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Ferruccio Tagliavini
Career
is a recording available of them singing Massenet's opera Werther. He died in Reggio Emilia in 1995, aged 81.
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Fiend (rapper)
1995: I Won't Be Denied & 1997–98: No Limit Records and There's One in Every Family
Fiend (rapper) 1995: I Won't Be Denied On November 14, 1995, Fiend released his first album, titled I Won't Be Denied, via independent label Big Boy Records. 1997–98: No Limit Records and There's One in Every Family In 1997 Fiend signed to Master P's record label No Limit Records and he appeared on Master P's Ghetto D and Mia X's Unlady Like before releasing his second album and first for No Limit, There's One in Every Family, in 1998. The album peaked at No. 8 on the Billboard 200 and number 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. Also in
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Fiend (rapper)
1997–98: No Limit Records and There's One in Every Family & 1999: Street Life & 2000–02: Fiend Entertainment, Ruff Ryders, Da Headbusaz and Can I Burn?
that year, Fiend appeared on Snoop Dogg's single "Woof". 1999: Street Life In 1999, Fiend released his third album, Street Life. The album peaked at no. 15 on the Billboard 200 and no. 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and Fiend left No Limit. In 1998 he married Carly Liber who is also known as Fiend; they did a duet together called "Fiend for the D". 2000–02: Fiend Entertainment, Ruff Ryders, Da Headbusaz and Can I Burn? In the early 2000s Fiend disbanded from No Limit Records and started his own label titled Fiend Entertainment. On August 22, 2000,
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Fiend (rapper)
2000–02: Fiend Entertainment, Ruff Ryders, Da Headbusaz and Can I Burn?
Fiend released his third album and first independent album titled Can I Burn?; it charted at No. 52 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. In 2000 Fiend became a signed artist at Ruff Ryders Entertainment and appeared on the label's third compilation album, Ryde or Die Vol. 3: In the "R" We Trust, before leaving in 2001. In 2000, Fiend and former No Limit label mate Mr. Serv-On collaborated on Three 6 Mafia's song "Touched Wit It", which led Three 6 Mafia members DJ Paul and Juicy J to do a group album with Fiend to form a new group
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Fiend (rapper)
2000–02: Fiend Entertainment, Ruff Ryders, Da Headbusaz and Can I Burn? & 2003–06: Can I Burn? 2, Go Hard or Go Home and The Addiction: Hope Is Near
titled Da Headbusaz;the album is titled Dat's How It Happen to'M. 2003–06: Can I Burn? 2, Go Hard or Go Home and The Addiction: Hope Is Near After the album, Fiend started his own label, Fiend Entertainment, and released three more albums. On May 13, 2003, Fiend released his fourth album and second independent album titled Can I Burn? 2; it charted at No. 55 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. On August 31, 2004, Fiend released his fifth album and third independent album titled Go Hard or Go Home, which charted at No. 55 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums
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Fiend (rapper)
2003–06: Can I Burn? 2, Go Hard or Go Home and The Addiction: Hope Is Near & 2011–present: Jet Life Recordings, Street Aint Safe, Vol. 3 and Heart of a Ghetto Boy: Volume 1
charts. On June 27, 2006, Fiend released his sixth album and fourth independent album titled The Addiction: Hope Is Near; it charted at No. 70 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. 2011–present: Jet Life Recordings, Street Aint Safe, Vol. 3 and Heart of a Ghetto Boy: Volume 1 On May 24, 2011, during an interview Fiend announced that he had signed to fellow New Orleans, Louisiana rapper Currensy's record label Jet Life Recordings. Fiend also joined Currensy's new group Jet Life and announced that he had completed a sequel to the album There's One in Every Family, titled There’s One
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Fiend (rapper)
2011–present: Jet Life Recordings, Street Aint Safe, Vol. 3 and Heart of a Ghetto Boy: Volume 1 & Friendship with Snoop Dogg
in Every Family Pt. II. On July 10, 2015, Fiend released his eighth album, titled Street Aint Safe, Vol. 3, via Fiend Entertainment, Rapbay, Urbanlife Distribution. On August 21, 2015, Fiend released his ninth album and fifth independent album titled Heart of a Ghetto Boy: Volume 1 independently via Fiend Entertainment. Friendship with Snoop Dogg When Snoop Dogg signed to No Limit, Fiend and Snoop developed a friendship: "Snoop Dogg spending the night at the house on a regular basis." said Fiend. He recalled a story wherein he and Snoop had been smoking cannabis and then gone for a leisurely drive.
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Fiend (rapper)
Friendship with Snoop Dogg & Record production
They were too stoned to drive, so they pulled over on Interstate 10 and took a nap. Fiend said that the two had recorded songs that were never released. Record production Fiend also produces music, having done production for songs on Jadakiss' Kiss tha Game Goodbye and former labelmate C-Murder's The Truest Shit I Ever Said.
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Five Day Lover
Plot
Five Day Lover Plot Claire (Jean Seberg), a young Englishwoman, lives in Paris with her staid husband, Georges (François Périer), a government archivist, and their two small children. One day, while attending a fashion show mounted by her friend Madeleine (Micheline Presle), a couturière, Claire meets a lighthearted young Frenchman, Antoine (Jean-Pierre Cassel). Despite the fact that he is being kept by Madeleine, Claire responds to his advances and returns with him to his luxurious bachelor apartment. Before long she is visiting him five afternoons a week; evenings and weekends are reserved for Georges and the children. Madeleine, strong-willed and
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Five Day Lover
Plot & Filming locations & Awards
possessive, learns of the affair and decides to meet the situation directly by inviting Claire and Georges, as well as Antoine, to the same party. The desired effect is achieved when it becomes apparent that Claire is tiring of Antoine and has no intention of seeing him again. Only Georges, quiet and gentle, understands that nothing has really changed. It will not be long before Claire will once more embark on her quest for chance lovers. Filming locations The film was shot in Paris, France, partly in Grand Trianon. Awards The film was entered into the 11th Berlin International Film
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Five Day Lover
Awards
Festival and nominated for the Golden Bear, the ceremony's highest honor. It lost the prize to Michelangelo Antonioni's La Notte.
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Flag of Lincolnshire
History
Flag of Lincolnshire History The design was the result of a two-year campaign, prompted by a letter to County News from two caravan owner readers from Moulton, to raise the county's profile. The campaign was taken up by BBC Radio Lincolnshire, which launched a campaign in partnership with Lincolnshire Life magazine that culminated in a vote. The campaign was supported by local businesses, who saw it as a good way to promote trade and tourism in Lincolnshire.
