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bioinformatics | Biology | 1 | The application of computational tools to analyze and interpret biological data, especially genetic and genomic data. |
biopsy | Biology | 1 | is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon , interventional radiologist , or an interventional cardiologist involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease. |
biostatistics | Biology | 1 | are the application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology . It encompasses the design of biological experiments , especially in medicine , pharmacy , agriculture and fishery ; the collection, summarization, and analysis of data from those experiments; and the interpretation of, and inference from, the results. A major branch is medical biostatistics, which is exclusively concerned with medicine and health. |
bipolar disorder | Biology | 1 | is a mental disorder that causes periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood |
birth control | Biology | 1 | also known as contraception and fertility control, is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy . |
bladder cancer | Biology | 1 | is any of several types of cancer arising from the tissues of the urinary bladder . It is a disease in which cells grow abnormally and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body . Symptoms include blood in the urine , pain with urination , and low back pain. |
blood pressure | Biology | 1 | is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels . Used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the pressure in large arteries of the systemic circulation . is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure (maximum during one heartbeat) over diastolic pressure (minimum in between two heartbeats) and is measured in millimeters of mercury ( mmHg ), above the surrounding atmospheric pressure . |
blood vessel | Biology | 1 | The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system , and microcirculation , that transports blood throughout the human body . |
bone | Biology | 1 | is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton . s support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells , store minerals , provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility . s come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have a complex internal and external structure. They are lightweight yet strong and hard, and serve multiple functions . |
bone marrow | Biology | 1 | is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones . is the primary site of new blood cell production or hematopoiesis . It is composed of hematopoietic cells , marrow adipose tissue , and supportive stromal cells. In adult humans, bone marrow is primarily located in the ribs, vertebrae, sternum, and bones of the pelvis. On average, bone marrow constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans; in an adult having 65 kilograms of mass (143 lb), bone marrow typically accounts for approximately 2.6 kilograms (5.7 lb). |
brachial artery | Biology | 1 | is the major blood vessel of the (upper) arm. It is the continuation of the axillary artery beyond the lower margin of teres major muscle . It continues down the ventral surface of the arm until it reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow . It then divides into the radial and ulnar arteries which run down the forearm . In some individuals, the bifurcation occurs much earlier and the ulnar and radial arteries extend through the upper arm. The pulse of the brachial artery is palpable on the anterior aspect of the elbow, medial to the tendon of the biceps , and, with the use of a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) often used to measure the blood pressure . |
brachial plexus | Biology | 1 | is a network of nerves formed by the ventral rami of the lower four cervical nerves and first thoracic nerve ( C5 , C6 , C7 , C8 , and T1 ). This plexus extends from the spinal cord , through the cervicoaxillary canal in the neck, over the first rib, and into the armpit . It supplies afferent and efferent nerve fibers to the chest, shoulder, arm and hand. |
brachial veins | Biology | 1 | In human anatomy , the brachial veins are venae comitantes of the brachial artery in the arm proper. Because they are deep to muscle, they are considered deep veins . Their course is that of the brachial artery (in reverse): they begin where radial veins and ulnar veins join (corresponding to the bifurcation of the brachial artery). They end at the inferior border of the teres major muscle. At this point, the brachial veins join the basilic vein to form the axillary vein . The brachial veins also have small tributaries that drain the muscles of the upper arm, such as biceps brachii muscle and triceps brachii muscle . |
brachioradialis | Biology | 1 | is a muscle of the forearm that flexes the forearm at the elbow . It is also capable of both pronation and supination , depending on the position of the forearm. It is attached to the distal styloid process of the radius by way of the brachioradialis tendon, and to the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus . |
bradycardia | Biology | 1 | is a condition typically defined wherein an individual has a resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute (BPM) in adults. |
brain | Biology | 1 | The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system , and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system . The brain consists of the cerebrum , the brainstem and the cerebellum . It controls most of the activities of the body , processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs , and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body. The brain is contained in, and protected by, the skull bones of the head . |
