id
stringlengths 16
23
| text
stringlengths 31
17k
| title
stringlengths 1
79
|
|---|---|---|
833896439_26319-27104 | Oysters must be eaten alive , or cooked alive . The shells of live oysters are usually tightly closed or snap shut given a slight tap . If the shell is open , the oyster is dead , and can not be eaten safely . Cooking oysters in the shell kills the oysters and causes them to open by themselves . Traditionally , oysters that do not open have been assumed to be dead before cooking and therefore unsafe . However , according to at least one marine biologist , Nick Ruello , this advice may have arisen from an old , poorly researched cookbook 's advice regarding mussels , which has now become an assumed truism for all shellfish . Ruello found 11.5 % of all mussels failed to open during cooking , but when forced open , 100 % were `` both adequately cooked and safe to eat . '' Giant | Oyster |
833896439_27208-27646 | Oysters can be eaten on the half shell , raw , smoked , boiled , baked , fried , roasted , stewed , canned , pickled , steamed , or broiled , or used in a variety of drinks . Eating can be as simple as opening the shell and eating the contents , including juice . Butter and salt are often added . In the case of Oysters Rockefeller , preparation can be very elaborate . They are sometimes served on edible seaweed , such as brown algae . | Oyster |
833896439_27647-28620 | Care should be taken when consuming oysters . Purists insist on eating them raw , with no dressing save perhaps lemon juice , vinegar ( most commonly shallot vinegar ) , or cocktail sauce . Upscale restaurants pair raw oysters with a home - made Mignonette sauce , which consists primarily of fresh chopped shallot , mixed peppercorn , dry white wine and lemon juice or sherry vinegar . Like fine wine , raw oysters have complex flavors that vary greatly among varieties and regions : salty , briny , buttery , metallic , or even fruity . The texture is soft and fleshy , but crisp on the palate . North American varieties include : Kumamoto and Yaquina Bay from Oregon , Duxbury and Wellfleet from Massachusetts , Malpeque from Prince Edward Island , Canada , Blue Point from Long Island , New York , Pemaquid from Maine , and Cape May oysters from New Jersey . Variations in water salinity , alkalinity , and mineral / nutritional content influence their flavor profile . | Oyster |
833896439_28621-29182 | Oysters can contain harmful bacteria . Oysters are filter feeders , so will naturally concentrate anything present in the surrounding water . Oysters from the Gulf Coast of the United States , for example , contain high bacterial loads of human pathogens in the warm months , most notably Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus . In these cases , the main danger is for immunocompromised individuals , who are unable to fight off infection and can succumb to septicemia , leading to death . Vibrio vulnificus is the most deadly seafood - borne pathogen . | Oyster |
833896439_29299-29771 | Fresh oysters must be alive just before consumption or cooking . There is only one criterion : the oyster must be capable of tightly closing its shell . Open oysters should be tapped on the shell ; a live oyster will close up and is safe to eat . Oysters which are open and unresponsive are dead and must be discarded . Some dead oysters , or oyster shells which are full of sand may be closed . These make a distinctive noise when tapped , and are known as ' clackers ' . | Oyster |
833896439_29772-30007 | Opening oysters , referred to as oyster - shucking , requires skill . The preferred method is to use a special knife ( called an oyster knife , a variant of a shucking knife ) , with a short and thick blade about 5 cm ( 2.0 in ) long . | Oyster |
833896439_30008-30165 | While different methods are used to open an oyster ( which sometimes depend on the type ) , the following is one commonly accepted oyster - shucking method . | Oyster |
833896439_30166-30398 | Insert the blade , with moderate force and vibration if necessary , at the hinge between the two valves . Twist the blade until there is a slight pop . Slide the blade upward to cut the adductor muscle which holds the shell closed . | Oyster |
833896439_30399-30661 | Inexperienced shuckers can apply too much force , which can result in injury if the blade slips . Heavy gloves are necessary ; apart from the knife , the shell itself can be razor sharp . Professional shuckers require fewer than three seconds to open the shell . | Oyster |
833896439_30662-30848 | If the oyster has a particularly soft shell , the knife can be inserted instead in the ' sidedoor ' , about halfway along one side where the oyster lips widen with a slight indentation . | Oyster |
833896439_30849-31229 | Opening or `` shucking '' oysters has become a competitive sport . Oyster - shucking competitions are staged around the world . Widely acknowledged to be the premiere event , the Guinness World Oyster Opening Championship is held in September at the Galway Oyster Festival . The annual Clarenbridge Oyster Festival ' Oyster Opening Competition ' is also held in Galway , Ireland . | Oyster |
833896439_31248-31482 | Oysters are subject to various diseases which can reduce harvests and severely deplete local populations . Disease control focuses on containing infections and breeding resistant strains , and is the subject of much ongoing research . | Oyster |
833896439_31483-31969 | `` Dermo '' is caused by a protozoan parasite ( Perkinsus marinus ) . It is a prevalent pathogen , causes massive mortality , and poses a significant economic threat to the oyster industry . The disease is not a direct threat to humans consuming infected oysters . Dermo first appeared in the Gulf of Mexico in the 1950s , and until 1978 was believed to be caused by a fungus . While it is most serious in warmer waters , it has gradually spread up the east coast of the United States . | Oyster |
833896439_31970-32565 | Multinucleated sphere X ( MSX ) is caused by the protozoan Haplosporidium nelsoni , generally seen as a multinucleated Plasmodium . It is infectious and causes heavy mortality in the eastern oyster ; survivors , however , develop resistance and can help propagate resistant populations . MSX is associated with high salinity and water temperatures . MSX was first noted in Delaware Bay in 1957 , and is now found all up and down the East Coast of the United States . Evidence suggests it was brought to the US when Crassostrea gigas , a Japanese oyster variety , was introduced to Delaware Bay . | Oyster |
833896439_32566-32968 | Some oysters also harbor bacterial species which can cause human disease ; of importance is Vibrio vulnificus , which causes gastroenteritis , which is usually self - limiting , and cellulitis . Cellulitis can be so severe and rapidly spreading , often it requires amputation . It is usually acquired when the contents of the oyster come in contact with a cut skin lesion , as when shucking an oyster . | Oyster |
838506884_68-348 | The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` | Hotel rating |
838506884_441-850 | Hotel ratings are often used to classify hotels according to their quality . From the initial purpose of informing travellers on basic facilities that can be expected , the objectives of hotel rating has expanded into a focus on the hotel experience as a whole . Today the terms ' grading ' , ' rating ' , and ' classification ' are used to generally refer to the same concept , that is to categorize hotels . | Hotel rating |
838506884_851-1248 | There is a wide variety of rating schemes used by different organizations around the world . Many have a system involving stars , with a greater number of stars indicating greater luxury . Forbes Travel Guide , formerly Mobil Travel Guide , launched its star rating system in 1958 . The AAA and their affiliated bodies use diamonds instead of stars to express hotel and restaurant ratings levels . | Hotel rating |
838506884_1249-1759 | Food services , entertainment , view , room variations such as size and additional amenities , spas and fitness centers , ease of access and location may be considered in establishing a standard . Hotels are independently assessed in traditional systems and rest heavily on the facilities provided . Some consider this disadvantageous to smaller hotels whose quality of accommodation could fall into one class but the lack of an item such as an elevator would prevent it from reaching a higher categorization . | Hotel rating |
838506884_1760-1946 | In recent years hotel rating systems have also been criticised by some who argue that the rating criteria for such systems are overly complex and difficult for laypersons to understand . | Hotel rating |
838506884_2330-2663 | The more common classification systems include `` star '' rating , letter grading , from `` A '' to `` F '' , such as hotels and motels . Systems using terms such as Deluxe / Luxury , First Class / Superior , Tourist Class / Standard , and Budget Class / Economy are more widely accepted as hotel types , rather than hotel standard . | Hotel rating |