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Four Walls Eight Windows
History
Four Walls Eight Windows History Four Walls debuted in the fall of 1987, under the direction of two young editors, John G. H. Oakes and Daniel Simon. (Simon had previously had an imprint under the same name at Writers and Readers Publishing.) In 1995, Oakes and Simon parted ways. Oakes remained as publisher and Simon went on to found Seven Stories Press. In 2004, Four Walls Eight Windows was acquired by the Avalon Publishing Group. Its entire list was incorporated into the Thunder's Mouth Press imprint of Avalon, of which Oakes became publisher. Thunder's Mouth Press itself was acquired in
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Four Walls Eight Windows
History
2007 by the Perseus Books Group. (Oakes then became executive editor at Atlas & Company under James Atlas; he is now co-publisher of OR Books.) Perseus stopped publishing books under the Thunder's Mouth imprint in May 2007.
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François Pompon
Early life
François Pompon Early life Pompon, the son of a cabinet maker, was born on 9 May 1855 in Saulieu, Burgundy, France. At age 15 he was working as an apprentice marble carver in a Dijon funerary monument company, but soon thereafter took up studies at the school of fine arts in Dijon. By 1873 his family had moved to Paris where the Franco-Prussian War had caused significant damage to the French capital just a few years prior to his arrival. Pompon found work on rebuilding projects, beginning with his work to produce architectural ornamentation for the new Hotel de Ville
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François Pompon
Early life & Career
de Paris. Career Beginning in 1876 he studied under the noted animalier sculptor Pierre Louis Rouillard at the École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs. In order to support himself, he took jobs as a craftsman working for Antonin Mercié, Alexandre Falguière, and Renae de Saint-Marceaux. Later he worked as Auguste Rodin's assistant. Rodin once told him, "you will be a great artist" after viewing one of his sculptures. Pompon made his Salon debut in 1879, exhibiting a statue of Victor Hugo's Cosette (from Les Misérables). In subsequent Salons he presented some works in the form of a few bronzes
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François Pompon
Career
and plasters. As it turned out Rodin was correct—he would become a great artist—but it would take nearly 50 more years for Pompon to be truly discovered and recognized for his innovative style. He had some mild success in 1919 when the Musée de Luxembourg purchased a turtle dove he had sculpted in stone. Following this, the Museum of Grenoble purchased three plaster works in 1921. Widespread recognition and fame finally came at age 67 at the Salon d'Automne of 1922 with the work "Ours blanc", also known as "the White Bear" or "Polar Bear in Stride", the marble original of
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François Pompon
Career
which is located at the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. The acclaim he received in 1922 finally allowed him to work for himself and with this new-found independence he was able to produce some of his most important works. He created Le Cerf, a large monumental bronze that was erected on the plaza of Arnhem in the Netherlands. Next came Le Taureau (1933) that was erected in his hometown of Saulieu. As founders for his bronzes he employed, primarily, Valsuani and Hébrard. A number of other foundries began to seize upon his notoriety and cast fakes of his work, many of
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François Pompon
Career & Death and legacy
extremely poor quality. Near the end of his life, Pompon donated to the Dijon Museum nearly 300 of his works in plaster, terracotta and bronze. Death and legacy Pompon died in Paris, France, on 6 May 1933. He is best remembered as a forerunner of modern sculpture, and influenced Constantin Brâncuși among others.
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Gary Armstrong (cricketer)
Family
Gary Armstrong (cricketer) Family Armstrong's brother, Llewellyn Armstrong has also played for and captained the Bahamas.
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Gary Clark Jr.
Musical career
Gary Clark Jr. Musical career Gary Clark Jr. began playing guitar at the age of twelve. Born and raised in Austin, Texas, Clark played small gigs throughout his teens, until he met promoter Clifford Antone, proprietor of the Austin music club Antone's. Antone's was the launch pad from which Jimmie and Stevie Ray Vaughan redefined blues at the time. Soon after meeting Clifford, Clark began to play with other musical icons, including Jimmie Vaughan. Vaughan and others in the Austin music community helped Clark along his musical path. Clark sang on the 2010 bonus track cover of the Jackson 5's "I
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Gary Clark Jr.
Musical career
Want You Back" on Sheryl Crow's album 100 Miles from Memphis. Rolling Stone declared Clark "Best Young Gun" in its April 2011, "Best of Rock" issue. In 2012 Clark recorded with Alicia Keys on two different songs in New York City. He co-wrote the song Fire We Make with Alicia Keys, Pop Wansel and Oak Felder for the album Girl on Fire. On August 28, 2012, Alicia Keys revealed via Twitter that Clark's new album and major-label debut called Blak and Blu would be released on October 22, 2012. Clark worked with the Foo Fighters on the track "What Did I Do? / God
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Gary Clark Jr.
Musical career
as My Witness" on their 2014 album Sonic Highways recorded at KLRU-TV Studio 6A in Austin. Gary Clark released his new album The Story of Sonny Boy Slim on September 11, 2015. Clark also had a guest appearance on Tech N9ne's album The Storm. The album was released on December 9, 2016. Clark provided the chorus for the song "No Gun Control". On Childish Gambino's album "Awaken, My Love!" Clark performs the guitar solo on the track, "The Night Me and Your Mama Met". Clark collaborated with ZZ Ward on "Ride" from the soundtrack to the 2017 Pixar film Cars 3. Clark’s cover version of
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Gary Clark Jr.
Musical career
the Beatles’ 1969 No. 1 hit “Come Together”, released in early 2017, has become his first charting single on Billboard's Mainstream Rock chart, peaking at #15. In 2018, Clark featured on two songs on Bun B's album Return of the Trill, "Blood on the Dash" and "Gone Away" also featuring Leon Bridges. Clark was featured on Tom Morello's album The Atlas Underground, providing vocals and guitar on the song "Where It's At Ain't What It Is." On January 10, 2019 Clark announced the March 1, 2019 release of his new This Land album via Warner Bros. On the same day he also
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Gary Clark Jr.
Musical career & Awards and recognitions
released the title song from the album supported by a Savanah Leaf directed music video for the song. Awards and recognitions Kirk Watson, the Mayor of Austin, proclaimed May 3, 2001 to be Gary Clark Jr. Day. Clark was seventeen years old at the time. Clark won the Austin Music Award for Best Blues and Electric Guitarist, on three different occasions. Clark was Spin's breakout artist for the month of November 2011. Rolling Stone magazine ranked Clark's Bright Lights EP (named for the title track, an homage to Jimmy Reed and his song of the same name), number 40 on its list
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Gary Clark Jr.
