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{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 42, "sc": 6686, "ep": 46, "ec": 112} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 42 | 6,686 | 46 | 112 | Conservatism in Canada | Post-War & Foreign policy | representatives approved the merger. The contemporary Conservative Party of Canada was then created, and, in 2004, Stephen Harper was elected leader. Dissident Red Tories opposed to the merger would go on to form the minor Progressive Canadian Party. Under Stephen Harper, the platform of the Conservative Party emphasized the Blue Tory policies of fiscal restraint, increases in military spending, tax cuts and Senate Reform. The Harper-led Conservative Party has, however, come under fire, with many accusing them of adopting neoconservative policies. Foreign policy While in Opposition, Stephen Harper voted in favour of Canadian military involvement in the US-led 2003 invasion |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 46, "sc": 112, "ep": 50, "ec": 261} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 46 | 112 | 50 | 261 | Conservatism in Canada | Foreign policy & Refugees and deportations of Iraq War resisters | of Iraq he later admitted this had been a mistake. Conservative Party member resolutions express strong support for the state of Israel and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Harper also took aggressive action against perceived sponsors of terrorism such as Iran, closing the Canadian embassy and expelling the Iranian diplomats in 2012. Refugees and deportations of Iraq War resisters In 2012 the Conservative government introduced reforms to the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act which limited refugee claims from those on a list of designated countries of origin, those considered safe by Canada for most persons. Other changes allowed for |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 50, "sc": 261, "ep": 50, "ec": 917} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 50 | 261 | 50 | 917 | Conservatism in Canada | Refugees and deportations of Iraq War resisters | detention of mass arrivals, following the MV Sun Sea incident. These changes cleared an immigration backlog that had persisted for many years under the previous Liberal government, reducing the processing time from over 1000 days to less than 2 months.
All 110 Conservative Party MPs voted against an opposition motion concerning conscientious objectors and the introduction of programs to allow objectors to seek refuge in Canada. On 13 September 2008, this refusal to set up a special program was reiterated by a Conservative Party spokeswoman after the first such conscientious objector (Robin Long) had been deported and sentenced to 15 months |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 50, "sc": 917, "ep": 54, "ec": 483} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 50 | 917 | 54 | 483 | Conservatism in Canada | Refugees and deportations of Iraq War resisters & China | in jail. (See Canada and Iraq War resisters for details about two motions in Parliament concerning Canada and Iraq War resisters.) China Consistent in all recent Canadian governments is strong ties to China. In 2013, the Conservative administration approved the acquisition of Nexen by a Chinese firm. It also advanced, as of 2013, FIPA agreement, containing guarantees that Chinese buyer would have the legal right to sue Canada in private settlement of inhibition to its activities by that government (including provincial or municipal for whom the federal government would be liable). The actual extent or limit of |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 54, "sc": 483, "ep": 54, "ec": 1128} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 54 | 483 | 54 | 1,128 | Conservatism in Canada | China | these powers would not be publicly known and settlements would be private, in effect a "confidential lawsuit", for instance a future BC or Canadian government reversing a federal approval of the Northern Gateway pipeline. The powers surrendered were so drastic as to be criticized heavily from many quarters, even normally supportive financial press and are the subject of a current lawsuit.
In other respects, Conservative MPs have sometimes been sharply critical of China particularly over human rights policies and especially treatment of the Falun Gong. These positions are not materially different than those of other parties. |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 56, "sc": 0, "ep": 58, "ec": 640} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 56 | 0 | 58 | 640 | Conservatism in Canada | Parliamentary democracy | Parliamentary democracy Prior to winning election, Stephen Harper openly favoured the alternative vote method of selecting both MPs and Senators.
As the successor of the Western Canada-based Canadian Alliance (formerly the Reform Party of Canada), the party supported reform of the Senate to make it "elected, equal, and effective" (the "Triple-E Senate"). However, party leader Stephen Harper advised the Governor General to appoint the unelected Michael Fortier to both the Senate and to the Cabinet on 6 February 2006, the day his minority government took office. On 22 December 2008 Prime Minister Harper asked the Governor General to fill all eighteen |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 58, "sc": 640, "ep": 62, "ec": 54} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 58 | 640 | 62 | 54 | Conservatism in Canada | Parliamentary democracy & Transparency and accountability | Senate seats that had been vacant at the time. It was earlier reported in The Toronto Star that this action was "to kill any chance of a Liberal-NDP coalition government filling the vacancies next year".
The party introduced a bill in the parliament to have fixed dates for elections and, with the support of the Liberal Party, passed it. However, Ned Franks, a Canadian parliamentary expert, maintains that the Prime Minister still has the right to advise the Governor-General to dissolve the parliament early and drop the writs for an election. Transparency and accountability In 2006, the Conservatives campaigned strongly against |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 62, "sc": 54, "ep": 62, "ec": 754} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 62 | 54 | 62 | 754 | Conservatism in Canada | Transparency and accountability | Liberal abuses in the Sponsorship scandal and vowed to introduce several accountability measures that would hold even a majority government to account. These included a Parliamentary Budget Office whose first head Kevin Page found himself often sharply at odds with Harper government policy and issued several reports scathing of Conservative practices, even sometimes being described as the "sharpest thorn in Harper's side". Major media commentators often use Page's reports as a starting point for general criticisms of Harper's budgetary and transparency practices including comedic rants.
While other accountability officers have been similarly ignored or critical, the influence and |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 62, "sc": 754, "ep": 66, "ec": 161} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 62 | 754 | 66 | 161 | Conservatism in Canada | Transparency and accountability & Domestic issues | neutrality of the persons who were appointed, and the general public trust of their opinions, seems to be an indication of success on long-term transparency. The office is likely to continue under future administrations and be quite difficult to eliminate or ignore.
By contrast, agency discipline and appointments to the Canadian Senate have tended to reflect a more cynical view that parties in power tend to forget transparency and accountability promises made when out of power. Domestic issues In its founding documents, the Conservative Party avowed principles of lower taxes, smaller government, more decentralization of federal government powers to the |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 66, "sc": 161, "ep": 70, "ec": 352} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 66 | 161 | 70 | 352 | Conservatism in Canada | Domestic issues & Abortion | provinces, modeled after the Meech Lake Accord, traditional religious and cultural values and has in practice strongly supported Oil Sands and other controversial energy projects. The Party has also both avowed and introduced legislation to reduce some gun controls and some MPs openly favour the death penalty. Abortion The current Conservative government position on abortion is that a debate on abortion legislation will not take place in Parliament. Former party leader Stephen Harper stated that "As long as I'm prime minister we are not reopening the abortion debate".
The appointment of Dr. Henry Morgentaler, an abortion-rights activist, to the prestigious |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 70, "sc": 352, "ep": 72, "ec": 9} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 70 | 352 | 72 | 9 | Conservatism in Canada | Abortion & Same-sex marriage | Order of Canada, was deplored by some Conservative MPs. The Conservative government distanced itself from the award.
The Conservative government excluded the funding of abortions in Canada's G8 health plan. Harper argued that he wanted to focus on non-divisive policies. This stance was opposed by the Liberals, NDP and international health and women's groups. The Archbishop of Quebec and Primate of Canada, Marc Ouellet, praised this decision, but urged Harper to do more "in defence of the unborn". In May 2010, 18 Conservative MPs addressed thousands of students at the pro-life 13th annual March for Life rally on Parliament Hill. Same-sex |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 72, "sc": 8, "ep": 74, "ec": 628} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 72 | 8 | 74 | 628 | Conservatism in Canada | Same-sex marriage | marriage Former party leader Stephen Harper has repeatedly stated that his government will not attempt to ban same-sex marriage in Canada. Same-sex marriage was recognized nationwide in Canada in 2005 with the Civil Marriage Act. Harper most recently restated this commitment after news broke that a lawyer with the federal Justice Department was of the opinion that foreign same-sex couples visiting Canada to get married who are from regions where same-sex marriage is illegal were not obligated to get divorced in Canada since their marriage in their home region was never legitimate. Harper corrected the record and restated that his |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 74, "sc": 628, "ep": 74, "ec": 1274} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 74 | 628 | 74 | 1,274 | Conservatism in Canada | Same-sex marriage | government will not legislate nor attempt to legislate same-sex marriage. However, the Conservative Party of Canada's Policy Declaration states, "We support legislation defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman".
