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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Thomas Jefferson Marion Kelley was born on April 15, 1855 in Washington, Georgia, the second of ten children of Captain George W. Kelley, a farmer, mill-man, merchant, lumber trader and Confederate States Army Civil War veteran. A Georgia native, George Kelley was described as having been very active in the development of Alachua County, Florida. He was reared and educated mainly in Sandersville, Georgia. Graduating in 1880, Kelley took a course at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Medical College of Georgia.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kelley began his medicine practice in Gibson, county seat of Glascock County, Georgia. In 1900, he was elected to represent Glascock County in the Georgia House of Representatives, an office he held for three terms, ending in 1906. In 1906, Kelley was listed as one of “five energetic members of the lower house” by the Atlanta Constitution.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On November 10, 1881, Kelley married Ida V. Logue. After her death in 1884, Kelley married her first cousin, Mollie Logue, on October 1, 1884. His wife Mollie died in 1907. In 1910, Kelley contracted paralysis after suffering from a stroke, leaving his speech seriously affected for the final two years of his life. Kelley died on October 10, 1912, at age 57.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Gavin Cobb (born January 28, 1998) is a Canadian professional gridiron football wide receiver for the Edmonton Elks of the Canadian Football League (CFL).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Cobb first played NCAA football for the Simon Fraser Clan from 2016 to 2019, while using a redshirt season in 2018. He then transferred to the University of Manitoba, where he would be able to finish his degree faster, played for the Bisons of U Sports football. However, Cobb did not play in 2020 due to the cancelled 2020 U Sports football season. In 2021, he played in six regular season games and two post-season games where he had 27 receptions for 30 yards and five touchdowns.", "title": "University career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Cobb was drafted in the fifth round, 30th overall, by the Edmonton Elks in the 2022 CFL Draft and signed with the team on May 11, 2022. However, he suffered a severe ankle injury in the second pre-season game of 2022 and was on the injured list for the entire regular season.", "title": "Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Following training camp in 2023, Cobb made the team's active roster and played in his first professional game on June 11, 2023, against the Saskatchewan Roughriders. He later earned his first start on July 29, 2023, against the BC Lions. On October 6, 2023, against the Toronto Argonauts, Cobb scored his first career touchdown on a 16-yard pass from Tre Ford. He finished the season having played in all 18 regular season games where he recorded 11 receptions for 214 yards and one touchdown, six punt returns for 51 yards, and 11 kickoff returns for 260 yards.", "title": "Professional career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Vincent Forbes-Mombleau (born July 29, 1998) is a Canadian professional gridiron football wide receiver for the Edmonton Elks of the Canadian Football League (CFL).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Forbes-Mombleau played U Sports football for the Laval Rouge et Or from 2018 to 2021. He was named the RSEQ Rookie of the Year in 2018 and capped off the season with a victory in the 54th Vanier Cup game.", "title": "University career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Forbes-Mombleau was drafted in the third round, 24th overall, by the Montreal Alouettes in the 2022 CFL Draft and signed with the team on May 13, 2022. However, following training camp, he was released with the final cuts.", "title": "Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On July 18, 2022, it was announced that Forbes-Mombleau had signed a practice roster agreement with the Edmonton Elks. After five games on the practice roster, he made his professional debut, and first career start, on September 5, 2022, against the Calgary Stampeders in the Labour Day Classic, where he had two receptions for 26 yards. He played and started in four regular season games in 2022 where he recorded five receptions for 92 yards.", "title": "Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Following training camp in 2023, Forbes-Mombleau made the team's active roster on opening day. On June 25, 2023, against the Toronto Argonauts, he scored his first career touchdown on a two-yard pass from Jarret Doege with 2:38 left to play. He also had the first multi-touchdown game of his career in the same game, as he scored an 84-yard touchdown with six seconds left to play in the 43–31 loss to the Argonauts. He finished the year having played in all 18 regular season games where he recorded 15 receptions for 203 yards and two touchdowns.", "title": "Professional career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Beeper Inc. is an American software company that develops the instant messaging applications Beeper Cloud and Beeper Mini. The company is located in Palo Alto, California.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Beeper was founded in 2020 by Eric Migicovsky and Brad Murray. Migicovsky is the founder of smartwatch company Pebble.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2023, high school student James Gill reverse engineered Apple's iMessage instant messaging protocol after inspecting the network traffic generated by Apple Music on Windows and by iMessage on macOS. Gill published a proof of concept called Pypush that reimplemented iMessage in the Python programming language and released it on GitHub. After Gill contacted Migicovsky via Discord in August 2023, Migicovsky hired Gill to apply the implementation in Beeper Mini.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Beeper Cloud, formerly named NovaChat and Beeper, is an instant messaging application that supports a variety of chat services and protocols, including Discord, Facebook Messenger, iMessage, IRC, Matrix, Signal, Skype, Slack, SMS, Telegram, and WhatsApp. The company renamed the app from Beeper to Beeper Cloud upon launching Beeper Mini in December 2023.", "title": "Products" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On December 5, 2023, the company released Beeper Mini, an Android app that can send messages through Apple's iMessage instant messaging service. The app was marketed as a way for Android users to communicate with iOS users through chat bubbles that are blue, the color used by Messages – the built-in text messaging app on iPhones – to show texts sent through iMessage. To achieve vendor lock-in, Apple keeps iMessage exclusive to Apple devices and only allows Messages to communicate with Android users through the lesser-featured SMS protocol with texts that are displayed in green chat bubbles, which have gained a negative reputation among some iPhone users who perceive them as an indicator of lower social status. Beeper Mini uses a reverse-engineered implementation of the iMessage communication protocol that supports some of iMessage's features, including blue chat bubbles and end-to-end encryption.", "title": "Products" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Beeper Mini was downloaded more than 100,000 times within two days of launch. After the release, Apple repeatedly blocked Beeper Mini from sending messages through iMessage, and Beeper updated the app multiple times to circumvent Apple's blocks. On December 21, Beeper issued its last update to Beeper Mini, which requires users to access an iOS or macOS device to enable the app to send messages through iMessage.", "title": "Products" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "At the urging of congresspersons Amy Klobuchar, Mike Lee, Jerry Nadler, and Ken Buck, the United States Department of Justice initiated an antitrust investigation on December 22 to examine Apple's blocking of Beeper Mini.", "title": "Products" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tarek Zahed (born 21 June 1980) is a Lebanese-Australian outlaw biker, criminal and alleged gangster.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Zahed was born in Sydney to a Lebanese family. His parents were refugees from the Lebanese Civil War. In 1995, he was convicted of assault and of resisting arrest, marking his first major convictions. In 2001, he was again convicted of assault after unleashing his dogs to maul a woman in a road rage incident. In 2004, he was again convicted of assault after stomping on a man's head so hard that he fractured his skull during a drug deal gone bad. In 2009, he began an association with the Comanchero Motorcycle Club, which he later joined. In 2011, he was convicted of attempted murder after shooting a man. He rose to become the national sergeant-at-arms of the Comanchero, in charge of enforcing discipline.", "title": "The Comanchero" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Assistant Commissioner of the New South Wales police Michael Fitzgerald called Zahed a leader in \"Australia's largest criminal organisation\". Zahed was described as a loyalist to the Comanchero national president and \"supreme commander\" Mark Buddle. Zahed is known for wearing expensive clothing, which has led the Australian media to dub him the \"Balenciaga Bikie\" and the \"Gucci Gangster\". In 2020, he was convicted of living off the proceeds of crime after thousands of dollars were found in bank accounts registered in the name of his children.", "title": "The Comanchero" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In July 2021, Zahed attempted to leave Australia for a trip to Turkey and Lebanon, which led to the Australian Federal Police issuing an Interpol green notice against him, which claimed he was a dangerous criminal. At the time Buddle lived in self-imposed exile in Dubai and it is believed that Zahed's Middle Eastern trip was in some way connected with Buddle. The Interpol notice read: \"The Comanchero group provides support to import and distribute drugs. If Zahed is permitted to enter Lebanon or Turkey, it is very likely that he will commit serious crimes and acts of violence under the Comanchero’s name\". He was denied permission to enter Turkey, but in September 2021 entered Lebanon. Upon entering Lebanon, he sought Lebanese citizenship under the grounds that it was his ancestral homeland. When he landed in Beirut on 11 September 2021, he was arrested in response to the Interpol green notice against him. On 16 September 2021, he was ordered released, but was placed under restrictions. At the time, Zahed told a Beirut court that he wished to take Lebanese citizenship and did not want to return to Australia.", "title": "The Comanchero" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In December 2021, he was the subject of a Serious Crime Prevention Order, which prevented him from wearing his gang colors; using encrypted texts; and placed his bank accounts under police scrutiny... To escape the order in New South Wales, Zahed moved to Melbourne in Victoria. In March 2022, he was under investigation by the Victoria state police in connection with a brawl outside of a boxing match in Kensington.", "title": "The Comanchero" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "After the arrest of Mick Murray in April 2022, a leadership struggle began within the Comanchero with the new national president being Allan Meehan who beat out Zahed for the top post. On 10 May 2022, Zahed was shot and badly wounded during a murder attempt at the Bodyfit gym in Auburn which killed his younger brother Omar. Zahed's body was described as being \"shredded\" as he took 10 bullets to his face, head, arms, legs, stomach and pelvis. Zahed lost his sight in his right eye as a result of his injuries. In August 2022, In December 2022, a man was arrested and charged with murder and attempted murder in connection with the Auburn gym incident. In August 2022, Meehan released a photo of Zahed whom he called \"“hard2kill\" Zahed on his Instagram account along with the cryptic comment \"Love and brotherhood. Forget what ya heard.\"", "title": "Legal issues" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In August 2022, Zahed along with his younger brother Abdul Kahir Zahed were charged with first degree murder in connection with the slaying of Youssef Assoum on 11 December 2014. On 29 August 2022, Zahed while on a visit to New South Wales was arrested in Edgecliff in a dramatic downtake by the tactical police squad who shot out the windows of Zahed's car and dragging him out of his BMW after he refused to get out. Commander Danny Doherty of the New South Wales police told the media that Zahed \"was non-compliant at the best of times, he was definitely non-compliant yesterday. Those beanbag rounds had to be used to get into the car to drag him out, handcuff him and put him on the footpath to have him safely arrested.\" Doherty stated: \"We will be alleging this person is responsible for the killing of Mr. Assoum in 2014, and that his senior position in the Comanchero OMCG links him to several other matters relevant to police\". Zahed was denied bail and ordered held at the Goulburn jail while awaiting his trial, which is scheduled to begin on 5 February 2024. In September 2023, his sister Asmahan Zahed was arrested and charged with the possession of stolen goods.", "title": "Legal issues" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Subhani Hassimdeen (died 24 November 2023) was a Sri Lankan footballer and coach. He was considered as one of the finest players to have played for Sri Lanka national football team at international level. He was considered as one of the go-to reliable strikers during the time frame between 1965 and 1975.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He was born in a family of four brothers. He pursued his primary education at Zahira College. He went onto represent Zahira College in both athletics and football. He was born in a family of sports background as three of his brothers also played football representing Sri Lanka. The Hassimdeen family had four brothers - Naheem Hassimdeen, Muzzamil Hassimdeen and Farook Hassimdeen who went onto play top flight football at international level from 1951 to 1986 for record 35 successive years.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He donned the Sri Lankan national football team jersey in 1965. He played a vital pivotal role in helping Sri Lanka to secure famous triumph at the 1968 Agha Khan Gold Cup and it also marked the first instance where Sri Lanka won an overseas top-tier tournament in football. He also captained the national side in 1972 at several international tournaments in Malaysia, Singapore and India. He was also a key member of Sri Lanka's famous tours to countries such as Israel, West Germany, England and Iran with his brother Muzammil Hassimdeen. He was also instrumental in assisting Sri Lanka to win the 1970 Southern Quadrangular Football Tournament.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "His final international appearance in Sri Lankan colours came during the 1975 Vittal Memorial Trophy Tournament which was held in Tamil Nadu. He scored a match winning goal in the semi-finals of the 1975 Vittal Memorial Trophy Tournament which propelled Sri Lanka to the final. He also played club football playing against the top league foreign clubs including the likes of Nuremberg FC, Essen FC, Pallenberg, Manchester FC, Moscow Dynamo, Dallas Tornados and Macabi FC.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "After his retirement from playing career, he transformed into a full-time coach. He was the chief selector at the national level in 1988. He served as a member of the England Coaches Association from 2001 to 2004. He also followed many coaching courses conducted by FIFA and Asian Football Council.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He was also a guest writer for the The Sunday Times newspaper, where he contributed as a football columnist for several years until his health conditions deteriorated due to the age factor.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "He died on 25 November 2023 at the age of 77. His funeral was held on 25 November 2023 at the Jawatte Burial Ground in Colombo.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ariel Erenberg (Hebrew: אריאל ארנברג; born 11 October 2001) is an Israeli chess player with the title of International Master, and the Israeli champion up to age 18. He was the runner-up in the European Championship under 16 in 2017, and placed third in the European Championship under 18 in 2018.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2014, he received the FIDE Master title, and in 2017, he achieved the International Master title, becoming the youngest International Master in Israel.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "As of October 2022, he is ranked 14th in Israel, according to the rating list.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Erenberg is the son of Shmuel (Shmulik) Erenberg, a real estate consultant, and Yael Aronberg, a bank clerk. His coaches are the artists: Michael Roiz, Tal Baron, and International Master Asaf Givon. He also works with Grandmaster Ram Soffer.