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species | Biology | 1 | (Abbreviation sp. or spp.) A division used in the Linnean system of classification or taxonomy. A group of living organisms that can interbreed to produce viable offspring. |
speciation | Biology | 1 | The process by which new distinct species evolve. |
stem cell | Biology | 1 | A cell that has the potential to become any of the specialised cell types that makes up an organism. |
steroid | Biology | 1 | A biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. |
strain | Biology | 1 | In microbiology, a subtype of a species of microorganism. |
structural biology | Biology | 1 | The branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules, especially proteins and nucleic acids, how they acquire the structures they have, and how alterations in their structures affect their function. |
symbiogenesis | Biology | 1 | See endosymbiotic theory. |
symbiont | Biology | 1 | Any organism involved in any type of symbiosis with another organism, either of the same or a different species. |
symbiosis | Biology | 1 | A close association of two different species, which is beneficial to both. |
synthetic biology | Biology | 1 | The design and construction, or redesign, of biological components and systems, for example, creating new enzymes, genes, pathways or cells. |
systematics | Biology | 1 | The scientific study of biodiversity. It is concerned with the discovering and naming of new species of organisms (nomenclature) and arranging these taxa into classification schemes (taxonomy). A large part of modern systematics is concerned with understanding the evolutionary relationships between various taxa (phylogenetics) using methods of comparative biology (e.g. physiology, behavior, biochemistry, morphology, genetics) and statistical analysis. |
systems biology | Biology | 1 | A branch of biology concerned with the computational and mathematical analysis of complex biological systems. It is an interdisciplinary field which combines elements of systems theory and applied mathematics with theoretical biology, with a primary aim to discover and model the emergent properties of interacting biological entities. |
t cell | Biology | 1 | A type of lymphocyte that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. |
taxon | Biology | 1 | A group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms used by taxonomists to classify organisms into discrete, convenient, and identifiable units. |
testosterone | Biology | 1 | The primary male sex hormone (it is also found in low levels in females). |
thymine | Biology | 1 | One of the four nucleobases used in the nucleic acid DNA (but not in RNA). It is represented in DNA sequences by the letter T. |
transcription | Biology | 1 | The process in which DNA is copied to form a complementary RNA sequence. The first step in protein synthesis. |
translation | Biology | 1 | The process in which a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence is used as a template to form a sequence of amino acids (a protein). Occurs after transcription. |
trophic level | Biology | 1 | The feeding level in food webs. For example, producers are in the first trophic level. |
uncoating | Biology | 1 | The decomposition of a viral capsid. An informal and simplified description of the way a virus infectious material enters the cell, usually appearing in light science material for the general public. |
unicellular | Biology | 1 | Having or consisting of only one cell, as opposed to being multicellular. |
uracil | Biology | 1 | One of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA that are represented by the letters A, G, C and U. |
urea | Biology | 1 | An organic compound with chemical formula CO(NH2)2. |
urine | Biology | 1 | A liquid byproduct of metabolism in humans and in many animals. |
uterus | Biology | 1 | A major female hormone-responsive secondary sex organ of the reproductive system in humans and most other mammals. |
vacuole | Biology | 1 | A membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal, and bacterial cells. |
vasodilation | Biology | 1 | The widening of blood vessels. |
vegetative reproduction | Biology | 1 | A new plant is produced without sexual reproduction, so it has the same genes as the parent. A new plant can form from various parts, above or below ground. |
vesicle | Biology | 1 | A small structure within or sometimes external to a cell, consisting of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer. |
vestigiality | Biology | 1 | The retention during the process of evolution of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of their ancestral function in a given species. |
virology | Biology | 1 | The branch of biology that studies viruses. |
virus | Biology | 1 | A microscopic infectious particle that can only multiply inside the cells of living organisms. They are capable of taking over the cell to produce copies of itself. They are inactive outside of a living host cell. |
white blood cell | Biology | 1 | See leukocyte. |
whole genome sequencing | Biology | 1 | The process of determining the complete DNA sequence of a particular organism's entire genome at a single time. |
wood | Biology | 1 | The inner layer of the stems of woody plants such as trees and shrubs, composed of xylem. |
xanthophyll | Biology | 1 | A yellow-colored photosynthetic pigment. |
