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erectile dysfunction | Biology | 1 | (ED), also called impotence , is the type of sexual dysfunction in which the penis fails to become or stay erect during sexual activity . It is the most common sexual problem in men. Through its connection to self-image and to problems in sexual relationships, erectile dysfunction can cause psychological harm. |
erector spinae muscles | Biology | 1 | The erector spinae or spinal erectors is a set of muscles that straighten and rotate the back . |
esophagus | Biology | 1 | The esophagus, ( American English ) or oesophagus ( British English ; see spelling differences ) ( / ɪ ˈ s ɒ f ə ɡ ə s / ), informally known as the food pipe or gullet, is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by peristaltic contractions , from the pharynx to the stomach . The esophagus is a fibromuscular tube, about 25 cm (10 in) long in adults, which travels behind the trachea and heart , passes through the diaphragm and empties into the uppermost region of the stomach . During swallowing, the epiglottis tilts backwards to prevent food from going down the larynx and lungs. |
extensor pollicis brevis muscle | Biology | 1 | In human anatomy , the extensor pollicis brevis is a skeletal muscle on the dorsal side of the forearm . It lies on the medial side of, and is closely connected with, the abductor pollicis longus . |
extensor pollicis et indicis communis muscle | Biology | 1 | In human anatomy , the extensor pollicis et indicis communis is an aberrant muscle in the posterior compartment of forearm . It was first described in 1863. The muscle has a prevalence from 0.5% to 4%. |
extensor pollicis longus muscle | Biology | 1 | In human anatomy , the extensor pollicis longus muscle (EPL) is a skeletal muscle located dorsally on the forearm . It is much larger than the extensor pollicis brevis , the origin of which it partly covers and acts to stretch the thumb together with this muscle. |
external carotid artery | Biology | 1 | is a major artery of the head and neck. It arises from the common carotid artery when it splits into the external and internal carotid artery . supplies blood to the face and neck. |
external iliac artery | Biology | 1 | The external iliac arteries are two major arteries which bifurcate off the common iliac arteries anterior to the sacroiliac joint of the pelvis . |
external iliac vein | Biology | 1 | The external iliac veins are large veins that connect the femoral veins to the common iliac veins . Their origin is at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligaments and they terminate when they join the internal iliac veins (to form the common iliac veins ). Both external iliac veins are accompanied along their course by external iliac arteries . |
external jugular vein | Biology | 1 | receives the greater part of the blood from the exterior of the cranium and the deep parts of the face , being formed by the junction of the posterior division of the retromandibular vein with the posterior auricular vein . |
eye | Biology | 1 | The human eye is a sense organ that reacts to light and allows vision . Rod and cone cells in the retina are photoreceptive cells which are able to detect visible light and convey this information to the brain . s signal information which is used by the brain to elicit the perception of color, shape, depth, movement, and other features. The eye is part of the sensory nervous system . Similar to the eyes of other mammals , the human eye's non-image-forming photosensitive ganglion cells in the retina receive light signals which affect adjustment of the size of the pupil, regulation and suppression of the hormone melatonin , and entrainment of the circadian rhythm . |
face | Biology | 1 | is the front of an animal's head that features three of the head's sense organs , the eyes, nose, and mouth, and through which animals express many of their emotions . The face is crucial for human identity , and damage such as scarring or developmental deformities affects the psyche adversely. |
fallopian tube | Biology | 1 | The fallopian tubes, also known as uterine tubes or salpinges (singular salpinx), are tubes that stretch from the uterus to the ovaries , and are part of the female reproductive system . The fertilized egg passes through the fallopian tubes from the ovaries of female mammals to the uterus. The fallopian tube is simple columnar epithelium with hair-like extensions called cilia which carry the fertilized egg. In other animals, the equivalent of a fallopian tube is an oviduct . |
fellowship | Biology | 1 | is the period of medical training , in the United States and Canada, that a physician , dentist , or veterinarian may undertake after completing a specialty training program (residency) . During this time (usually more than one year), the physician is known as a fellow. Fellows are capable of acting as an attending physician or a consultant physician in the specialist field in which they were trained, such as Internal Medicine or Pediatrics . After completing a fellowship in the relevant sub-specialty, the physician is permitted to practice without direct supervision by other physicians in that sub-specialty, such as Cardiology or Oncology . |