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Since 2015, he has represented the Kfar Saba club in the national league. He resides in Rishon LeZion.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2019, the Iranian Aryan Gholami refused to play against Erenberg at the Rilton Cup Chess Tournament in Sweden. His refusal to compete earned him a meeting with Ali Khamenei. In hindsight, Gholami regretted refusing to compete, and he shared that he avoided playing against Erenberg because he feared that playing against an Israeli \"would have serious consequences\".", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The following are some of Erenberg's notable achievements:", "title": "Prominent Achievements" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "2009 - Won first place in the Israeli Championship under 8, held in Kfar Saba, after scoring 7 points out of 7 possible.", "title": "Prominent Achievements" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "2011 - Finished second in the Israeli Championship under 10, held in Petah Tikva, after scoring 7 points out of 9 possible.", "title": "Prominent Achievements" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "2013 - Finished third in the Israeli Championship under 12, held in Petah Tikva, after scoring 6.5 points out of 9 possible.", "title": "Prominent Achievements" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "2013 - Won first place in the 19th Maccabiah open tournament, held in Jerusalem before he turned 12.", "title": "Prominent Achievements" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "2014 - Won first place in the Israeli Championship under 14, after scoring 8.5 points out of 9 possible.", "title": "Prominent Achievements" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "2014 - At age 13, finished fifth in the European Championship under 14.", "title": "Prominent Achievements" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "2015 - Finished second in the Israeli Championship under 14, after scoring 7 points out of 9 possible.", "title": "Prominent Achievements" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "2015 - Won first place in a closed tournament for Grandmaster norms, after scoring 5.5 points out of 9 possible, despite being initially ranked last.", "title": "Prominent Achievements" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "2016 - Part of the Israeli team that won the European Youth Championship under 18.", "title": "Prominent Achievements" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "2017 - Won a silver medal in the European Championship under 16, held in Romania, after scoring 7.5 points out of 9 possible.", "title": "Prominent Achievements" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "2018 - Won a bronze medal in the European Championship under 18, held in Riga, Latvia, after scoring 6.5 points out of 9 possible.", "title": "Prominent Achievements" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "41 Field Regiment is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The regiment was initially raised in 1940 as part of the Royal Indian Artillery (RIA) as 14th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment. It was subsequently designated 3rd Indian Medium Regiment and finally as 41 Medium Regiment. It was later re-raised on 15 July 1948 by Lieutenant Colonel Kalyan Singh (of 2nd Indian Field Regiment, RIA) at Jhansi comprising a newly raised Regimental Headquarters and three artillery batteries from the princely states of Bikaner, Gwalior and Patiala. The three batteries are –", "title": "Formation and history" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Bikaner artillery traces its origins to 1670. During its early years, under Maharaja Anup Singh, it participated in several Mughal campaigns in the Deccan region, including the Siege of Golconda in 1687. It took part in the First Sikh War (1845-46); Second Sikh War (1848-49) and the Mutiny (1857-58) in support of the East India Company. Bikaner Bijey Battery was formed from select pieces of Bikaner artillery in 1906. The name comes from Prince Bijey Singh, the son of General Maharaja Sir Ganga Singh. It was organised as a Camel Pack Battery in 1924 and equipped with breach loading guns. It was later equipped with BL 2.75-inch mountain guns. The unit was re-organised as a Mountain Battery in 1941 and equipped as a 3.7-inch howitzers and trained at Quetta. During World War II, the battery under command of Major Kishen Singh was moved from Kohat in 1943 to join 25th Mountain Regiment. It proceeded to Arakan to join 7th Indian Infantry Division in the Burma theatre. It saw extensive action in Assam and Burma in 1944 and 1945, and returned to the State in 1946.", "title": "Formation and history" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "This Battery was raised as 3rd Company Artillery in 1861. It was converted into the 3rd Horse Artillery in 1853 and later in the same year as the 2nd Horse Artillery. In 1898, it was renamed as 'B' Battery Gwalior Horse. The unit was equipped with 15 Pounders and re-organised as ‘B’ Battery, Gwalior Horse Artillery. In 1934, it was re-equipped with QF 18-pounder guns. From 1942, it was known as Scindia's Field Battery. Prior to independence, the battery saw action in World War II in the Burma campaign. It was attached to the 1st Indian Field Regiment and fought in the Battle of Meiktila in 1945. The battery saw action in the Kashmir Operations during Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948.", "title": "Formation and history" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Raised from Faridkot Sappers in 1948, which itself was raised in 1900 in the erstwhile Faridkot State. The sappers saw action in the East African campaign of World War I, Third Anglo-Afghan War and in World War II in the Burma campaign. The guns of the battery were one of the first to see action during the Kashmir Operations in October 1947. Four 3.7-inch howitzers belonging to the Patiala State Forces were flown and deployed near Pattan along the Srinagar – Baramulla road. The guns were taken over by the artillery men attached with 1 Sikh battalion and fired, causing the Pakistani raiders to flee.", "title": "Formation and history" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The regiment has taken part in the following operations following its raising–", "title": "Operations" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The regiment has won the following gallantry awards–", "title": "Gallantry awards" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Big Dipper was a wooden roller coaster located within Battersea Park, in south-west London, known for the Battersea Park funfair disaster. The ride opened May 13 1951 as part of the Battersea Funfair. It gained attention following the fatal accident on May 30, 1972, resulting in the loss of five lives and the subsequent closure of the fair. It was owned by John Collins.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "May 30, 1972, a catastrophic accident occurred on the Big Dipper. A three-car wooden train carrying 31 passengers detached prematurely from the drive chain while ascending the first incline. Unable to prevent the backward descent on a steep gradient, the train derailed at the bottom, resulting in the deaths of five children and injuries to 13 others.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Eyewitnesses described the horror of the incident, with passengers helpless as the brake failed, leading to a devastating collision. The tragedy prompted a thorough investigation into fairground safety and resulted in numerous charges of manslaughter. A criminal trial was initiated However, both the park's general manager and the ride's engineer were cleared of charges in November 1973.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Big Dipper tragedy led to increased scrutiny of fairground safety standards. A post-crash investigation revealed 51 faults on the ride, raising questions about the overall maintenance and supervision of amusement park rides.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Despite the replacement of the Big Dipper with a modern steel roller coaster known as The Cyclone, the fair's popularity waned. Coupled with development issues and declining fortunes, Battersea Fun Fair operated for the final time on September 22, 1974., as no permanent attractions like the one established in 1951 would grace Battersea Park again.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Anne Bozeman Lyon (1860–1936) was an American Gulf States author of Southern U.S. literature. She wrote poetry, short sketches and novels, excelling in descriptive work. Lyon wrote verses for the Louisville Courier-Journal and other daily papers before 1890, and afterward, short stories and articles for various papers and magazines. She made a special study of colonial history of Alabama and Louisiana.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Anne Bozeman Lyon was born in Mobile, Alabama, February 25, 1860. Her parents were Thomas Temple Armstrong and Mary Morgan Coffee (Heard) Lyon. Her father's ancestors were English and Welsh. He was connected with families from Virginia, among them the Temples, the Pendletons and the Strothers. General David Hunter Strother of the Union Army was his cousin. Mr. Armstrong was a native of Stokes County, North Carolina, later a resident of Mobile, where he was successfully engaged in the wholesale mercantile and cotton business. He was a major in the Confederate States Army. Anne's mother was a descendant of two families from Georgia. Anne was the oldest of ten children. In early childhood, she resided in Mobile and in the bayou of the Mississippi River, where her father was constructing a railroad.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Lyon received her preparatory and academic education in Locquet Institute and other schools in New Orleans, Louisiana. This was followed by further studies in Mobile at the Quigley school and with Prof. Amos Towle, specializing in modern languages and music. Her favorite studies were French, history and mythology, and she enjoyed read poetry.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Her first published verses appeared in the Memphis Appeal, in 1884–86, and in the Louisville Courier-Journal about the same date. Her character sketches, verses, short stories and \"negro dialect\" stories were published in the New Orleans Times-Democrat during 1892. In 1892, she won a prize in the Current Literature category for a dramatic etching, entitled \"The Mourner\" against 1,300 competitors. \"Mobile's distinguished women\" was published in the Montgomery Advertiser, November 1893. Vanity Fair became the publishing medium during 1895–96. Dr. Charles J. O'Malley published Lyon's \"Padre Felipo: A Story of Old Mobile\" in Poor Soul's Advocate, 1895, and in a 2-volume book form in the same year. It was Lyon's first short colonial story. It was widely copied, and received the commendation of Walter Lecky, the novelist, and others. Early Missions of the South (1893) was published in Germany and in England, and adopted as a textbook in some of the schools of Florida.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Other writings by her included: \"A Futile amendment\", published in The Southern Magazine, Louisville, Kentucky; \"Ninita\", published in The Mid-Continent Magazine (formerly The Southern Magazine); \"Chitto's marriage\", published in The Catholic Telegraph, Cincinnati; \"L'Huile de Marie\", published in Chicago New World; and \"Casimir Jacques\", published in The National Magazine, Boston, and in book form in 1912. \"The Bonapartist in Alabama\", appeared in Southern Home Journal, April 1900, and was published in book form in 1903.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In addition to the foregoing, she also did considerabale newspaper and feature work, and wrote a number of historical articles from time to time. She was a contributor to the Stratford Journal, Boston Transcript, Ladies' World, and the Mobile Tribune.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "No Saint (Louisville, 1890), her first novel, made an immediate name for itself. At Sterling's Camp, her second novel, was equally well received.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The realism of Lyon's fiction is explained by her statement: \"When I start one of these colonial stories, I see the characters vividly, and actually hear their names and feel their presence. They move and sway me and not I them. When the story is done, I couldn't write another until the spirit moves me, not if I were going to be burned at the stake.\"", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "For some time, she conducted the \"Feminine Fancies\" woman's department for the Saturday Review of Mobile.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "She was a member of the National League of American Pen Women, serving as the Alabama state representative, 1917–1919. She was also a member of The Poetry Society of London.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Lyon was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Anne Bozeman Lyon made her home in Mobile, Alabama, where she died December 25, 1936.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Timberwolves Brasil is a fan account for the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association that posts under the handle @twolvesbrazil on X (formerly Twitter). Not affiliated with the team, the account was created in 2018 by Timberwolves fan Rodrigo Barbosa, based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "During the 2022–23 Timberwolves season, the account became a viral phenomenon, attracting media attention for its \"unhinged\", \"disturbing\", sometimes \"fetishistic\" and \"extremely NSFW\" posts. The account passed 100,000 followers in December 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Timberwolves Brasil was created on Twitter in April 2018 by Brazilian social media manager Rodrigo Barbosa, who lives in Rio de Janeiro and has never been to Minnesota, but became a Minnesota Timberwolves superfan after playing NBA Live video games in the early-2000s and following the Timberwolves through their 2004 playoff run.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The account gained traction at the beginning of the 2022–23 Timberwolves season when Barbosa posted a video of a giant wolf sucking on and devouring a humanoid leopard, celebrating the Timberwolves' first win of the season against the Miami Heat. Throughout the season, after every Timberwolves victory, Barbosa posted similar videos of wolves, some of which drew from sexual fetish content including vore and furry fetishes; Barbosa said this was unintentional, remarking \"Timberwolves wins are my fetish. My only fetish!\" The posts are often accompanied by Brazilian Portuguese catchphrases supporting the team, including \"O lobo come\" (\"The wolf eats\").", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2023, GQ described a \"larger ecosystem\" of Brazil-based NBA fan accounts for teams such as the Phoenix Suns and Toronto Raptors, many of which post similarly risqué content.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Timberwolves Brasil has attracted attention from media outlets, including official NBA accounts, for its shocking and humorous content. As sports blog SB Nation described, \"almost everything Timberwolves Brasil posts is sexual, horrifying, and sometimes both.\" In an article profiling Timberwolves Brasil, Rolling Stone called it \"basketball's favorite gonzo account\".", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On October 30, 2023, the official Timberwolves account quoted one of Timberwolves Brasil's posts with an image expressing the team's shock. In November 2023, Boston Celtics player Oshae Brissett tweeted, \"They can't keep getting away with this\", in response to a Timberwolves Brasil video posted after the Timberwolves defeated the Celtics.", "title": "Reactions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Damone Type of Thing is a studio album by American singer Vic Damone, released on November 20, 1967, by RCA Records.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It was produced by Neely Plumb and arranged and conducted by Perry Botkin Jr. and J. Hill.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Billboard said the album proves that \"Damone still has one of the best pop standard voices in the business\".", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The El Paso Times called it \"a quietly sensitive album of an entertainer long confident of his success.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Jason Ankeny of AllMusic praised Perry Botkin's arrangements and wrote that Damone \"seizes upon the album's smoky, boozy atmosphere with gusto\".", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Historian Will Friedwald stated that The Damone Type of Thing is an excellent album although it does \"intermingle good stuff and bad.", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Malai Ahmad Murad (1943–2004) was a Brunei diplomat who became the ambassador to the Philippines from 1993 to 1996, Japan from 1997 to 2001, United Arab Emirates from 2001 to 2004, and the high commissioner to Australia from 1996 to 1997.