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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Emil Johansson (born 10 June 2002) is a Swedish sprinter. He was the 2020 Swedish Indoor Athletics Championships winner in the 400 metres.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "After achieving the fastest mark at the trials, Johannson earned his first international medals at the 2019 European Youth Olympic Festival. He won a gold in the individual 400 metres, and a silver medal running the 300 metres leg of the Swedish medley relay.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2020, Johansson achieved his first national title by winning the 2020 Swedish Indoor Athletics Championships. Outdoors, he won the Finnkampen in a personal best of 46.95 seconds.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2023, Johansson was a member of the Swedish record-breaking team in the mixed 4 × 400 metres relay. The following week, he won the Swedish BAUHAUS-galan trials in the 400 metres. The time was a personal best of 46.69 seconds, his first time improvement in three years.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Johannson is from Bollstanäs, Upplands Väsby and he competes for the Turebergs FK athletics club.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Teresa Kowalska (July 19, 1946 – 2023) was a Polish chemist, specialized in the theory and application of chromatography. She was a professor emeritus of University of Silesia in Katowice.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kowalska received a master's degree in chemistry in 1968 and a PhD in physical chemistry in 1972, both from Higher Pedagogical School in Katowice, which became University of Silesia in Katowice. She conducted post-doctoral research at University of Salford in the UK, under the supervision of Hans Suschitzky. She received a habilitation degree in 1988 from Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, with the habilitation dissertation titled A New Thermodynamic Model of the Chromatographic Process and its Applications.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Kowalska was professor emeritus at the Institute of Chemistry of University of Silesia in Katowice, where she began her career in 1968 as assistant professor, associate professor (since 1991), and full professor (since 2000). From 2004, she headed the Department of Physicochemical Foundations of Chromatography at the Institute of Chemistry, which was renamed to the Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography in 2006.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Over her career, the research topics of Kowalska focused on chromatography. She co-authored over 300 peer-reviewed publications on the topic and co-edited five chromatography books: Preparative Layer Chromatography (2006), Thin Layer Chromatography in Chiral Separations and Analysis (2007), Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry (2008), Planar Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (2015), Chromatographic Techniques in the Forensic Analysis of Designer Drugs (2018). In 2017, the International Symposium for High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography called her \"the First Lady of chiral TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography)/HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography)\".", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "To address the lack of comprehensive chromatographic journals, Kowalska founded Acta Chromatographica with Józef Śliwiok in 1992. In addition to Acta Chromatographica, she also served on the editorial boards of Journal of Planar Chromatography and Chromatography Research International.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Battle of Fredericksburg order of battle includes:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Andrea Natali (born January 28, 2008) is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender for Barcelona.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Natali moved with his family to Spain as a child.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Natali joined the youth academy of Spanish La Liga side Barcelona at the age of thirteen. He has been described as \"one of the most promising defenders in the Blaugrana youth team\".", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Natali has captained the Italy national under-15 football team.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Natali mainly operates as a defender and has been described as \"stood out for his driving and quality in passing\".", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Natali is the son of Italian footballer Cesare Natali. He has four siblings.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Vergilia gens (or Virgilia) was a Roman gens.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The name is probably of Etruscan origin but the meaning is unknown. According to some sources, the gens Vergilia derives its name from the constellation of the Pleiades, in Latin Vergiliae. In ancient times the Pleiades were a point of reference for sailors during their nocturnal journeys.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The gens Vergilia was spread throughout Italy, attested in Verona, Aquileia, Cremona, and Brescia.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tearful salutation or tearful greeting refers to a practice common among various indigenous groups in the Americas. Documented prominently among the Tupinambás, it involves a tearful ceremony when a foreigner or absent tribe member arrives in the village.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The tearful salutation in South America was limited to the region east of the Andes. According to Alfred Métraux, it was the Tupi people who spread this custom. In relation to North America, the habit was widespread in the region between the headwaters of the Mississippi River and the coast of Texas, especially among the Kaddö group and the Sioux Indians. Georg Friederici reported finding evidence of the tearful salutation in Central America. Outside the American continent, it is observed in the Andaman Islands, Australia (in Queensland), and New Zealand.", "title": "Distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Among the Tupinambá people, the tearful salutation occurred when a foreigner or a tribe member absent for more than four days approached the host's dwelling. The guest would then lie down in a hammock; subsequently, the women of the dwelling gathered around, embracing him, placing their hands on his shoulders, neck, and knees, and covering his face with their hair. Squatting down, they would finally start to cry, sobbing and reciting speeches in rhymed prose. According to Claude d'Abbeville, they mentioned the guest was welcome and should be esteemed. According to Yves d'Évreux [fr], they also recalled the ancestors. Fernão Cardim [pt] stated they commented on what had happened while they were apart, imagining the difficulties the guest might have faced on the way. The guest had the obligation to cry as well, or at least cover his face and sigh. The crying only ceased upon request, which, however, was considered impolite. When the practice finally ended, a common greeting was heard: \"ereîupe?\" (\"have you come?\").", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The tearful salutation was also observed in various other indigenous groups, such as the Charruas and the Lenguas. Among the Guaranis, the practice was exactly the same as that of the Tupinambás. Karl von den Steinen observed two Jurunas greeting each other with tears. Fritz Krause [de] found the existence of the tearful salutation among the Carajás and the Kaiapós as well; relatives, upon meeting, remain silent and avoid looking at each other for a few minutes, and women cry for a brief period of time. The Oiampis, when encountering someone who has been absent for some time, turn their backs and remain silent for about ten minutes, indicating a trace of the practice. Jivaro women sing funeral songs when receiving outsiders.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Georg Friederici interprets the tearful salutation as an expression of sympathy for the guest, who would have faced dangers to visit the host. For Rafael Karsten, the custom would be an expression of pain caused by memories of deceased relatives, awakened by the visit. Alfred Métraux suggests some connection with the cult of the dead.", "title": "Interpretation" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Walter Francis Herbert Kempster DSO OBE (8 April 1897 – 1 February 1963) was an English first-class cricketer and an officer in the British Army.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kempster was born in China at Chinwangtao in May 1909. He was educated in England at Cheltenham College, where he played for and captained the college cricket team. From there, he progressed to the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, from where he graduated into the King's Shropshire Light Infantry (KSLI) as a second lieutenant in January 1929. Shortly after gaining his commission, Kempster served in the North-West Frontier Province of British India, where the Afridi Redshirt Rebellion was taking place. For his service there, he gained a medal and clasp. While serving in India, he made a single appearance in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team against the Muslims at Lahore in the 1929–30 Lahore Tournament. Batting twice in the match, he was dismissed without scoring by Mohammad Nissar, while in their second innings he was dismissed for 10 runs by Jahangir Khan. Kempster was also well known in army cricket, having represented the British Army cricket team several times. Wisden described him as a \"sound and attractive batsman\".", "title": "Life and military career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In the KSLI, he was promoted to lieutenant in January 1932. Kempster was seconded to the Sierra Leone Battalion in April 1937, an appointment which last until 1938. It was while seconded that he was promoted to captain in December 1937. By December 1938, he had returned to the KSLI and was made an adjutant in December 1938. Kempster served in the Second World War with distinction. He was mentioned in dispatches in March 1945 for gallant and distinguished service in the North-West Europe campaign, at which point he held the temporary rank of brigadier; he was further recognised for his service during the campaign by being made an OBE in the same month and being a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order in August 1945.", "title": "Life and military career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Following the end of the war, he was promoted to major in January 1946. He was later given the war substantive rank of lieutenant colonel, prior to his promotion to colonel in December 1950. He was specially employed in January 1951, and was given the temporary rank of major general. In December 1951, he was promoted to brigadier, prior to his death in June 1952 at All Stretton, Shropshire.", "title": "Life and military career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 season is Football Club Mynai's 4th consecutive season in the Ukrainian Premier League and 8th year in existence as a football club. In addition to the domestic league, Mynai participated in this season's editions of the Ukrainian Cup.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The club started terminating the contracts of their personnel in the winter break after the abysmal start of the season without winning a match out of 15 in the league. The manager got replaced, and by mutual agreement, six players left the team, followed by another three players.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kathi Weeks is an American scholar, Marxist feminist and anti-work theorist. She is best known for The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics and Postwork Imaginaries, published in 2011 by Duke University Press.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "She holds a PhD from the University of Washington, and is currently a professor of Gender, Sexuality, and Feminist Studies at Duke University. There, she was from 2012 to 2015 the Director of Graduate Studies in Women, and in 2018 the Director of Graduate Studies in the Program In Gender, Sexuality & Feminist Studies.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1998 she published Constituting Feminist Subjects, and in 2000 she co-edited with Michael Hardt the volume The Jameson Reader, on cultural theorist Fredric Jameson. She gained prominence with the publication in 2011 of The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics and Postwork Imaginaries. The book uses Marxist social reproduction theory, including Wages for Housework and autonomist literature, to question that work is necessarily a social good. She argues in favor of a post-work society where people do not see their creativity or political agency bound by employment relations. This includes a defense of a universal basic income on Marxist feminist grounds.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "LabTurbo Biotech (Chinese: 列特博生技) is a Taiwanese biotechnology company based in Taipei. Initially founded in 2000 as the automation department of Taigen Bioscience, the company was officially established in June 2019. The company sponsors a baseball team that plays in the Popcorn League.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2000, Taigen Bioscience established its automation department. The department spun off into its own company in June 2019 as LabTurbo Biotech.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2003, LabTurbo became a major supplier to the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control during the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "LabTurbo has sponsored Vanung University baseball team starting in 2016 for two 3-year terms. In September 2022, it officially established a semi-professional team to join the Popcorn League.", "title": "Baseball team" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In a joint press conference, Chinese Taipei Baseball Association commissioner Jeffrey Koo Jr., Sports Administration secretary-general Lu Hung-chin, and LabTurbo Biotech general manager Eric Tai announced that LabTurbo Biotech would become the league's 11th team.", "title": "Baseball team" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "William Wirt McConnell (May 4, 1834 – December 26, 1895) was an American politician from Pennsylvania. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Chester County from 1887 to 1890.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "William Wirt McConnell was born on May 4, 1834, in Honey Brook, Pennsylvania. He attended Howard Academy in Rockville, Chester County.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "During the Civil War, McConnell served in the commissary department. He worked at a rolling mill and for a mercantile business. He owned a hardware store in Honey Brook.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "McConnell was a Republican. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Chester County from 1887 to 1890. In 1893, he was a delegate to the Republican state convention.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "McConnell was director of the Chester County Trust Company.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "McConnell was a member of the Honey Brook Presbyterian Church.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "McConnell died on December 26, 1895, at his sister's home in Philadelphia. He was in Philadelphia receiving treatment. He was interred at Honey Brook Presbyterian Cemetery. His funeral was attended by local politicians, including Smedley Darlington, D. Smith Talbot and C. Wesley Talbot.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Melanie Schmidt is a German computer scientist whose research involves algorithms for cluster analysis, including approximation algorithms, coresets, algorithmic fairness, and inapproximability. She holds the Chair for Algorithms and Data Structures in the Computer Science Department at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Schmidt earned a diploma in computer science in 2009 through study at both the Technical University of Dortmund and the University of Verona in Italy. She continued at the Technical University of Dortmund for doctoral study in computer science, and completed her doctorate (Dr. rer. nat.) in 2014 with the dissertation Coresets and streaming algorithms for the k {\\displaystyle k} -means problem and related clustering objectives, jointly supervised by Christian Sohler, Johannes Blömer [de], and Ingo Wegener.", "title": "Education and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After postdoctoral research at Carnegie Mellon University in the US and at the University of Bonn, she took a position at the University of Cologne in 2019 as junior professor of machine learning. She moved to her present position in Düsseldorf in 2021.", "title": "Education and career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Buynovo (Bulgarian: Буйново) is a village in southern Bulgaria. It has a population of 230 as of 2022.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Buynovo is located in the southwestern part of Smolyan Province and has a territory of 45.467 km. It is part of Borino Municipality and situated just north and east of the border with Greece. The closest settlement is the village of Kozhari to the southeast. Other nearby villages include Chala, Yagodina and Trigrad.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The village is situated in the western part of the Rhodope Mountains along the river Vacha. Upstream of the village in northern direction is Buynovo Gorge with dramatic steep cliffs. Along the gorge is located Yagodinska Cave, the longest in the Rhodope Mountains. Both the gorge and the cave are listed in the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria.", "title": "Geography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team will represent Rutgers University as a member of the Big Ten Conference during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Scarlet Knights are led by Greg Schiano in the fifth year of his second stint (16th overall season) as Rutgers' head coach. The Scarlet Knights will play their home games at SHI Stadium located in Piscataway, New Jersey.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Schedule" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Beccut cippus is an archaeological artifact found in 1953 in Makthar (Tunisia). It is preserved in the town's archaeological museum, opened in 1967.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Along with the famous Makthar harvester inscription unearthed in the late 19th century and preserved in the Louvre, the cippus is one of the few epigraphic documents found on this site to have been engraved with a poetic text.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This third century text evokes the memory of a deceased young woman. Despite the clumsiness of the wording, written in a provincial context, it provides information on the social and religious life of the town, and is a valuable insight into the Romanization of this part of Roman Africa and the integration of populations of Numidian origin at the end of the High Roman Empire.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Beccut cippus is a funerary monument discovered in Makthar by site supervisor Herranz during the exploration of the Roman road leading from Makthar to Ausafa through the Wadi Saboun valley.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The site of the town of Makthar, occupied in ancient times, was the seat of a powerful Numidian city allied to Carthage, which Masinissa seized shortly before the final fall of the Punic city in 146 BC at the end of the Third Punic War. The influence of Carthaginian civilization remained strong for a long time, as evidenced by the Neo-Punic stelae dating from the 1st century and found in excavations at the site known as Bab El Aïn. From the end of the 1st century, the city benefited from Roman peace and experienced a degree of prosperity. The institutions of the city, which became a free city in 46 BC, were permanently influenced by the Punic era, with the maintenance of three shophets until the beginning of the 2nd century. From that century onwards, triumvirates replaced them.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Romanization of the city began with some families gaining citizenship from the reign of Trajan, and others the equestrian rank during the reign of Commodus. The old Numidian city had previously become a colony under the name of Colonia Aelia Aurelia Mactaris between 176 and 180. The city's zenith came at the end of the 2nd century, during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, with intense civic activity and a surface area of over 10 hectares. In the 3rd century, it became the seat of a bishop as the town's name is mentioned four times in lists of bishops from councils, including that of Carthage in 256. The end of prosperity is dated to the end of the first third of the 3rd century with the restoration of the damage caused by the Crisis of the Third Century that took place after 285.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The Beccut cippus dates from the years 250-260. It evokes the memory of a young woman, Beccut, who died in her early twenties and was cremated according to local tradition. The Makthar archaeological site has revealed fifteen funerary poems dated between the 3rd and 6th centuries, but the earliest ones date no further than the end of the Severan dynasty and make up a group of nine artefacts to which the Beccut cippus belongs.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "According to Jean-Marie Lassère, the study of the epigraphy of African monuments must be cautious because of the \"compartmentalized regions\": funerary customs and formulas spread in different ways. The excavations at Makthar have yielded numerous figurative representations, all of which are useful for dating monuments. However, the form of the letters must be treated with caution, given the provincial nature of the work, which was carried out by \"unskilled country lapidarists\", and paleography is not sufficient for dating.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The cippus was discovered in 1953, published the following year (B.A.C., 1954, p. 120); an in-depth study was published in 1970. The site revealed four other cippes in 1965.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The area in which it was found contained numerous remains of monumental mausoleums. The inscriptions found during the excavations reveal around 15% of the members of the college of local decurions in the second third of the 2nd century, and no members of the lower social classes.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The word cippus is \"used too loosely in epigraphic literature\", etymologically meaning \"an upright stone\". The term is often used in the context of Roman Africa to refer to funerary monuments. Funerary altars are often referred to as cippus in the literature. The adoption of the funerary custom of altars instead of steles did not predate the 2nd century, at the beginning of the \"apogee of Africa\", and spread massively in the following century.