as well as major food crops like corn, wheat, and rice in general. This analysis contributed to understanding welfare implications of lack of GM adoption around the world, using simple economic tools and assumptions about yield effects. Water Caswell and Zilberman (1986) developed a framework to assess |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 26, "sc": 60, "ep": 26, "ec": 729} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 26 | 60 | 26 | 729 | David Zilberman (economist) | Water | the economics of irrigation technology. This framework distinguished between applied water and effective water (water utilized by the crop). Irrigation efficiency (the ration of effective to applied water), is higher with modern irrigation technology and on soils with high water holding capacity. They predict that modern irrigation technologies (drip irrigation) will tend to increase yields but may actually increase water use per unit of land. These technologies are more likely to be adopted on sandy soils, higher value crop and locations with higher cost of water. Taylor and Zilberman (2017) analyze the diffusion of drip irrigation in California, showing that |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 26, "sc": 729, "ep": 26, "ec": 1423} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 26 | 729 | 26 | 1,423 | David Zilberman (economist) | Water | it was first adopted on high value crops, the droughts accelerated the diffusion rate and that the collaboration between extension and private sector was crucial for adapting the technology to different crops and regions.
Zilberman, D., M. Khanna, and L. Lipper (1997), Khanna and Zilberman (2001) extended the notion of water use efficiency for studying the incentives for adoption of modern irrigation technologies to thinking more broadly about technologies that can increase input-use efficiency in a range of other contexts and the economic incentives and barriers to their widespread adoption. These technologies included those that increase energy efficiency of power generation |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 26, "sc": 1423, "ep": 26, "ec": 2107} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 26 | 1,423 | 26 | 2,107 | David Zilberman (economist) | Water | in India, fertilizer use efficiency in corn production in the Midwest and other conservation technologies that can lead to sustainable growth. A key contribution of this work was to show how policy distortions can reduce incentives to adopt technologies that are otherwise economically efficient and environmentally preferred.
Zilberman et al., (2008) and Schoengold, Sproul, and Zilberman (2008) looks at water resource management "in an era of high energy prices". The article found that rising energy prices will hurt pumping of groundwater for agriculture, will increase reliance on hydroelectric, and may cause water to be diverted away from crop agriculture, leading to |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 26, "sc": 2107, "ep": 26, "ec": 2871} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 26 | 2,107 | 26 | 2,871 | David Zilberman (economist) | Water | higher food prices.
Hamilton et al., (2013) models the collective waste disposal problem under network externalities arising from a networked waste disposal system leading to a centralized processing facility. The article found that this setup optimally results in a spatial pattern of worse "local pollution" and lower usage of the disposal system for waste producers farther away from the central facility.
Xie and Zilberman 2016, 2017 address whether two common approaches to tackling water scarcity, namely water use efficiency improvement and water storage capacity expansion, complement or substitute each other. These works explore theoretically counter-intuitive, practically relevant implications on infrastructure investment, consumption |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 26, "sc": 2871, "ep": 34, "ec": 42} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 26 | 2,871 | 34 | 42 | David Zilberman (economist) | Water & Land Use & Pest Management | efficiency, and conservation of water and other resources. Land Use Collender and Zilberman (1985) derived a land allocation rule which is both independent of the nature of the underlying distribution of each element in the choice set and accounts for all moments of that distribution. This decision rule is applied to the choice between cotton and corn in the Mississippi Delta to demonstrate that consideration of just the first two moments of the distribution can often be unjustified and damaging empirically, theoretically, and in terms of the utility of the decision maker. Pest Management Lichtenberg and Zilberman (1986) developed |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 34, "sc": 42, "ep": 36, "ec": 21} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 34 | 42 | 36 | 21 | David Zilberman (economist) | Pest Management & Payment for Ecosystem Services | a damage control function to assess pesticide impacts. Some of the potential output is lost because of pest damage which depend on the pest population, climatic and biophysical conditions. Pest damage can be reduced by application of pest control tools, but the longterm impact may be compromised because of residence. They show that estimation of pesticide productivity requires precise specification of damage functions and misspecification may lead to significant estimation error. The damage control function has had a wide range of applications, including assessing the impact of GMOs, and is reviewed in Sexton, Lei and Zilberman (2007). Payment for Ecosystem |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 36, "sc": 21, "ep": 38, "ec": 655} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 36 | 21 | 38 | 655 | David Zilberman (economist) | Payment for Ecosystem Services | Services Wu, Zilberman and Babcock,(2001) developed a conceptual framework to allocate a public fund that is paying producers to utilize lands or other resources in activities that benefit the environment. Traditional policies aimed to maximize total amount of land enrolled in the programs, others aimed to use resources on the land with the best amenities. The paper shows that is economically efficient to target lands that have the highest ration of environment benefit per acre.
Babcock et al,(1997) demonstrate with data from the Midwest, that while landowners prefer targeting schemes that purchase the less productive land, targeting land with the |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 38, "sc": 655, "ep": 42, "ec": 265} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 38 | 655 | 42 | 265 | David Zilberman (economist) | Payment for Ecosystem Services & Bioeconomics | highest benefit per dollar spent ratio, may increase environmental amenities by 10-30%.
Zilberman, Lipper and McCarthy, (2008) study the distributional effect of payment for ecosystem services. They show paying to divert land from production to environmental activities may harm the poor, while working land program may be good for the environment and the poor. Bioeconomics Zivin, Hueth, and Zilberman (2000) develops a bioeconomic model in which a species is considered both a pest and a resource. Steady state populations and optimal control are shown to depend on a range of regulatory and economic factors. An application to the case |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 42, "sc": 265, "ep": 46, "ec": 416} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 42 | 265 | 46 | 416 | David Zilberman (economist) | Bioeconomics & Animal Waste | of feral pigs in California, suggests that allowing landowners to capture the recreation benefits associated with wild pigs, and thus transforming their land into a multiple-use resource, results in a larger steady-state population of pigs and increased returns to landowners. Animal Waste Ogishi, Zilberman, and Metcalfe (2003) looks at the effectiveness of legislation on controlling animal waste residues has been limited. The article argues that the legislation has not adjusted to recent changes in the structure of livestock production systems, in particular contract farming and industrialization of agriculture. The paper proposes policy reforms that increase liability of large agribusiness firms, |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 46, "sc": 416, "ep": 50, "ec": 461} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 46 | 416 | 50 | 461 | David Zilberman (economist) | Animal Waste & Environmental Regulation | also known as integrators, for the negative environmental side effects caused by their producers’ livestock operations. The reforms should also extend the liability to all participants in animal production and consumption activities. Environmental Regulation Zivin, Just, and Zilberman (2006) investigates the Coase theorem under stochastic externality. Ronald Coase famously won the Nobel prize for his work claiming that a competitive system with well-defined property right assignments, perfect information, and zero transaction costs would attain Pareto optimality through a process of voluntary bargaining and side payments. This paper investigates this claim in the context of a stochastic externality problem and |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 50, "sc": 461, "ep": 50, "ec": 1102} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 50 | 461 | 50 | 1,102 | David Zilberman (economist) | Environmental Regulation | finds that, when at least one agent is risk averse, optimal outcomes are not independent of the initial assignment of property rights. If large, well-connected firms are viewed as (nearly) risk neutral and small firms with limited access to financial management tools are viewed as risk averse, then the results of this paper can easily be translated into practical policy suggestions. When both polluter and pollutee are large, liability rules are of little consequence—agents will bargain to efficient outcomes, i.e. the Coase result obtains. When the polluter is large and the pollutee is small, polluters should face complete liability |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 50, "sc": 1102, "ep": 50, "ec": 1807} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 50 | 1,102 | 50 | 1,807 | David Zilberman (economist) | Environmental Regulation | for damages. When the polluter is small and the pollutee is large, all liability rules will be non-optimal and efforts to contract on verifiable polluter activities, rather than realized damages, will be preferred.