medicine | Biology | 1 | is the period of medical training , in the United States and Canada, that a physician , dentist , or veterinarian may undertake after completing a specialty training program (residency) . During this time (usually more than one year), the physician is known as a fellow. Fellows are capable of acting as an attending physician or a consultant physician in the specialist field in which they were trained, such as Internal Medicine or Pediatrics . After completing a fellowship in the relevant sub-specialty, the physician is permitted to practice without direct supervision by other physicians in that sub-specialty, such as Cardiology or Oncology . |
female reproductive system | Biology | 1 | is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring . In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes , and to carry a foetus to full term . The internal sex organs are the uterus , fallopian tubes , and ovaries . The uterus or womb accommodates the embryo which develops into the foetus. The uterus also produces vaginal and uterine secretions which help the transit of sperm to the fallopian tubes . The ovaries produce the ova ( egg cells ). The external sex organs are also known as the genitals and these are the organs of the vulva including the labia , clitoris , and vaginal opening. The vagina is connected to the uterus at the cervix . |
femoral artery | Biology | 1 | is a large artery in the thigh and the main arterial supply to the thigh and leg. It enters the thigh from behind the inguinal ligament as the continuation of the external iliac artery . |
femoral nerve | Biology | 1 | is a nerve in the thigh that supplies skin on the upper thigh and inner leg, and the muscles that extend the knee. |
femoral vein | Biology | 1 | In the human body , the femoral vein is a blood vessel that accompanies the femoral artery in the femoral sheath . It begins at the adductor hiatus (an opening in the adductor magnus muscle) and is a continuation of the popliteal vein . It ends at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligament , where it becomes the external iliac vein . The femoral vein bears valves which are mostly bicuspid and whose number is variable between individuals and often between left and right leg. |
femur | Biology | 1 | The femur, or thigh bone, is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrate , the largest bone of the human body. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint , while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and kneecap , forming the knee joint . |
frontal nerve | Biology | 1 | Is the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve (V 1 ), itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). The frontal nerve branches from the ophthalmic nerve immediately before entering the superior orbital fissure . In then travels superolateral to the annulus of Zinn between the lacrimal nerve and inferior ophthalmic vein . After entering the orbit it travels anteriorly between the roof periosteum and the levator palpebrae superioris . Midway between the apex and base of the orbit it divides into two branches, the supratrochlear nerve and supraorbital nerve . The two branches of the frontal nerve provide sensory innervation to the skin of the forehead , mucosa of the frontal sinus , and the skin of the upper eyelid . |
gallbladder | Biology | 1 | In vertebrates , the gallbladder is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine . In humans, the pear-shaped gallbladder lies beneath the liver , although the structure and position of the gallbladder can vary significantly among animal species. It receives and stores bile, produced by the liver, via the common hepatic duct and releases it via the common bile duct into the duodenum , where the bile helps in the digestion of fats . |
gamete | Biology | 1 | is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually . s are an organism's reproductive cells , also referred to as sex cells . |
ganglion | Biology | 1 | is a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system . In the somatic nervous system this includes dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia among a few others. In the autonomic nervous system there are both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia which contain the cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons respectively. |
gastrocnemius muscle | Biology | 1 | (plural gastrocnemii ) is a superficial two-headed muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg of humans . It runs from its two heads just above the knee to the heel , a three joint muscle (knee, ankle and subtalar joints). The muscle is named via Latin , from Greek γαστήρ ( gaster ) 'belly' or 'stomach' and κνήμη ( knḗmē ) 'leg', meaning 'stomach of leg' (referring to the bulging shape of the calf). |
gastroenterology | Biology | 1 | is the branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders. Diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract , which include the organs from mouth into anus , along the alimentary canal , are the focus of this speciality. |
gastrointestinal tract | Biology | 1 | The gastrointestinal tract, ( GI tract , GIT , digestive tract , digestion tract , alimentary canal ) is the tract from the mouth to the anus which includes all the organs of the digestive system in humans and other animals . Food taken in through the mouth is digested to extract nutrients and absorb energy, and the waste expelled as feces . The mouth , esophagus , stomach and intestines are all part of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines. A tract is a collection of related anatomic structures or a series of connected body organs. |
