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837612983_5452-6932 | The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 defined the political protocols by which American states south of the lakes would enter the union as political equals with the original thirteen colonies . The ordinance , adopted in its final form just before the writing of the United States Constitution , was a sweeping , visionary proposal to create what was at the time a radical experiment in democratic governance and economy . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 prohibited slavery , restricted primogeniture , mandated universal public education , provided for affordable farm land to people who settled and improved it , and required peaceful , lawful treatment of the Indian population . The ordinance prohibited the establishment of state religion and established civic rights that foreshadowed the United States Bill of Rights . Civil rights included freedom from cruel and unusual punishment , trial by jury , and exemption from unreasonable search and seizure . States were authorized to organize constitutional conventions and petition for admission as states equal to the original thirteen . Five states evolved from its provisions : Ohio , Indiana , Michigan , Illinois , and Wisconsin . The northeastern section of Minnesota , from the Mississippi to St. Croix River , also fell under ordinance jurisdiction and extended the constitution and culture of the Old Northwest to the Dakotas . The surge of settlement generated tension culminating in the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_6933-7248 | Britain , fearing that fast American settlement could lead to annexation of its western provinces , countered with The Constitution Act of 1791 , granting limited self - government to Canadian provinces , and creating two new provinces out of Canada : Lower Canada ( today 's Quebec ) and Upper Canada ( Ontario ) . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_7249-8200 | Settlement and economic expansion on both sides accelerated after the 1825 opening of The Erie Canal , an astonishingly successful public venture that effectively integrated markets and commerce between the Atlantic seaboard and the region . The region on both sides of the border became a vast research and design laboratory for agricultural machinery and techniques . Owner - operator family farms transformed both demographics and ecology into a vast terrain of farmlands , producing primarily wheat and corn . In western New York and northeast Ohio , the St. Lawrence , Mohawk , and Hudson rivers provided outlets for commercial corn and wheat , while The Ohio River let agricultural products from western Pennsylvania and southern Ohio , Indiana and Illinois journey downstream to New Orleans . Mining , primarily soft metals of copper , zinc , and lead ; and timber to supply rapidly expanding sawmills that supplied lumber for new settlements . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_8201-8823 | Agricultural and industrial production generated distinctive political and social cultures of independent republican producers , who consolidated an ideology of personal liberty , free markets , and great social visions , often expressed in religious terms and enthusiasms . The region 's alliance of antislavery with free soil movements contributed troops and agricultural goods that proved critical in the Union 's victory . The Homestead and Morrill Acts , donating federal land to extend the agrarian economic franchise , and support state universities , modeled western expansion and education for all future states . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_8824-9296 | The British - Canadian London Conference of 1866 , and subsequent Constitution Act of 1867 analogously derived from political , and some military , turmoil in the former jurisdiction of Upper Canada , which was renamed and organized in the new dominion as the Province of Ontario . Like the provisions of the ordinance , Ontario prohibited slavery , made provisions for land distribution to farmers who owned their own land , and mandated universal public education . Ford | Great Lakes region |
837612983_9332-10479 | Industrial production , organization , and technology have made the region among the world 's most productive manufacturing centers . Nineteenth - century proto - monopolies such as International Harvester , Standard Oil , and United States Steel established the pattern of American centralized industrial consolidation and eventual global dominance . The region hosted the world 's greatest concentrations of production for oil , coal , steel , automobiles , synthetic rubber , agricultural machinery , and heavy transport equipment . Agronomy industrialized as well , in meat processing , packaged cereal products , and processed dairy products . In response to disruptions and imbalances of power resulting from so vast a concentration of economic power , industrial workers organized the Congress of Industrial Organizations , a coherent agricultural cooperative movement , and the Progressive politics led by Wisconsin 's Governor and Senator Robert M. La Follette Sr ... State universities , professional social work , and unemployment and workers ' compensation were some of the region 's permanent contributions to American social policy . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_10480-11423 | The Great Lakes region has produced globally influential breakthroughs in agricultural technology , transportation and building construction . Cyrus McCormick 's reaper , John Deere 's steel plow , Joseph Dart ( Dart 's Elevator ) , and George Washington Snow 's balloon - frame construction are some of innovations that made significant , global impact . The University of Chicago and Case Western Reserve University figured prominently in developing nuclear power . Automobile manufacture developed simultaneously in Ohio and Indiana and became centered in the Detroit area of Michigan . Henry Ford 's movable assembly line drew on regional experience in meat processing , agricultural machinery manufacture , and the industrial engineering of steel in revolutionizing the modern era of mass production manufacturing . Chicago - based Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck companies complemented mass manufactures with mass retail distribution . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_11424-12303 | Chicago and Detroit carry important roles in the field of architecture . Chicago pioneered the world 's first skyscraper , the Home Insurance Building designed by William LeBaron Jenney . Engineering innovation established Chicago from that time on to become one of the world 's most influential epicenters of contemporary urban and commercial architecture . Equally influential was the 1832 invention of balloon - framing in Chicago which replaced heavy timber construction requiring massive beams and great woodworking skill with pre-cut timber . This new lumber could be nailed together by farmers and settlers who used it to build homes and barns throughout the western prairies and plains . Wisconsin - born , Chicago - trained Sullivan apprentice Frank Lloyd Wright designed prototypes for architectural designs from the commercial skylight atrium to suburban ranch house . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_12304-12607 | German - born Pennsylvania immigrant John A. Roebling invented steel wire rope , a pivotal part of suspension bridges he designed and whose construction he supervised in Pittsburgh , Cincinnati and Buffalo , based on earlier successful canal aqueducts . His most famous project was the Brooklyn Bridge . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_12608-13016 | Contributions to modern transportation include the Wright brothers ' early airplanes , designed and perfected in their Dayton , Ohio mechanics ' workshops ; distinctive Great Lakes freighters , and railroad beds constructed of wooden ties and steel rails . The early nineteenth century Erie Canal and mid-twentieth century St. Lawrence Seaway expanded the scale and capacity of massive water - born freight . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_13017-13466 | Agricultural associations joined the nineteenth century Grange , which in turn generated the agricultural cooperatives that defined much of rural political economy and culture throughout the region . Fraternal , ethnic , and civic organizations extended cooperatives and supported local ventures from insurance companies to orphanages and hospitals . The region was the political base , and provided much leadership political parties in the region . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_13467-14521 | The region 's greatest institutional contributions were major corporate , labor , educational and cooperative organizations . It hosted some of the most influential national and international corporations of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century monopoly age , including John Deere Plow , McCormack Reaper , New York Central and Erie railroads , Carnegie Steel , U.S. Steel , International Harvester and Standard Oil . In part to balance democratic representation against the economic and political power of these corporations , the region hosted industrial labor organization , consolidated agricultural cooperatives and state educational systems . The Big Ten Conference memorializes the nation 's first region in which every state sponsored major research , technical - agricultural , and teacher - training colleges and universities . The Congress of Industrial Organizations grew out of the region 's coal and iron mines ; steel , automobile and rubber industries ; and breakthrough strikes and contracts of Ohio , Indiana , and Michigan . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_14522-14929 | During World War II , the region became the global epicenter of motorized land vehicles , including cars , trucks and jeeps , as well as a major supplier of engine , transmission , and electrical components to the wartime aeronautics industry . Despite extreme labor shortages , the region increased mechanization , and absorbed large numbers of women and immigrant labor , to increase its food production . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_14947-15469 | Great Lakes region State or Province 2008 GDP millions of USD % New York 7006114108800000000 ♠ 1,141,088 25.2 Illinois 7005633697000000000 ♠ 633,697 14.0 Ontario 7005584460000000000 ♠ 584,460 12.9 Pennsylvania 7005553301000000000 ♠ 553,301 12.2 Ohio 7005471508000000000 ♠ 471,508 10.4 Michigan 7005382544000000000 ♠ 382,544 8.4 Minnesota 7005262847000000000 ♠ 262,847 5.8 Indiana 7005254861000000000 ♠ 254,861 5.6 Wisconsin 7005240429000000000 ♠ 240,429 5.3 TOTAL 7006452812800000000 ♠ 4,528,128 100.00 | Great Lakes region |
837612983_15470-16482 | Navigable terrain , waterways , and ports spurred an unprecedented construction of transportation infrastructure throughout the region . The region is a global leader in advanced manufacturing and research and development , with significant innovations in both production processes and business organization . John D. Rockefeller 's Standard Oil set precedents for centralized pricing , uniform distribution , and controlled product standards through Standard Oil , which started as a consolidated refinery in Cleveland . Cyrus McCormick 's Reaper and other manufacturers of agricultural machinery consolidated into International Harvester in Chicago . Andrew Carnegie 's steel production integrated large - scale open - hearth and Bessemer processes into the world 's most efficient and profitable mills . The largest , most comprehensive monopoly in the world , United States Steel , consolidated steel production throughout the region . Many of the world 's largest employers began in the Great Lakes region . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_16483-16887 | Mass marketing in the modern sense was born in the region . Two competing Chicago retailers -- Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck -- developed mass marketing and sales through catalogues , mail - order distribution , and the establishment of their brand names as purveyors of consumer goods . The region 's natural features , cultural institutions , and resorts make it a popular destination for tourism . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_16888-17495 | Advantages of accessible waterways , highly developed transportation infrastructure , finance , and a prosperous market base make the region the global leader in automobile production and a global business location . Henry Ford 's movable assembly line and integrated production set the model and standard for major car manufactures . The Detroit area emerged as the world 's automotive center , with facilities throughout the region . Akron , Ohio became the global leader in rubber production , driven by the demand for tires . Over 200 million tons of cargo are shipped annually through the Great Lakes . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_17496-18133 | According to the Brookings Institution , if it stood alone as a country , the Great Lakes economy would be one of the largest economic units on Earth ( with a $4.5 - trillion gross regional product ) . This region also contains what area urban planners call the Great Lakes Megalopolis , which has an estimated 59 million people . Chicago is emerging as the third megacity in the United States , after the New York City and Los Angeles metropolitan areas , with a metro population approaching ten million . Cities along the Great Lakes have access to the Atlantic Ocean through the St. Lawrence Seaway , making them international ports . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_18162-19131 | Rank Area State / Province Image CSA / CMA 2009 population Projected 2025 population Projected increase 2009 -- 2025 Chicago IL - IN - WI 9,804,845 10,935,100 1,130,255 Toronto ON 5,741,400 7,408,000 1,666,600 Detroit MI 5,327,764 6,191,000 863,236 Cleveland OH 3,515,646 3,795,658 280,012 5 Milwaukee WI 1,760,268 1,913,000 157,732 6 Ottawa -- Gatineau ON - QC 1,451,415 1,596,556 145,141 7 Grand Rapids MI 1,327,366 1,530,000 202,634 8 Buffalo NY 1,203,493 1,040,400 - 163,093 9 Rochester NY 1,149,653 1,248,600 98,947 10 Hamilton ON 740,200 954,858 214,658 11 Toledo OH 672,220 672,220 0 12 Kalamazoo MI 524,030 540,000 15,970 13 Lansing MI 523,609 547,325 23,716 14 Kitchener -- Cambridge -- Waterloo ON 492,400 635,196 142,796 15 London ON 492,200 634,938 142,738 16 Fort Wayne IN 414,315 455,623 39,366 17 St. Catharines -- Niagara ON 404,400 521,676 117,276 18 Windsor ON 330,900 426,861 95,961 19 South Bend - Mishawaka IN 319,224 20 Erie PA 280,985 N / A N / A | Great Lakes region |
837612983_19151-20235 | The Palaeozoic strata , are but parts of a great area of similar strata hundreds of feet in thickness . These strata decline gently southward from the great upland of the Laurentian Highlands of eastern Canada . The visible upland area of today was but a small part of the primeval continent with the remainder of it still buried under a Palaeozoic cover . The visible part was the last part of the primeval continent to sink under the advancing Palaeozoic seas . When the upland and its overlap of stratified deposits were elevated again , the overlapping strata must have had the appearance of a coastal plain . Of course that was long ago ; since then the strata have eroded substantially and today possess neither the area nor the smooth form of their initial extent . This district may be considered an ancient coastal plain . As is always the case in the broad denudation of the gently inclined strata of such plains , the weaker layers are worn down in sub-parallel belts of lower land between the upland and the belts of more resistant strata , which rise in uplands . Niagara | Great Lakes region |