Awards and recognitions
of its top 50 albums of 2011. "Bright Lights" can be heard in the video game Max Payne 3, the premiere episode of House of Lies, as well as in the movie Think Like a Man near the end when the guys are in the bar before reconciling with their respective ladies, and "Don't Owe You a Thang" can be heard in Need for Speed: The Run Kirk Hammett from Metallica introduced Clark onstage before his performance at the Orion Festival in Atlantic City, NJ. While playing music festivals such as Coachella, JazzFest, Memphis Beale St., Hangout, High Sierra, Sasquatch, Mountain Jam, Wakarusa,
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Gary Clark Jr.
Awards and recognitions
Bonnaroo, Electric Forest, Hard Rock Calling, Newport Folk Festival, Orion Music Festival, Osheaga, Lollapalooza, and ACL Music Festival, Clark was awarded SPIN Magazine's Golden Corndog award for performing in more major North American Music Festivals in 2012 than any other musician on the planet. Clark swept the 31st annual Austin Music Awards for 2012–2013, collecting eight awards, he earned the following: Band of the Year, Musician of the Year, Song of the Year – "Ain't Messin Round" (from Blak and Blu), Album of the Year – Blak and Blu, Electric Guitarist of the Year, Songwriter of the Year, Blues/Soul/Funk Artist of
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Gary Clark Jr.
Awards and recognitions & Instruments
the Year, Male Vocalist of the Year. In 2014 and 2015, Clark won a Blues Music Award in the 'Contemporary Blues Male Artist of the Year' category. Instruments Gary Clark Jr. mainly uses Epiphone Casino, both P-90 and Humbucker Gibson SG, and both Fender Stratocaster and Fender Telecaster electric guitars, as well as Epiphone Masterbilt and Gibson Hummingbird acoustic guitars. Clark has his own signature Blak & Blu Epiphone Casino which features Gibson USA made P-90 pickups. Clark uses .011-.049 D'Addario Strings EXL 115. Clark uses a Fender Vibro-King amp purchased from Zapata (who currently tours with him and plays rhythm guitar) paired
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Gary Clark Jr.
Instruments & Charity & Personal life
with a Fender Princeton. He is known for extensive use of fuzz pedals, with his most frequently used pedal being the Fulltone Octafuzz, and regular use of a wah pedal. Charity Clark performed at Alicia Keys' Keep a Child Alive Black Ball benefit, in an effort to raise money for children with AIDS in Africa. The two performed the Beatles' "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" as a tribute to George Harrison. Personal life On November 5, 2014, it was announced Clark was engaged to his longtime girlfriend model Nicole Trunfio. The couple married in 2016 and have two children. In
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Gary Clark Jr.
Personal life
late 2016, Clark and Trunfio purchased a 50-acre horse ranch in Kyle, Texas. A question from a neighbor about Clark's ownership of the ranch served as inspiration for the song "This Land."
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George David Cummins
Life and career
George David Cummins Life and career He was born in Delaware on December 11, 1822. Cummins graduated from Dickinson College, located in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 1841, and entered the Methodist ministry. In 1845, he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church. After serving as rector of Episcopal parishes in Virginia, Washington, and Chicago, Cummins was appointed Assistant Bishop of Kentucky in 1866. A staunch Evangelical of Reformed doctrine, Cummins opposed the influences of Ritualism and the Anglo-Catholic Oxford Movement. In 1873, he was criticized for receiving communion with ministers outside of the Protestant Episcopal Church and resigned his position. He
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George David Cummins
Life and career & Doctrine
then founded the Reformed Episcopal Church, of which he was the first presiding bishop, in New York City. Doctrine Cummins' Evangelical theological persuasions led him to separate from the Episcopal Church, which had, in his mind, been poisoned by the ritualism of the Anglo-Catholic party. Before he left the Episcopal Church, Cummins as bishop engaged in a highly provocative Church service in which he presided alongside a Presbyterian clergyman, Dr. John Hall, over Holy Communion at Hall's Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church. Cummins believed that if the pure Evangelical principles of the Reformation were to survive the sacramental and ecclessial theological complications
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George David Cummins
Doctrine
and gaudy ornamentation of the Anglo-Catholic movement, Evangelicals of all denominations must unite. He sought "Evangelical Catholicity" based on the ideas of the "Muhlenberg Memorial," authored by the prestigious Evangelical Episcopalian, William Augustus Muhlenberg. "Strength to the Protestant cause," declared Muhlenberg, "is one of the objects of this movement [i.e., the Muhlenberg Memorial]." Those, "who are true to the Reformation standards" needed to present "a united phalanx against Rome," Muhlenberg explained. Cummins embodied this charge. And when he could no longer in good conscience serve the Diocese of Kentucky due to Ritualistic advances, he left the Episcopal Church. Bishop Cummins left
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George David Cummins
Doctrine
the Episcopal Church due to conflict with Anglo-Catholic theology, one facet of which is the insistence on Apostolical Succession for valid ordinations. Cummins felt that such a high view of Episcopacy injured the objectives of the new Re-formed Episcopal Church, which, now formed, sought to provide a unified Evangelical haven for all Reformational Christians in the spirit of "Evangelical catholicity". Ironically, Cummins, who preached against a high view of Apostolic Succession, was unwilling to part with it. When he left the Episcopal Church, and before he was deposed, he rushed to consecrate another bishop, the somewhat controversial Charles Edward Cheney,
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George David Cummins
Doctrine & Death
as the second bishop of the Re-formed Episcopal Church. Thereafter, the Reformed Episcopal Church's orders remained as apostolically valid as any of the Anglo-Catholics. They retained a high practice, despite a low view. Death Cummins died in Lutherville, Maryland, on June 26, 1876.