Zivin and Zilberman (2002) develops and implements an economic model of environmental health risk regulation that is based on scientific constructs utilized in public health. This structural specification allows one to identify a menu of policy options, including the selection of optimal policies where vulnerable subgroups of the population are targeted with special exposure-reducing treatments, so called ‘tagging’. Analytic results show that the potential economic gains from |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 50, "sc": 1807, "ep": 54, "ec": 239} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 50 | 1,807 | 54 | 239 | David Zilberman (economist) | Environmental Regulation & Risk Management | tagging will depend critically on the quality of existing capital, the degree of returns to scale in treatment technologies, and the size and sensitivity of the vulnerable population. An empirical application of the model to the case of cryptosporidium in drinking water supplies suggest that tagging can substantially reduce the costs of meeting health standards in small and medium-sized water districts. Risk Management Du et al.(2015) looks at optimal use of risk management tools when multiple tools are available. Contracts and crop insurers are important means for farmers to mitigate risks in modern U.S. agriculture. This article investigates the effect |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 54, "sc": 239, "ep": 58, "ec": 184} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 54 | 239 | 58 | 184 | David Zilberman (economist) | Risk Management & Real Option | of crop insurance enrollment on contract terms and farmers’ participation in marketing contracts and shows that improved terms of crop insurance (lower premiums, higher subsidies) make contracts less appealing to farmers as mechanisms for mitigating risk. Therefore, intermediaries may revise their contract offers so that they are more attractive. However, improvements in contract terms are limited by their cost to the intermediaries and will not lead to expanded participation in contracts. Real Option Zhao and Zilberman (1999) extend the real options theory to account for partial and endogenous reversibility. The article showed that accounting for costly reversibility is critical in |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 58, "sc": 184, "ep": 62, "ec": 202} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 58 | 184 | 62 | 202 | David Zilberman (economist) | Real Option & Supply Chain | water resource development. The real options framework has since been applied to natural resource management and restoration that account for resource conserving technological changes in the future (Zhao and Zilberman, 2001), to money back guarantees where learning about product quality and fit occurs after purchases have been made (Heiman et al., 2002), and technology adoption and adaptation to climate change where irreversibility plays a critical role (Zilberman, Zhao and Heiman, 2012). Supply Chain Ifft et al. (2008) looks at the poultry market participants (chicken farmers, chick producers, commune traders, wholesalers, slaughterhouses, and retail vendors) in and around Ha Noi, Vietnam
Du |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 62, "sc": 202, "ep": 66, "ec": 5} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 62 | 202 | 66 | 5 | David Zilberman (economist) | Supply Chain & Activities and Honors | et al. (2016) and Lu, Reardon, and Zilberman (2017) present a conceptual framework depicting the issues and strategies of a firm with an innovation (in product or technology or system). To “implement” the innovation in terms of procurement of feedstock (intermediate inputs), production and processing, and marketing, the innovating firm undertakes strategic design of its supply chain. It must decide how much to produce, what segments of the supply chain to undertake in-house versus sourcing externally, and what institutions such as contracts and standards it will use to coordinate the suppliers assuring its external sourcing. Activities and Honors He is |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 66, "sc": 5, "ep": 66, "ec": 683} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 66 | 5 | 66 | 683 | David Zilberman (economist) | Activities and Honors | a currently serving as President of the American Agricultural Economics Association (AAEA) and the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists (AERE). He was a recipient of the AAEA 2007 Quality of Communication Award and Outstanding Review of Agricultural Economics Article, the AAEA 2005 Publication of Enduring Quality Award, the 2002 Quality of Research Discovery Award, and the 2000 Cannes Water and the Economy Award. He has served as a consultant for the World Bank, The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the USDA, CGIAR, the Environmental Protection Agency and has served on two National Research Council panels.
Zilberman has worked in |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 66, "sc": 683, "ep": 66, "ec": 1467} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 66 | 683 | 66 | 1,467 | David Zilberman (economist) | Activities and Honors | agricultural economics, environmental economics, resource economics, water, climate change, biofuel and agricultural biotechnology with over 250-refereed articles in journals ranging from Science to the Quarterly Journal of Economics. He is an active advocate of agricultural biotechnology, engaging in public debates on issues surrounding genetically modified technologies and intellectual property. He is a frequent contributor to the Berkeley Blog, a blogging platform for UC Berkeley faculty.
In mid-1990s Zilberman, with fellow economists Vittorio Santaniello and Robert Evenson, established the International Consortium of Agricultural Biotechnology Research which aims to facilitate interaction among researchers and analysts. In 2001, he was the founding co-director |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 66, "sc": 1467, "ep": 70, "ec": 324} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 66 | 1,467 | 70 | 324 | David Zilberman (economist) | Activities and Honors & Awards | of the Beahrs Environmental Leadership program, which provides training in environmental and natural resource science, policy, and leadership. Since then, the program has graduated 670 alumni from over 110 countries. In 2012, with support from the Macarthur Foundation, he started the UC Berkeley Master of Development Practice (MDP), a 2-year professional degree aimed at development practitioners. For 2019 he received the Wolf Prize in Agriculture. Awards Wolf Prize in Agriculture, 2019
President of Agricultural & Applied Economics Association, 2018-19.
Honorary member for life, International Association of Agricultural Economics, 2018.
Member, European Academy of Sciences and Arts, November 2016.
University of California at Berkeley, College |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 70, "sc": 324, "ep": 70, "ec": 704} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 70 | 324 | 70 | 704 | David Zilberman (economist) | Awards | of Natural Resources, Career Achievement Award, 2011.
Agricultural & Applied Economics Association, Publication of Enduring Quality Award, 2005 and 2010.
Fellow, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 2007.
UNESCO International Cannes Prize for Water and the Economy, 2000.
Fellow, American Agricultural Economics Association, 1998. |
{"datasets_id": 161110, "wiki_id": "Q5263762", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 206} | 161,110 | Q5263762 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 206 | Deschutes River State Recreation Area | History & Details | Deschutes River State Recreation Area History The chamber of commerce in The Dalles pushed for a state park at the location beginning in 1955. After years of studies, the state acquired the first tract of land in 1963, when it purchased 30 acres (12 ha) from the Columbia-Deschutes Power Company. In 1963, an additional 5.1 acres (2.1 ha) were purchased from the Miller family and added to the park. Details Deschutes River is one of 28 state parks in Oregon with year-round campgrounds although water is turned off during the winter. There are 34 campsites suitable for recreational vehicles, with electricity and |
{"datasets_id": 161110, "wiki_id": "Q5263762", "sp": 10, "sc": 206, "ep": 10, "ec": 829} | 161,110 | Q5263762 | 10 | 206 | 10 | 829 | Deschutes River State Recreation Area | Details | water available. An additional 25 primitive sites with drinking water and facilities nearby are available. The park is along the Oregon Trail and offers a covered wagon to rent for camping. The park includes showers, mowed lawns, and wildlife viewing. Hiking and biking opportunities include a trail named for former governor Victor G. Atiyeh that runs along the Deschutes. Hunting is also available for pheasant, chukar, and Hungarian partridge during designated seasons for each. Located on the west shore of the Deschutes River, Heritage Landing boat ramp is on the opposite shore from the main access to the park, with |
{"datasets_id": 161110, "wiki_id": "Q5263762", "sp": 10, "sc": 829, "ep": 10, "ec": 896} | 161,110 | Q5263762 | 10 | 829 | 10 | 896 | Deschutes River State Recreation Area | Details | the Lower Deschutes Wildlife Area about one mile (1.6 km) upriver. |
{"datasets_id": 161111, "wiki_id": "Q1210319", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 585} | 161,111 | Q1210319 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 585 | Dictionary of New Zealand Biography | Overview | Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Overview Work on the current version of the DNZB was started in 1983 under the editorship of W. H. Oliver. The first volume covered the period 1769–1869 and was published in 1990. The four subsequent volumes were all edited by Claudia Orange, and they were published in 1993 (1879–1900), 1996 (1901–1920), 1998 (1920–1940), and 2000 (1941–1960).
These later volumes made a conscious effort to move away from the male and Pākehā-dominated coverage of early works to a more representative view of New Zealand. Women who had done well in male-dominated fields (Sybil Audrey Marie Lupp, Amy |
{"datasets_id": 161111, "wiki_id": "Q1210319", "sp": 6, "sc": 585, "ep": 6, "ec": 1266} | 161,111 | Q1210319 | 6 | 585 | 6 | 1,266 | Dictionary of New Zealand Biography | Overview | Isabella Johnston, Mary Jane Innes, Alice Woodward Horsley, Nora Mary Crawford, etc.) were included, as were Māori, a range of ordinary people (Joseph Zillwood, etc.) and criminals (Edward Raymond Horton, Jessie Finnie, etc.). Many of these people were included because detailed accounts of their lives were readily available, in archives, academic studies and official histories. Others were prolific diarists (Catherine Fulton, Sarah Louise Mathew, Alexander Whisker, James Cox, etc.).
