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{"datasets_id": 161078, "wiki_id": "Q4885421", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 616} | 161,078 | Q4885421 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 616 | Ben Cheese | Ben Cheese Ben Cheese (1955 – 21 January 2001) was a British engineer who worked on Sinclair's ZX Microdrives. Authors Ian Adamson and Richard Kennedy, in their book Sinclair and the "Sunrise" Technology, write that "it seems only fair to note that it was the tenacity and imagination of R&D staffer Ben Cheese that got the product [i.e., the Microdrive] to the market".
When Sinclair was sold, Cheese formed a company called Flare Technology with two other former Sinclair engineers, John Mathieson and Martin Brennan. Brennan and Mathieson went on to form Flare II, and to develop the Atari Jaguar console. Meanwhile, |
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{"datasets_id": 161078, "wiki_id": "Q4885421", "sp": 4, "sc": 616, "ep": 4, "ec": 983} | 161,078 | Q4885421 | 4 | 616 | 4 | 983 | Ben Cheese | Cheese worked with Argonaut Software and Nintendo to develop the Super FX chip used in Super Nintendo Entertainment System games such as Star Fox.
Besides his engineering work, Ben Cheese also drew some mildly subversive cartoons for the Sinclair in-house newsletter called WHAM!, or What's Happening At Milton.
Ben Cheese died from cancer at age 46. |
|
{"datasets_id": 161079, "wiki_id": "Q4895240", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 338} | 161,079 | Q4895240 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 338 | Bert Nankiville | Bert Nankiville Herbert 'Bert' Nankiville (born 7 June 1917 in East Coolgardie - 6 June 1977 in Lancelin) was a champion swimmer who won the Australian national 440 yards freestyle championship in 1936. He was inducted into the Goldfields Sporting Hall of Fame in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, where he also has a road, Nankiville Road, named after him. |
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{"datasets_id": 161080, "wiki_id": "Q4910140", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 670} | 161,080 | Q4910140 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 670 | Bill McMorris | Biography | Bill McMorris Biography McMorris joined the staff of the Franklin Center for Government and Public Integrity in June 2009 as a researcher and investigative reporter. He became an investigative reporter for Watchdog.org in September 2009 when the website was launched.
Before working for the Franklin Center he served as a staff writer for the Santa Barbara News-Press and as an editorial intern for the National Journalism Center.
McMorris was born in Brooklyn, New York, and raised in Wilton, Connecticut. He attended Cornell University where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in government and history.
McMorris reported on phantom congressional districts in 2009. |
{"datasets_id": 161080, "wiki_id": "Q4910140", "sp": 6, "sc": 670, "ep": 6, "ec": 854} | 161,080 | Q4910140 | 6 | 670 | 6 | 854 | Bill McMorris | Biography | He also covered the corruption trial of former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich.
He was a 2010 recipient of the Robert Novak Fellowship, sponsored by the Phillips Foundation. |
{"datasets_id": 161081, "wiki_id": "Q4961729", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 562} | 161,081 | Q4961729 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 562 | Brenton Sanderson | Early career | Brenton Sanderson Early career Originally from Adelaide, South Australia, Sanderson moved from Sturt to Adelaide as one of their 10 concession picks. While at Sturt he injured his right leg and had to learn to kick left footed, this subsequently became his primary kicking foot. He finally made his debut in 1992 but had limited opportunities and played just 6 games until he moved to Collingwood. He played just 4 games with the club following two hamstring injuries during the year, but Sanderson once said he learned a lot about the right attitude to preparation and training, as he learned |
{"datasets_id": 161081, "wiki_id": "Q4961729", "sp": 6, "sc": 562, "ep": 14, "ec": 140} | 161,081 | Q4961729 | 6 | 562 | 14 | 140 | Brenton Sanderson | Early career & Geelong & Coaching career | from living with Nathan Buckley. Geelong In 1995 Sanderson moved to Geelong and reinvented himself as a half-back flanker, generating a lot of run out of defence. He had his best season in 2001, when he took out the Carji Greeves Medal as well as earning International rules selection.
In 2005 before the finals series, Sanderson announced he would be retiring from AFL football. His last match was the semi-final loss to the Sydney Swans at the SCG. Coaching career Immediately after Sanderson's retirement from playing he moved back to Adelaide to become an assistant coach at Port Adelaide Football Club, |
{"datasets_id": 161081, "wiki_id": "Q4961729", "sp": 14, "sc": 140, "ep": 14, "ec": 751} | 161,081 | Q4961729 | 14 | 140 | 14 | 751 | Brenton Sanderson | Coaching career | before heading back to Geelong to become an assistant coach in 2007.
On Monday 19 September 2011 Sanderson was appointed coach of the Adelaide Football Club ahead of red hot favourite Scott Burns and premiership captain Mark Bickley.
After getting to within a goal of reaching the AFL Grand Final in 2012, the Crows underachieved in the ensuing two years, finishing 11th and 10th respectively and therefore failing to make the finals. As a result, on 17 September 2014 (almost three years to the day since he was appointed) Sanderson was sacked as coach of the Adelaide Crows. He left the Crows |
{"datasets_id": 161081, "wiki_id": "Q4961729", "sp": 14, "sc": 751, "ep": 18, "ec": 122} | 161,081 | Q4961729 | 14 | 751 | 18 | 122 | Brenton Sanderson | Coaching career & Personal life | having won 39 of his 69 games in charge – a 56.5 per cent success rate – the second-best of any Crows coach to date.
Sanderson was Head Coach at the AFL National Academy from 2015 to 2016.
In 2016 Sanderson was appointed as a Senior Assistant Coach at the Collingwood Football Club, overseeing forward line and ball movement. Personal life Sanderson was at the Sari Club, just hours before the 2002 Bali bombings killed 202 people. He is also a qualified pilot. |
{"datasets_id": 161082, "wiki_id": "Q506696", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 537} | 161,082 | Q506696 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 537 | Bright Addae | Club career | Bright Addae Club career Born in Wa, Addae began his career with All Stars. In November 2009, it was announced that he would be moving to Italian club Parma in the summer of 2010, after signing a four-year contract. In January 2011, he was loaned to Spanish club Terrassa until the end of the 2010–11 season, as Parma ran out of non-EU registration quota for signing players from abroad. In August 2011 his contract was finally registered in Lega Serie A. Addae moved on loan to Crotone in July 2012.
He signed on loan for Slovenian club Gorica on 1 July |
{"datasets_id": 161082, "wiki_id": "Q506696", "sp": 6, "sc": 537, "ep": 6, "ec": 1155} | 161,082 | Q506696 | 6 | 537 | 6 | 1,155 | Bright Addae | Club career | 2013. On the same day Gorica also signed Daniele Bazzoffia, Uroš Celcer, Massimo Coda, Alex Cordaz, Sebestyén Ihrig-Farkas, Alen Jogan, Gianluca Lapadula, Floriano Vanzo and Fabio Lebran (Crotone/Parma) in temporary deal from Parma.
On 31 January 2014 he was signed by Gubbio along with Alessandro Gozzi.
On 17 July 2014 Addae was signed by Lega Pro club Ascoli in a definitive deal on a 2+1 year contract. Addae and the club confirmed the optional third year on 30 August 2015. On 2 May 2017 he signed a new 2-year contract.
Ahead of the 2019–20 season, Addae joined Juve Stabia in Serie B on |
{"datasets_id": 161082, "wiki_id": "Q506696", "sp": 6, "sc": 1155, "ep": 10, "ec": 120} | 161,082 | Q506696 | 6 | 1,155 | 10 | 120 | Bright Addae | Club career & International career | a 2-year contract. International career Addae made three appearances at the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup, and made his senior international debut for Ghana in 2010. |
{"datasets_id": 161083, "wiki_id": "Q4978858", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 304} | 161,083 | Q4978858 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 304 | Brunch (musical) | Synopsis & Critical reception | Brunch (musical) Synopsis The story takes place behind the scenes at a hip New York restaurant for which this is the big meal of the week (there are 200 reservations). The characters consist of wait staff and bussers, a few patrons, a manager, a bartender, and a chef. Critical reception Robert Windeler of Backstage magazine wrote, "You'd have to go to Broadway's Hair to find a more exuberant—not to mention more rock-oriented—current musical than this one." New Theater Corps described the show as, "A witty script filled with stinging one-liners and snappy comebacks. The rock and roll |
{"datasets_id": 161083, "wiki_id": "Q4978858", "sp": 10, "sc": 304, "ep": 10, "ec": 368} | 161,083 | Q4978858 | 10 | 304 | 10 | 368 | Brunch (musical) | Critical reception | score starts off strong, fast, and loud, and keep it that way." |
{"datasets_id": 161084, "wiki_id": "Q16985599", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 564} | 161,084 | Q16985599 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 564 | Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust | Performance | Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust Performance In October 2013 as a result of the Keogh Review the Trust was put into the highest risk category by the Care Quality Commission. It was put into a buddying arrangement with Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust.
