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836247976_2396-3024 | Globally , heating of the earth near the equator leads to large amounts of upward motion and convection along the monsoon trough or Intertropical Convergence Zone . The divergence over the near - equatorial trough leads to air rising and moving away from the equator aloft . As it moves towards the Mid-Latitudes , the air cools and sinks , which leads to subsidence near the 30th parallel of both hemispheres . This circulation is known as the Hadley cell and leads to the formation of the subtropical ridge . Many of the world 's deserts are caused by these climatological high - pressure areas , including the Sahara Desert . | Climate of Africa |
836247976_3025-4341 | Temperatures are hottest within the Sahara regions of Algeria and Mali , and coolest across the south and at elevation within the topography across the eastern and northwest sections of the continent . The hottest average temperature on Earth is at Dallol , Ethiopia , which averages a temperature of 33.9 ° C ( 93.0 ° F ) throughout the year . The hottest temperature recorded within Africa , which was also the world record , was 57.8 ° C ( 136.0 ° F ) at ' Aziziya , Libya on September 13 , 1922 . This was later proven to be false , and to derive from an inaccurate reading of a thermometer . The world 's hottest place is in fact Death Valley , in California . Apparent temperatures , combining the effect of the temperature and humidity , along the Red Sea coast of Eritrea and Gulf of Aden coast of Somalia range between 57 ° C ( 135 ° F ) and 63 ° C ( 145 ° F ) during the afternoon hours . The lowest temperature measured within Africa was − 24 ° C ( − 11 ° F ) at Ifrane , Morocco on February 11 , 1935 . Nevertheless , the major part of Africa experiences extreme heat during much of the year , especially the deserts , steppes and savannas . The African deserts are arguably the hottest places on Earth , especially the Sahara Desert and the Danakil Desert , located in the Horn of Africa . | Climate of Africa |
836247976_4392-5164 | The low - level easterly African jet stream is considered to play a crucial role in the southwest monsoon of Africa , and helps form the tropical waves which march across the tropical Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans during the warm season . The jet exhibits both barotropic and baroclinic instability , which produces synoptic - scale , westward - propagating disturbances in the jet known as African easterly waves , or tropical waves . A small number of mesoscale storm systems embedded in these waves develop into tropical cyclones after they move from west Africa into the tropical Atlantic , mainly during August and September . When the jet lies south of normal during the peak months of the Atlantic hurricane season , tropical cyclone formation is suppressed . | Climate of Africa |
836247976_5233-6391 | Great parts of North Africa and Southern Africa as well as the whole Horn of Africa mainly have a hot desert climate , or a hot semi-arid climate for the wetter locations . The Sahara Desert in North Africa is the largest hot desert in the world and is one of the hottest , driest and sunniest places on Earth . Located just south of the Sahara is a narrow steppe ( a semi-arid region ) called the Sahel , while Africa 's most southern areas contain both savanna plains , and its central portion contains very dense jungle ( rainforest ) regions . The equatorial region near the Intertropical Convergence Zone is the wettest portion of the continent . Annually , the rain belt across the country moves northward into Sub-Saharan Africa by August , then passes back southward into south - central Africa by March . Areas with a savannah climate in Sub-Saharan Africa , such as Ghana , Burkina Faso , Darfur , Eritrea , Ethiopia , and Botswana have a distinct rainy season . El Nino results in drier - than - normal conditions in Southern Africa from December to February , and wetter - than - normal conditions in equatorial East Africa over the same period . | Climate of Africa |
836247976_6392-6960 | In Madagascar , trade winds bring moisture up the eastern slopes of the island , which is deposited as rainfall , and bring drier downsloped winds to areas south and west , leaving the western sections of the island in a rain shadow . This leads to significantly more rainfall over northeast sections of Madagascar than its southwestern portions . Southern Africa receives most of its rainfall from summer convective storms and with extratropical cyclones moving through the Westerlies . Once a decade , tropical cyclones lead to excessive rainfall across the region . | Climate of Africa |
836247976_7027-7767 | Snow is an almost annual occurrence on some of the mountains of South Africa , including those of the Cedarberg and around Ceres in the South - Western Cape , and on the Drakensberg in Natal and Lesotho . Tiffendell Resort in the Drakensberg is the only commercial skiing that takes place in South Africa , and has `` advanced snow - making capability '' allowing skiing for three months of the year . The Mountain Club of South Africa ( MCSA ) and the Mountain and Ski Club ( MSC ) of the University of Cape Town both have equipped ski huts in the Hex River mountains . Skiing including snowboarding in the Cape is a hit - and - miss affair , both in terms of timing of snowfalls , and whether there is sufficient snow to cover the rocks . | Climate of Africa |
836247976_7768-7988 | Table Mountain gets a light dusting of snow on the Front Table and also at Devil 's Peak every few years . Snowfalls on Table Mountain took place on 20 September 2013 ; 30 Aug 2013 ; 5 August 2011 ; and on 15 June 2010 . | Climate of Africa |
836247976_7989-8204 | Snow is a rare occurrence in Johannesburg ; it fell in May 1956 , August 1962 , June 1964 , September 1981 , August 2006 , and on 27 June 2007 , accumulating up to 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) in the southern suburbs . | Climate of Africa |
836247976_8205-8353 | Additionally , snow regularly falls in the Atlas Mountains in the Maghreb . Snowfall is also a regular occurrence at Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania . | Climate of Africa |
836247976_8354-8611 | There have been permanent glaciers on the Rwenzori Mountains , on the border of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . However , by the 2010s , the glaciers were in retreat , and they are under threat of disappearing through rising temperatures . | Climate of Africa |
821985402_234-950 | The steam engine was one of the most important technologies of the Industrial Revolution , although steam did not replace water power in importance in Britain until after the Industrial Revolution . From Englishman Thomas Newcomen 's atmospheric engine , of 1712 , through major developments by Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer James Watt , the steam engine began to be used in many industrial settings , not just in mining , where the first engines had been used to pump water from deep workings . Early mills had run successfully with water power , but by using a steam engine a factory could be located anywhere , not just close to water . Water power varied with the seasons and was not always available | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_951-1807 | In 1775 Watt formed an engine - building and engineering partnership with manufacturer Matthew Boulton . The partnership of Boulton & Watt became one of the most important businesses of the Industrial Revolution and served as a kind of creative technical centre for much of the British economy . The partners solved technical problems and spread the solutions to other companies . Similar firms did the same thing in other industries and were especially important in the machine tool industry . These interactions between companies were important because they reduced the amount of research time and expense that each business had to spend working with its own resources . The technological advances of the Industrial Revolution happened more quickly because firms often shared information , which they then could use to create new techniques or products . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_1808-2332 | From mines to mills , steam engines found many uses in a variety of industries . The introduction of steam engines improved productivity and technology , and allowed the creation of smaller and better engines . After Richard Trevithick 's development of the high - pressure engine , transport - applications became possible , and steam engines found their way into boats , railways , farms and road vehicles . Steam engines are an example of how changes brought by industrialization led to even more changes in other areas . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_2333-2656 | The development of the stationary steam engine was an essential early element of the Industrial Revolution , however it should be remembered that for most of the period of the Industrial Revolution the majority of industries still relied on wind and water power as well as horse and man - power for driving small machines . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_3022-4056 | The industrial use of steam power started with Thomas Savery in 1698 . He constructed and patented in London the first engine , which he called the `` Miner 's Friend '' since he intended it to pump water from mines . Early versions used a soldered copper boiler which burst easily at low steam pressures . Later versions with iron boiler were capable of raising water about 46 meters ( 150 feet ) . The Savery engine had no moving parts other than hand - operated valves . The steam once admitted into the cylinder was first condensed by an external cold water spray , thus creating a partial vacuum which drew water up through a pipe from a lower level ; then valves were opened and closed and a fresh charge of steam applied directly on to the surface of the water now in the cylinder , forcing it up an outlet pipe discharging at higher level . The engine was used as a low - lift water pump in a few mines and numerous water works , but it was not a success since it was limited in pumping height and prone to boiler explosions . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_4178-5633 | The first safe and successful steam power plant was introduced by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 . Newcomen apprently conceived his machine quite independently of Savery , but as the latter had taken out a very wide - ranging patent , Newcomen and his associates were obliged to come to an arrangement with him , marketing the engine until 1733 under a joint patent . Newcomen 's engine appears to have been based on Papin 's experiments carried out 30 years earlier , and employed a piston and cylinder , one end of which was open to the atmosphere above the piston . Steam just above atmospheric pressure ( all that the boiler could stand ) was introduced into the lower half of the cylinder beneath the piston during the gravity - induced upstroke ; the steam was then condensed by a jet of cold water injected into the steam space to produce a partial vacuum ; the pressure differential between the atmosphere and the vacuum on either side of the piston displaced it downwards into the cylinder , raising the opposite end of a rocking beam to which was attached a gang of gravity - actuated reciprocating force pumps housed in the mineshaft . The engine 's downward power stroke raised the pump , priming it and preparing the pumping stroke . At first the phases were controlled by hand , but within ten years an escapement mechanism had been devised worked by of a vertical plug tree suspended from the rocking beam which rendered the engine self - acting . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_5634-6614 | A number of Newcomen engines were successfully put to use in Britain for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines , with the engine on the surface ; these were large machines , requiring a lot of capital to build , and produced about 5 hp . They were extremely inefficient by modern standards , but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads , opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper . Despite their disadvantages , Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the nineteenth century . By 1729 , when Newcomen died , his engines had spread to France , Germany , Austria , Hungary and Sweden . A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired , of which 14 were abroad . In the 1770s , the engineer John Smeaton built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements . A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800 . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_6685-7209 | A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by James Watt . With the close collaboration of Matthew Boulton , he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine which incorporated a series of radical improvements , notably , the use of a steam jacket around the cylinder to keep it at the temperature of the steam and , most importantly , a steam condenser chamber separate from the piston chamber . These improvements increased engine efficiency by a factor of about five , saving 75 % on coal costs . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_7210-7717 | The Newcomen engine could not , at the time , be easily adapted to drive a rotating wheel , although Wasborough and Pickard did succeed in doing so in about 1780 . However , by 1783 the more economical Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a double - acting rotative type with a centrifugal governor , parallel motion and flywheel which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill . Both of Watt 's basic engine types were commercially very successful . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_7718-8245 | By 1800 , the firm Boulton & Watt had constructed 496 engines , with 164 driving reciprocating pumps , 24 serving blast furnaces , and 308 powering mill machinery ; most of the engines generated from 5 to 10 hp . An estimate of the total power that could be produced by all these engines was about 11,200 hp . This was still only a small fraction of the total power generated in Britain by waterwheels ( 120,000 hp ) and by windmills ( 15,000 hp ) . Newcomen and other steam engines generated at the same time about 24,000 hp . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_8278-8536 | The development of machine tools , such as the lathe , planing and shaping machines powered by these engines , enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_8537-8843 | In the early 19th century after the expiration of the Boulton & Watt patent in 1800 , the steam engine underwent great increases in power due to the use of higher pressure steam which Watt had always avoided because of the danger of exploding boilers , which were in a very primitive state of development . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_8844-9624 | Until about 1800 , the most common pattern of steam engine was the beam engine , built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine - house , but soon various patterns of self - contained portative engines ( readily removable , but not on wheels ) were developed , such as the table engine . Further decrease in size due to use of higher pressure came towards the end of the 18th Century when the Cornish engineer , Richard Trevithick and the American engineer , Oliver Evans , independently began to construct higher pressure ( about 40 pounds per square inch ( 2.7 atm ) ) engines which exhausted into the atmosphere . This allowed an engine and boiler to be combined into a single unit compact and light enough to be used on mobile road and rail locomotives and steam boats . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_9625-10058 | Trevithick was a man of versatile talents , and his activities were not confined to small applications . Trevithick developed his large Cornish boiler with an internal flue from about 1812 . These were also employed when upgrading a number of Watt pumping engines , greatly increasing power and productivity ; this led to the highly efficient large Cornish engines that continued to be built right up to the end of the 19th Century . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_10249-12595 | Due to the ever - increasing power demands of the 1800s , especially in manufacturing , innovations were made to existing steam engines and a number of entirely new steam engines were developed . Of these , few brought the high levels of horsepower and efficiency produced by the Corliss engine . Named after its inventor , George Henry Corliss , this stationary steam engine was introduced to the world in 1849 . The engine boasted a number of desired features , including fuel efficiency ( lowering cost of fuel by a third or more ) , low maintenance costs , 30 % higher rate of power production , high thermal efficiency , and the ability to operate under light , heavy , or varying loads while maintaining high velocity and constant speed . While the engine was loosely based on existing steam engines keeping the simple piston - flywheel design , the majority of these features were brought about by the engine 's unique valves and valve gears . Unlike most engines employed during the era that were using mainly slide - valve gears , Corliss created his own system that used a wrist plate to control a number of different valves . Each cylinder was equipped with four valves , with exhaust and inlet valves at both ends of the cylinder . Through a precisely tuned series of events opening and closing these valves , steam is admitted and released at a precise rate allowing for linear piston motion . This provided the engine 's most notable feature , the automatic variable cut - off mechanism . This mechanism is what allowed the engine to function under varying loads without losing efficiency , stalling , or being damaged . Using a series of cam gears , which could adjust valve timing ( essentially acting as a throttle ) , the engine 's speed and horsepower was adjusted . This proved extremely useful for most of the engine 's applications . In the textile industry , it allowed for production at much higher speeds while lowering the likelihood that threads would break . In metallurgy , the extreme and abrupt variations of load experienced in rolling mills were also countered by the technology . These examples demonstrate that the Corliss engine was able to lead to much higher rates of production , while preventing costly damages to machinery and materials . It was referred to as `` the most perfect regulation of speed . '' | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_12596-14527 | Corliss kept a detailed record of the production , collective horsepower , and sales of his engines up until the patent expired . He did this for a number of reasons , including tracking those who infringed on the patent rights , maintenance and upgrade details , and especially as data used to extend the patent . With this data , a more clear understanding of the engine 's influence is provided . By 1869 , nearly 1200 engines had been sold , totaling 118,500 horsepower . Another estimated 60,000 horsepower was being utilized by engines that were created by manufacturers infringing on Corliss 's patent , bringing the total horsepower to roughly 180,000 . This relatively small number of engines produced 15 % of the United States ' total 1.2 million horsepower . The mean horsepower for all Corliss engines in 1870 was 100 , while the mean for all steam engines ( including Corliss engines ) was 30 . Some very large engines even allowed for applications as large as 1,400 horsepower . Many were convinced of the Corliss engine 's benefits , but adoption was slow due to patent protection . When Corliss was denied a patent extension in 1870 , it became a prevalent model for stationary engines in the industrial sector . By the end of the 19th century , the engine was already having a major influence on the manufacturing sector , where it made up only 10 % of the sector 's engines , but produced 46 % of the horsepower . The engine also became a model of efficiency outside of the textile industry as it was used for pumping the waterways of Pawtucket , Rhode Island in 1878 and by playing an essential role in the expansion of the railroad by allowing for very large - scale operations in rolling mills . Many steam engines of the 19th century have been replaced , destroyed , or repurposed , but the longevity of the Corliss engine is apparent today in select distilleries where they are still used as a power source . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_14598-16385 | Water power , the world 's preceding supply of power , continued to be an essential power source even during the height of steam engine popularity . The steam engine , however , provided many benefits that could n't be realized by relying solely on water power , allowing it to quickly become industrialised nations ' dominant power source ( rising from 5 % to 80 % of the total power in the US from 1838 - 1860 ) . While many consider the potential for an increase in power generated to be the dominant benefit ( with the average horsepower of steam powered mills producing four times the power of water powered mills ) , others favor the potential for agglomeration . Steam engines made it possible to easily work , produce , market , specialize , viably expand westward without having to worry about the less abundant presence of waterways , and live in communities that were n't geographically isolated in proximity to rivers and streams . Cities and towns were now built around factories where steam engines served as the foundation for the livelihood of many of the citizens . By promoting the agglomeration of individuals , local markets were established and often met with impressive success , cities quickly grew and were eventually urbanized , the quality of living increased as infrastructure was put in place , finer goods could be produced as acquisition of materials became less difficult and expensive , direct local competition led to higher degrees of specialization , and labor and capital were in rich supply . In some counties where the establishments utilized steam power , population growths were even seen to increase . These steam powered towns encouraged growth locally and on the national scale , further validating the economic importance of the steam engine . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_16434-17151 | This period of economic growth , which was ushered in by the introduction and adoption of the steamboat , was one of the greatest ever experienced in the United States . Around 1815 , steamboats began to replace barges and flatboats in the transport of goods around the United States . Prior to the steamboat , rivers were generally only used in transporting goods from east to west , and from north to south as fighting the current was very difficult and often impossible . Non-powered boats and rafts were assembled up - stream , would carry their cargo down stream , and would often be disassembled at the end of their journey ; with their remains being used to construct homes and commercial buildings . Steamboat | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_17171-17939 | Following the advent of the steamboat , the United States saw an incredible growth in the transportation of goods and people , which was key in westward expansion . Prior to the steamboat , it could take between three and four months to make the passage from New Orleans to Louisville , averaging twenty miles a day . With the steamboat this time was reduced drastically with trips ranging from twenty - five to thirty - five days . This was especially beneficial to farmers as their crops could now be transported elsewhere to be sold . The steamboat also allowed for increased specialization . Sugar and Cotton were shipped up north while goods like poultry , grain and pork were shipped south . Unfortunately , the steamboat also aided in the internal slave trade . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_17940-18416 | With the steamboat came the need for an improved river system . The natural river system had features that either was n't compatible with steamboat travel or was only available during certain months when rivers were higher . Some obstacles included rapids , sand bars , shallow waters and waterfalls . To overcome these natural obstacles , a network of canals , locks and dams were constructed . This increased demand for labor spurred tremendous job growth along the rivers . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_18417-18845 | The economic benefits of the steamboat extended far beyond the construction of the ships themselves , and the goods they transported . These ships led directly to growth in the coal and insurance industries , along with creating demand for repair facilities along the rivers . Additionally the demand for goods in general increased as the steamboat made transport to new destinations both wide reaching and efficient . Steamboat | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_18875-19844 | After the first steamboat was invented and achieved a number of successful trials , it was quickly adopted and led to an even quicker change in the way of water transport . In 1814 , the city of New Orleans recorded 21 steamboat arrivals , but over the course of the following 20 years that number exploded to more than 1200 . The steamboat 's role as a major transportation source was secured . The transport sector saw enormous growth following the steam engine 's application , leading to major innovations in canals , steamboats , and railroads . The steamboat and canal system revolutionized trade of the United States . As the steamboats gained popularity , enthusiasm grew for the building of canals . In 1816 , the US had only 100 miles of canals . This needed to change , however , as the potential increase in traded goods from east to west convinced many that canals were a necessary connection between the Mississippi - Ohio waterways with the Great Lakes . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
821985402_19863-20304 | The use of steam engines on railroads proved to be extraordinary in the fact that now you could have large amounts of goods and raw materials delivered to cities and factories alike . Trains could deliver these to places far away at a fraction of the cost traveling by wagon . Railroad tracks , which were already in use in mines and various other situations , became the new means of transportation after the first locomotive was invented . | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution |
837449674_96-351 | Andi Mack is an American family comedy - drama television series created by Terri Minsky that premiered on Disney Channel on April 7 , 2017 . The series stars Peyton Elizabeth Lee , Joshua Rush , Sofia Wylie , Asher Angel , Lilan Bowden , and Lauren Tom . | List of Andi Mack episodes |
837449674_487-658 | Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) TBA October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) TBA | List of Andi Mack episodes |
806916198_64-1034 | Alex Karev Grey 's Anatomy character The season nine promotional photograph of Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' 1x01 , March 27 , 2005 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Justin Chambers Information Full name Alexander Michael Karev Nickname ( s ) Alex Karev Evil Spawn Frat Boy Mother Theresa Dr. Junior Butthole Boy Wonder Dr. Douche Face Lil ' butthole Dr. Where 's the Cabbage Patch Aliases Alexander Michael Evans Occupation Chief of Pediatric Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. at Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Chief of Pediatric Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Aaron Karev ( brother ) Amber Karev ( sister ) Helen Karev ( mother ) Jimmy Evans ( father , deceased ) Nicky Evans ( half - brother ) Spouse ( s ) Izzie Stevens ( divorced ) Significant other ( s ) Olivia Harper Addison Montgomery Lexie Grey Rebecca `` Ava '' Pope Callie Torres Lucy Fields Leah Murphy Jo Wilson Heather Brooks Relatives Naomi Evans ( stepmother ) | Alex Karev |