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ahmad studied at Al-Azhar University and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Islamic Law. He then continued his education at Birmingham University, where he earned a Diploma in Education, and he then enrolled in a diplomatic degree at the University of Oxford.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Ahmad started working for the government in 1971, first as a lecturer for the Hassanal Bolkiah Arab Secondary School. He succeeded Othman Bidin as principal of the Seri Begawan Sultan Teacher Training College in 1975. He moved into the diplomatic sphere in 1981 and served as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' Senior administrative officer from 1981 to 1984.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Before being assigned to positions at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Bandar Seri Begawan, he initially served as director of the Political Department before becoming the Director of Administration. He then served as ambassador to Saudi Arabia from 1987 to 1989 and Egypt from 1984 to 1986. He traveled with Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah in 1987 as part of his entourage. After that, he held ambassadorial posts in Japan from 1997 to 2001, and the Philippines from 1993 to 1996, interlaced with a term serving as the high commissioner in Australia from 1996 to 1997. On 15 August 2001, the Sultan gave him his letters of appointment as ambassador to the United Arab Emirates during a ceremony at the Istana Nurul Iman.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "At the age of 62, Ahmad passed away while still in office as ambassador to United Arab Emirates. Adanan Zainal, his successor, was named in April 2004.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Ahmad was born in 1943, and he married Datin Hajjah Rafeah binti Dato Haji Mohd. Yassin. He is the son of businessman, Malai Mashhor, founder of Mashhor Group of Companies. Malai Abdul Hamid, a brother of his that served as the company's chairman.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "He has earned the following honours;", "title": "Honours" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Brasidas lacerta is a species of stick insect in the family Heteropterygidae which is endemic to Mindanao. Due to its extreme variability, and the nymphs being spinier than to the adults, the species has been described under other names, resulting in a total of seven synonyms.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In terms of habit, the species corresponds to typical representatives of the Obrimini. All representatives of the genus Brasidas have a pair of characteristic holes in the metasternum. These metasternal pits are deep and usually completely bordered.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "At around 80 to 95 millimetres (3.1 to 3.7 in) long, the females are significantly larger and more plump than the approx. 48 to 57 millimetres (1.9 to 2.2 in) long males. Both sexes are dominated by brown and, more rarely, olive-brown tones. The more vividly marked and variable females can show bright, mostly greenish, areas particularly on the lateral and rear edge of the metanotum. Furthermore, numerous black tubercles on the head and thorax stand out clearly from the brown base color. Often, there is also a whitish area that extends from the middle of the sixth to almost the entire width of the seventh segment of the abdomen. There is almost always a pair of black spots on the eighth segment. Due to this color combination, the end of the abdomen, together with the ovipositor, is reminiscent of a head, more precisely a bird's head. Occasionally females occur with a wide, white, longitudinal band over the entire body on a brown background, complemented by the black spots on the eighth abdominal segment. At the end of the abdomen is the ovipositor, which is typical for all Obriminae and is long and straight.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Like females, adult males are less spined than nymphs. They are less variably colored. Shades of brown usually dominate on the males, and where the females have white or beige markings, the same areas tend to be light brown on the males.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "As with all Obrimini, the 4 to 5 millimetres (0.16 to 0.20 in) long and 2 to 3 millimetres (0.079 to 0.118 in) wide eggs are laid in the ground using the laying spine (ovipositor) at the end of the abdomen. The eggshells are gray and become darker when the humidity is higher, becoming lighter again when it is dry. The dorsal area is bulging and the lid (operculum), which is always dark gray in color, sits on the egg sloping towards the ventral side, so that an opercular angle of around ten degrees is created. The nymphs hatch from the eggs after about four months and then need another four months to grow.", "title": "Reproduction" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Josef Redtenbacher described this species as Obrimus lacerta in 1906 based on three specimens from Luzon and Mindanao. These came partly from the Natural History Museum, Berlin and partly from his own collection, which was later affiliated with the Natural History Museum, Vienna. He does not specify the origin of each specimen. The chosen species name, lacerta, is borrowed from Latin and means \"lizard\" (see also genus of lizards Lacerta). At the end of the species description he mentions that he is not sure whether the two males and the female belong to the same species. In the same work he also published a section on Obrimus cavernosus (today named Brasidas cavernosus, described in 1877 by Carl Stål on the basis of a female). Here too, three animals were examined, specifically one male and two females. The material from the Museum für Natural History Museum, Berlin, was collected in the island of Luzon, and that from the National Museum of Natural History in Paris was acquired in Mindanao. Here too he mentions that it is not certain whether both sexes belong to the same species and leaves open which animals come from which location. Heinrich Dohrn in 1910 doubted that the two species mentioned, Obrimus lacerta and Obrimus cavernosus, were independent species. He examined two pairs from Mindanao, whose males fit Redtenbacher's cavernosus and whose females fit his lacerta.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "James Abram Garfield Rehn and his son John William Holman Rehn transferred both species to the newly-created genus Euobrimus in 1938/39 and described five new species in it, including Euobrimus dohrni, which is the basis for the description of the two pairs from Mindanao mentioned by Dohrn. One of the sexes of Obrimus cavernosus and Obrimus lacerta examined by Redtenbacher is said to belong to this species. Later cataloging of the collections in Berlin and Vienna revealed that the three syntypes described by Redtenbacher are an adult male from Luzon, an adult female from Mindanao in the Berlin Museum, and a juvenile male from Luzon in the Vienna Museum. Frank H. Hennemann synonymized the genus Euobrimus with Brasidas in 2023 and clarified the status of the syntypes that belong to three different species. The juvenile male from Luzon belongs to Brasidas cavernosus, which was described before Brasidas lacerta. The adult male from Luzon from Berlin belongs to Euobrimus bakeri described by Rehn and Rehn in 1939. Since the latter was described using several adult specimens with precise collection dates, the species has been retained as Brasidas bakeri. The adult female from the Vienna collection remained as a lectotype of Brasidas lacerta.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "When examining the species now completely listed in Brasidas, Hennemann found that five of the species described by Rehn and Rehn, as well as one subspecies, are synonyms of Brasidas lacerta. The type material of the synonymized Brasidas montivagus and Brasidas foveolatus asper is located in the National Museum of Natural History (USNM) in Washington, D.C. The types of Euobrimus atherura and Euobrimus cleggi named after the insect collector Charles F. Clegg can be found in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University in Philadelphia (ANSP). The juvenile holotype of Brasidas acanthoderus is located in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) of Harvard University in Cambridge. The specimens of Euobrimus dohrni examined by Dohrn and named after him are deposited as syntypes in the Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences (MIZ) in Warsaw. Also deposited in the UPLB collection in 2006 are specimens named by Ireno L. Lit jr. and Orlando L. Eusebio in honor of Stephan Reyes, a taxonomic entomologist researching bees and wasps, and former director of the Museum of Natural History of the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB). The specimens are described as Euobrimus stephenreyesi and are synonymous with Brasidas lacerta. Its male holotype and the juvenile female paratype are deposited in the same place.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The first representatives of this species arrived in the terrariums of enthusiasts in March 2008. They were collected by Joachim Bresseel, Mark Bushell and Ellen Caluwé on the island of Mindanao in Nabunturan and at Lake Agko near Mount Apo. Until the end of 2023 and for some time thereafter, the breeding strain was known and distributed under the name Brasidas foveolatus. It is still listed by the Phasmid Study Group as Brasidas foveolatus foveolatus under the PSG number 301.", "title": "In terraristics" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "A breeding strain of the species, also introduced later (around 2010) from Nabunturan, was initially called Brasidas sp. 'Nabunturan' after its location and is no longer in breeding.", "title": "In terraristics" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "A stock collected in 2011 by Thierry Heitzmann on Mount Pulog in Luzon, Sorsogon Province, was initially identified as Euobrimus lacerta. This strain, listed under PSG number 377, does not belong to Brasidas lacerta, but was identified in 2021 as Euobrimus cavernosus (today Brasidas cavernosus).", "title": "In terraristics" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The first representatives of this species found their way into the terrariums of enthusiasts in 2008. They came from Mindanao and were collected there in Nabunturan and at Lake Agko near Mount Apo. The species is listed under PSG number 301 by the Phasmid Study Group.", "title": "In terraristics" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Brasidas lacerta can easily be fed with leaves of bramble and other Rosaceae, as well as hazel, oak, ivy or Hypericum. Occasionally the forage plants should be sprayed with water. In order to enable eggs to be laid, the floor of the terrarium should be covered a few centimeters high with a slightly moist soil substrate.", "title": "In terraristics" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Alfred W. Grayson was an American politician who served as Secretary of State of Kentucky from 1807 to 1808.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Empire of Flora (German: Das Reich der Flora) is an oil painting by Nicolas Poussin, dated to about 1630 or 1631, which is now in the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This subject is taken from the fabulous stories of the individuals metamorphosed into flowers who are here represented as engaged in those acts which preceded their change. In the centre of the group are Narcissus and Echo; the former is bending over a vase of water, sighing with love of his own image; the latter sits by, gazing on him with enamoured eyes. Beyond these is Clytie viewing with rapture the God of Day pass in his refulgent chariot through the heavens. On the left is Ajax, disappointed in his ambition, perishing on his own sword. In the opposite side is Smilax lying on the lap of Crocus; and a little retired from these is the young huntsman, Adonis, with a spear in his hand, and two dogs near him; and still more remote stands the beautiful Hyacinthus. In the midst of these, Flora is seen dancing in exulting triumph, scattering flowers over the pining lovers around her. Several cupids, linked hand in hand, are behind the goddess, and a solitary one lies close to the front with a bunch of flowers in his hand. The scene exhibits the parterre of a garden surrounded with bowers.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This picture was painted for the Cardinal Omodei. Engraved by Audran.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Triumph of Flora (French: Le Triomphe de Flore) is an oil painting by Nicolas Poussin, dated to about 1627 or 1628, which is now in the Louvre in Paris. The nymph Chloris, honoured by the Greeks; and afterwards by the Romans as Flora, the goddess of flowers and gardens, was a natural subject for Poussin, who was a great admirer of the ancient religious rites.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The picture exhibits the goddess seated in a splendid car drawn by two winged boys, accompanied by a numerous train of nymphs, youths, and cupids, most of whom have flowers either in baskets or in their hands; her attention is directed to Mars, who stands at the side of her car, acknowledging her sovereignty as she passes. Among her attendants may be noticed a youth performing antics: in advance of him two nymphs dancing, and scattering flowers which others are gathering; and above are two cupids, one of whom is placing a chaplet on her head. Close to the front are a fine formed man naked and recumbent on some drapery, and a female reclining on his lap.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Smith (1837) lamented its poor state of preservation. \"Of this once excellent picture, little of its original beauty remains; the brown ground on which it was painted having destroyed all the delicate tints, and made others so obscure as to be nearly black.\"", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Engraved by Audran and in the Musée français by Niquet and Fessard.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sir Hugh Johnys (c. 1410 – in or after 1485), knighted at the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after fighting under John, Emperor of Constantinople, was a Knight Marshal of England and France. In later life he was involved in the upbringing of Henry Tudor, later Henry VII.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Johnys was descended from a cadet branch of the Vaughans of Bredwardine in Herefordshire. Hugh Jones, Bishop of Llandaff, is said to hve been descended from the same Gower family as Hugh Johnys.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A memorial brass in St Mary's Church, Swansea, erected to the memory of Johnys and his wife Maud, records that he fought under John, Emperor of Constantinople, for five years against the Turks and Saracens \"in the p[ar]tis of troy grecie and turky\", and was knighted at the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem on 14 August 1441. The brass records that afterwards he was Knight Marshal of France for five years under John, Duke of Somerset, and became at a later date Knight Marshal of England under John, Duke of Norfolk, who gave Johnys the Manor of Landimore in Gower.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "After the Duke of Norfolk's death in 1461, William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke took over as custodian of Gower, and it is thought that Johnys during the 1460s was involved in the upbringing of Lord Herbert's ward Henry Tudor, later Henry VII.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Johnys's first wife Mary is mentioned in 1451; her parents and date of death are unknown. He married Maud, heiress of Rees Cradock, probably about 1455. He and his wife were living in 1463, when they were granted a tenement in Fisher Street, Swansea. They had five children.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In December 1468, Edward IV appointed Johnys as one of the Poor Knights of Windsor; it is supposed that Maud had died by this time. He then resided mainly in Windsor until the early 1480s, when he returned to Gower. He died in or after 1485.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Prakash Veer is a member of Rashtriya Janata Dal and elected representative of Rajuli (Vidhan Sabha constituency).", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Soul Christmas is a 1968 collection of Christmas songs produced by Atco Records. The album contains new and previously recorded tracks, some originally released on Stax Records. Soul Christmas reached #13 on Billboard's Best Bets for Christmas in 1968, and #8 in both 1969 and 1970. The CD version, with three additional tracks, reached #89 on their Top R&B Albums chart in 1994.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Randy Anthony on the site Hip Christmas says \"the magic of 60's soul music – the gospel intensity, the ribald humor, the sensual conviction – comes to bear with its most powerful alchemy on Soul Christmas . . . All in all, Soul Christmas is a classic of both genres – soul and Christmas – one that belongs in the collection of anyone who claims to know anything about either. The most amazing aspect of Soul Christmas is that these songs are among the very best that these artists – all giants of soul – ever recorded.