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Giovani Segura
Amateur career & Professional career & WBA Light Flyweight Champion
Giovani Segura Amateur career Giovani began boxing at the age of 15 years and had an Amateur Record of 38–4. Professional career Segura made his professional debut on March 28, 2003. He accumulated a record of 18–0–1, which included wins against future champion Carlos Tamara and former champion Daniel Reyes. WBA Light Flyweight Champion Giovanni challenged Colombian César Canchila for the Interim WBA Light Flyweight title. Segura lost the bout by unanimous decision, but subsequently claimed the interim title by knocking out Canchila in a rematch on March 14, 2009. He was elevated to full champion on June 5, 2009. Segura
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Giovani Segura
WBA Light Flyweight Champion & Segura vs. Calderon I & II
defended his newly acquired title on July 25, 2009 by stopping Juanito Rubillar in six rounds. On November 21, 2009, he defended his title against Sonny Boy Jaro by first round knock out. On February 20, 2010, he defended his title for a third time against Walter Tello. Segura vs. Calderon I & II On August 28, 2010 Giovani fought undefeated WBO Light Flyweight champion Iván Calderón in a unification bout. Segura went on to knock out Calderón in the eighth round, successfully unifying his WBA title with the Puerto Rican's WBO and Lineal Light Flyweight Championships. In his next
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Giovani Segura
Segura vs. Calderon I & II
fight, he defeated former champion Manuel Vargas via 7th round stoppage. Giovani Segura and Iván Calderón would both meet again in April 2011. Segura won the rematch by third round knockout. Following that victory, Segura vacated his titles in order to move up to the Flyweight division where he was KO by Brian Viloria.
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Gordon Harvey
Career & Lancashire County Council
Gordon Harvey Career Gordon Harvey (as he was usually known) was born in Manchester the son of Cummins Harvey who was a partner in the cotton yarn and cloth manufacturing firm of Fothergill and Harvey. Gordon Harvey himself went on to become the head of an important firm of cotton spinners, manufacturers and merchants with mills at Littleborough and with warehouses and offices in Manchester. Lancashire County Council A Liberal in politics, and sometime Chairman of Middleton Division Liberal Association, Harvey was elected to Lancashire County Council in the year after its creation and was later made an Alderman
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Gordon Harvey
Lancashire County Council & Death
of the county. He remained chairman of the county education committee up until the time of his death. He also served as a Justice of the Peace in Lancashire. Death Harvey was obliged to stand down from Parliament at the 1918 general election because of a disease of the throat, presumably cancer. He had to undergo two operations as a result but died at Windermere from the illness aged 63 years. His family remained active in Liberal politics, his nephew Charles standing unsuccessfully for Rochdale in 1945 and another nephew Alexander sponsoring the young Cyril Smith to become a
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Gordon Harvey
Death
Liberal agent.
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Gounder
Etymology & History
Gounder Gounder is a title used by various communities originating in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It may refer to Kongu Vellalar, Uralis, Kurumbas, Vanniyars, Vettuvars Etymology There are number of derivations for the title. One theory derives it from the Tamil word Kaamindan, meaning 'noble protector of the country', later modified as Kavundan or Gounder. History During the British Raj era, some Gounders migrated to Malayan rubber plantations to work in the kangani system.
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Grant City, Staten Island
History
Grant City, Staten Island History Originally known as Frenchtown, the community was renamed in honor of Civil War General Ulysses S. Grant soon after the conflict began, despite the fact that the war itself was so unpopular on Staten Island that the island was the scene of anti-draft riots in July 1863. Many of the streets are named after historical figures such as Lincoln Ave (after President Abraham Lincoln), Fremont Ave (after General John C. Fremont who was the first Republican candidate for president, as well as a Staten Island resident, in 1856), Adams Avenue (after President John Adams),
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Grant City, Staten Island
History
Colfax Ave (after Vice Presodent Schuyler Colfax) and Greeley Ave (after newspaper editor Horace Greeley). Many other streets were originally named after historical figures but those streets have been renamed. Many small, one-family homes were built in Grant City in the 1950s, with a stronger growth spurt occurring after the opening of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in November 1964 made access to the island from Brooklyn much easier. Today the neighborhood's population is heavily Italian-American by ethnicity and Roman Catholic by religion, and many of its residents were born in Brooklyn. Grant City and the neighborhoods surrounding it are also
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Grant City, Staten Island
History & Notable events & Transportation
very conservative politically, with Republican Party candidates for most elected offices. Notable events In August 1990 an F0 tornado made its way north along Fremont Ave. in Grant City, toppling 100-plus year old trees and causing widespread damage. Transportation Grant City is served by the S51 and S81 along Midland Avenue and Lincoln Avenue, the S74, S76, S84, S86 and SIM15 along Richmond Road, and the S78 and S79 SBS along Hylan Blvd. It is also served by express buses SIM1, SIM1C, SIM5, SIM6, SIM7 and SIM10 along Hylan Boulevard. The Grant City station on the Staten Island Railway serves the
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Grant City, Staten Island
Transportation
community. The station immediately to the north is located at Jefferson Avenue, near the boundary between Grant City and neighboring Dongan Hills.