The party had a free vote on whether the House wanted to reopen the issue of same-sex marriage, which was defeated. In March 2011, just ahead of the expected Canadian election, the Conservatives added one line about gay rights to the "Discover Canada" booklet for new immigrants which they had published in 2009: "Canada's diversity includes gay and lesbian Canadians, who enjoy the full protection of an equal |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 74, "sc": 1274, "ep": 82, "ec": 9} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 74 | 1,274 | 82 | 9 | Conservatism in Canada | Same-sex marriage & Crime and law enforcement & Gun control | treatment under the law, including access to civil marriage". The Minister of Citizenship, Immigration, and Multiculturalism, Jason Kenney, had previously removed mention of gay rights from the booklet published in 2009. Crime and law enforcement Before the majority was achieved in 2011, Conservatives promised to re-introduce Internet surveillance legislation that they were not able to pass, bundling it with the rest of their crime bills. They said they plan to fast track the legislation within 100 days after taking office. The Internet surveillance bill was later scrapped by the Conservatives and not put into law. Gun control While the |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 82, "sc": 9, "ep": 82, "ec": 645} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 82 | 9 | 82 | 645 | Conservatism in Canada | Gun control | gun rights issue isn't as pronounced by Canadian conservative groups as it is by Americans, it has recently received much attention and politicizing in the recent years. One of the biggest accomplishments of the Conservative Party was the passage of Bill C-19 in 2012, which abolished the long gun registry that was introduced by Liberal prime minister Jean Chrétien in 1993. This resulted in the mandatory destruction of records of people owning non-restricted firearms (shotguns and bolt-action rifles), except for the province of Quebec, where the bill is still being challenged and contested. This had been a long-standing goal and |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 82, "sc": 645, "ep": 82, "ec": 1305} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 82 | 645 | 82 | 1,305 | Conservatism in Canada | Gun control | premise of the Conservative Party, and a defeat for gun control activists in Canada.
In September 2014, Stephen Harper showed opposition to an RCMP ban of the Swiss Arms Classic Green Carbine, assuring to protect owners of the rifle from prosecution. He also stated that he supports the use of firearms for self-defense in rural areas where police protection isn't sufficient, as self-defense isn't considered a valid reason for attaining a firearms license. However, in spite of these pro-gun moves, Stephen Harper stated that he had no intention to promote an American-style vigilantism in Canada.
In October 2014, the Public Safety Minister |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 82, "sc": 1305, "ep": 82, "ec": 1914} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 82 | 1,305 | 82 | 1,914 | Conservatism in Canada | Gun control | Stephen Blaney proposed Bill C-42, or the Common Sense Firearms Licensing Act which would ease the restrictions on gun owners but implement mandatory training courses for first-time owners. This proposed bill would allow easier transportation of firearms to a shooting range without having to notify a Chief Firearms Officer and ease the licensing process. This would also lift the ban on the Swiss Arms Classic Green Carbine, and allow the prime minister to override decisions made by the RCMP. Harper stated his support of these laws as well as the support for use of guns for self-defense in rural Canada, |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 82, "sc": 1914, "ep": 82, "ec": 2545} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 82 | 1,914 | 82 | 2,545 | Conservatism in Canada | Gun control | which drew immense criticisms from supporters of gun control and Liberal politicians. However, Harper rejected these claims, stating that police services are insufficient in rural areas, and that guns were a "responsibility" in Canada and not a right as in the United States.
The bill passed a House of Commons reading. However, the bill has received criticisms from both gun rights and gun control advocates, with each claiming that the bill serves the opposites' agenda. Leaders of opposition parties also criticize the bill as merely a political tool used by the Conservative Party to gain votes. The law took effect on |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 82, "sc": 2545, "ep": 86, "ec": 574} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 82 | 2,545 | 86 | 574 | Conservatism in Canada | Gun control & Conservatism in Western Canada | September 2, 2015 and is now law. Conservatism in Western Canada The four Western Canada provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba have long been a hotbed for protest politics and political parties of the left and right. All four provinces have strong rural and Christian constituencies, leading to an active presence of the Christian right. Historically, the heavy presence of agriculture led to the emergence in the past of large left-leaning, agrarian farmer's based protest movements such as the Progressive Party of Canada and the United Farmers of Canada which supported free trade with the United States and |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 86, "sc": 574, "ep": 86, "ec": 1328} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 86 | 574 | 86 | 1,328 | Conservatism in Canada | Conservatism in Western Canada | increased social benefits. These movements were later absorbed by the Liberal Party of Canada, the Conservative Party of Canada (who became the progressive conservatives) and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF).
During the Great Depression, two radical protest movements appeared: the CCF in Saskatchewan advocated progressive social policies and reformist democratic socialism; while in Alberta, the Social Credit Party of Alberta formed a provincial government that favoured evangelical Christian conservatism, provincial control over natural resources, limited government intervention in the economy and a radical philosophy known as Social Credit based on providing dividends to the population to support small businesses and free |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 86, "sc": 1328, "ep": 86, "ec": 2051} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 86 | 1,328 | 86 | 2,051 | Conservatism in Canada | Conservatism in Western Canada | enterprise.
Provincial Social Credit parties went on to dominate the government of Alberta from 1934–1971 and British Columbia from 1951–1972 and 1975-1991. However, unlike the CCF, which morphed into the social-democratic New Democratic Party, the Social Credit Party would die out. Their popularity grew in Quebec, leading to Western supporters of Social Credit feeling isolated by the federal party's Quebec nationalism. The provincial Social Credit governments of British Columbia and Alberta would abandon Social Credit economic policies and followed staunchly conservative policies while maintaining ties with the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada as opposed to the federal Social Credit Party |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 86, "sc": 2051, "ep": 86, "ec": 2690} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 86 | 2,051 | 86 | 2,690 | Conservatism in Canada | Conservatism in Western Canada | of Canada.
In British Columbia, the BC Social Credit Party was replaced as the party of the centre-right by the British Columbia Liberal Party, and in Alberta the Alberta Social Credit Party were completely annihilated by the more moderate Alberta Progressive Conservative Party, leaving both parties as marginal political forces. In the 1980 federal election, the Social Credit Party of Canada lost all of its remaining seats and was forced to disband in 1989. Most of its Western members moved onto the ideologically similar Reform Party of Canada, founded by Preston Manning, the son of Alberta's former Social Credit premier, |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 86, "sc": 2690, "ep": 86, "ec": 3371} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 86 | 2,690 | 86 | 3,371 | Conservatism in Canada | Conservatism in Western Canada | Ernest Manning.
The Reform Party grew out of the province of Alberta and was fed by dissatisfaction with the federal Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney. Right-wing Westerners felt that Mulroney's liberal economic policies did not go nearly far enough, that his government was overly favourable toward the more populous provinces of Quebec and Ontario, that his policies on social issues such as abortion and the death penalty were too liberal, and that, like the Liberal Party of Canada, the Progressive Conservatives had allegedly come to not take Western Canada demands for provincial economic autonomy seriously enough.
Though for most of the |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 86, "sc": 3371, "ep": 86, "ec": 4021} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 86 | 3,371 | 86 | 4,021 | Conservatism in Canada | Conservatism in Western Canada | 1990s, the Tories enjoyed roughly the same electoral support as the Reform Party due to Canada's first-past-the-post system of elected representatives to the House of Commons, Reform dominated the position of Official Opposition. In 1999, the Reform Party was dissolved and joined by some right-wing members of the PC Party to create the Canadian Alliance, formally known as the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance; however, this new enlarged party was unable to attract any real support east of Manitoba and was dissolved in 2003, merging with the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada to create the contemporary Conservative Party of Canada. |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 86, "sc": 4021, "ep": 86, "ec": 4669} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 86 | 4,021 | 86 | 4,669 | Conservatism in Canada | Conservatism in Western Canada | This party, led by former Canadian Alliance leader Stephen Harper, won a minority government in the 2006 federal election, with 36% of the vote and 124 seats in the House of Commons out of 308.