838506884_2664-3792 | Some countries have rating by a single public standard -- Belgium , Denmark , Greece , Italy , Malta , Netherlands , Portugal , Spain and Hungary have laws defining the hotel rating . In Germany , Austria and Switzerland , the rating is defined by the respective hotel industry association using a five - star system -- the German classifications are Tourist ( * ) , Standard ( * * ) , Comfort ( * * * ) c , First Class ( * * * * ) and Luxury ( * * * * * ) , with the mark `` Superior '' to flag extras beyond the minimum defined in the standard , but not enough to move the hotel up to the next tier ranking . The Swiss hotel rating was the first non-government formal hotel classification beginning in 1979 It influenced the hotel classification in Austria and Germany . The formal hotel classification of the DEHOGA ( German Hotel and Restaurant Association ) started on August 1 , 1996 and proved very successful with 80 % of guests citing the hotel stars as the main criteria in hotel selection . This implementation influenced the creation of a common European Hotelstars rating system that started in 2010 ( see below ) . | Hotel rating |
838506884_3793-4485 | In France , the rating is defined by the public tourist board Atout France using a four - star system ( plus `` L '' for Luxus ) which has changed to a five - star system from 2009 on . In South Africa , the Tourist Grading Council of South Africa has strict rules for a hotel types granting up to 5 stars . In India , the classification of hotels is based on two categories such as `` Star '' and `` Heritage '' . Hotels in India are classified by Hotel and Restaurant Association Classification Committee ( HRACC ) , Ministry of Tourism , India . In New Zealand , hotels and other tourism services are graded by Qualmark , which is owned by Tourism New Zealand , a government organisation . | Hotel rating |
838506884_4547-5179 | In Australia the independent accommodation rating scheme and Star Rating trademarks ( the ' stars ' ) are owned by the Australian Auto Clubs -- the NRMA , RACV , RACQ , RAC , RAA and RACT . A Star Rating represents the quality and condition of guest facilities and is determined by more than 200 criteria that have been ranked by Australian travellers according to what 's important to them . Star Ratings are awarded to properties across six accommodation types -- hotels , motels , serviced apartments , self - catering , hosted accommodation and caravan - holiday parks -- following a physical inspection by qualified reviewers . | Hotel rating |
838506884_5180-5898 | In 2015 Star Ratings Australia became one of the first independent accommodation classification systems in the world to incorporate a consumer ' voice ' . An exclusive Travellers ' Rating is presented in parallel to the independent Star Rating and is an aggregate of past guest ratings and reviews from more than 100 websites in 45 different languages . A property must have a minimum of 25 reviews ( across all sites ) to produce an aggregate Travellers ' Rating . Weighting applies to the popularity of the source site and the date of the last guest review . The William Angliss Institute in Melbourne has developed an independent benchmarking framework to show if a property has met or exceeded guest expectations . | Hotel rating |
838506884_5899-6000 | Star Ratings in Australia stand for independently reviewed quality standards and are easily defined : | Hotel rating |
838506884_6001-6156 | On 28 Feb 17 , Michael Reed CEO Australian Motoring Services , advised clients via email of the closure of Star Ratings Australia effective from mid 2017 . | Hotel rating |
838506884_6157-6862 | Australia 's star ratings have been operating since the 1950s first with the state based automobile clubs , than about 10 years ago with AAA Tourism as a peak body . However the booking service in the motoring clubs was not continued and later the annual accommodation guide book ceased to be printed with the accommodation guide going on - line . Finally AAA Tourism closed a few years ago and Star Ratings Australia continued the inspection and star rating service only as well as the accommodation website . Reed asked clients to remove star rating and automobile club logos from their accommodation and promotional information by mid year . Competition from international websites lead to its demise . | Hotel rating |
838506884_6863-8346 | Star Rating Overview of Criteria according to Star Ratings Australia ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar ) Properties that typify luxury across all areas of operation . Guests will enjoy an extensive range of facilities and comprehensive or highly personalised services . Properties at this level will display excellent design quality and attention to detail . ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar ) Properties which achieve a deluxe guest experience . A wide range of facilities and superior design qualities are typically complemented by service standards that reflect the varied and discerning needs of the guest . ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar ) Properties that deliver a broad range of amenities that exceed above - average accommodation needs . Good quality service , design and physical attributes are typically fit for purpose to match guest expectations . ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar ) Properties that focus on the needs of price conscious travellers . Services and guest facilities are typically limited to keep room rates affordable and competitive but may be available upon request or fee - based . ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar ) Properties that offer budget facilities without compromising cleanliness or guest security . Guests may access fee - based services or facilities upon request . Half - star ratings indicate modest improvements in the quality and condition of guest facilities . Great | Hotel rating |
838506884_8364-9227 | In Great Britain hotels are rated from one - star to five stars . The RAC pulled out of accommodation grading in 2008 so the only grading schemes in operation are those operated by the AA ( Automobile Association ) and the national tourist boards : Visit England , Visit Wales , the Scottish Tourist Board and the Northern Ireland Tourist Board . The schemes were all ' harmonised ' to ensure consistency between the schemes . This applies to all accommodation types apart from self - catering that the AA started offering in 2009 . The AA criteria are available on its website . In addition to the usual black stars ( ranging from one ( the lowest ) to five ( the highest ) , the AA awards red stars to the highest - rated , which are deemed ' Inspectors ' Choice ' . Each of the national tourist boards have grading explanations on their web sites . Philippines | Hotel rating |
838506884_9237-10124 | In the Philippines , the Department of Tourism has an accreditation system for hotels , apartment hotels and resorts . The current system which uses a `` star system '' which rates establishments from 1 to 5 stars was adopted in 2012 . The rating of the aforementioned facilities are determined through a points system . Hotels , apartment hotels , and resorts are graded according to their service , facility quality and condition , and business practices . The Department of Tourism classifies the criteria used into seven dimensions or `` business area '' namely : Arrival & Departure , Public Areas , Bedrooms , Food & Beverage , Lounge Area , Kitchen Area , Amenities , and Business Practices , all common to the three categories except Kitchen and Lounge Area which is only applicable to apartment hotels . 1,000 points is the maximum number of points an establishment can attain . | Hotel rating |
838506884_10125-11270 | Department of Tourism ( DOT ) Star Grading System For Hotels , Resorts and Apartment Hotels Rating Corresponding Points Summary Unranked 0 -- 250 N / A ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar ) 251 -- 400 Has limited facilities and services . Appeals to `` budget minded '' tourists . ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar ) 401 -- 550 Appeals to tourists looking for more than basic accommodation . Has expanded facilities and `` higher level '' of comfort . ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar ) 551 -- 700 Accommodation is deemed `` very good '' . More spacious public areas and higher quality facilities and a greater variety of services . ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar ) 701 -- 850 `` Up - scale in all areas '' and accommodation is `` refined and stylish '' . Service is deemed responsive , and has an extensive array of facilities . ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar ) 851 -- 1000 Reflects characteristics of `` luxury and sophistication '' . Facilities are deemed `` world class in every manner '' and services are deemed meticulous and `` exceeding all guests ' expectations '' . | Hotel rating |