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The Beccut cippus is of the arulae-pillar type. It is carved from limestone and measures 1.60 m (5.2 ft) high by 0.45 m (1.47 ft) wide and 0.55 m (1.80 ft) thick. The upper part is broken on the right.A1", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The cippus features a large area of text, above which is a degraded garland and a pinecone. The garland carved in stone reproduces the garlands \"hung on tombs on the occasion of celebrations\". The altar was adorned before sacrifices, in particular those linked to the festival of Rosalia. This Roman funerary festival was introduced to Makhtar when the town became a colony.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The cippus features a 22-line inscription and, below it, the word \"Euthesia\", outside the frame. The last four lines have gaps. The artifact is the only stele with a known verse epitaph, apart from the Makthar Harvester epitaph, the \"most famous Mactar inscription\".", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "The shape of the letters, which do not fit neatly into the listed categories (uncial, Roman cursive, etc.), led Jean Mallon to describe this as a new school of paleography, \"marking the advent of modern Latin writing\". Jean Mallon has carried out a comparative study of the cippus script and that of an Oxyrhynchus papyrus, in particular no. 668, which contains an epitome of Titus Livius and was found in 1903. The manuscript has been dated to the 3rd century, and Mallon suggests the birth of writing in what is now Tunisia. The calligraphy used by the lapidarist is three times larger than on the scroll and \"the proportions are exactly the same\". The inscription is chiselled \"in the graphic style of a contemporary book\".", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "The first line of the text and the last two are typical of such funerary monuments, but in between is a poem of ten hexameters. The text contains prosodic errors, and the author of the inscription appears to be an \"improvised poet\", according to Édouard Galletier.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Beccut speaks in the text. The two lines giving the deceased's full name are badly damaged. The inscription form includes an \"abbreviated invocation to the Manes\", the name of the deceased and his age.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Funerary inscription", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Body", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "English translation", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "\"I, Beccut, first united with my husband Ilo (?), a novice and youthful virgin, in the place where Fortuna led me, the dwelling place of my life, but also the place of my demise - so the Fates willed - here I was celebrated both by the Hymen and by the nuptial torch carried before me, now I lie buried both in the tomb and in the urn. I have lived as long as I was allowed, chaste and unblemished in my morals; Lucina's favor has earned me the title of mother: I have given birth to a son; may he live in my place! May he not weep too much over my fate, he to whose heart I am so dear: it is the human condition to have to weep over the dead (?).\"", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "The end of the text cannot be translated due to gaps in the stone or the term used, \"Euthesia\"; the precise age of the deceased is one of these gaps.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "Sacrifices cannot take place above the monument's table due to its height, even though it is carved in the shape of an altar.", "title": "Interpretation" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "A comparative study of the pillar altars found on the archaeological site by Gilbert Charles-Picard suggests that the Beccut cippus dates the death of Makthar's harvester after 260, while the epigraphic study notes that \"the writing is not identical\"; the harvester died at an old age and his ascension may date from the city's period of prosperity, between 210 and 235.", "title": "Interpretation" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "Peregrines, after obtaining Roman citizenship, kept their \"barbarian name\" as their cognomen. In the evolution of the Roman name over the course of the 3rd century, the praenomen gave way to the cognomen, \"the only personal name used in everyday life\".", "title": "Interpretation" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "The main interest of the cippus is onomastic. Beccut is the cognomen of the deceased, indicating a Punic or Libyan origin. It would be the feminine form of the name BG'T, Bogud, a princely name. The deceased may have had two cognomina, one in Latin and the other in the native language. The husband's cognomen may have been Milo. The cognomen of African origin can be seen, in the words of Jean-Marie Lassère, as \"the revenge of indigenous tradition, relegating the gentilice, symbol of Romanization, to the shadows.\" As for the husband's name, ILONI, this is not explained by the Punic language, and specialists suggest the reading MILONI due to haplography, the dropping of one of the letters. The cognomen Milo was prestigious and its attribution to his son is possible by \"a provincial scholar.\"", "title": "Interpretation" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "Although the document gives no information on the couple's social position, it is assumed that they belonged to the city's \"well-to-do bourgeoisie.\" The senatorial and equestrian families were not easily distinguishable in the city, and the Curiate was open to people of modest means \"by dint of hard work.\" The cognomen Beccut betrays a \"recent promotion.\"", "title": "Interpretation" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "The invocation of the dead man's name was important because, according to Ausonius, it made it possible to \"bring the dead back from oblivion for a moment and mingle him with the living.\"", "title": "Interpretation" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "The term \"Euthesia\" evokes a religious community. The city's wealthy social classes honored Magna Mater and Liber, and Bacchism is reflected in the greater presence of Dionysiac symbols on funerary monuments, such as a pine cone on Beccut's cippus. However, the latter is used as much for the cult of Saturn as for the Magna Mater or Liber. Beccut may have been a Bacchante, and \"Euthesia\" may have been one of the \"mystical vocables\", the Eu prefix \"belonging to the technical language of medicine.\" The signum on the monument is perhaps a sign of membership of the Isiac community. Although the cult is little known in Makthar, initiation elsewhere is possible. The cult of Dionysus and Osiris may have come close, according to a \"commonly accepted assimilation.\"", "title": "Interpretation" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "The cult of Isis imposed on its followers \"a severe discipline, even to the point of asceticism\", and Beccut's epitaph accords with these principles of life. The word \"Euthesia\" at the end of the inscription introduces \"an atmosphere of strange mystery.\"", "title": "Interpretation" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "The text of the cippus is of the encomium type, and the poet evokes \"banalities and clichés\": \"Beccut was modest and had a son.\" Lucina is an epithet of Juno, \"tutelary goddess of childbirth.\" Evoking feminine virtue in the text is \"traditional praise\". She was born, lived and died in the same place. \"Married very young\", she did not die in childbirth because of the allusion to divinity, nor because of an accident: illness undoubtedly took her, \"in a manner as banal as it was distressing.\" The lifespan indicated, Vixit annos, is mostly found on monuments dating from the 2nd or 3rd century.", "title": "Interpretation" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "The expression DMS (Diis Manibus Sacrum, to the sacred Manes gods) is stereotyped. However, the use of the invocation to the Manes gods, early on the African monuments of the Proconsular capital or Dougga, is late \"as one moves away from Carthage.\" Consolation is a \"commonplace theme.\"", "title": "Interpretation" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "The verse study reveals \"no emotion\" on the part of the husband, who according to Gilbert Charles-Picard \"must have been in a hurry to remarry.\" The poem's style \"is characterized by its banality, both clumsy and pompous\". The language is described by Charles-Picard as \"artificial\" and having nothing to do with the language spoken by the local population.", "title": "Interpretation" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Katherine Kurt (1852–1910) was an American homeopathic physician. She was the first woman physician who ever practiced in Akron, Ohio.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Katherine Kurt was born in Sterling or Wooster, Ohio. December 19, 1852. Her parents were John and Katherine Kurt, both of Swiss descent. She was the eighth of a family of twelve children, and the first born in the U.S. The father was a weaver and found it hard to keep so large a family. Upon the death of the mother, when Katherine was eight years old, all the children but one or two of the older ones were placed in the homes of friends. The father was opposed to having any of the children legally adopted by his friends, but he placed Katherine in a family where, for a number of years, she had a home.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A few months each year, she attended a public school.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "When about 19 years old, she began to teach in the public schools of Wayne County, Ohio, and she saved enough to allow her to enter an academy, that she might better prepare herself for teaching, which, at that time, was her only aim. While in the academy in Lodi, Ohio, the idea of being a physician was first suggested to her, and from that time on, she worked, studying and teaching, with that aim in mind.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In the spring of 1877, she entered Buchtel College (now University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, as a special student. There she remained about three years, working her own way, the third year being an assistant teacher in the preparatory department. During the latter part of her course in Buchtel College, she also began the study of medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. J. W. Rockwell of Akron.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In the fall of 1880, she entered the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago, from which institution she was graduated on February 23, 1882, ranked among the first of a class of 101 students, having spent one term as assistant in the Chicago Medical and Surgical Institute.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "She then went to Akron, and opened an office in June 1882. In less than ten years, she secured an established, lucrative practice, without any debts, and had some paying investments. She served as physical examiner in Buchtel College and as medical examiner for the Ladies of the Maccabees, of which organization she was a member. She was also a member, and in 1896, was president, of the Northeastern Ohio Homeopathic Medical Society; was a member and, since 1887, secretary of the Summit County Clinical Society; and was also a member and second vice-president of the Homeopathic Medical Society of the State of Ohio.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In religion, Kurt was a Universalist. She was active in church work and for a number of years, was a Sunday school teacher. She favored philanthropic and reformatory movements. Kurt was an advocate for the higher education of woman and a firm believer in suffrage for woman.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Politically, she sympathized with the Prohibition Party. For several years, she was the State superintendent of heredity in the Ohio Woman's Christian Temperance Union.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "During the last 18 months of her life, Kurt suffered from a lingering illness. She died in Akron, Ohio, September 13, 1910, from pneumonia, following a fall which resulted in a fracture of the hip.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Emmaisa Nzondo (born 21 January 2006) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for EFL League One club Barnsley.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Nzondo spent four years in the Academy at Leeds United, his hometown club, before joining the youth-system at Barnsley in 2022. He made his senior debut for Barnsley on 26 September 2023, scoring in a 3–1 win over Manchester City in an EFL Trophy group stage game at Oakwell.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ramón Castilla Square (Spanish: Plaza Ramón Castilla), formerly known as Union Square (Spanish: Plaza Unión), is a public square in the historic centre of Lima, Peru. It is one of three squares through which Alfonso Ugarte Avenue passes—the others being Dos de Mayo and Bolognesi—and is also located at the intersection of Argentina and Emancipación avenues. It is named after former president Ramón Castilla.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A tunnel runs underneath the square, through which the Metropolitano passes up and down the avenue.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The square is the location of the Monument to Ramón Castilla, inaugurated on May 17, 1969. For the ceremony on that date, the 14-ton statue was transported from the workshop of its creator, the sculptor José Peña y Peña, to the square, passing through the main avenues of Lima, in a planned operation carried out in almost two hours, from 10:20 to 12:25, that required the cooperation of the Armed Forces of Peru and the Compañía Peruana de Teléfonos [es]. It was then formally inaugurated on May 30.", "title": "Monument" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "James Peter was born on June 9, 1999, Ottawa Ontario. He is a Canadian football linebacker for the Ottawa Redblacks of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played U Sports football for the University of Ottawa and was selected in the second round of the 2023 CFL Draft by the Ottawa Redblacks", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Attended St. Mother Teresa High School in Ottawa Ontario, played for his high school from Grade 9 - 12 as a Versatile Running back and Linebacker.", "title": "Early Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "James Peter entered the University of Ottawa in 2017 and began playing for their football team, the Ottawa Gee-Gees. Redshirted 2017. Recorded 13 solo tackles and three assisted tackles, totaling 14.5 tackles and averaging 1.8 tackles per game in 2018. Recorded 12 solo tackles and three assisted tackles, total 13.5 tackles and averaging 1.7 tackles per game in 2019. He served as a team captain and started in all six regular-season games as the will linebacker, where he led the team with 27 solo tackles. Additionally, he topped the Gee-Gees' charts in total tackles with 36.5, while also recording 1.5 sacks and two tackles for loss. His performance placed him eighth in the conference for solo tackles and tied for eighth in total tackles before the 2020 season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "title": "University Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He earned U SPORTS First Team All-Canadian and OUA First Team All-Star honors during the most dominant season of his career with Ottawa. He started all eight regular-season games and two playoff games at linebacker, serving as a team captain for the second consecutive season. In the regular season, he recorded a career-high 58 total tackles (44 solo, 28 assisted), along with three tackles for loss, two forced fumbles, and a pass breakup. He finished the regular season leading the OUA in solo tackles (44), total tackles (58.0), and tackles per game (7.3), as well as ranking second in assisted tackles (28). Nationally, he ranked second in solo tackles, assists, and total tackles, finishing third in tackles per game. He was selected to attend the College Gridiron Showcase in Fort Worth, TX in January and attended the 2023 CFL National Combine in Edmonton, AB in March 2023. He was ranked as a top CFL Draft prospect, rank sixteen by the CFL Scouting Bureau and was named Football Player of the Year at the Ottawa Sports Awards.", "title": "University Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Ranked as one of the top U Sports prospect for the 2023 CFL Draft, James Peter was chosen twelfth overall by the Ottawa Redblacks. He made the team's final roster.", "title": "Professional Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lene Juel Rasmussen is a Danish geneticist and gerontologist. She is a Professor at the University of Copenhagen, where she is also Managing Director of the University's Center for Healthy Aging.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "She was educated at the Technical University of Denmark, where she got her MSc in Chemical Engineering in 1988 and, at the Department of Microbiology with the supervision of Tove Atlung, her PhD in Molecular Genetics in 1991. After working as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Massachusetts Medical School (1991-1994) and the Harvard School of Public Health (1994-1996), she started working at Roskilde University as Assistant Professor in 1996, before being promoted to Associate Professor in 2000 and eventually Professor in 2006. In 2009, she moved to the University of Copenhagen, where in addition to becoming Professor, she also became Managing Director of the University's Center for Healthy Aging.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "As an academic, Rasmussen specializes in the genetic origins of diseases, particularly measles, mumps, rubella, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, and similar diseases. At the University of Copenhagen Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, she also runs the Rasmussen Group, a research group specializing in the relationship between the causes of aging and their effects.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She is a foreign member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters's Medicine section.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hammersmith Depot is a London Underground depot in Hammersmith, London. It is situated between Hammersmith and Goldhawk Road stations on the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The depot opened in 1906 for the electrification of the then-Metropolitan Railway (now Hammersmith & City line).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On 29 August 1991, three incendiary devices, attributed to the IRA, were discovered under a seat at the depot. There were no injuries.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The depot's sheds were extended and upgraded in 2013 to enable stabling of the new, longer S7 Stock as part of the Four Lines Modernisation project.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ken Rhee (born March 22, 1984) is a South Korean former soldier, businessman, and broadcaster, best known for participating in the Russia-Ukraine War as one of the international volunteers supporting the Ukrainian side, and the resulting controversy in South Korea, where upon his return he was accused of violating the law.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Korea in 1984, he immigrated to the U.S. at the age of 3, and grew up in New York City and LA. He dreamed of becoming a Navy SEAL officer in the U.S. military, but he did not enter the Naval Academy because he did not have citizenship, and after going to Virginia Military Institute, he decided to become a Navy officer in the Republic of Korea.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After graduating from Virginia Military Institute, he gave up his permanent residency and returned to Korea in 2007, commissioned as the 102nd officer of the Naval Academy Candidate(OCS), and served in DDH-976 and the Navy's Special Warfare Corps(UDT/SAL). During his active career, he completed various special forces training courses of the Korean and U.S. military with excellent performance, and he was a soldier with various practical experience by dispatching a number of overseas troops and participating in military operations.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "After being discharged from the military as a captain in 2014, he served in the PMC, served as an anti-terrorism and tactical shooting instructor in a number of military and police agencies, and worked in security and security-related positions at the US State Department and the UN.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He served as executive director of MUSAT, a security and tactical consulting company, and became popular in 2020 by appearing in the YouTube web content \"가짜사나이\". Since then, he has left MUSAT and established ROKSAL, a military security consulting company, and has been actively operating the YouTube channel \"ROKSAL\" of the same name.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In March 2022, he participated in the Russia-Ukraine War as a member of the International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine (ILDU), a Ukrainian volunteer army, and returned to Korea in May 2022 after being injured while performing a combat mission.