In Alberta, the Progressive Conservative dominated the government from 1971 to 2015, following slightly right-wing policies under premiers Peter Lougheed, Don Getty, Ralph Klein, Ed Stelmach and Alison Redford. Following the election of the Alberta New Democratic Party and Rachel Notley in 2015, efforts began to 'unite the right' with Jason Kenney elected as PC Leader. Kenney oversaw merger negotiations with Wildrose Party leader Brian Jean, |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 86, "sc": 4669, "ep": 86, "ec": 5320} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 86 | 4,669 | 86 | 5,320 | Conservatism in Canada | Conservatism in Western Canada | culminating in ratification votes in July 2017 as the United Conservative Party, which elected Kenney leader in October 2017. In BC, the British Columbia Liberal Party (BC Liberals) have taken a rightward economic turn under Premier Gordon Campbell in competing with the centre-left British Columbia New Democratic Party to govern the province, filling the gap left by the electoral collapse of the BC Social Credit Party in 1991. In Saskatchewan, the center-right Saskatchewan Party formed its first government in 2007 after many years of Saskatchewan NDP rule. In Manitoba, the Progressive Conservative Party, led by Brian Pallister won a landslide |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 86, "sc": 5320, "ep": 86, "ec": 5445} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 86 | 5,320 | 86 | 5,445 | Conservatism in Canada | Conservatism in Western Canada | majority government in the 2016 election, defeating incumbent Premier Greg Selinger and the 16-year reigning NDP government. |
{"datasets_id": 161101, "wiki_id": "Q353502", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 659} | 161,101 | Q353502 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 659 | Cosmobiology | Cosmobiology Historically, the term 'Kosmobiologie' was used by the German medical astrologer Friedrich Feerhow and Swiss statistician Karl Krafft in a more general sense "to designate that branch of astrology working on scientific foundations and keyed to the natural sciences".
The term cosmobiology was popularized in English after the translation of the writings of Reinhold Ebertin, who based a large part of his techniques on the midpoint-astrology work of Alfred Witte The term most frequently refers to the school of astrology founded by Ebertin. The main difference between Witte's Hamburg School and Ebertin's Cosmobiology is that Cosmobiology rejects |
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{"datasets_id": 161101, "wiki_id": "Q353502", "sp": 4, "sc": 659, "ep": 4, "ec": 1393} | 161,101 | Q353502 | 4 | 659 | 4 | 1,393 | Cosmobiology | the hypothetical Trans-Neptunian objects used by the Hamburg School and practitioners of Uranian astrology. Another difference is the significant expansion of Cosmobiology into medical astrology, Dr. Ebertin being a physician.
Cosmobiology continued Witte's ultimate primary emphasis on the use of astrological midpoints along with the following 8th-harmonic aspects in the natal chart, which both Witte and Ebertin found to be the most potent in terms of personal influence: conjunction (0°), semi-square (45°), square (90°), sesquiquadrate (135°), and opposition (180°).
In cosmobiological analysis, planets are inserted into a special type of horoscope often referred to as a 'Cosmogram' (derived from the Uranian |
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{"datasets_id": 161101, "wiki_id": "Q353502", "sp": 4, "sc": 1393, "ep": 4, "ec": 2108} | 161,101 | Q353502 | 4 | 1,393 | 4 | 2,108 | Cosmobiology | 90° dial chart) and delineated.
The primary reference/research text for Cosmobiology was first published in 1940 by the German astrologer Reinhold Ebertin. The name of the book is The Combination of Stellar Influences. The original German title is Kombination der Gestirneinflusse. Its foundations were derived largely from the early versions of the "Regelwerk für Planetenbilder" by Alfred Witte, and then further built upon by Ebertin and colleagues.
Ebertin defined Cosmobiology as the following:
"Cosmobiology is a scientific discipline concerned with the possible correlation between the cosmos and organic life and the effects of cosmic rhythms and stellar motion on man, with all his |
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{"datasets_id": 161101, "wiki_id": "Q353502", "sp": 4, "sc": 2108, "ep": 4, "ec": 2818} | 161,101 | Q353502 | 4 | 2,108 | 4 | 2,818 | Cosmobiology | potentials and dispositions, his character and the possible turns of fate; it also researches these correlation and effects as mirrored by earth's plant and animal life as a whole. In this endeavor, Cosmobiology utilises modern-day methods of scientific research, such as statistics, analysis, and computer programming. It is of prime importance, however, in view of the scientific effort expended, not to overlook the macrocosmic and microcosmic interrelations incapable of measurement."
What is noteworthy about both Cosmobiology and Uranian astrology, which has developed along a different path technically, is their emphasis on critical analysis and testing by observing more clearly measurable or |
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{"datasets_id": 161101, "wiki_id": "Q353502", "sp": 4, "sc": 2818, "ep": 4, "ec": 3558} | 161,101 | Q353502 | 4 | 2,818 | 4 | 3,558 | Cosmobiology | observable astrological correlations, rather than to simply perpetuate observations or assumptions written in historical astrological texts, a problem leading to widespread criticism of mainstream Classical Astrology. Some have speculated that the term "Cosmobiology" was coined specifically to divorce its precepts from the manifold ambiguities of, and subsequent widespread biases against, Classical Astrology.
Three prominent published Cosmobiological authors in the English language are German-American cosmobiologist Eleonora Kimmel, American cosmobiologist Aren Ober (formerly Savalan), and Australian cosmobiologist Doris Greaves, all of whom have published texts in Cosmobiology based on their own substantial experiences. |
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{"datasets_id": 161102, "wiki_id": "Q5176971", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 608} | 161,102 | Q5176971 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 608 | Counterflow centrifugation elutriation | Principle | Counterflow centrifugation elutriation Principle The key concept is that larger cells tend to stay within the flowing buffer solution while smaller cells will be washed away follow the buffer solution (different sedimentation property within the buffer solution), and cells will have different sedimentation properties in different cell cycle stages.
The basic principle of separating the cells inside CCE is the balance between centripetal and the counter flow drag force. When the cells enter the elutriation chamber, all the cells will stay at the outer edge of the chamber due to centrifugal force. Then when the flow rate of the buffer solution |
{"datasets_id": 161102, "wiki_id": "Q5176971", "sp": 6, "sc": 608, "ep": 10, "ec": 178} | 161,102 | Q5176971 | 6 | 608 | 10 | 178 | Counterflow centrifugation elutriation | Principle & Disadvantages | increases, the solution tends to push the cells towards the middle of the CCE. When the counter flow drag force outweighs the centripetal force, particles will be driven by the net force and leave the chamber. Smaller particles are able to leave the chamber at lower flow rates. In contrast, larger particles will stay within the elutriation chamber. Therefore, buffer flow rate can be used to control size sorting within the elutriation chamber. Disadvantages As mentioned above, the CCE separates cells based on their sedimentation property but not specific features (e.g. surface protein, cell shape). It cannot separate different types |
{"datasets_id": 161102, "wiki_id": "Q5176971", "sp": 10, "sc": 178, "ep": 10, "ec": 487} | 161,102 | Q5176971 | 10 | 178 | 10 | 487 | Counterflow centrifugation elutriation | Disadvantages | of cells which have similar sedimentation properties. This means that previous purification needs to be done for mixed cell type sample. The CCE is also limited to cells which are able to be individually suspended in the buffer solution. Cells which always attach to something cannot be separated by the CCE. |
{"datasets_id": 161103, "wiki_id": "Q3002892", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 66} | 161,103 | Q3002892 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 66 | Cristina Rodríguez (journalist) | Works | Cristina Rodríguez (journalist) Works Cristina has published works in her own name and under pseudonyms. |
{"datasets_id": 161104, "wiki_id": "Q523698", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 8} | 161,104 | Q523698 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 8 | Crna Trava | Name & History | Crna Trava Name The name of the village in Serbian translates to Black Grass. The origin of the name dates back to 1389, when Battle of Kosovo took place. A Serbian reserve army unit, composed of Serbian archers and cavaliers, decided to take a rest on a grass field Vilin Lug ("Fairy Grove") while travelling to the battlefield.