In February 2014 the Trust announced it would invest £5 million to create 150 new nursing jobs to cut down on agency staff. “Before Christmas, we recruited 70 nurses and a further 97 nurses will be starting employment with the trust by April.” The trust spent £19.3 million on agency staff in 2014/5.
A Care Quality Commission inspection |
{"datasets_id": 161084, "wiki_id": "Q16985599", "sp": 6, "sc": 564, "ep": 6, "ec": 986} | 161,084 | Q16985599 | 6 | 564 | 6 | 986 | Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust | Performance | in March 2014 found the trust had made ‘significant progress’ with ‘real differences made in a relatively short time to improve quality and the patient experience’. Staff were said to be ‘caring and compassionate and treated patients with dignity and respect’. As a result, the trust was taken out of special measures in June 2014.
In February 2016 it was expecting a deficit of £5.5 million for the year 2015/6. |
{"datasets_id": 161085, "wiki_id": "Q3744448", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 615} | 161,085 | Q3744448 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 615 | CANSA FC.20 | Design and development | CANSA FC.20 Design and development The FC.20 was originally intended as a reconnaissance bomber but was developed instead as a ground attack aircraft. The first prototype first flew in 1941, piloted by Moroni. Four variants were structurally and aerodynamically similar apart from the front fuselage detail and engine installations.
The FC.20 was a cantilever low wing monoplane with a straight tapered wing of aspect ratio about 6.4. The leading edge was almost unswept and the tips rounded. The wing had positive dihedral outboard of the engines. The trailing edges carried short span, tabbed ailerons and split flaps which reached past the |
{"datasets_id": 161085, "wiki_id": "Q3744448", "sp": 6, "sc": 615, "ep": 6, "ec": 1323} | 161,085 | Q3744448 | 6 | 615 | 6 | 1,323 | CANSA FC.20 | Design and development | lower engine fairings to the wing roots. The twin engines were mounted forward of the leading edge with the propeller shaft in the wing plane; the mainwheels of the conventional undercarriage retracted backwards into the extended underwing engine fairings. The FC.20 had a twin tail, with elliptically shaped endplate vertical surfaces almost equally divided vertically between fin and rudder. These were mounted on a tapered tailplane with significant dihedral, carrying tabbed, tapered elevators. The rear fuselage extended beyond the empennage, providing a housing for the retractable talwheel.
In the unarmed reconnaissance bomber first prototype FC.20, the side-by-side cockpit was placed above |
{"datasets_id": 161085, "wiki_id": "Q3744448", "sp": 6, "sc": 1323, "ep": 6, "ec": 1925} | 161,085 | Q3744448 | 6 | 1,323 | 6 | 1,925 | CANSA FC.20 | Design and development | the wing leading edge. A long glazed nose extended forwards from the cockpit to beyond the plane of the propellers.
The second, ground attack FC.20bis prototype differed chiefly from the first in having a shortened nose, a cockpit placed ahead of the wing leading edge and full armament, though there was also a slight increase in wing area. The solid nose contained a 37 mm (1.46 in) Breda cannon, supplemented by a pair of 12.7 mm (0.5 in) machine guns in the wing roots. An enclosed, rotating dorsal turret to the rear of the cockpit but still over the wing contained a similar machine gun. |
{"datasets_id": 161085, "wiki_id": "Q3744448", "sp": 6, "sc": 1925, "ep": 6, "ec": 2570} | 161,085 | Q3744448 | 6 | 1,925 | 6 | 2,570 | CANSA FC.20 | Design and development | Two 160 kg (352 lb) bombs could be released from external wing mountings and small bombs from within the fuselage.
Two other variants also flew, both distinguished chiefly by their engines. The FC.20ter was a modification of the FC.20 with 745 kW (1,000 hp) Fiat A.80 R.C.41 radials. Unlike the FC.20, this aircraft had the dorsal turret of the FC.20bis and a nose mounted, long barrelled cannon. The sole FC.20quater was one of the few production FC.20bis aircraft, re-engined with 935 kW (1,250 hp) Daimler-Benz DB 601 V-12, liquid cooled motors. It was fitted with a 37 mm (1.46 in) Mauser Ikaria cannon and a pair of 20 mm (0.79 in) |
{"datasets_id": 161085, "wiki_id": "Q3744448", "sp": 6, "sc": 2570, "ep": 10, "ec": 234} | 161,085 | Q3744448 | 6 | 2,570 | 10 | 234 | CANSA FC.20 | Design and development & Operational history | cannon replaced the wing root machine guns of the FC.20bis. Tested in 1943, it flew higher and 80 kmh (50 mph) faster than the DC.20bis. Operational history A few production FC.20bis were built and it is known that three served the 174ᵃ Squadriglia Ricognizione Strategica in July 1943 but were not used operationally. Italian military operations ceased with the armistice of September 1943. |
{"datasets_id": 161086, "wiki_id": "Q5019538", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 287} | 161,086 | Q5019538 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 287 | Calesia | Description | Calesia Description Palpi upturned and smoothly scaled, where the second joint reaching vertex of head. Third joint long and naked. Antennae ciliated and with bristles to the joints in male. Thorax, abdomen and legs smoothly scaled. Hindwings with very short cell. Larva with two pairs of abdominal prolegs. |
{"datasets_id": 161087, "wiki_id": "Q5036458", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 548} | 161,087 | Q5036458 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 548 | Capt. Nathaniel Hayden House | Captain Hayden | Capt. Nathaniel Hayden House Captain Hayden Nathaniel Hayden, son of Nathaniel Hayden, was born December 14, 1738. He first married Anna Flier, then Rhoda Lyman. With Rhoda, he had four children: Nancy, Nathaniel Lyman, Naomi and Pliny. He went to work with his father as a farmer and a shoemaker, but joined the Continental Army. When news of the Battles of Lexington and Concord reached Connecticut, he led 23 men to Massachusetts to take part.
When George Washington evacuated New York City during the Battle of Long Island in 1776, Hayden was with the army. He also led a group in |
{"datasets_id": 161087, "wiki_id": "Q5036458", "sp": 6, "sc": 548, "ep": 10, "ec": 501} | 161,087 | Q5036458 | 6 | 548 | 10 | 501 | Capt. Nathaniel Hayden House | Captain Hayden & The house | 1777 to thwart John Burgoyne at Saratoga, but Burgoyne surrendered before he arrived. The house The house is a 2-1/2-story brick structure with a side-gable gambrel roof, end chimneys, and a rear wood-frame ell. The main entrance is a double door centered on the front facade, which is topped by a transom window. It was built by Nathaniel Hayden in 1763. The home was inherited by Captain Hayden's son Nathaniel. It was occupied by him, his wife Lucretia, and their children. "They occupied the spacious brick house built by their father. The tannery and the shoemaker's shop were unoccupied, and |
{"datasets_id": 161087, "wiki_id": "Q5036458", "sp": 10, "sc": 501, "ep": 10, "ec": 808} | 161,087 | Q5036458 | 10 | 501 | 10 | 808 | Capt. Nathaniel Hayden House | The house | they then gave their undivided attention to their farm..."
It was then passed down to Nathaniel Lyman Hayden Junior, born in 1805, who died there in 1875 after many years of traveling as a banker and living in South Carolina and New York City.
The house continues to be a private residence. |
{"datasets_id": 161088, "wiki_id": "Q1036535", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 331} | 161,088 | Q1036535 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 331 | Carl-Henning Wijkmark | Carl-Henning Wijkmark Carl-Henning Wijkmark (born 1934) is a Swedish novelist and translator. He made his literary debut in 1972, with the novel Jägarna på Karinhall. Among his other novels are Dressinen from 1983 and Sista dagar from 1986. He was awarded the Dobloug Prize in 1952. He received the August Prize in 2007, for his novel Stundande natten. |
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{"datasets_id": 161089, "wiki_id": "Q1048448", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 542} | 161,089 | Q1048448 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 542 | Cassville, Georgia | History | Cassville, Georgia History The town of Cassville was platted in 1833, as the seat of justice for Cass County. It was soon the center of trade and travel in the region recently comprising the Cherokee Nation. Both the county and town were named in the honor of General Lewis Cass, Michigan statesman and Secretary of War in the Cabinet of President Andrew Jackson. It was the county seat of Cass County from 1832–1861.