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Ukraine is a travel ban country that has been issued with a level 4 warning under the travel warning system since February 13, 2022 due to the war, so entering Ukraine without government permission can be punished according to the passport law. According to the Ukrainian Embassy in Korea, dozens of Koreans also expressed their intention to support volunteer troops at the embassy, and warned them not to enter Ukraine without permission. Ken Rhee said he would be punished for this.", "title": "Controversy" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirmed that Ken Rhee, who entered the country without permission from March 6, participated in Ukraine, and said on March 17 that it was true that nine Korean nationals, including Ken Rhee, entered the country without permission, and that the remaining eight people would have participated in the war as volunteer soldiers, and explained that they were trying to confirm their whereabouts. Ken Rhee's Instagram account of him leaving for Ukraine to participate in the volunteer army was evidence, and he was accused by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of violating the passport law.", "title": "Controversy" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Ken Rhee left Warsaw Chopin Airport (Polish: Lotnisco Chopina w Warszawie) and returned home at 07:30 on May 27, 2022, through Incheon International Airport. Ken Rhee, who participated in the war as a foreigner for about 80 days, was accused of violating the passport law, was investigated by the police on June 10 after being quarantined to find out more about the charges, and most of the charges he committed were admitted. The international criminal investigation unit of the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency's Narcotics Crime Investigation Unit sent Ken Rhee to the Seoul Central District Prosecutors' Office without detention on June 14. The police admitted to violating the passport law and did not investigate the \"pre-crime\" or \"crime of using explosives,\" which are applied when personally participating in other countries' combat actions, although they are likely to violate the passport law.", "title": "Controversy" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Ken Rhee said that both knee cruciate ligaments were torn and he wanted to return to Ukraine after treatment. Ken Rhee said that while preparing to be punished for violating the law, he bravely fought on the battlefield by protecting people in the war as a volunteer army. During the war, not all volunteers receive citizenship, but the number of people who can receive citizenship is limited, and one of them is Ken Rhee himself. Nevertheless, Ken Rhee himself, who rejected his citizenship, is a Korean, so he said he would be punished according to the Korean court's ruling. Ken Rhee said he reported and recorded war crimes, including the slaughter of civilians by Russian troops in Irpin while participating in the war in Київ and the South, and said that it would be a criminal act if he did not help Ukraine under such circumstances. Regarding his participation in the war in Ukraine, he said that it was his duty and \"the fight between good and evil\" to help Ukraine with a war against Russia, a powerful country that is different in character from other countries, which is a weak country. He said that the violation of the passport law was a traffic law, and that he made the right decision based on his belief, even though he knew he could be punished for illegal activities, and that he had no regrets at all.", "title": "Controversy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2022–23 Appalachian State Mountaineers women's basketball team represented Appalachian State University during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The basketball team, were led by ninth-year head coach Angel Elderkin, and played all home games at the Holmes Center along with the Appalachian State Mountaineers men's basketball team. They were members of the Sun Belt Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Leonard Saca (born January 3, 2007) is a Moldovan footballer who plays as a defender for Barcelona.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Saca was born to a lawyer mother and businessman father. He was nicknamed the \"Machine\".", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Saca debuted for the Moldova national under-21 football team during the 2025 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Saca has been described as \"developing as a central defender, but he can also do it very well as a left defender or closing midfielder\". He has received comparisons to Spain international Gerard Piqué.", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Saca has a Romanian passport.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Gjin Tanushi (fl. 1281) was a 13th century Albanian nobleman who held lands in Ndërfandë, corresponding to the region of Mirdita in north-central Albania. He was also the progenitor of the Dukagjini family which ruled over an area of northern Albania and western Kosovo (Rrafshi i Dukagjinit) during the medieval period, their most important holding being that of Lezhë.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Gjin Tanushi (recorded as ducam Ginium Tanuschium Albanensem and Johanes Tanusius) first appears in the historical record in an Angevin document from 1281 as among the Albanian nobles (including Vlado Blinishti among others) who had opposed Charles I of Anjou and were consequently imprisoned in Brindisi, having been captured by the captain (miles capitaneus) of Durazzo, Johannes Scoctus. The title attributed to Gjin Tanushi in the document, duca (duke), may represent a position that he earned while serving as a military leader under the Byzantine Empire or Kingdom of Serbia. Following his return to Albania, Gjin Tanushi was killed by the locals of Ndërfanda. The death of Gjin Tanushi is discussed in an account written by Gjon Muzaka (fl. 1510) and contemporary oral traditions from the region. According to these narratives, Gjin Tanushi had killed the bishop of Ndërfanda at the church of Saint Mary as the bishop had dishonoured Tanushi by greedily looking upon his wife. Upon hearing of this, the locals of Ndërfanda rose upon against Gjin Tanushi and killed him as well as his entire household, with only a single son who had been hidden surviving the massacre. This unnamed son was adopted and raised by an ally of Tanushi named Stefan Progani from the village of Kallmet, who later married his daughter to Gjin Tanushi's son and aided him in retaking his fathers domain - re-establishing the Dukagjini as a power in the region.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "While little is known about Gjin Tanushi's earlier life, some historians have theorised that he was a descendant or relative of the Progoni family which ruled the Principality of Arbanon from 1190 to 1215-6. Injac Zamputi proposed that Tanushi may have been a descendant of protosebastos Progon, the son of Gjin Progoni, who succeeded his uncle Demetrio Progoni and inherited lands in Ndërfanda.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Richard Bullingham was an English politician.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Bullingham was from a prominent Worcester family, being the brother of Bishop Nicholas Bullingham. He was elected MP for Worcester in 1559 and 1571, also holding local office in Worcester as auditor, councillor and bailiff.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nathan Tunchatchawan James (born 28 September 2004) is a Thai professional footballer who plays as a defender for EFL League One club Barnsley. He represented Thailand U20 at the 2022 AFF U-19 Youth Championship.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "James turned professional at Barnsley in July 2023, having impressed academy manager Bobby Hassell during his time playing in the Academy at Burnley. He made his first-team debut for Barnsley on 5 September 2023, coming on as a 67th-minute substitute for Maël de Gevigney in an EFL Trophy group stage game with Grimsby Town; Barnsley won the match 2–0. On 25 October, he joined Farsley Celtic on loan.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hazel Screen is a British engineer, Head of the School of Engineering & Materials Science and a professor of Biomedical Engineering at Queen Mary University of London. Her research looks to understand the complex structure of biological tissues, with a particular focus on tissues and heart valves. She is a Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Screen was a student at University College London, where she completed her undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. She studied advanced instrumentation for a Master's research. She started her doctorate at Queen Mary University of London in 1999, and studied structure-function relationships in tendons. Screen remained at QMUL as a postdoctoral researcher.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2004 Screen was made a lecturer in Biomedical Engineering, where she was made Professor in 2015. Screen studies the mechanisms that underpin the structural integrity of soft biological tissue. She is particularly interested in tissues of the heart valve and tendon. At Queen Mary Screen leads the Tendon Research group. Tendons are fibrous tissues that connect muscles to bone, and their self-repair mechanisms become less efficient with ageing. Screen studies the interfascicular matrix of tendons and how it is impacted by ageing. She developed organ-on-a-chip technologies to recreate physiological processes, and test new treatments for tendon disease.", "title": "Research and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She serves as Director of the UK Organ-on-a-Chip Technologies Network and is Director of Queen Mary Centre for Predictive in vitro Models.", "title": "Research and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In her spare time Screen enjoys sports and travelling.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Loot the Castle is a closed-end, hand moderated, play-by-mail role-playing game. It was published by Tom Webster.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Logan's Run was a closed-end, hand-moderated PBM game.", "title": "History and development" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "History and development" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "Gameplay" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "Reviews" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"The Mask\" is a short story in four parts published by Robert W. Chambers in his 1895 collection The King in Yellow. The story involves the themes of fantasy and alchemy, as well as art, love, and uncanny science, and contains the motifs of the King in Yellow. The main fantasy element in the story is a mysterious solution capable of turning living beings into marble sculptures.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The story opens with an excerpt from the fictional play The King in Yellow, Act 1, Scene 2d:", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Camilla: You, sir, should unmask. Stranger: Indeed? Cassilda: Indeed it's time. We have all laid aside disguise but you. Stranger: I wear no mask. Camilla: (Terrified, aside to Cassilda) No mask? No mask!", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In his home in Rue Sainte-Cécile, Paris, talented sculptor Boris Yvain has completed works representing figures such as the Madonna and Cupid, and is working on a representation of The Fates. Through an unusual chemical process, he has also managed to produce a mysterious liquid that turns living beings immersed in it into pure marble representations of themselves. He demonstrates the solution to his painter friend Alec in an Easter lily and a goldfish, both of which are turned into beautiful white marble sculptures with azure and rose tints.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Amidst discussions about Boris's sculptures and his reluctance to reveal this transformative secret to the world, as it would forever disrupt science and art, the dynamic between the characters becomes apparent, as there is an unspoken love triangle involving Boris, Alec, and Geneviève, Boris's lover who was also the model for his acclaimed Madonna sculpture. Geneviève's ever-changing moods and interactions hint at deeper emotions and tensions within the trio.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The second part focuses on the daily life and dynamics among Boris, Alec, Geneviève, and their mutual friend Jack Scott. Boris continues his experiments with the transformative solution, accidentally almost dunking Alec into a pool filled with it. Later, Boris and Jack leave for an art exhibition, leaving Alec to work on a project for Geneviève's boudoir.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Alec's artistic frustrations lead to a break, and he relaxes in the smoking room, eventually dozing off. He awakens to hauntingly sad music and discovers Geneviève weeping in the dark room, playing a spinet. Mistaking Alec's voice for Boris's, Geneviève, who had stumbled upon a wolf's head in the room and sprained her ankle, collapses in pain, revealing she is alone and injured. Boris and the household servants are absent, leaving Alec feeling guilty for not realizing earlier and offering assistance.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Boris and Jack are still away in the following day, and Alec, concerned for her well-being, tries to help. He tries to reassure her with a small lie about the music, prompting Geneviève's gratitude. Eventually, Alec arranges for assistance and leaves Geneviève in the care of a maid.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Boris frantically tends to Geneviève as she succumbs to a mysterious fever. While she is taken care of, Boris, in order to distract himself from distress, turns yet another goldfish into marble with the transformative solution, and then decides to do the same to a white rabbit. Alec avoids witnessing this, and instead turns himself into reading the play The King in Yellow.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Still feverish, Geneviève wakes up briefly and says Alec's name. While Alec is astonished by this, Boris tries to comfort his friend, saying \"It is not your fault, Alec, don't grieve so if she loves you\".", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Alec hurriedly leaves, taking Jack with him, and concludes he is going to be ill as well. He enters a long-lasting period of illness, with the last thing he remembers before it being Jack saying \"For Heaven's sake, doctor, what ails him, to wear a face like that?\", which reminded Alec of the Pallid Mask in The King in Yellow.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "As two years pass, ill Alec is drawn into a period feverish delirium with terrifying hallucinations involving Boris, Genieviève, and motifs in The King in Yellow. He also recalls that Genieviève's words were actually \"I love you, but I think I love Boris best\". While he recovers, Jack takes care of him, and he repeatedly asks Jack to see Boris and Geneviève, but is never granted that request.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Before almost reaching full recovery, Alec wonders on his plans to meet Boris and Geneviève again, aiming to leave their lives forever afterward. However, Jack finally reveals that they are both dead. Alec, in a fit of rage, sinks into weeks of relapse, after which Jack, in a heartbreaking narrative, reveals what happened to their friends–Geneviève drowned in the pool after falling there under the influence of drugs, becoming a marble sculpture, and Boris shot himself in despair. Jack also tells Alec of his own meticulous actions to eradicate any trace of the transformative solution and the formula to produce it after the tragic events, as well as his work with a doctor to cover up the strange events. He then reveals Boris's will, which bequeaths everything to Geneviève, with the house and marbles left to Alec, and Jack entrusted with another property. Jack departs to fulfill Boris's wishes.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The devastating revelation leaves Alec shattered, realizing the finality of their intertwined lives and the profound tragedy that has torn them apart forever.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "After inheriting Boris's house, Alec finally faces the haunting memories by returning to Rue Sainte-Cécile. However, overwhelmed by the silence and grief, he locks up the house and leaves for Constantinople, spending two years in the East trying to escape the tragedy. Yet, the memories of Boris and Geneviève keep resurfacing, eventually in letters from Jack, even though they initially avoided the subject.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Upon Jack's urgent request, Alec returns to Paris, where they spend time together, visiting Boris's resting place at the cemetery in Sèvres. However, Jack's restless dreams and inexplicable anxiety prompt him to separate temporarily. Alec decides to move into Boris's house, now his, finding solace in painting but avoiding the marble room where Geneviève's body, now a fine marble sculpture, rests.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "One April afternoon, drawn by an irresistible force, Alec finally opens the sealed door to the marble room. Bathed in sunlight, he discovers Geneviève lying under the Madonna's tender gaze, with a faint warmth beneath the marble. Overwhelmed, he kisses the marble and retreats into the house.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "As he sits in the conservatory reading a letter from Jack, a maid interrupts, speaking of strange occurrences—a live rabbit replacing the marble one, and live fish replacing the marble ones. Frustrated, Alec investigates, finding the marble Easter lily transformed into a fresh, fragrant flower. Suddenly understanding, he rushes back to the marble room. As the doors open, Geneviève, alive and flushed, wakes from her marble slumber, greeted by the heavenly smile of the Madonna.", "title": "Plot" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"The Mask\" may refer to one of two short stories:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Aaron Atkinson (born 15 November 2004) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL League One club Barnsley.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Atkinson signed a two-year contract with EFL League One club Barnsley from Oldham Athletic, following a successful trial period; Oldham were paid an undisclosed fee. He had spent his youth in the Academy at Manchester City, before joining the Academy at Blackburn Rovers, later joining Oldham Athletic at the under-15 level. He made his first-team debut for Barnsley on 21 November 2023, in a 5–1 defeat at Bradford City in the EFL Trophy.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Atkinson is a \"creative, energetic midfielder\".", "title": "style of play" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2002 Delaware Senate election was held on November 5, 2002, to elect all 21 of the 21 members to Delaware's Senate. The election coincided with elections for other offices, including for U.S. Senate, U.S. House of Representatives, and state house. The primary election was held on September 7, 2002.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Incumbent Democrat Harris McDowell III has represented the 1st district since 1977.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Incumbent Democrat Margaret Rose Henry has represented the 2nd district since 1994.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Incumbent Democrat Robert Marshall has represented the 3rd district since 1979.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Incumbent Republican Dallas Winslow has represented the 4th district since 1999. Winslow lost re-nomination to fellow Republican Charlie Copeland, who went on to win the general election.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Incumbent Republican Catherine Cloutier has represented the 5th district since 2001.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Incumbent Republican Liane Sorenson has represented the 6th district since 1995.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Incumbent Democrat Patti Blevins has represented the 7th district since 1991.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Incumbent Democrat David Sokola has represented the 8th district since 1991.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Incumbent Democrat and President pro tempore Thomas Sharp has represented the 9th district since 1975. Sharp didn't seek re-election and fellow Democrat Karen Peterson won the open seat.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Incumbent Republican and Minority Leader Steven Amick has represented the 10th district since 1995.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Incumbent Democrat Tony DeLuca has represented the 11th district since 1999.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Incumbent Republican Dorinda Connor has represented the 12th district since 1997.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Incumbent Democrat David McBride has represented the 13th district since 1979.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Incumbent Democrat James Vaughn has represented the 14th district since 1980.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Incumbent Democrat Nancy Cook has represented the 15th district since 1975.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Incumbent Republican Colin Bonini has represented the 16th district since 1995.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Incumbent Republican John Still III has represented the 17th district since 1988.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "Incumbent Republican Gary Simpson has represented the 18th district since 1999.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "Incumbent Democrat Thurman Adams Jr. has represented the 19th district since 1973.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "Incumbent Democrat George Bunting has represented the 20th district since 1997.", "title": "Detailed results" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "Incumbent Democrat Robert Venables Sr. has represented the 21st district since 1989.", "title": "Detailed results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Michigan State Spartans football team will represent Michigan State University as a member of the Big Ten Conference during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Spartans will play their home games at Spartan Stadium located in East Lansing, Michigan, and are led by first-year head coach Jonathan Smith.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Schedule" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Patrick J. Fiedler (born 1953) is an American lawyer, mediator, and jurist from Wisconsin. He was a Wisconsin circuit court judge in Dane County for 18 years, from 1993 to 2011. Earlier in his career, he was the 2nd secretary of the Wisconsin Department of Corrections, in the cabinet of governor Tommy Thompson, and he served as United States Attorney for the Western District of Wisconsin, appointed by President Ronald Reagan. In the year after he left the judgeship, Fiedler also served as president of the State Bar of Wisconsin.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Patrick Fiedler was born and raised in Mineral Point, Wisconsin; he graduated from Mineral Point High School in 1971. After a brief pause in his education, he went on to attend the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, where he earned his bachelor's in business administration in 1977. He decided to pursued his law degree at Marquette University Law School, receiving his J.D. in May 1980.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After graduating law school, Fiedler was hired as an assistant district attorney in Waukesha County, Wisconsin. After four years at the district attorney's office, he worked for a year as an attorney in private practice with the firm Runkel, Runkel & Ansay. In 1985, he moved back to Iowa County, Wisconsin, and set up a law firm partnership then known as Hamilton, Mueller, and Fiedler, in Dodgeville.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In January 1987, Wisconsin's western district United States Attorney, John R. Byrnes, announced his resignation. The Reagan administration accepted applicants for the position from Wisconsin attorneys, and Fiedler was quickly identified as one of the finalists. President Ronald Reagan indicated in May 1987 that he planned to nominate Fiedler for the role. Fiedler took over as acting U.S. attorney in August 1987, but was not officially nominated until November of that year. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 25, 1988.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "After accepting the job as U.S. attorney, Fiedler moved to Madison, Wisconsin—the location of the principal courthouse of the Western District of Wisconsin—where he has subsequently maintained his primary residence. He served four years as U.S. attorney, during which time he was active in prosecuting the war on drugs.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "After winning his second term as Governor of Wisconsin, Tommy Thompson tapped Fiedler to serve as secretary of the Wisconsin Department of Corrections, succeeding the first person to hold that office, Stephen E. Bablitch. Fiedler served nearly three years as secretary of the Department of Corrections, until Thompson appointed him to serve as a Wisconsin circuit court judge in Dane County, Wisconsin, in the Fall of 1993.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Fiedler was sworn in as judge on November 24, 1993, with his father, Iowa County circuit judge James Fiedler, administering the oath. He went on to win a full term as judge in the April 1994 election, and was re-elected in 2000 and 2006.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Fiedler announced his retirement from the court in September 2011, leaving office with a year left on his term. He returned to private practice, joining the Axley Brynelson law firm. After three years, he left that firm and joined Hurley Burish, S.C., where he continues to practice law. He was elected president of the State Bar of Wisconsin in 2013.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Patrick Fiedler is a son of James Fiedler. James Fiedler was a prominent attorney in Mineral Point; he served 24 years as a county judge and Wisconsin circuit court judge, and he was chief judge of the 7th district of Wisconsin circuit courts in the 1980s.", "title": "Personal life and family" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Patrick Fiedler and his wife, Sandy, have three adult children.", "title": "Personal life and family" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Building of the Ministry of Finance and Commerce (Spanish: Edificio del Ministerio de Hacienda y Comercio) is one of the largest buildings located in Abancay Avenue in the historic centre of Lima. It serves as the headquarters of the Public Ministry of Peru.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The building was built in 1952, during the government of Manuel Odría, and is the work of architect Guillermo Payet, who conceived the design according to the modernist movement, occupying an entire block of Abancay Avenue, at the time of its widening.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The tender for the construction of the building was awarded in December 1949 to the firm Gramonvel S. A. for a budget of S/. 25 million, and with a completion period of 24 months.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Its exterior is decorated in marble, with a series of bas-reliefs on the front, the work of Artemio Ocaña [es] and Luis Felipe Agurto Olaya. The interior, on the entrance level that faces the main avenue, has a mural by Teodoro Núñez Ureta in the lobby.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "During the 2022 protests against the government of Dina Boluarte, the building was attacked on different occasions by protesters.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Battle of Cairo or Asandamur's rebellion was a clash that took place in late 1367 during the reign of the Egyptian Sultan El-Ashraf Sha'ban ibn Qalawun and ended with the crushing of the rebellion.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In late 1367, Emir Sayf al-Din Asandamur bin Abdullah an-Nasiri and his newly acquired mamluks moved against El-Ashraf Sha'ban. The revolt was also supported by Emir Khalil ibn Qawsun, the son of former regent Emir Qawsun (d. 1342). Khalil had been promised the throne by Asandamur.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "According to a contemporary Mamluk chronicler, al-Nuwayri al-Iskandarani, El-Ashraf Sha'ban was significantly assisted by the \"common people\", who killed many of the mamluk rebels, \"making them bite the dust\". The support of the commoners was enlisted by El-Ashraf Sha'ban's loyalist commanders, emirs Asanbugha Ibn al-Abu Bakri and Qushtamur al-Mansuri, both of whom withdrew from the battle in Cairo and left the commoners to fight Asandamur's forces alone. The commoners were able to turn the tide in favor of El-Ashraf Sha'ban's partisans, and the latter's emirs and Royal Mamluks returned to the battle, defeated the rebels and arrested Asandamur.", "title": "Battle" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Because of their loyalty and key support during the revolt, El-Ashraf Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign.", "title": "Aftermath" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Clarivate's Highly Cited Researchers program measures the amount of citations in Web of Science–indexed journals an paper or article has amassed, and honors certain top authors as a \"Highly Cited Researcher\" (HCR). Within the scientific community, Highly Cited Researchers are found as only 1 in every 1,000 scientists.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The list has been published yearly since 2001.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2016, Clarivate sent a congratulatory email to many researchers who had not actually received the designation. It was not disclosed how many researchers the congratulations were erroneously sent to.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Over 1,000 researchers were excluded from the 2023 list in total, largely for unethical citation practices and other examples of poor academic integrity. Specifically, researchers affiliated with Saudi Arabian universities saw a sharp decline from the previous years' rankings in 2023. In April 2023, El País revealed that Saudi universities had been paying researchers to add their institution as an affiliation. After correction, the number of HCRs affiliated with Saudi institutions dropped by 30%. Following the incident, Clarivate released a statement supporting integrity in researcher affiliations.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "From 2001 to 2016, the percentage of HCRs affiliated with institutions from mainland China increased, reflecting the increased spending on research conducted by Chinese colleges and universities, though during this time, the amount of affiliations specifically to the Chinese Academy of Sciences decreased.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The proportion of women in the HCR list has been studied, with results suggesting that research by women receives less citations, as they represented only 16% of the researchers on the list. Research has also shown that in the fields of chemistry, computer science, engineering, mathematics, and physics and astronomy, where the biggest disparity occurs, women constitute 4–7% of the HCRs although they make up over 25% of authors in the field. (For further information, see: Women in STEM fields and Sexism in academia)", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "As of their 2022 list, Clarivate uses \"performance statistics\" from data in the Web of Science. There are 21 specific fields, and one for interdisciplinary science—Clarivate creates a list of papers that are in the top 1% most highly cited in their field, and admission to the HCR list is based off an author's number of papers in the top 1%.", "title": "Methodology" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Many institutions post a press release, blog post, or news story upon a faculty member being recognized in the program.", "title": "Prestige" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The list of HCRs has been used to create a specific list of authoritative researchers; one study specifically used HCRs to show trends of retractions in Iran.", "title": "Usage" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "As of 2019, the list is also used as a factor in determining the rank of a college in the Academic Ranking of World Universities, which uses the amount of affiliated HCRs in its ranking criteria.", "title": "Usage" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Scarlet Sofia Spencer (born February 28, 2007) is an American teen actress. She played Ivy in the Nickelodeon sitcom series Cousins for Life, Xan in Netflix Shameless, and Izzy in the Netflix series BlackAF.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Spencer started her career by going to numerous film schools and participating in theatre productions. She was featured in several commercials and modelling shoots. In 2018, she was cast for a role in the Nickelodeon series Cousins for Life as Ivy. In 2019 it was announced that Spencer had landed the role of Izzy in Netflix series BlackAF alongside Kenya Barris, Rashida Jones, Iman Benson and others. BlackAF was released in 2020. She was also featured in the Netflix film Bright as Sofia Ward alongside Will Smith, Joel Edgerton and Noomi Rapace among others.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Southern Heritage Air Museum is an aviation museum located at the Vicksburg Tallulah Regional Airport in Tallulah, Louisiana.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Southern Heritage Air Foundation was founded by Dan Fordice and his father Kirk Fordice, a former Mississippi governor, in 2004. The following year, the foundation began the annual Southern Heritage Air Show at the Vicksburg Tallulah Regional Airport.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Following an agreement which saw the foundation's hangar donated to the airport and then leased from it for a nominal sum, it opened the Southern Heritage Air Museum in mid-November 2012.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The museum's building includes an 11,000 sq ft (1,000 m) display area.", "title": "Facilities" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The museum hosts an annual warbird formation clinic.", "title": "Events" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The museum offers rides in four of its aircraft.", "title": "Programs" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Charlie James Winfield (born 8 May 2002) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for EFL League One club Barnsley.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Winfield joined Barnsley in November 2023 and signed a first-year scholar in 2018. He joined Danish 2nd Division club Esbjerg fB on loan in 2021, playing 16 games for the club. However, he suffered a serious knee injury in December 2021. On 10 February 2023 , he joined Alfreton Town on loan. He made his first-team debut for Barnsley on 8 August 2023, in a 2–2 draw with Tranmere Rovers in an EFL Cup match at Oakwell, providing an assist for Aiden Marsh. On 27 October 2023, he joined Darlington on a one-month loan. The loan deal was not extended.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Winfield operates as a left-back or as a central midfielder. He is known for his pace an tough-tackling.", "title": "style of play" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pineview or Pine View may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Phil Brantingham (born 2 October 2001) is an English rugby union player who plays as a prop forward for Newcastle Falcons.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Brantingham began playing contact rugby at Morpeth RFC, where his dad also played as a prop forward. He attended Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne and in 2018 played as they won the St Joseph’s Festival trophy. The following year he played the festival again and was awarded the player of the tournament award. Until the age of 17, he played both rugby union and rugby league, playing league for Cramlington Rockets and Newcastle Thunder.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Brantingham made his debut for Newcastle in the opening match of the 2022-23 Rugby Premiership season. He was shortlisted for the Rugby Player Association young player of the month for September 2023.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He captained one of the sides in the club’s preseason True North Origin fixture at the start of the 2023-24 season.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He has represented England U20s, scoring a try against Ireland U20 during the 2021 Six Nations Under 20s Championship.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He studied for a degree in economics and management.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bernard Nanga (3 May 1934 – 13 March 1985) was an academic and author from Cameroon. He authored three books and was a scholar in philosophy and sociology. He was a faculty member at the University of Yaoundé until his death in 1985.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Nanga was born in Mbankomo, near Obala, about 50 kilometers from Yaoundé. He was the second of four sons in his family. He attended the Efok mission school, founded by Father Bruce Ritter. His education at the minor seminary of Mvaa, then Akono, included Latin and Greek. He earned his baccalaureate in 1958, and studied philosophy and theology for four years at the major seminary of Otele, run by Benedictine monks. He was ordained a priest, but later requested to return to the secular state.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "From 1962 to 1970, Nanga studied philosophy and sociology at the University of Strasbourg in France. He obtained a degree in philosophy in 1965, a degree in sociology in 1968, and defended a third cycle doctoral thesis in philosophy in March 1971.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1975, Nanga joined the philosophy department of the University of Yaoundé. He worked on his state doctoral thesis on the Vienna school (\"Logical empiricism and the unity of science\"). He died in March 1985, leaving his thesis almost completed.", "title": "Career and works" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In addition to his academic career, Nanga wrote poetry on themes such as beauty, love, life, death, and intercultural relations.", "title": "Career and works" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He published three books. His first novel, Les Chauves-Souris (The Bats), was published in 1980 by Présence Africaine and won the Grand Prix Littéraire d'Afrique Noire in 1982. The novel critiques societal issues such as corruption, consumerism, and inefficiency. The novel was initially censored in Cameroon and was only sold freely in the country a few years later.", "title": "Career and works" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Nanga's third book, Poèmes sans frontières (Poems without Borders), was published in 1987 by Présence Africaine. This collection of poems reflects his perspectives and thoughts on various themes.", "title": "Career and works" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "He wrote a play, Vive la tribu (Long Live the Tribe), a three-act comedy performed in Douala in 1973 by high school students. The play is available in mimeographed format. He was working on poems, articles, and a third novel, The Time of the Vampires, at the time of his death.", "title": "Career and works" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "After leaving the priesthood, Nanga married and had five children. He was married to a woman he referred to as Marianne, and he was from a place he called Africa. He explored the contrast between the two cultures in his works. He was a Christian and believed in God and human dignity. He died in Yaoundé in March 1985, at the age of 50. The circumstances of his death are unclear.", "title": "Personal life and death" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Nanga is known as an author from Cameroon and Africa. His works have been translated into several languages including English, German, Spanish, and Italian. His works have been studied by scholars and critics.", "title": "Legacy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dan Frost (born 24 April 1997) is an English rugby union player who plays as a hooker for Exeter Chiefs.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Taunton, played for the Taunton Titans and was in the academy at Bath Rugby. He joined Cornish Pirates in 2018. Frost signed for Wasps RFC in May 2021. He made 25 appearances for Wssps and joined Exeter Chiefs in October 2022, following the dissolution of Wasps for financial reasons. After initially joining on a short-term contract, in June 2023 he signed a new two-year contract with Exeter.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He is a former England U18 international.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dorothy Sturm (1910 – 1988) was an American artist and educator. She is known for her medical illustrations and her enamel work on metal.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sturm was born on August 2, 1910 in Memphis, Tennessee. In 1929 she moved to New York where she studied at the Grand Central School of Art and the Art Students League of New York. In New York she became interested in blood cells through her friend Dr. Florence R. Sabin. She studied biology at Columbia University and began creating medical illustrations. She provided the illustrations for the 1956 textbook Morphology of Human Blood Cells by Lemuel Diggs.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1934 Sturm returned to Tennessee where she began her career at the Memphis Academy of Art. She was a faculty member until her retirement as a professor emeritus in 1975. In the early 1950s Sturm began working with enamel on metal. She fired her pieces at a high temperature, giving the surface a unique cracked surface.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "From 1934 through 1970 Sturm exhibited her work at the Betty Parsons Gallery. In 1956 her work was included in the exhibition Craftsmen in Contemporary Enamels. In 1959 her work was included in the exhibition entitled Enamels at the Museum of Contemporary Crafts.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Sturm died on March 9, 1988 in Shelby County, Tennessee. Her papers are in the Archives of American Art.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Edward Lawrence Heinrich (25 June 1940 — 17 September 2013) was an Australian rugby union international who represented Australia in ten Test matches. He also played rugby league for the Parramatta Eels.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Hailing from Moree, Heinrich was the elder brother of Wallabies forward Vince Heinrich and attended St Joseph's College in Sydney, captaining the school's 1st XV. He was a flanker, who possessed considerable pace, making him also a capable winger in first-grade for Randwick. Capped ten times for the Wallabies between 1961 and 1963, Heinrich debuted against Fiji at Brisbane's Exhibition Ground and twice toured South Africa with the Wallabies.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "From 1965 to 1968, Heinrich played rugby league for the Parramatta Eels, as a lock and second-rower.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Great Cove massacre was an attack by Shawnee and Lenape warriors led by Shingas, on the community of Great Cove, Pennsylvania (sometimes referred to as Big Cove, modern day McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania in what was, at the time, Cumberland County) on 1 November 1755, in which about 50 settlers were killed or captured. Following the attack, settlers returned to the community to rebuild, and the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania began constructing a chain of forts and blockhouses to protect settlers and fend off further raids. These forts provided an important defense during the French and Indian War.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The communities of Great Cove, Little Cove (Franklin County) and the Conolloways were probably settled soon after 1730 by Scotch-Irish immigrants. The land at that time was still recognized as belonging to Native Americans, but settlers set up homesteads and cleared the land without seeking formal ownership, in spite of \"frequent prohibitions on the part of the government and admonitions of the great danger they run of being cut off by the Indians, as these settlements were on lands not purchased of them.\" In 1742, the Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy lodged a formal complaint, and settlers were warned against establishing homesteads in the area, but they continued to do so. In May 1750, 62 settlers living illegally on the Aughwick, Licking Creek and at Great Cove were convicted of trespassing and forcibly expelled by Provincial government authorities, which included Conrad Weiser, Richard Peters, George Croghan and Sheriff John Potter of Cumberland County. Eleven cabins were burned in Path Valley, and three cabins were burned in Great Cove. The area was subsequently referred to as Burnt Cabins, Pennsylvania. Nonetheless, settlers returned to the area and reestablished their communities. Within a few months of burning the cabins, Richard Peters wrote to Conrad Weiser that \"The People over the Hills are combin'd against the Government, [and] are putting in new Cropps and bid us Defiance.\" On the date of the massacre, 93 families are known to have resided in Great Cove, Little Cove, and the Conolloways.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Following General Edward Braddock's defeat on 9 July 1755 at the Battle of the Monongahela, at the beginning of the French and Indian War, Pennsylvania was left without a professional military force. Lenape chiefs Shingas and Captain Jacobs launched dozens of Shawnee and Delaware raids against British colonial settlements, killing and capturing hundreds of colonists and destroying settlements across western and central Pennsylvania. The nearby settlement of Penn's Creek was destroyed by Lenape warriors on 16 October.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 1 November 1755, a band of about 100 Lenape and Shawnee warriors, and possibly a few French soldiers, launched attacks on the Great Cove settlement and a neighboring settlement known as the Conolloways, with the force splitting into two groups of 50 just before the assault. The Lenape chief Shingas is known to have participated, and also Captain Jacobs. At least one source states that the Lenape leader Tamaqua also took part in the attack. Some of the settlers received advance warning of the attack, reportedly from a settler named Patrick Burns who had escaped from captivity among the Indians, and about half of those living in the two communities fled.", "title": "Massacre" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On 2 November, The Pennsylvania Gazette reported:", "title": "Massacre" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "No definitive account of the number of casualties exists, although a Pennsylvania Gazette article published on 13 November names seven of those killed and eighteen taken captive, 11 of whom were children. Sheriff Potter testified on 14 November to provincial authorities that \"of ninety-three families which were settled in the two coves and the Conolloways, forty-seven [persons] were either killed or taken [prisoner].