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819496193_25282-26113 | Some misconduct was reported to the bureau main office that bureau agents were using their posts for personal gains . Colonel E. Whittlesey was questioned but said he was not involved in nor knew of anyone involved in such activities . The bureau exercised what whites believed were arbitrary powers : making arrests , imposing fines , and inflicting punishments . They were considered to be disregarding the local laws and especially the statute of limitations . Their activities resulted in resentment among whites toward the federal government in general . These powers invoked negative feelings in many southerners that sparked many to want the agency to leave . In their review , Steedman and Fullerton repeated their conclusion from Virginia , which was to withdraw the Bureau and turn daily operations over to the military . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_26138-26621 | In South Carolina , the bureau employed , nine clerks , at average pay each per month $108.33 , one rental agent , at monthly pay of $75.00 , one clerk , at monthly pay of $50.00 , one storekeeper , at monthly pay of $85.00 , one counselor , at monthly pay of $125.00 , one superintendent of education , at monthly pay of $150.00 , one printer , at monthly pay of $100.00 , one contract surgeon , at monthly pay of $100.00 , twenty - five laborers , at average pay per month $19.20 . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_26622-27066 | General Saxton was head of the bureau operations in South Carolina ; he was reported by Steedman and Fullerton to have made so many `` mistakes and blunders '' that he made matters worse for the freedmen . He was replaced by Brigadier General R.K. Scott . Steedman and Fullerton described Scott as energetic and a competent officer . It appeared that he took great pains to turn things around and correct the mistakes made by his predecessors . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_27067-27545 | The investigators learned of reported murders of freedmen by a band of outlaws . These outlaws were thought to be people from other states , such as Texas , Kentucky and Tennessee , who had been part of the rebel army ( Ku Klux Klan chapters were similarly started by veterans in the first years after the war . ) When citizens were asked why the perpetrators had not been arrested , many answered that the Bureau , with the support of the military , had the primary authority . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_27546-27746 | In certain areas , such as the Sea Islands , many freedmen were destitute . Many had tried to cultivate the land and began businesses with little to no success in the social disruption of the period . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_27762-28220 | Suffering much less damage in the war than some other Deep South states , Texas became a destination for some 200,000 refugee blacks from other parts of the South , in addition to 200,000 already in Texas . Slavery had been prevalent only in East Texas , and some freedmen hoped for the chance of new types of opportunity in the lightly populated but booming state . The Bureau 's political role was central , as was close attention to the need for schools . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_28239-28550 | The Freedmen 's Bureau had 58 clerks and superintendents of farms , paid average monthly wages $78.50 ; 12 assistant superintendents , paid average monthly wages 87.00 ; and 163 laborers , paid average monthly wages 11.75 ; as personnel in the state of Virginia . Other personnel included orderlies and guards . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_28551-28834 | During the war , slaves had escaped to Union lines and forts in the Tidewater , where contraband camps were established . Many stayed in that area after the war , seeking protection near the federal forts . The Bureau fed 9,000 to 10,000 blacks a month over the winter , explaining : | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_28835-29855 | `` A majority of the freedmen to whom this subsistence has been furnished are undoubtedly able to earn a living if they were removed to localities where labor could be procured . The necessity for issuing rations to this class of persons results from their accumulation in large numbers in certain places where the land is unproductive and the demand for labor is limited . As long as these people remain in the present localities , the civil authorities refuse to provide for the able - bodied , and are unable to care for the helpless and destitute among them , owing to their great number and the fact that very few are residents of the counties in which they have congregated during the war . The necessity for the relief extended to these people , both able - bodied and helpless , by the Government , will continue as long as they remain in their present condition , and while rations are issued to the able - bodied they will not voluntarily change their localities to seek places where they can procure labor . ' | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_29880-31580 | In 2000 , the U.S. Congress passed the Freedmen 's Bureau Preservation Act , which directed the National Archivist to preserve the extensive records of the Bureau on microfilm , and work with educational institutions to index the records . In addition to those records of the Bureau headquarters , assistant commissioners , and superintendents of education , the National Archives now has records of the field offices , marriage records , and records of the Freedmen 's Branch of the Adjutant General on microfilm . They are being digitized and made available through online databases . These constitute a major source of documentation on the operations of the Bureau , political and social conditions in the Reconstruction Era , and the genealogies of freedpeople . The Freedmen 's Bureau Project ( announced on June 19 , 2015 ) was created as a set of partnerships between FamilySearch International and the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) , the Smithsonian 's National Museum of African American History and Culture , the Afro - American Historical and Genealogical Society ( AAHGS ) , and the California African American Museum . Tens of thousands of volunteers are needed to make these records searchable online . No specific time commitment is required , and anyone may participate . Volunteers simply log on ( http://www.discoverfreedmen.org/ ) , pull up as many scanned documents as they like , and enter the names and dates into the fields provided . Once published , information for millions of African Americans will be accessible , allowing families to build their family trees and connect with their ancestors . As of February 2016 , the project was 51 % complete . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_31581-31726 | In October 2006 , Virginia governor Tim Kaine announced that Virginia would be the first state to index and digitize Freedmen 's Bureau records . | Freedmen's Bureau |
834400118_140-488 | Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_489-679 | The Olympic Games is a major international multi-sport event . During its history , both the Summer and Winter Games were a subject of many scandals , controversies , and illegal drug uses . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_680-1065 | Some states have boycotted the Games on various occasions , often as a sign of protest against the International Olympic Committee , often having racial discrimination or contemporary politics of other participants . After both World Wars , the losing countries were not invited . Other controversies include doping programs , decisions by referees and even gestures made by athletes . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_2758-3629 | Grand Duchy of Finland competed separately from the Russian Empire , but was not allowed to display the Finnish flag . In the 400 metres , American winner John Carpenter was disqualified for blocking British athlete Wyndham Halswelle in a maneuver that was legal under U.S. rules but prohibited by the British rules under which the race was run . As a result of the disqualification , a second final race was ordered . Halswelle was to face the other two finalists William Robbins and John Taylor , but both were from the United States and decided not to contest the repeat of the final to protest the judges ' decision . Halswelle was thus the only medallist in the 400 metres . It was the only walkover victory in Olympic history . Taylor later ran on the Gold medal winning U.S. team for the now - defunct Medley Relay , becoming the first African American medallist . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_3673-4082 | American athlete Jim Thorpe was stripped of his gold medals in the decathlon and pentathlon after it was learned that he had played professional minor league baseball three years earlier . In solidarity , the decathlon silver medallist , Hugo Wieslander , refused to accept the medals when they were offered to him . The gold medals were restored to Thorpe 's children in 1983 , thirty years after his death . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_4143-4278 | The 1916 Summer Olympics were to have been held in Berlin , German Empire , but were cancelled because of the outbreak of World War I . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_4330-4749 | Budapest had initially been selected over Amsterdam and Lyon to host the Games , but as the Austro - Hungarian Empire had been a German ally in World War I , the French - dominated International Olympic Committee transferred the Games to Antwerp in April 1919 . Austria , Bulgaria , Germany , Hungary , and Turkey were not invited to the Games , being the successor states of the Central Powers which lost World War I . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_4879-5720 | Nine - time Finnish Olympic gold medallist Paavo Nurmi was found to be a professional athlete and barred from running in the Games . The main conductors of the ban were Swedish officials , especially Sigfrid Edström , who claimed that Nurmi had received too much money for his travel expenses . However , Nurmi did travel to Los Angeles and kept training at the Olympic Village . Despite pleas from all the entrants of the marathon , he was not allowed to compete at the Games . This incident , in part , led to Finland refusing to participate in the traditional Finland - Sweden athletics international event until 1939 . After winning the silver in equestrian dressage , Swedish equestrian Bertil Sandström was demoted to last for clicking to his horse to win encouragement . He asserted that it was a creaking saddle making the sounds . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_5928-9371 | In 1931 the IOC selected the German capital city Berlin as the host city of the 1936 Summer Olympics . However , following Adolf Hitler 's rise to power in 1933 , the plans for the Olympic Games became entangled with the politics of the Nazi regime . Adolf Hitler regarded the event as ' his ' Olympics and sought to exploit the Games for propaganda purposes , with the aim of showcasing the post-First World War Germany . In 1936 , a number of prominent politicians and organizations called for a boycott of the Summer Olympics , while other campaigners called for the games to be relocated . The Popular Front government of Spain decided to boycott the Berlin Games entirely and , together with labour and socialist groups around the world , organized an alternative event , the People 's Olympiad . The event did not take place however ; just as the Games were about to begin the Spanish Civil War broke out and the People 's Olympiad was cancelled . In the United States , there was considerable debate about boycotting the Games . A leading advocate of a boycott was U.S. athlete Ernest Lee Jahncke , the son of a German immigrant , who was an IOC member . He was opposed by United States Olympic Committee president Avery Brundage and was eventually expelled from the IOC for encouraging athletes to boycott the Berlin Games . International concern surrounded the ruling German National Socialists ' ideology of racial superiority and its application at an international event such as the Olympics . In 1934 Avery Brundage undertook a visit to Germany to investigate the treatment of Jews . When he returned , he reported , `` I was given positive assurance in writing ... that there will be no discrimination against Jews . You ca n't ask more than that and I think the guarantee will be fulfilled . '' In the event , a number of record - holding German athletes were excluded from competing at Berlin for being racially undesirable , including Lilli Henoch , Gretel Bergmann and Wolfgang Fürstner . The only Jewish athlete to compete on the German team was fencer Helene Mayer . Hitler 's decision not to shake hands with USA long - jump medal winner Jesse Owens has been widely interpreted as a snub of an African American ; however some commentators have noted that the German Chancellor missed all medal presentations after the first day as he only wished to shake hands with German victors . Owens himself was reported to have been magnanimous when he mentioned Hitler . After the Games however , Owens was not personally honoured by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . The Irish Olympic Council boycotted the games as the IAAF had expelled National Athletic and Cycling Association for refusing to restrict itself to the Irish Free State rather than the island of Ireland . In the cycling match sprint final , German Toni Merkens fouled Dutchman Arie van Vliet . Instead of disqualification , Merkens was fined 100 Reichsmarks and kept the gold medal . In one of the football quarter - finals , Peru beat Austria 4 -- 2 but Austria went through in very controversial circumstances . As a sign of protest the complete Olympic delegations of Peru and Colombia left Germany . See Football at the 1936 Summer Olympics . French and Canadian Olympians gave what appeared to be the Nazi salute at the opening ceremony , although they may have been performing the Olympic salute , which is similar , as both are based on the Roman salute . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_9442-9977 | The 1940 Summer Olympics were scheduled to be held in Tokyo , Japan , but were cancelled due to the outbreak of the Second Sino - Japanese War . The government of Japan had abandoned its support for the 1940 Games in July 1938 . The IOC then awarded the Games to Helsinki , Finland , the runner - up in the original bidding process , but the Games were not held due to the Winter War . Ultimately , the Olympic Games were suspended indefinitely following the outbreak of World War II and did not resume until the London Games of 1948 . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_10018-10264 | The two major Axis powers of World War II , Germany and Japan , were suspended from the Olympics . German and Japanese athletes were allowed to compete again at the 1952 Olympics . The Soviet Union was invited but chose not to send any athletes . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_10308-11985 | Seven countries boycotted the Games for three different reasons . Egypt , Iraq , and Lebanon announced that they would not participate in response to the Suez Crisis when Egypt was invaded by Israel , the United Kingdom , and France after Egypt nationalized the Suez canal . The Netherlands , Spain , and Switzerland withdrew to protest the Soviet Union 's invasion of Hungary during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and the Soviet presence at the Games . Less than two weeks before the Opening Ceremony , the People 's Republic of China also chose to boycott the event , protesting the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) being allowed to compete ( under the name `` Formosa '' ) . The political frustrations between the Soviet Union and Hungary boiled over at the games themselves when the two men 's water polo teams met for the semi-final . The players became increasingly violent towards one another as the game progressed , while many Hungarian spectators were prevented from rioting only by the sudden appearance of the police . The match became known as the Blood in the Water match . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis . Nevertheless , the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism . Due to quarantine issues , the equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_12025-12275 | Indonesia and North Korea withdrew after the IOC decision to ban teams that took part in the 1963 Games of the New Emerging Forces . South Africa was suspended from the Olympics due to its apartheid policies . The suspension would be lifted in 1992 . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_12321-13432 | 1968 Olympics Black Power salute : Tommie Smith and John Carlos , two black athletes who finished the 200 metre race first and third respectively , performed the `` Power to the People '' salute during the national anthem of the United States . Peter Norman , a white Australian who finished in second place , wore a human rights badge in solidarity , and was heavily criticised upon returning to Australia . Věra Čáslavská , in protest to the 1968 Soviet - led invasion of Czechoslovakia and the controversial decision by the judges on the Balance Beam and Floor , turned her head down and away from the Soviet flag whilst the anthem played during the medal ceremony . She returned home as a heroine of the Czechoslovak people , but was made an outcast by the Soviet dominated government . Students in Mexico City tried to make use of the media attention for their country to protest the authoritarian Mexican government . The government reacted with violence , culminating in the Tlatelolco Massacre ten days before the Games began and more than two thousand protesters were shot at by government forces . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_13473-16927 | The 1972 Olympics Black Power salute also known as the Forgotten Salute . The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich , West Germany , when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September which had ties to Yasser Arafat 's Fatah organization . Eleven athletes , coaches and judges were murdered by the terrorists . Rhodesia was banned from participating in the Olympics as the result of a 36 to 31 vote by the IOC held four days before the opening ceremonies . African countries had threatened to boycott the Munich games had the white minority ruled regime been permitted to send a team . The ban occurred over the objections of IOC president Avery Brundage who , in his speech following the Munich massacre , controversially compared the anti-Rhodesia campaign to the terrorist attack on the Olympic village . ( see Rhodesia at the Olympics ) In the controversial gold medal basketball game , the US Olympic Basketball team battled for the gold medal for the last few seconds against the team from the Soviet Union. With three seconds left in the gold medal game , American forward Doug Collins sank two free throws to put the Americans up 50 -- 49 . Immediately following Collins ' free throws , the Soviets inbounded the ball and failed to score . Soviet coaches claimed that they had requested a timeout before Collins ' foul shots . The referees ordered the clock reset to three seconds and the game 's final seconds replayed . The horn sounded as a length - of - the - court Soviet pass was being released from the inbounding player , the pass missed its mark , and the U.S. again began celebrating . However , final three seconds was replayed for a third time . This time , the Soviets ' Alexander Belov and the USA 's Kevin Joyce and Jim Forbes went up for the pass , and Belov caught the long pass from Ivan Edeshko near the American basket . Belov then laid the ball in for the winning points as the buzzer sounded . The U.S. players voted unanimously to refuse their silver medals , and at least one team member , Kenny Davis , has directed in his will that his heirs are never to accept the medals , even posthumously . At the end of the Marathon , a German impostor entered the stadium to the cheers of the stadium ahead of the actual winner , Frank Shorter of the United States . During the American Broadcasting Company coverage of the event , the guest commentator , writer Erich Segal famously called to Shorter `` It 's a fraud , Frank . '' In the men 's field hockey final Michael Krause 's goal in the 60th minute gave the host West Germans a 1 -- 0 victory in the final over the defending champion Pakistan . Pakistan 's players complained about some of the umpiring and disagreed that Krause 's goal was good . After the game , Pakistani fans ran onto the field in rage ; some players and fans dumped water on Belgium 's Rene Frank , then the head of the sport 's international governing body . During the medals ceremony , the players staged their protest , some of them turning their backs to the West German flag . Reports also mention that the Pakistani players handled their silver medals disrespectfully . According to the story in The Washington Post , the team 's manager , G.R. Chaudhry , said that his team thought the outcome had been `` pre-planned '' by the officials , Horacio Servetto of Argentina and Richard Jewell of Australia . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_17060-19298 | In protest against the New Zealand national rugby union team 's 1976 tour of South Africa ( controversial due to the regime 's apartheid policies ) , Tanzania led a boycott of twenty - two African nations after the International Olympic Committee refused to bar New Zealand . Some of the teams withdrew after the first day . The controversy prevented a much anticipated meeting between Tanzanian Filbert Bayi -- the former world record holder in both the 1500 metres and the mile run ; and New Zealand 's John Walker -- who had surpassed both records to become the world record holder in both events . Walker went on to win the gold medal in the 1500 metres . Canada initially refused to allow the Republic of China 's team into the country as Canada did not recognize Taiwan as a nation . Canada 's decision was in violation of its agreement with the IOC to allow all recognized teams . Canada then agreed to allow the Taiwanese athletes into the country but only if they did not compete under the name or flag of the Republic of China . This led to protests and a threatened boycott by other countries including the US but came to naught after the IOC acquiesced to the Canadian demand which , in turn , led to the Republic of China 's boycott of the games . The People 's Republic of China also continued its boycott over the failure of the IOC to recognize its team as the sole representative of China . The various boycotts resulted in only 92 countries participating , down from 121 in 1972 and the lowest number since the 1960 Rome Games in which 80 states competed . Soviet modern pentathlete Boris Onischenko was found to have used an épée which had a pushbutton on the pommel in the fencing portion of the pentathlon event . This button , when activated , would cause the electronic scoring system to register a hit whether or not the épée had actually connected with the target area of his opponent . As a result of this discovery , he and the entire male Soviet pentathlon team were disqualified . Quebec , the host province , incurred $1.5 billion in debt , which was not paid off until December 2006 . Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau had famously said : `` The Olympics can no more lose money than a man can have a baby . '' | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_19339-22012 | 1980 Summer Olympics boycott : U.S. President Jimmy Carter issued a boycott of the games to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , as the Games were held in Moscow , the capital of the Soviet Union . Many nations refused to participate in the Games . The exact number of boycotting nations is difficult to determine , as a total of 62 eligible countries did not participate , but some of those countries withdrew due to financial hardships , only claiming to join the boycott to avoid embarrassment . Iran also boycotted the Moscow Games owing to Ayatollah Khomeini 's support for the Islamic Conference 's condemnation of the invasion of Afghanistan . Only 80 countries participated in the Moscow games , fewer than the 92 that had joined the 1976 games which had also been the target of boycotts and the lowest number since the 1960 Rome Games which had also featured 80 countries . A substitute event , titled the Liberty Bell Classic ( often referred to as Olympic Boycott Games ) was held at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia by 29 of the boycotting countries . A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that `` there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games , certainly not a gold medal winner ... who is not on one sort of drug or another : usually several kinds . The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists ' Games '' . A member of the IOC Medical Commission , Manfred Donike , privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine . Twenty percent of the specimens he tested , including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official . The results of Donike 's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols . The first documented case of `` blood doping '' occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics as a runner was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in the 5000 m and 10,000 m . Polish gold medallist pole vaulter Władysław Kozakiewicz showed an obscene bras d'honneur gesture in all four directions to the jeering Soviet public , causing an international scandal and almost losing his medal as a result . There were numerous incidents and accusations of Soviet officials using their authority to negate marks by opponents to the point that IAAF officials found the need to look over the officials ' shoulders to try to keep the events fair . There were also accusations of opening stadium gates to advantage Soviet athletes , and causing other disturbances to opposing athletes . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_22058-23253 | 1984 Summer Olympics boycott : The Soviet Union and fourteen of its allies boycotted the 1984 Games held in Los Angeles , United States , citing lack of security for their athletes as the official reason . The decision was regarded as a response to the United States - led boycott issued against the Moscow Olympics four years earlier . The Eastern Bloc organized its own multi-sport event , the Friendship Games , instead . The fact that Romania , a Warsaw Pact country , opted to compete despite Soviet demands led to a warm reception of the Romanian team by the United States . When the Romanian athletes entered during the opening ceremonies , they received a standing ovation from the spectators , which comprised mostly U.S. citizens . For different reasons , Iran and Libya also boycotted the Games . The men 's light heavyweight boxing match between Kevin Barry and Evander Holyfield ended in controversy , when referee Gligorije Novicic of Yugoslavia disqualified a clearly dominant Holyfield . Barry eventually won the silver medal , with Holyfield settling for bronze . In contrast , there were also allegations of favorable judging towards American boxers throughout the tournament . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_23307-25788 | The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons . Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson was stripped of his gold medal for the 100 metres when he tested positive for stanozolol after the event . In a highly controversial 3 -- 2 judge 's decision , South Korean boxer Park Si - Hun defeated American Roy Jones , Jr. , despite Jones pummelling Park for three rounds , landing 86 punches to Park 's 32 . Allegedly , Park himself apologized to Jones afterward . One judge shortly thereafter admitted the decision was a mistake , and all three judges voting against Jones were eventually suspended . The official IOC investigation concluding in 1997 found that three of the judges had been wined and dined by South Korean officials . This led to calls for Jones to be awarded a gold medal , but the IOC still officially stands by the decision , despite the allegations . American diver Greg Louganis suffered a concussion after he struck his head on the springboard during the preliminary rounds . He completed the preliminaries despite his injury , earning the highest single score of the qualifying round for his next dive and repeated the dive during the finals , earning the gold medal by a margin of 25 points . However , Louganis at the time had just been diagnosed HIV - positive six months prior to the games -- a diagnosis that was not publicly disclosed until 1995 . Most of Louganis ' corporate sponsors dropped him as a client following the disclosure in 1995 , and people in and out of the international diving community began to question Louganis ' decision not to disclose his HIV status during the 1988 Seoul Olympics , even though blood in a pool posed no risk . The blood was diluted by thousands of gallons of water , and `` chlorine kills HIV '' , said John Ward , chief of HIV / AIDS surveillance at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Also , skin is a very effective barrier to HIV ; only a diver with an open wound would face any risk . `` If the virus just touches the skin , it is unheard of for it to cause infection : the skin has no receptors to bind HIV '' , explained Anthony Fauci . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_25840-26535 | Russian weightlifter Ibragim Samadov was disqualified for protest after he refused to accept the bronze medal . He was eventually banned for the rest of his life . In the final of the men 's 10,000 m Moroccan racer Khalid Skah was racing Kenyan Richard Chelimo for the gold medal ; with 3 laps remaining they both lapped fellow racer and Moroccan Hammou Boutayeb , even though he was lapped he stayed with the leaders , slowing down the Kenyan and inciting the crowd to jeer . Initially Skah was disqualified for receiving assistance from a lapped runner , but , after an appeal by the Moroccan team to the International Amateur Athletic Federation , he was reinstated and his gold medal stood . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_26577-27499 | The 1996 Olympics were marred by the Centennial Olympic Park bombing . A gold medal boxing match in which Daniel Petrov from Bulgaria won against Mansueto Velasco from the Philippines was hailed as `` The Robbery in Atlanta '' in the Philippines . One media outlet in the Philippines claimed that it appeared that the judges were pressing the buttons on their electronic scoring equipment for the wrong boxer . However , neutral commentators stated that `` ( i ) n Atlanta ( Petrov ) proved his supremacy beyond doubt and was never really troubled in any of his 4 fights '' and that `` Velasco 's attempt to be the Philippines ' first Olympic champion faltered from the beginning and ( Petrov ) was a clear winner by 19 points to 6 . '' The New York Times reported that `` Daniel Petrov Bojilov ... dominated Mansueto Velasco of the Philippines , 19 - 6 , '' but acknowledged that `` the Filipino deserved more points . '' | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_27552-30081 | American track star Marion Jones , in December 2007 , was stripped of five medals after admitting to steroid use . Jones had won three gold medals ( 100 metre sprint , 200 metre sprint and 4x400 relay ) and two bronze medals ( long jump and 4x100 relay ) . The IOC action also officially disqualified Jones from her fifth - place finish in the Long Jump at the 2004 Summer Olympics . At the time of her admission and subsequent guilty plea , Marion Jones was one of the most famous athletes to be linked to the BALCO scandal ... The case against BALCO covered more than 20 top level athletes , including Jones 's ex-husband , shot putter C.J. Hunter , and 100 m sprinter Tim Montgomery , the father of Jones ' first child . In the Women 's artistic gymnastics , Australian competitor Allana Slater complained that the vault was set too low . The vault was measured and found to be 5 centimetres lower than it should have been . A number of the gymnasts made unusual errors , including the American Elise Ray , who missed the vault completely in her warm - up , and British Annika Reeder , who fell and had to be carried off the mat after being injured . After Svetlana Khorkina 's warm - up , she complained to officials that the vault was set too low , but her protests were ignored . She proceeded to take her first attempt , but crashed painfully on her knees , ruining her chances of gold . Romanian Andreea Răducan became the first gymnast to be stripped of a medal after testing positive for pseudoephedrine , at the time a prohibited substance . Răducan , 16 , took Nurofen , a common over-the - counter medicine , to help treat a fever . The Romanian team doctor who gave her the medication was expelled from the Games and suspended for four years . The gold medal was finally awarded to Răducan 's teammate Simona Amânar , who had obtained silver . Răducan was allowed to keep her other medals , a gold from the team competition and a silver from the vault . Chinese gymnast Dong Fangxiao was stripped of a bronze medal in April 2010 . Investigations by the sport 's governing body ( FIG ) found that she was only 14 at the 2000 Games . ( To be eligible the gymnastic athletes must turn 16 during the Olympic year ) . Dong also lost a sixth - place result in the individual floor exercises and seventh in the vault . FIG recommended the IOC take the medal back as her scores aided China in winning the team bronze . The US women 's team , who had come fourth in the event , then moved up to third ( bronze medal ) . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_30122-33622 | While leading in the men 's marathon with less than 10 kilometres to go , Brazilian runner Vanderlei de Lima was attacked by Irish priest Neil Horan and dragged into the crowd . De Lima recovered to take bronze , and was later awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal for sportsmanship . Hungarian fencing official Joszef Hidasi was suspended for two years by the FIE after committing six errors in favour of Italy during the gold - medal match in men 's team foil , robbing China the gold medal with result 45 -- 42 . Canadian men 's rowing pair Chris Jarvis and David Calder were disqualified in the semi-final round after they crossed into the lane belonging to the South African team of Donovan Cech and Ramon di Clemente and in doing so , according to the South Africans , interfered with their progress . The Canadians appealed unsuccessfully to the Court of Arbitration for Sport . In the women 's 100m hurdles , Canadian sprinter Perdita Felicien stepped on the first hurdle , tumbling to the ground and taking Russian Irina Shevchenko with her . The Russian Federation filed an unsuccessful protest , pushing the medal ceremony back a day . Track officials debated for about two hours before rejecting the Russians ' arguments . The race was won by the United States ' Joanna Hayes in Olympic - record time . In a tournament match in men 's volleyball , the US and Greece were in the final game of the match ( Game 5 ) . When the Americans were handling the ball , a whistle was blown from the audience . As a result , the Greeks stopped their defence because in volleyball the ball is `` dead '' as soon as a whistle blows . To the officials however , it was still a live ball . That let the Americans make the last spike to win by two to move to the next round . The Greek team protested , but the officials let the play count . No appeal has been made . Iranian judoka Arash Miresmaili was disqualified after he was found to be overweight before a judo bout against Israeli Ehud Vaks . He had gone on an eating binge the night before in a protest against the IOC 's recognition of the state of Israel . It was reported that Iranian Olympic team chairman Nassrollah Sajadi had suggested that the Iranian government should give him $115,000 ( the amount he would have received if he had won the gold medal ) as a reward for his actions . Then - President of Iran , Mohammad Khatami , who was reported to have said that Arash 's refusal to fight the Israeli would be `` recorded in the history of Iranian glories '' , stated that the nation considered him to be `` the champion of the 2004 Olympic Games . '' Pelle Svensson , a former two - time world champion ( Greco - Roman 100 kg class ) and member of board of FILA from 1990 to 2007 , has described FILA as an inherently corrupt organization . During the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Svensson served as chairman of the disciplinary committee of FILA . As he was watching the final in the men 's Greco - Roman wrestling 84 kg class between Alexei Michine from Russia and Ara Abrahamian from Sweden , Svensson witnessed how the Russian team leader Mikhail Mamiashvili was giving signs to the referee . When Svensson approached him and informed him that this was not allowed according to the rules , Mamiashvili responded by saying : `` you should know that this may lead to your death '' . Svensson later found proof that the Romanian referee was bribed ( according to Svensson the referee had received over one million Swedish krona ) . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_33734-36498 | Players for the men 's basketball teams posed for a pre-Olympic newspaper advertisement in popular Spanish daily Marca , in which they were pictured pulling back the skin on either side of their eyes , narrowing them in order to mimic the stereotypes of thin Asian eyes . Swedish wrestler Ara Abrahamian placed his bronze medal onto the floor immediately after it was placed around his neck in protest at his loss to Italian Andrea Minguzzi in the semifinals of the men 's 84kg Greco - Roman wrestling event . He was subsequently disqualified by the IOC . His bronze medal was stripped , but it was not handed out to Chinese wrestler Ma Sanyi , who finished fifth . Questions have been raised about the ages of two Chinese female gymnasts , He Kexin and Jiang Yuyuan . This is due partly to their overly - youthful appearance , as well as a speech in 2007 by Chinese director of general administration for sport Liu Peng . Norway 's last - second goal against South Korea in the semifinals of handball put it through to the Gold Medal game . According to a photograph that has surfaced on the Internet , however , the ball had failed to fully cross the goal line prior to time expiring . The South Koreans protested and requested that the game continue at the overtime point . The IHF has confirmed the results of the match . Team handball rules suggest , but do not clearly state , that a goal in flight after the buzzer is not valid , but in any case the decision is not reviewable . Other sports , such as basketball and water polo , allow a goal that has left the thrower 's hand prior to time ; netball , on the other hand , explicitly disallows a goal unless the ball has gone through the ring at the buzzer . Cuban taekwondoist Ángel Matos was banned for life from any international taekwondo events after kicking a referee in the face . Matos attacked the referee after he disqualified Matos for violating the time limit on an injury timeout . He then punched another official . China was criticized for their state run athlete training program that often forces young children to leave their families to endure long and tough training regimens in the state academies , where 250,000 children are enrolled . The sports schools focus on training at the expense of general education , leaving athletes unprepared to live regular lives after sports . Yang Wenjun , a C - 2 Canoeing champion at the Athens Olympics recounted officials ' threats to withhold his retirement income if he quit before the Beijing Games , adding that it was `` not possible to survive without those benefits '' . By April 2017 , the 2008 Summer Olympics has had the most ( 50 ) Olympic medals stripped for doping violations . The leading country is Russia with 14 medals stripped . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_36609-41265 | The North Korean women 's football team delayed their game against Colombia for an hour after the players were introduced on the jumbo screen with the South Korean flag . Greek triple jumper and long jumper Paraskevi Papachristou was expelled by the Greek Olympic Committee after posting a racially insensitive comment on the social media website Twitter . South Korean fencer Shin A-lam lost the semifinal match in the individual épée to Germany 's Britta Heidemann , after a timekeeping error allowed Heidemann to score the winning point before time expired . Shin A-lam had to remain on the piste for over an hour while her appeal was being considered , but the appeal was ultimately rejected and Germany advanced to play for the Gold Medal . Shin A-Lam was offered a consolation medal but declined the offer . In the men 's team artistic gymnastics , Japan was promoted to the silver medal position after successfully lodging an appeal over Kōhei Uchimura 's final pommel horse performance . His fall on the last piece of apparatus had initially relegated the Japanese to fourth , and elevated hosts Great Britain to silver , and Ukraine to bronze . Although the decision to upgrade the Japanese score was greeted with boos in the arena ( where the reasoning for the appeal was not fully known ) , the teams involved accepted the correction . Swiss footballer Michel Morganella was expelled from the Olympics after a racist comment on Twitter about Koreans after Switzerland lost 2 -- 1 to South Korea . In the Men 's Light Fly Gold Medal match between Kaeo Pongprayoon of Thailand and Zou Shiming of China , the Chinese fighter won on a controversial decision . The Thai boxer was hit with a two - point penalty for an unclear offence with 9 seconds left in the bout to give the Chinese boxer the clear advantage in the point system . The crowd showed an unappreciated outcome after the Chinese boxer beat the Thai boxer 13 -- 10 . Zou 's second gold made him the first man to win three medals in the light flyweight . He took bronze at the 2004 Athens Games , Gold in the 2008 Beijing Games and Gold in 2012 London Games . During the semi-finals of the women 's football match featuring Canada and USA , a very controversial free kick given to the Americans by Norwegian referee Christina Pedersen in 78th minute with the Canadians leading 3 - 2 allowed the Americans to score , forcing extra time , where the Americans then won . Comments by Canadian captain Christine Sinclair questioning the delay of time call made against goalkeeper Erin McLeod , which is a call rarely made unless the goalkeeper is blatantly wasting time , led to a suspension from FIFA following the Olympics . The US ended up winning gold in the final and Canada finished with a bronze . The Indian Olympic Committee lodged a protest against the judges ' decision in the match between Indian boxer Sumit Sangwan and Brazilian Yamaguchi Falcao . The judges awarded the match 15 -- 14 in favour of the Brazilian . ESPN commentators who were surprised by the verdict called it `` daylight robbery '' . However , the protest which was specific to Round 2 of the disputed match was turned down by the jury . The badminton women 's doubles tournament at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place from 28 July to 4 August at Wembley Arena . The competition became embroiled in controversy during the group stage when eight players ( both pairs from South Korea and one pair each from China and Indonesia ) were ejected from the tournament by the Badminton World Federation after being found guilty of `` not using best efforts '' and `` conducting oneself in a manner that is clearly abusive or detrimental to the sport '' by playing to lose matches in order to manipulate the draw for the knockout stage . In one match , both teams made a series of basic errors , and in one match the maximum rally was just four shots . In the Men 's Bantamweight early round match , Japanese boxer Satoshi Shimizu floored Magomed Abdulhamidov of Azerbaijan six times in the third round . The referee , Ishanguly Meretnyyazov of Turkmenistan , never scored a count in each of the six knockdowns and let the fight continue on . Meretnyyazov claimed they were slips , and even fixed Abdulhamidov 's headgear during the affair . Abdulhamidov had to be helped to his corner following the round . The fight was scored 22 - 17 in favour of Abdulhamidov . AIBA , governing body for Olympic boxing , overturned the result following an appeal by Japan . By April 2017 , the Olympics has had 29 Olympic medals stripped for doping violations . The leading country is Russia with 13 medals stripped off . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_41578-46602 | During the 1st tournament for the Women 's Volleyball World Olympic qualification tournament , the match between Japan and Thailand caused controversy over the Thailand team being given two red cards during the final set . Japan finished the tournament third and qualified for the Olympics , while Thailand finished fifth and did not qualify . The FIVB declined to review the match . Islam El Shehaby , an Egyptian , refused to shake hands and bow to his opponent after being defeated by the Israeli Or Sasson . Hope Solo of the US Soccer Team generated controversy after making comments that the Swedish Soccer Team , who had defeated the US in the quarterfinals , were ' cowards ' because they had chosen a defensive posture during the match . Four U.S. swimmers , Ryan Lochte , Jimmy Feigen , Gunnar Bentz , and Jack Conger , allegedly vandalized a gas station bathroom , and were forced to pay for the damage by two security men who brandished a gun at the swimmers before a translator arrived . The swimmers later claimed to have been pulled over and robbed by a gunman or gunmen wearing police uniforms . The Federal Police of Brazil detained Feigen , Bentz , and Conger ( Lochte having already left the country ) after it was determined that the swimmers had made false reports to the police of being robbed . All of the swimmers involved would receive various punishments and suspensions relating to their conduct during the incident . During the Weightlifting tournament , Iran 's Behdad Salimi broke the world record in the snatch weightlifting of the Men 's over 105 - kilogram class , but was later disqualified in the clean and jerk stage following a controversial decision by the jury . The Iranian National Olympic Committee filed an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) against the International Weightlifting Federation ( IWF ) , and the IWF 's website was hacked by protestors . The CAS dismissed the appeal due to a lack of evidence that the disqualification was made or applied in bad faith . Nine Australian athletes had their passports seized by Brazilian police and were fined R $10,000 ( US $3,000 ) after it was revealed they had falsified their credentials in order to watch a basketball game between Serbia and Australia . While Olympians have free access to all events , where they are seated in a section reserved for them , the nine athletes falsified their credentials in order to gain free access to seats reserved for paying customers . The athletes in question are Ashlee Ankudinoff ( cycling ) , Melissa Hoskins ( cycling ) , Ed Jenkins ( rugby ) , Alec Potts ( archery ) , Ryan Tyack ( archery ) , Olympia Aldersey ( rowing ) , Fiona Albert ( rowing ) , Lucy Stephan ( rowing ) and Simon Orchard ( field hockey ) . Another cyclist , Matthew Glaetzer , was not accused of a crime but was held as a witness . During the second bronze medal match between Uzbekistan 's Ikhtiyor Navruzov and Mongolia 's Ganzorigiin Mandakhnaran in the 65 kg freestyle wrestling , Mandakhnaran held a lead of 7 - 6 near the end of the match and began celebrating before the it had concluded . In response , Ikhtiyor was awarded a penalty point for Mandakhnaran `` failing to engage '' during the end of the match , which resulted in Ikhtiyor winning the bronze due . The Mongolian coaches protested the point , which could not be challenged , by stripping in front of the judges on the mat , resulting in a shoe being sent into the judges ' table . Ikhtiyor was awarded a second penalty point as the coaches were escorted away from the mat , leading to the final score being 7 - 8 . Controversy surrounded the new judging system in boxing ; the new system had five judges who judge each bout , and a computer would randomly select three whose scores were counted . Traditionally , judges would use a computer scoring system to count each punch landed , but in 2016 , the winner of each round was awarded 10 points and the loser a lower number , based on criteria which included the quality of punches landed , effective aggression , and tactical superiority . Two results in particular attracted controversy : the defeat of Vasily Levit by Evgeny Tishchenko in the men 's heavyweight gold - medal fight , drawing jeers from the audience , and the defeat of Michael Conlan by Vladimir Nikitin in the men 's bantamweight quarter - final , after which Conlan accused AIBA and the Russian team of cheating , even tweeting to Russian President Vladimir Putin `` Hey Vlad , How much did they charge you bro ? ? '' The AIBA removed an unspecified number of judges and referees following the controversy , stating that they `` determined that less than a handful of the decisions were not at the level expected '' and that `` the concerned referees and judges will no longer officiate at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games '' ; however , the original decision would still remain . On 8 December 2016 , Russian boxer Misha Aloyan was stripped of the silver medal in 52 kg boxing at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_46678-47445 | French skier Jean - Claude Killy achieved a clean sweep of the then - three alpine skiing medals at Grenoble , but only after what the IOC bills as the `` greatest controversy in the history of the Winter Olympics . '' The slalom run was held in poor visibility and Austrian skier Karl Schranz claimed a course patrolman crossed his path during the slalom race , causing him to stop . Schranz was given a restart and posted the fastest time . A Jury of Appeal then reviewed the television footage , declared that Schranz had missed a gate on the upper part of the first run , annulled his repeat run time , and gave the medal to Killy . Three East German competitors in the women 's luge event were disqualified for illegally heating their runners prior to each run . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_47494-49209 | Austrian skier Karl Schranz , a vocal critic of then - IOC president Avery Brundage and reportedly earning $50,000 a year at the time , was singled out for his status as a covertly professional athlete , notably for his relationship with the ski manufacturer Kneissl , and ejected from the games . Schranz 's case was particularly high - profile because of the disqualification controversy centring on Schranz and French skier Jean - Claude Killy at the 1968 games and Schranz 's subsequent dominance of alpine skiing in the Skiing World Cups of 1969 and 1970 . However , the ostensible reason was that Schranz was photographed at a soccer game wearing a T - shirt with a coffee advertisement . The incident led directly to changes in athlete sponsorship rules : Schranz reportedly said of these `` It 's an emphasis on the wrong principle . I think the Olympics should be a contest of all sportsmen , with no regard for color , race or wealth . '' Brundage 's twenty - year reign as President of the IOC ended six months later and subsequent presidents have been limited to terms of eight years , renewable once for four years . There were no boycotts during the games , but there were few protesters . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis . Nevertheless , the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_49262-49462 | The chosen location for the 1976 Winter Olympics was originally Denver , Colorado . However , upon enormous concerns expressed by the city 's voters , the games were relocated to Innsbruck , Austria . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_49534-50013 | The 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York stirred controversy because of plans to convert the Olympic dormitory facilities into a state prison ( FCI , Ray Brook ) afterwards . Legal history was made when the National Moratorium on Prison Construction won a court ruling allowing its use of the Olympic symbol on a poster . Taiwan ( The Republic of China ) refused to compete under the name of Chinese Taipei . It is the only case of boycotting the Winter Olympic Games . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_50067-50452 | Jeff Gillooly , the ex-husband of U.S. figure skater Tonya Harding , arranged for an attack on her closest U.S. rival , Nancy Kerrigan , a month before the start of the Games . Both women competed , with Kerrigan winning the silver and Harding performing poorly . Harding was later banned for life both from competing in USFSA - sanctioned events and from becoming a sanctioned coach . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_50500-51046 | At the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan , a judge in the ice dancing event tape - recorded another judge trying to pre-ordain the results . Dick Pound , a prominent IOC official , said soon afterward that ice dancing should be stripped of its status as an Olympic event unless it could clean up the perception that its judging is corrupt . Also making the news was Canadian snowboarder Ross Rebagliati 's disqualification for marijuana being found in his system and having his gold medal stripped . The IOC reinstated the medal days later . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_51117-52282 | A number of IOC members were forced to resign after it was uncovered that they had accepted inappropriately valuable `` gifts '' in return for voting for Salt Lake City to hold the Games . Further information : 2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal Dual gold medals were awarded in pairs figure skating , to Canadian pair Jamie Salé and David Pelletier and to Russian pair Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze , after allegations of collusion among judges . Further information : 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal Three cross-country skiers , Spaniard Johann Mühlegg and Russians Larissa Lazutina and Olga Danilova , were disqualified after blood tests indicated the use of darbepoetin . Following a December 2003 ruling by the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) , the IOC in February 2004 withdrew all the doped athletes ' medals from the Games , amending the result lists accordingly . South Korean speedskater Kim Dong - sung was disqualified for cross-tracking ( cutting off another skater ) through the final turn of the men 's 1500 metre short - track speedskating final . This disqualification handed the gold to American Apolo Anton Ohno . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_52329-52652 | Members of the Austrian biathlon team had their Olympic Village residences raided by Italian authorities , who were investigating doping charges . Russian biathlete Olga Medvedtseva was stripped of her silver medal won in the individual race , due to positive drug test . A two - year ban from any competition was imposed . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_52913-55330 | In August 2008 , the government of Georgia called for a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics , set to be held in Sochi , Russia , in response to Russia 's participation in the 2008 South Ossetia war . Sochi is within twenty miles from Abkhazia , a disputed territory claimed by Georgia . The IOC responded to concerns about the status of the 2014 games by stating that it was `` premature to make judgments about how events happening today might sit with an event taking place six years from now . '' In mid-2013 , a number of organizations , including Human Rights Watch , began calling for a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics due to oppressive and homophobic legislation that bans ' gay propaganda ' , including the open acknowledgement of gay identities , the display of rainbow flags and public displays of affection between same - sex couples . Since June 2013 there have been ongoing Olympic protests of Russian anti-gay laws . Severe cost overruns made the 2014 Winter Olympics the most expensive Olympics in history ; with Russian politician Boris Nemtsov citing allegations of corruption among government officials , and Allison Stewart of the Saïd Business School at Oxford citing tight relationships between the government and construction firms . While originally budgeted at US $12 billion , various factors caused the budget to expand to US $51 billion , surpassing the estimated $44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , making Sochi the most expensive Olympics in history . Lebanese skier Jackie Chamoun , who had a photo shoot taken of her wearing nothing but ski boots and a thong , had the Lebanese government claim that she damaged the reputation of her country . Doping in Russia - Richard McLaren published a 97 - page report in July 2016 followed with part 2 in December 2016 proving that from `` at least late 2011 to 2015 '' more than 1,000 Russian competitors in various sports , including summer , winter , and Paralympic sports , benefited from a doping cover - up . As of 25 December 2015 , 43 Russian athletes who competed in Sochi are disqualified , 13 medals are stripped . Russian figure - skater Adelina Sotnikova won a gold medal in Woman 's Free Skate . However , numerous commentators stated that they believed that Yuna Kim , a South Korean Figure Skater , had had a stronger performance , and that Russian and Ukrainian judges were biased towards the Russian . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