\"", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "There are several variations on this collection. The 1994 Rhino Records CD reissue adds three bonus tracks, including the original 1963 version of Carla Thomas' \"All I Want For Christmas Is You\" (the b-side to her \"Gee Whiz, It's Christmas\") and Ray Charles' \"Christmas Time.\" Rhino also appends \"Original\" to this title in an attempt to avoid confusion with 1991's Soul Christmas. That disc, another Atlantic/Atco compilation, expands the scope of the original LP featuring 20 tracks spanning more than 20 years, including several songs from the out-of-print Cotillion Records LP, Funky Christmas (1976). Also included is Carla Thomas' 1966 version of the aforementioned \"All I Want For Christmas Is You.\"", "title": "Reissues" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Some international releases contain Aretha Franklin's \"Amazing Grace\" as a bonus track.", "title": "Reissues" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Some international releases contain Aretha Franklin's \"Amazing Grace\" and \"Wholy Holy\" as bonus tracks.", "title": "Reissues" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ludwig Rosenberg was a German trade unionist and one of the few surviving German Jews who held a prominent position in German politics. Rosenberg was known for his embrace of the social market economy, which put him at odds with party-line Marxists in the labor movement.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Rosenberg was born to a middle-class Jewish family in Charlottenburg in 1903.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Rosenberg joined the Young Republicans' League when he was 18. In 1930, he became a labor union secretary in Berlin. In June of 1933, Rosenberg avoided arrest by the Nazis by fleeing to the United Kingdom. In the UK he worked as a salaried employee and as a journalist. Following World War II and the Holocaust, Rosenberg returned to Germany in the Fall of 1945. He served as the chairman of the German Federation of Labor Unions from 1962 to 1969. Rosenberg died in October of 1977 at age 74 from a heart attack.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2014 Men's EuroHockey Indoor Championship was the seventeenth edition of the Men's EuroHockey Indoor Championship, the biennial international men's indoor hockey championship of Europe, organised by the European Hockey Federation. It took place from 17 to 19 January 2014 in Vienna, Austria.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Defending champions, Germany, won their 14th title by defeating Austria 4–3 on penalties, after the final finished 5–5. Russia won the bronze medal by defeating Poland 4–3.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "All times are local (UTC+1).", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Eighty-Ninth Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 3, 1989, to January 7, 1991, in regular session, and also convened in two special sessions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Senators representing even-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first two years of a four-year term. Assembly members were elected to a two-year term. Assembly members and even-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 8, 1988. Senators representing odd-numbered districts were serving the third and fourth year of a four-year term, having been elected in the general election of November 4, 1986.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Members of the Senate for the Eighty-Ninth Wisconsin Legislature:", "title": "Leaders" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Members of the Assembly for the Eighty-Ninth Wisconsin Legislature:", "title": "Leaders" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dae-Ho Eom (엄대호, 嚴大號, born May 22, 1972 in the lunar calendar) is a South Korean musician, composer. His hometown is Yeongwol, and he was born in Gaeun, Mungyeong , Gyeongsangbuk-do.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He graduated from Gaeun Elementary School in Gaeun-eup, Mungyeong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea, graduated from Gaeun Middle School, graduated from Munchang High School in Mungyeong-si, graduated from Kyungil University's Department of Computer Engineering, and graduated from Daegu Institute of the Arts' Department of Piano. After graduating from college, he served as vice president of the Korean National Music Association, a life-long member of the \"Changakhoe\", a member of NACUSA (National Association of Composers/USA), executive director of the Eom Dae-ho Foundation since 2018, and director of the Korean Music Critics Association since 2022. It has been done.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He founded the Fantaga music format in 2008, and in 2022, he was selected as a “Korean classical music pioneer” by the Westminster Conservatory of Music in the United States, and “Song of Waheon” from the chamber music suite <Geojedo suite> was performed at Rider University. There are four composers selected, including South and North Korea. These are the late) Kim Seong-tae (professor emeritus at Seoul National University), the late) Kim Sun-nam (composer who defected to North Korea), the late) Isang Yun (contemporary musician), and Eom Dae-ho (contemporary musician).", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He composed various classical music using modern music techniques, including the opera <Jesus Christ>, released several piano albums and electric guitar albums, and published music papers.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "\"Composer Dae-Ho Eom's new attempt is giving great stimulation to the world music world. The new style he created, 'Fantaga', is a groundbreaking style that every composer should try at least once. In particular, his deep faith and pious spirit are reflected in his music. “- Jeon In-pyeong (Professor Emeritus at Chung-Ang University, President of the Korean Music Critics Association)", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "“Dae-Ho Eom’s unique creations led him to be selected as a contemporary musician by the Westminster Conservatory in the United States, following composer Isang Yun.”", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "“His original compositions are extremely intimate, atonal music that excludes too slow or extreme modernity, but uses the theme of tonal music as it progresses.” - Jang Seok-yong (Chairman of the Korean Association of Critics)", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "“Dae-Ho Eom, a modern music composer, created the musical form “Fantaga” and applied it to his own songs, creating a new wave in the modern music world, instilling aesthetic elements in difficult modern music and creating a gateway to spectacular music leading the 21st century. “- Jeong Soon-young (composer, music critic, winner of the 43rd ‘Best Artist of the Year Award’)", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "“Composer Dae-Ho Eom, who has constantly thought about righteousness and is presenting and perfecting a new paradigm in the domestic composition world by developing a new world of works that reflects the deep inner self of the abyss” - Sunhwa Kim (『Review』 Editor-in-Chief)", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "1. Collection of works (book)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "『12 Violin Fantaga』 (Dae-Ho Eom Foundation, 2008)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "『Geojedo Suite』 (Dae-Ho Eom Foundation, 2018)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "『Piano Works released 2011 - 2013 album』 (Dae-Ho Eom Foundation, 2020)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "『Symphony No.1 & No.2』 (Dae-Ho Eom Foundation, 2020)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "『Ben-Hur Ballet Suite for string quartet』 (Dae-Ho Eom Foundation, 2020)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "『Ben-Hur Ballet Suite for orchestra』 (Sumin Publishing, 2021)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "『Violin Concerto No.1 & No.2』 (Dae-Ho Eom Foundation, 2021)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "『Symphony No.3 \"ΙΧΘΥΣ\"』 (Sumin Publishing, 2022)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "『Symphony No.4 \"Noah's Ark\"』 (Sumin Publishing, 2022)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "『Opera 《Jesus Christ》 for Ballet, Voice & String Quartet』 (Sumin Publishing, 2023)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "2. Piano album", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "『Quiet Time Bible 1』 (2011)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "『Quiet Time Bible 2』 (2011)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "『Quiet Time Bible 3』 (2011)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "『Quiet Time Bible 4 [Healing]』 (2012)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "『Quiet Time Bible 5 [Piano Romans]』(2013)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "『Quiet Time Bible 6 [Genesis 1]』 (2014)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "3. Electric guitar album", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "『Grace and Worship Hymns Vol. 1』 (2022)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "『You Are My Everything Hymns Vol. 2』 (2023)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "4. Fantaga album", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "『Fantaga on the theme of Jeongseon Arirang』 (Feat. Baritone Gi-hong Jeon, piano Yoo Ji-hye)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "5. Co-authored", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "『Creative Song Collection Based on Korean Folk Songs』 (2021)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 34, "text": "『Collection of Original Songs Based on Korean Folk Songs』 (2022)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 35, "text": "6. Main theses", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 36, "text": "『Composition Techniques of Korean Music Composers』 (2022)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 37, "text": "『Jump into the sea with fire!』 (Music Criticism Vol. 22)", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 38, "text": "7. List of other compositions", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 39, "text": "<Two Fanatga on the theme of Korean folk songs>, <Piano Quartet for those getting married>, <Six four-voice hymns without words>, string quartet <Seeing the Private Meeting with Christ>, <3 Violin Rhapsody>", "title": "List of works" }, { "paragraph_id": 40, "text": "Notes", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Edward Cohen (born 18 February 1972) is an Israeli researcher, journalist and specialist in the Arab–Israeli conflict, He is a commentator on Arab social media.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Cohen was born in 1972 in Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, to a wealthy Jewish family named Edward Cohen Halala. He was educated at the Christian school in the city until anti-Jewish kidnapping and murdering his father in 1985. Cohen and his family were forced to emigrate from the country. In 1995, he immigrated to Israel.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Cohen has a bachelor's degree in political science, a master's degree, and a doctorate in Middle Eastern History, all from Bar-Ilan University. He also engaged in post-doctoral research at the Menachem Begin Center for Underground Movement Research, Bar-Ilan University. Cohen speaks Hebrew, Arabic, and French at a native level, and English and Spanish at a high level.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pello Otxandiano Kanpo (born 1983) is a Basque engineer and politician. He is EH Bildu's programme director and will lead the candidacy of EH Bildu in the 2024 Basque regional election.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Pello Otxandiano was born in 1983 in Otxandio to an abertzale family. He studied primary education at his hometown school, and secondary and Baccalaureate studies in Iurreta, at Juan Oriobiogoitia BHI and Iurreta LHI schools respectively. He then studied Telecommunications Engineering and obtained a PhD at Mondragon University. During his PhD, he served an internship at the Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He entered politics in 2011, when he was elected a local councillor in Otxandio.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2023, the Political Bureau of EH Bildu proposed him as a candidate to become the Basque Government's Lehendakari for the 2024 regional election.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Otxandiano is a father to two daughters.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Proscenic products are a range of home appliances and consumer electronics including vacuum cleaners, baby monitors and air fryers.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Proscenic began manufacturing home appliances in 2013. The company is based in Shenzhen, China. Robot vacuums and cordless vacuums were among its first products.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The company eventually expanded into manufacturing air fryers with the release of its first air fryer product, the Proscenic T21.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2022, Proscenic launched its first crowdfunding campaign, soliciting funds for the production of its first wet-dry vacuum cleaner, the WashVac F20. In the second half of 2022, Proscenic launched its second Indiegogo campaign to fund the production of its S3 vacuum cleaner model.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Prosenic's products include robot vacuums, cordless vacuums, wet-dry vacuums, baby monitors and air fryers. They also offer an app that connects to its smart appliances via Bluetooth, allowing users to control its appliances’ functions and view performance statistics.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Don't Tell Me Now is a song recorded by Australian rock band Mental As Anything, released in 1987 through the label CBS Records. It was released as the third and final single from the bands sixth studio album Mouth to Mouth. The song peaked at number 36 on the ARIA Charts and stayed in the charts for 20 weeks. It was written by Mental As Anything guitarist Martin Plaza.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Blindfire is a 2020 American crime thriller film directed by Michael Nell, starring Brian Geraghty, Sharon Leal, Bethany Joy Lenz, Edwina Findley, Chiké Okonkwo and Jim Beaver.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Michael Talbot-Haynes of Film Threat gave the film a score of 8/10 and called it a \"tight thriller, effectively balancing the intense action with truly affecting dramatic moments.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Tom Meek of Cambridge Day rated the film 2.5 out of 4 stars and wrote: \"Blue-on-Black violence gets put under the microscope here, shining a light on some of the nuances, municipal shenanigans and complications of deadly police response and the tangled process of justice.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Lapacanzo Sandoval of the New York Amsterdam News wrote that the film \"has high ambitions but a very weak story with performances that do nothing to help shape this film\" and called it a \"look into the dull, boring, uninspired life of the guilty cop with no revelations at all.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lieutenant General (Retired) Hamood Uz Zaman Khan is a military officer of Pakistan, who has served in various capacities in the Pakistan Army. He is known for establishing the National Command & Operation Centre (NCOC) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Post-retirement, he was appointed as the Secretary of Defence and has also served as the federal secretary of the Ministry of Defence Production. He has been recognized with the award of Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Military). He is an alumnus of Command and Staff College Quetta, National Defense University, Islamabad, and National Defense University, USA.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Khan was commissioned in the Army Air Defense on 11 September 1986. During his tenure in the Pakistan Army, he held the position of Staff Officer within an Infantry Brigade, was part of the Military Operation Directorate, and acted as the Chief of Staff at the Army Air Defence Command Headquarters. His service extended to international peacekeeping efforts, where he was a Military Observer in DR Congo under the auspices of the United Nations. His leadership roles included commanding a self-propelled Air Defence Regiment, leading an Air Defence Brigade and an Infantry Brigade, overseeing an Air Defence Division, and managing the Army Air Defence Command Headquarters. Additionally, he held the role of Director General Weapons & Equipment at the General Headquarters.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Khan has the distinction of establishing and operating the National Command and Operation Center (NCOC) during the COVID-19 pandemic. During his tenure at NCOC, he effectively planned and coordinated strategies to combat the pandemic.