gene therapy | Biology | 1 | (also called human gene transfer ) is a medical field which focuses on the utilization of the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acids into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease. |
general surgery | Biology | 1 | is a surgical specialty that focuses on abdominal contents including esophagus , stomach , small intestine , large intestine , liver , pancreas , gallbladder , appendix and bile ducts , and often the thyroid gland (depending on local referral patterns). They also deal with diseases involving the skin , breast , soft tissue , trauma , Peripheral artery disease and hernias and perform endoscopic procedures such as gastroscopy and colonoscopy . |
genetics | Biology | 1 | is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes , genetic variation , and heredity in organisms . |
genitourinary system | Biology | 1 | The genitourinary system, or urogenital system , are the organs of the reproductive system and the urinary system . These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways, like the male urethra . Also, because of their proximity, the systems are sometimes imaged together. |
geriatrics | Biology | 1 | or geriatric medicine , is a specialty that focuses on health care of elderly people . It aims to promote health by preventing and treating diseases and disabilities in older adults . There is no set age at which patients may be under the care of a geriatrician , or geriatric physician , a physician who specializes in the care of elderly people. Rather, this decision is determined by the individual patient's needs, and the availability of a specialist. It is important to note the difference between geriatrics, the care of aged people, and gerontology , which is the study of the aging process itself. The term geriatrics comes from the Greek γέρων geron meaning "old man", and ιατρός iatros meaning "healer". However, geriatrics is sometimes called medical gerontology . |
gonad | Biology | 1 | A gonad, sex gland , or reproductive gland is a mixed gland that produces the gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones of an organism. In the female of the species the reproductive cells are the egg cells , and in the male the reproductive cells are the sperm . The male gonad, the testicle , produces sperm in the form of spermatozoa . The female gonad, the ovary , produces egg cells. Both of these gametes are haploid cells. Some hermaphroditic animals have a type of gonad called an ovotestis . |
gout | Biology | 1 | is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot, and swollen joint . Pain typically comes on rapidly, reaching maximal intensity in less than 12 hours. The joint at the base of the big toe is affected in about half of cases. It may also result in tophi , kidney stones , or urate nephropathy . |
gracilis muscle | Biology | 1 | is the most superficial muscle on the medial side of the thigh . It is thin and flattened, broad above, narrow and tapering below. |
great saphenous vein | Biology | 1 | ( GSV , alternately " long saphenous vein "; / s ə ˈ f iː n ə s / ) is a large, subcutaneous, superficial vein of the leg . It is the longest vein in the body, running along the length of the lower limb, returning blood from the foot , leg and thigh to the deep femoral vein at the femoral triangle . |
guarding reflex | Biology | 1 | The in the urinary system is the gradual tightening of the external urethral sphincter , which prevents urine from exiting the bladder as the bladder fills and pressure on the sphincter increases. At low levels of pressure this occurs unconsciously. |
gynaecology | Biology | 1 | or gynecology (see spelling differences ) is the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive system . Almost all modern gynaecologists are also obstetricians (see obstetrics and gynaecology ). In many areas, the specialities of gynaecology and obstetrics overlap. The term means "the science of women ". Its counterpart is andrology , which deals with medical issues specific to the male reproductive system. |
hand | Biology | 1 | A hand is a prehensile , multi- fingered appendage located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates . The human hand normally has five digits: four fingers plus one thumb ; these are often referred to collectively as five fingers, however, whereby the thumb is included as one of the fingers. It has 27 bones, not including sesmoid bones , the number of which varies between people, 14 of which are the phalanges ( proximal , intermediate and distal ) of the fingers and thumb. The metacarpal bones connect the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist . Each human hand has five metacarpals and eight carpal bones. |
hand surgery | Biology | 1 | deals with both surgical and non-surgical treatment of conditions and problems that may take place in the hand or upper extremity (commonly from the tip of the hand to the shoulder) including injury and infection. may be practiced by graduates of general surgery , orthopedic surgery and plastic surgery . Chiroplasty , or cheiroplasty , is plastic surgery of the hands . |