837612983_20258-21230 | Few better illustrations of this type of forms are to be found than that presented in the district of the Great Lakes . The chief upland belt or escarpment is formed by the firm Niagara limestone / dolostone , which takes its name from the gorge and falls cut through the upland by the Niagara River . As in all such forms , the Niagara Escarpment has a relatively strong slope or infacing escarpment on the side towards the upland , and a long gentle slope on the other side . Its relief is seldom more than 200 or 300 feet ( 91 m ) and is generally small . Its continuity and its contrast with the associated lowlands on the underlying and overlying weak strata suffice to make it an important feature . The escarpment would lie straight east - west if the slant of the strata were uniformly to the south . However , the strata are somewhat warped and so the escarpment 's course is strongly convex to the north in the middle , gently convex to the south at either end . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_21231-21827 | The escarpment begins where its determining limestone / dolostone begins , in west - central New York . There , it separates the lowlands that contain Lake Ontario from Lake Erie . It curves to the northwest through the Ontario province to the island belt that divides the Georgian Bay from Lake Huron . From there , it heads westward through the land - arm between Lake Superior and Lake Michigan and southwestward into the narrow points dividing Green Bay from Lake Michigan . Finally , it fades away with the thinning out of the limestone and is hardly traceable across the Mississippi River . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_21828-22790 | The arrangement of the Great Lakes closely matches the course of the lowlands worn on the two belts of weaker strata on either side of the Niagara escarpment . Lake Ontario , Georgian Bay and Green Bay occupy depressions in the lowland on the inner side of the escarpment . Lake Erie , Lake Huron and Lake Michigan lie in depressions in the lowland on the outer side . When the two lowlands are traced eastward , they become confluent after the Niagara limestone has faded away in central New York , and the single lowland is continued under the name of the Mohawk Valley . This is an east - west longitudinal depression that has been eroded on a belt of relatively weak strata between the resistant crystalline rocks of the Adirondacks on the north and the northern escarpment of the Appalachian plateau ( Catskills - Helderbergs ) on the south . Early in U.S. history , this provided a vital economic route between the Atlantic seaports and the U.S. interior . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_22791-23282 | In Wisconsin , the inner lowland has an interesting feature . It is a knob of resistant quartzites , known as Baraboo Ridge , rising from the buried upland floor through the partly denuded cover of lower Palaeozoic strata . This knob or ridge can be thought of as an ancient physiographic fossil , as it is an ancient monadnock having been preserved from destructive attacks of weather by burial under sea - floor deposits . It has been recently re-exposed through the erosion of its cover . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_23283-23618 | The occurrence of the lake basins in the lowland belts on either side of the Niagara escarpment is an abnormal feature . Ordinary erosion does not explain it . Glacial erosion has formed them through the glacial drift obstructing the normal outlet valleys and to crustal warping in connection with or independent of the glacial sheet . | Great Lakes region |
837612983_23619-24120 | Lake Superior is unlike the other lakes . The greater part of its basin occupies a depression in the upland area , independent of the overlap of Palaeozoic strata . The western half of the basin occupies a trough of synclinal structure . The Great Lakes are peculiar in receiving the drainage of but a small peripheral land area , enclosed by an ill - defined water - parting from the rivers that run to Hudson Bay or the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on the north and to the Gulf of Mexico on the south . An | Great Lakes region |
837612983_24319-25372 | Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are connected by the Straits of Mackinac with the Mackinac Bridge spanning the straits . Lake Huron and Lake Erie are connected by the St. Clair River and Detroit River , with the small Lake St. Clair between them . The land northeast of the rivers is undergoing a slow elevation . The Niagara River connecting Lake Erie and Lake Ontario , with a fall of 326 feet ( 99 m ) ( 160 feet ( 49 m ) at the cataract ) in 30 miles ( 48 km ) , is of very recent origin , as an older river would have a mature valley . The original valley that is thought to have connected the two depressions through the Niagara Escarpment is thought to have been at the present route of the Welland Canal , and to have been completely filled with glacial drift . The same is true for the St. Lawrence , where there may not have been an original valley . The Ontarian River that was a precursor to Lake Ontario is thought to have drained westward , and the St. Lawrence drainage to have been created by subsidence due to the weight of the ice sheet . | Great Lakes region |
817386057_146-623 | Sueño de una tarde dominical en la Alameda Central ( Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Central ) Artist Diego Rivera Year 1946 - 1947 15.6 m × 4.7 m ( 51 ft × 15 ft ) Location Museo Mural Diego Rivera , Mexico City , Mexico Coordinates 19 ° 26 ′ 10 '' N 99 ° 08 ′ 49 '' W / 19.43614 ° N 99.14697 ° W / 19.43614 ; - 99.14697 Coordinates : 19 ° 26 ′ 10 '' N 99 ° 08 ′ 49 '' W / 19.43614 ° N 99.14697 ° W / 19.43614 ; - 99.14697 | Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central |
817386057_624-937 | Sueño de una tarde dominical en la Alameda Central or Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Central is a mural created by Diego Rivera . It was painted between the years 1946 and 1947 , and is the principal work of the Museo Mural Diego Rivera adjacent to the Alameda in the historic center of Mexico City . | Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central |
817386057_1027-1299 | The mural was originally created at the request of architect Carlos Obregón Santacilia , and displayed in the Versailles restaurant at the hotel Prado . When the hotel was destroyed in the 1985 Mexico City earthquake , the mural was restored and moved to its own museum . | Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central |
817386057_1321-1875 | The mural depicts famous people and events in the history of Mexico , passing through the Alameda Central park in Mexico City . Some notable figures include Frida Kahlo , José Guadalupe Posada , Francisco I. Madero , Benito Juárez , Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz , Porfirio Díaz , Agustín de Iturbide , Ignacio Manuel Altamirano , Maximilian I of Mexico , Juan de Zumárraga , Antonio López de Santa Anna , Winfield Scott , Victoriano Huerta , José Martí , Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera , Hernán Cortés , Nicolás Zúñiga y Miranda , and La Malinche . | Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central |
817386057_1876-3006 | The central focus of the mural is on a display of bourgeois complacency and values shortly before the Mexican Revolution of 1910 . Elegantly dressed upper - class figures promenade under the figure of the long ruling dictator Porfirio Díaz . An indigenous family is forced back by police batons and to the right flames and violence loom . To the far left , victims of the Inquisition , wearing the penitential sanbenito robes and the conical coroza hat , are consigned to the flames at an auto - da - fé . The center of the mural is dominated by the elegantly dressed skeleton La Calavera Catrina holding arms with the Mexican graphic artist who first conceived and drew her , José Guadalupe Posada in a black suit and cane . La Catrina wears a Feathered Serpent boa around her shoulders . On La Catrina 's right she is holding hands with a child version of Diego Rivera in short pants . Rivera 's wife Frida Kahlo is standing just behind and between him and La Catrina ; Kahlo has her hand on Rivera 's shoulder and she is holding a yin - yang device . La Malinche and Posada are staring directly into each other 's eyes . The | Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central |
838386940_72-889 | Horn of Africa القرن الافريقي Gaaffaa Afriikaa Geeska Afrika የአፍሪካ ቀንድ ቀርኒ ኣፍሪቃ Countries and territories Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Somalia Major regional organizations Arab League , Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa , Community of Sahel - Saharan States , Intergovernmental Authority on Development Population 122,618,170 ( 2016 est . ) Area 1,882,757 km Languages Afar Arabic Amharic Oromo Somali Tigrinya Religion Islam , Christianity , Traditional faiths Time Zones UTC + 03 : 00 Currency Djiboutian franc Eritrean nakfa Ethiopian birr Somali shilling Capitals Addis Ababa ( Ethiopia ) Asmara ( Eritrea ) Djibouti ( Djibouti ) Mogadishu ( Somalia ) Total GDP ( PPP ) $ 247.751 Billion ( 2016 ) Total GDP ( nominal ) $ 102,057 Billion ( 2016 ) | Horn of Africa |