brain tumor | Biology | 1 | occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain . There are two main types of tumors : malignant or cancerous tumors and benign tumors. |
brain metastasis | Biology | 1 | is a cancer that has metastasized (spread) to the brain from another location in the body and is therefore considered a secondary brain tumor . The metastasis typically shares a cancer cell type with the original site of the cancer. |
breast | Biology | 1 | The breast is one of two prominences located on the upper ventral region of the torso of primates . In females, it serves as the mammary gland , which produces and secretes milk to feed infants . Both females and males develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. At puberty , estrogens , in conjunction with growth hormone , cause breast development in female humans and to a much lesser extent in other primates. development in other primate females generally only occurs with pregnancy. |
breast cancer | Biology | 1 | is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. In those with distant spread of the disease , there may be bone pain , swollen lymph nodes , shortness of breath , or yellow skin . |
broca's area | Biology | 1 | or the Broca area, is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere , usually the left, of the brain with functions linked to speech production . |
bronchiole | Biology | 1 | The bronchioles or bronchioli are the passageways by which air passes through the nose or mouth to the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs , in which branches no longer contain cartilage or glands in their submucosa . They are branches of the bronchi , and are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system . The bronchioles divide further into smaller terminal bronchioles which are still in the conducting zone and these then divide into the smaller respiratory bronchioles which mark the beginning of the respiratory region. |
bronchus | Biology | 1 | A bronchi is a passage of airway in the respiratory system that conducts air into the lungs . The first bronchi to branch from the trachea are the right main bronchus and the left main bronchus. These are the widest and enter the lungs at each hilum , where they branch into narrower secondary bronchi known as lobar bronchi, and these branch into narrower tertiary bronchi known as segmental bronchi. Further divisions of the segmental bronchi are known as 4th order, 5th order, and 6th order segmental bronchi, or grouped together as subsegmental bronchi. The bronchi when too narrow to be supported by cartilage are known as bronchioles . No gas exchange takes place in the bronchi. |
bruit | Biology | 1 | also called vascular murmur, is the abnormal sound generated by turbulent flow of blood in an artery due to either an area of partial obstruction or a localized high rate of blood flow through an unobstructed artery. |
bulimia nervosa | Biology | 1 | also known as simply bulimia , is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging. Binge eating refers to eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time. Purging refers to the attempts to get rid of the food consumed. |
buttocks | Biology | 1 | are two rounded portions of the anatomy, located on the posterior of the pelvic region and comprise a layer of fat superimposed on the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius muscles . Physiologically, the buttocks enable weight to be taken off the feet while sitting. |
calcium | Biology | 1 | ions (Ca 2+ ) contribute to the physiology and biochemistry of organisms and the cell . They play an important role in signal transduction pathways, where they act as a second messenger , in neurotransmitter release from neurons , in contraction of all muscle cell types, and in fertilization . Many enzymes require calcium ions as a cofactor, those of the blood-clotting cascade being notable examples. Extracellular calcium is also important for maintaining the potential difference across excitable cell membranes , as well as proper bone formation. |
calf | Biology | 1 | is the back portion of the lower leg in human anatomy . The muscles within the calf correspond to the posterior compartment of the leg . The two largest muscles within this compartment are known together as the calf muscle and attach to the heel via the Achilles tendon . Several other, smaller muscles attach to the knee , the ankle , and via long tendons to the toes . |
cancer | Biology | 1 | is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors , which do not spread to other parts of the body. |
capillary | Biology | 1 | is a small blood vessel from 5 to 10 micrometres (μm) in diameter, and having a wall one endothelial cell thick. They are the smallest blood vessels in the body: they convey blood between the arterioles and venules . These microvessels are the site of exchange of many substances with the interstitial fluid surrounding them. |
carcinogen | Biology | 1 | is any substance, radionuclide , or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis , the formation of cancer . This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes. |
carcinogenesis | Biology | 1 | also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer , whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. |
cardiac arrest | Biology | 1 | a sudden loss of blood flow resulting from the failure of the heart to effectively pump. Symptoms include loss of consciousness and abnormal or absent breathing . Some individuals may experience chest pain , shortness of breath , or nausea before cardiac arrest. If not treated within minutes, it typically leads to death . |
cardiac catheterization | Biology | 1 | (heart cath or just cath), is the insertion of a catheter into a chamber or vessel of the heart . This is done both for diagnostic and interventional purposes. |