\" In a letter of 6 November, Adam Hoops reported \"about fifty persons killed or taken.\"", "title": "Massacre" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In a letter written on 2 November, Sheriff Potter gives an account of the attack and describes his efforts to pursue the Indians, stating that he took 40 men into the community but did not encounter any of the attackers. Later they were joined by \"a recruit\" of 60 men and \"held counsel whether to pursue up the valley all night or return to McDowell's, [but]...there were not six of these men that would consent to go in pursuit of the Indians.\" On 6 November, Adam Hoops wrote to Governor Robert Morris that Captain Hance Hamilton was arriving from York County with 200 men and that another 200 men from Lancaster County were prepared to fight. Pennsylvania militia searched the area but lost the trail in the newly-fallen snow, although they found the body of a child, probably killed because he or she was unable to keep pace with the fleeing warriors.", "title": "Massacre" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Captives taken during the raid were escorted back to Kittanning, a Lenape community that served as a staging area for raids on Pennsylvania settlements. Captain Jacobs told the Flemings that captives would be resettled as slaves among Native American communities sympathetic to the French in the Ohio Country, but some captives were taken to Canada and sold to the French there. At least one captive is known to have escaped near Oswego, New York in September, 1756. Three captives were released by the Lenape chief Tamaqua at the Lancaster Council of August 1762, and several others were handed over to Colonel Henry Bouquet at his camp on the Muskingum River in November 1764.", "title": "Captives" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "William and Elizabeth Fleming survived the massacre and were captured but managed to escape. In 1756, they published an account in Boston, describing their experiences. In this account, the Flemings state that William heard the warning issued by Patrick Burns, and immediately rode off to collect his pregnant wife and flee. He was ambushed by warriors on the way, however, and was captured. One warrior identified himself as Captain Jacobs, the leader of the assault, and he told Fleming to lead him to \"those Houses that were Most defenceless; and added...that he would Spare my Life on Condition I would help.\" Fleming then informed them that he was concerned for the safety of his wife, at which point Captain Jacobs said that, if Fleming led them to her, they would spare her life. He agreed, hoping that as they approached the settlement, his neighbors might rescue him. After taking Elizabeth Fleming captive, the Indians ransacked the Flemings' home and set fire to it, then did the same to a neighbor's home, forcing William and Elizabeth to carry bags of items they had looted from the homes.", "title": "Captives" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "That night, at a campfire, Captain Jacobs informed the Flemings that the Indians had learned during General Edward Braddock's failed Braddock Expedition, that he \"had threatned to destroy all the Indians on the Continent, after they had conquered the French, and they were informed by the French, the Pennsylvanians, Marylanders and Virginians had laid the same Plot.\" Jacobs added that the French \"had often assured the Indians it was no Sin to destroy Hereticks, and all the English were such,\" and that the Indians would not \"abuse\" (rape) his wife, as they believed that this would bring bad luck. After the warriors fell asleep, the Flemings managed to escape, but got separated in the darkness. William eventually reached the burning houses of Great Cove, then went on to Conococheague settlement, where he found 300 Pennsylvania militia, under the command of Hance Hamilton, preparing to pursue the Indians. Elizabeth describes her escape, stating that she managed to reach the settlement to find it abandoned and in flames. Several times she came close to Indians but managed to avoid detection by hiding. After three days wandering through the devastated community, she was found by a group of settlers and taken to one of their homes at Conococheague settlement, where she was reunited with William.", "title": "Captives" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Charles Stuart was captured during the massacre and held prisoner until 1757. On his return to Pennsylvania, he wrote a lengthy statement of his experiences, probably intended for military authorities. The manuscript was published in 1926.", "title": "Captives" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Stuart and his wife, son and daughter were captured at Great Cove. In his account, he misidentifies the date of the massacre as 29 October, but provides a detailed account of his experiences. He states that his home was attacked by \"Delaware, Mingo and Shawnese\" warriors \"about 90 in number,\" who looted and burned his house and barn. Stuart says that Shingas led the attack on Great Cove, while Captain Jacobs and his warriors attacked the Conolloways. The warriors took Stuart with his family to join a crowd of \"19 other prisoners.\" A few of the older captives were killed, then the warriors escorted their captives and a large number of cattle and horses west towards Kittanning. On the journey, some prisoners were given away at several native villages. Two captives escaped by killing a guard, and the warriors threatened to kill Stuart in retaliation, but Shingas interceded on his behalf.", "title": "Captives" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Stuart reports a historically significant conversation with Shingas, who stated that he would have supported the British against the French, until hearing from General Braddock that \"the English Should Inhabit & Inherit the Land [and]...that No Savage Should Inherit the Land.\" When Shingas threatened to withdraw his warriors and his support, \"Gen'l Braddock answered that he did not need their Help.\" Shingas told Stuart he would be willing to support the British and live in peace if they would send weavers and blacksmiths to teach the Lenape to make cloth, gunpowder, and guns, and how to smelt lead and iron from ore.", "title": "Captives" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The Stuarts were taken to Kittanning where Charles was forced to run the gauntlet. The next day they were given to a Wyandot chief and sent to Fort Duquesne. The Wyandots then took the family to Fort Sandusky, and along the way Stuart's two children were given to native families. Stuart and his wife were then taken to Detroit, where they were sold to two French priests. Although the Stuarts were told that they could work to pay for their freedom, they were eventually sent to England in a prisoner exchange, and returned to Pennsylvania in 1757.", "title": "Captives" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Following the massacre, most of the settlers returned to Great Cove and the Conolloways. Raids continued on isolated homesteads, but no serious assaults occurred until the following spring. By then many small privately built forts had been constructed to protect settlers during raids, including Fort McCord in the Conococheague settlement, which was attacked and destroyed in April, 1756.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "The Great Cove Massacre and other attacks on Pennsylvania settlements prompted the provincial government to construct a chain of forts across the western frontier, and a second line of forts to serve as supply centers and a \"fall back\" line of defense, including Fort Augusta, Fort Halifax and Fort Hunter. Fort Lyttleton was built to the north of Great Cove and Fort Loudoun just to the east. However, the unexpected destruction of the newly built Fort Granville in August, 1756 suggested that the forts themselves were vulnerable, and by then it had become clear that they were expensive to supply and garrison. The destruction of Kittanning in September, 1756 demonstrated that the colonists were capable of retaliation, and the Native American raids became much less frequent after the Treaty of Easton in 1758.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Many victims of the massacre were buried at the Big Spring Graveyard in Ayr Township near McConnellsburg in Fulton County, Pennsylvania, where a historical marker notes their graves.", "title": "Memorialization" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This article lists military bases of India abroad. The majority of India's military bases and facilities are located in the Indian ocean region.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kelly Noonan Murphy is an American politician who has served as a member of the Maine House of Representatives since December 7, 2022. She represents Maine's 125th House district.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "She was elected on November 8, 2022, in the 2022 Maine House of Representatives election against Republican opponent Alan Livingston. She assumed office on December 7, 2022.", "title": "Electoral history" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Murphy graduated from Scarborough High School in 1993, Catholic University of America in 1997 with a bachelor's degree in English, and from Columbus School of Law in 2000.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Khalid Labied (born 24 August 1955) was a Moroccan footballer who played as a midfielder essentialy for Fath US as well as the Moroccan national team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Morocco", "title": "Honours" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pipri is a town and a nagar panchayat in Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, India.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Pipri may also refer to the following places in India:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mufutau Gbadamosi Esuwoye II (born 10 August 1963) is a Nigerian monarch. He is the 25th Olofa Of Offa.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mufutau Gbadamosi Esuwoye II was born on 10 August 1963 to the family of Alhaji Muhammed Gbadamosi Esuwoye and Alhaja Awawu Gbadamosi Esuwoye, both of Obatiwajoye and Asalofa Compounds in Offa Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria.", "title": "Birth" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Oba Mufutau attended Maru Teachers College, Gusau, between 1976 and 1981, obtaining the grade II Teachers Certificate. He then attended Birni-Kebbi Polytechnic between 1982 and 1985 for his National Diploma (ND) in Building Technology. In 1989 he earned his Bachelor of Science Degree in Building Technology from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.", "title": "Education" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a list of the number-one singles on the Polish Top – Dyskoteki chart in 2013, ranking the most-played songs in nightclubs across Poland. It was compiled by DJ Promotion and published by the Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry (ZPAV). The chart was published on a biweekly basis, with the exception of the first two weeks of the year when no data was published at all.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Al Kamali or Al-Kamali is the surname of:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kelly Murphy is an American author, illustrator and educator.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kelly Murphy may also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Adikts is a comedy drama television series directed by Adam Sedlák. It was produced in cooperation between Czech Television, Czech Insurance Association and Police of the Czech Republic. The series starts broadcast on 9 January 2024 on IVysílání while on 24 January 2024 it stars broadcast on ČT1.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Max, Mell, Ema, Robin a Soňa are students of addictology who decide to do an experiment - tak drugs that can temporarily solve problems of each of them. As Professor Jensen says, drugs are shortcuts to solving problems. Contrary tot heir expectations the effect of drugs becomes permanent for everyone. Fun and newly acquired \"superpowers\" lead young heroes to the edge of their possibilities, but also of their strength. And all this happens in a situation when a drug coordinator has been established in the country and he approaches the drug issue with maximum severity...", "title": "Plot" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kamel Boutayeb, known by his stage name Kamel the Magician (French: Kamel le Magicien), is a French prestidigitator and television presenter born in Livry-Gargan at Seine-Saint-Denis.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "From 2010 to 2013, he hosted street magic shows, where he performed open-air tours before a public audience everyday at Canal +. He was also the coproducer of these performances.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2013, he filmed a documentary, Kamel à Las Vegas, in which he met with several prominent American prestidigitators. A sequel to the documentary focuses on Japan, named Kamel à Tôkyô, which he made with the actor Steve Tran, where he seeks out several famous Japanese magicians.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "For the 30th anniversary of Canal +, he hosted a show where he performs magical tricks on several of the channel's presenters, including Ophélie Meunier, Maïtena Biraben and Antoine de Caunes.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "His DVD for Kamel le Magicien en live was released on the 27 October 2015, with recording at the Casino de Paris directed by Richard Valverde.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In the autumn of 2016, he participated in the seventh season of the show Danse avec les stars on TF1, alongside the dancer Emmanuelle Berne, and finished tenth in the competition.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "At a talk show on D8, questioned by journalist Audrey Pulvar about the tour which would constitute a \"challenge\" for him and which would mark \"real progress\", he immediately replied: \"it's making Marine Le Pen disappear\". This comment was lauded by Roselyne Bachelot, an opposing politician.", "title": "Political positions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Texas A&M–Corpus Christi Islanders baseball team will represent Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi during the 2024 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Islanders play their home games at Chapman Field. They are led by seventeenth–year head coach Scott Malone and are members of the Southland Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "*Rankings are based on the team's current ranking in the D1Baseball poll.", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cinco esquinas (Spanish for Five corners) is an area of the neighbourhood of Barrios Altos in Lima, Peru. It is located on block 14 of Jirón Junín, where both Jirón Miró Quesada and Jirón Huari also converge, forming five corners. It was declared Cultural heritage of Peru as part of the historic centre of Lima.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In the 19th century, it was a place where Lima's bohemians gathered. Near the intersection of streets, on Prado Street, the Peruvian waltz composer Felipe Pinglo was born. In the middle of the 20th century, it became a refuge for criminals, such as the infamous Luis D'unian Dulanto [es].", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Mario Vargas Llosa was inspired by the neighbourhood for his novel of the same name.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Birthday Murder is a 1945 novel by American author Lange Lewis. The story follows the Los Angeles lieutenant Richard Tuck, who is investigating the murder of movie producer Albert Hime and his wife, Victoria Jason Hime, who wrote a novel where a woman's husband is killed in similar circumstances. Published by Bobbs-Merrill, it received positive reviews from critics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Richard Tuck, a lieutenant in the Los Angeles Police Department's homicide squad, investigates a case where the B movie producer Albert Hime is murdered the night before his wife's birthday. His wife, Victoria Jason Hime, is the author of the novel Ina Hart, which depicts a woman poisoning her husband and when her husband dies in the same way as the character in her novel, Victoria becomes the primary suspect. The other suspects are Moira Hastings, an actress who wants to appear in a film of Ina Hart directed by Albert; Bernice Saxe, a family friend; Captain Sawn Harriss, Victoria's ex-husband; and Hazel, the family maid.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Lange Lewis published her first novel featuring Richard Tuck in 1942, Murder Among Friends. Tuck re-appeared in two subsequent novels, Juliet Dies Twice and Meat for Murder. Bobbs-Merrill published The Birthday Murder in 1945. It was reprinted in 1976 by Garland Publishing in its series by editors Jacques Barzun and Wendell Hertig, \"Fifty Classics of Crime Fiction, 1900–1950\". The novel was re-published in 2023 by American Mystery Classics, an imprint by Otto Penzler, with a new introduction by Randal S. Brandt.", "title": "Background and publication" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The novel generally received the most positive reviews of Lewis's works, including a review from the critic Anthony Boucher that it was her best novel. It received a starred review from A Catalogue of Crime, which praised the plot and prose, describing it as \"full of women sharply differentiated\". The Los Angeles setting generally was praised, as well as the plot and the twist ending. The novel uses the gilded cage motif.", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Fīnau Hevaha Tūtone (1938 or 1939 — 5 June 2021) was a Tongan educator, civil servant, and pro-democracy activist. He was a founder of the Friendly Islands Teachers' Association and the Tonga Public Service Association.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Tūtone was educated at Tupou College and worked as a teacher. He later attended the University of the South Pacific where he was a member of a group of Tonga activists promoting political reform and democracy.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He was the Human Rights and Democracy Movement's candidate in the 2005 Tongatapu by-election.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In July 2005 he became the first president of the newly-formed Tonga Public Service Association and was a leader of the 2005 Tongan public service strike. He later served as president of the Friendly Islands Teachers Association.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Following the 2010 Tongan general election he called for limits on the king's veto powers. He was later appointed as a member of the Public Service Commission, but resigned in October 2014.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "A poblacion is the central area of a Philippine city.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Poblacion may also refer to the following places in the Philippines:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Aluminium gallium antimonide, also known as gallium aluminium antimonide or AlGaSb (AlxGa1-xSb), is a ternary III-V semiconductor compound. The alloy can contain any ratio between aluminium and gallium; that is, x in the formula can continuously take on any value between 0 and 1. AlGaSb refers generally to any composition of the alloy.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The bandgap and lattice constant of AlGaSb alloys are between those of pure AlSb (a = 0.614 nm, Eg = 1.62 eV) and GaSb (a = 0.610 nm, Eg = 0.73 eV). At an intermediate composition, the bandgap transitions from an indirect gap, like that of pure AlSb, to a direct gap, like that of pure GaSb. Different values of the composition at which this transition occurs have been reported over time, both from computational and experimental studies, with reported values ranging from x = 0.23 to x = 0.41.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "AlGaSb films have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy, chemical beam epitaxy and liquid phase epitaxy on gallium arsenide and gallium antimonide substrates. It is often incorporated into layered heterostructures with other III-V compounds.", "title": "Preparation" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "AlGaSb has been incorporated into devices such as heterojunction bipolar and high-electron-mobility transistors, resonant-tunneling diodes, solar cells, short-wave infrared lasers, and a novel infrared light modulator. It is sometimes selected as an interlayer or buffer layer in studies of GaSb and InAs quantum wells.", "title": "Applications" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Al-rich AlGaSb is sometimes selected over AlSb in heterostructures for being more chemically stable and resistant to oxidation than pure AlSb.", "title": "Applications" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Make Me Happy\" is a song by Bobby Bloom, released on MGM in 1970. It was written by Bloom and Jeff Barry. It became a hit for Bloom in early 1971.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "\"Make Me Happy\" was written by Jeff Barry and Bobby Bloom. It was backed with \"This Thing I've Gotten Into\". Barry also produced the record which was released on MGM K-14212 in 1970.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "For the week of January 9, 1971, the single was in the pop section of the Cash Box Location Programming Guide as one of the top releases for coin phonographs.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The single was reviewed by Billboard for the December 26 issue. A Top 20 Spotlight pick, the reviewer called it an infectious swinger.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The single was reviewed in the January 2, 1971 issue of Record World. The production and the beat of the record were noted with the reviewer calling it a \"worthy successor to \"Montego Bay\".", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "For the week of January 23, the song was at no. 26 on the Cash Box Radio Active chart. It had also been added to the playlist of Radio KJR in Seattle in the previous week. It was also added to the playlists of WIFE in Indianapolis and WBAM in Montgomery, Alabama.", "title": "Airplay" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "\"Make Me Happy\" made its debut at no. 115 in the Record World 101-150 Singles Chart during the week of December 26, 1970. It debuted on the Record World singles chart two weeks later at no. 91 and peaked at no. 68 the week of February 27.", "title": "Charts" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "\"Make Me Happy\" made its chart debut at no. 100 in the Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week ending January 16, 1971, and peaked at no. 80 on February 20, 1971.", "title": "Charts" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The single debuted on the Cash Box Top 100 chart at no. 85 for the week of January 23 and peaked at no. 78 on February 13.", "title": "Charts" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Whetu is a given name and a short form of longer names (hypocorism). It may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Van Duren is an American singer-songwriter who released a successful debut album in 1978 before fading to obscurity. His career was revitalised in 2019 after the release of a film about his story, Waiting – the Van Duren Story.