The name was changed to Manassas in 1861 after the success of the Confederacy in the First Battle of Bull Run. But as a direct result, the town |
{"datasets_id": 161089, "wiki_id": "Q1048448", "sp": 6, "sc": 542, "ep": 6, "ec": 1204} | 161,089 | Q1048448 | 6 | 542 | 6 | 1,204 | Cassville, Georgia | History | was burned by Sherman 1864 and never fully recovered.
About 300 unknown Confederate soldiers died of wounds or disease in Cassville's several Confederate hospitals. These hospitals operated from late 1861 until May 18, 1864, when ambulances moved patients south out of the path of the invading Federal forces. In May 1899, the Cassville Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, to honor these unknown soldiers, placed headstones at each of their graves in the local cemetery.
On May 19, 1864, Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston tricked Union General William T. Sherman into dividing his forces at Adairsville and sending the XXIII |
{"datasets_id": 161089, "wiki_id": "Q1048448", "sp": 6, "sc": 1204, "ep": 6, "ec": 1847} | 161,089 | Q1048448 | 6 | 1,204 | 6 | 1,847 | Cassville, Georgia | History | Corps under General John M. Schofield across the Gravelly Plateau to Cassville. Johnston placed Lt.General Leonidas Polk's corps behind Two Run Creek northwest of Cassville to oppose Schofield in front as he began crossing the creek. Johnston then sent Lt. General John B. Hood's corps northward along the Spring Place Road, to ambush Schofield on the left.
Atlanta Campaign. On May 19, 1864, Johnston, entrenched on the ridge east of the marker, planned to give battle but Sherman threatened his flank and his corps commanders objected to the position. He therefore withdrew to Allatoona Pass. Rather than attack this strong position |
{"datasets_id": 161089, "wiki_id": "Q1048448", "sp": 6, "sc": 1847, "ep": 6, "ec": 2450} | 161,089 | Q1048448 | 6 | 1,847 | 6 | 2,450 | Cassville, Georgia | History | Sherman moved past it toward New Hope Church.
Confederate Army of Tennessee at Cassville. Johnston’s forces, reaching Cassville May 18, 1864 from Resaca, 30 miles (48 km) north, took positions on ridge west of the town and prepared to withstand the advancing Federals. On May 19: Pursuant to this intention, Hood's corps moved north of the town to oppose the Federal XX and XXIII Corps marching south from Adairsville. But Hood's corps, diverted by an attack on its right by McCook's cavalry [US], changed front and was ordered with the rest of the Army [CS] to withdraw to ridge east and south |
{"datasets_id": 161089, "wiki_id": "Q1048448", "sp": 6, "sc": 2450, "ep": 6, "ec": 3096} | 161,089 | Q1048448 | 6 | 2,450 | 6 | 3,096 | Cassville, Georgia | History | of the town.
The Confederates held a council of war at the William Neal McKelvey residence May 19. They discussed the advisability of holding the position east and south of Cassville. Present were: Johnston; Polk; Hood; Maj. General S. C. French; and Captain W.J. Morris, Chief Engineer, Polk's aide-de-camp. After hearing the statements of the council, Johnston ordered the withdrawal of the army at midnight.
May 19, 1864: Butterfield's (3rd) Division, XXth Corps [US], moving southeast from McDow's, left the road here and marched to the Hawkins Price house, en route to Kingston The 1st and 2nd Divisions [US], on roads west, |
{"datasets_id": 161089, "wiki_id": "Q1048448", "sp": 6, "sc": 3096, "ep": 6, "ec": 3748} | 161,089 | Q1048448 | 6 | 3,096 | 6 | 3,748 | Cassville, Georgia | History | had the same objective - an erratic move by Sherman who assumed that Johnston's Army [CS] had retreated on Kingston. Butterfield's march disclosed that Johnston's Army was at Cassville, not Kingston. The XXIII Corps (Schofield) [US] marched on this road from McDow's, reaching Cassville at dark.
Here the night of May 19, 1864, the Confederate Generals Johnston, Polk and Hood, conferred and decided to abandon Cassville and to move south of the Etowah, although Johnston originally had intended to fight here.
Cassvile Female College was founded in 1853. On May 19, 1864, skirmishers of Polk's Army Corps [CS] withdrew from this ridge |
{"datasets_id": 161089, "wiki_id": "Q1048448", "sp": 6, "sc": 3748, "ep": 6, "ec": 4362} | 161,089 | Q1048448 | 6 | 3,748 | 6 | 4,362 | Cassville, Georgia | History | east to Cassville when pressed back by Butterfield's (3d) Div., XXth Corps [US], from the Hawkins Price house. Battery C, 1st Ohio Light Artillery, supported by 73rd Ohio Infantry, 19th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment and 20th Connecticut Infantry regiment [US] occupied the ridge and shelled the town as Johnson's Army [CS] withdrew to a ridge east of it. At night Cassville was seized by the 19th Mich. & 20th Conn. the Female College and town were burned by the union.
Noble Hill Rosenwald School, now known as Noble Hill-Wheeler Memorial Center, was built in 1923 as the first standard school for |
{"datasets_id": 161089, "wiki_id": "Q1048448", "sp": 6, "sc": 4362, "ep": 6, "ec": 4971} | 161,089 | Q1048448 | 6 | 4,362 | 6 | 4,971 | Cassville, Georgia | History | black children in the Bartow County School System. The school closed in 1955 when all the county's schools for black children were consolidated to form Bartow Elementary School at a central location. Today the restored building is a cultural heritage museum with emphasis on black life in Bartow from the early 1900s to the present.
On Chapman Hill, a school for boys was established in January 1854. This was a large three-story brick building flanked by two-story wings. It burned in 1856, was rebuilt in 1857, and was destroyed by Federal forces on October 12, 1864. This, and the Methodist Female |
{"datasets_id": 161089, "wiki_id": "Q1048448", "sp": 6, "sc": 4971, "ep": 6, "ec": 5219} | 161,089 | Q1048448 | 6 | 4,971 | 6 | 5,219 | Cassville, Georgia | History | College 3/4 miles northeast, were the first chartered institutions of higher education in Cherokee Georgia. Their destruction, together with the burning of Cassville, marked the passing of a notable educational center in this section of the state. |
{"datasets_id": 161090, "wiki_id": "Q1051211", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 162} | 161,090 | Q1051211 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 162 | Catmull–Clark subdivision surface | Exact evaluation | Catmull–Clark subdivision surface The Catmull–Clark algorithm is a technique used in 3D computer graphics to create smooth surfaces by using a type of subdivision surface modeling. It was devised by Edwin Catmull and Jim Clark in 1978 as a generalization of bi-cubic uniform B-spline surfaces to arbitrary topology. In 2005, Edwin Catmull received an Academy Award for Technical Achievement, together with Tony DeRose and Jos Stam (for their invention and application of subdivision surfaces). Exact evaluation The limit surface of Catmull–Clark subdivision surfaces can also be evaluated directly, without any recursive refinement. This can be accomplished by means of the |
{"datasets_id": 161090, "wiki_id": "Q1051211", "sp": 8, "sc": 162, "ep": 8, "ec": 343} | 161,090 | Q1051211 | 8 | 162 | 8 | 343 | Catmull–Clark subdivision surface | Exact evaluation | technique of Jos Stam. This method reformulates the recursive refinement process into a matrix exponential problem, which can be solved directly by means of matrix diagonalization. |
{"datasets_id": 161091, "wiki_id": "Q16956235", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 352} | 161,091 | Q16956235 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 352 | Cedar-Bank Works | History & Squier and Davis: 1845 | Cedar-Bank Works History Cedar-Bank is Adena in its design and style, and is believed to have been built before the sites at Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. It remains unknown what the date is on the site. Squier and Davis: 1845 The site was surveyed in 1845 by Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis. They reported about their survey in their 1848 publication, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. They describe the site as consisting of a "wall and an outer ditch, which constitute three sides of a parallelogram. The fourth side is protected by a natural bank or |
{"datasets_id": 161091, "wiki_id": "Q16956235", "sp": 10, "sc": 352, "ep": 10, "ec": 891} | 161,091 | Q16956235 | 10 | 352 | 10 | 891 | Cedar-Bank Works | Squier and Davis: 1845 | bluff, 70 feet high, and so steep as to admit of no ascent, except at one point where it has been gullied by the flow of water."