cardiac muscle | Biology | 1 | (also called heart muscle or myocardium), is one of three types of vertebrate muscles , with the other two being skeletal and smooth muscles. It is an involuntary, striated muscle that constitutes the main tissue of the walls of the heart . The myocardium forms a thick middle layer between the outer layer of the heart wall (the epicardium ) and the inner layer (the endocardium ), with blood supplied via the coronary circulation . It is composed of individual heart muscle cells ( cardiomyocytes ) joined by intercalated discs , encased by collagen fibres and other substances that form the extracellular matrix . |
cardiac surgery | Biology | 1 | or cardiovascular surgery, is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons . It is often used to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (for example, with coronary artery bypass grafting ); to correct congenital heart disease ; or to treat valvular heart disease from various causes, including endocarditis , rheumatic heart disease , and atherosclerosis . It also includes heart transplantation . |
cardiology | Biology | 1 | is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system . |
cardiothoracic surgery | Biology | 1 | (also known as thoracic surgery) is the field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the thorax (the chest)—generally treatment of conditions of the heart ( heart disease ) and lungs ( lung disease ). |
cardiovascular disease | Biology | 1 | (CVD), is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels . CVD includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs include stroke , heart failure , hypertensive heart disease , rheumatic heart disease , cardiomyopathy , heart arrhythmia , congenital heart disease , valvular heart disease , carditis , aortic aneurysms , peripheral artery disease , thromboembolic disease , and venous thrombosis . |
carotid artery, common | Biology | 1 | In anatomy, the left and right common carotid arteries (carotids) ) are arteries that supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood ; they divide in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries . |
carotid artery, external | Biology | 1 | The external carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck. It arises from the common carotid artery when it splits into the external and internal carotid artery . It supplies blood to the face and neck. |
carotid artery, internal | Biology | 1 | The internal carotid artery is a major paired artery , one on each side of the head and neck, in human anatomy. They arise from the common carotid arteries where these bifurcate into the internal and external carotid arteries at cervical vertebral level 3 or 4; the internal carotid artery supplies the brain, while the external carotid nourishes other portions of the head, such as face, scalp, skull, and meninges . |
carotid artery stenosis | Biology | 1 | is a narrowing or constriction of any part of the carotid arteries , usually caused by atherosclerosis . |
carpal bones | Biology | 1 | Are the eight small bones that make up the wrist (or carpus) that connects the hand to the forearm . In human anatomy , the main role of the wrist is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm, and the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist. |
carpal tunnel syndrome | Biology | 1 | (CTS), is a medical condition due to compression of the median nerve as it travels through the wrist at the carpal tunnel . The main symptoms are pain , numbness and tingling in the thumb, index finger, middle finger and the thumb side of the ring fingers. |
cartilage | Biology | 1 | is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue , a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints , and is a structural component of the rib cage , the ear , the nose , the bronchial tubes , the intervertebral discs , and many other body components. It is not as hard and rigid as bone , but it is much stiffer and much less flexible than muscle . The matrix of cartilage is made up of chondrin . |
cartilaginous joint | Biology | 1 | s are connected entirely by cartilage ( fibrocartilage or hyaline ). s allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint . s also forms the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column . |
catheter | Biology | 1 | Is a thin tube made from medical grade materials serving a broad range of functions. s are medical devices that can be inserted in the body to treat diseases or perform a surgical procedure. By modifying the material or adjusting the way catheters are manufactured, it is possible to tailor catheters for cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular, and ophthalmic applications. |
celiac disease | Biology | 1 | another way of spelling coeliac disease |
cell biology | Biology | 1 | also called cytology, is a branch of biology that studies the structure and function of the cell , which is the basic unit of life . is concerned with the physiological properties, metabolic processes, signaling pathways , life cycle , chemical composition and interactions of the cell with their environment. |
central nervous system | Biology | 1 | (CNS), is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord . |
cephalic vein | Biology | 1 | is a superficial vein in the arm. It communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein at the elbow and is located in the superficial fascia along the anterolateral surface of the biceps brachii muscle . Near the shoulder, the cephalic vein passes between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles ( deltopectoral groove ) and through the deltopectoral triangle , where it empties into the axillary vein . |