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Van Duren was part of the Memphis music scene with power-pop group Big Star, attending high school with eventual drummer Jody Stephens. In 1976, he played in a band called the Baker Street Regulars with Bell and Stephens. In 1974, he auditioned to replace vocalist and guitarist Chris Bell in Big Star. \"It went horrible\", he recalled later, and he didn't get the spot.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1977, he moved to New York and began work on a solo album. He was managed and produced by Andrew Loog Oldman of Rolling Stones fame, with comparisons to Paul McCartney. He released his first album Are You Serious? in 1978 on the Big Sound label, which received rave reviews and was widely played on US radio stations. It was released in Europe as Staring at the Ceiling on the London Decca label. It included one song, This Love Inside, written by Big Star's Jody Stephens.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1980, he had recorded his second album, Idiot Optimism, but his relationship with Big Sound's owner, Doc Cavalier, had soured due to a conflict over Scientology. As a result, the label did not distribute the album, while retaining the rights.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1981, he return to Memphis after \"things just ran out of steam\".", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1982, he helped form a band, Good Question. He wrote all the songs on the 1986 release Thin Disguise. It had limited success with the single \"Jane\" and didn't make any more albums but continued to perform.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 1998, he teamed up with fellow Memphis musician Tommy Hoehn to co-write an album, released as Hailstone Holiday in 1999.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 1999, the album Idiot Optimism was finally released, in Japan and without input from Van Duren. In 2020, he released a remastered version.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In 2019, he became the subject of the documentary Waiting: The Story of Van Duren, made by two Australian first-time film-makers. This triggered the re-release of some earlier albums.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In 2023, a set recorded live in Memphis in 1992 with Good Question was released, under the name Cartwheeling: Live in Memphis.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Bridge of Life (Hungarian: Az élet hídja) is a 1956 Hungarian drama film directed by Márton Keleti and starring János Görbe, Ági Mészáros and Zoltán Makláry. It was adapted by Gyula Háy from his own play of the same title. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Mátyás Varga.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Marco Boras (born 28 September 2001) is a Croatian footballer who plays as a defender for Slaven Belupo.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Frankfurt, Boras played for TSG Hoffenheim II and FC Gießen before joining Slaven Belupo in August 2022. In his first season he played limited minutes, but scored a game-winning goal against [[NK Osijek|Osijek]. In his second season with Slaven Belupo, he became a starter under new coach Roy Ferenčina.", "title": "Club career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Laura Lee Johnson is an American biostatistician who has worked in several capacities within the federal government, including as Director of the Division of Biometrics III at the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Office of Biostatistics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "After obtaining her Bachelor of Arts in mathematics at the University of Virginia, Johnson later moved to the University of Washington, where she obtained her Master of Science in biostatistics. She later obtained her Doctor of Philosophy there in 2002; her dissertation, which was supervised by Paula Diehr, was titled Incorporating death into the statistical analysis of categorical longitudinal health status data. She was also a United States Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research & Development trainee and a National Cancer Institute Center for Cancer Research fellow.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After working in clinical research and research support at the National Institutes of Health for more than a decade, she later moved to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In 2004, she also began working at the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, where she works as a statistician in clinical studies. She later began working at the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Office of Biostatistics as Director of the Division of Biometrics III. At the NIH, she has also served as a co-director of their Principles and Practice of Clinical Research course.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She was elected Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2020.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "To se vysvětlí, soudruzi! (We’re On It, Comrades! ) is a mystery comedy television series coproduced by Czech Television and ZDF. The series aims to follow on from popular 1980s co-production projects of Czechoslovakia and West Germany Návštěvníci, Létající Čestmír or Arabela. The series draws inspiration from real events. Plot itself is inspired by real life Czechoslovak institute tha focused on paranormal activity which existed in 1980s. Some media called the series \"Czech The X-Files.\"", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Director Matěj Chlupáček mentioned possibility of second season in August 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The series follows members of the Institute of Paranormal Phenomena who solve various mysteries in 1980s communist Czechoslovakia. Skeptic investigator David and a naive scientist Vojta are solving cases that include an alien abduction, self-immolation of a saint in a church, or an attack by the creepy monster Kozlopír. They are followed by due of StB agents", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Styphelia exarrhena, commonly known as desert styphelia, is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae and is endemic to southern continental Australia. It is an erect shrub with erect or spreading egg-shaped leaves, and cream-coloured, tube-shaped flowers arranged singly or in pairs in upper leaf axils.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Styphelia exarrhena is an erect shrub that typically grows to a height of 30–60 cm (12–24 in) and has downy branchlets. Its leaves are erect or spreading, egg-shaped, 3.2–9 mm (0.13–0.35 in) long and 1.4–4.5 mm (0.055–0.177 in) wide. The leaves are usually glabrous and have a small point on the tip. The flowers are arranged singly or in pairs in upper leaf axils and have egg-shaped bracts 0.7–1.2 mm (0.028–0.047 in) long and bracteoles 1.3–2 mm (0.051–0.079 in) long. The sepals are egg-shaped, 2.4–3.2 mm (0.094–0.126 in) long, the petal tube cream-coloured, 3.0–4.3 mm (0.12–0.17 in) long with lobes 3.2–5 mm (0.13–0.20 in) long and bearded. Flowering occurs from April to August and the fruit is a narrowly elliptic drupe about 2.5 mm (0.098 in) long.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This species was first formally described in 1859 by Ferdinand von Mueller, who gave it the name Leucopogon exarrhena in his Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. In 1867, von Mueller transferred the species to Styphelia as S. exarrhena in a later edition of the Fragmenta, and that name is accepted by Plants of the World Online. Styphelia exarrhena and S. adscendens are characterised by their stamens protruding from the petal tube.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Desert styphelia grows in mallee scrub, coastal shrublands and heath in sandy soil in the south-east of South Australia including on the Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island, and in the Big Desert area of Victoria.", "title": "Distribution and habitat" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Styphelia exarrhena is listed as \"endangered\" under the Victorian Government Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act.", "title": "Conservation status" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dallas John O'Neill (born 9 March 1943) is an Australian former rugby union international who represented Australia in two Test matches. He also played rugby league for the South Sydney Rabbitohs.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "O'Neill, raised in Mackay, Queensland, was educated at St Joseph's College, Nudgee as a boarder. He made his first Queensland representative appearance at the age of 19, only weeks after he had debuted in first-grade for Brothers.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A number eight, O'Neill had early international experience as a Wallabies reserve on the 1962 tour of New Zealand, playing five uncapped matches. He was set to receive his first cap on the following year's tour of South Africa, but had to withdraw 1st Test team with a groin injury, which sidelined him for the remainder of the series. On his return to New Zealand for the 1964 Wallabies tour, O'Neill made his Test debut at Carisbrook and gained a second cap at Lancaster Park.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "O'Neill was signed by rugby league club South Sydney in 1967, along with Wallabies teammate Bob Honan. His code switch was not as successful as Honan's, due to limited opportunities in first-grade. He hampered by a cruciate ligament injury in his first few seasons and spent much of his time in the reserves grade.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Martha Meredith Read (1773 – March 1816) was an American novelist and feminist author. She published two novels and a feminist tract, \"A Second Vindication of the Rights of Women\" (1801).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Martha Meredith Read was born in 1773 in Philadelphia, the eldest daughter of Samuel Meredith and Margaret Cadwalader Meredith. In 1816 she married John Read. They had five children, including John M. Read.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In both of Read's novels, a virtuous teenage female protagonist suffers various tribulations in Philadelphia before triumph and marriage.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Monima, or the Beggar Girl (1802) is set in 1790s Philadelphia. A teenage Monima Fontanbleu must care for her elderly father, once a planter in Saint Domingo, and suffers from a difficulty to find work and the plotting of her former employer. The downfall of proud and wealthy characters in this novel might have been inspired by Federalist relatives of Read who lost influence upon the election of Thomas Jefferson.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Margaretta; or, the Intricacies of the Heart (1807) begins in Elkton, Maryland but its protagonist soon relocates to Philadelphia, then Santo Domingo, and finally England. She is the subject to the attention of a pair of rakes, imprisoned on a plantation, and nearly marries a man whom she discovers is her own biological father.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The title of her essay \"A Second Vindication of the Rights of Women\" (1801) echoes Mary Wollstonecraft's seminal A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) and its content concurs with much of Wollstonecraft's work. Only two sections of her essay survive.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Her first novel, parts of her second novel, and \"Vindication\" were all serialized in Isaac Ralston's short-lived newspaper The Ladies' Monitor.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Martha Meredith Read died on March 1816 in Harrisburg.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Verdendorps is a satirical novel about the Vanderbilt family, told from the point of view of Basil Verdendorp, a stand-in for Cornelius Jeremiah Vanderbilt. Written by Charles Marshal Hertig, a former secretary for Cornelius Vanderbilt II, the novel was published in May 1880.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "At the time of publication, it was noted by the Boston Evening Transcript that whomever wrote the novel was \"evidently... versed in the ins and outs of criminal law.\" The paper went on to say, \"The author, whoever he may be, is possessed of a sharp pen and a fair ability to use it.\"", "title": "Authorship" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Charles Hertig, who began his career practicing law in Fort Wayne, Indiana, was later hired as the private secretary to Cornelius Vanderbilt II. After working for Vanderbilt, Hertig went on to be the attorney for the Northern Pacific Railway, and write and publish The Verdendorps.", "title": "Authorship" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The book received mixed reviews from critics upon its release. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch panned the book, declaring, \"the book has no literary merit, but it is a curious libel - according to the legal interpretation of libel.\" The Inter Ocean from Chicago, Illinois, proclaimed \"...we do not believe [Basil] Verdendorp has a genius for novel writing.\" The New York Times, proclaimed \"The book is entirely destitute of literary merit, which is apparently not attempted. The purpose of the work would seem to be at once personal and malignant.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "While The Times-Picayune raved, \"With materials so dramatic at hand, the author could not produce other than a most exciting book.\" The Boston Post, called the novel \"the literary hit of the season!\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dreissigacker (German: Dreißigacker, translated to \"30 acres\") is a town in the Duchy of Saxony-Meiningen in the state of Thuringia in Germany. The town is located one kilometer west of Meiningen, which is the economic and cultural center of the southern state of Thuringia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Dreissigacker is mentioned for the first time in a document dated August 22, 1311 written by Bartholod VII, count of Henneberg-Schleusingen, and is called Drizichaccher. On October 13, 1320, it was mentioned again, when 30 acres of forest were cleared for farmers to settle, which also explains the town name.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Between the years 1611 and 1658, a witch hunt took place in the town, during which four women and a man came to trial. 80-year-old Anna Gramann was executed at the stake in 1611; The outcome of the other four trials is unknown.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1641, during the Thirty Years' War, imperial soldiers destroyed the place by setting it on fire.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1710, Duke Ernst Ludwig I built a hunting lodge in Dreissigacker which housed Thuringia's first forestry college, the Dreissigacker Forest Academy, from 1801 to 1843.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1990, over 1300 residents lived in the town.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The district council is made up of eight elected councilors. In the local elections on May 26, 2019, eight new council members were elected, all of whom belong to the Dreissigacker voting community . The community of voters achieved 1.3% of the vote in the Meiningen city council election, which is not enough for a seat on the city council.", "title": "Politics" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kizuna Tanaka (田中きずな, Tanaka Kizuna) is a Japanese professional wrestler currently working for the Japanese professional wrestling promotion Pro Wrestling Wave where she is one half of the Wave Tag Team Champions in her first reign.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Tanaka made her professional wrestling debut in Pro Wrestling Wave at WAVE PHASE 2 Reboot 4th ~ NAMI 1 on April 2, 2023, where she fell short to Honoka in singles competition. She continued to regularly perform in the company and began competing in various signature events. As for the Catch the Wave, she made her debut at the 2023 edition where she placed herself in the \"Young Block\" in which she scored one point after going against Chie Ozora, Yura Suzuki, Himiko and Honoka. Although failing to qualify to the knock-out phases due to her point shortage, alongside Kohaku and Itsuki Aoki, Tanaka won a \"second chance\" battle royal to get resurrected in the tournament, bout which featured most of the group stage competitors from all blocks such as Ayame Sasamura, Cherry, Hiragi Kurumi, Miyuki Takase, Kaori Yoneyama and many others. Tanaka fell short to Saki in the first rounds of the winner tournament. As for the Dual Shock Wave, she made her first appearance at the 2023 edition where she teamed up with ChiChi and unsuccessfully challenged Risa Sera and Saki in the second rounds. Tanaka won her first title, the Wave Tag Team Championship by teaming up with Honoka and defeating Risa Sera and Saki at WAVE Carnival Wave ~ Christmas Deluxe on December 24, 2023.", "title": "Professional wrestling career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Tanaka has competed for a multitude of promotions on the Japanese independent scene as a Wave talent. At PURE-J PURE-SLAM DUNK Vol. 2, an event promoted by Pure-J on September 23, 2023, Tanaka unsuccessfully faced Chie Ozora for the vacant Princess of Pro-Wrestling Championship.", "title": "Professional wrestling career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Tanaka began competing in the New Blood sub-brand created for rookies of World Wonder Ring Stardom. At New Blood 10, on August 18, 2023, she teamed up with Honoka and Hanako to defeat God's Eye (Ami Sourei, Nanami) and Miran. At New Blood 11 on September 28, 2023, Tanaka fell short to Hina and Hanako in a three-way match.", "title": "Professional wrestling career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Tanaka is the daughter of fellow professional wrestlers Minoru Tanaka and Yumi Fukawa. She also has a younger brother.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John Summerton is an English guitarist and vocalist.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Summerton's career began in the late 1960s with a group in Dagenham called The Young Revivals, who later changed their name to Flintlock in 1975. Their only charting song was \"Dawn\" in 1976. The group disbanded after two tours in Japan in 1980. Afterwards, he spent a number of years working in business. He appeared with Flintlock for a one-off reunion concert in 2007. In 2018, he joined The Rubettes featuring Bill Hurd, and in 2021, joined Gerry's Pacemakers, the new version of Gerry and the Pacemakers that carried on after Marsden's retirement and death. Outside of working in bands, he runs a Music Academy and recording studio (Basildon Studios) in Essex. In January 2023, Summerton joined Herman's Hermits, replacing Geoff Foot.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Petra was an German monthly women's magazine.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It was first published in 1964 by Constanze-Verlag, which merged to Gruner + Jahr in 1965. In 1969, the magazine was sold to Jahreszeiten Verlag.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In September 2018, the magazine was sold to Mediengruppe Klambt.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lisa Lilja (born 22 November 1996) is a Swedish sprinter specializing in the 200 metres and 400 metres. She is a three-time Swedish Athletics Championships winner and two-time Swedish Indoor Athletics Championships titleholder.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lilja was initially an association football player for IF Limhamn Bunkeflo, but in 2015 she switched to the sport of athletics and the following year she moved to the United States with her boyfriend Thobias Montler, a Swedish long jumper.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "They joined the Keiser Seahawks track and field team in 2016, competing in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA).", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "At the 2018 Swedish Athletics Championships, Lilja won her first senior national title in the 200 metres, which she then backed up by winning the 2019 Swedish Indoor Athletics Championships the following year.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2023, Lilja switched her club from Örgryte IS to Ullevi FK under new coach Erik Olsson (coach of Carl Bengtström), to focus primarily on the 400 metres instead of the 100 and 200 metres she had previously specialized in. The switch was successful, as she won the 2023 Swedish championships later that season.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pedro Mas was a brigadier general of the Peruvian Army and a controversial politician who served as prefect of the departments of Cuzco, Junín, Ayacucho and Ica. During his tenure in Cuzco, he was ousted during the Peruvian Civil War of 1894–1895, fleeing to La Paz.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1882, after the entry of Andrés Avelino Cáceres to the city of Huamanga—until then occupied by Nicolás de Piérola—during the War of the Pacific, the trial of Mas, who had held the position of Prefect of Ica, was ordered, as he had committed abuses in the towns of Nazca and Palpa.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After the rise to power of Miguel Iglesias, Pedro Mas was appointed Prefect of Ayacucho in 1883 and during his administration he ordered the second closure of the San Cristóbal of Huamanga University on January 31, 1885. By Law of April 21, 1885, the Congress of Peru promoted Pedro Mas to Brigadier General. During the civil war of 1884 and 1885, Más, who held the position of prefect of Junín, was part of the Iglesista side after the end of the War of the Pacific. After the first Cacerist defeat in Lima, Pedro Mas led a division of the Iglesista Army, known as the \"Pacificadora del Centro\" with the purpose of putting the towns of the departments of Junín and Huancavelica under Iglesias' control. Between November 1884 and February 1885, the \"Pacificadora del Centro\" found effective resistance in the indigenous peasant guerrillas from Huancayo to Huancavelica and Huanta, from Ayacucho to Acobamba to Chongos Alto.