They surveyed the three walls as measuring at six feet high with 40 foot bases. The ditches were noted as being five feet by 40 feet wide. The eastern wall was reported as having a ditch that traveled for two-thirds of its length. This ditch was measured at ranging from eight to ten feet deep. The eastern wall itself was 1,400 feet long. The other built walls, the northern and southern walls, were |
{"datasets_id": 161091, "wiki_id": "Q16956235", "sp": 10, "sc": 891, "ep": 10, "ec": 1448} | 161,091 | Q16956235 | 10 | 891 | 10 | 1,448 | Cedar-Bank Works | Squier and Davis: 1845 | both the same size, measuring in at 1,050 feet in length. They were placed on right angles. The south ended at the hill and the north stopped 25 feet from the southern wall. Squier and Davis believed that a fourth wall may have been built, only to have been destroyed by the natural elements.
Two entrances were noted, one on the north side and the other on the south side, each placed in the center of each side. They describe a four foot tall "elevated square" as "covering the northern gateway and two hundred feet interior to it." The square is |
{"datasets_id": 161091, "wiki_id": "Q16956235", "sp": 10, "sc": 1448, "ep": 10, "ec": 2019} | 161,091 | Q16956235 | 10 | 1,448 | 10 | 2,019 | Cedar-Bank Works | Squier and Davis: 1845 | noted as being 250 feet by 150 feet wide. They compare the square to the pyramids located at the Marietta Earthworks. Squier and Davis described parallel walls, 300 feet away from the main site. The walls were measured at 870 feet in length and 70 feet apart from each other. The two walls merge and lack ditches. The two men noted that the walls were partially destroyed by the Chillicothe Turnpike that passed through the site. The undisturbed parts of the walls, which were in forested areas of the site, were two to three feet high.
They surveyed, a third of |
{"datasets_id": 161091, "wiki_id": "Q16956235", "sp": 10, "sc": 2019, "ep": 10, "ec": 2564} | 161,091 | Q16956235 | 10 | 2,019 | 10 | 2,564 | Cedar-Bank Works | Squier and Davis: 1845 | a mile south of the main work, a truncated pyramid along with a small circle. The pyramid is measured at 120 feet square at the base and nine feet tall. The pyramid's location matches the cardinal directions. They excavated the pyramid, and no remains were found. The circle is measured at 250 feet in diameter with a gateway on the south side of it. The gateway is 30 feet wide. There is a ditch inside the circle and an embankment, which almost matches the height of the circle wall on the side without the gateway. Squier and Davis note that |
{"datasets_id": 161091, "wiki_id": "Q16956235", "sp": 10, "sc": 2564, "ep": 10, "ec": 3171} | 161,091 | Q16956235 | 10 | 2,564 | 10 | 3,171 | Cedar-Bank Works | Squier and Davis: 1845 | they have seen this type of build in other works, but do not name which sites. This type of partially open circle would be described, by contemporary archaeologists as being a "C-form" earthwork. They compliment the location of the pyramid and circle as having a "fine view" of the river and being "well chosen," by the builders. They believed that the land that the square and circle works were built on was intentionally smoothed out by the builders. They did note that they discovered "inconsiderable remains, consisting of small, low terraces, and little mounds and circles." No additional major mounds |
{"datasets_id": 161091, "wiki_id": "Q16956235", "sp": 10, "sc": 3171, "ep": 14, "ec": 88} | 161,091 | Q16956235 | 10 | 3,171 | 14 | 88 | Cedar-Bank Works | Squier and Davis: 1845 & A casual analysis: Ohio Historical Society, 1902 | were discovered on the site.
Upon completion of their survey, Squier and Davis could not easily determine the use of the earthworks. They believed that the main works appeared to be fortifications. However, the large gateways on the site were "hardly consistent with the hypothesis of military origin." The men reported that there must have been some type of significance in the placement of walls, suggesting that the space was used for "celebration of certain games" or religious ceremony. A casual analysis: Ohio Historical Society, 1902 The Ohio Historical Society reported its findings on excavations at the site in the 1902 |
{"datasets_id": 161091, "wiki_id": "Q16956235", "sp": 14, "sc": 88, "ep": 14, "ec": 648} | 161,091 | Q16956235 | 14 | 88 | 14 | 648 | Cedar-Bank Works | A casual analysis: Ohio Historical Society, 1902 | book, Archæological History of Ohio: The Mound Builders and Later Indians by Gerard Fowke. Fowke notes that when the site was built, the river most likely flowed high enough to be at the edge of the earthworks. He noted young white oak being found at the site and that, as of the time of publishing, no other excavations had taken place since Squier and Davis visited the site in 1845. Based on casual observation, Fowke noted that the "south wall had been worn away," but it is unknown what happened. He suggested that perhaps the river washed away the loose |
{"datasets_id": 161091, "wiki_id": "Q16956235", "sp": 14, "sc": 648, "ep": 14, "ec": 1210} | 161,091 | Q16956235 | 14 | 648 | 14 | 1,210 | Cedar-Bank Works | A casual analysis: Ohio Historical Society, 1902 | soil and gravel that the wall was built upon, causing it to fall apart. He also noted that the river was "much further away," than at the time Squier and Davis had visited. He theorizes that a ditch near "Prairie Run" may have been one source for the soil used to build the works.
He cites cultivation as the source of the walls being destroyed in most areas, showing a considerable change from the time that Squier and Davis had been there in 1845. He also states that the pyramid that Squier and Davis describe was described incorrectly by them. Fowke |
{"datasets_id": 161091, "wiki_id": "Q16956235", "sp": 14, "sc": 1210, "ep": 14, "ec": 1431} | 161,091 | Q16956235 | 14 | 1,210 | 14 | 1,431 | Cedar-Bank Works | A casual analysis: Ohio Historical Society, 1902 | states that the grounds were not purposefully smoothed out by the builders, and that the ground is naturally like that and that the ground is no more special than the ground that surrounds it without works built upon it. |
{"datasets_id": 161092, "wiki_id": "Q835207", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 589} | 161,092 | Q835207 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 589 | Central Collegiate Hockey Association | Realignment and discontinuation | Central Collegiate Hockey Association Realignment and discontinuation Pennsylvania State University announced on September 17, 2010 the transition of its men's and women's American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) programs to NCAA Division I status in 2012. Just over a month earlier, then-commissioner Tom Anastos publicly stated that the CCHA would strongly consider adding Penn State as the conference's 12th member. Instead, the league was left to deal with the imminent departures of Michigan, Michigan State and Ohio State when the Big Ten Conference disclosed on March 21, 2011 its intention to establish a men's ice hockey circuit to begin play in |
{"datasets_id": 161092, "wiki_id": "Q835207", "sp": 6, "sc": 589, "ep": 6, "ec": 1187} | 161,092 | Q835207 | 6 | 589 | 6 | 1,187 | Central Collegiate Hockey Association | Realignment and discontinuation | the 2013–14 season, as the conference now had enough hockey teams to earn an automatic bid in the NCAA tournament for its champion. Joining the existing CCHA members were the University of Minnesota and the University of Wisconsin from the WCHA, as well as Penn State.
The next school slated to leave the CCHA in 2013 was Miami University which became a charter member of the NCHC on July 15, 2011. Western Michigan accepted an invitation to join the new league just over two months later on September 22.
The demise of the CCHA was further accelerated when five members decided to |
{"datasets_id": 161092, "wiki_id": "Q835207", "sp": 6, "sc": 1187, "ep": 6, "ec": 1579} | 161,092 | Q835207 | 6 | 1,187 | 6 | 1,579 | Central Collegiate Hockey Association | Realignment and discontinuation | move to the WCHA following the 2012–13 campaign. Northern Michigan University, returning to the WCHA after leaving in 1997, was the first to make the announcement on July 20, followed by Alaska, Ferris State and Lake Superior State on August 26 and Bowling Green on October 4.