838386940_890-1381 | The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in Northeast Africa . It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean , lying along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden . The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent . The Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia , and Somalia . Regional studies on the Horn of Africa are carried out , among others , in the fields of Ethiopian Studies as well as Somali Studies . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_1690-2931 | This peninsula is known by various names . In ancient and medieval times , the Horn of Africa was referred to as the Bilad al Barbar ( `` Land of the Berbers '' ) . It is also known as the Somali peninsula , or in the Somali language , Geeska Afrika , Jasiiradda Soomaali or Gacandhulka Soomaali . In other languages that are local or adjacent to the Horn of Africa , it is known as የአፍሪካ ቀንድ yäafrika qänd in Amharic , القرن الأفريقي al - qarn al - ' afrīqī in Arabic , Gaaffaa Afriikaa in Oromo and ቀርኒ ኣፍሪቃ in Tigrinya . The Horn of Africa is sometimes shortened to HOA . The Horn of Africa is quite commonly designated simply the `` Horn '' , while inhabitants are sometimes colloquially referred to as Horn Africans . Sometimes the term Greater Horn of Africa is used , either to be inclusive of neighbouring northeast African countries , or to distinguish the broader geopolitical definition of HOA from narrower peninsular definitions . Ancient Greeks and Romans referred to the Somali peninsula as Regio Aromatica or Regio Cinnamonifora due to the aromatic plants , or Regio Incognita owing to its unchartered territory , while ancient Egyptians referred to it as the Land of Punt . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_3122-3262 | Shell middens 125,000 years old have been found in Eritrea , indicating the diet of early humans included seafood obtained by beachcombing . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_3263-3479 | According to both genetic and fossil evidence , archaic Homo sapiens evolved into anatomically modern humans solely in Africa between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago and may have dispersed from the Horn of Africa . The | Horn of Africa |
838386940_3584-3892 | Today at the Bab - el - Mandeb straits , the Red Sea is about 12 miles ( 20 kilometres ) wide , but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower . Though the straits were never completely closed , there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_3893-4062 | It has been estimated that from a population of 2,000 to 5,000 individuals in Africa , only a small group of possibly as few as 150 to 1,000 people crossed the Red Sea . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_4063-4725 | According to linguists , the first Afro - Asiatic - speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing Neolithic era from the family 's proposed urheimat ( `` original homeland '' ) in the Nile Valley , or the Near East . Other scholars propose that the Afro - Asiatic family developed in situ in the Horn , with its speakers subsequently dispersing from there . Genetic analysis also indicates that , beginning in the pre-agricultural period , settlers from the Near East founded communities in Northeast Africa . These early settlements eventually gave rise to the Afro - Asiatic - speaking populations in the Horn and Maghreb as the groups spread . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_5011-5288 | Together with northern Somalia , Djibouti , the Red Sea coast of Sudan and Eritrea is considered the most likely location of the land known to the ancient Egyptians as Punt ( or `` Ta Netjeru , '' meaning god 's land ) , whose first mention dates to the 25th century BCE . King | Horn of Africa |
838386940_5353-5838 | Dʿmt was a kingdom located in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia , which existed during the 8th and 7th centuries BCE . With its capital at Yeha , the kingdom developed irrigation schemes , used plows , grew millet , and made iron tools and weapons . After the fall of Dʿmt in the 5th century BCE , the plateau came to be dominated by smaller successor kingdoms , until the rise of one of these kingdoms during the 1st century , the Aksumite Kingdom , which was able to reunite the area . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_5839-6638 | The Kingdom of Aksum ( also known as the Aksumite Empire ) was an ancient state located in the Eritrean highlands and Ethiopian highlands , which thrived between the 1st and 7th centuries CE . A major player in the commerce between the Roman Empire and Ancient India , Aksum 's rulers facilitated trade by minting their own currency . The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula , eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom . Under Ezana ( fl. 320 -- 360 ) , the kingdom of Aksum became the first major empire to adopt Christianity , and was named by Mani as one of the four great powers of his time , along with Persia , Rome and China . Ancient | Horn of Africa |
838386940_6751-7350 | Northern Somalia was an important link in the Horn , connecting the region 's commerce with the rest of the ancient world . Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincense , myrrh and spices , all of which were valuable luxuries to the Ancient Egyptians , Phoenicians , Mycenaeans , Babylonians and Romans . The Romans consequently began to refer to the region as Regio Aromatica . In the classical era , several flourishing Somali city - states such as Opone , Mosylon and Malao also competed with the Sabaeans , Parthians and Axumites for the rich Indo - Greco - Roman trade . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_7351-8081 | The birth of Islam opposite the Horn 's Red Sea coast meant that local merchants and sailors living on the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners . With the migration of Muslim families from the Islamic world to the Horn in the early centuries of Islam , and the peaceful conversion of the local population by Muslim scholars in the following centuries , the ancient city - states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu , Berbera , Zeila , Barawa and Merka , which were part of the Berber civilization . The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the `` City of Islam '' and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_8411-8638 | During the Middle Ages , several powerful empires dominated the regional trade in the Horn , including the Adal Sultanate , the Ajuran Sultanate , the Warsangali Sultanate , the Zagwe dynasty , and the Sultanate of the Geledi . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_8639-8989 | The Sultanate of Showa , established in 896 , was one of the oldest local Islamic states . It was centered in the former Shewa province in central Ethiopia . The polity was succeeded by the Sultanate of Ifat around 1285 . Ifat was governed from its capital at Zeila in northern Somalia and was the easternmost district of the former Shewa Sultanate . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_8990-9730 | The Adal Sultanate was a medieval multi-ethnic Muslim state centered in the Horn region . At its height , it controlled large parts of Somalia , Ethiopia , Djibouti and Eritrea . Many of the historic cities in the region , such as Amud , Maduna , Abasa , Berbera , Zeila and Harar , flourished during the kingdom 's golden age . This period that left behind numerous courtyard houses , mosques , shrines and walled enclosures . Under the leadership of rulers such as Sabr ad - Din II , Mansur ad - Din , Jamal ad - Din II , Shams ad - Din , General Mahfuz and Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al - Ghazi , Adalite armies continued the struggle against the Solomonic dynasty , a campaign historically known as the Conquest of Abyssinia or Futuh al Habash . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_9731-10293 | The Warsangali Sultanate was a kingdom centered in northeastern and in some parts of southeastern Somalia . It was one of the largest sultanates ever established in the territory , and , at the height of its power , included the Sanaag region and parts of the northeastern Bari region of the country , an area historically known as Maakhir or the Maakhir Coast . The Sultanate was founded in the late 13th century in northern Somalia by a group of Somalis from the Warsangali branch of the Darod clan , and was ruled by the descendants of the Gerad Dhidhin . The | Horn of Africa |