834400118_55459-55728 | Russia was banned by the International Olympic Committee from attending the Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang due to the state - sponsored doping scandal . Kei Saito , a Japanese Short Track Speed Skater has been suspended from Winter Olympics caught from illegal doping . | List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies |
838403570_94-504 | Scorpion is an American drama television series loosely based on the life of self - proclaimed genius and computer expert Walter O'Brien . The series follows Walter O'Brien and his team of genius outcasts as they are recruited by federal agent Cabe Gallo of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to form Scorpion , said to be the last line of defense against complex , high - tech threats around the globe . | List of Scorpion episodes |
838403570_505-744 | The series premiered on September 22 , 2014 . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for a fourth season , which premiered on September 25 , 2017 . As of April 16 , 2018 , 93 episodes of Scorpion have aired , concluding the fourth season . | List of Scorpion episodes |
838403570_1064-1511 | Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Ave . viewership ( in millions ) 22 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 15 13.63 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 17 12.05 25 October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 22 10.65 22 September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) TBA TBA | List of Scorpion episodes |
838403570_1563-15044 | No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Justin Lin Teleplay by : Nick Santora September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) 13.83 Special Agent Cabe Gallo hires former child prodigy Walter O'Brien to lead a team of his brilliant friends . They are assigned their first mission by the government to help land airplanes at LAX when the air to ground communication system is shut down by a bug in the new traffic control software . They instantly connect with a waitress named Paige , the mother of a genius child . `` Single Point of Failure '' Bobby Roth David Foster September 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 29 ) 13.36 Team Scorpion is called upon by the governor when his daughter is a victim of biohacking and has only 24 hours to live . The mission hits a raw nerve with Walter , who receives a letter regarding his sister Megan 's worsening multiple sclerosis . Toby reaches out to his ex-fiancée , Happy is not so happy about people letting her down in her past , and Cabe is reminded of the loss of his own daughter while working this case . `` A Cyclone '' Gary Fleder Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) 12.05 After failing a military training exercise ordered by Director Merrick , the team is determined to prove their worth . When Internet infrastructure is threatened by random bomb strikes around the city , they set up their own operation to find the bomber . Cabe takes them off the mission for violating orders , while Paige tries to find her place on the team . `` Shorthanded '' Dwight H. Little Elizabeth Beall October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) 11.51 Wanting publicity on their last case , Scorpion takes on a private contract in spite of Cabe 's objections . They travel to Las Vegas to help a casino that is losing money on their high - roller blackjack tables . Walter sees a heist about to happen , but he is accused of masterminding the robbery and is sent to jail . However , his team is able to crack the case and exonerate him , with Cabe 's help . 5 5 `` Plutonium Is Forever '' Jeff T. Thomas Paul Grellong October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) 10.75 A nuclear reactor at a Los Angeles power plant with an out - of - date system nears a cataclysmic meltdown . Walter must enlist the help of genius Mark Collins ( Joshua Leonard ) , a former troubled team member who brought him `` down the rabbit hole '' , what he calls a dissociative state of intelligent thought years ago that almost jeopardized Scorpion . 6 6 `` True Colors '' Jeff Hunt Rob Pearlstein October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) 10.39 After taking a security job at an art museum , Scorpion is accused of destroying a priceless piece of art which they determine is a forgery . They must pass a mandated psychological evaluation or be banned from all Homeland assignments . Gallo has a connection , Hetty Lange ( Linda Hunt ) , who is the operations manager of NCIS in Los Angeles and who helps them track down the real painting . Paige tasks Walter with an experiment to gain emotional quotient so his team can get more work , and also asks them for help when Ralph does not have anyone to go with to his school 's Halloween party . 7 7 `` Father 's Day '' Milan Cheylov Nick Santora November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 10.34 When Ralph 's absentee father Drew calls the Scorpion office to talk to Paige , it triggers the familial memories of everyone . The team tries to protect Ralph by running a background check on Drew , who is a struggling minor league baseball player . Meanwhile , the team is tasked with finding out how three convicts , including a high IQ hacktivist , escaped from a high - tech prison and as to what their plan really is . 8 8 `` Risky Business '' Matt Earl Beesley Nicholas Wootton November 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) 10.08 A musical prodigy ( Scott Mescudi ) , who created a controversial algorithm that generates the perfect hit pop song , helps Scorpion investigate the murder of his friend who was a music industry blogger . Meanwhile , Drew takes Ralph out to a baseball game and later visits the team 's garage to seek Walter 's advice to help him connect with his son . Also , Walter needs a distraction and takes on a new hobby -- street racing supercars around town at night . 9 9 `` Rogue Element '' Jerry Levine Paul Grellong & Kim Rome November 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) 10.17 Scorpion tries to help Cabe after he is alerted by a distress code sent by his ex-wife Rebecca ( Jessica Tuck ) , who fears she is being targeted for stumbling upon a money trail linked to the assassination of a prominent congressman and special elections to be held thereafter . Meanwhile , Drew thanks Walter for the kinetic pitching diagnostic analysis improving his fastball speed ; however , this lands him a tryout with a Double - A baseball team in Portland , Maine and does not know what to do with Ralph . 10 10 `` Talismans '' Sam Hill Alex Katsnelson November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 9.42 When an F - 120 Hawkwing carrying a classified cloaking radar device goes down over Bosnia , Scorpion must help a disapproving Navy SEALs team locate the jet , recover the stealth technology and find the pilot 's remains . Also , on a request from the pilot 's wife , they have to retrieve his special necklace . After a drunken run - in with the police in an attempt at temporary freedom from her MS and the hospital , Megan meets the team , who are taken aback that Walter would even bring his sister to the garage in the first place . 11 11 `` Revenge '' Mel Damski Elizabeth Beall & David Foster December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 10.00 During an investigation on an international brutal gang of thieves called `` The Ghosts '' , who broke into a complex system safe from a warehouse , Sylvester ends up seriously injured after accidentally triggering an explosive device that was left behind . Not only does the team have to keep their composure as their friend is in critical condition in the hospital , they must work with Interpol and remain focused on finding the culprits . Meanwhile , Drew grows closer to Ralph and also wants to get close with Paige again . 12 12 `` Dominoes '' Omar Madha Rob Pearlstein & Nick Santora December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) 10.07 On Christmas Eve , Scorpion must race against time in order to save a young boy who gets trapped in a 14 - foot deep sinkhole in a cave at Zuma Beach , where the rising tide threatens his life . Walter pulls some favors to get Megan into a study with a new MS drug , but she does not want to be a guinea pig . Meanwhile , since Drew has to miss the holiday with Ralph for a baseball try - out in Portland , Paige tries to bring the Christmas spirit to the team by decorating , giving them gifts and hosting a holiday dinner at the garage . 13 13 `` Kill Screen '' Jace Alexander Nicholas Wootton & Paul Grellong January 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 05 ) 12.32 Scorpion must help Ralph when he is brought in for questioning by the DOJ after he unlocks a secret level in a dark website video game that unintentionally revealed the location of a CIA safe house in Culiacán , Mexico , resulting in the murders of two agents . Meanwhile , Walter enters an aerospace contest by studying jet propulsion on a dismantled CL - 460 rocket engine he purchased to win $15 million for Megan 's MS research . 14 14 `` Charades '' Christine Moore Rob Pearlstein January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 12.29 When the CIA 's Internal Affairs Division intercepts an encrypted message that was sent by someone in their L.A. office , Scorpion must uncover the mole who leaked classified information and snuck out chemicals for pesticides to an aid worker he loves in Yemen , thinking it was for a humanitarian cause . The team is confronted with stopping a seductive agent trying to produce nerve gas with the stolen chemicals . Meanwhile , Paige confronts her feelings for Walter and helps him prepare for the case by giving him a lesson in flirting . 15 15 `` Forget Me Nots '' Jann Turner Alex Katsnelson & Nick Santora January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 12.08 When an attempted hack tries to launch a weapon of mass destruction at a nuclear missile silo in Keflavik , Iceland , the team must help an institutionalized former POTUS Secret Service agent ( David James Elliott ) to remember events from 16 years previously in order to prevent a nuclear attack on an American ally . Meanwhile , Paige is torn between staying in L.A. or moving 3,000 miles away after Drew finds a gifted school for Ralph in Portland , Maine , causing Walter to get in the middle of her decision . 16 16 `` Love Boat '' Sam Hill Elizabeth Beall & Kim Rome February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 11.86 As Valentine 's Day approaches , Scorpion must search for stolen experimental shoulder - launch rockets that are being transported aboard a luxury cruise ship , and identify the arms dealer who is transporting them and targeting the one percenters aboard . Meanwhile , Happy and Toby help Ralph awe his first crush and Sylvester makes a valentine for Megan . Also , Walter plans to take Paige out to a top L.A. restaurant , but cancels after the mission . 17 17 `` Going South '' David Grossman Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton February 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) 10.69 Billionaire tech mogul , Richard Elia hires Scorpion to rescue his daughter who was kidnapped by a Mexican drug cartel while on a journalism assignment . Meanwhile , wanting media coverage for the team , Walter gives an interview to a local news station , but the story has misinformation and he also fails to acknowledge the other members , hurting their feelings in the process . Later , Sylvester tries to find the right time to tell Walter that he is dating Megan and resorts to blurting it out during their case . 18 18 `` Once Bitten , Twice Die '' Guy Ferland David J. North March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 10.59 When a century - long border conflict between Belarus , Lithuania and Latvia reignites , Scorpion is called in by Homeland to help facilitate secret peace talks to prevent this developing crisis escalating into World War III . Meanwhile , wanting to better herself and set a good example for Ralph , Paige re-enrolls in college and starts going to night classes so she can finish her Liberal Arts degree . Merrick threatens Cabe with disclosing details of a past case to Walter . Also , Happy and Toby 's friendship takes a brief hiatus . 19 19 `` Young Hearts Spark Fire '' Mel Damski Paul Grellong , Jay Beattie & Dan Dworkin March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) 9.70 After Scorpion 's helicopter crashes while on a mission to save lost hikers from a church group , the crash ignites a massive wildfire that quickly closes in on them due to the Santa Ana winds . Meanwhile , Sylvester tries to help the injured pilot ( Rick Ravanello ) who is unable to make it to safer ground through the rapidly spreading brushfire . Also , Toby tries to mathematically prove his `` Walter likes Paige '' theory by concocting an elaborate diagram . 20 20 `` Crossroads '' Kevin Hooks David Foster & Rob Pearlstein March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 9.38 When Scorpion helps the U.S. Marshals in the protection of a key witness set to testify against a vicious Nicaraguan crime syndicate called the DL , they end up taking her on the run across the two counties , with the gang 's leader hot on their trail . Meanwhile , a nervous Toby takes an Alprazolam and accidentally falls asleep , missing his dinner date with Happy who does not accept his apology . Later , he talks Walter into taking a risk by telling Paige he has feelings for her . 21 21 `` Cliffhanger '' Sam Hill Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 9.53 After a hacker takes control over a neurotoxicity lab outside L.A. , he uses the ventilation system to spread sarin gas throughout the facility that could kill 23 scientists trapped inside . And worse , he wants revenge for the Baghdad bombings in 1997 , forcing Cabe to tell Walter his long - buried secret about the covered - up mission and the real end user for his code being the DoD and CIA who used it to kill and not help people . Ralph , wanting to prove he is a part of Scorpion , puts his life on the line to help them . Also , Richard Elia stops by to give Walter a gift for his propulsion rocket , and loans him a Ferrari Testarossa to test its engine . Eventually , Walter kicks Cabe off the team and gets in a fight with Paige as she contemplates moving her and Ralph to Portland with Drew . Walter takes a late night joyride to clear his head in Elia 's Ferrari but this goes awry when he has to take evasive action to avoid hitting a coyote . 22 22 `` Postcards from the Edge '' Milan Cheylov Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 10.71 The rest of the team are uncertain about the future of Scorpion without Cabe or Paige and with Walter AWOL , and are not used to being leaderless . However , they are all forced to come together for their most important mission ever , which is to save Walter 's life as his car gingerly balances on the edge of a cliff . In the end , Paige stays on with Scorpion , who is her real family . After Walter is stabilized in the hospital but on strong pain medication , Paige kisses him and expresses her feelings by saying she cares about him . Unfortunately , he does not hear Paige 's declaration because he is heavily sedated . | List of Scorpion episodes |