xylem | Biology | 1 | The woody vascular tissue of a plant that carries water and minerals in stems, roots and leaves and gives support to softer tissues. |
yolk | Biology | 1 | The nutrient-bearing portion of the egg whose primary function is to supply food for the development of the embryo. |
zoology | Biology | 1 | The study of animals. |
zooplankton | Biology | 1 | Tiny shrimp-like animals that drift with water currents. |
zygospore | Biology | 1 | A diploid reproductive stage in the life cycle of many fungi and protists. |
zygote | Biology | 1 | A fertilised egg (diploid cell) before cell division has begun. |
aarskog–scott syndrome | Biology | 1 | (AAS) A rare, inherited (X-linked) disease characterized by short stature, facial abnormalities, skeletal and genital anomalies. |
abdomen | Biology | 1 | The part of the body between the chest and pelvis , which contains most of the tubelike organs of the digestive tract, as well as several solid organs. |
abdominal external oblique muscle | Biology | 1 | The largest, and outermost, of the three flat muscles of the lateral anterior abdominal wall. |
abdominal internal oblique muscle | Biology | 1 | A muscle of the abdominal wall, which lies below the external oblique and just above the transverse abdominal muscles . |
abductor pollicis brevis muscle | Biology | 1 | A muscle in the hand that abducts (straightens) the thumb. |
abductor pollicis longus muscle | Biology | 1 | One of the extrinsic muscles of the hand. Its major function is to abduct the thumb at the wrist. |
abscess | Biology | 1 | A collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body. |
accommodation | Biology | 1 | the process by which the eye focuses on an object. |
accommodation reflex | Biology | 1 | a reflex action of the eye, measured as a response to focusing on a near object, then looking at a distant object (and vice versa). |
acetabulum | Biology | 1 | a concave surface of the pelvis , which forms the pelvic section of the hip joint . |
achilles tendon | Biology | 1 | a tendon of the back of the leg, and the thickest in the human body. It attaches the plantaris , gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (heel) bone. |
acne | Biology | 1 | a long-term skin disease that occurs when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and oil from the skin . |
acne vulgaris | Biology | 1 | see Acne |
acupressure | Biology | 1 | an alternative medicine technique where pressure is applied to acupuncture points. Pressure may be applied by hand, by elbow, or with various devices. |
acupuncture | Biology | 1 | a form of alternative medicine in which thin needles are inserted into the body. |
adam's apple | Biology | 1 | the lump or protrusion that is formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx seen especially in males. |
adaptive immune system | Biology | 1 | also known as the acquired immune system or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth. |
adenoma | Biology | 1 | (plural adenomas or adenomata) is a benign tumor of epithelial tissue with glandular origin, glandular characteristics, or both. |
adrenal gland | Biology | 1 | The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol . They are found above the kidneys . |
allergy | Biology | 1 | Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. These diseases include hay fever , food allergies , atopic dermatitis , allergic asthma , and anaphylaxis . Symptoms may include red eyes , an itchy rash, sneezing , a runny nose , shortness of breath , or swelling. Food intolerances and food poisoning are separate conditions. |
adhd | Biology | 1 | Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. |
alzheimer's disease | Biology | 1 | (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time. It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia . The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events ( short-term memory loss). |
anal canal | Biology | 1 | is the terminal part of the large intestine . It is situated between the rectum and anus , below the level of the pelvic diaphragm . In humans it is approximately 2.5 to 4 cm (0.98-1.58 in) long. It lies in the anal triangle of perineum in between the right and left ischioanal fossa . |
anatomy | Biology | 1 | is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. is a branch of natural science which deals with the structural organization of living things. |
anesthesiology | Biology | 1 | anaesthesiology, anaesthesia or anaesthetics (see Terminology ) is the medical speciality concerned with the total perioperative care of patients before, during and after surgery . |
angiology | Biology | 1 | is the medical specialty which studies the diseases of the circulatory system and of the lymphatic system , i.e., arteries , veins and lymphatic vessels , and its diseases . |
ankle | Biology | 1 | The ankle, or the talocrural region, is the region where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle includes three joints : the ankle joint proper or talocrural joint, the subtalar joint , and the inferior tibiofibular joint . The movements produced at this joint are dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot. In common usage, the term ankle refers exclusively to the ankle region. In medical terminology, "ankle" (without qualifiers) can refer broadly to the region or specifically to the talocrural joint. |