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Gray Foy
Biography and Education
Gray Foy Biography and Education Born in 1922 in Dallas, Texas, Foy spent his youth in Los Angeles and attended Los Angeles City College studying art and theater design. In the spring of 1946 he moved back to Dallas and enrolled at Southern Methodist University (SMU) for a year, then transferred in Spring of 1947 to Columbia University, New York City. In 1948, he met Leo Lerman (a writer and editor for various Condé Nast magazines and for Playbill magazine), who became his lifelong mate. Foy and Lerman both were immersed in the literary, visual, and performing arts and became
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Gray Foy
Biography and Education & Early career
fixtures of the New York City cognoscenti. Early career When Foy first painted seriously in the early 1940s—just after entering college—his opaque watercolors and oils were patterned after such Surrealists as Max Ernst and Salvador Dalí. In compressed perspectives, stagelike scenes of deserted cityscapes evoke a sense of dislocation and menace. Beginning in 1943, Foy worked as a shipping expediter at the defense plant Lockheed Vega Aircraft Corporation in Burbank, California. Using standard-issue No. 2 pencils, he drew on procurement forms, depicting humanoid figures that emerge from rocky outcroppings and are coincident with the carnage of WWII. Late in WWII, Foy began
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Gray Foy
Early career
making larger format drawings. These hallucinatory scenes became his first cohesive visions. After atomic bombs were dropped on Japan, Foy responded by depicting human and animal inhabitants that reveal the instability of their molecular basis. In his largest drawing of this period, Dimensions (ca. 1945–46, Museum of Modern Art, New York), disparate figures and body parts, interior furnishings, vegetation, and geometric shapes pulsate through a dense three-dimensional space where the spatial trickery evokes that of M. C. Escher. When exhibited in 2008, the New York Times wrote of Dimensions that "A pencil drawing by Gray Foy, a little-known American artist
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Gray Foy
Early career
born in 1923, is ... a scrambled, congested, Dalí-like composition of body parts, still-life, architecture, and landscape made with unbelievable refinement and microscopic detailing." In Foy's midcentury universe, when humans seek the comfort of familiar spaces they discover instead amorphousness, velocity, and weightlessness. The pictures also reflect an affinity with the work of American Realists such as Thomas Hart Benton and John Steuart Curry, whose tropes include the overlapping vignettes of mural painting, often populated by figures whose bodies are contoured or distorted to mimic their immediate setting. Foy himself referred to his imagery as “hyper-realism,” stating in 1948 "I may
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Gray Foy
Early career
turn out to be a realist. After all, hyper-realism actually becomes the supernatural.” A realist direction was fostered when his wartime employment ended and he moved back to Dallas to renew his art studies at Southern Methodist with his teachers Jerry Bywaters and Otis Dozier, both referred to as Lone Star Regionalists. The Dallas Morning News said Foy's "provocative Surrealist pencil drawings are the sensation of the current year-end exhibit at SMU." In September 1946, on his first trip to New York, the twenty-four-year-old Foy took his portfolio to the influential art and literary publication View magazine. In the fall of
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Gray Foy
Early career
1946, View published Untitled [Courtyard with Morphing Figures] (1946), a seamless mix of the marvelous and the monstrous and its appearance launched Foy's career. Foy moved to New York in spring 1947, enrolling at Columbia University to study studio art and art history, as well as anatomy and botany, two fields that underpin much of his imagery. Soon, as in Pavel Tchelitchew’s work, Foy began his own explorations merging plant life with human features. Foy sought gallery representation, and R. Kirk Askew became his first and only dealer at Durlacher Bros. on 57th Street. Reviewers noted the rigor of Foy’s scrutiny, describing
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Gray Foy
Early career & Mature Work
his “microscopic vision” and “infinitesimal details glossed over by the average vision.” But by the time of his first one-person exhibition at Durlacher's in April 1951, Foy had nearly abandoned Surrealist imagery and began concentrating instead on the depiction of botanical organisms undergoing transitional states. The New York Time's critic Stuart Preston wrote: "Foy's pencil and brush spin out a tissue of delicacy and transparency, light enough to seem to have settled on the paper like frost, strong enough to have netted in its gossamer texture enough visual data about the plant forms to astound a botanist." Mature Work At
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Gray Foy
Mature Work
his second one-person exhibition at Durlacher's in 1957, his observations of nature had matured, as evidenced by the intricate biological invention in such works as Uprooted Plants (1955, Whitney Museum of American Art). As his work evolved through the 1950s, the artist developed an understanding of constant change in nature and honed his ability to depict such metamorphosis. In the three decades Foy was active, he found a way to convey his fertile awareness of nature's disorder as well as its order by refining his technical prowess. Achieved by a delicate feathering technique, the edges of the depicted organic matter gradually
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Gray Foy
Mature Work
disappear as lighter and lighter pencil pressure traverses the sheet. About 1957 Foy began a series of related still lifes that involve leaves or branches wrapped by human hands into clusters or sheaves, or assembled by birds into nests. With its inner pinkish radiance and veined leaf surfaces, Cluster of Leaves (ca. 1957), for example, quivers with the power of an incubating egg. These drawings are metaphors for efforts to control the untamed sprawl of natural vegetation. In one group of works, Foy developed an additional illustrative mechanism, preparing the drawing paper with a teeming texture, introducing earthy tones and chlorophyll-like colorations.
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Gray Foy
Mature Work
The activated surfaces simulate organic matter such as soil incrustation, moldy walls, lichen-covered rocks, or pond scum. In his book The Language of Ornament, art historian James Trilling described the effect: "Gray Foy’s drawing evokes the richness of a living coral reef, or the cheerfully haunted rocks that provide a background to some of the finest Persian miniatures." After receiving a career-affirming John Simon Guggenheim grant in 1961, Foy concentrated on his largest drawing, The Third Kingdom (1961–62), in which monochromatic greenish-umber tones convey the pro-longed activity of organic upheaval. Working on fibrous Japanese paper, Foy spent a year trying to
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Gray Foy
Mature Work & Illustrations
illustrate elemental rock forms. Such mature drawings focus on botanical and geological forms in the act of transformation. They presage a modern-day concentration on ecological concerns by excavating the progression of natural processes. Curator Stephen C. Wicks explained: "The rich array of textures serves as a seductive skin beneath which the artist’s plant forms appear to germinate, writhe, and wither. The resulting effect underscores Gray Foy’s ability to create surrealist compositions of uncommon craftsmanship and visionary form." The artist's mature compositions are his spirited attempts to render on paper the mysteries of the biomass and origins of the life force. Illustrations
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Gray Foy
Illustrations
To supplement the limited income he received from his fine art pursuits, Foy was actively involved in designing and illustrating magazine features in Mademoiselle magazine, book jackets for numerous publishers, and album covers for Long-Playing Records for Columbia Masterworks and Epic. Noteworthy book jackets include first editions of J. R. Salamanca's Lilith (1961) and Ray Bradbury's Something Evil This Way Comes (1962). Foy's design of the cover for Leonard Bernstein's recording of Igor Stravinsky's Le sacre du printemps (1957) was of such renown that it was reprinted on the hundredth-anniversary commemorative DVD edition (2013). A selection of such commercial illustrations
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Gray Foy
Illustrations
is listed below.
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Grolier Poetry Bookshop
History
Grolier Poetry Bookshop History The Grolier Book Shop was founded in September 1927 by Adrian Gambet and Gordon Cairnie. The subsequent owner, Louisa Solano purchased and took over its operation in 1974 after Cairnie's death. The poet-bookseller Arthur Freeman negotiated the sale. In 1990, the Grolier Book Shop became the Grolier Poetry Book Shop, Inc. for tax reasons. Financially comfortable, Gambet and Cairnie were able to run the business at a loss and were known to give away books and turn a blind eye to theft. Much of the activity at the Grolier under Cairnie's management was of the social kind.