Notre Dame accepted an invitation to the Hockey East Association in a press conference on October 5, 2011. |
{"datasets_id": 161093, "wiki_id": "Q5068473", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 562} | 161,093 | Q5068473 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 562 | Chal Chala Chal | Plot | Chal Chala Chal Plot A story of a simpleton whose life changes when he becomes the owner of a private bus.Deepak (Govinda) is a simpleton. He has been switching jobs as he does not want to succumb to the corrupt system. Since years, with unwavering efforts, financial hardships and an unshaken faith in the judicial systems, he has been helping his father Omkarnathji (Om Puri) in a legal matter.
Omkarnathji, the ex-principal of a private school, is fighting a court case against the school to get his due provident fund and pension. He later wins the case and the school is |
{"datasets_id": 161093, "wiki_id": "Q5068473", "sp": 6, "sc": 562, "ep": 6, "ec": 1167} | 161,093 | Q5068473 | 6 | 562 | 6 | 1,167 | Chal Chala Chal | Plot | ordered to give a part of its property as compensation, but there is no money in its funds.
And thus Deepak's life gets an addition: a bus.
Instead of selling it off, acting on his father's advice, he decides to run the bus. While the rest of the family members - two sisters: Chhaya and Aprana (Upasana Singh and Amita Nangia) and their Ghar-Jamaaee husbands Vinayak Agrawal, a Lawyer (Asrani) and U.U. Upadhyay (Manoj Joshi) are against it. They feel it's a low profile job. Their primary interest is in selling off the huge bus and devouring their share of property.
But Deepak |
{"datasets_id": 161093, "wiki_id": "Q5068473", "sp": 6, "sc": 1167, "ep": 6, "ec": 1787} | 161,093 | Q5068473 | 6 | 1,167 | 6 | 1,787 | Chal Chala Chal | Plot | has immense trust in his father's judgment. Sundar (Rajpal Yadav) a jolly good sweetheart, who is desperately trying for an American Visa, is also an age old friend. He comes in handy with initial investments and they establish a company, Chal Chala Chal transport.
And so begins the ride of their lives.
The bus is in a dilapidated condition and much of money is gone for the repairs.
It's a roller-coaster ride where mishaps are more than the commuters. The bus driver, Basantilal (Razzak Khan) wears thick glasses and the conductor Harilal (Asif Basra) has a sugar factory in his mouth and an |
{"datasets_id": 161093, "wiki_id": "Q5068473", "sp": 6, "sc": 1787, "ep": 6, "ec": 2401} | 161,093 | Q5068473 | 6 | 1,787 | 6 | 2,401 | Chal Chala Chal | Plot | eye for cash... adding to it like a cherry on the triple-decker pastry- Sunder's enmity with a rat which has eaten his passport.
Corruption chases Deepak in transport business as well U.U. Upadhyay is a chief vehicle inspector. He tried his level best to harass Deepak and extort money, raising troubles.
These workers are messing up Deepak's life and business, but he can't raise a finger against them, for they are under the cushioned wings of the Union Leader Mr. Singh (Murli Sharma).
They only relief should have been the lovely lady on the bus Payal (Reema Sen), but the bus hits her |
{"datasets_id": 161093, "wiki_id": "Q5068473", "sp": 6, "sc": 2401, "ep": 6, "ec": 2654} | 161,093 | Q5068473 | 6 | 2,401 | 6 | 2,654 | Chal Chala Chal | Plot | fracturing her leg. Now she is also in the vengeance mode, extorting money from Deepak.
What saves Deepak from these mad house characters, is his faith in his principals and his father's love-acting as the strong backbone in bitter sweet times. |
{"datasets_id": 161094, "wiki_id": "Q2966493", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 31} | 161,094 | Q2966493 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 31 | Christophe Sirodeau | Main works & Discography | Christophe Sirodeau Main works 7 Symphonies (including the 4th with clarinet or viola solo, 5th with 'cello solo, 3rd and 6th with soprano solo)
1 other piece for orchestra with a solo piano
Chamber music
1 Septet
1 Quintet 3 String Quartets
1 String Trio
4 Trios with piano
Several duos for 'cello and piano or violin and piano
Several other chamber music pieces without piano
3 Suites for solo piano
Several other pieces for solo piano
1 piece for organ
Pieces for solo 'cello, solo violin and solo viola
Vocal music
3 Songs cycles with piano
1 Songs cycle with 'cello
1 song with piano and 'cello
1 electronic music piece Discography Scriabin, Roslavets, Lourié and |
{"datasets_id": 161094, "wiki_id": "Q2966493", "sp": 10, "sc": 31, "ep": 10, "ec": 820} | 161,094 | Q2966493 | 10 | 31 | 10 | 820 | Christophe Sirodeau | Discography | Feinberg (Arkadia, 1994)
Skalkottas - “Ulysses’ Return” for 2 pianos (with N. Samaltanos), Agorà Musica, 1995
Chamber music of Leif Segerstam (BIS, 1996)
Skalkottas - “Chamber Concerto” (BIS, 2003)
Samuil Feinberg - complete Piano Sonatas (with N. Samaltanos), BIS, 2003–04
“Obscur chemin des étoiles” - Orchestral, chamber and solo works of Christophe Sirodeau (Altarus Records, 2007)
Samuil Feinberg - 1st Piano Concerto (Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra / Leif Segerstam) and solo piano pieces (Altarus Records, 2008)
Victoria Borisova-Ollas - "Im Klosterhofe" for cello, piano and tape (with Pia Segerstam) CD Phono Suecia, 2008
Samuil Feinberg - Songs (with Riitta-Maija Ahonen and Sami Luttinen), Altarus Records, 2009 |
{"datasets_id": 161095, "wiki_id": "Q371710", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 591} | 161,095 | Q371710 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 591 | Cliff Gorman | Life and career | Cliff Gorman Life and career Gorman was born Joel Joshua Goldberg in Queens, New York, the son of Jewish parents, Ethel (née Kaplan) and Samuel Goldberg, who later changed their surname to Gorman. He attended The High School of Music & Art in Manhattan.
Gorman won a Tony Award in 1972 for playing Lenny Bruce in the play Lenny. Although the film version, directed by Bob Fosse, featured Dustin Hoffman, Gorman was recruited to portray a Dustin Hoffman-like character portraying Lenny Bruce, in a side-story in Fosse's autobiographical film All That Jazz (1979).
He played Joseph Goebbels in the 1981 TV |
{"datasets_id": 161095, "wiki_id": "Q371710", "sp": 6, "sc": 591, "ep": 6, "ec": 1188} | 161,095 | Q371710 | 6 | 591 | 6 | 1,188 | Cliff Gorman | Life and career | movie The Bunker, and co-starred as Lt. Andrews in the film Angel (1984). He had roles in movies like Cops and Robbers (1973), Rosebud (1975), Brinks: The Great Robbery (1976), An Unmarried Woman (1978) with Jill Clayburgh, Night of the Juggler (1980), Hoffa (1992) with Jack Nicholson and Danny DeVito, and Night and the City (1992). His TV work included performances in series like Law and Order, Murder, She Wrote, Friday the 13th: the Series, and the 1970s drama Police Story, written by former LAPD Detective Sergeant Joseph Wambaugh. For the September 13, 1965 episode of To Tell The Truth, |
{"datasets_id": 161095, "wiki_id": "Q371710", "sp": 6, "sc": 1188, "ep": 14, "ec": 54} | 161,095 | Q371710 | 6 | 1,188 | 14 | 54 | Cliff Gorman | Life and career & Personal life & Death | Cliff Gorman sat in seat #1 as an imposter for game #3 of the evening. He received two votes, one from Orson Bean, and one from Kitty Carlisle. When asked what he actually did for a living, he responded that he sold room air conditioners for the Republic Water Heater Company. Personal life Gorman and his wife cared for his fellow The Boys in the Band cast member Robert La Tourneaux in the last few months of his battle against AIDS, until La Tourneaux's death on June 3, 1986. Death Gorman died of leukemia in 2002, aged 65, although his |
{"datasets_id": 161095, "wiki_id": "Q371710", "sp": 14, "sc": 54, "ep": 14, "ec": 153} | 161,095 | Q371710 | 14 | 54 | 14 | 153 | Cliff Gorman | Death | final film, Kill the Poor, was not released until 2006. He was survived by his wife, Gayle Gorman. |
{"datasets_id": 161096, "wiki_id": "Q457061", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 96} | 161,096 | Q457061 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 96 | Collin Mitchell | Personal life | Collin Mitchell Personal life Mitchell is president of W. Mitchell & Son Mechanical Ltd. He is married and has three children. |
{"datasets_id": 161097, "wiki_id": "Q65072597", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 504} | 161,097 | Q65072597 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 504 | Come-along tool | Examples | Come-along tool A come-along tool is an instrument used by, e.g., a police officer to make someone come with him. Examples Examples would include the Argus Iron Claw, the nunchaku (especially the ridged nunchaku), or the billy club, although the latter has the disadvantage of requiring a disobedient or resisting person to stand still long enough for a come-along hold to be applied. The use of the taser as a come-along tool has been prohibited by some police departments in favor of "soft-hand" techniques such as "applying pressure to pressure points, takedowns, joint locks, or simply grabbing onto a subject."