Since the flowers and other herbs covering the field were highly poisonous, the soldiers became intoxicated, thereby they did not wake up on time for the battle. Realizing that fact, they cursed the grass that poisoned them, branding it "black" grass. History |
{"datasets_id": 161104, "wiki_id": "Q523698", "sp": 10, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 578} | 161,104 | Q523698 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 578 | Crna Trava | History | Illyrian tribes inhabited the area in the 5th century BC. Romans occupied the region in the 2nd century BC and exploited the ores in the vicinity, mining for gold, iron and clay. The region of Crna Trava especially developed during the reign of King Milutin in the 13th and 14th century. The original Church of Saint Nicholas was built in that period, so as the important Crna Trava Monastery. During the reign of Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the monastery was a metochion of Hagia Sophia and Crna Trava had certain benefits from that, as the region was considered a |
{"datasets_id": 161104, "wiki_id": "Q523698", "sp": 10, "sc": 578, "ep": 14, "ec": 322} | 161,104 | Q523698 | 10 | 578 | 14 | 322 | Crna Trava | History & Tourism | waqf so it wasn't directly ruled by the Turks as the others regions were. The monastery did not survive for long and it is not known to whom it was dedicated. It is speculated that it was located near the Čuka hill, below the Crni Vrh peak. Tourism Tourism is not developed, even though Crna Trava is only 10 km (6.2 mi) away from the Lake Vlasina. The average altitude of the surrounding area is 1,300 m (4,300 ft) and combined with the climate, produces a clean, fresh air and the growth of the still wild grown strawberries, raspberries and blueberries so as mushrooms |
{"datasets_id": 161104, "wiki_id": "Q523698", "sp": 14, "sc": 322, "ep": 22, "ec": 177} | 161,104 | Q523698 | 14 | 322 | 22 | 177 | Crna Trava | Tourism & Church of Saint Nicholas & Crnotravka monument | and herbal plants. Church of Saint Nicholas The Church of Saint Nicholas was originally built during the reign of King Milutin, c. 1300, but was destroyed later. The new church was built on its foundations in 1635. It had no service held from 1942 to 2012. On the day of Saint Procopius of Scythopolis, on 21 July, an annual regional festivity is held at the church. Crnotravka monument In order to mark the devotion of the wives of the Crnotravac builders, who stayed at home and took care of children and households, a monument was erected. Work of Sava Halugin, |
{"datasets_id": 161104, "wiki_id": "Q523698", "sp": 22, "sc": 177, "ep": 22, "ec": 444} | 161,104 | Q523698 | 22 | 177 | 22 | 444 | Crna Trava | Crnotravka monument | officially named Zahvalnost ("gratitude"), it is colloquially often referred to as Crnotravka, the female demonym. The monument is located at the confluence of the Čemerčica river into the Vlasina, in front of the "Vilin Lug" hotel, and was dedicated on 4 July 1983. |
{"datasets_id": 161105, "wiki_id": "Q5192197", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 312} | 161,105 | Q5192197 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 312 | CubeCity Entertainment | History of CubeCity & Musical theatre | CubeCity Entertainment History of CubeCity CubeCity Entertainment was founded by Roberto Munoz. Originally located in the Niagara Peninsula in Ontario, Canada, it was called P.M. Productions. It officially made a name change when the company moved to the New York City area in 2000. Musical theatre In 1994, Munoz and his team assembled a troupe of local actors in the Niagara Peninsula to stage the rock musical Job and the Snake. In 1995, they moved up to Toronto, Ontario where they showcased Job in several larger venues. The company then produced various musicals and plays in their workshop theatre space, |
{"datasets_id": 161105, "wiki_id": "Q5192197", "sp": 10, "sc": 312, "ep": 14, "ec": 168} | 161,105 | Q5192197 | 10 | 312 | 14 | 168 | CubeCity Entertainment | Musical theatre & Filmmaking | Trinity Basement Theatre.
In the spring of 2000, they produced a run of Job and the Snake at the Grove Theatre in Los Angeles, California before moving to New York City that fall. In 2001, CubeCity Entertainment was officially incorporated in the State of New York. CubeCity showcased several productions in Off-Broadway venues—beginning with the musical Purim Day. In October 2004, they showcased Job and the Snake, starring Troy curtis and Dale Church. Filmmaking In 2006, CubeCity turned its focus on independent filmmaking with their first feature film Liars and Lunatics, later renamed Dear J. The movie was filmed in Whitestone, |
{"datasets_id": 161105, "wiki_id": "Q5192197", "sp": 14, "sc": 168, "ep": 14, "ec": 779} | 161,105 | Q5192197 | 14 | 168 | 14 | 779 | CubeCity Entertainment | Filmmaking | Queens, New York. Directed by Roberto Munoz and Mann Munoz, Dear J features Joseph Halsey, Allison Lane, Carson Grant, Maya Serhan, Patrick Mitchell, and Karen Lynn Gorney in the role of the Judge. The DVD was released in 2008.
CubeCity also produced FINALe, a DVD featuring the final solo performance concert of Larry Norman before he died in 2008. The concert took place in New York City in August 2007. The DVD was released in 2008.
Under Jakob's Ladder is CubeCity's second feature film. It stars actors Jeff Stewart, Christopher Elliott, and Sal Rendino. The film was shot in the spring of |
{"datasets_id": 161105, "wiki_id": "Q5192197", "sp": 14, "sc": 779, "ep": 14, "ec": 1444} | 161,105 | Q5192197 | 14 | 779 | 14 | 1,444 | CubeCity Entertainment | Filmmaking | 2009 and released on DVD in 2012. The movie won the 2010 "Redemptive Storyteller Award" at the Redemptive Film Festival; and two awards at the 2011 Manhattan Film Festival for "Best Film - Period Piece" and "Best Actor" (Jeff Stewart).
In 2012, CubeCity collaborated with Curium Films to film Lazer Us in Niagara Falls, Canada. This movie won "Best Film - Adventure Category" at the 2013 Manhattan Film Festival. Directed by Mann Munoz, the movie features Robbie Beniuk, Patrick J. Mitchell, Elijah Black, Robert Tanos, Tanya Lynne, Christopher Elliott, and Jim Yorfido.
CubeCity Entertainment also collaborated with Curium Films when they traveled |
{"datasets_id": 161105, "wiki_id": "Q5192197", "sp": 14, "sc": 1444, "ep": 14, "ec": 2090} | 161,105 | Q5192197 | 14 | 1,444 | 14 | 2,090 | CubeCity Entertainment | Filmmaking | to Haiti to film a documentary called Haiti: a David and Goliath Story in January 2013.
CubeCity's fourth feature, Lost Penny, was filmed in August 2014 in St. Catharines, Ontario. Producer Roberto Munoz reconnected with Broadway Lights Dance Studio, having worked with them in his theatre days with his musical Job and the Snake. Directed by Mann Munoz, the movie features Rachael McOwen, Victoria Guthrie, Andrew Roth, Christopher Elliott, Stephen Velichko, and Victoria Murdoch. The film was screened at the Manhattan Film Festival (as a festival award winner) and the Niagara Integrated Film Festival where it sold out its screening. |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 623} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 623 | Culture in Dresden | Culture in Dresden Dresden is a cultural centre in Germany which has influenced the development of European culture. "It is [...] outstanding as a cultural landscape, an ensemble that integrates the celebrated Baroque setting and suburban garden city into an artistic whole within the river valley, and as an example of land use, representing an exceptional development of a major Central-European city."
Dresden is today reestabishing the cultural importance it held from the 19th century up until the 1920s when it was a centre of both fine and visual arts, architecture and music. During that period, famous artists such as Richard |
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{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 4, "sc": 623, "ep": 8, "ec": 113} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 4 | 623 | 8 | 113 | Culture in Dresden | Musical ensembles | Wagner, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Otto Dix, Oskar Kokoschka, Richard Strauss, Gottfried Semper and Gret Palucca were active in the city. Dresden also is home to several important art collections, world-famous musical ensembles and significant buildings from various architectural periods, many of which were rebuilt after the destruction of the Second World War.
Nowadays Dresden once more attracts international artists such as Fabio Luisi, Daniel Libeskind and Norman Foster to work in and for the cultural life of the city. Musical ensembles The Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden is the orchestra of the Saxon State Opera and was founded in 1548. It is one |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 8, "sc": 113, "ep": 8, "ec": 745} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 8 | 113 | 8 | 745 | Culture in Dresden | Musical ensembles | of the oldest orchestras and is known as Strauss-Orchestra. Nevertheless the musical ensemble was also moulded by Carl Maria von Weber and Richard Wagner as its conductors.
The Dresdner Kreuzchor (Choir of The Cross) is a boy's choir. It consists of pupils of the Kreuzschule, which is a Gymnasium today; the Kreuzchor is the choir of the Kreuzkirche. Choir, church and school were first mentioned in the 13th century and are as old as the city of Dresden. The "Dresdner Kapellknaben" (which are not related to the Staatskapelle) are the choir of the Catholic cathedral.
The Dresden Philharmonic is the orchestra of |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 8, "sc": 745, "ep": 12, "ec": 132} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 8 | 745 | 12 | 132 | Culture in Dresden | Musical ensembles & Architecture | the city of Dresden. It was founded in 1870, originally called the Gewerbehausorchestra, and renamed in 1915.