Helen Clark as Minister of Arts, Culture and Heritage launched the online version of the DNZB on 19 February 2002. The online version was first promoted by Judith Tizard, a graduate in |
{"datasets_id": 161111, "wiki_id": "Q1210319", "sp": 6, "sc": 1266, "ep": 6, "ec": 1857} | 161,111 | Q1210319 | 6 | 1,266 | 6 | 1,857 | Dictionary of New Zealand Biography | Overview | history from the University of Auckland, which was supported by Clark, who had also graduated in history from the same university, and endorsed by Michael Cullen, who had been a history lecturer at the University of Otago.
The dictionary was integrated into Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand in December 2010. In 2017 the Ministry for Culture and Heritage announced a 'new phase' in the life of the DNZB, with the addition of an essay about Tupaia; this was followed in 2018 by 25 new essays to mark the 125th anniversary of women's suffrage in New Zealand. Subsequent rounds |
{"datasets_id": 161111, "wiki_id": "Q1210319", "sp": 6, "sc": 1857, "ep": 18, "ec": 28} | 161,111 | Q1210319 | 6 | 1,857 | 18 | 28 | Dictionary of New Zealand Biography | Overview & Representative entries & Jessie Finnie & Nielsine Paget | will illuminate the lives of significant and representative people from a cross-section of New Zealand society, with a focus on the decades after 1960. Representative entries A number of entries were added to make the dictionary more representative of population covered, boosting the numbers of women, Māori, and other minority groups. A number of these are not based on secondary sources, as encyclopaedias traditionally are, but instead on primary sources, because no secondary sources exist for these individuals. Jessie Finnie Finnie (c.1822–?) was a prostitute. She was born in Scotland in circa 1822. Nielsine Paget Nielsine Paget (21 July 1858 |
{"datasets_id": 161111, "wiki_id": "Q1210319", "sp": 18, "sc": 28, "ep": 22, "ec": 106} | 161,111 | Q1210319 | 18 | 28 | 22 | 106 | Dictionary of New Zealand Biography | Nielsine Paget & Barbara Weldon | – 13 July 1932) was a homemaker and community worker in southern Hawke's Bay. Barbara Weldon Weldon (1829–1882) was a prostitute and character. She was born in County Limerick, Ireland in about 1829. |
{"datasets_id": 161112, "wiki_id": "Q962104", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 540} | 161,112 | Q962104 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 540 | Distaff | Distaff A distaff (/ˈdɪstɑːf/, /ˈdɪstæf/, also called a rock) is a tool used in spinning. It is designed to hold the unspun fibers, keeping them untangled and thus easing the spinning process. It is most commonly used to hold flax, and sometimes wool, but can be used for any type of fiber. Fiber is wrapped around the distaff, and tied in place with a piece of ribbon or string. The word comes from dis in Low German, meaning a bunch of flax, connected with staff.
As an adjective the term distaff is used to describe the female side of a |
|
{"datasets_id": 161112, "wiki_id": "Q962104", "sp": 4, "sc": 540, "ep": 8, "ec": 529} | 161,112 | Q962104 | 4 | 540 | 8 | 529 | Distaff | Form | family. Form In Western Europe there were two common forms of distaves, depending on the spinning method. The traditional form is a staff, held under one's arm while using a spindle. It is about 3 feet (0.9 m) long, held under the left arm, with the left hand drawing the fibers from it. This version is the older of the two, as spindle spinning predates spinning on a wheel.
A distaff can also be mounted as an attachment to a spinning wheel. On a wheel it is placed next to the bobbin, where it is in easy reach of the spinner. This |
{"datasets_id": 161112, "wiki_id": "Q962104", "sp": 8, "sc": 529, "ep": 8, "ec": 1129} | 161,112 | Q962104 | 8 | 529 | 8 | 1,129 | Distaff | Form | version is shorter, but otherwise does not differ from the spindle version.
By contrast, the traditional Russian distaff, used both with spinning wheels and spindles, is L-shaped, and consists of a horizontal board, known as the dontse (Russian: донце), and a flat vertical piece, frequently oar-shaped, to the inner side of which the bundle of fibers was tied or pinned. The spinner sat on the dontse with the vertical piece of the distaff to her left, and drew the fibers out with her left hand. The distaff was often richly carved and painted, and was an important element of Russian folk |
{"datasets_id": 161112, "wiki_id": "Q962104", "sp": 8, "sc": 1129, "ep": 12, "ec": 113} | 161,112 | Q962104 | 8 | 1,129 | 12 | 113 | Distaff | Form & Dressing | art.
Recently handspinners have begun using wrist-distaves to hold their fiber; these are made of flexible material such as braided yarn, and can swing freely from the wrist. They generally consist of a loop with a tail, at the end of which is a tassel, often with beads on each strand. The spinner wraps the roving or tow around the tail and through the loop to keep it out of the way, and to keep it from getting snagged. Dressing Dressing a distaff is the act of wrapping the fiber around the distaff. With flax, the wrapping is done by laying |
{"datasets_id": 161112, "wiki_id": "Q962104", "sp": 12, "sc": 113, "ep": 16, "ec": 350} | 161,112 | Q962104 | 12 | 113 | 16 | 350 | Distaff | Dressing & Other meanings | the flax fibers down, approximately parallel to each other and the distaff, then carefully rolling the fibers onto the distaff. A ribbon or string is then tied at the top, and loosely wrapped around the fibers to keep them in place. Other meanings The term distaff is also used as an adjective to describe the matrilineal branch of a family, i.e., to the person's mother and her blood relatives. This term developed in the English-speaking communities where a distaff spinning tool was used often to symbolize domestic life.
One still recognized use of the term is in horse racing, in which |
{"datasets_id": 161112, "wiki_id": "Q962104", "sp": 16, "sc": 350, "ep": 16, "ec": 962} | 161,112 | Q962104 | 16 | 350 | 16 | 962 | Distaff | Other meanings | races limited to female horses are referred to as distaff races. From 1984 until 2007, at the American Breeders' Cup World Championships, the major race for fillies and mares was the Breeders' Cup Distaff. From 2008 to 2012, the event was referred to as the Breeders' Cup Ladies' Classic. Starting in 2013, the name of the race changed back to being called the Breeders' Cup Distaff. It is commonly regarded as the female analog to the better-known Breeders' Cup Classic, though female horses are not barred from entering that race.
In Norse mythology, the goddess Frigg spins clouds from her bejewelled |
{"datasets_id": 161112, "wiki_id": "Q962104", "sp": 16, "sc": 962, "ep": 16, "ec": 1071} | 161,112 | Q962104 | 16 | 962 | 16 | 1,071 | Distaff | Other meanings | distaff in the Norse constellation known as Frigg's Spinning Wheel (Friggerock, also known as Orion's belt). |
{"datasets_id": 161113, "wiki_id": "Q2291726", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 18, "ec": 46} | 161,113 | Q2291726 | 2 | 0 | 18 | 46 | DotGNU | Portable.NET & phpGroupWare & DGEE & libJIT | DotGNU Portable.NET DotGNU Portable.NET, an implementation of the ECMA-335 Common Language Infrastructure (CLI), includes software to compile and run Visual Basic .NET, C#, and C applications that use the .NET base class libraries, XML, and Windows Forms. Portable.NET claims to support various instruction set architectures including x86, PPC, ARM, and SPARC. phpGroupWare phpGroupWare, a multi-user web-based GroupWare suite, which also serves to provide a collection of webservice components that can be accessed through XML-RPC so that can easily integrate them into webservice applications. DGEE DotGNU Execution Environment (DGEE) is a web service server. libJIT The libJIT just-in-time compilation library is |
{"datasets_id": 161113, "wiki_id": "Q2291726", "sp": 18, "sc": 46, "ep": 22, "ec": 254} | 161,113 | Q2291726 | 18 | 46 | 22 | 254 | DotGNU | libJIT & Framework architecture | a library for development of advanced just-in-time compilation in virtual machine implementations, dynamic programming languages, and scripting languages. It implements an intermediate representation based on three-address code, in which variables are kept in static single assignment form.