838403570_88869-90629 | No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' September 22 , 2014 3.2 / 9 13.83 1.8 5.32 5.0 19.22 `` Single Point of Failure '' September 29 , 2014 3.1 / 8 13.36 1.5 4.56 4.6 17.94 `` A Cyclone '' October 6 , 2014 2.6 / 7 12.05 1.3 4.49 3.9 16.54 `` Shorthanded '' October 13 , 2014 2.4 / 6 11.51 1.2 4.18 3.6 15.69 5 `` Plutonium Is Forever '' October 20 , 2014 2.4 / 6 10.75 1.4 4.24 3.8 14.99 6 `` True Colors '' October 27 , 2014 2.3 / 6 10.39 1.3 4.25 3.6 14.64 7 `` Father 's Day '' November 3 , 2014 2.2 / 6 10.34 1.3 4.85 3.5 15.20 8 `` Risky Business '' November 10 , 2014 2.0 / 6 10.08 1.3 4.64 3.3 14.72 9 `` Rogue Element '' November 17 , 2014 2.0 / 5 10.17 1.3 4.22 3.3 14.39 10 `` Talismans '' November 24 , 2014 2.0 / 5 9.42 1.1 4.00 3.1 13.42 11 `` Revenge '' December 8 , 2014 2.1 / 6 10.00 1.4 4.47 3.5 14.47 12 `` Dominoes '' December 15 , 2014 2.0 / 6 10.07 1.3 4.08 3.3 14.15 13 `` Kill Screen '' January 5 , 2015 2.4 / 7 12.32 1.4 4.35 3.8 16.67 14 `` Charades '' January 18 , 2015 3.2 / 10 12.29 1.0 3.10 4.2 15.39 15 `` Forget Me Nots '' January 19 , 2015 2.3 / 6 12.08 1.2 4.14 3.5 16.22 16 `` Love Boat '' February 9 , 2015 2.3 / 6 11.86 1.2 4.09 3.5 15.95 17 `` Going South '' February 23 , 2015 2.1 / 6 10.69 1.3 4.49 3.4 15.18 18 `` Once Bitten , Twice Die '' March 9 , 2015 2.0 / 6 10.59 1.3 4.06 3.3 14.65 19 `` Young Hearts Spark Fire '' March 23 , 2015 2.1 / 6 9.70 1.1 4.25 3.2 13.96 20 `` Crossroads '' March 30 , 2015 2.0 / 6 9.38 1.0 3.90 3.0 13.28 21 `` Cliffhanger '' April 13 , 2015 1.9 / 6 9.53 1.2 4.46 3.1 13.99 22 `` Postcards from the Edge '' April 20 , 2015 2.2 / 6 10.71 1.1 3.87 3.3 14.58 | List of Scorpion episodes |
838403570_90663-92579 | No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Satellite of Love '' September 21 , 2015 2.2 / 7 11.09 1.1 4.04 3.3 15.13 `` Cuba Libre '' September 28 , 2015 1.7 / 5 9.49 1.2 4.33 2.9 13.82 `` Fish Filet '' October 5 , 2015 1.8 / 5 9.95 1.2 4.01 3.0 13.96 `` Robots '' October 12 , 2015 1.7 / 5 9.40 1.1 3.88 2.8 13.29 5 `` Super Fun Guys '' October 19 , 2015 1.8 / 5 9.46 1.1 3.94 2.9 13.40 6 `` Tech , Drugs , and Rock ' n ' Roll '' October 26 , 2015 1.9 / 6 9.69 1.0 3.85 2.9 13.54 7 `` Crazy Train '' November 2 , 2015 1.9 / 5 9.51 1.0 3.74 2.9 13.24 8 `` Area 51 '' November 9 , 2015 1.8 / 5 9.34 1.0 3.85 2.8 13.19 9 `` US vs UN vs UK '' November 16 , 2015 1.7 / 5 9.16 0.9 3.81 2.6 12.97 10 `` Arrivals and Departures '' November 23 , 2015 1.7 / 5 8.95 0.8 3.41 2.5 12.36 11 `` The Old College Try '' December 7 , 2015 1.7 / 5 9.30 1.1 3.83 2.8 13.13 12 `` Dam Breakthrough '' December 14 , 2015 1.8 / 6 9.28 1.0 3.44 2.8 12.72 13 `` White Out '' January 4 , 2016 2.2 / 7 11.67 1.0 3.30 3.2 14.97 14 `` Sun of a Gun '' January 18 , 2016 2.0 / 6 11.60 1.1 3.69 3.1 15.29 15 `` Da Bomb '' January 25 , 2016 1.9 / 6 10.69 1.0 3.77 3.0 14.47 16 `` Fractured '' February 8 , 2016 2.1 / 6 11.36 0.9 3.25 3.0 14.62 17 `` Adaptation '' February 22 , 2016 1.7 / 5 9.87 0.9 3.41 2.6 13.28 18 `` The Fast and the Nerdiest '' February 29 , 2016 1.5 / 5 9.23 1.0 3.62 2.5 12.85 19 `` Ticker '' March 14 , 2016 1.6 / 5 8.96 0.8 3.22 2.4 12.18 20 `` Djibouti Call '' March 21 , 2016 1.5 / 5 8.65 0.9 3.37 2.4 12.02 21 `` Twist and Shout '' March 28 , 2016 1.6 / 5 8.74 0.9 3.40 2.5 12.13 22 `` Hard Knox '' April 11 , 2016 1.6 / 5 8.60 0.9 3.38 2.5 11.98 23 `` Chernobyl Intentions '' April 18 , 2016 1.5 / 5 8.35 0.9 3.38 2.5 11.97 24 `` Toby or Not Toby '' April 25 , 2016 1.6 / 5 8.98 N / A N / A N / A N / A | List of Scorpion episodes |
838403570_92613-94701 | No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Civil War '' October 3 , 2016 1.5 / 5 8.30 0.8 3.43 2.4 11.79 `` More Civil War '' October 3 , 2016 1.5 / 5 8.30 0.8 3.43 2.4 11.79 `` It Is n't the Fall That Kills You '' October 10 , 2016 1.3 / 5 7.05 0.9 3.35 2.2 10.39 `` Little Boy Lost '' October 17 , 2016 1.3 / 5 7.17 0.9 3.62 2.2 10.80 5 `` Plight at the Museum '' October 24 , 2016 1.2 / 4 7.03 0.9 3.65 2.1 10.68 6 `` Bat Poop Crazy '' October 31 , 2016 1.1 / 4 6.51 0.9 3.58 2.0 10.09 7 `` We 're Gonna Need a Bigger Vote '' November 7 , 2016 1.1 / 4 6.92 0.9 3.95 2.0 10.87 8 `` Sly and the Family Stone '' November 14 , 2016 1.2 / 4 7.22 0.8 3.59 2.0 10.81 9 `` Mother Load '' November 21 , 2016 1.2 / 4 7.07 0.9 3.38 2.1 10.45 10 `` This is the Pits '' December 12 , 2016 1.1 / 4 6.98 0.8 3.45 1.9 10.43 11 `` Wreck the Halls '' December 19 , 2016 1.2 / 4 7.53 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Ice Ca - Cabes '' January 2 , 2017 1.2 / 4 7.37 0.8 3.38 2.0 10.75 13 `` Faux Money Maux Problems '' January 16 , 2017 1.2 / 4 7.81 0.9 3.59 2.1 11.40 14 `` The Hole Truth '' January 23 , 2017 1.3 / 5 7.77 0.9 3.49 2.2 11.26 15 `` Sharknerdo '' February 6 , 2017 1.2 / 5 7.76 0.9 3.55 2.1 11.31 16 `` Keep It In Check , Mate '' February 13 , 2017 1.2 / 4 7.24 0.9 3.48 2.1 10.72 17 `` Dirty Seeds , Done Dirt Cheap '' February 20 , 2017 1.2 / 4 7.19 0.8 3.25 2.0 10.44 18 `` Do n't Burst My Bubble '' February 27 , 2017 1.2 / 4 6.88 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Monkey See , Monkey Poo '' March 13 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.61 0.8 3.48 1.9 10.09 20 `` Broken Wind '' March 20 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.46 0.8 3.35 1.9 9.81 21 `` Rock Block '' April 10 , 2017 1.0 / 4 6.40 0.9 3.36 1.9 9.77 22 `` Strife on Mars '' April 17 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.59 0.8 3.29 1.9 9.88 23 `` Something Burrowed , Something Blew '' May 1 , 2017 1.1 / 4 7.11 0.8 3.41 1.9 10.52 24 `` Maroon 8 '' May 8 , 2017 1.1 / 4 7.52 0.9 3.21 2.0 10.73 25 `` Scorp Family Robinson '' May 15 , 2017 1.2 / 5 7.89 0.8 3.34 2.0 11.23 | List of Scorpion episodes |
838403570_94735-96602 | No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Extinction '' September 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.75 1.0 4.12 2.0 9.88 `` More Extinction '' October 2 , 2017 0.8 / 3 5.23 0.8 3.30 1.6 8.56 `` Grow a Deer , A Female Deer '' October 9 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.82 0.7 3.15 1.5 7.98 `` Nuke Kids on the Block '' October 16 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.84 0.7 2.99 1.5 7.83 5 `` Sci Hard '' October 23 , 2017 0.8 / 3 5.15 0.8 3.06 1.6 8.21 6 `` Queen Scary '' October 30 , 2017 0.7 / 3 4.93 0.7 3.02 1.4 7.93 7 `` Go With the Flo ( rence ) '' November 6 , 2017 0.8 / 3 5.18 0.6 2.97 1.4 8.15 8 `` Faire is Foul '' November 13 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.74 0.7 2.95 1.5 7.70 9 `` It 's Raining Men ( of War ) '' November 20 , 2017 0.9 / 3 5.13 0.7 2.98 1.6 8.11 10 `` Crime Every Mountain '' November 27 , 2017 0.9 / 3 5.50 0.7 2.99 1.6 8.49 11 `` Who Let the Dog Out ( ' Cause Now It 's Stuck In a Cistern ) '' December 11 , 2017 0.9 / 3 5.92 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` A Christmas Car - Roll '' December 18 , 2017 0.8 / 3 5.35 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` The Bunker Games '' January 15 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.62 0.9 3.56 1.8 9.18 14 `` Lighthouse of the Rising Sun '' January 22 , 2018 0.8 / 3 5.23 0.8 3.32 1.6 8.55 15 `` Wave Goodbye '' January 29 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.82 0.8 3.21 1.7 9.03 16 `` Nerd , Wind and Fire '' February 5 , 2018 0.8 / 3 5.55 0.7 3.21 1.5 8.76 17 `` Dumbster Fire '' February 26 , 2018 0.8 / 3 5.06 0.7 3.22 1.5 8.28 18 `` Dork Day Afternoon '' March 5 , 2018 0.8 / 3 5.51 N / A 3.01 N / A 8.53 19 `` Gator Done '' March 19 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.82 0.7 3.07 1.4 7.84 20 `` Foul Balls '' March 26 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.84 0.7 3.04 1.5 7.94 21 `` Kenny and the Jet '' April 9 , 2018 0.7 / 3 5.44 0.7 2.79 1.4 8.22 22 `` A Lie in the Sand '' April 16 , 2018 0.7 / 3 5.22 TBD TBD TBD TBD | List of Scorpion episodes |
822353704_134-1208 | Project Mc Genre Comedy Educational Created by Jordana Arkin Starring Mika Abdalla Ysa Penarejo Victoria Vida Genneya Walton Antonio Marziale Marcus Choi Madeline Whitby Bernardo De Paula Troy Fromin Oliver Vaquer Danica McKellar Alyssa Lynch Belle Shouse Maddie Phillips Theme music composer Gabriel Mann Jeannie Lurie Ending theme `` Project Mc '' by Allie Feder Composer ( s ) Joe Johnson William Kevin Anderson Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 26 Production Executive producer ( s ) Isaac Larian Brian Robbins Shauna Phelan Joe Davola Brett Bouttier Jordana Arkin Michael Younesi Producer ( s ) Sadaf Cohen Muncy Scott Levine Location ( s ) Los Angeles Vancouver Cinematography Barry Norwood Vincent De Paula Running time 24 -- 29 minutes Production company ( s ) AwesomenessTV MGA Entertainment Katlin / Bernstein Productions Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p ( HDTV ) , 2.39 : 1 Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release August 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) External links Website | Project Mc2 |
822353704_1209-1429 | Project Mc ( pronounced Project MC - squared ) is an American web television series produced by DreamWorks Animation 's AwesomenessTV and MGA Entertainment for Netflix . The series was first released on August 7 , 2015 . | Project Mc2 |
822353704_1716-2078 | The series is set in a fictional city called Maywood Glen , California , it revolves around the fields of STEAM , and the adventures of McKeyla McAlister and her best friends , who work for a government organization called NOV8 ( pronounced `` innovate '' ) , a highly secretive group of teenage female government operatives who are trying to protect the world . | Project Mc2 |
822353704_2122-3075 | Mika Abdalla as McKeyla McAlister , the lead girl and an agent of NOV8 . At the beginning of Part 4 , she was given the name `` The Owl '' . Ysa Penarejo as Camryn Coyle , the engineer with a high IQ Victoria Vida as Adrienne Attoms , the culinary chemist from Spain who always wears high heels Genneya Walton as Bryden Bandweth , the tech junkie of the group Antonio Marziale as Prince Xander ( main : Part 1 , recurring : Part 4 ) Marcus Choi ( main : Part 1 ) and Ash Lee ( recurring : Part 5 ) as Charles Coyle Madeline Whitby as Jillian ( Part 1 ) Bernardo De Paula as Defector ( Part 1 ) Troy Fromin as George the Security Guard ( Part 1 ) Oliver Vaquer as Francois ( Part 1 ) Danica McKellar as the Quail ( Parts 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 ) , the group 's chief intelligence agent in NOV8 and McKeyla 's mother Alyssa Lynch ( main : Parts 2 -- 4 ) and Maddie Phillips ( recurring : Part 5 ) as Devon D'Marco Belle Shouse as Ember Evergreen ( Parts 2 -- 6 ) | Project Mc2 |
822353704_3095-4221 | Jonathon Buckley as Henry ( Part 1 ) Melissa Mabie as A.D.I.S.N. ( voice ) , McKeyla 's talking notebook . Her name is short for `` Advanced Digital Intelligence Spy Notebook '' . It is pronounced as `` Addison '' . Johanna Newmarch as Carson Lazarus ( Parts 2 -- 3 ) Ty Wood as Justin ( Parts 2 -- 3 ) Maxwell Haynes as Kyle ( Parts 2 -- 6 ) Adrian Petriw as Retro ( voice ; Part 2 ) Kurt Evans as Assistant Principal Wilson ( Part 2 ) Vanessa Parise as the Falcon ( Part 3 ) , McKeyla 's aunt Montana who is also a substitute for the Quail while she 's off the grid Sarah Desjardins as Maddy McAlister ( Parts 3 -- 4 , 6 ) , McKeyla 's big sister . At the beginning of Part 4 , she was given the name `` The Nighthawk '' . Adam Beauchesne as Simon Temple ( Part 3 ) Emily Delahunty as Tessa ( Part 5 ) Houston Stevenson as Zach ( Parts 5 -- 6 ) Jody Thompson as Jenny Wallis ( Part 5 ) Catherine Haggquist as Dr. A. Crawford ( Part 5 ) Richard Ian Cox as Professor Kato ( Part 5 ) Jay Hindle as Max McAlister ( Part 6 ) , McKeyla 's father Chris Rosamond as Bobby Stone ( Part 6 ) Loretta Walsh as Charlotte Adele ( Part 6 ) | Project Mc2 |
822353704_4265-4532 | Part Episodes Originally released August 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) 6 August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) 6 October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 5 5 September 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) 6 5 November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) | Project Mc2 |