838506884_11306-11731 | The HOTREC ( Hotels , Restaurants & Cafés in Europe ) is an umbrella organization for 39 associations from 24 European countries . At a conference in Bergen in 2004 , the partners drafted a hotel classification system in order to harmonize their national standards . In 2007 HOTREC launched the European Hospitality Quality scheme ( EHQ ) which has since accredited the existing national inspection bodies for hotel rating . | Hotel rating |
838506884_11732-12410 | Under the patronage of HOTREC , the hotel associations of Austria , Czech Republic , Germany , Hungary , Netherlands , Sweden and Switzerland created the Hotelstars Union . On 14 September 2009 , the Hotelstars Union classification system was established at a conference in Prague . This system became effective in these countries in January 2010 , with the exception of Hungary , Switzerland and the Netherlands , who have chosen later dates for the change . Later more countries have joined the HOTREC hotelstars system : Estonia ( 2011 ) , Latvia ( 2011 ) , Lithuania ( 2011 ) , Luxembourg ( 2011 ) , Malta ( 2012 ) , Belgium ( 2013 ) , Denmark ( 2013 ) and Greece ( 2013 ) . | Hotel rating |
838506884_12411-13355 | The European Hotelstars Union system is based on the earlier German hotelstars system that had widely influenced the hotel classifications in central Europe , with five stars and a Superior mark to flag extras . Instead of a strict minimum in room size and required shower facilities ( e.g. a bath tub in a four - star hotel ) there is a catalogue of criteria with 21 qualifications encompassing 270 elements , where some are mandatory for a star and others optional . The main criteria are in quality management , wellness and sleeping accommodation . In the catalogue of criteria each entry is associated with a number of points -- each Hotelstars level requires a minimal sum of points besides some criteria being obligatory for the level . The minimum requirement for the Superior flag requires the same sum of points as for the next Hotelstars level which however was not awarded due to at least one obligatory requirement being left out . | Hotel rating |
838506884_13356-13485 | For hotels with three to five stars , the Hotelstars Union will use `` mystery guests '' to check the service quality regularly . | Hotel rating |
838506884_13486-17953 | Hotelstar Excerpt of the catalogue of criteria ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar ) Tourist 100 % of the rooms with shower / WC or bath tub / WC Daily room cleaning 100 % of the rooms with colour - TV together with remote control Table and chair Soap or body wash Reception service Facsimile at the reception Publicly available telephone for guests Extended breakfast Beverage offer in the hotel Deposit possibility S ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ mathbf ( S ) ) Superior Tourist The Superior flag is provided when the additional service and accommodation provisions are not sufficient for the next Hotelstar . The bathroom facilities are usually at the same level as for two stars hotels but built from cheaper materials . The cost for regular inspection by independent associations is waived as well . ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar ) Standard In addition to the single star ( * ) hotels : Breakfast buffet Reading light next to the bed Bath essence or shower gel Bath towels Linen shelves Offer of sanitary products ( e.g. toothbrush , toothpaste , shaving kit ) Credit Cards S ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ mathbf ( S ) ) Superior Standard The Superior flag is provided when the additional service and accommodation provisions are not sufficient for the next Hotelstar . The Standard - Superior does usually offer the same service level as three - star hotels but the interiors of the hotel are smaller and cheaper so that the three stars were not to be awarded by the inspection body . A two - star superior does not require mystery guesting . ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar ) Comfort In addition to the standard star ( * * ) hotels : Reception opened 14 hours , accessible by phone 24 hours from inside and outside , bilingual staff ( e.g. German / English ) Three piece suite at the reception , luggage service Beverage offer in the room Telephone in the room Internet access in the room or in the public area Heating facility in the bathroom , hair - dryer , cleansing tissue Dressing mirror , place to put the luggage / suitcase Sewing kit , shoe polish utensils , laundry and ironing service Additional pillow and additional blanket on demand Systematic complaint management system S ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ mathbf ( S ) ) Superior Comfort The Superior flag is provided when the additional service and accommodation provisions are not sufficient for the next Hotelstar . The accommodation facilities for a superior hotel need to be on a modern level and fully renovated which is checked regularly . ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar ) First Class In addition to the comfort star ( * * * ) hotels : Reception opened 18 hours , accessible by phone 24 hours from inside and outside Lobby with seats and beverage service Breakfast buffet or breakfast menu card via room service Minibar or 24 hours beverages via room service Upholstered chair / couch with side table Bath robe and slippers on demand Cosmetic products ( e.g. shower cap , nail file , cotton swabs ) , vanity mirror , tray of a large scale in the bathroom Internet access and internet terminal `` À la carte '' - restaurant S ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ mathbf ( S ) ) First Class Superior The Superior flag is provided when the first class hotel has a proven high quality not only in the rooms . The superior hotels provide for additional facilities in the hotel like a sauna or a workout room . The quality is checked regularly by mystery guesting of an external inspection service . ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar ) Luxury In addition to the first class ( * * * * ) hotels : Reception opened 24 hours , multilingual staff Doorman - service or valet parking Concierge , page boy Spacious reception hall with several seats and beverage service Personalized greeting for each guest with fresh flowers or a present in the room Minibar and food and beverage offer via room service during 24 hours Personal care products in flacons Internet - PC in the room Safe in the room Ironing service ( return within 1 hour ) , shoe polish service Turndown service in the evening Mystery guesting S ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ mathbf ( S ) ) Superior Luxury The Luxury star hotels need to attain high expectations of an international guest service . The Superior Luxury star is only awarded with a system of intensive guest care . | Hotel rating |
838506884_17982-18115 | This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2012 ) | Hotel rating |
838506884_18116-18353 | There is so far no international classification which has been adopted . There have been attempts at unifying the classification system so that it becomes an internationally recognized and a reliable standard , but they have all failed . | Hotel rating |
838506884_18354-19249 | It has been considered that , as it has been the case in other areas ( e.g. international accounting standards ) , hotel classification standards should result from a private and independent initiative . This may be the case of the World Hotel Rating ( WHR ) project , which notably aims to set international classification standards and rating criteria along the lines of a world star - rating system . It will also establish an information platform on the hotel industry which will be multilingual and multicultural . WHR intends to play a key role in the development of quality hotel services , as well as equitable and sustainable tourism , and the protection of the world 's cultural and natural heritage . In addition , WHR will develop labels to promote hotels distinguished by specific features , such as a family and child - friendly disposition . A test period was scheduled for 2010 . | Hotel rating |
838506884_19280-19840 | Some hotels have been advertised as seven star hotels . The Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai was opened in 1998 with a butler for every room -- this has been the first hotel being widely described as a `` seven - star '' property , but the hotel says the label originates from an unnamed British journalist on a press trip and that they neither encourage its use nor do they use it in their advertising . Similarly the Emirates Palace Hotel in Abu Dhabi ( open since 2005 ) is sometimes described as seven star as well , but the hotel uses only a five star rating . | Hotel rating |