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He also served as Federal Secretary, of the Ministry of Defense Production. He replaced Lt Gen (retd) Humayun Aziz, who had completed his contract as secretary of the ministry.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He was appointed Defense Secretary by Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif. He was appointed on a two-year contract and assumed charge of his post on August 24, 2022.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In March 2023, the Ministry of Defense informed the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP), headed by him, that the Pakistan Army would not be available for election duty due to the \"situation in the country\", noting that border security and the country's Army was the \"first priority\".", "title": "Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In December 2023, a contempt of court petition was filed against him for allegedly violating a Supreme Court order to prosecute him in a criminal court for the May 9 incidents.", "title": "Controversies" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kiribati New Zealanders refers to New Zealand citizens or permanent residents who are fully or partially of I-Kiribati descent. According to the 2018 census, 3,225 New Zealanders declared their ethnicity as Kiribati.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "I-Kiribati people are classified as a subset of Pasifika New Zealanders under the Ethnicity New Zealand Standard Classification by Stats NZ Tatauranga Aotearoa.", "title": "Demographics" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "As of 2018, only 41.3% of Kiribati New Zealanders were born in New Zealand. 58.7% were born overseas, most of them in Kiribati, with smaller groups of I-Kiribati immigrants born in Australia, Tuvalu and the United States.", "title": "Demographics" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "43.7% of New Zealand residents who declared their ethnicity as I-Kiribati live in the Auckland Region. The Kiribati community is especially prominent in the country town of Warkworth, where Gilbertese is the second most spoken language. Smaller I-Kiribati communities exist in the Waikato region and in Wellington.", "title": "Demographics" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "New Zealand's Kiribati associations include the nationwide New Zealand Kiribati National Council, the Warkworth-based Kiribati Aotearoa Diaspora Directorate and the Otago Kiribati Islands Students' Association in Dunedin.", "title": "Organisations" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Clendon Park in South Auckland is home to the Kiribati Uniting Church NZ.", "title": "Organisations" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Kiribati Language Week is a yearly event organised by the Ministry for Pacific Peoples.", "title": "Organisations" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dorothy Giles (April 27, 1892, Cold Spring, New York – December 29, 1960, Cold Spring, New York) was a freelance writer, journalist, editor, author of several books, and a local historian.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The parents of Dorothy Giles, Richard Giles (1861–1918) and Ida Rosina Webb married in June 1891 in New York City. Dr. Richard Giles was a physician who practiced medicine on Fair Street in Cold Spring, Putnam County, New York. Dorothy Giles's brother Richard L. Giles was born in 1895. Dorothy Giles studied art and languages and graduated from the Cathedral School of St. Mary, the sister school of St. Paul's School in Garden City, New York.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "While pursuing her career as a journalist, Dorothy Giles, for many years, grew vegetables, flowers, and fruits in a home garden in Cold Spring, her hometown along the banks of the Hudson River. She published the 1922 pamphlet Down the Garden Path and the 1926 book The Little Kitchen Garden. As an influential member of the Putnam County Historical Society, Dorothy Giles had a home on Pauling Avenue in Cold Spring and was active in community affairs. In 1924 her book Adventures in Brotberhood was published.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Giles wrote two travel books: The Road Through Spain (1929) and The Road Through Czechoslovakia (1930). Tomáš Masaryk, President of Czechoslovakia, honored her for her 1930 travel book — she became the first woman to receive the silver medal of the Order of the White Lion, Knight Class. She became a member of the American Friends of Czechoslovakia (an American association which helped Czechoslovakian refugees during and after both World Wars). She also belonged to the Pen and Brush Club.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Giles was a staff member of Cosmopolitan Magazine from 1933 to 1939. In 1940 Random House published her book Singing Valleys: The Story of Corn — the food historian Cynthia Clampitt called the book a \"classic\". Among Dartmouth College Library's archival and manuscript collections, there is the Singing Valleys typescript with handwritten corrections and printer's marks.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1945 the famous singer Sophie Tucker published an autobiography Some of These Days: The Autobiography of Sophie Tucker, written in collaboration with Dorothy Giles. Giles was a ghostwriter for Gypsy Rose Lee, among other celebrities. Giles was a ghostwriter for Edwin Main Post Jr.'s 1961 book Truly Emily Post.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 1949 G. P. Putnam's Sons published Giles's book A candle in her hand; a story of the nursing schools of Bellevue Hospital. She was a member of the American Craftsmen's Educational Council, which initiated the exhibition \"Designer Craftsmen U.S.A. 1953\". The exhibition opened at the Brooklyn Museum and was subsequently displayed at the Art Institute of Chicago and the San Francisco Museum of Art. The 72-page exhibition catalogue contains 111 black-and-white images and a 10-page essay by Dorothy Giles.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "After Dorothy Giles died in December 1960, her collaborator Irma Franklin completed their historical and genealogical compilation Thomas Davenport, Philipstown pioneer, 1682-1759, and his descendants, which was published in 1962 by the Putnam County Historical Society.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Le déserteur ('The deserter') may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2007–08 season was Helmond Sport's 41st season in existence and 24th consecutive in the Eerste Divisie, the second division of Dutch football. They also competed in the KNVB Cup.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Source: Competitions", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Source:", "title": "Competitions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Microchaetina cinerea is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mexico.", "title": "Distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cherokee Town is a ghost town in Garvin County, Oklahoma. It's located 6 miles (9.7 km) southeast of Pauls Valley.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Before the Civil War, there was a trading post near Little Sandy Creek, about a mile from where a heavily used trail crossed the Washita River. The stop was unnamed until a group of Cherokees who forcefully resettled from Texas moved near the vicinity of the post. The Cherokee people built homes and other infrastructure around the area, and along with the post, which has its own blacksmithing place, made the now forming town popular. The town was then on referred to as “Cherokee Town”. Despite the village remaining small, it was well known around the area. After the Civil War, mainly during the 1870’s, the trail became very important across the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations, as it connected Boggy Depot and Fort Sill. Cherokee Town started to gain importance when a cross-country stage line was started, designated at 20 miles (32 km) intervals. Many goods wagons and buggies would come through the town. Militia and their subsequent wagons with weapons would go through the town as-well. As a result of the conundrum, the town slowly increased. Several stores were developed, even hotels and campsites were created too. There was a masonic hall and a town doctor. Blacksmithing was the towns main driving point and moneymaker. The blacksmith was deemed a pan important person throughout the community. Church services were held at the town, and there were subscription schools too. As the population fo the Chickasaw nation increased, new paths were created and replaced to different areas, cutting off the towns traffic.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The term Know-Nothing Riot has been used to refer to a number of political uprisings of the Know Nothing Party in the United States of the mid-19th century. These anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic protests culminated into riots in Philadelphia in 1844; St. Louis in 1854, Cincinnati and Louisville in 1855; Baltimore in 1856; Washington, D.C., and New York City in 1857; and New Orleans in 1858.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Philadelphia nativist riots took place on May 6—8 and July 6—7, 1844, in Philadelphia, and the adjacent suburbs of Kensington and Southwark. The riots were a result of rising anti-Catholic sentiment at the growing population of Irish Catholic immigrants. The government brought in over a thousand militia—they confronted the nativist mobs and killed or wounded hundreds of anti-Catholic rioters.", "title": "Philadelphia 1844" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In the five months leading to the riots, nativist groups had been spreading a false rumor that Catholics were trying to remove the Bible from public schools. A nativist rally in Kensington erupted in violence on May 6 and started a deadly riot that would result in the destruction of two Catholic churches and numerous other buildings. Riots erupted again in July after it was discovered that St. Philip Neri's Catholic Church in Southwark had armed itself for protection. Fierce fighting broke out between the nativists and the soldiers sent to protect the church, resulting in numerous deaths and injuries. Two of the 13 Catholic churches were burned. The Catholic Church sued the city and won some money for repairs. Civic leaders deplored the nativist attacks. Nationally, the riots helped fuel criticism of the nativist movement, despite denials of responsibility from nativist groups. The riots exposed deficiencies in law enforcement in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts, influencing various reforms in local police departments and the eventual consolidation of the city in 1854.", "title": "Philadelphia 1844" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In August 1854 a major election riot exploded in St. Louis, Missouri, a city of 95,000 population. It was caused by the escalation of tensions between Irish Catholic Democrats and the anti-immigrant Know-Nothing movement. Violence came came when Know-Nothing activists brought a local judge to the polls and he rejected Irishmen who could not prove their citizenship. Fighting broke out across the inner city, and ended only when 500 armed state militia took control. Ten men were killed and 33 wounded; 93 buildings were damaged by arson. The episode reflected multiple forces at work, including rapid immigration from Europe, the success of local Irish politicians, the nationwide nativist movement, the policies of Democratic Mayor John How, and the bitterly fought contest for House of Representatives between Whig Luther Martin Kennett and Democrat Thomas Hart Benton.", "title": "St. Louis 1854" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Election Day Riots of 1855 occurred in Cincinnati between April 2–7, 1855. The election was between James J. Faran, the Democratic contender and editor of the Cincinnati Enquirer, and James D. Taylor, rabid nativist editor of the Cincinnati Times. Rumors of illegal voting, ballot-box stuffing, and naturalized voters preventing native-born citizens from voting sparked the events.", "title": "Cincinnati 1855" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Bloody Monday was a series of riots on August 6, 1855, in Louisville, Kentucky, an election day, when Protestant mobs attacked Irish and German Catholic neighborhoods. These riots grew out of the bitter rivalry between the Democrats and the Nativist Know-Nothing Party. Multiple street fights raged, leaving twenty-two people dead, scores injured, and much property destroyed by fire. Five people were later indicted, but none were convicted, and the victims were not compensated.", "title": "Louisville 1855" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The riots occurred in Baltimore, Maryland between September and November of that presidential election year. The Know-Nothing Party gained traction in Baltimore as native-born residents feared the rapidly growing Irish and German immigrant population. Local street gangs became divided on political grounds, with the Know-Nothing affiliated gangs clashing with gangs affiliated with the Democratic Party. The partisans were involved in widespread violence at the polls and across Baltimore during municipal and national elections.", "title": "Baltimore 1856" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Know-Nothing associated gang, the Plug Uglies, had travelled to Washington. D.C.. from Baltimore on June 1, 1857, in an attempt to prevent German and Irish immigrants from voting in the local election. The Plug Uglies linked up with allied members of the Rip Raps and the Chunkers and moved to Mount Vernon Square to harass anti-Know Nothing voters. They then returned to the square armed with pistols, clubs, bricks, and other weapons and charged into the crowd of voters. A brutal fight broke out which the police were unable to stop and by noon, President Buchanan had called out two companies of Marines to stop the riot. By the time the Marines arrived at Mount Vernon Square, the Know-Nothings had set up a barricade and were armed with a cannon they had taken from the Navy Yard. Archibald Henderson, Commandant of the Marine Corps, marched up to the cannon and placed his body in front of it so it could not be aimed at his men. This allowed the Marines to advance on their position, but a fire fight soon broke out. Eight People were killed by the end of the day and many more were injured.", "title": "Washington D.C. 1857" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The New Orleans Know-Nothing group began as a local movement in 1858 to reduce what residents considered a high rate of crime and violence in the city, primarily among Irish and German immigrants, who were among the poorest classes. A secret Vigilance Committee was formed to monitor their activities, and in particular to prevent disruption of upcoming municipal elections.", "title": "New Orleans 1858" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On the night of June 2, 1858, armed men under the command of Capt. J.K. Duncan, an officer in the United States Army, marched to Jackson Square and occupied the court rooms in The Cabildo. For the next five days, a standoff existed between the Vigilance Committee and members of the Native American Party. On June 7, the elections were held and the Native American candidate, Gerard Stith, defeated the Democratic Party candidate, P.G.T. Beauregard. The Vigilance Committee disbanded with no further violence.", "title": "New Orleans 1858" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "", "title": "Further reading" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Italocentrism is a cultural and historical perspective that places a strong emphasis on the importance of Italian culture and contributions to art, literature, and philosophy. This worldview emphasizes Italy's influential role in shaping Western civilization, acknowledging the impact of the Roman Empire, Renaissance, and other pivotal periods. References supporting Italocentrism include scholarly works by historians such as Luigi Barzini and Umberto Eco, who extensively explore the impact of Italian culture.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In literature, Dante Alighieri's \"Divine Comedy\" stands as a monumental work contributing to Italocentrism, while in art, references can be found in studies on the Renaissance and the works of iconic artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. Italocentrism extends into the field of science with figures like Galileo Galilei, who played a crucial role in advancing scientific revolution.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This perspective is not without criticism, as scholars like Edward Said have discussed the potential for Eurocentrism in emphasizing Italian contributions. However, Italocentrism remains a noteworthy lens through which to appreciate and understand the profound impact of Italian culture on the global stage.