The Dresdner Sinfoniker is a symphony orchestra and a newcomer to the international musical ensembles in Dresden. The orchestra was founded in 1996 and became notable for its crossover of classic and modern music and for its cooperation with the Pet Shop Boys creating a soundtrack for the 1925 silent film Battleship Potemkin and releasing the album of that name. Architecture Although Dresden is often said to be a Baroque city, its architecture is influenced by more than one style. Other eras of importance |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 12, "sc": 132, "ep": 16, "ec": 494} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 12 | 132 | 16 | 494 | Culture in Dresden | Architecture & Royal household | are the Renaissance and Historism as well as the contemporary styles of Modernism and Postmodernism. Royal household The royal buildings are among the most impressive buildings in Dresden. Dresden Castle was once the home of the royal household. The wings of the building have been renewed, built upon and restored many times. Due to this segued integration of styles, the castle includes elements of the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicist styles.
The Zwinger Palace is just across the road from the castle. It was built on the old stronghold of the city and was converted to a centre for the royal art |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 16, "sc": 494, "ep": 16, "ec": 1100} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 16 | 494 | 16 | 1,100 | Culture in Dresden | Royal household | collections and a place to hold festivals. Its gate (surmounted by a golden crown) by the moat is a notable part of the building.
Another notable site is also on the former city wall: Brühl's Terrace was a gift to Heinrich von Brühl and became an ensemble of buildings. It was opened to the public in the 19th century; previously the whole area had been reserved for the nobility. The ensemble includes the Albertinum, the Sächsisches Ständehaus and the Secundogenitur (home of the second son of the electors and kings).
August the Strong was very impressed by Venice with its Canal Grande |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 16, "sc": 1100, "ep": 16, "ec": 1703} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 16 | 1,100 | 16 | 1,703 | Culture in Dresden | Royal household | and decided to model the Dresden Elbe Valley on this example using the Elbe's ample bends. Nevertheless he initiated the creation of a cultural landscape which became a World Heritage Site since 2004 and which differs from the Canal Grande with its meadows and forested yards. This landscape hosts vineyards not far away from the inner city. The World Heritage Site passes through almost the whole city. Due to conflicts involving a modern bridge to be built across the river at a sensitive spot, the site has been added to the list of endangered World Heritage sites.
Pillnitz Castle was built |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 16, "sc": 1703, "ep": 20, "ec": 448} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 16 | 1,703 | 20 | 448 | Culture in Dresden | Royal household & Religious buildings | as a summer residence in the style of Chinoiserie alongside the Elbe on the southern side and the slopes and vineyards on the other. Religious buildings The Hofkirche was the church of the royal household. August the Strong, who wanted to become King of Poland, was forced to convert to the Catholic religion, as the Polish king had to be Catholic. At that time Dresden was strictly Protestant. August the Strong ordered the building of the Hofkirche (1739 to 1755) to establish a sign of religious importance in Dresden. The church is the cathedral "Sanctissimae Trinitatis" since 1980. The staggered |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 20, "sc": 448, "ep": 20, "ec": 1049} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 20 | 448 | 20 | 1,049 | Culture in Dresden | Religious buildings | facade is completed by two balustrades that are decorated width 74 statues of saints. The church hosts the crypt of the Wettin Dynasty.
The Frauenkirche was built by the citizens of Dresden between 1726 and 1743. It is said to be the greatest cupola building in central and northern Europe. Furthermore, the Frauenkirche is the largest church in Dresden, leading Dresden to be one of the few places where a cathedral is not the largest Christian sacral building. The basilica of Santa Maria della Salute in Venice is said to be a model for the Frauenkirche whose cupola was originally planned |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 20, "sc": 1049, "ep": 24, "ec": 34} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 20 | 1,049 | 24 | 34 | Culture in Dresden | Religious buildings & Contemporary architecture | as a timber construction. During this period, architectural style in Dresden was significantly inspired by Venice, Florence and other landmarks in northern Italy.
The Kreuzkirche is another main church of the Protestants and is the oldest established church building of Dresden . The community of the Frauenkirche, which is in fact a few years older, was formerly located in the outskirts of the city. The Kreuzkirche has often been destroyed by conflagration and wars. The preserved style of architecture is that of the baroque edition supplemented by the elements of the Art Nouveau. Contemporary architecture Dresden has been an important site |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 24, "sc": 34, "ep": 24, "ec": 709} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 24 | 34 | 24 | 709 | Culture in Dresden | Contemporary architecture | for the development of contemporary architecture for centuries, and this trend has extended into the 20th and 21st centuries.
Historicist buildings made their presence felt on the cityscape until the 1920s. One of the most recent buildings of that era is the Hygiene-Museum, which is designed in an impressively monumental style but employs plain facades and simple structures. It is often but wrongly attributed to the Bauhaus school.
The architectural plans of the National Socialist regime for the city were not realised. As in Berlin, where Nazi architects planned the monumental restructuring of the city as "Germania, Capital of the World", large-scale |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 24, "sc": 709, "ep": 24, "ec": 1352} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 24 | 709 | 24 | 1,352 | Culture in Dresden | Contemporary architecture | buildings next to the Großer Garten park were meant to establish Dresden as a subsidiary, regional capital. Some of the contemporary buildings were found to be "un-German". Among them was the Kugelhaus (Globe House) which was torn down. Along with older constructions, many modern buildings were destroyed in the Second World War.
Most of the present cityscape of Dresden was built up after 1945, a mix of reconstructed or repaired old buildings and new buildings of the modern and postmodern styles of the second half of the 20th century.
Under the German Democratic Republic, Dresden was planned and reconstituted as a model |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 24, "sc": 1352, "ep": 24, "ec": 2047} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 24 | 1,352 | 24 | 2,047 | Culture in Dresden | Contemporary architecture | socialist city. Streets were arranged to keep chimneys of industry in sight. Wide streets and squares were cut into the landscape. Central public spaces, such as the Altmarkt, were surrounded by neoclassical Socialist Realist structures of relatively high quality. Other structures were built with less sensitivity toward their historic or geographic context, for example the housing block at Prager Straße. Other buildings, including the Kulturpalast or the Centrum-Warenhaus (a large department store), represent the international style. Much of the new public architecture was influenced by public outcry and protest; the Kulturpalast, for example, was first planned as monumental tower like |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 24, "sc": 2047, "ep": 24, "ec": 2687} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 24 | 2,047 | 24 | 2,687 | Culture in Dresden | Contemporary architecture | the Warsaw Palace of Culture and Science but arranged in a flatter form in context of the historic buildings.
After 1990 and German reunification, new styles emerged. The Saxon State Parliament was under construction until 1993 and uses the old part of the former financial ministry in combination with a new wing of glass and steel in classic modern style. It represents the beginning of the so-called New Terrace (extending Brühl's Terrace). The youngest building of that ensemble alongside the river Elbe is the International Congress Center Dresden which is a postmodern building mirroring motifs of the historic terrace and of |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 24, "sc": 2687, "ep": 24, "ec": 3398} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 24 | 2,687 | 24 | 3,398 | Culture in Dresden | Contemporary architecture | the Elbe landscape.
The New Synagogue, at the other end of the old city, is another award-winning contemporary structure. Built almost completely of stone, its vertical edges are sloped, to reflect Jewish religious rites.
The nearby UFA-Kristallpalast cinema is a recent design by the firm Coop Himmelb(l)au. It is one of the largest deconstructivist buildings in Germany. Another deconstructivist project been planned for Dresden by Daniel Libeskind: the Military History Museum in the classicist Arsenal building which is currently under reconstruction. Libeskind has designed an arrow breaking through the building in the direction of the inner city, symbolising the flight formations during |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 24, "sc": 3398, "ep": 24, "ec": 3997} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 24 | 3,398 | 24 | 3,997 | Culture in Dresden | Contemporary architecture | the bombardment of Dresden 1945— appropriate to the context of the military museum that has existed in that building since 1918. The transparent new facade is in foreground of the solid old facade and creates a contrast that emblematises open and democratic society and the new role of its armed forces in contrast to the historic past.
Norman Foster is responsible for the final stage of the reconstruction of the Dresden Hauptbahnhof train station. He designed a new teflon roof using the old steel girders and a new glass cupola of the entrance hall. The large white housetop is a unique |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 24, "sc": 3997, "ep": 28, "ec": 156} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 24 | 3,997 | 28 | 156 | Culture in Dresden | Contemporary architecture & Technical buildings | landmark that can be seen from many positions on the slopes above the Elbe valley.