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1894 he was appointed by President Andrés A. Cáceres as prefect of Cuzco and commander of the Southern Army, the army of about 2,000 men that would defend the Cacerista regime in the departments of Puno and Cuzco during the Civil War of 1894 and 1895. During his administration, he established a tyrannical military government that banished civilians opposed to the government of Cáceres to Taquile Island, in Lake Titicaca, but imposed quotas and committed robberies directed by him and executed by the subprefect Antonio Marzo and the head of the gendarmes Felipe Santiago Masías, who imposed terror on the people of Cuzco.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Mas regime generated the organization of Pierolist Montoneras led by various cuzqueños, such as David Samanez Ocampo, and José Lucas Chaparro who, leaving from Urubamba Province, took the city on April 3, 1895. Pedro Mas, hearing of the fall of the Cácerista regime on March 17, 1895, in Lima, fled towards La Paz, Bolivia, taking with him the money from the Fiscal Fund. He was formally dismissed from his position on April 4.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Ministry of Development Funds and Regional Policy (Polish: Ministerstwo Funduszy i Polityki Regionalnej is a ministry in the Polish government, established on 15 November 2019. It is headed by Katarzyna Pełczyńska-Nałęcz, who has held the position of Minister of Development Funds and Regional Policy since 13 December 2023. It was created from the former Ministry of Investment and Economic Development, which was disestablished simultaneously.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The ministry seeks sources of development funding and helps determine how these funds will be used in Poland. In particular, the ministry is responsible for the handling of development funds from the European Union. The ministry is also involved in promoting sustainable urban development.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tunisia is scheduled to compete at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics in Gangwon, South Korea, from January 19 to February 1, 2024. This will be Tunisia's debut appearance at the Winter Youth Olympic Games. This will mark the country's first ever participation at a Winter or Winter Youth Olympics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Tunisia's team consisted of three bobsledders (one man and two women).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The following is the list of number of competitors (per gender) participating at the games per sport/discipline.", "title": "Competitors" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Tunisia qualified three bobsledders (one man and two women).", "title": "Bobsleigh" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "On 4 February 2002, at their rented flat in Singapore’s Rangoon Road, 34-year-old Jin Yugang (金玉刚 Jīn Yùgàng), a cleaner from China, had a drinking session with his 32-year-old roommate Wang Hong (王宏 Wáng Hóng) and other friends, but an argument broke out between the both of them, and it resulted in Wang getting stabbed to death by Jin, who was later arrested and charged with murder. Although Jin put up a defence that he was intoxicated by alcohol at the time of the murder, the trial court rejected Jin’s defence and found him guilty of murdering Wang, and Jin was thus sentenced to death. Eventually, Jin’s appeal was dismissed and he was hanged on 19 March 2004.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "On 4 February 2002, police responded to a report that a stabbing incident occurred outside a coffeeshop at Rangoon Road. After the police arrived, they found a man lying motionless on the road outside the said coffeeshop, and he also had several stab wounds on his body. According to witnesses, after he was first stabbed in his rented flat, the victim ran down from the third floor to the outside of the coffeeshop, where he was once again stabbed by the same attacker, who later fled the scene, leaving behind a bloodstained knife (believed to be the murder weapon) next to the man's body.", "title": "Stabbing of Wang Hong" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The man, who died at the scene, was identified as Wang Hong, a 32-year-old Chinese national and cleaner working in Singapore. Dr Paul Chui, a forensic pathologist, found that Wang sustained seven stab wounds and 15 incised wounds on his body, and three of the stab wounds were sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death. One of the lethal stab wounds was inflicted from the back, and it was so deep that it penetrated the chest wall and right lung, leading to both massive bleeding and collapse of the lung itself.", "title": "Stabbing of Wang Hong" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Two of the police officers dispatched at the scene, Corporal Ong Chee Keong and Sergeant Koh Chong Kok, were told by passers-by that the suspect had run off to one of the flats around the area. Coupled with witnesses' information, both Corporal Ong and Sergeant Koh followed a trail of blood to one of the flats, and they found a man who had his hands and body stained in blood. Reportedly, the man resisted arrest and shouted at the police officers in Chinese to not go near him. After police reinforcements arrived, the man was subsequently apprehended and arrested for stabbing Wang to death. The suspect was described to be calm when he was brought out of his hiding place and into the police car.", "title": "Stabbing of Wang Hong" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "It was speculated that the suspect and Wang, who were both from China, were arguing violently during a drinks session, supposedly over a prostitute before they fought and thus accumulated into the stabbing incident, and there were also some sightings of prostitutes who would show up in the area, although the roommate of both the suspect and Wang would later refute that it was untrue that both men argued over a woman. Both the suspect and Wang were also cleaners and colleagues working under the same company, and rented a room at one of the flats in that area itself, but their relationship was reportedly not good as they often argued with each other.", "title": "Stabbing of Wang Hong" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The next day, on 5 February 2002, the suspect, a 34-year-old Chinese national named Jin Yugang, was officially charged with murder, and he was also remanded without bail while undergoing police investigations and pending trial.", "title": "Stabbing of Wang Hong" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On 23 December 2002, Jin Yugang stood trial at the High Court for the murder of Wang Hong. Jin was represented by Tan Teow Yeow while the prosecution was led by Eddy Tham, and the trial was presided by Justice Tay Yong Kwang of the High Court.", "title": "Trial of Jin Yugang" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The trial court was told that at their rented flat in Rangoon Road, both Jin and the victim Wang Hong, as well as their compatriots from China, were having a drinks session on the night of 3 February 2002, hours before the murder happened at midnight. According to Zhao Zhi Yuan, one of the two Chinese nationals sharing a rented room with both the victim and accused, and another friend named Gan Xin Lian, they drank several cups of Kaoliang Chinese wine and other types of beer like Tiger Beer during the session aside from eating. During the session itself, as recounted by Zhao and Gan in court, Jin and Wang began to fiercely argue with one another, and although the other men present managed to diffuse the situation by pulling both men to another side, the argument between Jin and Wang began once again and while Wang was laid down on a double-decker bed, Jin reappeared with a knife and stabbed Wang, and he also injured Gan before he gave chase after Wang, who ran out of the flat before Jin caught up with him outside a coffeeshop and in front of several more witnesses, Jin inflicted more stab wounds on Wang before he left the latter's body behind and subsequently got arrested.", "title": "Trial of Jin Yugang" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "When the trial judge ruled that Jin had a case to answer and called for Jin's defence, Jin claimed that he and Wang were arguing violently with regards to their working relationship, since Wang was his supervisor, and after Wang threatened that he would be sent back to China, Jin testified that it incensed him so much that he went to grab a knife and stabbed him. he was intoxicated by alcohol at that time and it led to the impairment of his mental responsibility at the time of the murder. He also argued that he was under sudden and grave provocation at the time of the quarrel due to Wang's threat and his alleged insults of Jin's mother, and therefore he killed Wang in a moment of uncontrollable anger and it was also the result of a fight between himself and Wang. Even so, Dr Stephen Phang, a government psychiatrist, testified that Jin had a high tolerance of alcohol and at the time of the offence, Jin was not suffering from diminished responsibility due to high alcohol intake and resultant intoxication, and he was able to retain the full awareness of his actions at the material time.", "title": "Trial of Jin Yugang" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On 16 January 2003, Justice Tay Yong Kwang delivered his verdict. He found that there was no dispute that Jin had committed murder, since he had intentionally inflicted knife wounds that were sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death. He turned to Jin's defences, and he found that Jin did not lose control as a result of sudden and grave provocation since Jin had reacted grossly out of proportion to the provocation given and there was no sudden fight since Jin had taken undue advantage over the victim, and he stabbed him on the back out of vengeance. Justice Tay also accepted that Jin's mental responsibility was not sufficiently impaired by the intoxication of alcohol at the time of the murder. Since Jin had failed to prove his defences against the murder charge beyond a reasonable doubt, Justice Tay concluded that there were sufficient grounds to return with a verdict of murder in Jin’s case.", "title": "Trial of Jin Yugang" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Therefore, 35-year-old Jin Yugang was found guilty of murder, and sentenced to death. Under Singaporean law, the death penalty was mandated as the sole punishment for murder upon an offender’s conviction for murder in Singapore’s jurisdiction.", "title": "Trial of Jin Yugang" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "On 17 May 2003, four months after he was sentenced to hang, Jin Yugang lost his appeal against the death sentence and murder conviction. The Court of Appeal’s three judges - Chief Justice Yong Pung How and two Judges of Appeal Judith Prakash and Chao Hick Tin - found that Jin’s defense of alcohol intoxication should not be accepted as he had not proven beyond reasonable doubt that his mental state of mind was affected by alcohol intoxication, and his high alcohol consumption prior to the murder was not to the extent of rendering Jin incapable of understanding the magnitude of his actions at the time of the murder. The appellate judges also reportedly commented that there was no excuse for Jin to commit such a cold-blooded and brutal murder, even if he may have been affected by his alcohol intoxication.", "title": "Appeal" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "On 19 March 2004, 37-year-old Jin Yugang was hanged at dawn in Changi Prison. On that same day, 37-year-old Yen May Woen, a drug trafficker, was put to death at the same prison for trafficking over 30g of diamorphine, and she was also the first drug offender to be hanged in the year 2004. Since that year, Yen remained as the last female offender to be executed in Singapore for the following 19 years before the 2023 hanging of Saridewi Djamani, whose death sentence for drug trafficking was carried out on 28 July 2023.", "title": "Execution" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "In the aftermath of Jin's trial, Singaporean crime show Crimewatch re-enacted the case of Wang Hong's murder and aired it on television in June 2003.", "title": "Execution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rachelle L. Karstens Keck (born 1969/1970) is an American lawyer and academic administrator serving as the fourteenth president of Grand View University since 2022. She was president of Briar Cliff University from 2018 to 2022.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Keck was born in 1969 or 1970 to Gene and Miriam Karstens. She has eight siblings. Keck lived in Mount Pleasant, Iowa and graduated from high school in Clinton. Keck earned a B.A. in psychology, summa cum laude, from Wartburg College. She completed a J.D. with distinction from University of Iowa College of Law. Keck graduated with a Ph.D. in education from Drake University in 2020. Her dissertation was titled, Sensemaking & Rainmaking: A Phenomenology Examining the Fundraising Experiences of Presidents at Private, Nonprofit Institutions of Higher Education. Robyn M. Cooper was her doctoral advisor.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Keck worked as an associate attorney in Montezuma, Iowa from 1995 to 1998. She was an assistant prosecutor in the Poweshiek County attorney's office from 1995 to 1999. She was a general counsel at Johnson & Johnson from 2000 to 2014. From 2014 to 2015, she served as the director of planned giving at the University of Iowa Foundation. Keck was the executive director of philanthropy and alumni relations at Indian Hills Community College from 2015 to 2017.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Keck joined Briar Cliff University in 2017 as its chief of staff and university counsel. She was also an executive president and acting vice president of enrollment management. She served as president from 2018 to 2022. She was succeeded by interim president Patrick Jacobson-Schulte on July 1, 2022. In 2022, Keck became the fourteenth president of Grand View University, succeeding Kent L. Henning. She is the first female to lead the university.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Keck is married and has four children.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Players and pairs who neither have high enough rankings nor receive wild cards may participate in a qualifying tournament held one week before the annual Wimbledon Tennis Championships.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Lucky losers" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Qualifying draw" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "El Nuevo Mundo is a Mexican chain of 11 department stores dating back to its first store opened in 1877 in Mexico City.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "During the mid-1800s in Mexico City, small shops, known as cajones (Spanish: boxes, trunks, drawers), began to appear, selling quality and fashionable clothes and fabrics to the growing Mexican high-end market, which for customers had prior to then meant either traveling to Europe or waiting months for ships from the Old World to arrive with advertised goods. In 1877 the Spaniard Don Bernardo García Robes y Ordoñez founded El Cajón de El Nuevo Mundo Spanish: The Trunk/Box/Drawer of The New World on the corner of Capuchinas and 1st Monterilla, today Venustiano Carranza and 5 de Febrero streets, in the Historic center of Mexico City. The store sold high-quality fabrics, hats and millinery, women's clothing and perfumes imported from Europe, since the Mexican manufacturing industry was just beginning.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1910, the year that the Mexican revolution began, the company that became El Nuevo Mundo Mexico S.A. was incorporated. In 1949 the company opened a branch in Guadalajara, branded Almacenes Colón, but changed in 1963 to El Nuevo Mundo Guadalajara. In 1956 it opened a branch in Monterrey on Padre Mier Street which was expanded over time to the current area of 10,000 square meters.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Product lines include apparel and footwear for men, women and children, fabrics, curtains, decoration, household items, home appliances, and haberdashery.", "title": "Products" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "El Nuevo Mundo stores are located in:", "title": "Stores" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The chain also has a fabric distribution center.", "title": "Stores" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rubrini is a subgenus of fungi in the genus Cantharellus. Species in this genus is found in Africa and Madagascar.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Fruiting bodies are fleshy, variable in size hymenophore very variable from smooth to gilled and forked. Clamp connections absent on hyphal endings.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The subgenus was established in 2013 based on phylogenetic analysis", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Accepted species:", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Łempicki (feminine: Łempicka; plural: Łempiccy) is a Polish surname.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "HD 21819, also designated as HR 1073, is a solitary star located in the northern circumpolar constellation Camelopardalis. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.97, making faintly visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 248 light-years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements and it is drifting closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of −6.5 km/s. At its current distance, HD 21819's brightness is diminished by an interstellar extinction of 0.17 magnitudes and it has an absolute magnitude of +1.62.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "HD 21819 has a stellar classification of A3 V, indicating that it is an ordinary A-type main-sequence star that is generating energy via hydrogen fusion at its core. Abt & Morell (1995) gave a slightly hotter star of A2 Vp, indicating that it is instead an Ap star with weak magnesium lines. It has twice the mass of the Sun and 2.06 times the radius of the Sun. It radiates 30.6 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,000 K, giving it a white hue when viewed in the night sky. HD 21819 is metal deficient with an iron abundance of [Fe/H] = −0.17 or 67.6% of the Sun's and it is estimated to be 737 million years old, having completed 55.7% of its main sequence lifetime. Like most hot stars it spins rapidly, having a projected rotational velocity of 160 km/s.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Melissa Gurney was the defending champion, but lost in the second round to Elly Hakami.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Raffaella Reggi won the title by defeating Anne Minter 6–0, 6–4 in the final.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The first eight seeds received a bye into the second round.", "title": "Seeds" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "David Liberty Nuban (born 24 June 1998), is an Indonesian professional basketball player. He currently plays for the RANS Simba Bogor of the Indonesian Basketball League (IBL).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He has represented the South Sulawesi province at several national events.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "José Armando Tamayo Herrera (Cuzco; December 5, 1936) is a Peruvian historian, writer and university professor. In the field of historical research, he has developed regional history, ideas and art, applying innovative methods and analysis. He has twice been director of the National Library of Peru.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Son of the senator and landowner Francisco Tamayo Pacheco [es] and Estela Herrera Arteta. He completed his school studies at La Salle School in his hometown. In 1955 he entered the National University of Saint Anthony the Abbot in Cuzco, where he received his law degree and graduated as a doctor of letters (1964).", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He pursued graduate courses at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (1960) and at Indiana University Bloomington (1961). Returning to his hometown, he was elected president of the University Federation of Cuzco (1961-1962).", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1964, he began teaching university teaching at his alma mater, as professor of History of Philosophical Ideas (1964-1973) and director of the Academic Program of Letters and Human Sciences (1969-1970).", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Installed in Lima, he served as a professor at the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega University (1972, 1977-1980) and at the University of Lima, where he was director of the School of History (1992-1994).", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He has been director of the National Library of Peru on two occasions (1981-1983, 1990-1991). He is also an active member of the Geographic Society of Lima, since 1978. He was incorporated into the National Academy of History in 2010.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "AL24 News is an Algerian public international news channel broadcasting in Arabic, French and English since 1 November 2021.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The concept for the channel was initially proposed by then-Minister of Communication Ammar Belhimer, to project Algerian soft power abroad. Prior to the channel's launch, Belhimer said that \"the project to create an international television channel is a major focus of President Abdelmadjid Tebboune's program\".", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A ceremony marking the channel's official launch took place on 30 October 2021, on the 67th anniversary of the outbreak of the Algerian War, with broadcasts commencing on 1 November 2021 at midnight (WAT). Salim Aggar, a former director of the Algerian Cinematheque, was appointed as its inaugural director-general.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "AL24 News and the Russian channel RT Arabic have signed a cooperation agreement on 7 December 2023. This agreement aims to facilitate the exchange of information and audiovisual programs between the two media outlets, as well as provide mutual assistance in the field of television broadcasting.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "According to the state-run Algeria Press Service, the channel intends to strengthen \"Algeria's presence on the international media scene and the impact of its positions vis-à-vis regional and international causes\". Officially, 60% of content is produced in Arabic, followed by 35% in French and 5% in English.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Programming includes rolling news, debates, talk shows, documentaries, and thematic magazines.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "A July 2022 assessment by Jeune Afrique said that results were \"mixed\" for AL24 News's audience. Notably, it \"failed to distinguish itself with content that is fundamentally different from the many private or public television channels. With 500,000 subscribers and more than 300,000 likes on its Facebook page, it is clear that it has failed to capture the attention of Algerians.