838506884_19841-20372 | The Galleria in Milan , Italy was opened in 2007 and it claims to have a seven star certificate from SGS Italy2008 . However the SGS Italy ( not the official tourism agency ) only has five stars in the general hotel stars categorization , with the full title of the certificate being left unknown , just as the renewal process is unknown . Overall , as no traditional organization or formal body awards or recognizes any rating over five - star deluxe , such claims are meaningless and predominantly used for advertising purposes . | Hotel rating |
838506884_20373-20631 | Historically , luxury hotels have used the membership in The Leading Hotels of the World to document regular inspection on an additional level . This organization had been formed in 1928 and it reorganized in 1971 introducing a worldwide inspection service . | Hotel rating |
838506884_20667-20821 | In recent years , alternative hotel ratings are starting to appear in an effort to promote sustainability or cultural diversity in international tourism . | Hotel rating |
838506884_20841-21024 | Green Key is a voluntary eco classification awarded to around 2370 hotels and other establishments in 52 countries . In 2009 , Fairmont Hotels & Resorts joined the Green Key program . | Hotel rating |
838506884_21046-21424 | Green Globe is the global certification for sustainable tourism . Membership is reserved for companies and organizations who are committed to making positive contributions to the planet . The Green Building Initiative ( GBI ) acquired the U.S. rights to the Canadian Green Globes building assessment and certification for the program in 2004 and adapted it for the U.S. market . | Hotel rating |
838506884_21449-21882 | Salam Standard is a classification system for Muslim - friendly hotels . Hotels can get certified based on certain Muslim - friendly criteria such as offering prayer mats , removing alcohol from the room and offering halal restaurant recommendations and is divided into 4 tiers ( bronze , silver , gold and platinum ) . Archipelago Hotels , Indonesia 's biggest hospitality firm , is a prominent member of the Salam Standard system . | Hotel rating |
818568324_68-588 | Alter Bridge Alter Bridge in 2017 , from left to right : Scott Phillips ( behind drum kit ) , Brian Marshall , Myles Kennedy , Mark Tremonti . Background information Origin Orlando , Florida , United States Genres Hard rock alternative metal heavy metal progressive metal post-grunge ( early ) Years active 2004 ( 2004 ) -- present Labels Wind - up Universal Republic Roadrunner Napalm Associated acts Creed Tremonti Projected Website www.alterbridge.com Members Myles Kennedy Mark Tremonti Brian Marshall Scott Phillips | Alter Bridge |
818568324_589-1140 | Alter Bridge is an American rock band from Orlando , Florida . Formed in 2004 , the group includes lead vocalist and guitarist Myles Kennedy , guitarist and backing vocalist Mark Tremonti , bassist Brian Marshall , and drummer Scott Phillips . After their former band Creed became inactive in 2003 , Tremonti and Phillips formed a new group with former bandmate Marshall and new vocalist Kennedy , most recently of The Mayfield Four . The group was formally unveiled in January 2004 , shortly before Creed 's breakup was officially announced in June . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_1141-1882 | After signing with Wind - up Records , Alter Bridge released its debut album One Day Remains in August 2004 , much of which was written by Tremonti the previous year . Despite mixed reviews , the album reached No. 5 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America . This was followed in October 2007 by the more positively reviewed Blackbird on Universal Republic Records , which marked the beginning of a long partnership between the band and producer Michael `` Elvis '' Baskette . The album reached No. 13 in the U.S. and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry . Creed reunited in 2009 , while Kennedy fronted the solo touring band of guitarist Slash starting in 2010 . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_1883-2530 | Following continued activities with the members ' other bands , Alter Bridge released AB III in October 2010 , which achieved critical acclaim and commercial success , on Roadrunner Records , with the album 's lead single `` Isolation '' topping the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart . Alter Bridge released Fortress to further acclaim in September 2013 , as the band 's members continued splitting their time between various projects . The Last Hero followed on Napalm Records in October 2016 , becoming the band 's first album since its debut to reach the top ten of the Billboard 200 , and its first to reach the top five of the UK Albums Chart . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_2864-3642 | Alter Bridge lead guitarist and founder Mark Tremonti , bassist Brian Marshall , and drummer Scott Phillips were members of Creed with lead vocalist Scott Stapp since 1993 . After releasing two successful albums , Marshall left the band in 2000 , followed by the release of their third album in 2001 . The band became inactive in 2003 following the conclusion of a controversial tour . That year , Tremonti began writing new material with plans of forming a new band with Phillips and Marshall . Being fans of Myles Kennedy 's former band , The Mayfield Four , they invited him to join as their new lead vocalist . They named the new band Alter Bridge , after an actual bridge near Tremonti 's home on Alter Road in Detroit , and subsequently began recording their debut album . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_3643-5110 | Citing creative differences and increasing tension between Stapp and the other band members , Creed announced its breakup in June 2004 . Coinciding with this announcement was the one of Alter Bridge 's formation and of their debut album , as well as the album 's lead single , `` Open Your Eyes . '' The band members felt as if Creed had `` run their course '' and were determined to focus on their future with their new singer . Alter Bridge 's debut album , One Day Remains , was released on August 10 , 2004 by Wind - up Records and received mixed reviews . Produced by Ben Grosse ( who has also produced albums by artists such as Filter , Fuel , and Sevendust ) , the album sold 750,000 copies worldwide and achieved only gold status , a far cry from the multi-platinum success that Creed had previously achieved . It peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard charts for fourteen weeks . After `` Open Your Eyes , '' two more singles were released from the album : `` Find the Real '' and `` Broken Wings . '' Also , partially due to the fact that the album was almost finished by the time Kennedy joined the band , it is the only Alter Bridge record that does not feature Kennedy as a guitarist , although he did play guitar on several songs on the album 's accompanying tour . The music was composed completely by Tremonti , who had also written most of the lyrics by himself , though Kennedy wrote or at least co-wrote the lyrics for about half of the remaining songs . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_5111-6068 | Several songs from One Day Remains established an affiliation with WWE . Most notably , `` Metalingus '' was adopted by wrestler Edge as his entrance theme in 2004 , and it was used as such until his retirement in 2011 . Alter Bridge would later appear with Edge in a backstage segment on an episode of WWE Raw in 2005 . An edited version of the song , `` Open Your Eyes , '' is featured in the videogame Madden NFL 2005 . Also in 2005 , Alter Bridge released a rare instrumental song called `` Ahavo Rabo Taco Salad '' for Total Guitar magazine . It was solely a Mark Tremonti song originally , but the rest of Alter Bridge soon got involved . A song called `` Save Me '' was included on the soundtrack for the 2005 Marvel film Elektra . The soundtrack for another 2005 Marvel film , Fantastic Four , also featured an Alter Bridge song , `` Shed My Skin . '' That same year , the band released a four - song EP called Fan EP as a promotional CD in Europe . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_6069-6921 | Before the final leg of the One Day Remains tour in 2006 , Alter Bridge 's relationship with Wind - up Records , who did not share the band 's vision , began to deteriorate . The band had been asking to be released from the label since the release of One Day Remains , but their request was consistently declined until April 2006 when all recording , publishing , and merchandising agreements were finally terminated . However , Alter Bridge continued to face difficulties , including criticism for disbanding Creed , pressure to reform Creed , and numerous false reports of a Creed reunion , in addition to some critics describing Alter Bridge 's music as sounding like `` Creed with a different singer . '' Despite Creed later reforming in early 2009 , Tremonti responded to these claims by stating that `` Creed will never exist as a band again . '' | Alter Bridge |