The Saxon State Library was built between 1998 and 2002 on the campus of the Technische Universität Dresden. It is mainly underground, with two cuboids rising up from below. While the walls are of other substances, glass is used extensively in the roof portion of the building. The central reading room extends two stories underground. Technical buildings Dresden is also known for some technical buildings. Most of them were built in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 28, "sc": 156, "ep": 28, "ec": 769} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 28 | 156 | 28 | 769 | Culture in Dresden | Technical buildings | Two areas where there are technical buildings are Schillerplatz and Körnerplatz. These two places are named after Friedrich Schiller and Carl Theodor Körner and are connected by the "Blue Wonder" Elbe bridge. This bridge is one of the oldest cantilever truss bridges in Germany. It is often said to be called a Wonder because it spans the river without a pillar or due to its colour, which is sometimes said to have changed from green to blue.
Nearby, two cable railways connect Körnerplatz with two villa quarters. The Standseilbahn Dresden is a funicular railway which travels up 95 metres and connects |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 28, "sc": 769, "ep": 28, "ec": 1468} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 28 | 769 | 28 | 1,468 | Culture in Dresden | Technical buildings | the districts of Loschwitz and Weißer Hirsch. The Schwebebahn Dresden is the oldest suspension railway in the world and connects the lower and upper parts of Loschwitz.
The city planner Hans Erlwein designed some industrial buildings in the city centre. His storage building near the Semperoper is adapted to neighbouring buildings by a dissected roof. Another building planned by Hans Erlwein is the slaughterhouse complex. This location became famous thanks to the novel Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut.
Another well-known technical building is the Yenidze which was built as a cigarette factory. Its architecture is greatly influenced by marketing and orientally designed in |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 28, "sc": 1468, "ep": 32, "ec": 12} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 28 | 1,468 | 32 | 12 | Culture in Dresden | Technical buildings & Bridges | an Oriental style to bring to mind the countries where tobacco comes from. Even the chimneys are styled like minarets. At the time it was built, its architecture was controversial but today it is a listed building. It is used as offices.
The Fernsehturm Dresden-Wachwitz is the city TV tower. It is 252 metres high and towers 373 metres above the valley.
There are several waterworks in the city. Most of them use water from the Elbe river. One of the oldest waterworks is the "Saloppe", which extracts fresh water from small rivers in the Dresden Heath forest. Bridges The place of |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 32, "sc": 12, "ep": 32, "ec": 644} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 32 | 12 | 32 | 644 | Culture in Dresden | Bridges | the Augustusbrücke between Altstadt and Neustadt in the centre of the city is the location of the oldest bridges in Dresden. A bridge at that place is already reported in the 13th century. Also reported are the demolitions of that bridge in floods of the past as appeared the last time yet in the March floods of 1845.
The first bridge passed by the river is the Loschwitzer Brücke (famously known as Blaues Wunder). The Albertbrücke at the border of the inner city is some kilometre downstream. The following bridges Carolabrücke, Augustusbrücke and Marienbrücke are in short distances.
The Marienbrücke is divided |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 32, "sc": 644, "ep": 36, "ec": 277} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 32 | 644 | 36 | 277 | Culture in Dresden | Bridges & Sculptures, monuments and fountains | into a road/tram bridges and a railway bridge. It connects the two train station of most importance in Dresden Hauptbahnhof and Dresden-Neustadt station on the historic Leipzig-Dresdner railway and is as like the Carolabridge which hosts four lines of an important road and an extra double-track of the tram. Sculptures, monuments and fountains There are about 300 fountains and springs in Dresden where they are often placed in parks or on squares. The wells only serve in a decorative function since there is a fresh water system in Dresden.
The artesian aquifer at Albertplatz is the only spring in Dresden that |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 36, "sc": 277, "ep": 36, "ec": 938} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 36 | 277 | 36 | 938 | Culture in Dresden | Sculptures, monuments and fountains | is run all-the-year due to its warm water. It was planned to produce fresh water for the Neustadt districts. About 3,900 litres per hour are flowing upwards the 240 metre depth well naturally by pressure.
Many springs in Dresden are historic monuments, such as the "Nymphenbad" in the Zwinger or the "Cholerabrunnen". The "Cholerabrunnen" was financed by Eugen von Gutschmid in thanks that Dresden was untroubled by the cholera epidemics in the 1940s years.
Springs and fountains are also elements in contemporary cityspaces: Modern springs are arranged along the Prager Straße. Due to their styles of fountain, they are called "blowballs". The |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 36, "sc": 938, "ep": 40, "ec": 95} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 36 | 938 | 40 | 95 | Culture in Dresden | Sculptures, monuments and fountains & Dresden-Hellerau – Germany's first garden city | springs alongside the Hauptbahnhof train station are above the glass ceiling of an underground parking.
A prominent sculpture in Dresden is the golden equestrian sculpture of Augustus II the Strong called the "Goldener Reiter (Golden Cavalier)" on the Neustädter Markt square. It shows August at the beginning of the Hauptstraße (Main street) on his way to Warsaw where he was elected King of Poland. Another sculpture is the memorial of Martin Luther in front of the Frauenkirche. Dresden-Hellerau – Germany's first garden city The garden city of Hellerau, at that time a suburb of Dresden, was founded in 1909 according to |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 40, "sc": 95, "ep": 42, "ec": 8} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 40 | 95 | 42 | 8 | Culture in Dresden | Dresden-Hellerau – Germany's first garden city & Cinemas and cinematics | the principles postulated by the British reformer Ebenezer Howard. It was built by renowned architects and artists, amongst them Hermann Muthesius, Heinrich Tessenow, Theodor Fischer and Wilhelm Kreis. In 1911 Tessenow built the Hellerau Festspielhaus (festival theatre) for the Swiss music educator Émile Jaques-Dalcroze and Hellerau became a centre of modernism with international standing until the outbreak of World War I. During the Third Reich, this area was infamous.
In 1950 Hellerau was incorporated into the city of Dresden. Today the Hellerau reform architecture is recognised as exemplary. In the 1990s the garden city of Hellerau became a conservation area. Cinemas |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 42, "sc": 7, "ep": 44, "ec": 569} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 42 | 7 | 44 | 569 | Culture in Dresden | Cinemas and cinematics | and cinematics There still a lot of small cinemas and theatres of cinematic arts offering a programme of cult films and current films of low budget or weak promotion that were selected by their cultural worth. Dresden also has a couple of Multiplex Cinemas of which the Rundkino is the oldest. The cinema build in a circular building was out of order after the flooding of 2002 but was reopened in 2008.
Dresden has been a centre in the production of animated films and of the optical cinematic techniques. The Dresden Filmfest hosts a contest of short subjects which is among |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 44, "sc": 569, "ep": 48, "ec": 572} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 44 | 569 | 48 | 572 | Culture in Dresden | Cinemas and cinematics & Literature | the most endowed contests in Europe. Literature Dresden is a topic in German-language literature in various eras. Dresden was home to a number of authors or a place of their activities and influence.
Friedrich Schiller published his Ode to Joy in Dresden which he began in Gohlis near Leipzig in 1785.
E. T. A. Hoffmann's novella The Golden Pot. A Modern Fairytale is set in Dresden and was published in 1814. The Golden Pot has parts of realistic descriptions of Dresden and fades into a surreal world of myths. Hoffmann witnessed the Battle of Dresden in 1813.
Erich Kästner grow up in Dresden. |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 48, "sc": 572, "ep": 48, "ec": 1236} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 48 | 572 | 48 | 1,236 | Culture in Dresden | Literature | He worked off his youth in Dresden (The Flying Classroom) and his military training in an artillery battalion in the Dresden Albertstadt garrison (poem Sergeant Waurich).
Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five describes the bombing of Dresden in February 1945 seen from a slaughterhouse near the old city of Dresden. Vonnegut was prisoner of war in Dresden during that event.
Contemporary novelists who are active in Dresden include Uwe Tellkamp and Ingo Schulze. Both broach up the theme of "Mythos Dresden". Tellkamp is known for his novel Der Turm (The Tower) plotting the life of an academic family in its educated social environment (ivory |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 48, "sc": 1236, "ep": 52, "ec": 538} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 48 | 1,236 | 52 | 538 | Culture in Dresden | Literature & Lifestyle | tower society) of Dresden in the last seven years of former East Germany. Lifestyle Dresden's heterogeneous cityspace strongly influences the lifestyle of the city. Dresden can change from very urban to very rural in just a short distance. Dresden is renowned for its many events and concerts.