\" The channel has been criticised by Moroccan pro-government media for its connections to the Algerian state.", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Martina Navratilova was the three-time defending champion, but did not compete this year.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Gabriela Sabatini won the title by defeating Mary Joe Fernández 7–6, 6–4 in the final. As a result, Sabatini won a Porsche 944 S2 for winning the tournament.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Villa Mussolini is a seaside villa in Riccione, in the Province of Rimini, Emilia-Romagna.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Built in 1892, the original two-storey villa had thirteen rooms and a side-turret on its south side. In 1934, it was purchased by Rachele Guidi, second wife of Benito Mussolini, Italy's fascist dictator. The Mussolinis used it as a summer holiday home, and expanded the property in 1940, adding an additional floor. During his stays, Mussolini would conduct government business from the villa and host notable guests and foreign dignitaries.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1997, the villa – by then called Villa Margherita – was purchased by the Cassa di Risparmio di Rimini, who loaned it to Riccione's municipal government. After a one-million-euro restoration, the villa reopened as Villa Mussolini in 2005. It hosts cultural events and exhibitions, as well as civil wedding ceremonies. The villa's name and use continues to attract local controversy.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The villa was built in 1892 for Marquise Eugenia Beccadelli, who divided her time between Florence and Bologna. Its architect was Ferdinando Mancini. The villa features on the 1895 map drawn for the state's first bathing resort concessions.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The two-storey villa originally had thirteen rooms, including a garage, greenhouse, and laundry room; it included a side-turret on its south side, which faced east towards the main entrance. The property was set in 1,397 square metres (15,040 sq ft) of land.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Beccadelli died in 1904, and the villa subsequently passed into the ownership of Giulio Monti of Ferrara, from which derived the name of Villa Monti. It was then sold to the family of Count Angeletti of Bologna, who sold it to Giulia Galli Bernabei, its last owner before the Mussolinis.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "For some years before their purchase of the villa, the family of Benito Mussolini, Italy's fascist dictator, had spent their summer holidays on the riviera romagnola; Mussolini and his second wife, Rachele Guidi, were themselves from Romagna's countryside. In 1924 and 1925, the family stayed in Cattolica. In 1926, they stayed in the villa of Count Terzi in Riccione, opposite the Grand Hotel Des Bains and near the Mater Admirabilis church. Between 1927 and 1932, they stayed at Domenico Galavotti's Hotel Al Lido on Piazzale Roma. In 1933, the family moved to Pietro Tontini's Hotel Milano Helvetia; Tontini and Mussolini were comrades in the First World War.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Guidi was keen to purchase a property in Riccione for their next summer stay. She paid 170,000 lire for Galli Bernabei's villa; the purchase deed was signed on 2 July 1934, and registered in Forlì on 21 July 1940. Galli Bernabei did not want to sell the villa, and was persuaded only after the intervention of Frangiotto Pullè, Riccione's mayor. According to one account, Guidi purchased the villa using money intended as a donation to the Opera Nazionale Balilla, leaving her husband under the impression that the villa was a gift from the people of Riccione. Other versions say that Guidi used money from local party subscriptions, or royalties from Mussolini's articles in Fortune.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The villa was guarded by 150 soldiers, reaching 300 during the summer holidays. The Presidential Guard, dressed in black, were nicknamed furnarèin (cockroaches) by locals for their ability to appear unexpectedly from street corners. Mussolini would conduct government business from Riccione during his stays, including welcoming visiting dignatories. Guests at the villa included singer Gea della Garisenda [it], senator Teresio Borsalino [it], and Austrian chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss. Dollfuss' family was staying in Riccione during his assassination in July 1934, and it was at the Villa Mussolini that Galeazzo Ciano, Italy's Minister of Foreign Affairs, informed Mussolini of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941. It is believed that the villa included a cinema room which showed foreign films prohibited by the regime.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Mussolini would arrive in Riccione from Rome on a Savoia-Marchetti three-engined seaplane. A 75-metre (246-foot) ship, Aurora, would be stationed off Riccione's coast. Mussolini would bathe in the sea, where he would be greeted by crowds and photographers. As a result of his association with the area, Riccione's development is cliched as dependent on Mussolini's patronage.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "On 1 July 1939, the Rimini–Riccione route 11 trolleybus line opened near the villa, replacing a previous tramway. The line terminated at Piazzale dei Giardini; it was reconfigured shortly after its construction to bring trolleybuses to terminate on the piazzale's mountain-facing side, thereby avoiding trolleybuses passing near Villa Mussolini and disturbing guests. Guidi used the trolleybuses during her stays at the villa.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In 1940, the property was expanded with the annexation of the land between the present-day Viale Milano, Via dei Giardini, and Viale Ippolito Nievo. The property was thus brought to a total area of 6,000 square metres (1.5 acres).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Some of the existing buildings in the annexed area were destroyed and replaced with a tennis court and garden, including a vegetable garden and shed. A high perimeter wall was built, and new buildings were erected for Mussolini's children on the new land.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The main villa itself was renovated with the addition of a third floor and a ground-floor veranda. The works were overseen by the Swiss engineer Dario Pater using populit [it], an unstable material of concrete and chipboard for prefabricated buildings developed under Italy's autarky. The works cost 6 million lire, paid by the Ministry of the Interior.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "After the Second World War, Villa Mussolini remained in Guidi's ownership: as it was not registered in Mussolini's name, it was not entirely requisitoned by the state. As Mayor of Riccione, Galli Barnabei, the villa's pre-fascist owner, unsuccessfully attempted to regain the villa's possession. In 1946, a court in Rome ceded the villa's front part to the municipal government, who destroyed the patio to restore Viale Milano. Villa Mussolini was sold in 1952, and was the site of various commercial activities, including a restaurant, until it was abandoned to decay in the 1980s.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "In the post-war years, the villa came to be known as Villa Margherita, commonly believed to have been the villa's name before the Mussolinis, though incorrectly: Margherita was the name of a separate, neighbouring villa belonging to the Galli Bernabei family that was demolished in the 1940 expansion.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "In 1979, Terzo Pierani, Riccione's communist mayor, suggested flattening the villa; the local communist party maintained an unsuccessful campaign for its demolition. In 1983, Pierani's administration purchased the garden to transform it into a public green area, reversing the 1940 expansion. The area now houses Piazzale Eugenio Curiel, which includes a bus station and car park. To some historical irony, it became the terminus of the route 11 trolleybus in 1994.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "In the 1990s, the Friends of Riccione Association campaigned for the villa's reacquisition. In 1997, it was purchased by the Cassa di Risparmio di Rimini, who loaned it to the municipal government for its restoration. In turn, the municipal government was contractually able to use the villa for thirty years. The restoration cost 1 million euros, divided 3:1 between the municipal and provincial governments.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "The villa reopened in 2005. Controversially, Romano Mussolini, son of Benito, was among 350 guests at the reopening ceremony on 17 July 2005, at the invitation of the municipal mayor. Since its reopening, the property has been used for cultural events and exhibitions, as well as civil wedding ceremonies. It hosts the annual DIG Award, a prize for documentary film investigative journalism that was dedicated to Ilaria Alpi until 2014.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "The Cassa di Risparmio, which by then had become Banca Carim, advertised the property for sale in December 2017; Villa Mussolini was still reported to be in the bank's possession in March 2023.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "Following the 2005 renovation, the centre-left municipal administration officially restored the 'Villa Mussolini' name, to local controversy. As a result of the villa's name, some entertainers have refused to perform at the venue.", "title": "Name controversy" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "In August 2020, Lodovico Zanetti, the president of Forlì's ANPI chapter, suggested that the villa be renamed after the Matatia family, three Jewish brothers from Corfu who settled in Riccione in the 1920s. The eldest brother, Nissim, bought a villa within eyesight of Villa Mussolini; his family was deported and killed in Auschwitz. Roberto Matatia, Nissim's nephew, published a book in January 2014 recounting the family's history in proximity to Villa Mussolini, entitled The Inconvenient Neighbours.", "title": "Name controversy" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "In April 2021, the municipality freely loaned the villa to an agency promoting Riccione's candidacy for UNESCO heritage. The loan was criticised for attaching Mussolini's name to the candidacy.", "title": "Name controversy" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "The Villa Mussolini complex included a cottage, known as Villino Pater or \"Cacetta\", which is still extant on Via Latini. The villa was owned by the engineer Dario Pater. It was twinned with another villa and connected by a portico; its twin, which no longer exists, belonged to Mussolini's nephew. Like the 1940 additions to Villa Mussolini, the villa was constructed using populit.", "title": "Villino Pater \"Cacetta\"" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "In October 2019, the municipal government sold the villa to a Milanese real estate company for 600,000 euros. It was advertised for sale again in February 2020, for 980,000 euros. A section of the wall collapsed in August 2020, bringing down also part of the attic and the floor of the first floor.", "title": "Villino Pater \"Cacetta\"" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "SMS Aurora was a screw corvette of the Austro-Hungarian Navy built in the early 1870s; she was the lead ship of the Aurora class.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Aurora was an Aurora-class corvette, sometimes referred to as sloops, of the Austro-Hungarian Navy. She was 69.08 m (226 ft 8 in) long overall and 59.1 m (193 ft 11 in) long between perpendiculars. She had a beam of 10.45 m (34 ft 3 in) and a draft of 5 m (16 ft 5 in). The ship had a displacement of 1,353 long tons (1,375 t). Her crew numbered 210 officers and enlisted sailors.", "title": "Design" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The ship was powered by a single triple-expansion steam engine that drove a screw propeller. The number and type of boilers is not known, but smoke from the boilers was vented through a single funnel located amidships, between the fore- and main mast. The propulsion system was capable of generating 1,000 indicated horsepower (750 kW), for a top speed of 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph). On her initial sea trials, Aurora reached a top speed of 11.2 knots (20.7 km/h; 12.9 mph) from 1,165 ihp (869 kW). The ship was fitted with a three-masted sailing rig to supplement the steam engine on long voyages.", "title": "Design" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Aurora was armed with a main battery of four 15 cm (5.9 in) Wahrendorf breechloading guns. She also carried a pair of 7 cm (2.8 in) guns and two 25 mm (0.98 in) machine guns. By 1891, the ship's armament had been revised significantly. Two of the 15 cm guns, one of the 7 cm guns, and both of the 25 mm machine guns were removed, and a new light battery of four 9 cm (3.5 in) guns and two 47 mm (1.9 in) Hotchkiss revolving cannon were installed.", "title": "Design" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The keel for Aurora was laid down at the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino on 11 November 1871, and she was launched on 20 November 1873, the last member of her class to be launched. The ship was completed on 1 July 1874.", "title": "Service history" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Aurora went on a cruise to South America in 1884, visiting many ports in the region before returning to Pola in 1885. The following year, she began a lengthy voyage to East Asia, which lasted into 1889. One of her chief responsibilities during the cruise was to determine whether Austro-Hungarian merchant vessels should extend their routes to ports beyond Hong Kong. Aurora's mission helped the shipping companies decide to extend their routes to Japan in 1891. After a brief return home, Aurora immediately went on another cruise abroad, this time through the Suez Canal to East Africa and the Indian Ocean. During the voyage, which lasted into 1890, the ship was commanded by Captain Rudolf Montecuccoli.", "title": "Service history" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The ship embarked on a lengthy deployment to East Asia in 1895; at that time, Austria-Hungary adopted a policy to station at least two warships in the region at all times. Aurora joined the corvette Saida there, and returned home in 1896.", "title": "Service history" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 1902, Aurora was reduced to a storage hulk, later being used to store naval mines in Sebenico. After Austria-Hungary's defeat in World War I in 1918, the Austro-Hungarian fleet was divided between the victorious Allied powers, and Aurora was allocated to the Royal Yugoslav Navy in 1920. She was renamed Skradin while in Yugoslav service. Her ultimate fate is unknown.", "title": "Service history" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "SMS Zrinyi was a screw corvette of the Aurora class and was built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy in the early 1870s.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Zrinyi was an Aurora-class corvette, sometimes referred to as sloops, of the Austro-Hungarian Navy. She was 69.08 m (226 ft 8 in) long overall and 59.1 m (193 ft 11 in) long between perpendiculars. She had a beam of 10.45 m (34 ft 3 in) and a draft of 5 m (16 ft 5 in). The ship had a displacement of 1,353 long tons (1,375 t). Her crew numbered 210 officers and enlisted sailors.", "title": "Design" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The ship was powered by a single triple-expansion steam engine that drove a screw propeller. The number and type of boilers is not known, but smoke from the boilers was vented through a single funnel located amidships, between the fore- and main mast. The propulsion system was capable of generating 1,000 indicated horsepower (750 kW), for a top speed of 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph). The ship was fitted with a three-masted sailing rig to supplement the steam engine on long voyages.", "title": "Design" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Zrinyi was armed with a main battery of four 15 cm (5.9 in) Wahrendorf breechloading guns. She also carried a pair of 7 cm (2.8 in) guns and two 25 mm (0.98 in) machine guns. By 1891, the ship's armament had been revised significantly. Two of the 15 cm guns, one of the 7 cm guns, and both of the 25 mm machine guns were removed, and a new light battery of four 9 cm (3.5 in) guns and two 47 mm (1.9 in) Hotchkiss revolving cannon were installed.", "title": "Design" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Zrinyi was built at the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino in Trieste; her keel was laid down on 17 January 1870, and she was launched less than a year later on 10 December. The first member of the class to enter service, Zrinyi was completed on 26 August 1871. After entering service, Zrinyi was assigned to the active squadron of the fleet on 1 September, which also included the ironclad Habsburg and the gunboats Velebich and Hum. Zrinyi did not arrive with the unit until 3 October, and the following month, the squadron was further strengthened by the corvette Dandolo.", "title": "Service history" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In mid-January 1872, the active squadron was reorganized. The old screw frigate Novara joined the unit on 13 January and the ironclad Lissa relieved Habsburg. On 15 January, the united squadron, consisting of Lissa—the flagship—Zrinyi, Novara, Dandolo, and Hum, sailed from Pola to the Dalmatian islands for tactical training exercises. The squadron soon began to disperse, and on 9 February Zrinyi was detached to return to Pola, where modifications were made to make her suitable to host Archduke Johann on a visit to Piraeus, Greece. She later sailed and arrived there on 14 March. She completed her mission there by 26 March, when she rejoined the active squadron, which had been sent to the eastern Mediterranean. She thereafter cruised with Lissa and Hum on patrols in the Greek and Ottoman islands in the region. Zrinyi spent the month of May in Alexandria in Ottoman Egypt. The active squadron had left the area by mid-July to carry out tactical training off the island of Corfu, Greece, beginning on 16 July. The ships then sailed to visit Messina on Sicily from 21 to 29 July, followed by a visit at Palermo, Italy on 3 August. Zrinyi and the rest of the squadron remained there through 12 August for repairs to Lissa's engines. The ships got underway again that day, bound for Goletta in Tunisia. There, the crews held celebrations for Kaiser Franz Joseph's birthday. Zrinyi and the rest of the squadron left Tunisia on 23 August and sailed back to Corfu, arriving there on 28 August. The ships went on a cruise in the eastern Mediterranean on 10 September. On 19 September, the ships stopped in Larnaca on Cyprus; they had moved to Agria by 27 September, and then back to Smyrna two days later. In early October, the ships received orders to return to Pola. By early December, they had arrived in the Fasana Channel, where the ships were placed in reserve.", "title": "Service history" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "At the end of 1872, Zrinyi and Dandolo were ordered to return to the eastern Mediterranean. Zrinyi was sent to patrol the coast of Syria and Egypt; she left Trieste on 2 January 1873 and passed through Lissa before reaching in Smyrna on 21 January. While there, Zrinyi received instructions to sail back to Italy, where the Austro-Hungaria barque Ortodossia had run aground in Foggia in bad weather. The merchant vessel had been broken in half by heavy seas and could not be saved, but Zrinyi assisted in the recovery of its cargo of marble and iron over the course of two days. Zrinyi returned to Smyrna on 26 January. She departed again on 3 February to cruise down the coast of Syria to Alexandria, but heavy storms on 6 February forced her to seek shelter at Vathy on the island of Samos. The island had recently been hit by an earthquake that had badly damaged the buildings there; while she was there, her crew assisted with relief work. The ship departed again on 10 February, stopping in Amorgos on the way and arriving in Alexandria ten days later. She remained there until 8 March and then sailed back north to Smyrna, passing through Fethiye, kos, Bodrum, and Vathi on the way. Zrinyi remained in Smyrna for the next month, departing on 21 April for the Dardanelles, where she embarked Alexander Conze and members of his archaeological expedition to take them to the island of Samothrace. She carried the team on 25 April and remained off the island through mid-June while they carried out the excavations there. The archaeologists loaded their discoveries aboard Zrinyi on 12 June, which departed for home, passing through Piraeus, Lissa, and Spalato on the way before reaching Muggia on 6 July, where the archaeologists disembarked. In mid-August, Zrinyi received orders to join Lissa, still the flagship of the active squadron, for a cruise in the eastern Mediterranean. She left Trieste on 23 August and rendezvoused with Lissa the following day; the two ships then sailed to Pola to replenish fuel and supplies for the voyage. They were underway again by 31 August, bound for the coast of Syria. Zrinyi initially sailed independently, passing along the Greek coast and stopping in Piraeus on 16 September. She remained there for four days and carried out shooting practice while there. On 28 September, she got underway again and reached the Syrian coast on 4 October. While cruising there, she made a visit to Suda Bay from 8 to 16 October and then Poros, Greece, from 21 to 25 October.", "title": "Service history" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Zrinyi went on a lengthy cruise in the West Indies in 1885, returning to Pola the following year. From 1890 to 1891, the ship embarked on a cruise to East Asia. The ship made another visit to South American waters during a long cruise in 1893 and 1894. The voyage also saw visits to ports in western and southern Africa. Austria-Hungary's growing trade with South America was a significant reason for the trip, and while she was in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, she encountered a trio of Austro-Hungarian merchant vessels that were stranded there because of riots in the city that prevented them from being loaded. Zrinyi sent a landing party ashore to help load the vessels and guard them until they could sail for home. After returning to Austria-Hungary in 1894, Zrinyi made another trip to South America and West Africa in 1897–1898.", "title": "Service history" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In 1905, Zrinyi was hulked, and three years later, she was renamed Delta to free her name for the new pre-dreadnought battleship Zrinyi. Delta was later used as a naval mine storage hulk in Pola during World War I. Her fate following Austria-Hungary's defeat in 1918 is unknown.", "title": "Service history" } ]

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