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larva | Biology | 1 | An immature form that some animals (such as insects, crustaceans and amphibians) pass through before metamorphosing into an adult form. |
law of independent assortment | Biology | 1 | The principle, originally formulated by Gregor Mendel, stating that when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together. |
leukocyte | Biology | 1 | A colourless cell of the immune system which circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease. There are several types of leukocytes, all amoeboid cells with a nucleus, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes. |
life | Biology | 1 | The characteristic or collection of characteristics that distinguishes physical entities that undergo biological processes (e.g. living organisms) from that those do not (e.g. non-living, inanimate matter), either because such processes have ceased or because they were not present in the first place. What constitutes "life" is notoriously difficult to define, and there is currently no consensus definition, though some popular criteria are that living things are composed of cells, have a life cycle, undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, adapt to environments, respond to stimuli, reproduce, and evolve. Biology is the scientific study of life and of living organisms. |
ligament | Biology | 1 | The fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones and is also known as articular ligament, articular larua, fibrous ligament, or true ligament. |
light-independent reactions | Biology | 1 | See Calvin cycle. |
linked genes | Biology | 1 | Any set of one or more genes which are sufficiently close together on the same chromosome that they are very unlikely to assort independently and therefore are usually inherited together. |
lipid | Biology | 1 | A substance that is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Lipids are an important component of living cells. Together with carbohydrates and proteins, lipids are the main constituents of plant and animal cells. Cholesterol and triglycerides are lipids. |
lipoprotein | Biology | 1 | A biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids, bound to the proteins, which allow fats to move through the water inside and outside cells. The proteins serve to emulsify the lipid molecules. |
m phase | Biology | 1 | Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle – the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell. |
macroevolution | Biology | 1 | Evolution on a scale of separated gene pools. Macroevolutionary studies focus on change that occurs at or above the level of species, in contrast with microevolution, which refers to smaller evolutionary changes (typically described as changes in allele frequencies) within a species or population. |
macromolecule | Biology | 1 | A very large molecule, such as a protein, commonly created by polymerization of smaller subunits (monomers). They are typically composed of thousands or more atoms. |
macronutrient | Biology | 1 | Nutrients needed in large amounts which provide calories or energy. Nutrients are substances needed for growth, metabolism, and for other body functions. There are three basic types of macronutrients: fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. |
macrophage | Biology | 1 | A kind of swallowing cell, which means it functions by literally swallowing up other particles or smaller cells. Macrophages engulf and digest debris (such as dead cells) and foreign particles through the process of phagocytosis, so macrophages act like scavengers. |
mammalogy | Biology | 1 | The branch of biology that studies mammals, a class of vertebrates with characteristics such as homeothermic metabolism, fur, four-chambered hearts, and complex nervous systems. |
marine biology | Biology | 1 | The study of organisms in the ocean or other marine bodies of water. Given that in biology many phyla, families and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather than on taxonomy. |
mast cell | Biology | 1 | A cell filled with basophil granules, found in numbers in connective tissue and releasing histamine and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions. |
medulla | Biology | 1 | The continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, forming the lowest part of the brainstem and containing control centres for the heart and lungs. |
meiosis | Biology | 1 | A type of cell division that creates gametes (in humans, egg and sperm cells) for sexual reproduction. |
membrane potential | Biology | 1 | When a nerve or muscle cell is at "rest", its membrane potential is called the resting membrane potential. In a typical neuron, this is about –70 millivolts (mV). The minus sign indicates that the inside of the cell is negative with respect to the surrounding extracellular fluid. |
messenger rna | Biology | 1 | Single stranded RNA made during transcription and used as the template for protein synthesis in translation. Its sequence is complementary to the DNA sequence from which it is transcribed. |
metaphase | Biology | 1 | The third phase of mitosis, in which duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell is separated into two identical daughter cells. During metaphase, the cell's chromosomes align themselves in the middle of the cell through a type of cellular "tug of war". |
microbiology | Biology | 1 | The study of microorganisms, including protozoa, algae, fungi, bacteria and viruses. |
microevolution | Biology | 1 | The alteration in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population. |
mitosis | Biology | 1 | Cell division that results in two cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the original cell. |
molecule | Biology | 1 | The smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical properties of that element or compound. Molecules are made up of atoms that are held together by chemical bonds. These bonds form as a result of the sharing or exchange of electrons among atoms. |