The inner city is functionally split into a number of districts. The historic city centre serves as the most important tourist area and offers a variety of restaurants, bars, and pubs that are visited by tourists as well as the local inhabitants. The Seevorstadt, south of the historic town centre, is the most important |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 52, "sc": 538, "ep": 52, "ec": 1166} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 52 | 538 | 52 | 1,166 | Culture in Dresden | Lifestyle | shopping area in Dresden. It is crossed by the famous Prager Straße shopping street with large department stores and smaller shops. The intersection with the Altmarkt, which is the oldest market place in Dresden, extend this shopping area into the town centre. The Seevorstadt, with the main station and an important tram hub within a short distance, is also a very urban area of Dresden. The Neustadt is divided into the touristy Inner Neustadt and the Outer Neustadt. The Inner Neustadt offers a cornucopia of restaurants and retail shopping as well as important cultural institutions. The Outer Neustadt features importantly |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 52, "sc": 1166, "ep": 52, "ec": 1777} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 52 | 1,166 | 52 | 1,777 | Culture in Dresden | Lifestyle | in Dresden night life. The Outer Neustadt is the centre of subcultural and youth culture in Dresden with many clubs, bars, small stages, and alternative culture institutions.
Dresden is awash with green during the spring and summer. The huge parks and the long Elbe meadows are used day and at night for sports, parties and cultural activities. Local recreation takes place in the nearby National Park of Saxon Switzerland, in the Ore Mountains and in the countryside around Moritzburg, which are all close by. The cultural landscape of the Dresden Elbe Valley is a World Heritage Site but also part of |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 52, "sc": 1777, "ep": 52, "ec": 2399} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 52 | 1,777 | 52 | 2,399 | Culture in Dresden | Lifestyle | the everyday life of many inhabitants. The site crosses the city and is passed through by commuter traffic, used in leisure time and libed in by tens of thousands of residents.
Dresden is a student city with its own infrastructure of event locations and cultural institutions. There are 16 student clubs in the Altstadt and Südvorstadt near the university.
Due to the Elbe river, rowing and canoeing are popular leisure activities in Dresden. Dresden is a chess centre and was the host city of the Chess Olympiad in 2008. Night inline skating events are held every week in the summer.
The style of |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 52, "sc": 2399, "ep": 52, "ec": 3012} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 52 | 2,399 | 52 | 3,012 | Culture in Dresden | Lifestyle | housing can vary strongly within Dresden. In some cases old village cores are only a few minutes away from urban districts. The city centre is enormously different compared with the southern outskirts of the city. The Outer Neustadt, with the highest density of inhabitants, is just a kilometre away from the Dresdner Heide forest in the north. The large area in the south eastern corner and its outskirts are the most densely populated areas. Districts like Blasewitz or Striesen are covered with dotted housings and small garden areas around the houses. The Elbe slopes are covered with expensive villas. These |
{"datasets_id": 161106, "wiki_id": "Q5193502", "sp": 52, "sc": 3012, "ep": 52, "ec": 3140} | 161,106 | Q5193502 | 52 | 3,012 | 52 | 3,140 | Culture in Dresden | Lifestyle | contrast sharply with some areas such as the high-rise concrete blocks such as those in Gorbitz where living standards are low. |
{"datasets_id": 161107, "wiki_id": "Q5227168", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 306} | 161,107 | Q5227168 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 306 | Data General-One | Description & History | Data General-One Description The nine-pound battery-powered 1984 Data General-One ran MS-DOS and had dual 3½" diskettes, a 79-key full-stroke keyboard, 128K to 512K of RAM, and a monochrome LCD screen capable of either the standard 80×25 characters or full CGA graphics (640×200). It was a laptop comparable in capabilities to desktops of the era. History The Data General-One offered several features in comparison with contemporary portable computers. For instance, the popular 1983 Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100, a non-PC-compatible machine, was comparably sized. It was a small battery-operated computer resting in one's lap, but had a 40×8 character (240×64 |
{"datasets_id": 161107, "wiki_id": "Q5227168", "sp": 10, "sc": 306, "ep": 14, "ec": 340} | 161,107 | Q5227168 | 10 | 306 | 14 | 340 | Data General-One | History & Drawbacks | pixel) screen, a rudimentary ROM-based menu in lieu of a full OS, and no built-in floppy. IBM's 1984 Portable PC was comparable in capability with desktops, but was not battery operable and, being much larger and heavier, was by no means a laptop. Drawbacks The DG-1 was only a modest success. One problem was its use of 3½" diskettes. Popular software titles were thus not widely available (5.25" being still the standard), a serious issue since then-common diskette copy-protection schemes made it difficult for users to copy software into that format.
The CPU was a CMOS version of the |
{"datasets_id": 161107, "wiki_id": "Q5227168", "sp": 14, "sc": 340, "ep": 14, "ec": 951} | 161,107 | Q5227168 | 14 | 340 | 14 | 951 | Data General-One | Drawbacks | 8086, compatible with the IBM PC's 8088 except it ran slightly slower, at 4.0 MHz instead of the standard 4.77 MHz.
Unlike the Portable PC, the DG-1 laptop could not take regular PC/XT expansion cards.
RS232 serial ports were built-in, but the CMOS (low battery consumption) serial I-O chip available at design time, a CMOS version of the Intel 8251, was register incompatible with the 8250 serial IC standard for the IBM PC. As a result, software written for the PC serial ports would not run correctly. This required the use of software written using the relatively slower and less flexible |
{"datasets_id": 161107, "wiki_id": "Q5227168", "sp": 14, "sc": 951, "ep": 14, "ec": 1599} | 161,107 | Q5227168 | 14 | 951 | 14 | 1,599 | Data General-One | Drawbacks | BIOS interrupt call (014h), or software written exclusively for the DG-1.
Video memory came out of that available for the operating system; if 256 kB of RAM was installed, only 204 kbytes might be available to the operating system and user's programs.
Although Creative Computing termed the price of US$2895 "competitive," it was a very expensive system, and usually-needed additions such as more RAM and an external 5¼" drive drove the price higher yet. The styling of the product, including a bag designed by Pierre Cardin, implied a more up-market buyer than many typical PC buyers of the time.
The Data General-One also |
{"datasets_id": 161107, "wiki_id": "Q5227168", "sp": 14, "sc": 1599, "ep": 14, "ec": 2243} | 161,107 | Q5227168 | 14 | 1,599 | 14 | 2,243 | Data General-One | Drawbacks | had a built-in dumb terminal emulator, suggesting an attempt to attract as customers those in organisations with large, expensive minicomputers or mainframes that would access corporate data via terminals such as the ADM-3A or Data General's own Dasher terminals (the cost of the laptop would not have seemed excessive in such situations).
The screen was this computer's other great flaw. Although unusually large, the LCD display had very low contrast and narrow viewing angle. InfoWorld stated that "the godawful screen made a better mirror than display", and PC Magazine reported that "The exchange 'Why don't you turn it on?' / 'It |
{"datasets_id": 161107, "wiki_id": "Q5227168", "sp": 14, "sc": 2243, "ep": 18, "ec": 576} | 161,107 | Q5227168 | 14 | 2,243 | 18 | 576 | Data General-One | Drawbacks & Merged content | is on' is no joke. It happened in our offices." Merged content Despite the memorable advertisements ("The first computer able to fit inside the IBM PC"), the DG-1 was only a modest success. One problem was the use of 3½" diskettes, which were slightly ahead of their time; popular software titles were not available in 3½-inch format, and this was a serious issue, because then-common diskette copy-protection schemes made it difficult for users to copy the software into that format. Additionally, the diskettes used a proprietary formatting scheme not compatible with products from other companies. Although Creative Computing termed the |
{"datasets_id": 161107, "wiki_id": "Q5227168", "sp": 18, "sc": 576, "ep": 18, "ec": 1207} | 161,107 | Q5227168 | 18 | 576 | 18 | 1,207 | Data General-One | Merged content | price of US$2895 "competitive", it was a very expensive system and optional additions, such as expanded RAM and an external 5¼-inch floppy drive, drove the price considerably higher. The 4.0 MHz CPU speed was fractionally slower than the then-current 4.77 MHz IBM PC. The Achilles' heel, however, was the LCD, which was not backlit, had poor contrast, and was frequently accused of serving better as a mirror than as a display screen. Usable outdoors or in bright offices only, a flashlight, it was joked, was often necessary to see the contents of the screen.
Another product killer was the incompatible serial port chip, |
{"datasets_id": 161107, "wiki_id": "Q5227168", "sp": 18, "sc": 1207, "ep": 18, "ec": 1809} | 161,107 | Q5227168 | 18 | 1,207 | 18 | 1,809 | Data General-One | Merged content | an Intel 82C51, which was used to conserve power, instead of the 8250 used in the IBM PC. For a portable system, this was a critical flaw: PC programs that used the serial port wouldn't run on the DG-1 due to the non-standard register arrangement within the 82C51.