libJIT has also seen some use in other open source projects, including GNU Emacs ILDJIT and HornetsEye . Framework architecture The Portable .NET class library seeks to provide facilities for application development. These are primarily written in C#, but because of the Common Language Specification they can be used by any .NET language. Like .NET, the class library is structured |
{"datasets_id": 161113, "wiki_id": "Q2291726", "sp": 22, "sc": 254, "ep": 28, "ec": 10} | 161,113 | Q2291726 | 22 | 254 | 28 | 10 | DotGNU | Framework architecture & Free software & DotGNU and Microsoft’s patents | into Namespaces and Assemblies. It has additional top-level namespaces including Accessibility and DotGNU. In a typical operation, the Portable .NET compiler generates a Common Language Specification (CLS) image, as specified in chapter 6 of ECMA-335, and the Portable .NET runtime takes this image and runs it. Free software DotGNU points out that it is Free Software, and it sets out to ensure that all aspects of DotGNU minimize dependence on proprietary components, such as calls to Microsoft Windows' GUI code. DotGNU was one of the High Priority Free Software Projects from July 31, 2007 till October 2, 2008. DotGNU and |
{"datasets_id": 161113, "wiki_id": "Q2291726", "sp": 28, "sc": 10, "ep": 30, "ec": 678} | 161,113 | Q2291726 | 28 | 10 | 30 | 678 | DotGNU | DotGNU and Microsoft’s patents | Microsoft’s patents DotGNU’s implementation of those components of the .NET stack not submitted to the ECMA for standardization has been the source of patent violation concerns for much of the life of the project. In particular, discussion has taken place about whether Microsoft could destroy the DotGNU project through patent suits.
The base technologies submitted to the ECMA may be non-problematic. The concerns primarily relate to technologies developed by Microsoft on top of the .NET Framework, such as ASP.NET, ADO.NET, and Windows Forms (see Non standardized namespaces), i.e. parts composing DotGNU’s Windows compatibility stack. These technologies are today not fully implemented |
{"datasets_id": 161113, "wiki_id": "Q2291726", "sp": 30, "sc": 678, "ep": 30, "ec": 1358} | 161,113 | Q2291726 | 30 | 678 | 30 | 1,358 | DotGNU | DotGNU and Microsoft’s patents | in DotGNU and are not required for developing DotGNU-applications.
In 2009, Microsoft released .NET Micro Framework under Apache License, Version 2.0, which includes a patent grant. However, the .NET Micro Framework is a reimplementation of the CLR and limited subset of the base class libraries meant for use on embedded devices. Additionally, the patent grant in the Apache License would have protected only contributors and users of the .NET Micro Framework—not users and developers of alternative implementations such as DotGNU or Mono.
In 2014, Microsoft released Roslyn, the next generation official Microsoft C# compiler, under the Apache License. Later |
{"datasets_id": 161113, "wiki_id": "Q2291726", "sp": 30, "sc": 1358, "ep": 30, "ec": 1663} | 161,113 | Q2291726 | 30 | 1,358 | 30 | 1,663 | DotGNU | DotGNU and Microsoft’s patents | that year, Microsoft announced a "reboot" of the official .NET Framework. The framework would be based on .NET Core, including the official runtime and standard libraries released under the MIT License and a patent grant explicitly protecting recipients from Microsoft-owned patents regarding .NET Core. |
{"datasets_id": 161114, "wiki_id": "Q3663896", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 217} | 161,114 | Q3663896 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 217 | Doti | Etymology & Conflict With Gorkhalis | Doti Etymology The name Doti is believed to have originated from the word Dovati, which means the land area between the confluence of two rivers.
Other view is that the original name of Doti was devatavi= dev+aatavi or aalaya (dev meaning Hindu God and aatavi meaning the place of re-creation or the place of attaining a meditation in Sanskrit). Conflict With Gorkhalis The historic place of war between the Doti Kingdom and Nepal (Gorkha Kingdom) during the period of Gorkha Expansion in 1790, according to the history of Nepal, is Nari-Dang which lies on the bank of the Seti River and |
{"datasets_id": 161114, "wiki_id": "Q3663896", "sp": 10, "sc": 217, "ep": 14, "ec": 393} | 161,114 | Q3663896 | 10 | 217 | 14 | 393 | Doti | Conflict With Gorkhalis & Mogul invasion on Far-Western Nepal | Dumrakot was the base of the Doti Kingdom during the fighting against the Gorkhalis.
In the war with the Gorkhalis, the Doti kingdom was defeated and Doteli King fled to Pilibhit. Mogul invasion on Far-Western Nepal During the period of Akbar's rule in the 16th century, the Moguls had attacked the Raikas of Doti. They invaded Ajemeru, capital of the Raika Kingdom. Ajemeru is now in Dadeldhura District of far western region of Nepal. Hussain Khan, army chief of Akbar residing in Lucknow had led the attack. According to `Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni (c. 1540 - 1615), Indo-Persian historian during Mughal Empire, |
{"datasets_id": 161114, "wiki_id": "Q3663896", "sp": 14, "sc": 393, "ep": 18, "ec": 377} | 161,114 | Q3663896 | 14 | 393 | 18 | 377 | Doti | Mogul invasion on Far-Western Nepal & Khairgarh-Singhai State | Mughal Army chief of Lukhnow, Hussian Khan, lured by the wealth and treasures of the kingdom of the Raikas, wanted to plunder the state, this being the motive behind the assault; but they did not succeed. Khairgarh-Singhai State Raja Deep Shahi was expelled from Nepal in 1790 A.D and on arriving to Terai of Oudh (now Lakhimpur Kheri District of Uttar Pradesh of India) he established Khairgarh-Singhai State in Khairigarh under British India.
Kanchanpur Praganna (now the District of Kaillali and Kanchanpur of Nepal) was also the parts of his State or Zamindari. He succeeded in defeating the |
{"datasets_id": 161114, "wiki_id": "Q3663896", "sp": 18, "sc": 377, "ep": 22, "ec": 471} | 161,114 | Q3663896 | 18 | 377 | 22 | 471 | Doti | Khairgarh-Singhai State & Geography | Banjaras rulers of Khairigarh and establishing himself not only in that Pargana but also in parts of Bhur. His state was merged with India In 1947 after Indian Independence. Geography The Far-Western Development Region has the Mid-Western Development Region to the east, Uttar Pradesh (India) to the south, Uttarakhand (India) to the west and the Tibet Autonomous Region (People's Republic of China) to the north.
The highest mountain in the region is the Api Peak, with 7,132 m (23,399 ft) high; it is in the Darchula district. Other high mountain is Saipal, 7,031 m (23,068 ft) high, in the Bajhang district.
The most important rivers in |
{"datasets_id": 161114, "wiki_id": "Q3663896", "sp": 22, "sc": 471, "ep": 30, "ec": 137} | 161,114 | Q3663896 | 22 | 471 | 30 | 137 | Doti | Geography & Demographics & Language and culture | the Far-Western Development Region are the Seti and the Mahakali ( Kali orSharda in India) rivers; both rivers are tributaries of the Ghaghara or Karnali river. Demographics It is the smallest Development Region of Nepal with an area of 19,539 km² (7,544 sq mi) and also with the lowest population with 2,552,517 people living there; its population density is the second lowest of all the regions, with 130.6 persons/km². Main ethnic group are chhetris 76% Language and culture Dotiyali or Dotyali (Also Doteli) and Kumauni is the local language spoken in Doti region or far western region of Nepal. Dotiyali which |
{"datasets_id": 161114, "wiki_id": "Q3663896", "sp": 30, "sc": 137, "ep": 30, "ec": 766} | 161,114 | Q3663896 | 30 | 137 | 30 | 766 | Doti | Language and culture | is similar to Kumauni language is one of language of Indo-European family. According to Rahul Sankrityayan, Dotiyali is the dialect of Kumauni language which was brought in Doti by section of Katyuri dynasty of kumaoun which had ruled over Doti till 1790. Therefore, It is mainly an offshoot of Katyuri language which is now in the form of mixture of several North Indian languages.Doti Kingdom was ruled by Katyuri Dynasty established after the destruction of previous Katyuri kingdom into eight different princely states.