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Grolier Poetry Bookshop
History
Under Solano's ownership, Grolier became a self-sustaining business with aims to expand the general public's interest in poetry and to honor the diversity of voices. The shop's initial means of support included appraisals and a mail order business, an annual undergraduate poetry reading with poets from fifteen colleges, and autograph parties, beginning in 1974 with featured poets such as Gary Miranda. In 1983, the Grolier Poetry Prize Annual was first published. Both readings and ANNUAL were now supported by the Ellen La Forge Memorial Poetry Foundation, formed in 1983 by Jeanne Henle in memory of her sister and inspired by
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Grolier Poetry Bookshop
History
Jim Henle, a friend of the shop. It also funded the costs of six poetry festivals. There was also a basketball and a baseball team organized by the poet Peter Payack. In its last years under Solano's management, the shop remained a source for rare or obscure titles. The store was the first in New England to stock Language Magazine, the periodical that launched the avant-garde L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E poetry movement. In 2002, a 75th anniversary celebration by the Poetry Society of America drew a crowd of over 800 people. Grolier is listed as a "poetry landmark" by the Academy of American Poets. In
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Grolier Poetry Bookshop
History
2004, Solano announced that, due to poor health and a decline in sales, the Grolier had to be sold. The causes of the shop's decline included the reach of the internet, inventory management, and the encroachment of chains. In March 2006, the store was sold to Nigerian poet Ifeanyi Menkiti, a professor at Wellesley College. In September 2012, the Grolier Poetry Book Shop celebrated its 85th anniversary, a celebration that continued until September 2013. Owner Menkiti also created the nonprofit Grolier Poetry Foundation to help support the store, as well as local poetry initiatives.
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Gwerz
Gwerz Gwerz ((in Breton), plural gwerzioù, "ballad", "lament") is a type of folk song of Brittany. In Breton music, the gwerz tells a story which can be epic, historical, or mythological. The stories are usually of a tragic nature. The gwerz is characterised by an often monotonous melody and many couplets, all in the Breton language. Though historically sung unaccompanied, some modern musicians use limited instrumentation with the gwerz. Some of the most famous performers in current gwerzioù are Erik Marchand, Yann-Fañch Kemener, and Denez Prigent.
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Gymnobela pusula
Distribution
Gymnobela pusula Distribution Fossils of this marine species were found in Early Miocene strata in New Zealand
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Hammermill Paper Company
History
Hammermill Paper Company The Hammermill Paper Company, founded in 1898 was originally known as the Ernst R Behrend Company. That same year, construction began on their first paper mill in Erie, Pennsylvania. The company was founded by three brothers (Ernst, Otto and Bernard Behrend) and their father Moritz Behrend in Erie, Pennsylvania. Ernst served as President and Otto, secretary. History Behrend changed the name of the company before the first mill even opened in honor of his father's papermills in Germany. The company expanded by buying a mill in Oswego, New York that was making copier paper exclusively
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Hammermill Paper Company
History
for Xerox. In the 1960s, mills were acquired in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania and near Selma, Alabama. In 1962, they bought the Strathmore Paper Company. After a failed takeover by Paul Bilzerian and brothers William and Earle I. Mack (sons of New Jersey real estate developer H. Bert Mack), Hammermill was purchased in 1986, by the International Paper Company, with customer services and operations moving to their Memphis headquarters in 1988.
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Heinrich Sterr
Combat History
Heinrich Sterr Combat History Sterr was born on 24 September 1919 in Ortenburg, Lower Bavaria as part of the Free State of Bavaria. Unlike many other flying aces in the Luftwaffe, he was not a member of the pre-war Luftwaffe (he had only just turned 20 when war broke out) and he missed the early warfare over Poland, France and the first year in the East. After completing his pilot-training in 1942, Sterr was sent as an Unteroffizier, to 6./Jagdgeschwader 54 (6th squadron of the 54th Fighter Wing). At the time it was based at Ryelbitzi, west of Lake Ilmen
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Heinrich Sterr
Combat History
covering the battles around Demyansk Pocket as the Soviets continued to try and break through the German forces in front of Leningrad where he scored his first victory on 19 July when he shot down an Il-2 bomber . As the year drew to a close, II./JG 54's squadrons were cycled back to Germany to re-equip onto the new Focke-Wulf Fw 190A fighter. This was a catalyst for Feldwebel Sterr's combat career and started scoring regularly thereafter. By the end of March 1943 he had over 30 victories, and on 30 April he was awarded the Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe (Trophy of
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Heinrich Sterr
Combat History
Honour). In June, Luftflotte 1 staged a last big effort to blow the railway bridges of the vital supply link to Leningrad. In July, most other fighter Gruppen were assembled around the Kursk salient for the next German offensive - Operation Zitadelle. Although II./JG 54 was kept back guarding Leningrad, it appears several of its pilots, including Oberfeldwebel Sterr, went with I./JG 54 to Orel. In the fortnight or so that it was where he scored a further ten victories to add to his tally of shootdowns. On 23 July he was awarded the German Cross in Gold. Eventually the German forces
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Heinrich Sterr
Combat History
were stretched too thin across the Eastern Front to provide constant air cover and were increasingly being used as "fire brigades", as new Soviet offensives broke out up and down the line. Sterr's victory list is a case in point, on the nomadic existence of II./JG 54 from here on: early August gave 15 victories over Leningrad, then later in the month a clutch of victories south-east of Smolensk; then in October he shot down eight planes over Kiev. Oberfeldwebel Sterr was awarded the Knight's Cross on 5 December 1943 (nominally for 86 victories) and sent home for officer-training. Returning as
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Heinrich Sterr
Combat History
a Leutnant in January he was back to Ukraine where he shot down more Soviet aircraft. On 29 March 1944, Sterr was credited with his 100th aerial victory, making him the 68th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. In March, he was then briefly posted to 3./JG 54 in Estonia for a couple of months. When he returned to 6./JG 54 at the start of May, II./JG 54 was back on the central sector. When the next Soviet offensive, Operation Bagration, started at the end of June, its devastating force shattered most of Army Group Centre and forced rapid retreats.