head | Biology | 1 | In human anatomy, the head is at the top of the human body . It supports the face and is maintained by the skull , which itself encloses the brain . The human head consists of a fleshy outer portion, which surrounds the bony skull . The brain is enclosed within the skull. There are 22 bones in the human head. The head rests on the neck , and the seven cervical vertebrae support it. The human head typically weighs between 2.3 and 5 kilograms (5.1 and 11.0 lb) The face is the anterior part of the head, containing the eyes , nose , and mouth . On either side of the mouth, the cheeks provide a fleshy border to the oral cavity . The ears sit to either side of the head. |
health | Biology | 1 | as defined by the World Organization (WHO), is "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity ." This definition has been subject to controversy, as it may have limited value for implementation. may be defined as the ability to adapt and manage physical, mental and social challenges throughout life. |
health care | Biology | 1 | health-care, or healthcare is the maintenance or improvement of health via the prevention , diagnosis , treatment , recovery, or cure of disease , illness , injury , and other physical and mental impairments in people. is delivered by health professionals and allied health fields . Physicians and physician associates are a part of these health professionals. Dentistry , pharmacy , midwifery , nursing , medicine , optometry , audiology , psychology , occupational therapy , physical therapy , athletic training and other health professions are all part of health care. It includes work done in providing primary care , secondary care , and tertiary care , as well as in public health . |
iliac artery, common | Biology | 1 | The common iliac arteries are two large arteries that originate from the aortic bifurcation at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra . They end in front of the sacroiliac joint , one on either side, and each bifurcates into the external and internal iliac arteries . |
iliac artery, external | Biology | 1 | The external iliac arteries are two major arteries which bifurcate off the common iliac arteries anterior to the sacroiliac joint of the pelvis. They proceed anterior and inferior along the medial border of the psoas major muscles . They exit the pelvic girdle posterior and inferior to the inguinal ligament about one third laterally from the insertion point of the inguinal ligament on the pubic tubercle at which point they are referred to as the femoral arteries . The external iliac artery is usually the artery used to attach the renal artery to the recipient of a kidney transplant. |
ilium | Biology | 1 | (plural ilia ), is the uppermost and largest part of the hip bone , and appears in most vertebrates including mammals and birds , but not bony fish . All reptiles have an ilium except snakes , although some snake species have a tiny bone which is considered to be an ilium. The ilium of the human is divisible into two parts, the body and the wing; the separation is indicated on the top surface by a curved line, the arcuate line, and on the external surface by the margin of the acetabulum . |
immune system | Biology | 1 | is a network of biological processes that protects an organism against disease . It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , as well as objects such as wood splinters , distinguishing them from the organism's own healthy tissue . Many species have two major subsystems of the immune system. The innate immune system provides a preconfigured response to broad groups of situations and stimuli. The adaptive immune system provides a tailored response to each stimulus by learning to recognize molecules it has previously encountered. Both use molecules and cells to perform their functions. |
immunology | Biology | 1 | The study of the immune system and its responses to foreign substances. |
iliac vein, common | Biology | 1 | In human anatomy , the common iliac veins are formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins . The left and right common iliac veins come together in the abdomen at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra , forming the inferior vena cava . They drain blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. Both common iliac veins are accompanied along their course by common iliac arteries . |
jaundice | Biology | 1 | also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels . It is commonly associated with itchiness . The feces may be pale and the urine dark. in babies occurs in over half in the first week following birth and does not pose a serious threat in most. If bilirubin levels in babies are very high for too long, a type of brain damage, known as kernicterus , may occur. |
jaw | Biology | 1 | The jaw is any opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth , typically used for grasping and manipulating food. The term jaws is also broadly applied to the whole of the structures constituting the vault of the mouth and serving to open and close it and is part of the body plan of humans and most animals. |
jejunum | Biology | 1 | is the second part of the small intestine in humans and most higher vertebrates , including mammals , reptiles , and birds . Its lining is specialised for the absorption by enterocytes of small nutrient molecules which have been previously digested by enzymes in the duodenum . |