According to the census (2011) total 7,87,827 of the population speaks Doteli and 2,72,524 of |
{"datasets_id": 161114, "wiki_id": "Q3663896", "sp": 30, "sc": 766, "ep": 30, "ec": 1468} | 161,114 | Q3663896 | 30 | 766 | 30 | 1,468 | Doti | Language and culture | the population speaks Kumauni (Baitadeli) in Far western region of Nepal which is now recognized as a separate language of Nepal . Local intellectuals and people speaking Dotiyali language were increasingly demanding that their language be recognized as one of the other national languages of Nepal.
Inhabitants of two terai districts Kailali District and Kanchanpur District speak different languages. Rana-tharu and Dangaura-tharu speaks their own language. Language spoken by Rana-tharus is Hindi Dialect and Dangaura-tharu speaks Tharu Language.
Traditional dance and songs Chhaliya, Bhada, Jhora Chapeli, Rung Culture of Rung people (Sauka), Baira song, Deuda ,Chait and Jagar |
{"datasets_id": 161114, "wiki_id": "Q3663896", "sp": 30, "sc": 1468, "ep": 30, "ec": 1916} | 161,114 | Q3663896 | 30 | 1,468 | 30 | 1,916 | Doti | Language and culture | are part of the culture. Jagara and Chait tales of bravery is most important culture in Doti since Katyuri period. Chait tales about bravery of Senapati Piri Bohara( Doti) is singing in Gaura parva . Jhusia Damai of Baskot of Baitadi District (stayed in Dharchula India) was famous Jagar singer.The major festivals of Doti are mainly Gora (Gamra), Kumauni holi, Bishpati, Harela, Raksha Bandhab (Rakhi) Dashin, Diwali, Makar Sankranti, and others. |
{"datasets_id": 161115, "wiki_id": "Q16253013", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 651} | 161,115 | Q16253013 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 651 | Electoral district of Ballaarat | Electoral district of Ballaarat The Electoral district of Ballaarat was an electoral district of the old unicameral Victorian Legislative Council of 1851 to 1856. Victoria being a colony in Australia at the time. Ballaarat (also spelled Ballarat) was added to the Council in 1855, along with four other districts.
The Electoral district of Ballarat's area included the parishes of Ballaarat, Dowling Forest, Burrumbeet, Ascot, Glendaruel, Creswick, and Spring Hill.
Ballaarat was abolished along with all the other districts in the Legislative Council in 1856 as part of the new Parliament of Victoria. New Provinces were created that made up the Legislative Council, |
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{"datasets_id": 161115, "wiki_id": "Q16253013", "sp": 4, "sc": 651, "ep": 4, "ec": 688} | 161,115 | Q16253013 | 4 | 651 | 4 | 688 | Electoral district of Ballaarat | which was the upper house from 1856. |
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{"datasets_id": 161116, "wiki_id": "Q5360117", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 110} | 161,116 | Q5360117 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 110 | Elham Galica | Club career | Elham Galica Club career On 31 January 2010 Galica signs for KS Pogradeci on loan from KS Vllaznia Shkoder until the end of the season. |
{"datasets_id": 161117, "wiki_id": "Q22076473", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 548} | 161,117 | Q22076473 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 548 | Elmwood, Texas | History | Elmwood, Texas History Elmwood was first settled in the 1850's. It was then named for the elm trees in the area in 1881. The community was recognized by the Anderson County Herald for having a society that was literary and debating and meeting every two weeks. It applied for a post office that year, but it was unsuccessful. There were two stores and a barbershop operating in Elmwood in the 1920s. It had only one business and ten inhabitants in 1933. The community's farms produced mostly cotton, poultry, and dairy products. It had 20 residents from 1952 to 1987, and |
{"datasets_id": 161117, "wiki_id": "Q22076473", "sp": 6, "sc": 548, "ep": 14, "ec": 187} | 161,117 | Q22076473 | 6 | 548 | 14 | 187 | Elmwood, Texas | History & Geography & Education | had a church in 1985. The population was 25 in 2000. Geography Elmwood sits at the juncture of an unknown county road and Farm to Market Road 315, 11 mi (18 km) northeast of Palestine in northeastern Anderson County. Education Elmwood had its own school in 1932, and had 56 white students and 112 African American students enrolled in it. Today the community is served by the Palestine Independent School District. |
{"datasets_id": 161118, "wiki_id": "Q122587", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 612} | 161,118 | Q122587 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 612 | Emil Hartwich | Early life and career | Emil Hartwich Early life and career Hartwich was the son of Emil Hermann Hartwich, the building surveyor and railway engineer of the Danziger government. Hartwich's early years were characterized by considerable moving about among different parts of Germany. Having attended elementary school in Danzig, in 1853 he was sent to the Humanistische Gymnasium in Berlin, and from 1856 to the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium in Cologne.
In 1862 he took up study of jurisprudence at the University of Heidelberg, where he became a member of the ancient student fraternity, the Corps Rhenania. He completed his education at the University of Berlin and |
{"datasets_id": 161118, "wiki_id": "Q122587", "sp": 6, "sc": 612, "ep": 10, "ec": 142} | 161,118 | Q122587 | 6 | 612 | 10 | 142 | Emil Hartwich | Early life and career & Affair with Elisabeth von Ardenne and death | in 1868 entered the Prussian Judiciary. In 1874 he became an assistant judge (Hilfsrichter) in the District Court of Düsseldorf and in 1879 a Justice of the Peace (Amtsrichter).
In addition to his judicial work, Hartwich exerted himself in promoting the physical education of the young, published several writings on the subject and took part in founding the Association for Promotion of Personal Hygiene (Zentralvereins für Körperpflege in Volk und Schule). Affair with Elisabeth von Ardenne and death In the summer of 1881 Hartwich, who was suffering from the throes of his unhappy marriage, became acquainted with young Elisabeth von Ardenne, |
{"datasets_id": 161118, "wiki_id": "Q122587", "sp": 10, "sc": 142, "ep": 10, "ec": 774} | 161,118 | Q122587 | 10 | 142 | 10 | 774 | Emil Hartwich | Affair with Elisabeth von Ardenne and death | who was ten years his junior. She had recently arrived in Düsseldorf together with her husband Armand Leon von Ardenne, due to Armand's ascent within the country’s political hierarchy. Emil Hartwich and Elisabeth von Ardenne soon turned out to have many things in common, such as their love for theatre plays. The correspondence between them did not even cease when Ardenne returned to Berlin on 1 October 1884, with Elisabeth and the couple’s two young children following him.
Hartwich continued to pay erratic visits to Elisabeth and her husband even after the couple’s departure. While he was sojourning in Berlin during |
{"datasets_id": 161118, "wiki_id": "Q122587", "sp": 10, "sc": 774, "ep": 10, "ec": 1408} | 161,118 | Q122587 | 10 | 774 | 10 | 1,408 | Emil Hartwich | Affair with Elisabeth von Ardenne and death | the summer of 1886, he and Elisabeth both resolved to divorce their respective spouses and to marry each other. Ardenne, however, saw his secretly harboured suspicions confirmed when he located the hiding place of the letters which his wife and Hartwich had been exchanging over the course of several years.
Thereupon he filed for divorce and challenged his rival to a duel, an event upon which massive media coverage had been centred before it took place on 27 November 1886. Hartwich sustained severe injuries and died four days after the duel on 1 December 1886.
Although Armand von Ardenne was initially sentenced |
{"datasets_id": 161118, "wiki_id": "Q122587", "sp": 10, "sc": 1408, "ep": 10, "ec": 1927} | 161,118 | Q122587 | 10 | 1,408 | 10 | 1,927 | Emil Hartwich | Affair with Elisabeth von Ardenne and death | to two years’ imprisonment, his prison term was reduced to merely eighteen days not long afterwards.
The affair formed the historical background for the well-known novel "Effi Briest" by Theodor Fontane. Though Fontane changed the names and many of the concrete details, the affair was well-known enough for the background to be clear.