molecular biology | Biology | 1 | The study of cells at the molecular level in order to understand the interactions between components like DNA, RNA, and proteins. |
molecular switch | Biology | 1 | A molecule that can be reversibly changed between two or more stable states. |
monomer | Biology | 1 | A molecule that "can undergo polymerization thereby contributing constitutional units to the essential structure of a macromolecule". |
motor neuron | Biology | 1 | A neuron whose cell body is situated in the motor cortex, brain stem, or the spinal cord, and whose axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs, mainly muscles and glands. |
mucous membrane | Biology | 1 | A membrane that lines various cavities in the body and covers the surface of internal organs. |
multicellular | Biology | 1 | Having or consisting of more than one cell, as opposed to being unicellular. |
mycology | Biology | 1 | The branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection. |
myofibril | Biology | 1 | A basic rod-like unit of a muscle cell. |
myosin | Biology | 1 | A type of protein that makes up the thick filaments in a myofibril. |
natural selection | Biology | 1 | An evolutionary process where heritable traits that arise through mutation give an organism a higher chance of survival in their environment and become more common in a population as these organisms have a higher likelihood of reproducing. |
neurobiology | Biology | 1 | The study of brain function in animals. |
neuron | Biology | 1 | Nerve cell. |
neurotransmitter | Biology | 1 | An endogenous compound that enable neurotransmission. |
niche | Biology | 1 | The position occupied by an organism in an ecosystem. The niche includes both the organism’s specific physical environment and the role that it plays within the wider ecosystem. |
nitrogen fixation | Biology | 1 | The chemical process by which molecular nitrogen (N2) in the air is converted into ammonia (NH3) or related nitrogenous compounds, typically by specialized microorganisms in soil and aquatic ecosystems but also by certain non-biological processes. Despite comprising nearly 80% of the gas in the Earth's atmosphere, diatomic nitrogen is metabolically useless to all but a few microorganisms, known as diazotrophs. Nitrogen fixation is essential to all life on Earth because fixed inorganic nitrogenous compounds are required for the biosynthesis of all nitrogen-containing organic compounds, including amino acids and nucleic acids. |
nucleic acid | Biology | 1 | The biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life . |
nucleic acid sequence | Biology | 1 | A succession of letters that indicate the order of nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA or RNA molecule. |
nucleobase | Biology | 1 | The nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides, which in turn are components of nucleotides, with all of these monomers constituting the basic building blocks of nucleic acids. |
nucleoid | Biology | 1 | An irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called the genophore. |
nucleolus | Biology | 1 | The largest structure within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. |
nucleotide | Biology | 1 | An organic compound which serves as the fundamental monomer used in the construction of nucleic acid polymers, such as DNA and RNA, both of which are essential biomolecules within all living organisms. |
organ | Biology | 1 | A collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function. |
organism | Biology | 1 | A living thing. |
ornithology | Biology | 1 | The branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds. |
osmosis | Biology | 1 | The spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. |
paleontology | Biology | 1 | The study of the history of life on Earth as reflected in the fossil record. Fossils are the remains or traces of organisms that lived in the geological past and have been preserved in the Earth's crust. |
parallel evolution | Biology | 1 | The development of a similar trait in related, but distinct, species descending from the same ancestor, but from different clades. |
parasitology | Biology | 1 | The study of the biology of parasites. |
pathobiology | Biology | 1 | The study or practice of pathology with greater emphasis on the biological than on the medical aspects. |
pathogen | Biology | 1 | A disease-causing organism. |
pathology | Biology | 1 | A medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and urine, as well as tissues, using the tools of chemistry, clinical microbiology, hematology, and molecular pathology. |
ph | Biology | 1 | A numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of an aqueous solution. It is roughly the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the concentration, measured in units of moles per liter, of hydrogen ions. |
pharmacology | Biology | 1 | The science of drug action on biological systems. In its entirety, it embraces knowledge of the sources, chemical properties, biological effects, and therapeutic uses of drugs. |
phenotype | Biology | 1 | The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by both genetic make-up and environmental influences. |
pheromone | Biology | 1 | A secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are analogous to hormones acting outside the body of the secreting individual to impact the behavior of receiving individuals. |
phloem | Biology | 1 | The vascular tissue that serves as a path for the distribution of food material in a plant. |
photosynthesis | Biology | 1 | A process that uses the energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. Photosynthesis occurs in the green parts of plants, in algae and in some microorganisms. |
phylum | Biology | 1 | A taxonomic rank or level of classification below kingdom and above class; in botany, the term division is commonly used in place of phylum. |