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Italocentrism finds its roots in the Renaissance, a period marked by a revival of classical art and learning. This era marked a resurgence of interest in classical knowledge, fostering a renewed admiration for Italian achievements. Italy, with its city-states like Florence and Venice, became a hub for intellectual and artistic endeavors, fostering a sense of cultural superiority. This sentiment later extended to encompass broader historical eras, creating a narrative that positions Italy at the forefront of human achievement.", "title": "Historical Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Italian art, from the works of Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci to the architectural marvels of ancient Rome, serves as a cornerstone of Italocentric pride. The Sistine Chapel, the Colosseum, and the Duomo di Milano are emblematic of Italy's enduring influence on aesthetics and design.", "title": "Cultural Contributions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Italian cuisine is celebrated worldwide, and Italocentrism contributes to the popularity of Italian dishes. Pizza, pasta, and gelato are often considered quintessentially Italian.", "title": "Cultural Contributions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Italian literature, including works by Dante Alighieri, Petrarch, and Boccaccio, has been influential globally and contributes significantly to Italocentrism. Philosophical thinkers like Thomas Aquinas and Machiavelli have left an indelible mark on intellectual discourse, reinforcing Italy's standing in shaping Western philosophy. Galileo Galilei's contributions to astronomy have had a long-lasting impact.", "title": "Cultural Contributions" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Italocentrism persists in various forms in contemporary society. Academic institutions worldwide study Italian art, literature, and history. Italian cuisine, fashion, and design enjoy global popularity, further solidifying Italy's cultural impact. Events like the Venice Biennale and the preservation efforts of UNESCO underscore the ongoing recognition of Italy's cultural legacy.", "title": "Modern Relevance" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "While Italocentrism celebrates Italy's cultural richness, critics argue that it may oversimplify history by idealizing Italian contributions while downplaying the diverse influences from other regions. Additionally, it may perpetuate cultural elitism and exclusionary narratives. It is essential to strike a balance between recognizing Italy's achievements and acknowledging the global diversity of cultures.", "title": "Criticisms and Controversies" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Manuel Ángel Morán Ibáñez (born March 15, 2004) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Real Madrid Castilla.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ángel is nicknamed \"Mami\".", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "As a youth player, Ángel joined the youth academy of Spanish La Liga side Real Madrid, where he was regarded as one of the club's most important players.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He represented Spain internationally at the 2023 UEFA European Under-19 Championship.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He mainly operates as a midfielder and has been described as \"fundamental in getting the ball out, it is worth highlighting his good decision-making and associative capacity. He handles both legs, creates, distributes and empties in defense\".", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Ángel is a native of Seville, Spain.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Microchaetina arida is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Peru.", "title": "Distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "%5B%5BWikipedia%3ARedirects+for+discussion%5D%5D+debate+closed+as+delete", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "#REDIRECT Allies of World War I", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Shang-Ping Xie is a climatology and oceanography researcher who holds the Roger Revelle Chair at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Known best for his research on interaction between the world's oceans and atmosphere and on El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Xie is noted as a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Xie was born in Quzhou in 1963. He entered university after the Cultural Revolution had ended, and studied oceanography, though he had never seen the ocean before. His education includes:", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He was a visiting scientist to Princeton University from 1911 to 1993, and a research associate for the University of Washington from 1993 to 1994.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Xie had been employed at the University of Hawaiʻi as a professor of meteorology until he joined the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California, San Diego in 2012 as the inaugural Roger Revelle Chair, a title named for pioneering researcher Roger Revelle, established with an endowment from the Revelle family. While at Hawaiʻi, he was faculty in the International Pacific Research Center of the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In April 2016, as a Scripps professor, Xie returned to the University of Washington as an endowed lecturer—he gave a lecture on El Niño in the Graduate Students' Distinguished Visiting Lecture series.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2013, a study co-authored by Xie and published in Nature suggested that the slowdown in global warming was tied to cooling in parts of the Pacific Ocean. Further research into the slowdown was published in 2015, in the journal Nature Climate Change. Xie has also published research on modeling the role of human activity to global warming; a 2015 co-authored paper in Nature Geoscience modeled the evolution of global temperature, creating a new method of tracking anthropogenic global warming. The modelling was reported on again in 2016, when Xie and others modelled human activities' impact on warming. Other papers on climate change have included collaboration with authors affiliated with Duke University and University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 2019, Xie published research with scientists from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where they modelled Hadley cells to predict changes in the monsoon season of parts of Asia. In a 2022 article published by the World Economic Forum and The Conversation and co-authored by Xie, the authors claim that tropical cyclones have been increasing in intensity over time.", "title": "Research" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2016, Xie was the organizer of a special issue of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences.", "title": "Research" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Xie has been included as a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate in the field of geosciences.", "title": "Research" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Fivemile Lake is located in southern King County, Washington in the Lakeland South census-designated place. It has a popular park on its eastern bank.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Military Road is located on the eastern shore of the lake, next to the park. This road, built in the 1850s, once linked Fort Steilacoom with Fort Bellingham. The road's construction was authorized in 1857 to defend against Native American hostilities and the threat of foreign naval attacks. The road would help move supplies and troops between the forts, and would encourage further settlement of the area. Construction began in 1858, and the road was completed by 1860.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Fivemile Lake is popular for fishing. The lake is stocked with rainbow trout, and also has bluegill and largemouth bass. Due to high nutrient concentrations, Fivemile lake is moderately eutrophic.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Fivemile Lake Park is run by King County. Its amenities include fields, trails, and a dock. A new playground opened in 2016.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On April 5th, 2023 one kayaker was killed and another was hospitalized after their boats capsized. The fire chief stressed the importance of life jackets, as neither kayaker was wearing one.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Zheltau (Kazakh: Желтау) is a salt lake in in Zerendi District, Akmola Region, Kazakhstan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lake lies 28 kilometers (17 mi) To the SSE of the town of Kokshetau.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Zheltau lies in a tectonic depression of the Kazakh Uplands nearly 50 kilometers (31 mi) to the east of the Kokshetau Hills and 26 kilometers (16 mi) to the ENE of lake Zerendi. Zheltau village, former Oktyabr, is located 4.5 kilometers (2.8 mi) to the north, close to the northern lakeshore.", "title": "Geography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Crelin Bodie, DFC (April 1920 – 24 February 1942) was a British flying ace who served with the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War. He was credited with having shot down at least ten aircraft.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Kirton, Bodie joined the RAF in 1939 and after completing his flying training was posted to No. 66 Squadron in May the following year. He flew Supermarine Spitfire fighters extensively during the squadron's operations in the Battle of Britain, achieving several aerial victories. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross towards the end of 1940. He subsequently flew with No. 310 Squadron and then No. 152 Squadron. He was killed in a flying accident at Eglinton in Northern Ireland on 24 February 1942, aged 21.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Crelin Arthur Walford, the son of Henry and Elsie Bodie, was born in April 1920 at Kirton in the county of Suffolk in the United Kingdom. He went to school at St. Matthew's School, before proceeding to Ipswich School. Once his education was completed, he worked in London at commercial premises.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "A few weeks after the outbreak of the Second World War, Bodie joined the Royal Air Force (RAF) on a short service commission; he had applied shortly before the outbreak of hostilities. His commission, as an acting pilot officer, was granted with effect from 23 October. In May 1940, once his flight training was completed, he was posted to No. 66 Squadron. At the time Bodie joined the unit, it was based at Duxford and, equipped with Supermarine Spitfire fighters, was involved in providing aerial cover for the British Expeditionary Force as it was evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk.", "title": "Second World War" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "After its operations over Dunkirk, No. 66 Squadron reverted to patrolling over the North Sea from Coltishall and being scrambled to intercept incoming raids. It soon began to be drawn into the aerial fighting during the Battle of Britain. On 8 July Bodie claimed to have destroyed a Heinkel He 111 medium bomber although this was unconfirmed. He shared in the probable destruction of a He 111 about 20 miles (32 km) south of Lowestoft on 19 August. Flying closer to Lowestoft the following day, he and five other pilots combined to shoot down a Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter. A share in a second Bf 110 that was probably destroyed the same day was also credited to Bodie. On the last day of the month, he shared in the destruction of a Dornier Do 17 medium bomber to the southwest of Cromer. On 2 September, 70 miles (110 km) east of Aldeburgh, he and two other pilots shot down a He 111. Two days later, he probably destroyed a Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter in the vicinity of Maidstone. He damaged two Bf 109s the next day, also near Maidstone. On 7 September his Spitfire was damaged in an engagement with the Luftwaffe, and he had to crash land the aircraft. By this time, the squadron was operating from Kenley and later in the month would move to Gravesend.", "title": "Second World War" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Bodie shot down a He 111 over the Romney Marshes on 11 September and this followed four days later, on what is now known as Battle of Britain Day, the destruction of four Do 17s near Gravesend and Dungeness respectively; two of these were shared with other RAF fighter pilots. His aircraft was damaged during one of the interceptions carried out that day. On 18 September he destroyed a He 111 over the mouth of the Thames and claimed a Bf 109 as probably destroyed over Chatham on 24 September. He helped in the damaging of a Junkers Ju 88 medium bomber off Dover on 5 October. Returning to the vicinity of Chatham on 11 October, he destroyed a Bf 109. The next day he claimed three Bf 109s as probably destroyed, two of which were to the southeast of London, and damaged a fourth. Another Bf 109 was probably destroyed by Bodie over Ashford on 13 October. He repeated this success on 25 October, probably shooting down a further Bf 109 in the same area.", "title": "Second World War" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Bodie's successes in the fighting over southeast England were subsequently recognised with an award of the Distinguished Flying Cross. The citation for the DFC was published in The London Gazette and read:", "title": "Second World War" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "One day in September, 1940, Pilot Officer Bodie was engaged on an offensive patrol with his squadron when a large formation of enemy bombers was encountered. Observing a Dornier 17 about 1,000 feet below him, he dived to the attack and destroyed it. Climbing through cloud, he then attacked two unescorted Dornier 17's, causing them to break formation. Pressing home his attack on the hostile aircraft in turn, he eventually caused them to crash into the sea. He has displayed great courage, skill and determination, and has destroyed at least six enemy aircraft.", "title": "Second World War" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "On 14 November, with the Battle of Britain officially over, Bodie probably destroyed one more Bf 109, this time over Dover. At the suggestion of his squadron commander, Athol Forbes, Bodie wrote an account of his experiences during the Battle of Britain, and this was subsequently edited and published in 1942 as a chapter in the book 'Ten Fighter Boys'.", "title": "Second World War" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "No. 66 Squadron's activities declined during the winter months due to the weather. However, on 20 December, Bodie, flying with Flight Lieutenant G. Christie, made one of Fighter Command's earliest hit-and-run sorties to France, successfully attacking an airfield at Le Touquet. In early 1941 the squadron began to reequip with Mk IIa Spitfires.", "title": "Second World War" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In March, Bodie was posted to No. 310 Squadron as an acting flight lieutenant. His new unit, the flying personnel of which being mostly Czechs who had escaped the German occupation of their country, was equipped with the Hawker Hurricane fighter Mk IIa fighter and flew occasional offensive sorties to France and patrols along the east coast of England. Bodie was leader of one of the squadron's flights. Two months later, his substantive rank was made up to flying officer.", "title": "Second World War" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Bodie was transferred to the Spitfire-equipped No. 152 Squadron in June. This was based at Portreath and carried out bomber escort duties, flying to German-occupied France, also performing similar duties for Coastal Command aircraft to the west of England. Early in 1942, the squadron moved to Northern Ireland, patrolling over the Irish Sea from Eglington. On 24 February, Bodie crashed a Spitfire at Eglinton while performing aerobatics. He was killed in the accident. Survived by his wife, he is buried at St. Canice Churchyard at Eglinton. His DFC is held by his former school, Ipswich School.", "title": "Second World War" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Bodie is credited with having shot down ten German aircraft, half of which being shared with other pilots. One aerial victory was unconfirmed and he is also credited with ten probably destroyed, two shared with other pilots. He damaged three aircraft and shared in damaging a fourth.", "title": "Second World War" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Oude Zijpe, also written as Oude Zype, Oude Zijp and Oude Sype was an 18th-century East Indiaman fluyt of the Dutch East India Company.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "During the last part of her first return voyage from Batavia, she ran aground during a heavy storm on 22 September 1742 off Bloemendaal, 0.5 mile north of Zandvoort. The crew and most of the cargo was rescued.