cerebellum | Biology | 1 | (Latin for "little brain"), is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates . Although usually smaller than the cerebrum , in some animals such as the mormyrid fishes it may be as large as or even larger. In humans, the cerebellum plays an important role in motor control . It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language as well as in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established. The human cerebellum does not initiate movement, but contributes to coordination , precision, and accurate timing: it receives input from sensory systems of the spinal cord and from other parts of the brain, and integrates these inputs to fine-tune motor activity. Cerebellar damage produces disorders in fine movement , equilibrium , posture , and motor learning in humans. |
cerebrum | Biology | 1 | is a large part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres ), as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus , basal ganglia , and olfactory bulb . In the human brain , the cerebrum is the uppermost region of the central nervous system . The prosencephalon is the embryonic structure from which the cerebrum develops prenatally . In mammals, the dorsal telencephalon, or pallium , develops into the cerebral cortex , and the ventral telencephalon, or subpallium , becomes the basal ganglia . The cerebrum is also divided into approximately symmetric left and right cerebral hemispheres. With the assistance of the cerebellum , the cerebrum controls all voluntary actions in the body. |
cervical cancer | Biology | 1 | is a cancer arising from the cervix . It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Early on, typically no symptoms are seen. Later symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding , pelvic pain , or pain during sexual intercourse . While bleeding after sex may not be serious, it may also indicate the presence of cervical cancer. |
cervix | Biology | 1 | or cervix uteri, is the lower part of the uterus in the human female reproductive system . The cervix is usually 2 to 3 cm long (~1 inch) and roughly cylindrical in shape, which changes during pregnancy . The narrow, central cervical canal runs along its entire length, connecting the uterine cavity and the lumen of the vagina . The opening into the uterus is called the internal os , and the opening into the vagina is called the external os . The lower part of the cervix, known as the vaginal portion of the cervix (or ectocervix), bulges into the top of the vagina. |
cheek | Biology | 1 | The cheeks constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear . "Buccal" means relating to the cheek. In humans, the region is innervated by the buccal nerve . The area between the inside of the cheek and the teeth and gums is called the vestibule or buccal pouch or buccal cavity and forms part of the mouth . |
chin | Biology | 1 | is the area of the face below the lower lip and including the mandibular prominence . It is formed by the lower front of the mandible . |
chronic fatigue syndrome | Biology | 1 | (CFS), also referred to as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), is a medical condition characterized by long-term fatigue and other persistent symptoms that limit a person's ability to carry out ordinary daily activities. |
ciliary muscle | Biology | 1 | is a ring of smooth muscle in the eye 's middle layer ( vascular layer ) that controls accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humor into Schlemm's canal . It changes the shape of the lens within the eye, not the size of the pupil which is carried out by the sphincter pupillae muscle and dilator pupillae . |
ciliary sulcus | Biology | 1 | The space between the anterior surface of the ciliary body of the eye and the posterior surface of the base of the iris. It is one of the sites for intraocular lens implantation. |
circulatory system | Biology | 1 | The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes ), oxygen , carbon dioxide , hormones , and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases , stabilize temperature and pH , and maintain homeostasis . |
clavicle | Biology | 1 | also known as the collar bone, is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum . There are two, one on the right, and one on the left side of the trunk . Along with the shoulder blade, the clavicles make up the shoulder girdle . The clavicle has many functions. It connects the axial and appendicular skeleton in conjunction with the scapula, helps extend range of motion , and protects neurovascular structures . |
clinic | Biology | 1 | (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a healthcare facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients . s can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. |
clinical research | Biology | 1 | is a branch of healthcare science that determines the safety and effectiveness ( efficacy ) of medications , devices , diagnostic products and treatment regimens intended for human use. These may be used for prevention, treatment, diagnosis or for relieving symptoms of a disease. is different from clinical practice. In clinical practice established treatments are used, while in clinical research evidence is collected to establish a treatment. |
coeliac disease | Biology | 1 | or celiac disease is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the small intestine . Classic symptoms include gastrointestinal problems such as chronic diarrhoea , abdominal distention , malabsorption , loss of appetite and among children failure to grow normally . This often begins between six months and two years of age. Non-classic symptoms are more common, especially in people older than two years. There may be mild or absent gastrointestinal symptoms, a wide number of symptoms involving any part of the body or no obvious symptoms. was first described in childhood; however, it may develop at any age. It is associated with other autoimmune diseases , such as diabetes mellitus type 1 and thyroiditis , among others. |