838386940_10368-11249 | Through a strong centralized administration and an aggressive military stance towards invaders , the Ajuran Sultanate successfully resisted an Oromo invasion from the west and a Portuguese incursion from the east during the Gaal Madow and the Ajuran - Portuguese wars . Trading routes dating from the ancient and early medieval periods of Somali maritime enterprise were also strengthened or re-established , and the state left behind an extensive architectural legacy . Many of the hundreds of ruined castles and fortresses that dot the landscape of Somalia today are attributed to Ajuran engineers , including a lot of the pillar tomb fields , necropolises and ruined cities built during that era . The royal family , the House of Gareen , also expanded its territories and established its hegemonic rule through a skillful combination of warfare , trade linkages and alliances . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_11250-11537 | The Zagwe dynasty ruled many parts of modern Ethiopia and Eritrea from approximately 1137 to 1270 . The name of the dynasty comes from the Cushitic - speaking Agaw people of northern Ethiopia . From 1270 onwards for many centuries , the Solomonic dynasty ruled the Ethiopian Empire . The | Horn of Africa |
838386940_11606-11961 | In the early 15th century , Ethiopia sought to make diplomatic contact with European kingdoms for the first time since Aksumite times . A letter from King Henry IV of England to the Emperor of Abyssinia survives . In 1428 , the Emperor Yeshaq sent two emissaries to Alfonso V of Aragon , who sent return emissaries who failed to complete the return trip . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_11962-12668 | The first continuous relations with a European country began in 1508 with Portugal under Emperor Lebna Dengel , who had just inherited the throne from his father . This proved to be an important development , for when Abyssinia was subjected to the attacks of the Adal Sultanate General and Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al - Ghazi ( called `` Gurey '' or `` Grañ '' , both meaning `` the Left - handed '' ) , Portugal assisted the Ethiopian emperor by sending weapons and four hundred men , who helped his son Gelawdewos defeat Ahmad and re-establish his rule . This Abyssinian -- Adal War was also one of the first proxy wars in the region as the Ottoman Empire , and Portugal took sides in the conflict . King | Horn of Africa |
838386940_12699-13111 | When Emperor Susenyos converted to Roman Catholicism in 1624 , years of revolt and civil unrest followed resulting in thousands of deaths . The Jesuit missionaries had offended the Orthodox faith of the local Ethiopians . On June 25 , 1632 , Susenyos 's son , Emperor Fasilides , declared the state religion to again be Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , and expelled the Jesuit missionaries and other Europeans . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_13112-13577 | During the end of 18th and the beginning of 19th century the Yejju dynasty ( more specifically , the Warasek ) ruled north Ethiopia changing the official language of Amhara people to Afaan Oromo , including inside the court of Gondar which was capital of the empire . Founded by Ali I of Yejju several successive descendants of him and Abba Seru Gwangul ruled with their army coming from mainly their clan the Yejju Oromo tribe as well as Wollo and Raya Oromo . The | Horn of Africa |
838386940_13617-14188 | The Sultanate of the Geledi was a Somali kingdom administered by the Gobroon dynasty , which ruled parts of the Horn of Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries . It was established by the Ajuran soldier Ibrahim Adeer , who had defeated various vassals of the Ajuran Empire and established the House of Gobroon . The dynasty reached its apex under the successive reigns of Sultan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim , who successfully consolidated Gobroon power during the Bardera wars , and Sultan Ahmed Yusuf , who forced regional powers such as the Omani Empire to submit tribute . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_14189-14784 | The Majeerteen Sultanate ( Migiurtinia ) was another prominent Somali sultanate based in the Horn region . Ruled by King Osman Mahamuud during its golden age , it controlled much of northeastern and central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries . The polity had all of the organs of an integrated modern state and maintained a robust trading network . It also entered into treaties with foreign powers and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front . Much of the Sultanate 's former domain is today coextensive with the autonomous Puntland region in northeastern Somalia . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_14785-15437 | The Sultanate of Hobyo was a 19th - century Somali kingdom founded by Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid . Initially , Kenadid 's goal was to seize control of the neighboring Majeerteen Sultanate , which was then ruled by his cousin Boqor Osman Mahamuud . However , he was unsuccessful in this endeavor , and was eventually forced into exile in Yemen . A decade later , in the 1870s , Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula with a band of Hadhrami musketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants . With their assistance , he managed to establish the kingdom of Hobyo , which would rule much of northeastern and central Somalia during the early modern period . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_15674-16658 | In the period following the opening of the Suez canal in 1869 , when European powers scrambled for territory in Africa and tried to establish coaling stations for their ships , Italy invaded and occupied Eritrea . On January 1 , 1890 , Eritrea officially became a colony of Italy . In 1896 further Italian incursion into the horn was decisively halted by Ethiopian forces . By 1936 however , Eritrea became a province of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana ) , along with Ethiopia and Italian Somaliland . By 1941 , Eritrea had about 760,000 inhabitants , including 70,000 Italians . The Commonwealth armed forces , along with the Ethiopian patriotic resistance , expelled those of Italy in 1941 , and took over the area 's administration . The British continued to administer the territory under a UN Mandate until 1951 , when Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia , as per UN resolution 390 ( A ) and under the prompting of the United States adopted in December 1950 . Map | Horn of Africa |
838386940_16752-17737 | The strategic importance of Eritrea , due to its Red Sea coastline and mineral resources , was the main cause for the federation with Ethiopia , which in turn led to Eritrea 's annexation as Ethiopia 's 14th province in 1952 . This was the culmination of a gradual process of takeover by the Ethiopian authorities , a process which included a 1959 edict establishing the compulsory teaching of Amharic , the main language of Ethiopia , in all Eritrean schools . The lack of regard for the Eritrean population led to the formation of an independence movement in the early 1960s ( 1961 ) , which erupted into a 30 - year war against successive Ethiopian governments that ended in 1991 . Following a UN-supervised referendum in Eritrea ( dubbed UNOVER ) in which the Eritrean people overwhelmingly voted for independence , Eritrea declared its independence and gained international recognition in 1993 . In 1998 , a border dispute with Ethiopia led to the Eritrean - Ethiopian War . Place | Horn of Africa |