Elisabeth von Ardenne long survived her lover, living until 1952.
The Hartwichstrasse (Hartwich Street) in Düsseldorf-Oberkassel is named after Emil Hartwich. |
{"datasets_id": 161119, "wiki_id": "Q22277700", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 309} | 161,119 | Q22277700 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 309 | Emkej | Early career & Tekochee Kru and later career | Emkej Early career Emkej started his rap career at a local group called B-Squad, formed with his friend Sniki and his neighbour Kato, who was the group's producer. Together they recorded music mostly at home and appeared at various local hip hop shows. Tekochee Kru and later career In 2005, Emkej and Sniki joined one of Maribor's best known hip hop groups, Tekochee Kru. The first quickly established himself as the most prolific rapper among 7 members, appearing the most on their studio debut and also releasing his solo effort, titled 'Šmorn' in 2010. He continued touring the nation and |
{"datasets_id": 161119, "wiki_id": "Q22277700", "sp": 10, "sc": 309, "ep": 10, "ec": 344} | 161,119 | Q22277700 | 10 | 309 | 10 | 344 | Emkej | Tekochee Kru and later career | released his second album in 2012. |
{"datasets_id": 161120, "wiki_id": "Q5400866", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 324} | 161,120 | Q5400866 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 324 | Esteghlal Jonoub Tehran S.C. | Establishment & League 2 | Esteghlal Jonoub Tehran S.C. Establishment Founded in 1990 by fans of Esteghlal Tehran, Esteghlal Jonoub Tehran SC was officially registered in 2000. Besides football the club also consists of various other departments including athletics, basketball, handball, table tennis, volleyball, taekwondo, weightlifting and wrestling. League 2 Between 2007 and 2011 Esteghlal Jonoub played in League 2, formerly known as Iran Football's 2nd Division. In 2011 Esteghlal Jonoub were promoted to the Azadegan League. They finished 1st of Group B in 2010–11 Iran Football's 2nd Division. However, in August 2011 the license of the club in the Azadegan League was bought by |
{"datasets_id": 161120, "wiki_id": "Q5400866", "sp": 10, "sc": 324, "ep": 22, "ec": 159} | 161,120 | Q5400866 | 10 | 324 | 22 | 159 | Esteghlal Jonoub Tehran S.C. | League 2 & League 3 & Dissolotion & Stadium | Esteghlal Khuzestan. League 3 After Esteghlal Khuzestan bought the license of Esteghlal Jonoub, the club was offset in 2011–12 Iran Football's 3rd Division. They finished 3rd of Group 3 in that season. Dissolotion on July 19, 2018, the club was sold and named Pesepolis Pakdasht. Stadium Esteghlal Jonoub plays their home games at their own Esteghlal Jonoub Stadium which is located in the Shahid Rajaei Street. The stadium has an artificial turf. |
{"datasets_id": 161121, "wiki_id": "Q3702700", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 110} | 161,121 | Q3702700 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 110 | Euroleague 2012–13 Regular Season Group A | Euroleague 2012–13 Regular Season Group A Standings and Results for Group A of the Regular Season phase of the 2012–13 Euroleague basketball tournament. |
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{"datasets_id": 161122, "wiki_id": "Q1352521", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 569} | 161,122 | Q1352521 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 569 | Extrusive rock | Extrusive rock Extrusive rock refers to the mode of igneous volcanic rock formation in which hot magma from inside the Earth flows out (extrudes) onto the surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff. This is as opposed to intrusive rock formation, in which magma does not reach the surface.
The main effect of extrusion is that the magma can cool much more quickly in the open air or under seawater, and there is little time for the growth of crystals. Sometimes, a residual portion of the matrix fails to crystallize at all, |
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{"datasets_id": 161122, "wiki_id": "Q1352521", "sp": 4, "sc": 569, "ep": 4, "ec": 935} | 161,122 | Q1352521 | 4 | 569 | 4 | 935 | Extrusive rock | instead becoming a natural glass or obsidian.
If the magma contains abundant volatile components which are released as free gas, then it may cool with large or small vesicles (bubble-shaped cavities) such as in pumice, scoria, or vesicular basalt. Examples of extrusive rocks include basalt, rhyolite, andesite, obsidian and pumice, scoria, and feldspar. |
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{"datasets_id": 161123, "wiki_id": "Q335541", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 549} | 161,123 | Q335541 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 549 | Exxon Valdez | Carrier | Exxon Valdez Carrier The tanker was 301 meters long, 51 meters wide, 26 meters depth (987 ft x 166 ft x 88 ft), with a deadweight of 214,861 long tons and a full-load displacement of 240,291 long tons. The ship was able to transport up to 235,000 m³ (1.48 million barrels) at a sustained speed of 30 km/h 16.25 knots, powered by a 23.60 MW (31,650 shp) diesel engine. Her hull design was of the single-hull type, constructed by National Steel and Shipbuilding Company in San Diego, California. She was a relatively new tanker at the time of the spill, and was delivered |
{"datasets_id": 161123, "wiki_id": "Q335541", "sp": 6, "sc": 549, "ep": 10, "ec": 520} | 161,123 | Q335541 | 6 | 549 | 10 | 520 | Exxon Valdez | Carrier & Prince William Sound oil spill | to Exxon on December 16, 1986. Prince William Sound oil spill At the time of the spill, Exxon Valdez was employed to transport crude oil from the Alyeska consortium's pipeline terminal in Valdez, Alaska, to the lower 48 states of the United States. At the time it ran aground, the vessel was carrying about 201,000 m³ (53.1 million gallons) of oil. After the spill, the vessel was towed to San Diego, arriving on June 10, 1989, and repairs were started on June 30, 1989. Approximately 1,600 tons of steel were removed and replaced that July, totaling US$30 million of repairs to the |
{"datasets_id": 161123, "wiki_id": "Q335541", "sp": 10, "sc": 520, "ep": 14, "ec": 402} | 161,123 | Q335541 | 10 | 520 | 14 | 402 | Exxon Valdez | Prince William Sound oil spill & Litigation | tanker. Its single-hull design remained unaltered.
The Exxon Valdez spill occurred under President George H. W. Bush, whose EPA Administrator William K. Reilly played a significant role in mobilizing presidential support for action to contain and clean up the spill. Litigation Litigation was filed on behalf of 38,000 litigants. In 1994, a jury awarded plaintiffs US$287 million in compensatory damages and US$5 billion in punitive damages. Exxon appealed and the Ninth Circuit Court reduced the punitive damages to US$2.5 billion. Exxon then appealed the punitive damages to the Supreme Court which capped the damages to US$507.5 million in June, 2008. On August 27, 2008, Exxon |
{"datasets_id": 161123, "wiki_id": "Q335541", "sp": 14, "sc": 402, "ep": 18, "ec": 371} | 161,123 | Q335541 | 14 | 402 | 18 | 371 | Exxon Valdez | Litigation & Return to service | Mobil agreed to pay 75% of the US$507.5 million damages ruling to settle the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill off Alaska.