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Heinrich Sterr
Combat History
Despite inflicting nearly 500 losses on the Soviets, JG 54 was powerless to halt the advance. In August, the Jagdwaffe (Luftwaffe fighter force) had a major unit re-organization. From this 6./JG 54 was renamed 16./JG 54, and transferred to operate as part of IV./JG 54 which was re-equipping near Warsaw at the time. Having recently lost their Staffelkapitän (Squadron leader), Oberleutnant Sterr was appointed the unit's Staffelführer (Flight leader) also in August. His last shootdown on the Eastern front was a Yak-9 fighter, which he shot down on 12 August. On 17 September 1944, the Allied Forces launched Operation Market Garden
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Heinrich Sterr
Combat History
to seize the bridges to Arnhem. This forced the urgent transfer of the ill-prepared IV./JG 54 to the west because Luftwaffe aviation regiments were still rebuilding after many were hammered during the Normandy invasion. This was now a different air war - not the low-level dogfighting and pursuits of the Eastern Front, but the high-altitude engagement against the massive American bomber formations, and their hundreds of escort fighters. With such odds stacked against them, it was often just luck if a pilot would survive. In just 3 weeks, IV./JG 54 lost 30 pilots for only 10 victories - and was
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Heinrich Sterr
Combat History
soon pulled out the line to reform for the second time in a month. In early November he was formally appointed as the Staffelkapitän of 16./JG 54, the unit he had served with for nearly his entire combat career. Sterr died on 26 November 1944 while her was an Oberleutnant. After engaging in a bomber raid, his Fw 190A8 aircraft "Blue 4" was badly damaged by a pair of USAAF Mustangs. After making a forced landing at Vörden airfield, north of Osnabrück, he was strafed on the ground by the pursuing Mustang as he attempted to flee his wrecked aircraft. He
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Heinrich Sterr
Combat History
is credited with 130 victories, of which 127 were on the Eastern Front, including 21 Il-2 Sturmovik bombers. Awarded the Knight's Cross, he was also nominated for the Knight's Cross wit Oakleaves, but did not receive it.
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Helen Diana Bridgeman
Biography
Helen Diana Bridgeman Lady Helen Diana Bridgeman (22 June 1907 – 7 May 1967) was an English socialite and fashion leader included in The Book of Beauty by Cecil Beaton. Biography Lady Helen Diana Bridgeman was born on 22 June 1907, the daughter of Orlando Bridgeman, 5th Earl of Bradford, and the Hon. Margaret Cecilia Bruce. In 1922 she was the youngest bridesmaid at the wedding of Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood, daughter of George V. On 10 February 1930 she married Sir Robert Henry Edward Abdy, 5th Baronet, son of Sir Henry Beadon Abdy, 4th Bt. and Anna Adele
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Helen Diana Bridgeman
Biography
Coronna. They had one son, Sir Valentine Robert Duff Abdy, 6th Baronet (1937–2012) and divorced in 1962. Sir Robert Abdy was an art authority who owned antique shops in London and Paris. Lady Diana Bridgeman was also an artist; in 1920 publisher Erskine MacDonald published The Poems & Paintings of the Lady Diana Bridgeman. Her portrait posing as a painter by Harold Speed is at the Leamington Spa Gallery and Museum. In 1933 she was included, together with her sister, in The Book of Beauty by Cecil Beaton: "Lady Abdy is a more exotic edition of her (Rosamond Pinchot n.d.r.); leonine
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Helen Diana Bridgeman
Biography
large and pale, sullen with flowing ash air and richly curving lips. Her movements are panther like, and in many other ways she resembles Greta Garbo." She died on 7 May 1967.
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Henry Howard (MP for Penrith)
Henry Howard (MP for Penrith) Henry Charles Howard (17 September 1850 – 4 August 1914), was a British politician. A member of the influential Howard family headed by the Duke of Norfolk, he was the eldest son of Henry Howard, son of Lord Henry Howard-Molyneux-Howard, younger brother of Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk. His mother was Charlotte Caroline Georgina, daughter of Henry Lawes Long and Catharine Long, while Sir Stafford Howard and Esme Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Penrith, were his younger brothers. He entered Parliament for Penrith in December 1885, but only held the seat until July the following
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Henry Howard (MP for Penrith)
year. Initially a Liberal, he disagreed with William Ewart Gladstone's Irish policy and joined the Liberal Unionists. He resided at Greystoke Castle in Cumberland. Howard married Lady Mabel Harriet, daughter of Mark McDonnell, 5th Earl of Antrim, in 1878. He died in August 1914, aged 63. Lady Mabel, who was appointed a CBE in 1920, died in December 1942.
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Her Country First
Plot
Her Country First Plot Dorothy Grant returns from boarding school so fired up with patriotism that she organizes her friends into a military company they call the Girls' Aviation Corps with help from a woman farmer who served in the military. Dorothy then discovers that German spies have come to town to get access to her father's munitions plant.
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Her Highness and the Bellboy
Plot
Her Highness and the Bellboy Plot The beautiful Princess Veronica (Hedy Lamarr) travels to New York City to find the American newspaper columnist she fell in love with six years earlier. After checking into the elegant Eaton Hotel, she is mistaken for a new maid by bellboy Jimmy Dobson (Robert Walker), who offers to accompany her on an afternoon stroll through Central Park. When they return, the hotel manager is shocked to see his bellboy with the princess and fires him for consorting with an important guest. Veronica saves Jimmy's job by insisting that the manager assign him to be
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her personal attendant while she is in New York. When he is not working, Jimmy spends time with his slow-witted friend and co-worker, Albert Weever (Rags Ragland), and their good friend and neighbor Leslie Odell (June Allyson), a former dancer who is now bedridden and crippled. Leslie and Albert enjoy listening to Jimmy read fairy tale stories to them on their roof. Jimmy is unaware that Leslie is secretly in love with him. Meanwhile, Veronica's traveling companion Countess Zoe (Agnes Moorehead) is concerned about Veronica wanting to rekindle an old romance with newspaper columnist Paul MacMillan (Warner Anderson)—hardly an appropriate match for
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Her Highness and the Bellboy
Plot
a princess. She tries to persuade Veronica to forget her former American lover and marry the annoying Baron Zoltan Faludi, who followed her to New York, but the princess ignores her. When Veronica learns that Jimmy knows Paul, she asks him to deliver an invitation to Paul for a formal ball being held at the hotel that evening. At the ball, Veronica and Paul are finally reunited after six years. Paul is still upset with her for abandoning him to marry another royal, who has since died. When she offers to renew their relationship, he turns her down, saying they are
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Plot
from two different worlds. After he leaves, Jimmy discovers her crying and tries to comfort her. Not knowing that the bellhop has fallen for her, she asks him to take her to a bar called Jake's Joint, where Paul likes to hang out. Knowing the bar is not appropriate for an elegant princess, Jimmy tries to change her mind, but she insists. Believing that Veronica is in love with him, Jimmy rents a tuxedo for his big date. Just before he leaves, Albert reminds him that he's been neglecting their invalid neighbor Leslie. He goes to her room and gives her
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Plot