838386940_17771-18261 | From 1862 until 1894 , the land to the north of the Gulf of Tadjoura situated in modern - day Djibouti was called Obock and was ruled by Somali and Afar Sultans , local authorities with whom France signed various treaties between 1883 and 1887 to first gain a foothold in the region . In 1894 , Léonce Lagarde established a permanent French administration in the city of Djibouti and named the region Côte française des Somalis ( French Somaliland ) , a name which continued until 1967 . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_18262-19574 | In 1958 , on the eve of neighboring Somalia 's independence in 1960 , a referendum was held in the territory to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France . The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France , partly due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans . There was also reports of widespread vote rigging , with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls . The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia , as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi , Vice President of the Government Council . Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later . Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977 , and Hassan Gouled Aptidon , a Somali politician who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958 , eventually wound up as the nation 's first president ( 1977 -- 1999 ) . In early 2011 , the Djiboutian citizenry took part in a series of protests against the long - serving government , which were associated with the larger Arab Spring demonstrations . The unrest eventually subsided by April of the year , and Djibouti 's ruling People 's Rally for Progress party was re-elected to office . Statue | Horn of Africa |
838386940_19665-20942 | Mohammed Abdullah Hassan 's Dervish State successfully repulsed the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region . Due to these successful expeditions , the Dervish State was recognized as an ally by the Ottoman and German Empires . The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation , and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire . After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay , the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 as a direct consequence of Britain 's new policy of aerial bombardment . As a result of this bombardment , former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain . Italy faced similar opposition from Somali Sultans and armies , and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927 . This occupation lasted until 1941 , and was replaced by a British military administration . Northern Somalia would remain a protectorate , while southern Somalia became a trusteeship . The Union of the two regions in 1960 formed the Somali Republic . A civilian government was formed , and on July 20 , 1961 , through a popular referendum , a new constitution that had first been drafted the year before was ratified . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_20943-22132 | Due to its longstanding ties with the Arab world , Somalia was accepted in 1974 as a member of the Arab League . During the same year , the nation 's former socialist administration also chaired the Organization of African Unity , the predecessor of the African Union . In 1991 , the Somali Civil War broke out , which saw the collapse of the federal government and the emergence of numerous autonomous polities , including the Puntland administration in the northeast and Somaliland , an unrecognised self - declared sovereign state that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia , in the northwest . Somalia 's inhabitants subsequently reverted to local forms of conflict resolution , either secular , Islamic or customary law , with a provision for appeal of all sentences . A Transitional Federal Government was subsequently created in 2004 . The Federal Government of Somalia was established on August 20 , 2012 , concurrent with the end of the TFG 's interim mandate . It represents the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war . The Federal Parliament of Somalia serves as the government 's legislative branch . Haile | Horn of Africa |
838386940_22248-23758 | Modern Ethiopia and its current borders are a result of significant territorial reduction in the north and expansion in the east and south toward its present borders , owing to several migrations , commercial integration , treaties as well as conquests , particularly by Emperor Menelik II and Ras Gobena . From the central province of Shoa , Menelik set off to subjugate and incorporate ' the lands and people of the South , East and West into an empire . ' He did this with the help of Ras Gobena 's Shewan Oromo militia , began expanding his kingdom to the south and east , expanding into areas that had not been held since the invasion of Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al - Ghazi , and other areas that had never been under his rule , resulting in the borders of Ethiopia of today . Menelik had signed the Treaty of Wichale with Italy in May 1889 , in which Italy would recognize Ethiopia 's sovereignty so long as Italy could control a small area of northern Tigray ( part of modern Eritrea ) . In return Italy , was to provide Menelik with arms and support him as emperor . The Italians used the time between the signing of the treaty and its ratification by the Italian government to further expand their territorial claims . Italy began a state funded program of resettlement for landless Italians in Eritrea , which increased tensions between the Eritrean peasants and the Italians . This conflict erupted in the Battle of Adwa on 1 March 1896 , in which Italy 's colonial forces were defeated by the Ethiopians . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_23759-24403 | The early 20th century in Ethiopia was marked by the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie I , who came to power after Iyasu V was deposed . In 1935 , Haile Selassie 's troops fought and lost the Second Italo - Abyssinian War , after which point Italy annexed Ethiopia to Italian East Africa . Haile Selassie subsequently appealed to the League of Nations , delivering an address that made him a worldwide figure and 1935 's Time magazine Man of the Year . Following the entry of Italy into World War II , British Empire forces , together with patriot Ethiopian fighters , liberated Ethiopia in the course of the East African Campaign in 1941 . Addis | Horn of Africa |
838386940_24445-25182 | Haile Selassie 's reign came to an end in 1974 , when a Soviet - backed Marxist - Leninist military junta , the Derg led by Mengistu Haile Mariam , deposed him , and established a one - party communist state , which was called the People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia . In July 1977 , the Ogaden War broke out after the government of President of Somalia Siad Barre sought to incorporate the predominantly Somali - inhabited Ogaden region into a Pan-Somali Greater Somalia . By September 1977 , the Somali army controlled 90 % of the Ogaden , but was later forced to withdraw after Ethiopia 's Derg received assistance from the USSR , Cuba , South Yemen , East Germany and North Korea , including around 15,000 Cuban combat troops . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_25183-26095 | In 1989 , the Tigrayan Peoples ' Liberation Front ( TPLF ) merged with other ethnically based opposition movements to form the Ethiopian Peoples ' Revolutionary Democratic Front ( EPRDF ) , and eventually managed to overthrow Mengistu 's dictatorial regime in 1991 . A transitional government , composed of an 87 - member Council of Representatives and guided by a national charter that functioned as a transitional constitution , was then set up . The first free and democratic election took place later in 1995 , when Ethiopia 's longest - serving Prime Minister Meles Zenawi was elected to office . As with other nations in the Horn region , Ethiopia maintained its historically close relations with countries in the Middle East during this period of change . Zenawi died in 2012 , but his Ethiopian People 's Revolutionary Democratic Front ( EPRDF ) party remains the ruling political coalition in Ethiopia . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_26299-26700 | The Horn of Africa is almost equidistant from the equator and the Tropic of Cancer . It consists chiefly of mountains uplifted through the formation of the Great Rift Valley , a fissure in the Earth 's crust extending from Turkey to Mozambique and marking the separation of the African and Arabian tectonic plates . Mostly mountainous , the region arose through faults resulting from the Rift Valley . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_26701-27343 | Geologically , the Horn and Yemen once formed a single landmass around 18 million years ago , before the Gulf of Aden rifted and separated the Horn region from the Arabian Peninsula . The Somali Plate is bounded on the west by the East African Rift , which stretches south from the triple junction in the Afar Depression , and an undersea continuation of the rift extending southward offshore . The northern boundary is the Aden Ridge along the coast of Saudi Arabia . The eastern boundary is the Central Indian Ridge , the northern portion of which is also known as the Carlsberg Ridge . The southern boundary is the Southwest Indian Ridge . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_27344-27692 | Extensive glaciers once covered the Simien and Bale Mountains but melted at the beginning of the Holocene . The mountains descend in a huge escarpment to the Red Sea and more steadily to the Indian Ocean . Socotra is a small island in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia . Its size is 3,600 km ( 1,390 sq mi ) and it is a territory of Yemen . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_27693-28079 | The lowlands of the Horn are generally arid in spite of their proximity to the equator . This is because the winds of the tropical monsoons that give seasonal rains to the Sahel and the Sudan blow from the west . Consequently , they lose their moisture before reaching Djibouti and Somalia , with the result that most of the Horn receives little rainfall during the monsoon season . The | Horn of Africa |
838386940_28108-28707 | In the mountains of Ethiopia , many areas receive over 2,000 mm ( 80 in ) per year , and even Asmara receives an average of 570 mm ( 23 in ) . This rainfall is the sole source of water for many areas outside Ethiopia , including Egypt . In the winter , the northeasterly trade winds do not provide any moisture except in mountainous areas of northern Somalia , where rainfall in late autumn can produce annual totals as high as 500 mm ( 20 in ) . On the eastern coast , a strong upwelling and the fact that the winds blow parallel to the coast means annual rainfall can be as low as 50 mm ( 2 in ) . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_28708-29753 | The climate in Ethiopia varies considerably between regions . It is generally hotter in the lowlands and temperate on the plateau . At Addis Ababa , which ranges from 2,200 to 2,600 m ( 7,218 to 8,530 ft ) , maximum temperature is 26 ° C ( 78.8 ° F ) and minimum 4 ° C ( 39.2 ° F ) . The weather is usually sunny and dry , but the short ( belg ) rains occur from February to April and the big ( meher ) rains from mid-June to mid-September . The Danakil Desert stretches across 100,000 km of arid terrain in northeast Ethiopia , southern Eritrea , and northwestern Djibouti . The area is known for its volcanoes and extreme heat , with daily temperatures over 45 ° C and often surpassing 50 ° C. It has a number lakes formed by lava flows that dammed up several valleys . Among are Lake Asale ( 116 m below sea level ) and Lake Giuletti / Afrera ( 80 m below sea level ) , both of which possess cryptodepressions in the Danakil Depression . The Afrera contains many active volcanoes , including the Maraho , Dabbahu , Afdera and Erta Ale . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_29754-30222 | In Somalia , there is not much seasonal variation in climate . Hot conditions prevail year - round along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall . Mean daily maximum temperatures range from 28 to 43 ° C ( 82 to 109 ° F ) , except at higher elevations along the eastern seaboard , where the effects of a cold offshore current can be felt . Somalia has only two permanent rivers , the Jubba and the Shabele , both of which begin in the Ethiopian Highlands . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_30304-31011 | About 220 mammals are found in the Horn of Africa . Among threatened species of the region , there are several antelopes such as the beira , the dibatag , the silver dikdik and the Speke 's gazelle . Other remarkable species include the Somali wild ass , the desert warthog , the hamadryas baboon , the Somali pygmy gerbil , the ammodile , and the Speke 's pectinator . The Grevy 's zebra is the unique wild equid of the region . There are predators such as spotted hyena , striped hyena and African leopard . The endangered painted hunting dog had populations in the Horn of Africa , but pressures from human exploitation of habitat along with warfare have reduced or extirpated this canid in this region . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_31012-31157 | Some important bird species of the Horn are the black boubou , the golden - winged grosbeak , the Warsangli linnet , and the Djibouti francolin . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_31158-31561 | The Horn of Africa holds more endemic reptiles than any other region in Africa , with over 285 species total ( and about 90 species found exclusively in the region ) . Among endemic reptile genera , there are Haackgreerius , Haemodracon , Ditypophis , Pachycalamus and Aeluroglena . Half of these genera are uniquely found on Socotra . Unlike reptiles , amphibians are poorly represented in the region . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_31562-31767 | There are about 100 species of freshwater fish in the Horn of Africa , about 10 of which are endemic . Among the endemic , the cave - dwelling Somali blind barb and the Somali cavefish can be found . Myrrh | Horn of Africa |
838386940_31797-32238 | It is estimated that about 5,000 species of vascular plants are found in the Horn , about half of which are endemic . Endemism is most developed in Socotra and northern Somalia . The region has two endemic plant families : the Barbeyaceae and the Dirachmaceae . Among the other remarkable species , there are the cucumber tree found only on Socotra ( Dendrosicyos socotrana ) , the Bankoualé palm , the yeheb nut , and the Somali cyclamen . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_32239-33119 | Due to the Horn of Africa 's semi-arid and arid climate , droughts are not uncommon . They are complicated by climate change and changes in agricultural practices . For centuries , the region 's pastoral groups have observed careful rangeland management practices to mitigate the effects of drought , such as avoiding overgrazing or setting aside land only for young or ill animals . However , population growth has put pressure on limited land and led to these practices no longer being maintained . Droughts in 1983 -- 85 , 1991 -- 92 , 1998 -- 99 and 2011 have disrupted periods of gradual growth in herd numbers , leading to a decrease of between 37 % and 62 % of the cattle population . Initiatives by ECHO and USAID have succeeded in reclaiming hundreds of hectares of pastureland through rangeland management , leading to the establishment of the Dikale Rangeland in 2004 . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_33153-33391 | Besides sharing similar geographic endowments , the countries of the Horn of Africa are , for the most part , linguistically and ethnically linked together , evincing a complex pattern of interrelationships among the various groups . Saho | Horn of Africa |
838386940_33420-34183 | According to Ethnologue , there are 10 individual languages spoken in Djibouti , 14 in Eritrea , 90 in Ethiopia , and 15 in Somalia . Most people in the Horn speak Afroasiatic languages of the Cushitic or Semitic branches . The former includes Oromo , spoken by the Oromo people in Ethiopia , and Somali , spoken by the Somali people in Somalia , Djibouti and Ethiopia ; the latter includes Amharic , spoken by the Amhara people of Ethiopia , and Tigrinya spoken by the Tigrinyas of Eritrea and Tigrayans of Ethiopia , respectively . Other Afroasiatic languages with a significant number of speakers include the Cushitic Afar , Saho , Hadiyya , Sidamo and Agaw languages , as well as the Semitic Tigre , Arabic , Gurage , Harari , Silt'e and Argobba tongues . The | Horn of Africa |