colorectal surgery | Biology | 1 | is a field in medicine dealing with disorders of the rectum , anus , and colon . |
common carotid artery | Biology | 1 | In anatomy, the left and right common carotid arteries (carotids) ) are arteries that supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood ; they divide in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries . |
common cold | Biology | 1 | also known simply as a cold, is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the nose . The throat , sinuses , and larynx may also be affected. Signs and symptoms may appear less than two days after exposure to the virus. These may include coughing , sore throat , runny nose , sneezing , headache , and fever . People usually recover in seven to ten days, but some symptoms may last up to three weeks. Occasionally, those with other health problems may develop pneumonia . |
common iliac artery | Biology | 1 | The common iliac arteries are two large arteries that originate from the aortic bifurcation at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra . They end in front of the sacroiliac joint, one on either side, and each bifurcates into the external and internal iliac arteries . |
common iliac vein | Biology | 1 | The common iliac veins are formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins . The left and right common iliac veins come together in the abdomen at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra , forming the inferior vena cava . They drain blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. Both common iliac veins are accompanied along their course by common iliac arteries . |
coronary arteries | Biology | 1 | are the blood vessels ( arteries ) of coronary circulation , which transports oxygenated blood to the actual heart muscle . The heart requires a continuous supply of oxygen to function and survive, much like any other tissue or organ of the body. |
corpus callosum | Biology | 1 | also callosal commissure, is a wide, thick nerve tract consisting of a flat bundle of commissural fibers , beneath the cerebral cortex in the brain . The corpus callosum is only found in placental mammals . It spans part of the longitudinal fissure , connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres , enabling communication between them. It is the largest white matter structure in the human brain , about ten centimetres in length and consisting of 200–300 million axonal projections. |
cranial nerves | Biology | 1 | are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain (including the brainstem ), in contrast to spinal nerves (which emerge from segments of the spinal cord ). Ten of the cranial nerves originate in the brainstem. relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck . |
cure | Biology | 1 | is a substance or procedure that ends a medical condition, such as a medication , a surgical operation , a change in lifestyle or even a philosophical mindset that helps end a person's sufferings; or the state of being healed, or cured. |
cytogenetics | Biology | 1 | is a branch of genetics that is concerned with how the chromosomes relate to cell behaviour, particularly to their behaviour during mitosis and meiosis . |
cytokines | Biology | 1 | Small proteins released by cells that play a key role in immune responses and cell communication. |
decompression sickness | Biology | 1 | is a condition caused by inert gas bubbles forming in supersaturated tissues after a reduction in ambient pressure, and either obstructing perfusion or causing local damage. |
deep circumflex iliac vein | Biology | 1 | is formed by the union of the venae comitantes of the deep iliac circumflex artery , and joins the external iliac vein about 2 cm. above the inguinal ligament . It also receives small tributary branches from the thoracoepigastric vein |
deep temporal arteries | Biology | 1 | The deep temporal arteries, two in number, anterior and posterior, ascend between the temporalis and the pericranium . They supply the muscle, and anastomose with the middle temporal artery . The anterior communicates with the lacrimal artery by means of small branches which perforate the zygomatic bone and great wing of the sphenoid . |
definitive treatment | Biology | 1 | Medical treatment generally accepted as most appropriate for the condition. |
deltoid muscle | Biology | 1 | is the muscle forming the rounded contour of the human shoulder . Anatomically, it appears to be made up of three distinct sets of fibers though electromyography suggests that it consists of at least seven groups that can be independently coordinated by the nervous system . |
dentistry | Biology | 1 | also known as Dental and Oral Medicine, is a branch of medicine that consists of the study, diagnosis , prevention, and treatment of diseases , disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity , commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa , and of adjacent and related structures and tissues, particularly in the maxillofacial (jaw and facial) area. |
dermatitis | Biology | 1 | also known as eczema, is a group of diseases that result in inflammation of the skin . These diseases are characterized by itchiness , red skin and a rash . In cases of short duration, there may be small blisters , while in long-term cases the skin may become thickened . The area of skin involved can vary from small to the entire body. |
diagnosis | Biology | 1 | Medical diagnosis (abbreviated Dx or D S ) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs . It is most often referred to as diagnosis with the medical context being implicit. The information required for diagnosis is typically collected from a history and physical examination of the person seeking medical care. Often, one or more diagnostic procedures, such as medical tests , are also done during the process. Sometimes posthumous diagnosis is considered a kind of medical diagnosis. |