joint | Biology | 1 | A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. They are constructed to allow for different degrees and types of movement. Some joints, such as the knee , elbow , and shoulder , are self-lubricating, almost frictionless, and are able to withstand compression and maintain heavy loads while still executing smooth and precise movements. Other joints such as sutures between the bones of the skull permit very little movement (only during birth) in order to protect the brain and the sense organs . The connection between a tooth and the jawbone is also called a joint, and is described as a fibrous joint known as a gomphosis . s are classified both structurally and functionally. |
jugular vein | Biology | 1 | The jugular veins are veins that take deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava . |
keratogenesis | Biology | 1 | The production of horny cells in the epidermis . |
kidney | Biology | 1 | The kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates . They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space , and in adult humans are about 12 centimetres ( 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches) in length. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries ; blood exits into the paired renal veins . Each kidney is attached to a ureter , a tube that carries excreted urine to the bladder . |
knee | Biology | 1 | In humans and other primates , the knee joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two joints : one between the femur and tibia (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and patella (patellofemoral joint). It is the largest joint in the human body. The knee is a modified hinge joint , which permits flexion and extension as well as slight internal and external rotation. The knee is vulnerable to injury and to the development of osteoarthritis . |
korsakoff syndrome | Biology | 1 | (KS) is an amnestic disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B 1 ) deficiency typically associated with prolonged use of alcohol . The syndrome and psychosis are named after Sergei Korsakoff , the Russian neuropsychiatrist who discovered it during the late 19th century. This neurological disorder is caused by a lack of thiamine in the brain , and is also exacerbated by the neurotoxic effects of alcohol. When Wernicke encephalopathy accompanies the combination is called Wernicke– ; however, a recognized episode of Wernicke encephalopathy is not always obvious. |
large intestine | Biology | 1 | The large intestine, also known as the large bowel or colon, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates . Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored as feces before being removed by defecation . |
laryngeal prominence | Biology | 1 | The Adam's apple, or laryngeal prominence, colloquially known as the neck triangle, is the lump or protrusion in the human neck formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx seen especially in males. |
laryngeal ventricle | Biology | 1 | (also called the ventricle of the larynx , laryngeal sinus , or Morgagni's sinus ) is a fusiform fossa , situated between the vestibular and vocal folds on either side, and extending nearly their entire length. There is also a sinus of Morgagni in the pharynx . |
ligament | Biology | 1 | is the fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones. |
lips | Biology | 1 | are a visible body part at the mouth of many animals, including humans. are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound and speech. Human lips are a tactile sensory organ, and can be an erogenous zone when used in kissing and other acts of intimacy . |
little finger | Biology | 1 | or pinky finger , also known as the fifth digit , or pinkie , is the most ulnar and smallest finger of the human hand , opposite the thumb , and next to the ring finger . |
liver | Biology | 1 | is an organ only found in vertebrates which detoxifies various metabolites , synthesizes proteins and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth. In humans, it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen , below the diaphragm . Its other roles in metabolism include the regulation of glycogen storage , decomposition of red blood cells , and the production of hormones . |
lymphoma | Biology | 1 | Cancer of the lymphatic system . |
major depressive disorder | Biology | 1 | (MDD), also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood . Low self-esteem , loss of interest in normally enjoyable activities, low energy, and pain without a clear cause are common symptoms. Those affected may also occasionally have delusions or hallucinations . Some people have periods of depression separated by years, while others nearly always have symptoms present. Major depression is more severe and lasts longer than sadness , which is a normal part of life. |
mandible | Biology | 1 | The mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human face. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla . It is the only movable bone of the skull (discounting the ossicles of the middle ear). |
masseter muscle | Biology | 1 | In human anatomy, the masseter is one of the muscles of mastication . Found only in mammals, it is particularly powerful in herbivores to facilitate chewing of plant matter. The most obvious muscle of mastication is the masseter muscle, since it is the most superficial and one of the strongest. |
maternal-fetal medicine | Biology | 1 | (MFM), also known as perinatology , is a branch of medicine that focuses on managing health concerns of the mother and fetus prior to, during, and shortly after pregnancy . |