838386940_34233-34411 | Additionally , Omotic languages are spoken by Omotic communities inhabiting Ethiopia 's southern regions . Among these idioms are Aari , Dizi , Gamo , Kafa , Hamer and Wolaytta . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_34412-34900 | Languages belonging to the Nilo - Saharan and Niger - Congo families are also spoken in some areas by Nilotic and Bantu ethnic minorities , respectively . These tongues include the Nilo - Saharan Me'en and Mursi languages used in southwestern Ethiopia , and Kunama and Nara idioms spoken in parts of southern Eritrea . In the riverine and littoral areas of southern Somalia , Bajuni , Barawani , and Bantu groups also speak variants of the Niger - Congo Swahili and Mushunguli languages . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_35022-35292 | The countries of the Horn of Africa have been the birthplace of many ancient , as well as modern , cultural achievements in several fields including agriculture , architecture , art , cuisine , education , literature , music , technology and theology to name but a few . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_35293-35976 | Ethiopian agriculture established the earliest known use of the seed grass Teff ( Poa abyssinica ) between 4000 -- 1000 BCE . Teff is used to make the flat bread injera / taita . Coffee also originated in Ethiopia and has since spread to become a worldwide beverage . Ethiopian art is renowned for the ancient tradition of Ethiopian Orthodox Christian iconography stretching back to wall paintings of the 7th century CE . Somali architecture includes the Fakr ad - Din Mosque , which was built in 1269 by the Fakr ad - Din , the first Sultan of the Sultanate of Mogadishu . Ethiopia , too is renowned for its ancient churches , such as at the UNESCO World Heritage Site at Lalibela . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_35977-36416 | The Horn has produced numerous indigenous writing systems . Among these is Ge'ez script ( ግዕዝ Gəʿəz ) ( also known as Ethiopic ) , which has been written in for at least 2000 years . It is an abugida script that was originally developed to write the Ge'ez language . In speech communities that use it , such as the Amharic and Tigrinya , the script is called fidäl ( ፊደል ) , which means `` script '' or `` alphabet '' . The | Horn of Africa |
838386940_36440-37081 | In the early 20th century , in response to a national campaign to settle on a writing script for the Somali language ( which had long since lost its ancient script ) , Osman Yusuf Kenadid , a Somali poet and remote cousin of the Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid of the Sultanate of Hobyo , devised a phonetically sophisticated alphabet called Osmanya ( also known as far soomaali ; Osmanya : 𐒍𐒖𐒇 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘 ) for representing the sounds of Somali . Though no longer the official writing script in Somalia , the Osmanya script is available in the Unicode range 10480 - 104AF ( from U + 10480 -- U + 104AF ( 66688 -- 66735 ) ) . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_37082-37585 | The Somali writer Nuruddin Farah has also garnered acclaim as perhaps the most celebrated writer ever to come out of the Horn of Africa . Having published many short stories , novels and essays , Farah 's prose has earned him , among other accolades , the Premio Cavour in Italy , the Kurt Tucholsky Prize in Sweden , and in 1998 , the prestigious Neustadt International Prize for Literature . In the same year , the French edition of his novel Gifts also won the St. Malo Literature Festival 's prize . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_37586-37925 | The music of the Ethiopian highlands uses a unique modal system called qenet , of which there are four main modes : tezeta , bati , ambassel , and anchihoy . Three additional modes are variations on the above : tezeta minor , bati major , and bati minor . Some songs take the name of their qenet , such as tezeta , a song of reminiscence . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_37926-38079 | In the field of technology , the Great Stele of Axum , at over 100 feet ( 30 m ) long , was the largest single stone ever quarried in the ancient world . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_38080-38186 | Additionally , the glossy lifestyle magazine Sheeko is published quarterly for and by the Horn community . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_38321-38474 | Most inhabitants in the Horn of Africa follow one of the three major Abrahamic faiths . These religions have had a longstanding adherence in the region . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_38475-38745 | The ancient Axumite Kingdom produced coins and stelae associated with the disc and crescent symbols of the deity Ashtar . The kingdom later became one of the earliest states to adopt Christianity , following the conversion of King Ezana II in the 4th century . Engraving | Horn of Africa |
838386940_38846-39681 | Islam was introduced to the northern Somali coast early on from the Arabian peninsula , shortly after the hijra . Zeila 's two - mihrab Masjid al - Qiblatayn dates to the 7th century , and is the oldest mosque in Africa . In the late 9th century , Al - Yaqubi wrote that Muslims were living along the northern Somali seaboard . He also mentioned that the Adal kingdom had its capital in the city , suggesting that the Adal Sultanate with Zeila as its headquarters dates back to at least the 9th or 10th century . According to I.M. Lewis , the polity was governed by local Somali dynasties , who also ruled over the similarly - established Sultanate of Mogadishu in the littoral Benadir region to the south . Adal 's history from this founding period forth would be characterized by a succession of battles with neighbouring Abyssinia . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_39682-39965 | Islam was introduced to the region early on from the Arabian peninsula , shortly after the hijra . At Muhammad 's urging , a band of persecuted Muslims had fled across the Red Sea into the Horn . There , the Muslims were granted protection by the Aksumite King Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_39966-40566 | Additionally , Judaism has a long presence in the region . The Kebra Negast ( `` Book of the Glory of Kings '' ) relates that Israelite tribes arrived in Ethiopia with Menelik I , purported to be the son of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba ( Makeda ) . The legend relates that Menelik as an adult returned to his father in Jerusalem , and then resettled in Ethiopia , and that he took with him the Ark of the Covenant . The Beta Israel today primarily follow the Orit ( from Aramaic `` Oraita '' -- `` Torah '' ) , which consists of the Five Books of Moses and the books Joshua , Judges and Ruth . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_40567-40769 | A number of ethnic minority groups in southern Ethiopia also adhere to various traditional faiths . Among these belief systems are the Nilo - Saharan Surma people 's acknowledgment of the sky god Tumu . | Horn of Africa |
838386940_40848-41847 | In the modern era , the Horn of Africa has produced several world - famous sports personalities , including long distance runners such as the world - record holder Kenenisa Bekele and Derartu Tulu , the first Ethiopian woman to win an Olympic gold medal and the only woman to have twice won the 10,000 meter Olympic gold in the short history of the event . One of the most successful runners from the region has been Haile Gebrselassie who was acclaimed as `` Athlete of the Year 1998 '' by the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) . As well as numerous gold medals in various events , Gebrselassie achieved 15 world records and world bests in long and middle distance running , including world record marathon times in 2007 and 2008 . Somali athlete Abdi Bile became a world champion when he won the 1500m for men at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics , running the final 800m of the race in 1 : 46.0 , the fastest final 800m of any 1,500 meter track race in history . | Horn of Africa |
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