anterior tibial artery | Biology | 1 | The anterior tibial artery of the leg carries blood to the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot , from the popliteal artery . |
antibiotic | Biology | 1 | A compound used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, often used in the treatment of bacterial infections. |
antibody | Biology | 1 | A protein produced by the immune system that recognizes and binds to specific antigens to neutralize pathogens. |
aorta | Biology | 1 | is the main artery in the human body , originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen , where it splits into two smaller arteries (the common iliac arteries ). The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation . |
appendix | Biology | 1 | The appendix (or vermiform appendix; also cecal appendix; vermix; or vermiform process) is a finger-like, blind-ended tube connected to the cecum , from which it develops in the embryo . The cecum is a pouch-like structure of the colon , located at the junction of the small and the large intestines . The term " vermiform " comes from Latin and means "worm-shaped." The appendix used to be considered a vestigial organ , but this view has changed over the past decades. |
arm | Biology | 1 | is the part of the upper limb between the glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint) and the elbow joint . In common usage, the arm extends to the hand. It can be divided into the upper arm, which extends from the shoulder to the elbow, the forearm which extends from the elbow to the hand, and the hand . Anatomically the shoulder girdle with bones and corresponding muscles is by definition a part of the arm. The Latin term brachium may refer to either the arm as a whole or to the upper arm on its own. |
arteriole | Biology | 1 | is a small-diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries . s have muscular walls (usually only one to two layers of smooth muscle ) and are the primary site of vascular resistance . The greatest change in blood pressure and velocity of blood flow occurs at the transition of arterioles to capillaries. |
artery | Biology | 1 | is a blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart to all parts of the body (tissues, lungs, etc.). Most arteries carry oxygenated blood; the two exceptions are the pulmonary and the umbilical arteries , which carry deoxygenated blood to the organs that oxygenate it. The effective arterial blood volume is that extracellular fluid which fills the arterial system. |
arthritis | Biology | 1 | is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints . Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling , and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. |
asperger syndrome | Biology | 1 | (AS), also known as Asperger's, is a developmental disorder characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication , along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. As a milder autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it differs from other ASDs by relatively normal language and intelligence . Although not required for diagnosis, physical clumsiness and unusual use of language are common. |
asthma | Biology | 1 | is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction , and bronchospasm . Symptoms include episodes of wheezing , coughing , chest tightness, and shortness of breath . |
atony | Biology | 1 | absence of muscle tone . |
atrial fibrillation | Biology | 1 | (AF or A-fib) is an abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atria . Often it starts as brief periods of abnormal beating which become longer and possibly constant over time. Often episodes have no symptoms . |
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | Biology | 1 | is a mental disorder of the neurodevelopmental type. It is characterized by problems paying attention , excessive activity, or difficulty controlling behavior which is not appropriate for a person's age . |
auscultation | Biology | 1 | is listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using a stethoscope . is performed for the purposes of examining the circulatory and respiratory systems ( heart and breath sounds ), as well as the gastrointestinal system . |
autism | Biology | 1 | is a developmental disorder characterized by troubles with social interaction and communication , and by restricted and repetitive behavior . Parents usually notice signs during the first two or three years of their child's life. These signs often develop gradually, though some children with autism reach their developmental milestones at a normal pace before worsening . |
axilla | Biology | 1 | (also, armpit, underarm or oxter) is the area on the human body directly under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder . It also provides the under-arm sweat gland . |
axillary artery | Biology | 1 | is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax , the axilla (armpit) and the upper limb . Its origin is at the lateral margin of the first rib , before which it is called the subclavian artery . |
back | Biology | 1 | The human back is the large posterior area of the human body , rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck and the shoulders. It is the surface of the body opposite from the chest . The vertebral column runs the length of the back and creates a central area of recession. The breadth of the back is created by the shoulders at the top and the pelvis at the bottom. |