maxilla | Biology | 1 | in vertebrates , is the upper fixed (not fixed in Neopterygii ) bone of the jaw formed from the fusion of two maxillary bones. In humans, the upper jaw includes the hard palate in the front of the mouth . The two maxillary bones are fused at the intermaxillary suture, forming the anterior nasal spine . This is similar to the mandible (lower jaw), which is also a fusion of two mandibular bones at the mandibular symphysis . The mandible is the movable part of the jaw. |
mcat | Biology | 1 | Medical College Admission Test. |
medical classification | Biology | 1 | A medical classification is a list of standardized codes used in the process of medical coding and medical billing . |
medical coding | Biology | 1 | The practice of assigning statistical codes to medical statements, such as those made during a hospital stay. Closely related to medical billing . |
medical college admission test | Biology | 1 | (MCAT), is a computer-based standardized examination for prospective medical students in the United States , Australia , Canada , and Caribbean Islands . It is designed to assess problem solving, critical thinking, written analysis and knowledge of scientific concepts and principles. |
medical device | Biology | 1 | is any device intended to be used for medical purposes. s benefit patients by helping health care providers diagnose and treat patients and helping patients overcome sickness or disease, improving their quality of life. Significant potential for hazards are inherent when using a device for medical purposes and thus medical devices must be proved safe and effective with reasonable assurance before regulating governments allow marketing of the device in their country. As a general rule, as the associated risk of the device increases the amount of testing required to establish safety and efficacy also increases. Further, as associated risk increases the potential benefit to the patient must also increase. |
medical diagnosis | Biology | 1 | (abbreviated Dx or D S ) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs . It is most often referred to as diagnosis with the medical context being implicit. The information required for diagnosis is typically collected from a history and physical examination of the person seeking medical care. Often, one or more diagnostic procedures , such as medical tests , are also done during the process. Sometimes posthumous diagnosis is considered a kind of medical diagnosis. |
nail | Biology | 1 | A nail is a claw-like keratinous plate at the tip of the fingers and toes in most primates . s correspond to claws found in other animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective protein called alpha-keratin which is found in the hooves, hair, claws and horns of vertebrates . |
nanobiotechnology | Biology | 1 | bionanotechnology, and nanobiology are terms that refer to the intersection of nanotechnology and biology . Given that the subject is one that has only emerged very recently, bionanotechnology and nanobiotechnology serve as blanket terms for various related technologies. |
nasal cavity | Biology | 1 | is a large, air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. The nasal septum divides the cavity into two cavities, also known as fossae. Each cavity is the continuation of one of the two nostrils . The nasal cavity is the uppermost part of the respiratory system and provides the nasal passage for inhaled air from the nostrils to the nasopharynx and rest of the respiratory tract . The paranasal sinuses surround and drain into the nasal cavity. |
nasopharynx | Biology | 1 | The upper portion of the pharynx, the nasopharynx, extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate . It includes the space between the internal nares and the soft palate and lies above the oral cavity. The adenoids , also known as the pharyngeal tonsils, are lymphoid tissue structures located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. Waldeyer's tonsillar ring is an annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in both the nasopharynx and oropharynx. The nasopharynx is lined by respiratory epithelium that is pseudostratified, columnar, and ciliated. |
navel | Biology | 1 | The navel (clinically known as the umbilicus, colloquially known as the belly button) is a protruding, flat, or hollowed area on the abdomen at the attachment site of the umbilical cord . All placental mammals have a navel. |
nephrology | Biology | 1 | is a specialty of medicine that concerns with study of the kidneys , specifically normal kidney function and kidney disease , the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney disease, from diet and medication to renal replacement therapy ( dialysis and kidney transplantation ). |
nerve | Biology | 1 | is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibres called axons , in the peripheral nervous system . A nerve transmits electrical impulses and is the basic unit of the peripheral nervous system. A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses called action potentials that are transmitted along each of the axons to peripheral organs or, in the case of sensory nerves , from the periphery back to the central nervous system . Each axon within the nerve is an extension of an individual neuron , along with other supportive cells such as some Schwann cells that coat the axons in myelin . |
nervous system | Biology | 1 | is a highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events. |