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Oude Zijpe was built in 1740 in Hoorn for the Chamber of Hoorn [nl]. She was 130 feet long, had a loading capacity of 650 tons. The ship had capacity for 150 crew members.", "title": "Ship details" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 29 June 1740, soon after the ship was launched, she went to Batavia under command of Joost Anker. She had an intermediate stop at Cape of Good Hope between 16 December 1740 and 19 January 1741. She arrived at Batavia on 28 May 1741.", "title": "Sole voyage and fate" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "A year later she started her return voyage to Amsterdam on 19 January 1742 under command of captain Joost Anker with a cargo of among others pepper and muskat. She had an intermediate stop at Cape of Good Hope between 22 April 1742 to 11 May 1742.", "title": "Sole voyage and fate" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "After having lost all her anchors, she ran aground during a heavy storm on 22 September 1742 off Bloemendaal, 0.5 mile north of Zandvoort. The around 80 crew members were rescued. The Heeren XVII [nl], the central government of the Dutch East India Company, decided I titillate to salvage only the valuable private chests. Ten days later they ordered also to salvage the silk.", "title": "Sole voyage and fate" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Het Scheepvaartmuseum, the Dutch Maritime Museum in Amsterdam, contains an anonymous drawing of the stranding of this ship. The library of the museum contains a printed report of the stranding, including an engraving.", "title": "Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam also has in their collection an etching of the ship.", "title": "Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "One of the lost anchors was found by fishermen off the coast of Zandvoort in 1938. A year later it was brought to Amsterdam on an inland vessel. It was transferred to Hoorn by a ship of the Hoornsche Stoomboot Maatschappij [nl] where it arrived in 1939. Between 1941 and 1969 the anchor was on “Noorderplantsoen”, a filled-in part of Draafsingel [nl], in front of Hoorn railway station. Due to vandalism, it was moved to the garden of the Westfries Museum in 1969. Aftet the museum's garden was changed in 1984 to a reconstruction of an 18th-century garden, the anchor was moved to Oostereiland [nl]. Since 1990, the anchor has been in the neighbourhood Risdam-Zuid [nl], in front of apartment block “Koopvaarder”.", "title": "Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In 1986, a wreck was discovered near Bloemendaal aan Zee, which was stated to be Oude Zijpe. However, the shape is not the same as the known size of the ship. In addition, copper spots and bronze pins were found that were only used this way a century after the construction of Oude Zijpe.", "title": "Controversy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "YNX may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Derin Erdoğan (born 28 June 2002) is a Turkish female basketball player. The 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) tall national plays point guard. Currently, she plays for Northeastern Huskies in the U.S. She was part of the Turkey U-16, Turkey U-18 and Turkey U-20 teams before she was admitted to the Turkey team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Erdoğan was a member of Istanbul University SC, and Arizona Wildcats. She played in 14 games in the 2020–21 and in 13 matches in the 2021–22 season. After two years at Arizona, she moved in 2022 to Northeastern Huskies in Boston to play in the NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She was part of the national U-16 team, which won the bronze medal at the 2017 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival in Győr, Hungary. She played also at the 2018 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She was with the Turkey U-18 team at the 2019 FIBA U18 Women's European Championship Division B.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "As a member of the Turkey U-20 team, she played in four matches of the 2022 FIBA U20 Women's European Championship Division B.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Erdoğan was admitted to the national team. She played at the EuroBasket Women 2023 qualification.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Derin Erdoğan was born to Haydar and Canan Erdoğan in Istanbul, Turkey on 28 June 2002. From 2020 on, she studied two years at University of Arizona. In May 2022, she moved for her furfther college education to the Northeastern University .", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mount Emmerich is a 6,877-foot-elevation (2,096-meter) mountain summit in Alaska.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mount Emmerich is located nine miles (14 km) west-southwest of Haines in the Chilkat Range which is a subrange of the Saint Elias Mountains. Precipitation runoff and glacial meltwater from the mountain's slopes drains to the Chilkat River via the Takhin and Kicking Horse rivers. Although modest in elevation, topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 5,377 feet (1,639 meters) above the Garrison Glacier in 1.5 mile (2.4 km). The first ascent of the summit was made on August 14, 1976, by Fred Beckey, Craig Zaspell, and Jack Tackle via the southwest ridge. The mountain's toponym has been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names. The mountain was named by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1897, to remember one of their own, Lieutenant Charles F. Emmerich (1849–1894), who served on the schooner Hassler in Alaska in 1893. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, this landform's local name is Cathedral Peak, \"because of the mountain's prominence and cathedral-like appearance.\"", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "According to the Köppen climate classification system, Mount Emmerich has a tundra climate with cold, snowy winters, and cool summers. Weather systems coming off the Gulf of Alaska are forced upwards by the mountains (orographic lift), causing heavy precipitation in the form of rainfall and snowfall. Winter temperatures can drop to 0 °F with wind chill factors below −10 °F. This climate supports small unnamed glaciers on the peak's slopes as well as the Bertha and Garrison glaciers in the surrounding valleys.", "title": "Climate" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "VBE may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Real Housewives Ultimate Girls Trip: Ex-Wives Club, the second season of The Real Housewives Ultimate Girls Trip, an American reality television series. It premiered on Peacock on June 23, 2022. The season was primarily filmed in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, a town in the Berkshires region, at Dorinda Medley's Blue Stone Manor. Its executive producers are Lisa Shannon, Dan Peirson, Darren Ward, John Paparazzo, Glenda Cox and Andy Cohen.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The season follows several housewives from across The Real Housewives franchise vacationing together. The second cast was composed of Taylor Armstrong, Brandi Glanville, Vicki Gunvalson, Tamra Judge, Eva Marcille, Dorinda Medley, Phaedra Parks, Jill Zarin.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The second season was filmed in September 2021 at Dorinda Medley's Blue Stone Manor located in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In March, the series was officially announced as The Real Housewives Ultimate Girls Trip: Ex-Wives Club, the second season features former Housewives stars who are no longer cast-members on their original series. The cast consists of Taylor Armstrong, Brandi Glanville, Vicki Gunvalson, Tamra Judge, Eva Marcille, Dorinda Medley, Phaedra Parks and Jill Zarin. The second season premiered on June 23, 2022.", "title": "Cast" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mochlosoma validum is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "United States, Mexico.", "title": "Distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Unktaheela is an extinct genus of polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous Sharon Springs Formation of the United States. The genus contains a single species, U. specta, known from two partial skeletons. Unktaheela represents the smallest known polycotylid.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Unktaheela fossil material was discovered in sediments of the Sharon Springs Formation (Baculites obtusus zone) in the United States. The holotype specimen, UCM 35059, was found near Redbird in Niobrara County, Wyoming, and it consists of a skull with mandible and a nearly complete series of cervical, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, a partial series of dorsal vertebrae, partial pectoral and pelvic girdles, and elements of all the paddle limbs. The paratype specimen, SDSM 142501, was found near Buffalo Gap in Fall River County, South Dakota, and it consists of a complete skull, broken mandible, and five fragmentary remains of the postcrania that remain unidentified.", "title": "Discovery and naming" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1996, Kenneth Carpenter described specimen UCM 35059 as belonging to a juvenile individual of the related Dolichorhynchops osborni.", "title": "Discovery and naming" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2023, Robert O. Clark, F. Robin O’Keefe, and Sara E. Slack described Unktaheela specta as a new genus and species of polycotylid based on these fossil remains. The generic name, \"Unktaheela\", references Unhcegila, a legendary Lakota horned water serpent known for its keen eyes. The specific name \"specta\" is derived from the Latin word \"spectare\", meaning \"to see,\" in reference to the hypothesized visual adaptations and morphology of the orbital.", "title": "Discovery and naming" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Unktaheela was a very small polycotylid that, when mature, had some characteristics that might be expected of ontogenetically young individuals. The holotype skull is 44.4 centimetres (17.5 in) long, and the paratype skull is 43 centimetres (17 in) long. These lengths are smaller than any other known mature polycotylid skull, and are comparable to the size of juvenile skulls of Dolichorhynchops and Mauriciosaurus. Unktaheela was approximately 2.3–2.6 metres (7.5–8.5 ft) long. Adult individuals of other small polycotylids such as Dolichorhynchops and Scalamagnus were closer to 3 metres (9.8 ft) in length. The skull of Unktaheela has unusually large orbits, a feature commonly associated with juvenile animals. However, many anatomical characteristics of the known specimens indicate that they belonged to fully grown individuals. For example, many bones are fused in the specimens that are typically unfused in juvenile plesiosaurs. The humeri are wide, as opposed to the narrow form seen in juveniles. Unktaheela had at least 26 maxillary teeth. In comparison, adult individuals of Dolichorhynchops had at least 22, while juveniles have 13–14.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Clark, O’Keefe & Slack (2023) recovered Unktaheela as a polycotylid member of the plesiosaur clade Leptocleidia, as the sister taxon to the clade formed by Martinectes and an unnamed polycotyline from the Niobrara Formation. These species, together with Dolichorhynchops spp. (D. osborni and D. herschelensis), form the clade Dolichorhynchia within the Polycotylinae. The results of their phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below:", "title": "Classification" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mochlosoma mexicanum is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mexico.", "title": "Distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Women's Guksu or Women's Kuksu (Korean: 여자국수전; Hanja: 女子國手戰; RR: Yeojaguksujeon), officially Pro Woman Baduk Masters, is a South Korean women's Go competition. The tournament was established in 1994 and is held annually (except 2001 and 2004). It is organized by The Korea Economic Daily.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The name guksu, with Sino-Korean etymology from guk 'nation' and su 'hand', is shared with the now-discontinued Guksu competition which had no gender restriction.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The winner's prize is 30 million won and the runner-up's prize is 10 million won (as of 2023). Formerly, the winner's prize was 12 million won in 2018, 15 million won in 2019 and 2020, 20 million won in 2021, and 25 million won in 2022. Each player has 1 hour of thinking time followed by 1 minute per move.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The year 2024 is the 13th year in the history of Glory, an international kickboxing promotion.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The events are broadcast on various channels such as Videoland, Viaplay and Go3. Events are also streamed pay-per-view on the Glory Fights platform and on Antena Play.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Glory HGP is a kickboxing event held by Glory on March 9, 2024, in Arnhem, Netherlands.", "title": "Glory Heavyweight Grand Prix" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The event will host a Heavyweight Grand Prix between eight contestants, which included the reigning Glory heavyweight champion Rico Verhoeven.", "title": "Glory Heavyweight Grand Prix" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Contestants: Tariq Osaro, Sofian Laidouni, Bahram Rajabzadeh, Levi Rigters, Uku Jürjendal, Rico Verhoeven (c), Antonio Plazibat, Nabil Khachab", "title": "Glory Heavyweight Grand Prix" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "", "title": "Glory Heavyweight Grand Prix" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Morphodexia barrosi is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Argentina, Chile.", "title": "Distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Joseph Mar Koorilose IX was metropolitan and primate of Malabar Independent Syrian Church from 1986 to 2001. He was enthroned as the Metropolitan of Malabar Independent Syrian Church on 27 August 1986 by Alexander Mar Thoma succeeding Mathews Mar Koorilose VIII.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Joseph was born into a Syrian family on 26 November 1954 born to P. I. MathewKutty and Kunjnani he was belongs to Alathoor Panakkal family The Panakal family had already supplied two bishops: Joseph Mar Koorilose -IV and Paulose Mar Athanasios, Suffragan Metropolitan,completed his schooling at David Memorial L P School and M J D High School in his native Kunnamkulam town. His higher education began at Sree Krishna College, Guruvayur, and St. Thomas College in Thrissur. Subsequently, he pursued studies at the Municipal College of Education in Chickballapur, Karnataka State.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On 5 March 1972 he was ordained a deacon by Paulose Mar Philoxenos III and on 1 March 1978 a kasseessa by Mathews Mar Koorilose -VIII. He also served as the Secretary of both the Church and the Gospel Association. At his initiative a Malabar Independent Syrian Church Youth League was organized in 1984. Fr.Joseph was the first editor of Kunjhadukalude Velicham , the first monthly magazine of the church, published by the Youth League since September 1984.", "title": "Ordination" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 1981 December 20 the church council elected he At the age of 27, he was elected as a bishop, and the formal consecration as Metropolitan took place at nearly 32, on 27 August 1986. A week prior, he was appointed Ramban by Philipose Mar Chrysostom, Suffragan Metropolitan of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church.The delay between election and consecration was influenced by differences of opinion between the Metropolitan-elect and the Church Council. In June 1986, Mathews Mar Koorilose VIII passed away, leading to Joseph Mar Koorilose IX's consecration in August 1986. Dr. Alexander Mar Thoma oversaw the consecration with the assistance of Joseph Mar Irenaeus, Dr.Zacharias Mar Theophilus,Mor Osthatheos Benyamin Joseph of Jacobite Syrian Christian Church and Poulose Mar Poulose of Chaldean Syrian Church.", "title": "Consecration as Metropolitan" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Morphodexia nigra is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Argentina, Chile.", "title": "Distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bretons is a Grade II* listed building in Hornchurch, in the London Borough of Havering.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It is a historic manor house that rebuilt around 1740 with some features retained from an earlier building.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Bretons was listed on 7 January 1955.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Blackburns Take Over is a 1941 radio serial by Max Afford. It was one of a series of adventures featuring the detective hero Jeffrey Blackburn and his wife.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It was the fifth Blackburn series for radio. This installment starred Grant Taylor and Patricia Kennedy in the lead.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Taylor was the fourth Jeffrey Blackburn (following James Raglan, Peter Finch and Douglas Kelly) and Kennedy the fourth Elizabeth Blackburn (after Hilda Scurr, Neva Carr Glynn and Margaret Macgregor). Afford stressed the comedy for this installment.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Taylor left the role during the series to join the army. He was replaced by Max Osbiston.