822353704_4558-8304 | No . overall No. in part Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The New Girl '' Michael Younesi Jordana Arkin August 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) McKeyla McAlister receives a new mission . She transfers to a school in Maywood Glen , where she bumps into two girls , Camryn and Bryden . A computer AI program in her notebook , A.D.I.S.N. , accidentally speaks in front of the girls , which causes them to become suspicious . Meanwhile , Space Inc. receives an anonymous phone call threatening them with serious consequences for everyone if they do n't cancel Prince Xander 's space flight . Camryn 's dad remembers that he left his laptop closed at the office , but when he went back in the morning , it was open . The girls suspect McKeyla is involved , and ask Adrienne to help them get the fingerprint from the laptop . They steal McKeyla 's pen and manage to get a partial fingerprint match . They follow her , but shortly , McKeyla notices that they had given her a camera pen and catches the girls spying on her . They get into the house before she can stop them , and they meet McKeyla 's boss , the Quail , who is a member of NOV8 . She reveals that they are trying to protect the prince , and invites the girls to join McKeyla in the mission . `` Secret Agenting '' Michael Younesi Jordana Arkin August 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) McKeyla is doubting that the girls can take the job seriously enough , and would prefer working alone , but NOV8 wants her to have extra support due to the threat against the prince . McKeyla wants the girls to show her their skills . Adrienne makes a volcano cake . Bryden takes a picture of McKeyla and hacks into her lab 's wireless system to display it on every screen in the lab . Camryn makes a `` portable police scanner with added features '' , which they use to locate the prince . The girls notice a suspicious car , and manage to distract the guards and break into the facility where they 're keeping the prince . They warn the prince that someone might be trying to kidnap him , and they take him to Bryden 's house . NOV8 discovers that the prince 's capsule will come close to a U.S. government cyber-satellite at the peak of his flight . Meanwhile , their location is discovered because Bryden tweeted from there , so they take the prince to a NOV8 safe house . Later , they find out that the logo they saw on the car belongs to a cyber security company called Black Star . A few minutes later , the girls get distracted and the prince disappears . `` Smart Is the New Cool '' Michael Younesi Jordana Arkin August 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) The girls research the organization called Black Star , and interrogate one of their top agents , who believes that they are doing wrong but is too scared to turn them in to the authorities . It turns out that they were not trying to kidnap the prince at all , but instead they are using his luggage to store a device that can be used to hack into a government satellite . It will allow Black Star to access each and every person 's personal data , such as email , texting , and other information that they can then sell for billions of dollars . The four sneak into the launch site , find the device inside the prince 's luggage , and destroy it before they are caught by security . Black Star 's head , Darone , is caught and Jillian , the prince 's assistant , is revealed to be working for them out of contempt that the prince can boss her around and she can do nothing about it , and sent to jail as well . In the end , the prince goes to space and he sends the girls a Snapchat from space , and McKeyla is given permission from the Quail to stay at Maywood Glen as her base . She is shown to be attending school with her friends . | Project Mc2 |
822353704_8330-10750 | No . overall No. in part Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Back to Basics '' Michael Younesi Mitchel Katlin & Nat Bernstein August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) The four girls are demoted back to basics after they make a big deal out of saving the prince in Part 1 . They are not allowed on any mission , even as a suspicious figure , Carson Lazarus , a criminal mastermind , is released from jail . Soon after , a figure who calls themselves `` Retro '' causes all technology to malfunction and glitch in Maywood Glen . The girls strongly suspect that the two are linked . The video shows that in the background , there is something labeled `` Property of MGA '' -- where MGA stands for Maywood Glen Academy -- and it is very possible that Retro is a student at the academy . Meanwhile , McKeyla tries to fit in and becomes `` study buddies '' with Kyle Lewis , a rather awkward and suspicious teenager . 5 `` No Laughing Matter '' Michael Younesi Paul Ciancarelli & David DiPietro August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) The Quail allows the four girls to figure out this case . McKeyla becomes increasingly suspicious of Kyle , but soon dismisses the idea of him being Retro . They also suspect Devon D'Marco , a troublemaker , as she spray - paints handcuffs on a picture of a drone on a poster about the upcoming launch . All four girls except Bry , who has to babysit , make ways to get detention on Saturday with Devon . Bry runs a vocal recognition as Cam and Adri confront the troublemaker and McKeyla looks through her bag . Devon is proven to be innocent , just using the school 's 3D printer to make skulls for her nana 's birthday . The three hide in the janitor 's closet as the assistant principal walks by , and find out that Retro is planning to send a radio signal to the drone , making it crash , and pipe laughing gas through the vents so when the drone crashes , everybody will be laughing . The girls block the radio signal , and heat up the gas so it separates and becomes harmless . 6 `` Trashed '' Vanessa Parise Jessica Kaminsky August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) 7 `` Dam Fine Mess '' Vanessa Parise Elizabeth Hackett & Hilary Galanoy August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) 8 5 `` Bye Bye Birdie '' Michael Younesi Annie Burgstede & Kate Duffy August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) 9 6 `` Mission Totally Possible '' Michael Younesi Kathy Fischer August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) | Project Mc2 |
822353704_10776-11464 | No . overall No. in part Title Directed by Written by Original release date 10 `` Finding Maddy '' Michael Robison Nat Bernstein & Mitchel Katlin October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 11 `` Gummying Up the Works '' Michael Robison Paul Ciancarelli & David DiPietro October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 12 `` Crate Expectations '' Ken Friss Jessica Kaminsky October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 13 `` One Track Mind '' Ken Friss Elizabeth Hackett & Hilary Galanoy October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 14 5 `` Simon Sayz '' Jon Rosenbaum Elaine Aronson October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 15 6 `` Ear Today . Gone Tomorrow '' Jon Rosenbaum Kathy Fischer October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) | Project Mc2 |
822353704_11490-11670 | No . overall No. in part Title Directed by Written by Original release date 16 `` A Royal Pain '' Ken Friss Elizabeth Hackett & Hilary Galanoy February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) | Project Mc2 |
822353704_11696-12334 | No . overall No. in part Title Directed by Written by Original release date 17 `` If You Fail on Mars Can Anyone Hear You Scream '' Ken Friss Mitchel Katlin September 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) 18 `` Nanobots , Souffles and Gray Goo , Oh My '' Ken Friss Nat Bernstein September 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) 19 `` Bad Air Day '' Michael Younesi Elizabeth Hackett & Hilary Galanoy September 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) 20 `` Totally Marble Nailed It '' Michael Younesi Kathleen Fischer September 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) 21 5 `` Gray Goo on the Loose '' Ken Friss Nat Bernstein & Mitchel Katlin September 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) | Project Mc2 |
822353704_12360-12932 | No . overall No. in part Title Directed by Written by Original release date 22 `` Stone Acres Is the Place to Be '' Ken Friss Mitchel Katlin November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 23 `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' Allan Harmon Elaine Aronson November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 24 `` Zorro Dark Thirty '' Allan Harmon Elizabeth Hackett & Hilary Galanoy November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 25 `` Water from a Bobby Stone '' Ken Friss Kathleen Fischer November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 26 5 `` Family Affair '' Ken Friss Elaine Aronson November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) | Project Mc2 |
822353704_12953-13605 | The first season of the series , consisting of three episodes , was released on August 7 , 2015 . On April 6 , 2016 , Netflix announced that the series has been renewed for its second and third seasons . The second season was released on August 12 , 2016 , and the third season was released on October 14 , 2016 . Both consisted of six episodes . An extended 34 - minute Valentine 's Day special was released as the first and only episode of the fourth season on February 14 , 2017 . A fifth season consisting of five episodes was released on September 15 , 2017 . A sixth season , also consisting of five episodes , was released on November 7 , 2017 . | Project Mc2 |
822353704_13606-13789 | The series is filmed primarily in and around the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles , including Chatsworth , Woodland Hills , Van Nuys , and Northridge , as well as in Alhambra . | Project Mc2 |
838346937_172-923 | Part of a series on Philosophy Plato Kant Nietzsche Buddha Confucius Averroes Philosophers Aestheticians Epistemologists Ethicists Logicians Metaphysicians Social and political philosophers Traditions African Analytic Aristotelian Buddhist Chinese Christian Continental Existentialism Hindu Jain Jewish Pragmatism Eastern Islamic Platonic Western Periods Ancient Medieval Modern Contemporary Literature Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Logic Metaphysics Political philosophy Branches Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Legal philosophy Logic Metaphysics Political philosophy Social philosophy Lists Index Outline Years Problems Publications Theories Glossary Philosophers Miscellaneous Philosopher Philomath Philalethes Women in philosophy Philosophy portal | Logic |
838346937_924-1511 | Logic ( from the Ancient Greek : λογική , translit . logikḗ ) , originally meaning `` the word '' or `` what is spoken '' , but coming to mean `` thought '' or `` reason '' , is a subject concerned with the most general laws of truth , and is now generally held to consist of the systematic study of the form of valid inference . A valid inference is one where there is a specific relation of logical support between the assumptions of the inference and its conclusion . ( In ordinary discourse , inferences may be signified by words like therefore , hence , ergo , and so on . ) | Logic |
838346937_1512-2109 | There is no universal agreement as to the exact scope and subject matter of logic ( see § Rival conceptions , below ) , but it has traditionally included the classification of arguments , the systematic exposition of the ' logical form ' common to all valid arguments , the study of inference , including fallacies , and the study of semantics , including paradoxes . Historically , logic has been studied in philosophy ( since ancient times ) and mathematics ( since the mid-19th century ) , and recently logic has been studied in computer science , linguistics , psychology , and other fields . | Logic |
838346937_2713-3107 | `` Upon this first , and in one sense this sole , rule of reason , that in order to learn you must desire to learn , and in so desiring not be satisfied with what you already incline to think , there follows one corollary which itself deserves to be inscribed upon every wall of the city of philosophy : Do not block the way of inquiry . '' -- Charles Sanders Peirce , `` First Rule of Logic '' | Logic |
838346937_3108-3342 | The concept of logical form is central to logic . The validity of an argument is determined by its logical form , not by its content . Traditional Aristotelian syllogistic logic and modern symbolic logic are examples of formal logic . | Logic |
838346937_3343-4646 | Informal logic is the study of natural language arguments . The study of fallacies is an important branch of informal logic . Since much informal argument is not strictly speaking deductive , on some conceptions of logic , informal logic is not logic at all . See ' Rival conceptions ' , below . Formal logic is the study of inference with purely formal content . An inference possesses a purely formal content if it can be expressed as a particular application of a wholly abstract rule , that is , a rule that is not about any particular thing or property . The works of Aristotle contain the earliest known formal study of logic . Modern formal logic follows and expands on Aristotle . In many definitions of logic , logical inference and inference with purely formal content are the same . This does not render the notion of informal logic vacuous , because no formal logic captures all of the nuances of natural language . Symbolic logic is the study of symbolic abstractions that capture the formal features of logical inference . Symbolic logic is often divided into two main branches : propositional logic and predicate logic . Mathematical logic is an extension of symbolic logic into other areas , in particular to the study of model theory , proof theory , set theory , and recursion theory . | Logic |
838346937_4647-4930 | However , agreement on what logic is has remained elusive , and although the field of universal logic has studied the common structure of logics , in 2007 Mossakowski et al. commented that `` it is embarrassing that there is no widely acceptable formal definition of ' a logic ' '' . | Logic |
838346937_4981-5360 | Logic is generally considered formal when it analyzes and represents the form of any valid argument type . The form of an argument is displayed by representing its sentences in the formal grammar and symbolism of a logical language to make its content usable in formal inference . Simply put , to formalize simply means to translate English sentences into the language of logic . | Logic |
838346937_5361-6024 | This is called showing the logical form of the argument . It is necessary because indicative sentences of ordinary language show a considerable variety of form and complexity that makes their use in inference impractical . It requires , first , ignoring those grammatical features irrelevant to logic ( such as gender and declension , if the argument is in Latin ) , replacing conjunctions irrelevant to logic ( such as `` but '' ) with logical conjunctions like `` and '' and replacing ambiguous , or alternative logical expressions ( `` any '' , `` every '' , etc . ) with expressions of a standard type ( such as `` all '' , or the universal quantifier ∀ ) . | Logic |
838346937_6025-6444 | Second , certain parts of the sentence must be replaced with schematic letters . Thus , for example , the expression `` all Ps are Qs '' shows the logical form common to the sentences `` all men are mortals '' , `` all cats are carnivores '' , `` all Greeks are philosophers '' , and so on . The schema can further be condensed into the formula A ( P , Q ) , where the letter A indicates the judgement ' all - are - ' . | Logic |