neurology | Biology | 1 | is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system . deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the central and peripheral nervous systems (and their subdivisions, the autonomic and somatic nervous systems ), including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue, such as muscle. Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neuroscience , the scientific study of the nervous system . |
neuroscience | Biology | 1 | (or neurobiology), is the scientific study of the nervous system. It is a multidisciplinary science that combines physiology , anatomy , molecular biology , developmental biology , cytology , mathematical modeling , and psychology to understand the fundamental and emergent properties of neurons and neural circuits . |
neurosurgery | Biology | 1 | or neurological surgery, is the medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain , spinal cord , central and peripheral nervous system, and cerebrovascular system . |
nose | Biology | 1 | The human nose is the most protruding part of the face . It bears the nostrils and is the first organ of the respiratory system . It is also the principal organ in the olfactory system . The shape of the nose is determined by the nasal bones and the nasal cartilages , including the nasal septum which separates the nostrils and divides the nasal cavity into two. On average the nose of a male is larger than that of a female . |
nuclear medicine | Biology | 1 | is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease . imaging, in a sense, is " radiology done inside out" or "endoradiology" because it records radiation emitting from within the body rather than radiation that is generated by external sources like X-rays . In addition, nuclear medicine scans differ from radiology, as the emphasis is not on imaging anatomy, but on the function. For such reason, it is called a physiological imaging modality . Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans are the two most common imaging modalities in nuclear medicine. |
nutrition | Biology | 1 | is the science that interprets the nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism. It includes ingestion, absorption , assimilation , biosynthesis , catabolism and excretion . |
oblique muscle of auricle | Biology | 1 | The oblique muscle of auricle (oblique auricular muscle or Tod muscle ) is an intrinsic muscle of the outer ear . The oblique muscle of auricle is placed on the cranial surface of the pinna . It consists of a few fibers extending from the upper and back part of the concha to the convexity immediately above it. |
obstetrics | Biology | 1 | is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy , childbirth and the postpartum period . As a medical specialty , obstetrics is combined with gynecology under the discipline known as obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN), which is a surgical field. |
obstetrics and gynaecology | Biology | 1 | (British English) or obstetrics and gynecology (American English) is the medical specialty that encompasses the two subspecialties of obstetrics (covering pregnancy , childbirth , and the postpartum period ) and gynecology (covering the health of the female reproductive system – vagina , uterus , ovaries , and breasts ). It is commonly abbreviated as OB-GYN or OB/GYN in US English, and as obs and gynae or O&G in British English. |
occipital bone | Biology | 1 | is a cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull ). It is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself like a shallow dish. The occipital bone overlies the occipital lobes of the cerebrum . At the base of skull in the occipital bone, there is a large oval opening called the foramen magnum , which allows the passage of the spinal cord . |
olfaction | Biology | 1 | or the sense of smell, is the process of creating the perception of smell. It occurs when an odor binds to a receptor within the nose, transmitting a signal through the olfactory system . has many purposes, including detecting hazards, pheromones , and plays a role in taste. |
oncology | Biology | 1 | is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer . A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist . |
ophthalmology | Biology | 1 | is a branch of medicine and surgery which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in ophthalmology. The credentials include a degree in medicine, followed by additional four to five years of ophthalmology residency training . residency training programs may require a one-year pre-residency training in internal medicine, pediatrics, or general surgery. Additional specialty training (or fellowship) may be sought in a particular aspect of eye pathology. Ophthalmologists are allowed to use medications to treat eye diseases, implement laser therapy, and perform surgery when needed. Ophthalmologists may participate in academic research on the diagnosis and treatment for eye disorders. |
optometry | Biology | 1 | is a health care profession that involves examining the eyes and applicable visual systems for defects or abnormalities as well as prescribing the correction of refractive error with glasses or contact lenses and the treatment of eye diseases. |
organ | Biology | 1 | is a group of tissues with similar functions. Plant life and animal life rely on many organs that co-exist in organ systems . |
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