back pain | Biology | 1 | is pain felt in the back . It is divided into neck pain (cervical), middle back pain (thoracic), lower back pain (lumbar) or coccydynia (tailbone or sacral pain) based on the segment affected. The lumbar area is the most common area for pain, as it supports most of the weight in the upper body. Episodes of back pain may be acute , sub-acute, or chronic depending on the duration. The pain may be characterized as a dull ache, shooting or piercing pain, or a burning sensation. Discomfort can radiate into the arms and hands as well as the legs or feet , and may include numbness , or weakness in the legs and arms. |
barotrauma | Biology | 1 | is injury caused by a pressure difference between tissues and a gas filled space. |
basal | Biology | 1 | Anatomy : In the direction of the base. Antonym apical . Physiology : Lowest sustained level or minimum level required, as in basal metabolic rate . |
beta cell | Biology | 1 | s (β cells) are a type of cell found in pancreatic islets that synthesize and secrete insulin . s make up 50-70% of the cells in human islets. In patients with type I or type II diabetes , beta-cell mass and function are diminished, leading to insufficient insulin secretion and hyperglycemia. |
biceps | Biology | 1 | also biceps brachii (Latin for "two-headed muscle of the arm"), is a large muscle that lies on the front of the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. Both heads of the muscle arise on the scapula and join to form a single muscle belly which is attached to the upper forearm. While the biceps crosses both the shoulder and elbow joints, its main function is at the elbow where it flexes the forearm and supinates the forearm. Both these movements are used when opening a bottle with a corkscrew: first biceps unscrews the cork (supination), then it pulls the cork out (flexion). |
biceps brachii | Biology | 1 | The biceps, also biceps brachii (Latin for "two-headed muscle of the arm"), is a large muscle that lies on the front of the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. Both heads of the muscle arise on the scapula and join to form a single muscle belly which is attached to the upper forearm. While the biceps crosses both the shoulder and elbow joints, its main function is at the elbow where it flexes the forearm and supinates the forearm. Both these movements are used when opening a bottle with a corkscrew: first biceps unscrews the cork (supination), then it pulls the cork out (flexion). |
bile duct | Biology | 1 | is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile . Bile, required for the digestion of food, is secreted by the liver into passages that carry bile toward the hepatic duct , which joins with the cystic duct (carrying bile to and from the gallbladder ) to form the common bile duct , which opens into the intestine . |
biliary tract | Biology | 1 | The biliary tract, (biliary tree or biliary system) refers to the liver , gall bladder and bile ducts , and how they work together to make, store and secrete bile . Bile consists of water, electrolytes , bile acids , cholesterol , phospholipids and conjugated bilirubin . Some components are synthesised by hepatocytes (liver cells), the rest are extracted from the blood by the liver. |
binge eating disorder | Biology | 1 | (BED), is an eating disorder characterized by frequent and recurrent binge eating episodes with associated negative psychological and social problems, but without subsequent purging episodes (e.g. vomiting). BED is a recently described condition, which was required to distinguish binge eating similar to that seen in bulimia nervosa but without characteristic purging. Individuals who are diagnosed with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder exhibit similar patterns of compulsive overeating, neurobiological features of dysfunctional cognitive control and food addiction , and biological and environmental risk factors. Indeed, some consider BED a milder version of bulimia, and that the conditions are on the same spectrum. |
biological engineering | Biology | 1 | or bioengineering, or bio-engineering, is the application of principles of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable, tangible, economically viable products. employs knowledge and expertise from a number of pure and applied sciences, such as mass and heat transfer, kinetics, biocatalysts, biomechanics, bioinformatics , separation and purification processes, bioreactor design, surface science, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics , and polymer science. It is used in the design of medical devices, diagnostic equipment, biocompatible materials, renewable bioenergy, ecological engineering, agricultural engineering, and other areas that improve the living standards of societies. |
biology | Biology | 1 | is the natural science that studies life and living organisms , including their physical structure , chemical processes , molecular interactions , physiological mechanisms , development and evolution . |
biochemistry | Biology | 1 | sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms . |
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