838346937_6445-7081 | The importance of form was recognised from ancient times . Aristotle uses variable letters to represent valid inferences in Prior Analytics , leading Jan Łukasiewicz to say that the introduction of variables was `` one of Aristotle 's greatest inventions '' . According to the followers of Aristotle ( such as Ammonius ) , only the logical principles stated in schematic terms belong to logic , not those given in concrete terms . The concrete terms `` man '' , `` mortal '' , etc. , are analogous to the substitution values of the schematic placeholders P , Q , R , which were called the `` matter '' ( Greek hyle ) of the inference . | Logic |
838346937_7082-7826 | There is a big difference between the kinds of formulas seen in traditional term logic and the predicate calculus that is the fundamental advance of modern logic . The formula A ( P , Q ) ( all Ps are Qs ) of traditional logic corresponds to the more complex formula ∀ x . ( P ( x ) → Q ( x ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ forall x. ( P ( x ) \ rightarrow Q ( x ) ) ) in predicate logic , involving the logical connectives for universal quantification and implication rather than just the predicate letter A and using variable arguments P ( x ) ( \ displaystyle P ( x ) ) where traditional logic uses just the term letter P. With the complexity comes power , and the advent of the predicate calculus inaugurated revolutionary growth of the subject . | Logic |
838346937_7880-7980 | The validity of an argument depends upon the meaning or semantics of the sentences that make it up . | Logic |
838346937_7981-8815 | Aristotle 's Organon , especially On Interpretation , gives a cursory outline of semantics which the scholastic logicians , particularly in the thirteenth and fourteenth century , developed into a complex and sophisticated theory , called Supposition Theory . This showed how the truth of simple sentences , expressed schematically , depend on how the terms ' supposit ' or stand for certain extra-linguistic items . For example , in part II of his Summa Logicae , William of Ockham presents a comprehensive account of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the truth of simple sentences , in order to show which arguments are valid and which are not . Thus `` every A is B ' is true if and only if there is something for which ' A ' stands , and there is nothing for which ' A ' stands , for which ' B ' does not also stand . '' | Logic |
838346937_8816-9669 | Early modern logic defined semantics purely as a relation between ideas . Antoine Arnauld in the Port Royal Logic , says that ' after conceiving things by our ideas , we compare these ideas , and , finding that some belong together and some do not , we unite or separate them . This is called affirming or denying , and in general judging . Thus truth and falsity are no more than the agreement or disagreement of ideas . This suggests obvious difficulties , leading Locke to distinguish between ' real ' truth , when our ideas have ' real existence ' and ' imaginary ' or ' verbal ' truth , where ideas like harpies or centaurs exist only in the mind . This view ( psychologism ) was taken to the extreme in the nineteenth century , and is generally held by modern logicians to signify a low point in the decline of logic before the twentieth century . | Logic |
838346937_9670-10997 | Modern semantics is in some ways closer to the medieval view , in rejecting such psychological truth - conditions . However , the introduction of quantification , needed to solve the problem of multiple generality , rendered impossible the kind of subject - predicate analysis that underlies medieval semantics . The main modern approach is model - theoretic semantics , based on Alfred Tarski 's semantic theory of truth . The approach assumes that the meaning of the various parts of the propositions are given by the possible ways we can give a recursively specified group of interpretation functions from them to some predefined domain of discourse : an interpretation of first - order predicate logic is given by a mapping from terms to a universe of individuals , and a mapping from propositions to the truth values `` true '' and `` false '' . Model - theoretic semantics is one of the fundamental concepts of model theory . Modern semantics also admits rival approaches , such as the proof - theoretic semantics that associates the meaning of propositions with the roles that they can play in inferences , an approach that ultimately derives from the work of Gerhard Gentzen on structural proof theory and is heavily influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein 's later philosophy , especially his aphorism `` meaning is use '' . | Logic |
838346937_11017-11950 | Inference is not to be confused with implication . An implication is a sentence of the form ' If p then q ' , and can be true or false . The Stoic logician Philo of Megara was the first to define the truth conditions of such an implication : false only when the antecedent p is true and the consequent q is false , in all other cases true . An inference , on the other hand , consists of two separately asserted propositions of the form ' p therefore q ' . An inference is not true or false , but valid or invalid . However , there is a connection between implication and inference , as follows : if the implication ' if p then q ' is true , the inference ' p therefore q ' is valid . This was given an apparently paradoxical formulation by Philo , who said that the implication ' if it is day , it is night ' is true only at night , so the inference ' it is day , therefore it is night ' is valid in the night , but not in the day . | Logic |
838346937_11951-12771 | The theory of inference ( or ' consequences ' ) was systematically developed in medieval times by logicians such as William of Ockham and Walter Burley . It is uniquely medieval , though it has its origins in Aristotle 's Topics and Boethius ' De Syllogismis hypotheticis . This is why many terms in logic are Latin . For example , the rule that licenses the move from the implication ' if p then q ' plus the assertion of its antecedent p , to the assertion of the consequent q is known as modus ponens ( or ' mode of positing ' ) . Its Latin formulation is ' Posito antecedente ponitur consequens ' . The Latin formulations of many other rules such as ' ex falso quodlibet ' ( anything follows from a falsehood ) , ' reductio ad absurdum ' ( disproof by showing the consequence is absurd ) also date from this period . | Logic |
838346937_12772-13376 | However , the theory of consequences , or of the so - called ' hypothetical syllogism ' was never fully integrated into the theory of the ' categorical syllogism ' . This was partly because of the resistance to reducing the categorical judgment ' Every S is P ' to the so - called hypothetical judgment ' if anything is S , it is P ' . The first was thought to imply ' some S is P ' , the second was not , and as late as 1911 in the Encyclopædia Britannica article on Logic , we find the Oxford logician T.H. Case arguing against Sigwart 's and Brentano 's modern analysis of the universal proposition . | Logic |
838346937_13431-13697 | A formal system is an organization of terms used for the analysis of deduction . It consists of an alphabet , a language over the alphabet to construct sentences , and a rule for deriving sentences . Among the important properties that logical systems can have are : | Logic |
838346937_13698-14243 | Consistency , which means that no theorem of the system contradicts another . Validity , which means that the system 's rules of proof never allow a false inference from true premises . Completeness , which means that if a formula is true , it can be proven , i.e. is a theorem of the system . Soundness , meaning that if any formula is a theorem of the system , it is true . This is the converse of completeness . ( Note that in a distinct philosophical use of the term , an argument is sound when it is both valid and its premises are true ) . | Logic |
838346937_14244-14602 | Some logical systems do not have all four properties . As an example , Kurt Gödel 's incompleteness theorems show that sufficiently complex formal systems of arithmetic can not be consistent and complete ; however , first - order predicate logics not extended by specific axioms to be arithmetic formal systems with equality can be complete and consistent . | Logic |
838346937_14671-14887 | This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . Please help us clarify the section . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) | Logic |
838346937_14888-15244 | As the study of argument is of clear importance to the reasons that we hold things to be true , logic is of essential importance to rationality . Here we have defined logic to be `` the systematic study of the form of arguments '' ; the reasoning behind argument is of several sorts , but only some of these arguments fall under the aegis of logic proper . | Logic |
838346937_15245-15585 | Deductive reasoning concerns the logical consequence of given premises and is the form of reasoning most closely connected to logic . On a narrow conception of logic ( see below ) logic concerns just deductive reasoning , although such a narrow conception controversially excludes most of what is called informal logic from the discipline . | Logic |
838346937_15586-16609 | There are other forms of reasoning that are rational but that are generally not taken to be part of logic . These include inductive reasoning , which covers forms of inference that move from collections of particular judgements to universal judgements , and abductive reasoning , which is a form of inference that goes from observation to a hypothesis that accounts for the reliable data ( observation ) and seeks to explain relevant evidence . The American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce ( 1839 -- 1914 ) first introduced the term as `` guessing '' . Peirce said that to abduce a hypothetical explanation a ( \ displaystyle a ) from an observed surprising circumstance b ( \ displaystyle b ) is to surmise that a ( \ displaystyle a ) may be true because then b ( \ displaystyle b ) would be a matter of course . Thus , to abduce a ( \ displaystyle a ) from b ( \ displaystyle b ) involves determining that a ( \ displaystyle a ) is sufficient ( or nearly sufficient ) , but not necessary , for b ( \ displaystyle b ) . | Logic |
838346937_16610-17662 | While inductive and abductive inference are not part of logic proper , the methodology of logic has been applied to them with some degree of success . For example , the notion of deductive validity ( where an inference is deductively valid if and only if there is no possible situation in which all the premises are true but the conclusion false ) exists in an analogy to the notion of inductive validity , or `` strength '' , where an inference is inductively strong if and only if its premises give some degree of probability to its conclusion . Whereas the notion of deductive validity can be rigorously stated for systems of formal logic in terms of the well - understood notions of semantics , inductive validity requires us to define a reliable generalization of some set of observations . The task of providing this definition may be approached in various ways , some less formal than others ; some of these definitions may use logical association rule induction , while others may use mathematical models of probability such as decision trees . | Logic |
838346937_17732-18353 | Logic arose ( see below ) from a concern with correctness of argumentation . Modern logicians usually wish to ensure that logic studies just those arguments that arise from appropriately general forms of inference . For example , Thomas Hofweber writes in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy that logic `` does not , however , cover good reasoning as a whole . That is the job of the theory of rationality . Rather it deals with inferences whose validity can be traced back to the formal features of the representations that are involved in that inference , be they linguistic , mental , or other representations . '' | Logic |
838346937_18354-19407 | Logic has been defined as `` the study of arguments correct in virtue of their form '' . This has not been the definition taken in this article , but the idea that logic treats special forms of argument , deductive argument , rather than argument in general , has a history in logic that dates back at least to logicism in mathematics ( 19th and 20th centuries ) and the advent of the influence of mathematical logic on philosophy . A consequence of taking logic to treat special kinds of argument is that it leads to identification of special kinds of truth , the logical truths ( with logic equivalently being the study of logical truth ) , and excludes many of the original objects of study of logic that are treated as informal logic . Robert Brandom has argued against the idea that logic is the study of a special kind of logical truth , arguing that instead one can talk of the logic of material inference ( in the terminology of Wilfred Sellars ) , with logic making explicit the commitments that were originally implicit in informal inference . | Logic |
838346937_19486-20487 | In Europe , logic was first developed by Aristotle . Aristotelian logic became widely accepted in science and mathematics and remained in wide use in the West until the early 19th century . Aristotle 's system of logic was responsible for the introduction of hypothetical syllogism , temporal modal logic , and inductive logic , as well as influential terms such as terms , predicables , syllogisms and propositions . In Europe during the later medieval period , major efforts were made to show that Aristotle 's ideas were compatible with Christian faith . During the High Middle Ages , logic became a main focus of philosophers , who would engage in critical logical analyses of philosophical arguments , often using variations of the methodology of scholasticism . In 1323 , William of Ockham 's influential Summa Logicae was released . By the 18th century , the structured approach to arguments had degenerated and fallen out of favour , as depicted in Holberg 's satirical play Erasmus Montanus . | Logic |
838346937_20488-20799 | The Chinese logical philosopher Gongsun Long ( c. 325 -- 250 BCE ) proposed the paradox `` One and one can not become two , since neither becomes two . '' In China , the tradition of scholarly investigation into logic , however , was repressed by the Qin dynasty following the legalist philosophy of Han Feizi . | Logic |
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