In June 2009, a federal ruling ordered Exxon to pay an additional US$480 million in interest on their delayed punitive damage awards. Return to service After repairs, Exxon Valdez was renamed Exxon Mediterranean, then SeaRiver Mediterranean in the early 1990s, when Exxon transferred its shipping business to a new subsidiary company, River Maritime Inc. The name was later shortened to S/R Mediterranean, then to simply Mediterranean in 2005. Although Exxon tried briefly to return the ship to its North American fleet, it |
{"datasets_id": 161123, "wiki_id": "Q335541", "sp": 18, "sc": 371, "ep": 18, "ec": 1008} | 161,123 | Q335541 | 18 | 371 | 18 | 1,008 | Exxon Valdez | Return to service | was prohibited by law from returning to Prince William Sound. It then served in Europe, the Middle East and Asia. In 2002, the ship was again removed from service. In 2005, it began operating under the Marshall Islands flag of convenience. Since then, European Union regulations have also prevented vessels with single-hull designs such as the Valdez from entering European ports. In early 2008, SeaRiver Maritime, an ExxonMobil subsidiary, sold Mediterranean to the Hong Kong-based shipping company, Hong Kong Bloom Shipping Ltd., which renamed the ship, once again, to Dong Fang Ocean, under Panama registry. In 2008, she was refitted |
{"datasets_id": 161123, "wiki_id": "Q335541", "sp": 18, "sc": 1008, "ep": 26, "ec": 237} | 161,123 | Q335541 | 18 | 1,008 | 26 | 237 | Exxon Valdez | Return to service & Collision with MV Aali & Retirement | and converted from an oil tanker to an ore carrier. Collision with MV Aali On November 29, 2010, Dong Fang Ocean collided in the South China Sea with the Malta-flagged cargo ship, Aali. Both vessels were severely damaged in the incident, and Aali was towed to Weihai and Dong Fang Ocean was towed to Longyan Port in Shandong. Retirement In March 2012, Dong Fang Ocean was purchased by Global Marketing Systems, Inc. for scrap at an estimated US$16 million and sailed under her own power to a ship breaker in Singapore. She changed hands again among scrap merchants (a common |
{"datasets_id": 161123, "wiki_id": "Q335541", "sp": 26, "sc": 237, "ep": 30, "ec": 102} | 161,123 | Q335541 | 26 | 237 | 30 | 102 | Exxon Valdez | Retirement & In popular culture | occurrence) and was eventually routed to Alang, India, under the ownership of Priya Blue Industries and at some point renamed Oriental Nicety. Before being beached, some tried to halt the action, arguing that the vessel was in breach of the Basel Convention. On 30 July 2012, the Supreme Court of India granted permission for the owners of Oriental Nicety to beach her at Gujarat coast to be dismantled. She was then beached at Alang on 2 August 2012. In popular culture In the sitcom Friends, Exxon Valdez is mentioned when Phoebe is asked to name one of Frank and Alice's |
{"datasets_id": 161123, "wiki_id": "Q335541", "sp": 30, "sc": 102, "ep": 30, "ec": 755} | 161,123 | Q335541 | 30 | 102 | 30 | 755 | Exxon Valdez | In popular culture | triplets. She says she wants to give the baby a "strong and confident name, something like Exxon", and Chandler answers, "Well, it certainly worked for that Valdez kid".
In the 1995 film Waterworld, the base for the villainous "smokers" is a ship called Exxon Valdez, prominently featuring a portrait of Joe Hazelwood, the captain of the real Exxon Valdez.
Exxon Valdez is mentioned in the TV show Breaking Bad where a character compares another character's likeliness to 'spill' a secret with the aforementioned ship.
El Valdez appeared in the animated comedy American Dad! in the episode "You Debt Your Life". Roger is getting |
{"datasets_id": 161123, "wiki_id": "Q335541", "sp": 30, "sc": 755, "ep": 30, "ec": 1342} | 161,123 | Q335541 | 30 | 755 | 30 | 1,342 | Exxon Valdez | In popular culture | the captain of the ship drunk and the ship is seen crashing into an iceberg, which references the oil spill in Alaska.
In Top Gear Season 6 Episode 2, James May buys a Jaguar XJS which has a serious oil leak. It is jokingly referred to at one point as 'The Exxon Valdez'.
Exxon Valdez can be seen at 1:49 of the Scorpions "Wind of Change" music video.
The Futurama episode "The Birdbot of Ice-Catraz" is a parody of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, with the dark matter tanker named the Juan Valdez.
The Graf Orlock song: Nursing a Hangover from their 2016 LP |
{"datasets_id": 161123, "wiki_id": "Q335541", "sp": 30, "sc": 1342, "ep": 30, "ec": 1388} | 161,123 | Q335541 | 30 | 1,342 | 30 | 1,388 | Exxon Valdez | In popular culture | Crimetraveler is a reference to the incident. |
{"datasets_id": 161124, "wiki_id": "Q5243907", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 546} | 161,124 | Q5243907 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 546 | Eyke | Early history | Eyke Early history The name 'Eyke' previously derived from the word 'Oak' had a number of changes and various spellings to its name, some earlier names for the small settlement where "Eike, Ike, Yke, Eyck, as it has been variously spelt." Eyke was first mentioned during the reign of Henry II, "when the King held Staverton Manor from 1171–1185. Adam de Eik had to pay a fine of three marks" but for what, this is not known. Eyke has quite a strong history of revolt and rebelling against authority figures within the local community. one account of this was during |
{"datasets_id": 161124, "wiki_id": "Q5243907", "sp": 6, "sc": 546, "ep": 6, "ec": 1112} | 161,124 | Q5243907 | 6 | 546 | 6 | 1,112 | Eyke | Early history | the year of "1310" when "they attacked the Manor House of Eyke Rectory, burst open the gates and rifled a chest, in order to destroy the records of the services due to Robert de Redenhale." Thirty-one years later, in the June 1381, there was a peasants' revolt: "they broke down the home of John Staverton, destroyed various records and carried away booty to the value of 100 shillings." Whether this was politically sparked of just a mindless act of theft is unclear. It was reputed that in "In 1589, 1590 and 1591, Eyke people were fined because they persisted in |
{"datasets_id": 161124, "wiki_id": "Q5243907", "sp": 6, "sc": 1112, "ep": 6, "ec": 1728} | 161,124 | Q5243907 | 6 | 1,112 | 6 | 1,728 | Eyke | Early history | wearing German felt hats on festivals and Sundays instead of the English hats made of pile." The last reported act of rebellion from this time period was yet again in relation to "John Staverton", where in "1644 some testified against John Stoneham, the rector, for the way he conducted the church services and his behaviour generally". There is no recorded evidence that any sort of resolution came from this testimony.
Eyke has been mostly dependent on agriculture and its related trades; they seemed to be generally quite a self-sufficient village. It is recorded that up until the First World War "there |
{"datasets_id": 161124, "wiki_id": "Q5243907", "sp": 6, "sc": 1728, "ep": 10, "ec": 147} | 161,124 | Q5243907 | 6 | 1,728 | 10 | 147 | Eyke | Early history & Population | were six separate farms, and several small holdings. In addition, most families kept chickens and a pig, and grew their own vegetables." Other local trades and businesses included "two shoemakers, a blacksmith, a hurdlemaker, a thatcher, a builder and a carpenter/wheelwright who was also the undertaker". The majority of the land the farms where located on where reported to be "part of the Rendlesham Estate until it was sold in 1920." Population The first detailed census data that has been recorded for the Civil Parish of Eyke was in 1801; this shows that the population at the time was 308. |
{"datasets_id": 161124, "wiki_id": "Q5243907", "sp": 10, "sc": 147, "ep": 10, "ec": 715} | 161,124 | Q5243907 | 10 | 147 | 10 | 715 | Eyke | Population | The population continued to rise at a steady pace: in 1811 the population was 337 and in 1821 it was recorded at 396. However, in 1831 the population of Eyke had grown significantly in the last ten years since the last census was taken. In 1831 the population had grown by almost 100 people; it now stood at 485, a significant increase compared to previous years. According to "Dr Marjorie Bloy" he estimated that there was a "population increase between 1801–31 was as much as 50%" in England; this could explain the sudden population boom. One could assume another |
{"datasets_id": 161124, "wiki_id": "Q5243907", "sp": 10, "sc": 715, "ep": 10, "ec": 1309} | 161,124 | Q5243907 | 10 | 715 | 10 | 1,309 | Eyke | Population | reason for the increased population could have been due to: during this time period, children where seen as an economic asset; this would therefore encourage increased reproduction. In 1851 Eyke reached its highest recorded population at 529. Even to this day it has not exceeded that number. However, once again there was a significant change in the population. The next recorded census was only thirty years later in 1881, and here it shows us that the population has dropped by 149 people between 1851 and 1881. You could speculate that this could have been due to the 1954 Cholera outbreak |
{"datasets_id": 161124, "wiki_id": "Q5243907", "sp": 10, "sc": 1309, "ep": 12, "ec": 30} | 161,124 | Q5243907 | 10 | 1,309 | 12 | 30 | Eyke | Population & Occupational structure in 1881 | that occurred throughout England, as there is no significant boundary change or any other aspects that could have caused such a dramatic drop in the population. After this dramatic drop the population once again grew to 489. However, from 1891 onwards the population continued to decline at a relatively steady rate up until the 1960s, where it was 280.