the corsage he had bought for the princess. After he leaves, the young woman breaks down in tears, believing her secret love for him will never be returned, now that he is dating a princess. She is left with her fantasies of dancing in the arms of the man she loves. That night at Jake's Joint, while the princess is looking for Paul, Jimmy sees Albert in the company of gangsters. Thinking that Jimmy had abandoned him, Albert tells him he's now joined up with the gang. When the gang leader orders Albert to punch Jimmy, Albert punches the leader instead,
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Her Highness and the Bellboy
Plot
and a brawl ensues. Veronica gets involved in the fight and is arrested in a police raid. While Veronica is in jail, news arrives at the hotel that her uncle has died from a fall and that she has succeeded to the throne. The next morning, Jimmy wakes up in the bar after being knocked out during the fight, and makes his way to the hotel, where he is joined by Albert. The princess' entourage are upset over news that she was arrested the night before. Meanwhile, Paul arrives at the jail, bails out the princess, and accompanies her back to
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Her Highness and the Bellboy
Plot
the hotel, where they learn that Veronica is now the queen of her country. When he sees her distracted by the pressures of being a queen, Paul leaves in frustration. Later, when Veronica invites Jimmy to accompany her back to Hungary, Jimmy misinterprets her intentions and believes she wants him to share the throne with her. After accepting her offer, Jimmy packs his bags and stops by Leslie's room to say goodbye. Wanting to show him that she is recovering from her disability, Leslie attempts to walk across the room to him, and just as she falls, he catches her in
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Her Highness and the Bellboy
Plot
his arms. Finally realizing how much Leslie loves him, and how much he loves her, Jimmy decides to remain in New York with her. Returning to the hotel, Jimmy tells Veronica that he cannot go with her and be "king" because he loves another woman. Realizing that Jimmy has given up what he believed to be his crown in order to be with the woman he loves, Veronica is inspired to abdicate her throne and return to Paul, the man she loves. Sometime later, Jimmy is dancing at a nightclub with Leslie, who has made a full recovery, and they are
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Her Highness and the Bellboy
Plot & Reception
joined by another happy couple, Veronica and Paul. Reception The film received mixed reviews. According to MGM records the film made $2,280,000 in the US and Canada and $889,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $915,000.
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Hestrie Cloete
Career
Hestrie Cloete Career Cloete was discovered at an age of 13 by her long-time coach Martin Marx, and trained at the Lichtenburg High School early in her career. She was quickly found to have a very strong will, which had given other coaches trouble coaching her. Hestrie Cloete had always put a great significance in maintaining a strong mind, and explained that she finds much of that strength in her faith. In 2003, she was awarded the Order of Ikhamanga in Silver (OIS) by South African president Thabo Mbeki for excellence in her sports performances. Cloete had somewhat unusual habits, as
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Hestrie Cloete
Career & Personal life
she was known to smoke about a pack of cigarettes a day, and has also stated she loved fast food. In an attempt to focus before every jump, Cloete characteristically did spin her index fingers around each other, leaned sideways with her upper body and visualized every step of her attempt. Cloete retired after the 2004 Summer Olympics to focus on her family. Personal life Cloete grew up under her maiden name Storbeck in the small railway town of Coligny with her mother Martie and father Willem. She divorced her first husband in 2004 and married Afrikaans singer Jurie Els on
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Hestrie Cloete
Personal life
September the 30th 2005, gave birth to a daughter Chrizette on 5 October 2006 and moved to New Zealand early in 2008. Hestrie and Jurie's son Jason John Els was born in New Zealand on 23 July 2008. The couple resides in Silverdale on the North Island and Hestrie is a teacher at a preschool while Jurie still pursues his music career.
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Hip Hop 4 Life
Programs
Hip Hop 4 Life Programs Shades of Beauty: Today's Girls, Tomorrow's Women An empowerment program designed to address issues affecting today’s girls including body image, self-esteem, the true definition of "beauty," goal-setting, sexuality, peer pressure, hygiene, drugs/alcohol/tobacco, and the negative portrayal of women in entertainment, media and society. Hip Hop 4 Life helps girls to realize their true beauty and empower them to be truly outstanding. Man Up! An Empowerment Program For Boys (ages 10–17) An empowerment program designed to address issues a boy faces during this transition to manhood including self-esteem, respect, responsibility, sexuality, hygiene, alcohol/drugs/tobacco vision-building, goal-setting and the
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Hip Hop 4 Life
Programs & Hip Hop 4 Life Executive Team
true definition of a man. Hip Hop 4 Life works to develop a positive foundation in the lives of the boys. In November 2007, Hip Hop 4 Life launched Man UP! In partnership with BET’s Emmy-award winning Rap It Up program. Teen Empowerment Team Teen empowerment program that provides a viable platform to assist teens in the development of their leadership potential, communication skills and self-esteem. This initiative engages 50 teens (aged 13–18) across the New York City area in support of Hip Hop 4 Life events and advisory committees. Hip Hop 4 Life Executive Team Tamekia Flowers, Founder/Executive Director Tanisha
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Hip Hop 4 Life
Hip Hop 4 Life Executive Team
Tate, Program Director
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History of Las Rozas
History of Las Rozas According to some historians Las Rozas de Madrid could have been a Roman mansion or staging-post called Miacum, from which the name Madrid may have derived. This is somewhat speculative, although there is evidence of occupation locally in about the 3rd century of the Common Era when the Roman Empire was active in Spain. Las Rozas is located on the Roman Military Route between Segovia and Titulcia and eventually to Emerita Augusta, and is adjacent to the Rio Guadarrama, which provided plentiful fresh water all year round. The modern name means 'the clearings' which may have related
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History of Las Rozas
Middle Ages
to military activity, as the agricultural value if the area is low, and the traditional economic activity seems to have been sheep rearing. The first document that refers to Las Rozas itself dates from 1376, although it would appear that the town existed earlier than that. The town of "Las Rozas" appears in Volume V of the "Relaciones Historico-Geografico-Estadisticas" ("Historical, Geographical, and Statistical List") of the towns of Spain that was written during the reign of Felipe II and that is now kept in the library at the El Escorial Monastery. Middle Ages The Pasture of Holy María of the Retamar
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History of Las Rozas
Middle Ages
appears mentioned in a letter dated to November 18, 1303 in a lawsuit between Madrid and Segovia also relating to settlements at Galapagar, Torrelodones and Colmenarejo. The legend says that the Virgin of the Retamar appeared there, but the contemporary carved image is not that today appears in a scallop niche in the Church of San Miguel and which is used for the processions that carry the Virgin to the new hermitage church that was built in the 1990s, which is a little nearer the town, next to Dehesa de Navalcarbón (the original, as 'pasture' suggests was near the river.