806916198_1035-1563 | Alexander `` Alex '' Michael Karev , M.D. is a fictional character on the ABC television series Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by actor Justin Chambers . Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , Karev eventually obtained the position of resident , later becoming a pediatric surgical fellow . His relationships with colleagues Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , and George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) formed a focal point of the series . | Alex Karev |
806916198_1564-2429 | The character is initially disliked by his fellow interns , and is often accused of being brusque and dismissive with his patients and co-workers . As a resident , Karev 's negative attitude , temper and rudeness has occasionally earned the ire of the attendings , with former neonatal surgeon Addison Montgomery requesting him on her service as punishment for his rudeness to her and neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd , amongst others , throwing him out of their service for his inappropriate comments about patients . He demonstrates profound skill for the specialty which prompts praise from Montgomery and contributes to Karev 's interest in pediatric surgery for the rest of the series . As the character developed , he displayed more empathy for patients and is shown to have a gift for connecting with young children , despite his repeated claims to dislike them . | Alex Karev |
806916198_2430-3317 | Although Karev and Stevens had an on - off romantic history in previous seasons , it was not until the fifth season that the two formed a lasting relationship . Despite Stevens ' advanced skin cancer , the two marry . Justin Chambers commented on his character 's inability to tell Stevens that he loves her in the beginning of their relationship , saying that Karev has difficulty expressing himself . Though Stevens departs in season 6 , series creator Shonda Rhimes has said that she would like the chance to create closure for both Karev and Stevens . Rhimes later retracted her comments and stated that she has no plans to ever re-approach Izzie 's storyline again . In the ninth season , Karev befriends intern Jo Wilson . They begin a relationship in the tenth season until their break - up in the twelfth season . However , they get back together again in the fourteenth season . | Alex Karev |
806916198_3471-4166 | His mother had a mental illness , and his father was often absent , as well as often becoming violent towards Alex and his mother . Alex began wrestling in high school , and eventually physically confronted his father - after this , his father did not return . Alex has a younger brother , Aaron , and a younger sister , Amber ; they were all placed in foster care for 5 years . Though Aaron and Amber only had a few foster families , Alex went through 17 foster families in 5 years before he reunited with his siblings . It is revealed in later seasons that Aaron was diagnosed with schizophrenia and tried to kill Amber . Alex was present when Aaron had to be committed to a psychiatric ward . | Alex Karev |
806916198_4167-4980 | Alex secured a position in the surgical residency program at Seattle Grace Hospital after graduating from the University of Iowa . He initially makes a poor impression on his fellow interns meeting fellow interns Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) , and Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) whom he later taunts when he discovers she used to be a lingerie model . After initial disagreements , Alex reveals to Izzie that his father was a heroin addict who used to beat his mother . He became a wrestler so he could defend his mother , and attended university on a wrestling scholarship . He and Izzie begin a friendship . At the end of the first season , George contracts syphilis from Alex through nurse Olivia Harper , causing animosity between the two . | Alex Karev |
806916198_4981-5690 | Alex asks Izzie out on a date , but he is thrown by the news that he has failed his medical board exams . Izzie is offended since he pays no attention to her during their date and so informs him that she no longer wants to go out with him . He later freezes during an emergency operation , needing George to take over from him . Alex 's relationship with Izzie is damaged when he experiences erectile dysfunction with her . He goes on to sleep with Olivia again , and is caught by Izzie and they break up . After retaking his exams , Alex manages a pass , and reunites with Izzie after a bomb scare in the hospital . They break up again , however , when Izzie falls for cardiothoracic patient Denny Duquette . | Alex Karev |
806916198_5691-6753 | Alex helps Izzie recover from Denny 's death and advances Izzie but Izzie backs away since she is still in the process of getting over her loss and they remain friends . Alex spends a period of time working under neonatal surgeon Dr. Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , and though he is later released to work for plastic surgeon Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , he finds his interest returning to Addison 's firm . Addison is attracted to Alex , and the two share a kiss and later sleep together . In the aftermath of a ferry accident , Alex rescues a pregnant woman ( Elizabeth Reaser ) who awakes with amnesia , and grows close to Alex as he helps her forging an identity for herself , picking out the name Ava . After she gives birth to her daughter , Ava 's memory eventually returns , although she tries to hide it from Alex as she had recently left a bad marriage . He convinces her to tell him her true identity , and she reveals herself to be Rebecca Pope . Alex turns her down after realizing she 's married , feeling that he is not good enough for her . | Alex Karev |
806916198_6754-7193 | Rebecca returns and she and Alex sleep together before she goes back to her husband . Alex has a brief relationship with intern Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , but chooses to be with Rebecca when she returns and tells him she is pregnant . After Rebecca attempted suicide , Izzie convinces Alex to admit her for psychiatric help due to Rebecca 's hallucinations of her pregnancy . Alex later breaks down in Izzie 's arms , and the two kiss . | Alex Karev |
806916198_7194-7953 | Later in their relationship , Izzie begins hallucinating about Denny , and uncovers the fact she has metastatic melanoma ( Stage IV ) with an estimated chance of 5 % survival . It is revealed that Izzie 's hallucinations of Denny are , in fact , caused by her tumor . Alex is shocked by the news , but finds the strength to stay by her side . Izzie plans a wedding for Meredith and Derek , but when Derek finds Izzie has another inoperable tumor in her brain , they give the wedding to Izzie and Alex , who marry in front of all their friends . Izzie debates whether or not she should undergo a risky surgery to remove her tumor and Alex supports her , but eventually insists that she should have the surgery . Alex performs CPR on Izzie after she flatlines . | Alex Karev |
806916198_7954-9146 | Izzie regains a heartbeat but is soon fired leaving Alex a Dear John letter and no clue as to her whereabouts . She later returns to the hospital and says to Alex , thinking he had a hand in getting her fired , that she could not forgive him for talking to the Chief . Alex says he could not forgive her either for not giving him the benefit of the doubt and leaving without talking to him first . Alex re-kindles an old flame with Lexie . Alex seems to have recently found that his calling is actually Peds and not Plastics as he had decided in the earlier seasons . Seeing Alex 's ability to handle child patients , Dr. Arizona Robbins shows an interest in mentoring him for that specialization . Alex 's brother Aaron comes to Seattle Grace for surgery , and lots of painful memories resurface because of this . Meredith discovers Alex , along with Aaron and their sister Amber , had been in foster care for five years when their mother could not take care of them . Alex is also served with divorce papers from Izzie . Alex is shot in the hospital by a deceased patient 's husband , but survives with the help of Lexie and Mark . While undergoing treatment , he mistakes Lexie for Izzie . | Alex Karev |