physiology | Biology | 1 | A branch of biology that studies the functions and activities of living organisms, including all physical and biochemical processes. |
phytochemistry | Biology | 1 | The study of phytochemicals, which are chemicals derived from plants. |
phytopathology | Biology | 1 | The science of diagnosing and managing plant diseases. |
piliferous | Biology | 1 | Bearing hair |
placebo | Biology | 1 | A substance or treatment of no intended therapeutic value. |
plasmolysis | Biology | 1 | The process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution. |
pollination | Biology | 1 | The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the part of the plant containing the ovules. This process is necessary for fertilisation and reproduction of the plant. |
polymer | Biology | 1 | A large macromolecule composed of many repeated subunits. |
polymerase chain reaction | Biology | 1 | A technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. |
pcr | Biology | 1 | A laboratory technique used to amplify small segments of DNA to produce many copies. |
polyploidy | Biology | 1 | Having or containing more than two complete sets of chromosomes. |
population | Biology | 1 | In biology, a population is a group of organisms of a species that live in the same place at a same time and that can interbreed. |
population biology | Biology | 1 | The study of populations of organisms, especially the regulation of population size, life history traits such as clutch size, and extinction. |
population ecology | Biology | 1 | A subfield of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment. It is the study of how the population sizes of species change over time and space. |
predation | Biology | 1 | A biological interaction in which a predator kills and eats its prey. |
primer | Biology | 1 | A short strand of RNA or DNA that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis. |
progeny | Biology | 1 | Offspring of animals or plants. |
progesterone | Biology | 1 | An endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone which plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis in humans and other animal species. |
prokaryote | Biology | 1 | Single celled organism which does not contain any internal membranes, such as a nuclear membrane. Includes all bacteria. |
protein | Biology | 1 | Any of a large class of complex compounds that are essential for life. Proteins play a central role in biological processes and form the basis of living tissues. They have distinct and varied three-dimensional structures. Enzymes, antibodies and haemoglobin are examples of proteins. |
psychobiology | Biology | 1 | The application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals. |
regeneration | Biology | 1 | The process of ecological restoration, which provides conditions to build up populations of native flora and fauna. The focuscan be on an individual species or widened to include an entire ecosystem.In biology, the process by which some organisms replace or restore lost or amputated body parts. |
reproduction | Biology | 1 | The biological process by which one or more new individual organisms (known as offspring) is produced from an existing parent organism. Reproduction is a defining characteristic of all life, and every individual organism exists as the result of a reproductive event. There are two general methods by which reproduction takes place: sexual or asexual. |
reproductive biology | Biology | 1 | The branch of biology that studies the various types and mechanisms of reproduction used by living organisms, typically with special emphasis on cell division, fertility, endocrinology, and/or the tissues, organs, and systems involved in reproduction. |
ribonucleic acid | Biology | 1 | A nucleic acid polymer composed of a series of ribonucleotides which incorporate a set of four nucleobases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). Closely related to DNA, RNA molecules serve in a wide variety of essential biological roles, including coding, decoding, regulating, and expressing genes, as well as functioning as signaling molecules. |
rna | Biology | 1 | A molecule generated in cells by transcription and required for the synthesis of proteins. RNA (Ribonucleic acid) is made up of a large number of nucleotides to form a long single strand. A chemical code for genetic information. |
ribosome | Biology | 1 | Cell organelle responsible for making proteins by translating RNA. |
rna polymerase | Biology | 1 | The enzyme which catalyses the formation of RNA during transcription. |
sclerenchyma | Biology | 1 | A type of tissue in which cells have thick lignified secondary walls and often die when mature. |
seed | Biology | 1 | 1. Part of the sexual reproduction of angiosperms (flowering plants) and gymnosperms (cone plants). Contains an embryo and its food store, which creates a new plant when conditions are right. 2. Offspring or progeny. |
selective breeding | Biology | 1 | A human-controlled breeding programme in which specific plants or animals are chosen to breed (produce offspring) because they have particularly useful or valuable features. The aim is to produce offspring with specific characteristics. |
sessile | Biology | 1 | An organism that is permanently attached to a substrate or surface. |
sexual reproduction | Biology | 1 | The formation of a new individual after the joining of male and female sex cells (gametes) from different parents. In some plants, sexual reproduction can involve gametes from the same parent. |
sociality | Biology | 1 | The degree to which individuals in an animal population tend to associate in social groups and form cooperative societies. |
sociobiology | Biology | 1 | A branch of biology that is based on the hypothesis that social behavior has resulted from evolution and which attempts to explain and examine social behavior within that context. |
soil biology | Biology | 1 | The study of microbial and faunal activity and ecology in soil. |
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