The |
{"datasets_id": 161097, "wiki_id": "Q65072597", "sp": 8, "sc": 504, "ep": 8, "ec": 732} | 161,097 | Q65072597 | 8 | 504 | 8 | 732 | Come-along tool | Examples | Argus Iron Claw was a come-along tool and striking weapon that allowed a police officer to break an uncooperative suspect's wrist by applying leverage. Hundreds of thousands of these devices were made over a thirty-year period. |
{"datasets_id": 161098, "wiki_id": "Q5152074", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 565} | 161,098 | Q5152074 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 565 | Command & Conquer: Red Alert (2009 video game) | Gameplay | Command & Conquer: Red Alert (2009 video game) Gameplay Red Alert retains the core real-time strategy mechanics of the Command & Conquer series. Opposing factions harvest resources from ore fields using refineries and then use those resources to construct military bases and forces on-site. The gathering mechanic is streamlined so there are no collector units, only refineries that provide a steady cash flow. Structures form a shallow but wide tech tree with a variety of units and buildings. Units and buildings are selected and moved by tapping on them and on various areas on the battlefield. The camera moves around |
{"datasets_id": 161098, "wiki_id": "Q5152074", "sp": 6, "sc": 565, "ep": 6, "ec": 1113} | 161,098 | Q5152074 | 6 | 565 | 6 | 1,113 | Command & Conquer: Red Alert (2009 video game) | Gameplay | the battle field by dragging and scrolling on the touchscreen and zooms in and out by pinching the screen.
Players have the choice to choose between two factions, the Soviet Union and the Allies, each faction has its own unique set of units and buildings. Units in the game come from various past and present Red Alert games such as the War Bears and Apollo Fighters from Red Alert 3 as well as Prism Tanks and Apocalypse Tanks from Red Alert 2, the game also comes with its own range of new units which were not present in other Red Alert |
{"datasets_id": 161098, "wiki_id": "Q5152074", "sp": 6, "sc": 1113, "ep": 10, "ec": 269} | 161,098 | Q5152074 | 6 | 1,113 | 10 | 269 | Command & Conquer: Red Alert (2009 video game) | Gameplay & Plot | games. Most buildings retain their designs from Red Alert 2 with the exceptions of certain buildings such as the Allied Tech Lab which uses its Red Alert 3 design while others have completely new designs.
The game has a total of 12 different playable maps in the skirmish mode of the game. Plot The game takes place shortly after Red Alert 2: Yuri's Revenge and before the Soviets' defeat at the beginning of Red Alert 3. Thus the second time-travel that took place during Red Alert 3 has not taken place yet, hence the presence of technologies such as Prism Tanks |
{"datasets_id": 161098, "wiki_id": "Q5152074", "sp": 10, "sc": 269, "ep": 14, "ec": 452} | 161,098 | Q5152074 | 10 | 269 | 14 | 452 | Command & Conquer: Red Alert (2009 video game) | Plot & Development | and Towers which were removed in Red Alert 3.
The events in the game lead to the Soviets acquiring time travel technology. Development The game was announced for iOS at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2009 with a playable demo showcasing the game at the Electronic Arts booth. Further details were revealed in September 2009 as well as a flurry of new screenshots showcasing the game. EA has also announced that they would release an additional multiplayer update for the game at launch so as to enable the multiplayer function in the game to allow players to play with each other over |
{"datasets_id": 161098, "wiki_id": "Q5152074", "sp": 14, "sc": 452, "ep": 14, "ec": 791} | 161,098 | Q5152074 | 14 | 452 | 14 | 791 | Command & Conquer: Red Alert (2009 video game) | Development | Wi-fi and Bluetooth. EA also announced that it would be releasing an expansion pack for the game in 2010, it would include a new faction, the Empire of the Rising Sun, as well as new units for both the Soviets and the Allies. On 27 August 2015, EA removed the game from the App Store, because it did not update the game to the latest iOS. |
{"datasets_id": 161099, "wiki_id": "Q273108", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 605} | 161,099 | Q273108 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 605 | Condottieri | Decline | Condottieri Decline In time, the financial and political interests of the condottieri proved serious drawbacks to decisive, bloody warfare: the mercenary captains often were treacherous, tending to avoid combat, and "resolve" fights with a bribe – either for the opponent or for themselves. Towards the end of the 15th century, when the large cities had gradually swallowed up the small states, and Italy itself was drawn into the general current of European politics, and became the battlefield of powerful armies – French, Spanish and German – the venture captains, who in the end proved quite unequal to the gendarmerie of |
{"datasets_id": 161099, "wiki_id": "Q273108", "sp": 6, "sc": 605, "ep": 6, "ec": 1227} | 161,099 | Q273108 | 6 | 605 | 6 | 1,227 | Condottieri | Decline | France and the improved troops of the Italian states, gradually disappeared.
The soldiers of the condottieri were almost entirely heavy armoured cavalry (men-at-arms). Before 1400, they had little or nothing in common with the people among whom they fought, and their disorderly conduct and rapacity seem often to have exceeded that of medieval armies. They were always ready to change sides at the prospect of higher pay – the enemy of today might be the comrade-in-arms of tomorrow. Further, a prisoner was always more valuable than a dead enemy. As a consequence, their battles were often as bloodless as they |
{"datasets_id": 161099, "wiki_id": "Q273108", "sp": 6, "sc": 1227, "ep": 10, "ec": 200} | 161,099 | Q273108 | 6 | 1,227 | 10 | 200 | Condottieri | Decline & Captain generals | were theatrical.
The age of firearms and weapons utilizing gunpowder further contributed to the decline of the "capitani di ventura". Although the mercenary forces were among the first to adapt to the emerging technologies on the battlefield, ultimately, the advent of firearms-governed warfare rendered their ceremonial fighting style obsolete. When battlefields shifted from chivalric confrontations characterized by ostentatious displays of power to an everyman's war, they were ill-prepared to adjust. Captain generals In 1494, the French king Charles VIII's royal army invaded the Italian peninsula, initiating the Italian Wars. The most renowned condottieri fought for foreign powers: Gian Giacomo Trivulzio abandoned |
{"datasets_id": 161099, "wiki_id": "Q273108", "sp": 10, "sc": 200, "ep": 10, "ec": 878} | 161,099 | Q273108 | 10 | 200 | 10 | 878 | Condottieri | Captain generals | Milan for France, while Andrea Doria was Admiral of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. In the end, failure was political, rather than military, stemming from disunity and political indecision, and, by 1550, the military service condotta had disappeared, while the term condottiere remained current, denominating the great Italian generals (mainly) fighting for foreign states; men such as Gian Giacomo Medici, Ambrogio Spinola, Marcantonio II Colonna, Raimondo Montecuccoli and Prospero Colonna were prominent into the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries. The political practice of hiring foreign mercenaries, however, did not end. For example, the Vatican’s Swiss Guards |
{"datasets_id": 161099, "wiki_id": "Q273108", "sp": 10, "sc": 878, "ep": 10, "ec": 1277} | 161,099 | Q273108 | 10 | 878 | 10 | 1,277 | Condottieri | Captain generals | are the modern remnants of a historically effective mercenary army.
The end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and the birth of Westphalian sovereignty diminished Roman Catholic influence in Europe and led to the consolidation of large states, while Italy was fragmented and divided. The condottieri tradition greatly suffered the political and strategic decline of Italy and never recovered. |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 661} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 661 | Conservatism in Canada | Blue tory | Conservatism in Canada Blue tory Blue Tories are, in Canadian politics, Conservatives who are more free-market or liberal economically. Prior to the 1960s, these Conservatives were most identified with the Montreal and Toronto commercial elite who took positions of influence within the Progressive Conservative Party. Since the mid-1970s, they have been heavily influenced by the libertarian movement and the more individualist nature of American conservatism. Blue Tories tend to favour libertarian policies such as devolution of federal power to the provincial governments, a reduced role for government in the economy, reduction of taxation and similar mainstream market liberal ideals. The |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 6, "sc": 661, "ep": 6, "ec": 1339} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 6 | 661 | 6 | 1,339 | Conservatism in Canada | Blue tory | term Blue Tory does not refer to social conservatism.