diabetes mellitus | Biology | 1 | (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination , increased thirst , and increased hunger . If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications . Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis , hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state , or death. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease , stroke , chronic kidney disease , foot ulcers , and damage to the eyes . |
dietary reference intake | Biology | 1 | (DRI), is a system of nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies (United States) . |
differential diagnosis | Biology | 1 | is the distinguishing of a particular disease or condition from others that present similar clinical features. |
digestive system | Biology | 1 | The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue , salivary glands , pancreas , liver , and gallbladder ). Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body. |
disease | Biology | 1 | is an abnormal condition in an organism, or part of it, that negatively affects structure or function. can be caused by external factors, or internal dysfunctions, such as abnormal immune responses . |
ear | Biology | 1 | is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance . In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear , the middle ear and the inner ear . The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal . Since the outer ear is the only visible portion of the ear in most animals, the word "ear" often refers to the external part alone. The middle ear includes the tympanic cavity and the three ossicles . The inner ear sits in the bony labyrinth , and contains structures which are key to several senses: the semicircular canals , which enable balance and eye tracking when moving; the utricle and saccule , which enable balance when stationary; and the cochlea , which enables hearing. The ears of vertebrates are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side of the head, an arrangement that aids sound localisation . |
ear infection | Biology | 1 | Otitis is a general term for inflammation or infection of the ear , in both humans and other animals. It is subdivided into the following |
elbow | Biology | 1 | is the visible joint between the upper and lower parts of the arm . It includes prominent landmarks such as the olecranon , the elbow pit , the lateral and medial epicondyles , and the elbow joint. The elbow joint is the synovial hinge joint between the humerus in the upper arm and the radius and ulna in the forearm which allows the forearm and hand to be moved towards and away from the body. |
embryology | Biology | 1 | is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization , and development of embryos and fetuses . Additionally, embryology encompasses the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth, known as teratology . |
emergency medicine | Biology | 1 | also known as accident and emergency medicine, is the medical specialty concerned with the care of illnesses or injuries requiring immediate medical attention. Emergency physicians care for unscheduled and undifferentiated patients of all ages. As first-line providers, their primary responsibility is to initiate resuscitation and stabilization and to start investigations and interventions to diagnose and treat illnesses in the acute phase. |
endocrine system | Biology | 1 | is a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system , regulating distant target organs. In humans , the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands . In vertebrates , the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. The study of the endocrine system and its disorders is known as endocrinology . Endocrinology is a branch of internal medicine . |
endocrinology | Biology | 1 | is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system , its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones . It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events proliferation, growth, and differentiation, and the psychological or behavioral activities of metabolism , growth and development , tissue function, sleep , digestion , respiration , excretion , mood , stress , lactation , movement , reproduction , and sensory perception caused by hormones . Specializations include behavioral endocrinology and comparative endocrinology . |
epidemiology | Biology | 1 | is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations . It is a cornerstone of public health , and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare . Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review ). has helped develop methodology used in clinical research , public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences. |
epiglottis | Biology | 1 | is a leaf-shaped flap in the throat that prevents food from entering the windpipe and the lungs. It stands open during breathing, allowing air into the larynx. During swallowing, it closes to prevent aspiration of food into the lungs, forcing the swallowed liquids or food to go along the esophagus toward the stomach instead. It is thus the valve that diverts passage to either the trachea or the esophagus. |
epilepsy | Biology | 1 | is a group of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures . Epileptic seizures are episodes that can vary from brief and nearly undetectable periods to long periods of vigorous shaking. These episodes can result in physical injuries, including occasionally broken bones . In epilepsy, seizures have a tendency to recur and, as a rule, have no immediate underlying cause. Isolated seizures that are provoked by a specific cause such as poisoning are not deemed to represent epilepsy. |
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