806916198_9147-10330 | Following the shooting , Lexie has a mental breakdown in front of Alex and he walks away . Dr. Bailey bars Alex from surgery until he has the bullet removed , which he later allows her to do . Alex realizes that his passion lies in Pediatric Surgery . He is further shown to be excellent with children , comforting with a young patient while growing her a new trachea . He immediately gets on the wrong side of new Pediatric attending Stark while Arizona is on leave . Alex then attempts to sleep with virgin April Kepner after visiting his mom in Iowa when his brother was diagnosed schizophrenia . Alex and Meredith perform an emergent surgery on a young boy by themselves during the night shift , dealing with the angry fallout from Stark ( who would not answer his pager ) but gaining the wordless approval of the Chief . Alex is thrilled when Arizona returns from Africa and hopes she will come to work for the hospital again . In the meantime , Alex falls for the new OBGYN attending , Lucy Fields , and they start a relationship after she kisses him . Alex finds out about Meredith sabotaging her Alzheimer 's clinical trial and rats her out in attempt to get Chief Resident . | Alex Karev |
806916198_10331-11120 | The adoption counselor takes away Zola , the child Meredith wanted to adopt . Realizing his mistake , Alex apologizes to Meredith who forgives him shortly after . As the end of the fifth year of residency is near , the surgical residents , including Alex , prepare for their board exams for the different fellowships they plan on joining . Though Alex is late for his exam because he had to treat a patient , he ends up passing . Dr. Webber tells him that Johns Hopkins Hospital , which has the top program in the country , has been very impressed with him and has decided to create a position in pediatrics surgery for him and accepts the position . After finding out his decision , his current boss , Dr. Arizona Robbins , yells at him and takes his place on a plane that later crashes . | Alex Karev |
806916198_11121-11673 | Following the rescue of his colleagues , Robbins ' health deteriorates and amputates her leg . He extends his stay at Seattle Grace until a replacement for Robbins is found , but when he learns that the replacement will send the exchange program to UCLA , he decides not to leave . Karev buys Meredith 's old house from her , and Cristina becomes his roommate . Karev forms a friendship with new intern , Jo Wilson that eventually develops into romantic feelings towards each other . Alex admits his love for Jo , and the two kiss and become a couple . | Alex Karev |
806916198_11674-12739 | Alex 's estranged father , Jimmy , who he has n't seen in 18 years , is admitted to the ER as a patient . After being discharged , Jimmy plays with his band at a bar , and Alex spends several nights watching his father perform onstage . Unknowing that Alex is his son , Jimmy confides in Alex that he had another family that he has n't seen in years . This made Alex upset and he punched Jimmy at the bar . Once returning home , Alex unleashes his hurt and anger on Jo for having encouraged him to reconnect with his father . His father returns suffering from symptoms of withdrawal and hallucinations of the past where more is revealed about Alex 's childhood . Jimmy tells Alex he knows that he is his son and Alex yells at his dad stating that `` I WAS THE DAD '' . His dad later goes into cardiac arrest and is brought into surgery , fate unknown . Alex kisses Jo at April 's wedding wanting to start a family with her . That night his dad died , due to a mistake by intern , Shane Ross , and Alex is upset . He punches Ross and is later comforted by Meredith . | Alex Karev |
806916198_12740-13429 | Upon the completion of his fellowship in Pediatric Surgery , Alex is given an offer to work at Dr. Oliver Lebackes ' private practice office , claiming that he will have more flexible hours and `` a big fat paycheck '' . Alex takes this offer happily . Robbins is initially angered by this decision and thinks that Alex is choosing money over substance . Eventually she realizes that he has become a wonderful surgeon and that she is happy to see him go . He later discovers that he is n't happy working at the private practice and expresses a desire to return full - time to Grey Sloan . When Cristina leaves for Switzerland , she leaves Alex her share of the board , including her seat . | Alex Karev |
806916198_13430-14520 | Alex is fired by Dr. Lebackes when Maggie Pierce accidentally reveals to him that Karev was thinking about leaving the job . Webber recommended Bailey to fill Yang 's board seat after she left , so Bailey and Alex fight over the chair . They both make presentations to the board and eventually Bailey wins , with a unanimous vote in her favor . He is hired back as an attending Peds surgeon and takes over full - time as Arizona pursues a fellowship with Dr. Herman . Alex continues to date Jo and his friendship with Meredith grows stronger than ever , with him taking on the role of her new person . When Derek dies and Meredith runs away , Alex is upset by her leaving without telling him where she went and calls her everyday . Eventually she calls him , tells him she is okay , and to stop calling . When she goes into labor and gives birth to Ellis Shepherd , Alex goes to see her since he is her emergency contact . He brings Meredith and her kids back to her house . She asks to move back in with him in her old house . Alex sells Meredith back the house and he and Jo rent a loft . | Alex Karev |
806916198_14521-15508 | Alex and Jo continue to struggle with their relationship . Alex wants to settle down , marry Jo , and have kids . However , Jo continues to resist . When Karev proposes to her , Jo tells him she ca n't marry him , so he breaks up with her . Later , Alex realizes that he misses Jo and gets her back . They seem to be doing well for some time , until Alex brings up marriage again and the two fight , as Jo still continues to argue that she can not marry him . Alex storms out , leaving their relationship uncertain . During Owen and Amelia 's wedding , Alex realizes that even though she wo n't marry him , he loves Jo and goes back to her again . However , when he arrives at their loft , he finds Jo highly intoxicated , wearing nothing but her bra and underwear , and surgical intern , Andrew Deluca lying on top of her . Alex assumes that Deluca was attempting to take advantage of Jo while she was inebriated and is filled with rage . He beats Deluca to a pulp with his bare hands . | Alex Karev |
806916198_15509-17428 | Andrew is badly injured , with his face bruised beyond recognition . He is unconscious and on the verge of dying . Alex realizes what he 's done and quickly rushes Deluca to the hospital . There , the doctors call the police as they struggle to save Andrew and discover who did this to him . Alex lies to everyone and says that he found Andrew in this state and brought him to Grey Sloan . However , Ben Warren is suspicious of Karev . Meredith also quickly realizes that Alex was in fact the one who beat Deluca . She covers for him and the two continue to lie to everyone in the hospital about Alex 's actions . Soon , Karev learns that Andrew was n't doing anything wrong and that he had beaten up a good guy . Meredith decides that even though she loves Alex , she needs to turn him in . She goes to Bailey and tells her the truth . But , when the two rush to the police they find Alex being arrested for aggravated assault , as he had turned himself in . He is taken to jail and Meredith bails him out . While they wait for a trial , Bailey suspends Alex as an attending and makes him work in the clinic . Eventually , Jo finally tells Alex that the reason she could n't marry Alex is because she is already married . Her husband is abusive and so she ran away and changed her name to Jo Wilson so that he would n't find her . Alex realizes that when Jo is called to the stand as a witness in the trial , this information about her past and lack of records under the name Jo Wilson may be revealed , and when the information goes public , her husband may find her . To keep her safe , he decides to take the plea deal without a trial , ensuring that he goes to jail for 2 years . However , when Alex tells Meredith this , she begs him not to and tells him that she ca n't lose him too because she 's already lost everyone else important in her life . Alex struggles to decide whether or not to take the plea deal . | Alex Karev |
806916198_17429-17917 | Meredith searches for Alex 's case online , to find that the trial had been put off indefinitely . She assumes that he took the plea , and began calling and visiting various local jails to find him . After a full day of searching without finding him , she goes home to sleep , and discovers him sleeping in her bed . He explains he slept there all day . He explains that during his meeting with the D.A. Deluca came in and dropped all charges . Alex was then free to continue being Alex . | Alex Karev |
806916198_17918-18848 | After returning to work , Alex and Jo try to ignore each other and eventually build up a tolerance of sorts towards each other . Deluca and Alex continue to be at odds , especially when he becomes closer to Jo . However , nothing comes of it and they both keep their distance . At the end of the season , Alex hitters an investigator to look for Jo 's abusive husband . The investigator funds him and tells Alex that he will be at a conference . Meredith tells him it 's a horrible idea and that he should n't go , especially considering Jo doesnt know about the situation . Alex flys out to the conference with the intention of telling him to get out of her life , no matter the means . When he meets him , Alex decides against confronting him over Jo , avoiding exposing her current identity and location and potentially stopping himself from assaulting someone yet again . He returns to Seattle , leaving the convention early . | Alex Karev |