It had a population of 362 according to the 2011 Census. Comparing this to the Suffolk Coastal region where the population is 124,298 this shows that Eyke holds only 0.29% of the population of Suffolk in 2011. Occupational structure in 1881 |
{"datasets_id": 161124, "wiki_id": "Q5243907", "sp": 14, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 557} | 161,124 | Q5243907 | 14 | 0 | 14 | 557 | Eyke | Occupational structure in 1881 | The occupational structure of Eyke in 1881, the graph shows us the number of occupational orders in both the male and female sector in 1881. The first notable differences the data suggests is the number of females in the Domestic services which is 9 compared to zero men. This is as expected as during this time period. Women tended to be employed to care for the children and look after the general upkeep of a household, either by being employed as a maid, servant or similar occupation. If you compare this number 9 to the total female population in 1881 |
{"datasets_id": 161124, "wiki_id": "Q5243907", "sp": 14, "sc": 557, "ep": 14, "ec": 1147} | 161,124 | Q5243907 | 14 | 557 | 14 | 1,147 | Eyke | Occupational structure in 1881 | "179" you could assume the general houses of Eyke were not that large, as the majority of households did not have the need to employ persons in the domestic services.
Agriculture was the leading employer in 1881 with 56 males employed within this sector and no females. This was due to agriculture being a manual labour-intensive job, and you can assume from the data this would have discouraged females from both wanting and being employed in this field. If we compare the 1881 data to modern day data from 2011 you can see that employment in the agricultural sector has decreased |
{"datasets_id": 161124, "wiki_id": "Q5243907", "sp": 14, "sc": 1147, "ep": 14, "ec": 1766} | 161,124 | Q5243907 | 14 | 1,147 | 14 | 1,766 | Eyke | Occupational structure in 1881 | significantly. According to the 2011 Census data there are as little as 18 people employed with in "agriculture or agriculture related trades". This suggests that the majority of the population have moved away from conventional employment and moved towards modern day jobs, this could be assumed to be due to the rise in technology with better-paying and less labour-intensive jobs available.
It can be seen from the 2011 Census data that this could be true as the highest sector for employment is now "Managers, Directors and Senior Officials" at 27. Another assumption could be due to a higher range and more |
{"datasets_id": 161124, "wiki_id": "Q5243907", "sp": 14, "sc": 1766, "ep": 18, "ec": 528} | 161,124 | Q5243907 | 14 | 1,766 | 18 | 528 | Eyke | Occupational structure in 1881 & Housing in Eyke | diversity of jobs available. Housing in Eyke From looking at the 2011 Census data we can see there are a total of 154 households in Eyke, these range from people living on their own to groups and family. We can presume that the Area of Eyke is generally well-off, as 81 households are detached houses and 52 semi-detached. There are no recorded shared dwellings and only 1 recorded "Caravan or Other Mobile Temporary Structure". Looking at the General health of the people of Eyke according to the 2011 Census data, the majority of the population are either in "good health |
{"datasets_id": 161124, "wiki_id": "Q5243907", "sp": 18, "sc": 528, "ep": 22, "ec": 349} | 161,124 | Q5243907 | 18 | 528 | 22 | 349 | Eyke | Housing in Eyke & All Saints Church | or very good health" with 192 in very good health and 114 in good health. This data suggests that overall Eyke has good public health and suggests a good level of health services are available. All Saints Church The church is a Norman structure of the 12th century, and is dedicated to All Saints. The Church was founded in 1538.
From Suffolk Churches, an online journey though the churches of Suffolk one travellers account of the All Saints Church in Eyke was this, "All Saints sits quietly, with no tower to lead you to it from afar. At first sight, |
{"datasets_id": 161124, "wiki_id": "Q5243907", "sp": 22, "sc": 349, "ep": 22, "ec": 947} | 161,124 | Q5243907 | 22 | 349 | 22 | 947 | Eyke | All Saints Church | this is a simple, if uneven, little church, somewhat barnlike in its ancient graveyard. Tall elm trees around it are home to jackdaws and rooks; their cries fill the air as they wheel above you. The modern little porch gives no indication that you are about to enter one of the more interesting churches in this part of Suffolk."
Sam' Mortlock a former Norfolk county librarian describes All Saints as having been "probably a cruciform church." Cruciform churches were common in the Middle Ages and "Generally form the shape of a latin cross they are formed through the intersection of two |
{"datasets_id": 161124, "wiki_id": "Q5243907", "sp": 22, "sc": 947, "ep": 22, "ec": 1143} | 161,124 | Q5243907 | 22 | 947 | 22 | 1,143 | Eyke | All Saints Church | halls of similar heights
that meet at right angles." When the church was originally built by "the Manor of Staverton" it was valued at the price of "£6.00, which works out at 2d an acre." |
{"datasets_id": 161125, "wiki_id": "Q24912369", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 592} | 161,125 | Q24912369 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 592 | F.C. Netanya | History | F.C. Netanya History The club was founded in 2012 by Eli Cohen, who previously worked with Maccabi HaSharon Netnaya and named the club after his late mother. The club joined Liga Gimel Sharon division, where they played since, finishing in 8th position in 2015, its best finish to date.
In the State Cup, the club's best achievement is reaching the fourth round, the divisional final, in 2015–16, after beating F.C. Kafr Qasim Nibrass in the divisional semi-final 5–2. The club met Hapoel Ihud Bnei Jatt in the divisional final and lost 1–2.
At youth levels, the club operate Under-19 and Under 17 |
{"datasets_id": 161125, "wiki_id": "Q24912369", "sp": 6, "sc": 592, "ep": 6, "ec": 664} | 161,125 | Q24912369 | 6 | 592 | 6 | 664 | F.C. Netanya | History | teams, which play in the regional lower divisions of their youth group. |
{"datasets_id": 161126, "wiki_id": "Q332335", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 579} | 161,126 | Q332335 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 579 | Ferruccio Tagliavini | Career | Ferruccio Tagliavini Career Tagliavini was born in Cavazzoli, Reggio Emilia and studied in Parma with Italo Brancucci and in Florence and with Amedeo Bassi, a well-known dramatic verismo and Wagnerian Italian tenor of the pre-World War I era whose voice (as recorded) could not be more unlike Tagliavini's (see M.Scott, The Record of Singing, 1978). It was also in Florence that he made his professional debut in 1938 as Rodolfo in La bohème.
He swiftly gained recognition as one of the leading tenori di grazia of his time in operas such as The Barber of Seville, L'elisir d'amore, Don Pasquale, La |
{"datasets_id": 161126, "wiki_id": "Q332335", "sp": 6, "sc": 579, "ep": 6, "ec": 1217} | 161,126 | Q332335 | 6 | 579 | 6 | 1,217 | Ferruccio Tagliavini | Career | sonnambula, Lucia di Lammermoor, Rigoletto, La traviata, Manon, Werther, L'amico Fritz and L'arlesiana.
Debuts at many of the world's major opera houses ensued. They included: La Scala, Milan, in 1942; the Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires, in 1946; the Metropolitan Opera, New York City, in 1947 (as Rodolfo in La bohème); the San Francisco Opera in 1948; the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London, in 1950; and, finally, the Paris Opéra in 1951.
During the 1950s, Tagliavini took on heavier roles such as Riccardo in Un ballo in maschera, Cavaradossi in Tosca and Faust in Mefistofele; but the quality of his voice suffered |
{"datasets_id": 161126, "wiki_id": "Q332335", "sp": 6, "sc": 1217, "ep": 6, "ec": 1831} | 161,126 | Q332335 | 6 | 1,217 | 6 | 1,831 | Ferruccio Tagliavini | Career | as a consequence.
Tagliavini retired from the stage in 1965. He continued, however, to give recitals until the mid-1970s. He left behind an impressive discography. The finest of his recordings are those that he made of operatic arias during his heyday in the 1940s. In them, one can fully appreciate his remarkable skill at soft, or mezza voce, singing. He also made a few opera films, notably Il barbiere di Siviglia in 1946 with Tito Gobbi and Italo Tajo.
Tagliavini married the soprano Pia Tassinari in 1941. He made several recordings with her and they appeared together often on stage. There |
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