One example of a Blue Tory administration in Canada was the "Common Sense Revolution" provincial Progressive Conservative government of Ontario Premier Mike Harris. The Harris Tories were widely viewed as radical by Canadian standards in their economic policies and style of governance. Harris' government embarked on a number of initiatives, including cuts to education, welfare and Medicare, privatization of government services and health care, the sale of provincial highways and the forced amalgamation of municipalities. Provincial income taxes were also cut by 30% and corporate tax rates were nearly cut in |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 6, "sc": 1339, "ep": 10, "ec": 25} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 6 | 1,339 | 10 | 25 | Conservatism in Canada | Blue tory & Red tory | half during the Harris mandate.
Most Blue Tories are at least somewhat ideologically aligned close to the economic libertarian positions of the former Canadian Alliance and as such supported the merger between the PCs and the Alliance to form the new federal Conservative Party of Canada (CPC). Some notable Blue Tories include many prominent federal and provincial Progressive Conservatives such as former PC Party Leader and Attorney General Peter MacKay, Conservative Party leadership contender and former Treasury Board President Tony Clement, former Premier of Ontario Mike Harris, and current CPC leader Andrew Scheer. Red tory A Red Tory is an adherent |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 10, "sc": 25, "ep": 10, "ec": 727} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 10 | 25 | 10 | 727 | Conservatism in Canada | Red tory | of a centre-right or paternalistic-conservative political philosophy derived from the Tory tradition, predominantly in Canada, but also in the United Kingdom. This philosophy tends to favour communitarian social policies, while maintaining a degree of fiscal discipline and a respect of social and political order. It is contrasted with "Blue Tory" or "High Tory". Some Red Tories view themselves as small-c conservatives.
In Canada, Red Toryism is found in provincial and federal Conservative political parties. The history of Red Toryism marks differences in the development of the political cultures of Canada and the United States. Canadian conservatism and American conservatism have been |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 10, "sc": 727, "ep": 10, "ec": 1427} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 10 | 727 | 10 | 1,427 | Conservatism in Canada | Red tory | different from each other in fundamental ways, including their stances on social issues and the role of government in society. The adjective "red" refers to the economically left-leaning nature of Red Toryism in comparison with Blue Toryism, since socialist and other leftist parties have traditionally used the colour red. In Canada today, however, red is commonly associated with the centrist Liberal Party. The term reflects the broad ideological range traditionally found within conservatism in Canada.
Historically, Canadian conservatism has been derived from the Tory tradition, with a distinctive concern for a balance between individual rights and collectivism, as mediated through a |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 10, "sc": 1427, "ep": 10, "ec": 2088} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 10 | 1,427 | 10 | 2,088 | Conservatism in Canada | Red tory | traditional pre-industrial standard of morality – which has never been as evident in American conservatism. Red Toryism derives largely from a classical conservative tradition that maintained that the unequal division of wealth and political privilege among social classes can be justified if members of the privileged class practiced noblesse oblige and contributed to the common good. Red Tories supported traditional institutions such as religion and the monarchy, and maintenance of the social order. This position was later manifest in their support for some aspects of the welfare state. This belief in a common good, as expanded on in Colin Campbell and |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 10, "sc": 2088, "ep": 18, "ec": 148} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 10 | 2,088 | 18 | 148 | Conservatism in Canada | Red tory & Social conservatism & History | William Christian's Political Parties and Ideologies in Canada, is at the root of Red Toryism. Social conservatism While social conservatism exists throughout Canada it is not as pronounced as it is in some other countries, such as the United States. It represents conservative positions on issues of culture, family, sexuality and morality. Despite the recent Conservative government having influential members who would be defined as social conservatives in its caucus, social conservatism is considered to have little influence on Canadian society. History The conservative movement in Canada evolved from relatively informal pre-Confederation political movements or parties, gradually coalescing into the |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 18, "sc": 148, "ep": 22, "ec": 91} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 18 | 148 | 22 | 91 | Conservatism in Canada | History & Pre-Confederation | Conservative Party of Canada. This party was the dominant political force in Canadian politics from 1867 to 1935. Thereafter, the party (renamed the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1945) spent more time in opposition than in government.
During the twentieth century rival "small-c conservative" movements appeared, most notably the federal Social Credit and Reform parties. Conservatism was divided (especially by region) until the merger of the Progressive Conservatives and the Canadian Alliance (the direct successor to the Reform Party) in 2003. Pre-Confederation In the early days of electoral politics in Canada, the term conservatives or Tories applied |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 22, "sc": 91, "ep": 22, "ec": 762} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 22 | 91 | 22 | 762 | Conservatism in Canada | Pre-Confederation | to those people who supported the authority of colonial governors and their advisers over the elected assemblies. These conservatives took their cues from British Tories, especially Burke. They supported royal privilege, and were avowedly anti-democratic. Tory supporters were often descended from loyalists who had fled the United States during the American Revolution and War of Independence. They were wary of emulating the US's "mob rule" and preferred a strong role for traditional elites such as landowners and the church in politics.
Many were Anglicans who supported keeping the Anglican Church of Canada as Canada's established church. In each colony, |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 22, "sc": 762, "ep": 22, "ec": 1402} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 22 | 762 | 22 | 1,402 | Conservatism in Canada | Pre-Confederation | Tories contested elections as the personal party of the governor. Business elites who surrounded the governor also hoped to gain patronage. In Upper Canada this was the Family Compact, in Lower Canada the Chateau Clique. Opposition to the rule of these oligarchies resulted in the Rebellions of 1837. After the rebellions, Lord Durham (a Whig or liberal) issued his Report on the Affairs of British North America, a report to the British government that recommended that most powers in colonial governments be given from the governor to the elected assemblies. This new arrangement, called responsible government, mirrored earlier changes |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 22, "sc": 1402, "ep": 26, "ec": 590} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 22 | 1,402 | 26 | 590 | Conservatism in Canada | Pre-Confederation & Responsible government | that had occurred in Britain. Responsible government After the failure of radical liberalism during the Rebellions of 1837, a new set of moderate liberals, led by Robert Baldwin in Canada West, Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine in Canada East and Joseph Howe in Nova Scotia rose to prominence. They campaigned for and won responsible government by creating broad coalitions that took in liberals, moderates, and conservatives.
The only way for conservatives as a party to regroup was to accept the consequences of responsible government. They abandoned the idea of being the governor's party and embraced mass politics. At the same time the |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 26, "sc": 590, "ep": 30, "ec": 215} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 26 | 590 | 30 | 215 | Conservatism in Canada | Responsible government & Macdonald-Cartier era | coalition that had won responsible government began to break up in the 1850s. This presented an opening for more moderate conservatives such as John A. Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier to claim the political centre. Their coalition dominated politics in the United Province of Canada, and when joined by liberal George Brown, provided the broad support necessary to negotiate Confederation with the Maritime Provinces. Macdonald-Cartier era The MacDonald-Cartier coalition's prestige was only strengthened by the creation of the new Canadian Confederation in 1867. Their coalition dominated the early politics of the new state. Their "National Policy" of |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 30, "sc": 215, "ep": 34, "ec": 227} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 30 | 215 | 34 | 227 | Conservatism in Canada | Macdonald-Cartier era & Interregnum | high tariffs against the United States, and intense railway building, became the basis of a political dynasty that dominated Canadian politics from Confederation until Macdonald's death in office in 1891. The greatest strain in this coalition came during the Riel rebellions of 1869 and 1885, which inflamed French-English and Protestant-Catholic tensions in the country. After Macdonald's death, the coalition faltered. Interregnum The death of Macdonald left a large power vacuum in the Conservative Party, leading to the short tenure of John Abbott, who was the Protestant compromise choice. Abbott's government collapsed when his cabinet walked out on him, |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 34, "sc": 227, "ep": 34, "ec": 839} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 34 | 227 | 34 | 839 | Conservatism in Canada | Interregnum | forcing him to resign and allowing for the selection of the first Catholic prime minister of Canada, John Sparrow Thompson. At just 45, he was expected to become the successor to Macdonald's legacy, but after only a year in office he died from a stroke. Two more short-serving Conservatives, Mackenzie Bowell and Charles Tupper, served out the end of the Conservative government, until the election in 1896 when the coalition of French and English Canadians fell apart and Laurier became the second Liberal prime minister of Canada. The Liberals would dominate for the next fourteen years until the emergence of |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 34, "sc": 839, "ep": 38, "ec": 606} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 34 | 839 | 38 | 606 | Conservatism in Canada | Interregnum & World War and Depression | Robert Borden. World War and Depression Robert Borden's Conservative government led Canada into the First World War, with the Laurier-led Liberal in opposition. The government wanted to introduce conscription, and sought a coalition to pursue this policy. Most English-speaking Liberals joined the Tories to form a coalition called "Unionist" with the mostly-French speaking Liberal rump in opposition. After the war this coalition, now led by Arthur Meighen could not govern with a stable majority. In the 1921 election the Conservatives were relegated to third place, at the expense of the new Progressive movement based mostly in the Prairie |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 38, "sc": 606, "ep": 42, "ec": 200} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 38 | 606 | 42 | 200 | Conservatism in Canada | World War and Depression & Post-War | West (see Western alienation).