806916198_18849-19587 | At the start of season 14 , Alex and Jo start to warm to each other . Jo tells Deluca that she is still in love with Alex . Because Stephanie has left the hospital after an explosion that almost killed her , Jo turns to Warren to confide in . After she tells him her true feelings about whole situation with Alex , Warren tells him that Jo is scared that he might hurt her . Alex goes to Jo and tells her that he could never abuse her like her husband did because he delt with the same trauma as a kid as his father was abusive . He then tells her that he found her husband . Jo is taken back by this but when Alex tells her that he did n't kill or injur him in anyway , she is relieved and finally trusts him again . They then have sex . | Alex Karev |
806916198_19639-19707 | This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2012 ) | Alex Karev |
806916198_19734-19814 | This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2012 ) | Alex Karev |
806916198_19815-20561 | The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Karev as `` honest '' , `` always tells it like it is '' , while also citing his mouth , his punctuality and him being a `` smart - ass '' as his weaknesses . Shonda Rhimes said of Karev : `` I love that we have a character who can do something wonderful but still be a selfish cranky ass about it . Alex gets to be complex in ways most characters do n't because even though he 's got a moral code , his moral code is totally twisted and dark . But he 's essentially good -- deep down inside . '' Carolina Paiz , one of the writers of the series , wrote : `` He has so much going on inside ... you think you 've got him figured out but then he just reveals this whole other side to him . '' | Alex Karev |
806916198_20562-21276 | `` He is superficial sleazeball who turns out to be a nice guy and a talented doctor with an amazing bedside manner , as well as the budding love interest of Katherine Heigl 's character Isobel . '' DVD Verdict wrote of the character 's development in the fourth season : `` Love him , hate him , or both , Karev speaks his mind , rough edges and all . But ultimately his cold heart seems to be softened by his blossoming relationship with Jane Doe / Ava / Rebecca . '' Rhimes felt that the 100th episode during which Karev marries Stevens showed how he had grown up : `` Look at him . Standing at the altar and saying those vows like a man . ( ... ) He 's become a man who can step up . And I love him for it . '' | Alex Karev |
806916198_21296-21982 | Analyzing Alex Karev , Rachel Simon called him `` underrated ; '' she pointed out that Alex 's personal growth never seems to get acknowledged , as `` Alex begins Grey 's as an arrogant , obnoxious intern who pushes away anyone who tries to care about him . He breaks Izzie 's heart 1,000 times , and then acts surprised when she falls for someone else . He sleeps with any girl who will have him , insults everyone who does n't , and generally enjoys being the hospital asshole . Yet , over the course of 10 seasons Alex has evolved , slowly and realistically , into a genuinely good person whose faults do n't miraculously disappear , but take a backseat to much better qualities . '' | Alex Karev |
806916198_21983-22497 | Former television columnist for The Star - Ledger Alan Sepinwall disapproved of Karev 's flirt with Addison as `` he should take interest in a woman 's speciality and respect his boss without getting in her pants . '' Reviewing the fifth season , Chris Monfette of IGN wrote : `` Alex , who 'd become simply the cast 's angry outcast , was uplifted as his relationship with Izzie became more and more substantial , and his bedside scenes with her toward the end were some of his character 's best material yet . '' | Alex Karev |
806916198_22498-23017 | On his career path as a Pediatric Surgeon Examiner wrote , `` Despite his rough exterior , Alex has a certain child - like innocence and need for acceptance . He is keen in recognizing these traits in kids , as well . He reaches out to kids on many levels . '' and added , `` Alex has major trust issues . Maybe it was the constant beatings from his father . Or , his mother 's mental illness . Or , being shuffled through 17 foster homes over a 5 year period . Who would n't have issues with a childhood like that ? '' | Alex Karev |
819496193_187-572 | The Bureau of Refugees , Freedmen , and Abandoned Lands , usually referred to as simply the Freedmen 's Bureau , was an agency of the United States Department of War to `` direct such issues of provisions , clothing , and fuel , as he may deem needful for the immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children . '' | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_573-1480 | The Freedmen 's Bureau Bill , which established the Freedmen 's Bureau on March 3 , 1865 , was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War . The Freedmen 's Bureau was an important agency of early Reconstruction , assisting freedmen in the South . The Bureau was made a part of the United States Department of War , as it was the only agency with an existing organization that could be assigned to the South . Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard , the Bureau started operations in 1865 . Throughout the first year , its representatives learned that these tasks would be very difficult , as Southern legislatures passed laws for Black Codes that restricted movement , conditions of labor , and other civil rights of African Americans , nearly duplicating conditions of slavery . The Freedmen 's Bureau controlled limited arable land . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_1481-2189 | The Bureau 's powers were expanded to help African Americans find family members from whom they had become separated during the war . It arranged to teach them to read and write , considered critical by the freedmen themselves as well as the government . Bureau agents also served as legal advocates for African Americans in both local and national courts , mostly in cases dealing with family issues . The Bureau encouraged former major planters to rebuild their plantations and urged freed blacks to return to work for them , kept an eye on contracts between the newly free laborers and planters , and pushed whites and blacks to work together as employers and employees rather than as masters and slaves . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_2190-3228 | In 1866 , Congress renewed the charter for the Bureau . President Andrew Johnson , a Southerner who had succeeded to the office following Lincoln 's assassination , vetoed the bill because he believed that it encroached on states ' rights , relied inappropriately on the military in peacetime , and would prevent freed slaves from becoming independent by offering too much assistance . By 1869 , the Bureau had lost most of its funding and as a result been forced to cut much of its staff . By 1870 the Bureau had been considerably weakened due to the rise of Ku Klux Klan violence in the South . In 1872 , Congress abruptly abandoned the program , effectively shutting down the Bureau by refusing to approve renewal legislation . It did not inform Howard , who had been transferred to Arizona by President Ulysses S. Grant to settle hostilities between the Apache and settlers . Grant 's Secretary of War William W. Belknap , was hostile to Howard 's leadership and authority at the Bureau , and aroused controversy by his reassignment . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_3927-4457 | The Bureau helped solve everyday problems of the newly freed slaves , such as obtaining clothing , food , water , health care , communication with family members , and jobs . Between 1865 and 1869 , it distributed 15 million rations of food to freed African Americans ( as well as 5 million rations to impoverished whites ) , and set up a system where planters could borrow rations in order to feed freedmen they employed . Although the Bureau set aside $350,000 for this service , only $35,000 ( 10 % ) was borrowed by planters . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_4458-4959 | Despite the good intentions , efforts , and limited success of the Bureau , medical treatment of the freedmen was severely deficient . Most southern white doctors and nurses would not treat freedmen , infrastructure had been destroyed by the war , and people had few means of improving sanitation . Blacks had not had much opportunity to develop their own medical personnel . In this period epidemics of cholera and yellow fever were carried along the river corridors , breaking out across the South . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_5041-5829 | Freedman 's Bureau agents , at first , complained that freedwomen were refusing to contract their labor . One of the first actions black families took was to withdraw women 's labor from fieldwork . The Bureau attempted to force freed women to work by insisting that their husbands sign contracts making the whole family available as field labor in the cotton industry , and by declaring that unemployed freed women should be treated as vagrants just as men were . The Bureau did allow some exceptions , such as married women with employed husbands , and some `` worthy '' women who had been widowed or abandoned and had large families of small children to care for . `` Unworthy '' women , meaning the unruly and prostitutes , were usually the ones subjected to punishment for vagrancy . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_5830-6591 | Under slavery , most marriages had been informal , as slaveholders refused to acknowledge slave marriages and they were not legally recognized , although planters often presided over marriage ceremonies for their slaves . After the war , the Freedmen 's Bureau performed numerous marriages for freed couples who asked for it . As many husbands and wives had been separated during wartime chaos , the Bureau agents helped families in their attempts to reunite after the war . The Bureau had an informal regional communications system that allowed agents to send inquiries and provide answers . It sometimes provided transportation to reunite families . Freedmen and freed women turned to the Bureau for assistance in resolving issues of abandonment and divorce . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_6611-7164 | The most widely recognized accomplishments of the Freedman 's Bureau were in education . Prior to the Civil War , no southern state had a system of universal , state - supported public education and prohibited slaves and free blacks from gaining education . Former slaves wanted public education while the wealthier whites opposed the idea . Freedmen had a strong desire to learn to read and write ; some started schools at refugee camps ; others worked hard to establish schools in their communities even prior to the advent of the Freedmen 's Bureau . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_7165-7740 | Oliver Otis Howard was appointed as the first Freedmen 's Bureau Commissioner . Through his leadership the bureau set up four divisions : Government - Controlled Lands , Records , Financial Affairs , and Medical Affairs . Education was considered part of the Records division . Howard turned over confiscated property including planters ' mansions , government buildings , books , and furniture to superintendents to be used in the education of freedmen , and provided transportation and room and board for teachers . Many Northerners came south to educate the freedmen . The | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_7821-8542 | By 1866 , northern missionary and aid societies worked in conjunction with the Freedmen 's Bureau to provide education for former slaves . The American Missionary Association was particularly active , establishing eleven colleges in southern states for the education of freedmen . The primary focus of these groups was to raise funds to pay teachers and manage schools , while the secondary focus was the day - to - day operation of individual schools . After 1866 , Congress appropriated some funds to operate the freedmen 's schools . The main source of educational revenue for these schools came through a Congressional Act that gave the Freedmen 's Bureau the power to seize Confederate property for educational use . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_8543-8868 | George Ruby , an African American , served as teacher and school administrator and as a traveling inspector for the Bureau , observing local conditions , aiding in the establishment of black schools , and evaluating the performance of Bureau field officers . Blacks supported him , but planters and other whites opposed him . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_8869-9285 | Overall , the Bureau spent $5 million to set up schools for blacks . By the end of 1865 , more than 90,000 former slaves were enrolled as students in such public schools . Attendance rates at the new schools for freedmen were between 79 and 82 percent . Brigadier General Samuel Chapman Armstrong created and led Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia in 1868 . It is now known as Hampton University . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_9286-9867 | The Freedmen 's Bureau published their own freedmen 's textbook . They emphasized the bootstrap philosophy , encouraging freedmen to believe that each person had the ability to work hard and to do better in life . These readers included traditional literacy lessons ; as well as selections on the life and works of Abraham Lincoln , excerpts from the Bible focused on forgiveness , biographies of famous African Americans with emphasis on their piety , humbleness and industry ; and essays on humility , the work ethic , temperance , loving your enemies , and avoiding bitterness . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_9868-10875 | By 1870 , there were more than 1,000 schools for freedmen in the South . J.W. Alvord , an inspector for the Bureau , wrote that the freedmen `` have the natural thirst for knowledge , '' aspire to `` power and influence ... coupled with learning , '' and are excited by `` the special study of books . '' Among the former slaves , children and adults sought this new opportunity to learn . After the Bureau was abolished , some of its achievements collapsed under the weight of white violence against schools and teachers for blacks . After the 1870s , when white Democrats regained power of southern governments , they reduced funds available to fund public education , particularly for blacks . In the 1890s they passed a new state constitutions disenfranchising most blacks by creating barriers to voter registration . They passed Jim Crow laws establishing legal segregation of public places . Segregated schools and other services for blacks were consistently underfunded by the southern legislatures . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_10876-11438 | By 1871 , Northerners ' interest in reconstructing the South with military power had waned . Northerners were beginning to tire of the effort that Reconstruction required , were discouraged at the high rate of continuing violence around elections , and were ready for the South to take care of itself . All of the southern states had created new constitutions that established universal , publicly funded education . Groups based in the North began to redirect their money toward universities and colleges founded to educate African - American leaders . Teachers | Freedmen's Bureau |
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819496193_13985-14809 | Accounts by northern women and missionary societies resulted in historians believing that most Bureau teachers were well - educated women from the North , motivated by religion and abolitionism to teach in the South . In the 21st century , new research finds that half the teachers were southern whites ; one - third were blacks ( mostly southern ) , and one - sixth were northern whites . Few were abolitionists ; few came from New England . Men outnumbered women . The salary was the strongest motivation except for the northerners , who were typically funded by northern organizations and had a humanitarian motivation . As a group , the black cohort showed the greatest commitment to racial equality ; and they were the ones most likely to remain teachers . The school curriculum resembled that of schools in the north . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_14828-15422 | The building and opening of schools of higher learning for African Americans coincided with the shift in focus for the Freedmen 's Aid Societies from supporting an elementary education for all African Americans to gaining a high school and college education for African - American leaders . Both of these events worked in concert with concern on the part of white officials working with African Americans in the South . These officials were concerned about the lack of a moral or financial foundation seen in the African - American community and traced that lack of foundation back to slavery . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_15423-16005 | Generally , they believed that blacks needed help to enter a free labor market and reconstruct stable family life . Heads of local American Missionary Associations sponsored various educational and religious efforts for African Americans . Later efforts for higher education were supported by such leaders as Samuel Chapman Armstrong of the Hampton Institute and Booker T. Washington of the Tuskegee Institute ( from 1881 ) . They said that black students should be able to leave home and `` live in an atmosphere conducive not only to scholarship but to culture and refinement '' . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_16006-16539 | Most of these colleges , universities and normal schools combined what they believed were the best fundamentals of a college with that of the home , giving students a basic structure to build acceptable practices of upstanding lives . For instance , at the majority of these schools , students were expected to bathe a prescribed number of times per week , maintain an orderly living space , and present a particular appearance . At many of these institutions , Christian principles and practices were also part of the daily regime . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_16568-17426 | Despite the untimely dissolution of the Freedman 's Bureau , its legacy influenced the important historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) , which were the chief institutions of higher learning for blacks in the South through the decades of segregation into the mid-20th century . Under the direction and sponsorship of the Bureau , together with the American Missionary Association in many cases , from approximately 1866 until its termination in 1872 , an estimated 25 institutions of higher learning for black youth were established . The leaders among them continue to operate as highly ranked institutions in the 21st century . ( Examples include St. Augustine 's College , Fisk University , Johnson C. Smith University , Clark Atlanta University , Dillard University , Shaw University , Virginia Union University , and Tougaloo College ) . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_17427-18134 | As of 2009 , there exist approximately 105 HBCUs that range in scope , size , organization and orientation . Under the Education Act of 1965 , Congress officially defined an HBCU as `` an institution whose principal missions were and are the education of Black Americans '' . HBCUs graduate over 50 % of African - American professionals , 50 % of African - American public school teachers , and 70 % of African - American dentists . In addition , 50 % of African Americans who graduate from HBCUs go on to pursue graduate or professional degrees . One in three degrees held by African Americans in the natural sciences , and half the degrees held by African Americans in mathematics , were earned at HBCUs . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_18135-18375 | Perhaps the best known of these institutions is Howard University , founded in Washington , D.C. , in 1867 , with the aid of the Freedmen 's Bureau . It was named for the commissioner of the Freedmen 's Bureau , General Oliver Otis Howard . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_18406-19140 | After the Civil War , control over existing churches was a contentious issue . The Methodist denomination had split into regional associations prior to the war . In some cities , Northern Methodists seized control of Southern Methodist buildings . Numerous northern denominations , including the independent black denominations of the African Methodist Episcopal ( AME ) and African Methodist Episcopal Zion , sent missionaries to the South to help the freedmen . By this time the independent black denominations were increasingly well organized and prepared to evangelize to the freedmen . Within a decade , the AME and AME Zion churches had gained hundreds of thousands of new members and were rapidly organizing new congregations . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_19141-19851 | Even before the war , blacks had established independent Baptist congregations in some cities and towns , such as Silver Bluff , Charleston , Petersburg , and Richmond . In many places , especially in more rural areas , they shared public services with whites . Often enslaved blacks met secretly to conduct their own services away from white supervision or oversight . After the war , freedmen mostly withdrew from the white - dominated congregations of the Baptist , Methodist and Presbyterian churches in order to be free to worship as they pleased away from white supervision . Within a short time , they were organizing black Baptist state association , and organized a national association in the 1890s . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_19852-20098 | Northern mission societies raised funds for land , buildings , teachers ' salaries , and basic necessities such as books and furniture . For years they used networks throughout their churches to raise money for freedmen 's education and worship . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_20180-20738 | Most of the assistant commissioners , realizing that African Americans would not receive fair trials in the civil courts , tried to handle black cases in their own Bureau courts . Southern whites objected that this was unconstitutional . In Alabama , state and county judges were commissioned as Bureau agents . They were to try cases involving blacks with no distinctions on racial grounds . If a judge refused , martial law could be instituted in his district . All but three judges accepted their unwanted commissions , and the governor urged compliance . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_20739-21305 | Perhaps the most difficult region was Louisiana 's Caddo - Bossier Parish . It had not experienced wartime devastation or Union occupation . Understaffed and weakly supported by federal troops , well - meaning Bureau agents found their investigations blocked and authority undermined at every turn by recalcitrant plantation owners . Murders of freedmen were common , and suspects in these cases went unprosecuted . Bureau agents did negotiate labor contracts , build schools and hospitals , and aid freedmen , but they struggled against the oppressive environment . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_21306-23154 | In March 1872 , at the request of President Ulysses S. Grant and the Secretary of the Interior , Columbus Delano , General Howard was asked to temporarily leave his duties as Commissioner of the Bureau to deal with Indian affairs in the west . Upon returning from his assignment in November 1872 , General Howard discovered that the Bureau and all of its activities had been officially terminated by Congress , effective as of June ( Howard , 1907 ) . While General Howard was dealing with Indian affairs in the west , the Freedmen 's Bureau was steadily losing its support . During the Bureau 's first year , Congress appropriated no money for the Bureau so it was forced to rely on the army for financial support . Because the Bureau had a lack of funding from the federal government , it was unable to carry out all of its initiatives to sustain the lives of the newly freed slaves and to ensure any real measure of racially equality . President Johnson was also opposed to the Freedmen 's Bureau and his opposition encouraged many people , especially white southerners , to challenge the Bureau . Congress was forced to dismantle the Bureau in 1872 due to pressure from white Southerners . In the South there was a never ending struggle to get the whites and blacks to work together and unfortunately , the Bureau was unable to change that . In his autobiography , General Howard expressed great frustration in regard to what had taken place without his knowledge , stating `` the legislative action , however , was just what I desired , except that I would have preferred to close out my own Bureau and not have another do it for me in an unfriendly manner in my absence . '' All documents and matters pertaining to the Freedmen 's Bureau were transferred from the office of General Howard to the War Department of the United States Congress . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_23201-23799 | The Bureau began distributing rations in the summer of 1865 . Drought conditions resulted in so much need that the state established its own Office of the Commissioner of the Destitute to provide additional relief . The two agencies coordinated their efforts starting in 1866 . The Bureau established depots in eight major cities . Counties were allocated aid in kind each month based on the number of poor reported . The counties then were required to transport the supplies themselves . The ration was larger in winter and spring , and reduced in seasons when locally - grown food was available . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_23800-24165 | In 1866 , the depot at Huntsville provided five thousand rations a day . The food was distributed without regard to race . Corruption and abuse was so great that in October 1866 , the President ended in - kind aid in that state . One hundred twenty thousand dollars was given to the state to provide relief to the end of January 1867 . Aid then ended in the state . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_24166-24277 | Records show that at the end of the program , four times more White people received aid than did Black people . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_24295-24572 | The Florida Bureau was assessed to be working effectively . Col. T.W. Osborne , the assistant commissioner of the Bureau for Florida , was an astute politician who collaborated with the leadership of both parties in the state . He was warmly praised by observers on all sides . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_24590-24812 | The Bureau played a major role in Georgia politics . It was especially active in setting up , monitoring , and enforcing labor contracts for both men and women . It also set up a new system of healthcare for the freedmen . | Freedmen's Bureau |
819496193_24837-25281 | In North Carolina , the bureau employed : 9 contract surgeons , at $100 per month ; 26 hospital attendants , at average pay each per month $11.25 ; 18 civilian employees , clerks , agents , etc. , at an average pay per month of $17.20 ; 4 laborers , at an average pay per month of $11.90 ; enlisted men are detailed as orderlies , guards , etc. , by commanding officers of the different military posts where officers of the Bureau are serving . | Freedmen's Bureau |
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