818568324_7022-8028 | In 2007 , Alter Bridge announced that they had signed a record deal with Universal Republic Records . Tremonti said of the band 's new material , `` I think it 's the best work we 've ever done . '' Alter Bridge 's second album , Blackbird , featuring the successful singles `` Rise Today '' and `` Watch Over You , '' was released on October 9 , 2007 . `` Watch Over You '' was featured in VH1 's Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew in 2008 and its music video featured clips from the series . Another version of the song featuring Cristina Scabbia of Lacuna Coil is available in the United Kingdom . Blackbird received very positive reviews from critics , and currently holds an average of 9.4 out of 10 on Ultimate Guitar Archive , as well as one fan having the Blackbird album cover tattooed on his back . The album also featured the critically acclaimed title track , the guitar solo of which would later be lauded by Guitarist by reaching No. 1 on their 2011 list of the greatest guitar solos of all time . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_8029-9017 | The band embarked on a successful world tour in support of Blackbird , recording their December 7 , 2008 show at the Heineken Music Hall in Amsterdam , Netherlands for a live DVD titled Live from Amsterdam . A single disc version was sold exclusively at venues during the Creed reunion tour in 2009 and on Amazon.com . Released to extremely positive reviews , the DVD sold `` thousands and thousands '' of copies as opposed to the projected `` hundreds '' that Amazon expected to sell , reached No. 1 on Amazon 's `` Bestsellers in Music Videos & Concerts , '' and remained there for several weeks . A Blu - ray Disc version and a deluxe edition to be sold in stores , however , became the source of controversy as they were delayed by Universal Republic several times , causing frustration amongst Alter Bridge fans and band members , but the band remained optimistic about its release . It was finally released in stores in North America on January 11 , 2011 after two years of delays . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_9018-9410 | Alter Bridge took a break in 2009 following the announcement of Creed 's reunion tour and new album . While Tremonti , Marshall , and Phillips were touring with Scott Stapp as Creed , Kennedy worked on his first solo album and began working extensively with Guns N ' Roses and Velvet Revolver lead guitarist Slash , and later touring with Slash throughout 2010 and 2011 as his lead vocalist . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_9440-11271 | Alter Bridge began the recording process of their third album from February through May 2010 . On July 17 , 2010 , Billboard reported that Alter Bridge had signed with Roadrunner Records and that the band would embark on a spring tour with Godsmack in 2011 . While the latter report was later denied by the band , Alter Bridge announced the title of their new album , AB III , along with the track listing on their official website in early August , and the rumors that the band had signed with Roadrunner were confirmed in a press release by the label . The press release also included an announcement that AB III would be released on October 8 , 2010 . On September 6 , 2010 , Roadrunner Records debuted the first single , `` Isolation , '' on their website , where it was announced that the single would be made available in the United Kingdom on September 26 , 2010 . The song became the band 's most successful song , reaching No. 1 on active rock radio and on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , a first for Alter Bridge . AB III was released in Australia and Germany on October 8 , 2010 and in the United Kingdom on October 11 , 2010 by Roadrunner Records . It was then released on November 9 , 2010 in North America on the band 's own vanity label , Alter Bridge Recordings , via EMI . The album debuted at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 . The music video for `` Isolation '' premiered on Noisecreep on December 6 , 2010 . On January 11 , 2011 , the band finally released its long - awaited live album and concert film , Live from Amsterdam , in stores . Also , `` I Know It Hurts '' was later released as the second single , in Australia only , on January 21 , 2011 . `` Ghost of Days Gone By '' was released as the next single on April 18 , 2011 , followed by `` Wonderful Life '' on June 5 , 2011 in the United Kingdom . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_11272-12091 | The band advertised that AB III would be much `` darker '' than and a lyrical departure from their previous albums , and the album was confirmed to be constructed as a loose concept album . AB III was met with `` overwhelming critical acclaim '' from professional reviewers upon its release , with MusicRadar calling it `` one of the guitar albums of the year . '' Artistdirect gave AB III a perfect score and called it a `` masterpiece . '' Also , a tribute album to Alter Bridge titled String Tribute to Alter Bridge , which features instrumental classical arrangements of various Alter Bridge songs , was made available on March 8 , 2011 . On October 25 , 2011 , Alter Bridge released a special edition of AB III titled AB III. 5 , which includes three bonus tracks and an hour - long documentary titled One by One . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_12092-13425 | The band started touring in support of AB III in the fall of 2010 in the United Kingdom with Slaves to Gravity appearing , followed by a tour of the United States with Taddy Porter and Like a Storm . In the spring of 2011 , Alter Bridge toured the United States again , this time with Black Stone Cherry and Like a Storm . Alter Bridge performed at several European festivals in the summer of 2011 , including the Rock am Ring and Rock im Park festivals , the Nova Rock Festival , the 2011 Download Festival , the 2011 Hellfest Summer Open Air , and several others . Alter Bridge performed a free concert on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on the ABC television network on April 25 , 2011 . The band also co-headlined the second annual Carnival of Madness Tour in summer 2011 with Theory of a Deadman , with supporting acts Black Stone Cherry , Adelitas Way , and Emphatic . The tour was extended until January 2012 , when the band played select dates in Australia , including the Soundwave Festival . The band released a series of webisodes produced by DC3 Music Group detailing their tour . In addition , a second concert film titled Live at Wembley was recorded on November 29 , 2011 , at Wembley Arena , the band 's largest headline show up to that point . It was released worldwide on March 26 , 2012 , and it will later be released in 3D . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_13457-14019 | In 2012 , the instrumental members of Alter Bridge turned their attention to their other band , Creed , embarking on a tour . Tremonti emphasized that he is always writing music for both Creed and Alter Bridge . Myles Kennedy turned his attention to his project with Slash , releasing Apocalyptic Love ( 2012 ) , while Mark Tremonti released a solo album All I Was ( 2012 ) . Phillips joined a new band called Projected with Sevendust members John Connolly and Vinnie Hornsby , and former Submersed guitarist Eric Friedman , releasing an album called Human . The | Alter Bridge |
818568324_14117-15541 | Members of Alter Bridge met in December 2012 to discuss the next album and the future tour of the band . They entered the studio in January 2013 to begin recording the new album , while touring intermittently with their respective side projects . Recording continued in late April 2013 and lasted till July 2013 with their producer Michael `` Elvis '' Baskette . The album was confirmed to be called Fortress . On July 31 , 2013 , Alter Bridge revealed album cover and track listing for Fortress , and the first single , `` Addicted to Pain '' , was officially released on August 12 , 2013 . Mark Tremonti said that the band tried to `` challenge ourselves to get the most out of the arrangements '' and that the album is a `` high energy record '' . The band streamed the album in its entirety on the Metal Hammer website as a UK exclusive on September 23 . Fortress was released everywhere by September 30 , 2013 except in the US , where it was released on October 8 . The album received critical acclaim , with Allmusic saying `` Fortress is a driving album that not only does n't feel tired or stale , but is a monster of an album that makes a pretty solid case for being some of Alter Bridge 's strongest and most dynamic work to date . '' Their second and third singles `` Cry of Achilles '' and `` Waters Rising '' performed relatively well at the charts , achieving 27 and 15 place at US Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_15542-16104 | A headline tour of the UK and Europe in support of Fortress with Halestorm and Shinedown commenced on October 16 in Nottingham . Two weeks prior to this the band played a single show in the US , at the House of Blues in Orlando . Alter Bridge played at the Australian music festival , Soundwave in 2014 as an Australian leg of the tour , and also headlined several concerts in fall 2014 , including Louder Than Life Festival in Louisville , and continued through the end of the month . They selected California Breed to open dates for them on their October run . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_16105-16612 | In January 2014 , Alter Bridge had planned to release a box set titled Alter Bridge X to commemorate the band 's 10th anniversary . The 27 - disc collection included all four albums , both concert films , exclusive uncut interviews , every music video , previously unreleased songs and live footage , an autographed poster , and a coffee table book about the history of the band . Only 3,000 copies were made ; however , the project experienced significant delays and was not released until September 2014 . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_16613-17096 | In March 2014 , it was announced that a Live in Milan CD and DVD package would be released , similar to that of Live in Amsterdam and Live at Wembley before it , documenting a live show from their recent Fortress Tour . It was set for release in June 2014 , although the date has come and gone without the release or an official statement . However , Tremonti 's brother Michael , who is Alter Bridge 's fan liaison , stated on Twitter that the DVD was scrapped due to sound issues . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_17203-18795 | In January 2015 , the band announced that they would not tour that year , but that they would release a new album in 2016 . In January 2016 , after members of the band had finished working on other projects throughout 2015 , Alter Bridge officially began recording their fifth studio album . The record would again be produced by Michael `` Elvis '' Baskette . The band started selling memorabilia items and goods such as lyrics sheets , used guitar straps , postcards , drumsticks and guitars used for recording the album through Fret 12 , a company associated with Tremonti . The band joined Disturbed and Breaking Benjamin on a U.S. tour in the summer of 2016 . Tremonti said in May that the band was aiming for a September 2016 release for the new album . Regarding the sound of the album , Tremonti said , `` I think it 's a good mixture between Fortress and Blackbird ; it covers all bases . '' In June 2016 , Alter Bridge signed with Napalm Records for the international release of the album , and later announced it would headline a 2016 United Kingdom tour with Volbeat , Gojira , and Like a Storm . On July 6 , 2016 , the band had announced that the new album 's title is The Last Hero ; it was released on October 7 , 2016 . They embarked on a US and Canada Tour in January and February 2017 . After that the band toured Australia and New Zealand in early April and returned for three shows in May . In June they embarked on a European Tour , headlining Rock am Ring and Rock im Park , Download Festival and Hellfest . The band played in Argentina for the first time in September . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_18796-19392 | Alter Bridge released their third live album , Live at the O2 Arena + Rarities , on September 8 , 2017 , which includes a compilation of bonus tracks from previous albums , including two previously unreleased songs that were recorded in 2004 . The band played two shows at the Royal Albert Hall on October 2 -- 3 , 2017 , alongside the 52 - piece Parallax Orchestra as part of another European Tour , with the shows recorded . They will play in the US again throughout November and December with support from All That Remains as part of the final instalment of the tour supporting The Last Hero . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_19416-19646 | Alter Bridge 's music is often characterized and described as `` heavy , yet melodic . '' Their music has been listed under several genres including hard rock , heavy metal , alternative metal , progressive metal and post-grunge . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_19647-20183 | Alter Bridge 's music is co-written by Kennedy and Tremonti and arranged by Alter Bridge ; the band 's lyrics are written primarily by Kennedy , although Tremonti wrote most of the lyrics and all of the music on One Day Remains . The lyrics on the first two Alter Bridge albums mainly touch on hope and overcoming regret , sadness , grief , loneliness , pain , and addiction . The subject matter on their third release , AB III , is noticeably darker , with lyrical themes mostly based on struggling with faith and a loss of innocence . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_20184-20991 | Often recognized for their live performances , the band generally does not perform in larger venues such as arenas and amphitheaters outside of the UK . Instead , they regularly play smaller venues such as House of Blues , as was their intention from the start . Myles Kennedy said in an interview with Artistdirect , `` We 're definitely a live band . That 's what it 's all about for us . We make records so we can go out and play for people . '' The band has been joined on stage by several surprise guests , including Slash , Paul Reed Smith , Wolfgang Van Halen , and Eric Friedman , and several other notable musicians , such as Eddie Van Halen , Jimmy Page , and John Paul Jones , have been reported to have attended an Alter Bridge concert . Alter Bridge 's live performances are generally praised . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_21010-21523 | In early 2010 , Alter Bridge joined the Wheelchair Foundation , DC3 Music Group , and other artists including Scott Stapp ( retired as vocalist of Creed ) , Godsmack , David Archuleta , and New Kids on the Block to assist in the `` Plane to Haiti '' project , a relief effort to help the victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake . The band also joined the fight against cancer in 2011 by helping the `` Play for Life '' organization raise funds for City of Hope Medical Center , a leading research center for cancer . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_21554-22441 | In October 2010 , the band 's song `` Ties That Bind '' from Blackbird was listed by Total Guitar as the 41st greatest guitar song of the decade , with Ultimate Guitar Archive naming AB III the seventh best album of 2010 that December . In March of the next year , the dual guitar solo in the critically acclaimed song `` Blackbird '' was named the greatest guitar solo of all time by Guitarist , ahead of tracks by artists such as Led Zeppelin , Guns N ' Roses , Van Halen , Pink Floyd , and others . Myles Kennedy responded by saying that he was `` a little uncomfortable with the idea that it was voted the ' best , ' '' but he and Mark Tremonti both stated that they were honored . Later , in May 2011 , the band defeated Avenged Sevenfold , Linkin Park , Three Days Grace , and other artists in Fuse TV 's `` Battle of the Fans '' poll . The tournament peaked at 7.2 million votes . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_22442-23308 | Alter Bridge 's first album , One Day Remains , received polarized reviews upon its initial release , with many criticizing its sound as being too similar to that of Tremonti , Marshall , and Phillips ' former band , Creed . Despite this , it was certified gold by the RIAA in November 2004 and remains the band 's only RIAA - certified album . Since then , the band 's subsequent albums have received general acclaim . The band 's 2009 live album and concert film , Live from Amsterdam was also well received ; it was originally released via Amazon.com , where on October 22 , 2009 , it rose 15,000 spots on Amazon 's `` Bestsellers in Music Videos & Concerts '' chart in just eight hours , rising ahead of artists such as Michael Jackson and Bon Jovi to No. 1 where it remained for several weeks . This was done with no official promotion or record label support . | Alter Bridge |
818568324_23331-23463 | Myles Kennedy -- lead vocals , guitar Mark Tremonti -- guitar , backing vocals Brian Marshall -- bass guitar Scott Phillips -- drums | Alter Bridge |
818568324_23464-23571 | Alter Bridge performing at Rock am Ring in 2017 . Myles Kennedy Mark Tremonti Brian Marshall Scott Phillips | Alter Bridge |
818568324_23647-23747 | One Day Remains ( 2004 ) Blackbird ( 2007 ) AB III ( 2010 ) Fortress ( 2013 ) The Last Hero ( 2016 ) | Alter Bridge |