Once the Progressive movement had largely been subsumed into the Liberal Party of Canada, the Conservatives were once again in opposition, until the election of 1930, under the leadership of R. B. Bennett. But in the 1935 election the Conservatives were handed a major defeat by the Liberals, with a new right-wing party, Social Credit, placing a close third, again on the strength of Western alienation. Post-War Throughout most of the last century, the Progressive Conservative Party (often abbreviated PC) dominated conservative politics at the federal level and in most provinces. Canada had many conservative |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 42, "sc": 200, "ep": 42, "ec": 826} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 42 | 200 | 42 | 826 | Conservatism in Canada | Post-War | Prime Ministers in the past, but the first to be elected under the Progressive Conservative banner was John Diefenbaker, who served from 1957-1963.
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, with the rise of Conservative politicians in Canada such as Ralph Klein, Don Getty, Brian Mulroney, Preston Manning, Mike Harris and others, the objectives and values of Conservatives in Canada began to mimic those of fiscal conservatives in both the US and UK. With the rise in inflation and a large budgetary deficit in Canada from the Trudeau government, emphasis was put on "shrinking the size of government" (in part, through |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 42, "sc": 826, "ep": 42, "ec": 1499} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 42 | 826 | 42 | 1,499 | Conservatism in Canada | Post-War | privatization), pursuing continental trade arrangements (free trade, creating tax incentives and cutting "government waste").
Joe Clark became Prime Minister with a minority government in 1979, but lost to a non-confidence vote after only nine months, and the Liberals again took power. After Pierre Trudeau's retirement in 1984, his successor, John Turner, called a federal election, which was won in a landslide by the PCs under Brian Mulroney. Mulroney succeeded by uniting conservatives from Western Canada with those from Quebec. During his tenure, the government unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate the status of Quebec through the failed Meech Lake and |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 42, "sc": 1499, "ep": 42, "ec": 2198} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 42 | 1,499 | 42 | 2,198 | Conservatism in Canada | Post-War | Charlottetown Accords.
During the government of Brian Mulroney (1984–1993), government spending on social programs was cut, taxes for individuals and businesses were reduced (but a new national tax appeared for nearly all goods and services), government intervention in the economy was significantly reduced, a free trade agreement was concluded with the United States, and Crown Corporations such as Teleglobe, Petro-Canada and Air Canada (some created by previous Conservative governments) were sold to both domestic and foreign private buyers (privatized). However, due to the failure of the Mulroney government to balance the budget and service debt, the federal debt continued to rise. |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 42, "sc": 2198, "ep": 42, "ec": 2874} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 42 | 2,198 | 42 | 2,874 | Conservatism in Canada | Post-War | It was not until the end of Mulroney's administration and the beginning of Jean Chrétien's Liberal government that the government's program of spending finally halted the growth in the federal debt.
The government's willingness to affirm Quebec's demands for recognition as a distinct society was seen as a betrayal by many westerners as well as angering Canadian Nationalists mostly from Ontario. The Reform Party of Canada was founded on a strongly right-wing populist conservative platform as an alternative voice for these western conservatives.
The Progressive Conservative Party lost a large base of its support toward the end of the Mulroney era. Brian |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 42, "sc": 2874, "ep": 42, "ec": 3550} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 42 | 2,874 | 42 | 3,550 | Conservatism in Canada | Post-War | Mulroney's failed attempts to reform the Canadian Constitution with the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords, and the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax lost him most of his support.
Following Mulroney's resignation in 1993 and Kim Campbell's brief tenure, the Conservatives were reduced to only two seats in Parliament in the 1993 federal election. The Liberal Party was elected with a strong majority and the Reform Party gradually replaced the Tories as the major right-wing party in Canada. The Reform Party under Preston Manning would become the Official Opposition from 1997-2000.
Throughout the 1990s, many social conservatives and Blue Tories |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 42, "sc": 3550, "ep": 42, "ec": 4159} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 42 | 3,550 | 42 | 4,159 | Conservatism in Canada | Post-War | in the PC Party began to drift slowly to the Reform Party and then in droves to the Reform Party's direct successor, the Canadian Alliance. This left the PC Party under the control of the moderate Red Tory faction. Despite taking what they believed to be more popular socially progressive approaches on certain issues, the PCs significantly fell in the popular vote from the 1997 to 2000 federal elections and were not able to greatly increase their representation in the House of Commons. The Reform Party and then the Canadian Alliance dominated the opposition benches.
Support for both the Reform |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 42, "sc": 4159, "ep": 42, "ec": 4797} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 42 | 4,159 | 42 | 4,797 | Conservatism in Canada | Post-War | Party and the Progressive Conservatives was negligible in Quebec until the 2006 federal election, where the renewed Conservative party won 10 seats in Quebec. In the west, the Reform Party took most of the PC Party's former seats, but held much more socially or economically conservative views than the old party on most subjects (regarding, for example, homosexuality, religion in public life, gun control, and government intervention in the economy).
The PCs retained moderate support in the Atlantic Provinces, would manage to regain a few seats. They also retained scattered support across the country. The result was that |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 42, "sc": 4797, "ep": 42, "ec": 5416} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 42 | 4,797 | 42 | 5,416 | Conservatism in Canada | Post-War | neither new party managed to approach the success of the Progressive Conservatives prior to 1993. In many ridings the conservative vote was split, letting other parties win: the Liberal Party under Jean Chrétien won three successive majority governments starting in 1993. During this period, either the Bloc Québécois or the Reform Party were the Official Opposition.
After the 1997 federal election some members of the Reform Party tried to end the vote splitting by merging the two parties. A new party was formed, called the Canadian Alliance, and Stockwell Day was elected its leader. However, many PCs |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 42, "sc": 5416, "ep": 42, "ec": 6046} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 42 | 5,416 | 42 | 6,046 | Conservatism in Canada | Post-War | resisted the move, suspecting that Reform Party ideology would dominate the new party, and the new party garnered only a little more support than its predecessor. Meanwhile, the PC Party re-elected Joe Clark as their leader and attempted to regain lost ground.
Day's tenure was marked by a number of public gaffes and apparent publicity stunts, and he was widely portrayed as incompetent and ignorant. Several MPs left his party in 2002.
In 2003, when former Prime Minister Joe Clark retired after being brought back to improve the PC party's standings, Peter MacKay was chosen in a leadership contest to replace |
{"datasets_id": 161100, "wiki_id": "Q5163008", "sp": 42, "sc": 6046, "ep": 42, "ec": 6686} | 161,100 | Q5163008 | 42 | 6,046 | 42 | 6,686 | Conservatism in Canada | Post-War | him. MacKay immediately created controversy within the party by entering into negotiations with Canadian Alliance leader Stephen Harper to merge the two parties. MacKay had been elected on a third ballot of the party's leadership convention as a result of an agreement that he signed with another leadership contestant, David Orchard, in which he promised never to merge the PC Party with the Alliance.
Later on that year, the Progressive Conservative Party, which dated back to 1854 (though existing under many different names), merged with the Canadian Alliance. 96% of the Alliance's membership and 92% of the PC Party's riding |
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