An updated version of the DG-1 appeared later with a much improved electroluminescent screen. However, the light-producing display could be washed out by bright sunlight. Additionally, the new screen was power hungry and consumed so much power that the battery option was removed, thereby causing the DG-1 to lose its status as |
{"datasets_id": 161107, "wiki_id": "Q5227168", "sp": 18, "sc": 1809, "ep": 18, "ec": 1826} | 161,107 | Q5227168 | 18 | 1,809 | 18 | 1,826 | Data General-One | Merged content | a true portable. |
{"datasets_id": 161108, "wiki_id": "Q455743", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 574} | 161,108 | Q455743 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 574 | David X. Cohen | Early life | David X. Cohen Early life Cohen was born in New York City as David S. Cohen. He changed his middle initial around the time Futurama debuted due to Writers' Guild policies prohibiting more than one member from having the same name. Both of his parents were biologists, and growing up Cohen had always planned to be a scientist, though he also enjoyed writing and drawing cartoons.
Cohen graduated from Dwight Morrow High School in Englewood, New Jersey, where he wrote the humor column for the high school paper and was a member of the school's state champion mathematics team. Cohen graduated |
{"datasets_id": 161108, "wiki_id": "Q455743", "sp": 6, "sc": 574, "ep": 10, "ec": 59} | 161,108 | Q455743 | 6 | 574 | 10 | 59 | David X. Cohen | Early life & Writing career | from Harvard University with a B.A. in physics, and the University of California, Berkeley, with a M.S. in computer science. At Harvard, he wrote for and served as President of the Harvard Lampoon.
In high school Cohen wrote in MOS 6502 assembly language an Apple II compiler and computer game, and unsuccessfully tried to publish the latter through Broderbund. His most notable academic publication concerned the theoretical computer science problem of pancake sorting, which was also the subject of an academic publication by Bill Gates and Christos Papadimitriou. Writing career After three years of graduate school, Cohen took a leave of |
{"datasets_id": 161108, "wiki_id": "Q455743", "sp": 10, "sc": 59, "ep": 14, "ec": 91} | 161,108 | Q455743 | 10 | 59 | 14 | 91 | David X. Cohen | Writing career & Futurama | absence and started writing sample TV scripts. In 1992, this landed him a job writing two of the earliest Beavis and Butt-Head episodes. In 1993, Cohen began working on The Simpsons, writing or co-writing thirteen episodes. Nearly five years later, Cohen would team with Matt Groening to develop Futurama, where he served as writer or co-writer of seven episodes and executive producer and head writer of the series' entire run. Cohen has won four Primetime Emmy Awards: Two for Futurama and two for The Simpsons. Futurama Cohen co-developed Futurama, along with The Simpsons creator Matt Groening. Cohen served as |
{"datasets_id": 161108, "wiki_id": "Q455743", "sp": 14, "sc": 91, "ep": 14, "ec": 692} | 161,108 | Q455743 | 14 | 91 | 14 | 692 | David X. Cohen | Futurama | head writer, executive producer, and voice director of the series. He was also the voice director of the Futurama video game. After spending a few years researching science fiction, Groening got together with Cohen in 1997 and developed Futurama, an animated series about life in the year 3000. By the time they pitched the series to Fox in April 1998, Groening and Cohen had composed many characters and storylines; Groening claimed they had "gone overboard" in their discussions. Groening described trying to get the show on the air as "by far the worst experience of [his] grown-up life". The show |
{"datasets_id": 161108, "wiki_id": "Q455743", "sp": 14, "sc": 692, "ep": 14, "ec": 1320} | 161,108 | Q455743 | 14 | 692 | 14 | 1,320 | David X. Cohen | Futurama | premiered on March 28, 1999.
After four years on the air, the series was canceled by Fox. In a situation similar to the animated Family Guy, however, strong DVD sales and very stable ratings on Adult Swim brought Futurama back to life. When Comedy Central began negotiating for the rights to air Futurama reruns, Fox suggested that there was a possibility of also creating new episodes. When Comedy Central committed to sixteen new episodes, it was decided that four straight-to-DVD films—Bender's Big Score (2007), The Beast with a Billion Backs (2008), Bender's Game (2008) and Into the Wild Green Yonder (2009)—would |
{"datasets_id": 161108, "wiki_id": "Q455743", "sp": 14, "sc": 1320, "ep": 14, "ec": 1911} | 161,108 | Q455743 | 14 | 1,320 | 14 | 1,911 | David X. Cohen | Futurama | be produced. Since no new Futurama projects were in production, the movie Into the Wild Green Yonder was designed to stand as the Futurama series finale. However, Groening had expressed a desire to continue the Futurama franchise in some form, including as a theatrical film. In an interview with CNN, Groening said that "we have a great relationship with Comedy Central and we would love to do more episodes for them, but I don't know... We're having discussions and there is some enthusiasm but I can't tell if it's just me."
Comedy Central picked up the show for 26 new half-hour |
{"datasets_id": 161108, "wiki_id": "Q455743", "sp": 14, "sc": 1911, "ep": 14, "ec": 2496} | 161,108 | Q455743 | 14 | 1,911 | 14 | 2,496 | David X. Cohen | Futurama | episodes that began airing in mid-2010.
Cohen told Newsday in August 2009 that the reported 26-episode order means "[i]t will be up to 26. I can't guarantee it will be 26. But I think there's a pretty good chance it'll be exactly 26. Fox has been a little bit cagey about it, even internally. But nobody's too concerned. We're plunging ahead." Two episodes were in the process of being voice-recorded at that time, with an additional "six scripts ... in the works, ranging in scale from 'it's a crazy idea that someone's grandmother thought of' to 'it's all on paper'. ..."The |
{"datasets_id": 161108, "wiki_id": "Q455743", "sp": 14, "sc": 2496, "ep": 14, "ec": 3139} | 161,108 | Q455743 | 14 | 2,496 | 14 | 3,139 | David X. Cohen | Futurama | first episode is tentatively titled 'Rebirth' — and in a surprisingly literal fashion, as things turn out". It aired June 24 on Comedy Central.
Cohen designed one of the robots in the robot strip club which he said was "his one artistic contribution to the show". The robot's waist gyrated sexily using a planetary gear. In an episode's commentary, this artistic contribution is discussed by Futurama co-creator Matt Groening, who describes Cohen as being very particular about how the animators used his design, and that Cohen's original drawing is still framed in his office.
He makes some brief cameo appearances in cartoon |
{"datasets_id": 161108, "wiki_id": "Q455743", "sp": 14, "sc": 3139, "ep": 18, "ec": 319} | 161,108 | Q455743 | 14 | 3,139 | 18 | 319 | David X. Cohen | Futurama & Name change | form, first in the Futurama episode "A Bicyclops Built for Two", along with several other people who worked on the show, and second on "I Dated a Robot" as a member of the eBay audience. Both appearances are pointed out during DVD commentaries. Name change When the FOX prime-time animated shows unionized in 1998, Cohen was forced to use a different name for professional purposes as there was already another member credited as David S. Cohen and the Writers Guild of America does not allow members to use the same name for onscreen credits. Instead of using his full middle |
{"datasets_id": 161108, "wiki_id": "Q455743", "sp": 18, "sc": 319, "ep": 22, "ec": 68} | 161,108 | Q455743 | 18 | 319 | 22 | 68 | David X. Cohen | Name change & Writing credits | name, he chose to use the middle initial "X"—because it sounded "sci-fi-ish"—and has jokingly said that the "X" would make him "the David Cohen people would remember". The "X" does not actually stand for anything, but Cohen included a period "so people don't think it's some mathematical formula: 'David times Cohen' or something". Writing credits Cohen is credited with writing or co-writing the following episodes: |
{"datasets_id": 161109, "wiki_id": "Q1177315", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 183} | 161,109 | Q1177315 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 183 | David Zilberman (economist) | Biography & Academic career | David Zilberman (economist) Biography Zilberman was born in Jerusalem in Mandatory Palestine. He attended Hebrew University Secondary School. After serving in the Army and working on a Kibutz, he received his B. A. in Economics and Statistics at Tel Aviv University, Israel, and obtained his Ph.D. in Agricultural and Resource Economics at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1979. Zilberman is married to Leorah Abouav-Zilberman and has 3 sons and 6 grandchildren. Academic career Zilberman has been teaching, conducting research and serving as an extension specialist at UC Berkeley. His research combines, theory, empirical work and outreach. His research mostly |
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