806438580_336-854 | The following is a history of the Supreme Court of the United States , organized by Chief Justice . The Supreme Court of the United States is the only court specifically established by the Constitution of the United States , implemented in 1789 ; under the Judiciary Act of 1789 , the Court was to be composed of six members -- though the number of justices has been nine for most of its history , this number is set by Congress , not the Constitution . The court convened for the first time on February 2 , 1790 . The | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_1733-2332 | The first Chief Justice of the United States was John Jay ; the Court 's first docketed case was Van Staphorst v. Maryland ( 1791 ) , and its first recorded decision was West v. Barnes ( 1791 ) . Perhaps the most controversial of the Supreme Court 's early decisions was Chisholm v. Georgia , in which it held that the federal judiciary could hear lawsuits against states . Soon thereafter , responding to the concerns of several states , Congress proposed the Eleventh Amendment , which granted states immunity from certain types of lawsuits in federal courts . The Amendment was ratified in 1795 . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_2333-2485 | Jay was succeeded as Chief Justice by John Rutledge , and then by Oliver Ellsworth . No major cases came before the Supreme Court during this time . The | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_2764-2953 | `` The Constitution ... is a mere thing of wax in the hands of the judiciary , which they may twist and shape into any form they please . '' -- Thomas Jefferson , about the Marshall Court , | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_2954-3941 | One of the most significant periods during the history of the Court was the tenure of Chief Justice John Marshall ( 1801 to 1835 ) . In the landmark case Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) , Marshall held that the Supreme Court could overturn a law passed by Congress if it violated the Constitution , legally cementing the power of judicial review . The Marshall Court also made several important decisions relating to federalism . Marshall took a broad view of the powers of the federal government -- in particular , the interstate commerce clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause . For instance , in McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) , the Court ruled that the interstate commerce clause and other clauses permitted Congress to create a national bank , even though the power to create a bank is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution . Similarly , in Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824 ) , the Court found that the interstate commerce clause permitted Congress to regulate interstate navigation . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_3942-4780 | The Marshall Court also made several decisions restraining the actions of state governments . The notion that the Supreme Court could consider appeals from state courts was established in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee ( 1816 ) and Cohens v. Virginia ( 1821 ) . In several decisions , the Marshall Court confirmed the supremacy of federal laws over state laws . For example , in McCulloch , the Court held that a state could not tax an agency of the federal government . At the same time , however , the Marshall Court held in the landmark case Barron v. Baltimore ( 1833 ) that the Bill of Rights restricted the federal government alone , and did not apply to the states . Nonetheless , the Supreme Court would in later years hold that the Fourteenth Amendment had the effect of applying most provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_4781-5054 | Marshall 's forceful personality allowed him to steer his fellow Justices ; only once did he find himself on the losing side in a constitutional case . In that case ( Ogden v. Saunders in 1827 ) , Marshall set forth his general principles of constitutional interpretation : | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_5055-5552 | `` To say that the intention of the instrument must prevail ; that this intention must be collected from its words ; that its words are to be understood in that sense in which they are generally used by those for whom the instrument was intended ; that its provisions are neither to be restricted into insignificance , nor extended to objects not comprehended in them , nor contemplated by its framers ; -- is to repeat what has been already said more at large , and all that can be necessary . '' | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_5553-6086 | Marshall was in the dissenting minority only eight times throughout his tenure at the Court , partly because of his influence over the associate justices . As Oliver Wolcott observed when both he and Marshall served in the Adams administration , Marshall had the knack of `` putting his own ideas into the minds of others , unconsciously to them '' . However , he regularly curbed his own viewpoints , preferring to arrive at decisions by consensus . He adjusted his role to accommodate other members of the court as they developed . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_6087-6661 | Marshall had charm , humor , a quick intelligence , and the ability to bring men together . His sincerity and presence commanded attention . His opinions were workmanlike but not especially eloquent or subtle . His influence on learned men of the law came from the charismatic force of his personality , and his ability to seize upon the key elements of a case and make highly persuasive arguments . Together with his vision of the future greatness of the nation , these qualities are apparent in his historic decisions and gave him the sobriquet , The Great Chief Justice . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_6662-7736 | Marshall ran a congenial court ; there was seldom any bickering . The Court met in Washington only two months a year , from the first Monday in February through the second or third week in March . Six months of the year the justices were doing circuit duty in the various states . Marshall was therefore based in Richmond , his hometown , for most of the year . When the Court was in session in Washington , the justices boarded together in the same rooming house , avoided outside socializing , and discussed each case intently among themselves . Decisions were quickly made usually in a matter of days . Marshall wrote nearly half the decisions during his 33 years in office . Lawyers appearing before the court , including the most brilliant in the United States , typically gave oral arguments and did not present written briefs . The justices did not have clerks , so they listened closely to the oral arguments , and decided among themselves what the decision should be . The court issued only one decision ; the occasional dissenter did not issue a separate opinion . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_7737-8210 | While Marshall was very good at listening to the oral briefs , and convincing the other justices of his interpretation of the law , he was not widely read in the law , and seldom cited precedents . After the Court came to a decision , he would usually write it up himself . Often he asked Justice Story , a renowned legal scholar , to do the chores of locating the precedents , saying , `` There , Story ; that is the law of this case ; now go and find the authorities . '' | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_8325-9506 | In 1836 , Marshall was succeeded as Chief Justice by Roger B. Taney , who had a somewhat more limited view of the powers of the federal government . At a time when sectional tensions between the North and South were high , many of the Supreme Court 's decisions -- particularly those relating to slavery -- met with controversy and contention . Most controversial was the Taney Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) . Dred Scott , a slave from Missouri , sued for his freedom on the grounds that his master had taken him into Illinois and the territory of Wisconsin , both of which prohibited slavery , for extended periods of time . Taney , however , ruled that members of the African race were not and could never become citizens of the United States . Consequently , he ruled that Scott therefore had no standing to file the lawsuit . Moreover , he held that the Missouri Compromise , under which Congress prohibited slavery in certain territories that formed part of the Louisiana Purchase , was unconstitutional . The controversial decision met with outrage from abolitionists , and contributed to the tensions that led to the Civil War during the next decade . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_9878-10443 | In the midst of the Civil War , Abraham Lincoln appointed Salmon P. Chase to be Chief Justice . Chase had strong anti-slavery credentials and had previously served Lincoln as Secretary of the Treasury . His post-Civil War tenure featured several key decisions affirming the indestructibility of the Union . Chase was considered highly ambitious , even for a politician . In 1872 , Chase , while serving on the Supreme Court , ran for the Presidency , but his efforts were ultimately unsuccessful . Chase continued to serve as Chief Justice until his death in 1873 . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_10444-11462 | In the aftermath of the Civil War Congress passed and the states ratified the Fourteenth Amendment , which , among other things , prevented states from abridging the `` privileges and immunities of citizens , '' from denying due process of law , and from denying equal protection of the laws to any person . Many cases that came before the Court in the post -- Civil War era involved interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment . In the Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) , the Court under Chief Justice Morrison Waite held that Congress could not prohibit racial discrimination by private individuals ( as opposed to governments ) on the grounds of the Fourteenth Amendment . Later , in Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) , the Court under Chief Justice Melville Fuller determined that the equal protection clause did not prohibit racial segregation in public facilities , as long as the facilities were equal ( giving rise to the infamous term `` separate but equal '' ) . The sole dissenter in that case was John Marshall Harlan . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_11667-12456 | In the early twentieth century , the Supreme Court established that the Fourteenth Amendment protected the `` liberty of contract . '' On the grounds of the Fourteenth Amendment and other provisions of the Constitution , it controversially overturned many state and federal laws designed to protect employees . The first important decision of the era was Lochner v. New York ( 1905 ) , in which the Court overturned a New York law limiting the number of hours bakers could work each week . In Adair v. United States ( 1908 ) , the Court overruled a federal law which forbade `` yellow dog contracts '' ( contracts that prohibited workers from joining unions ) . Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ( 1923 ) involved a decision that a District of Columbia minimum wage law was unconstitutional . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_12457-13263 | In 1925 , the Supreme Court made a landmark ruling in Gitlow v. New York , establishing the doctrine of incorporation , under which provisions of the Bill of Rights were deemed to restrict the states . Originally , as Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in Barron v. Baltimore ( 1833 ) , the Bill of Rights restricted only the federal government ; however , during the twentieth century , the Supreme Court held in a series of decisions the Fourteenth Amendment had the effect of applying some ( but not all ) provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states . The first such decision was Gitlow , in which the Supreme Court incorporated the protection of freedom of speech afforded by the First Amendment . Important decisions relating to incorporations were made during later decades , especially the 1960s . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_13561-14296 | During the 1930s , the Supreme Court contained both a solid liberal bloc and a conservative bloc of Justices . The four conservative Justices , known as `` The Four Horsemen , '' were James McReynolds , George Sutherland , Willis Van Devanter and Pierce Butler . Their liberal opponents on the bench -- Louis Brandeis , Benjamin Cardozo and Harlan Stone -- were conversely known `` The Three Musketeers '' , while Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes and Justice Owen Roberts controlled the balance by serving as the swing votes . Hughes , as a progressive Republican , tended to side with the Four Horsemen , as he did in Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States , whilst Roberts was also swayed to the side of the conservatives . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_14297-15151 | As a result , The Court continued to enforce a Federal laissez - faire approach , overturning many of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal programs , which were designed to combat the Great Depression , by 5 -- 4 margins . Most notably , the National Industrial Recovery Act was overturned in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States ( 1935 ) , and the Agricultural Adjustment Act was struck down in United States v. Butler ( 1936 ) . In response , President Roosevelt proposed the Judiciary Reorganization Bill ( called the `` court - packing bill '' by its opponents ) , which would have increased the size of the Supreme Court and permitted the appointment of additional ( presumably pro-New Deal ) Justices . The bill , however , had many opponents , including Roosevelt 's own Vice President John Nance Garner , and was defeated in Congress . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_15152-15985 | Soon after the proposal of the court - packing plan , however , the Supreme Court ended the trend that had prevailed since Lochner . Justice Roberts , who had previously voted with the conservative bloc in invalidating New Deal legislation , began to vote on the opposite side . Roberts ' decision spelled the end of the Lochner era and has been dubbed the `` switch in time that saved nine . '' As the Horsemen retired , Roosevelt , the longest - serving President in history , availed repeatedly of opportunity to replace them with more liberal Justices . After Hughes retired , Stone -- The last remaining `` Musketeer '' -- was appointed by Roosevelt to be elevated to the position of Chief Justice . In 1945 , eight of the nine sitting Justices had been appointed by President Roosevelt , the sole exception being Owen Roberts . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_16130-17046 | In 1953 , President Dwight David Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren , who was then governor of California , to the position of Chief Justice . Warren 's term , which lasted until 1969 , was arguably one of the most significant in the history of the Court . Under him , the Court made a long series of landmark decisions . Notable members of the liberal wing of the Court aside from Warren included Hugo Black , William O. Douglas ( the longest - serving Justice in the Court 's history ) and William J. Brennan . The foremost conservative members of the Court were Felix Frankfurter and John Marshall Harlan II ( grandson of the first Justice Harlan ) . The first important case of Warren 's tenure was Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) , in which the Court unanimously declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional , effectively reversing the precedent set earlier in Plessy v. Ferguson and other cases . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_17047-18379 | The Warren Court also made several controversial decisions relating to the Bill of Rights . The doctrine of incorporation , which had first taken root in Gitlow v. New York , was applied fully to most provisions of the Bill of Rights . In Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) , the Court declared that officially sanctioned prayer in public schools was unconstitutional under the First Amendment . Similarly , in Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) , it struck down mandatory Bible readings in public schools . The Court also expanded and incorporated the rights of criminal defendants , on the basis of the Fourth , Fifth , and Sixth Amendments . In Mapp v. Ohio ( 1961 ) , the Court incorporated the Fourth Amendment and ruled that illegally seized evidence could not be used in a trial . Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 ) established that states were required to provide attorneys to indigent defendants . Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) held that the police must inform suspects of their rights ( including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney ) before being interrogated . ( The decision is the source of the famous Miranda warning . ) Another significant and controversial decision made by the Warren Court was Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) , which established that the Constitution protected the right to privacy . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
806438580_18496-19089 | Chief Justice Earl Warren was succeeded by Warren E. Burger , who served from 1969 to 1986 . The Burger Court is best remembered for its ruling in Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , which held that there is a constitutionally protected right to have an abortion in some circumstances . The Court also made important decisions relating to the First Amendment . In Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) , it established the `` Lemon test '' for determining if legislation violates the establishment clause . Similarly , it established the `` Miller test '' for laws banning obscenity in Miller v. California ( 1973 ) . | History of the Supreme Court of the United States |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.