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "\"Jeffery and Elizabeth visit a waxworks... Jeffery feels that one of the wax models is a real body. He is right. The body turns out to be that of Stephen Ashley, scientist, who had been at work on a secret weapon tor the British Government. \"", "title": "Premise" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Chetoptilia burmanica is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Myanmar, China.", "title": "Distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "VMG may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "VHM may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Amala Shaji is an Indian Model (person), Musical artist and Internet celebrity (social media personality). She prominence through social media platforms, and gained popularity on the platforms Instagram, TikTok, Youtube and Facebook, She is one of the most prominent TikTok users in India, with over 2.6 million followers. She is known for her social work", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Amala Shaji was born in Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, to a Malayali family, She did her schooling at Thiruvananthapuram Public School at Thiruvananthapuram and is currently, Pursuing an Aviation course at Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology. In 2023, Amala is all set to start her acting career in Tamil Film Industry with the ‘Thalapathy 67’ movie.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1814 Caracas Exodus (Spanish: Éxodo caraqueño de 1814) or Emigration to the East (Spanish: Emigración a Oriente) occured during the Venezuelan War of Independence, when Venezuelan Patriots and thousands of civilians fled from the capital Caracas towards the East of the country, after the defeat in the Second Battle of La Puerta on 15 June 1814.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "News about the approach of José Tomás Boves and his infamous troops caused panic amongst the population in Caracas, so on 7 July 1814, more than 20,000 people emigrated to the East of the country, along with Simon Bolívar and his remaining Patriot troops. Many thousands perished.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "José Tomás Boves had gathered an army in the Southern plains in 1812, composed of Llanero's, released black slaves, mulattoes, mestizos and Indians whom he treated as equals. He lived among his soldiers, and exposed himself to the same risks in battle as them, thereby gaining their extreme loyalty.", "title": "Prelude" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Nominally a Royalist, Boves acted independently from Captain General Juan Manuel Cajigal, ignoring some of his orders. His troops hated the white land- and urban upper classes of Venezuela, and became feared for their summary executions, which became especially notorious for their extreme cruelty, even in a period when such actions were common on both sides of the conflict.", "title": "Prelude" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "After his victory in the Battle of La Puerta, Boves besieged Valencia on 19 June, bravely defended by Francisco Espejo, which for 21 days withstood the onslaught until capitulating before the offer of respect for the lives and property of the Valencians. That same day, Boves ordered some 500 Patriot soldiers to be killed, while the women of Valencia were forced to sing and dance, in an orgy of blood that lasted for several days.", "title": "Prelude" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The news of the terrible murders reached Caracas with the announcement of Boves' advance and Bolívar only had 1,200 soldiers to defend the city, many of them wounded. For fear that the slaves in the city would join Boves, he decided to abandon the city of about 30 thousand inhabitants at that time.", "title": "Prelude" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On 6 July 1814, Bolívar began the retreat towards the East with few soldiers to protect some 20,000 civilians determined to save themselves from the cruelties of Boves.", "title": "The Exodus" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "On the evening of 16 July Boves entered Caracas proclaiming a general slaughter against the white population, but when he met no resistance, he published a pardon and only those accused of acting against the Spanish were executed. At that same time the emigrants spent the night in Guarenas to continue the next day through Araira towards Barlovento, through the mountains of Capaya, where they took two routes. One path went to Río Chico and along the seashore through Boca de Uchire towards Puerto Píritu, called “the coastal path”. The “inland path” led through Cúpira to Sabana de Uchire towards Clarines through Guanape.", "title": "The Exodus" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The emigrants arrived in Barcelona at the end of July, but on the way some 12,000 people had died, victims of exhaustion, hunger, wild animals or snake bites, or killed by llaneros, who carried out attacks on the rearguard and killed everyone who couldn't keep up with the column.", "title": "The Exodus" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Although a large number of people followed Bolívar on the long journey, another group, especially the most politically committed , sought refuge in the Antilles, while a third group gave up the march and returned to Caracas to place them selves under the protection of Archbishop Coll y Prat.", "title": "The Exodus" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Among the illustrious people of the emigration led by Bolívar were two ladies who later figured in the war, Eulalia Buroz and Luisa Cáceres de Arismendi, who during the journey lost four relatives and only she, her mother and a younger brother survived.", "title": "The Exodus" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "VNK may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Private Lives (Spanish: Vidas privadas) is a 2001 Argentine-Spanish melodrama film directed by Fito Páez (in his directorial debut feature) from a screenplay he co-wrote with Alan Pauls. It stars Cecilia Roth and Gael García Bernal.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Exiled in Madrid, emotionally repressed Carmen Uranga returns to Buenos Aires to visit her ailing father, becoming acquainted with male prostitute Gustavo, whom she hires in order to satisfy her paraphilia, a strange case of phonophilia, eliciting suspicion from her younger sister Ana.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Back to when Páez first thought about shooting the film, he originally targeted Marisa Paredes and Juan Diego Botto to star in the main roles eventually played by Roth and García Bernal. The film is an Argentine-Spanish co-production by Circo Beat and Mate Production, with the participation of Vía Digital. It was shot in Buenos Aires.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The film was presented in the 'New Directors' section of the 49th San Sebastián International Film Festival in September 2001. It was released theatrically in Spain on 2 November 2001 and in Argentina on 25 April 2002.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "David Rooney of Variety considered the film to display \"risible dramatic material\" and advised Páez to best \"hang onto his day job\".", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Casimiro Torreiro of El País assessed that the film wrecks because of several reasons, including \"clumsy writing\", with \"too many buts that undermine the credibility\" of the film.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The review in La Nación gave Private Lives a 'so-so' rating, writing that the \"irregular, chaotic, frayed\" film \"alternates between some passages of great dramatic power and others that are dispensable\".", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Jorge de Cominges of Fotogramas rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, citing the performances by García Bernal and Villafañe and as the best things about the film, while pointing out at the absence of a final climax as a negative point.", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "VHN may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023 NCAA Division I women's soccer championship game (also known as the 2023 NCAA Division I Women's College Cup) was played on December 4, 2023, at WakeMed Soccer Park in Cary, North Carolina, and determined the winner of the 2023 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament, the national collegiate women's soccer championship in the United States. This was the 41th. edition of this tournament organised by the NCAA.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The match featured North Carolina (20–4–1), which played its 27th. final, and UCLA, which made its 6th. appearance in the final. UCLA made a historic comeback to defeat North Carolina 3–1 and win their second NCAA women's soccer title.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "UCLA forced the extra time scoring two goals with only 10 minutes remaining. The winning goal was scored by Graduate midfielder Maricarmen Reyes in the 107'. UCLA (which had reached the final with a 22–2–1 record) also became the first women's soccer program in the NCAA history to win a national championship with a first-year head coach. This championship became the 120th. title in UCLA athletics program history.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "North Carolina coach Anson Dorrance praised UCLA, and stated about the game: \"This is one of the greatest finals I've personally ever been involved in\" (...) up and back, lots of goals, overtime, the drama of sport — one team goes up, the other one claws their way back.\"", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament, sometimes known as the College Cup, is an American intercollegiate soccer tournament conducted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and determines the Division I women's national champion. The tournament has been formally held since 1982, when it was an twelve-team tournament.", "title": "Road to the final" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Andrés Cuenca Cejudo (born June 11, 2007) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a defender for Barcelona Atlètic.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Cuenca joined the youth academy of Spanish La Liga side Barcelona, where he was regarded as one of the club's most important players.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Cuenca represented Spain internationally at the 2023 FIFA U-17 World Cup.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Cuenca mainly operates as a defender and has been described as a \"left-handed center back with a more than clean ball output\".", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Cuenca is a native of Córdoba, Spain.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "VMU may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This research history of Tylosaurus documents the historical developments in the study of Tylosaurus, a genus of extinct aquatic squamate reptile that lived during the Late Cretaceous.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Tylosaurus was the third new genus of mosasaur to be described from North America behind Clidastes and Platecarpus and the first in Kansas. The early history of the genus as a taxon was subject to complications spurred by the infamous rivalry between American paleontologists Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh during the Bone Wars. The type specimen was described by Cope in 1869 based on a fragmentary skull measuring nearly 5 feet (1.5 m) in length and thirteen vertebrae lent to him by Louis Agassiz of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology. The fossil, which remains in the same museum under the catalog number MCZ 4374, was recovered from a deposit of the Niobrara Formation located in the vicinity of Monument Rocks near the Union Pacific Railroad at Fort Hays, Kansas. Cope's first publication of the fossil was very brief and was named Macrosaurus proriger, the genus being a preexisting European mosasaur taxon. The specific epithet proriger means \"prow-bearing\", which is in reference to the specimen's unique prow-like elongated rostrum and is derived from the Latin word prōra (prow) and suffix -gero (I bear). In 1870, Cope published a more thorough description of MCZ 4374. Without explanation, he moved the species into another European genus Liodon and declared his original Macrosaurus proriger a synonym.", "title": "Discovery and naming" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1871, Cope identified a second species of North American Liodon based on several vertebrae and limb fragments, which he named Liodon dyspelor. The fossils came to Cope under the label as having been collected by an army doctor named William B. Lyon at Fort McRae, New Mexico. However, a 1997 study led by David C. Parris of the New Jersey State Museum found that the chemical composition of the fossil did not match any known geological deposit in New Mexico and is instead identical to that of the Niobrara Formation; the study speculated from examinations of multiple letters between Lyon and the Smithsonian Institution that the Liodon dyspelor fossils were actually recovered from somewhere in Western Kansas and were mislabeled as being collected by Lyon in New Mexico (who was shipping a different fossil from Fort McRae around the same time) during transit. The type specimen of the taxon is split between two museums; some of the vertebrae went to Cope's American Museum of Natural History as AMNH 1580 while the rest were sent to the Smithsonian as USNM 41.", "title": "Discovery and naming" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1872, Marsh argued that Liodon proriger and Liodon dyspelor are taxonomically distinct from the European genus and must be assigned a new one. For this, he erected the genus Rhinosaurus, which means \"nose lizard\" and is a portmanteau derived from the Ancient Greek words ῥίς (rhī́s, meaning \"nose\") and σαῦρος (saûros, meaning \"lizard\"). Marsh also described a third species based on a partial skeleton he collected near the southern portion of the Smoky Hill River that is now in the Yale Peabody Museum as YPM 1268, which Marsh named Rhinosaurus micromus. Cope responded by arguing that Rhinosaurus was already a preoccupied synonym of Liodon. He disagreed with Marsh's arguments but proposed that in case Marsh was indeed correct, the genus name Rhamphosaurus should be used. Marsh later discovered that the taxon Rhamphosaurus was preoccupied as a genus of lizard named in 1843. As a result, he suggested a move to a newly erected genus named Tylosaurus. This name means \"knob lizard\" in another reference to the elongated rostrum characteristic of the genus. It is derived from the Latin tylos (knob) and Ancient Greek σαῦρος. Despite coining the new genus, Marsh never formally transferred the Rhinosaurus species to Tylosaurus; this was first done in 1873 by Joseph Leidy of the University of Pennsylvania by transferring Rhinosaurus proriger and Rhinosaurus dyspelor to Tylosaurus. Rhinosaurus micromus was formally transferred to the same genus in 1894 by John Campbell Merriam, a paleontologist of the University of Munich at the time.", "title": "Discovery and naming" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Tylosaurus subsequently became the near-universally accepted genus for T. proriger, T. dyspelor, and T. micromus. An exception to this adoption was Cope, who refused to accept Marsh's new genus and continued to refer to its species as Liodon. Cope also insisted that Rhamphosaurus was not preoccupied, arguing that while it was indeed used as a genus of lizard, it was subsequently synonymized with other genera before 1872 and was thus a vacant taxon. Cope's persistence can be seen in his 1874 description of the fourth described species of Tylosaurus, which he named Liodon nepaeolicus. This type specimen of this species consists of a right lower jaw, a partial upper jaw, a quadrate bone, and a dorsal vertebra and was discovered by geologist Benjamin Franklin Mudge in an unspecified deposit of Cretaceous grey shale about a half-mile south of the Solomon River. The fossils are stored in the American Museum of Natural History under the catalog number AMNH 1565. The specific epithet nepaeolicus is in reference to the Nepaholla, the Native American name for the Solomon River. Liodon nepaeolicus was formally transferred to the genus Tylosaurus in Merriam's 1894 publication.", "title": "Discovery and naming" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The earliest depictions of Tylosaurus can be traced back to Cope's 1870 description of MCZ 4374. He suggested that Tylosaurus was an \"excessively elongate reptile\" because four of the back tail vertebrae of the specimen were less than a fifth in diameter than one more proximal, or closer to, the base of the tail, and there was little dimensional variation between the four back tail vertebrae. To Cope, this indicated that the enormous decrease in the size of the tail vertebrae from the base to the tip of the tail was minimal between vertebrae; thus, in order for the vertebrae in the column to approach the size of the tail vertebrae based on the observed rate of size decrease per vertebrae, plentiful amounts of vertebrae would have been needed. By measuring the proportions of the change in dimensions between the vertebrae, Cope estimated that Tylosaurus had at minimum over sixty vertebrae between the described proximal tail vertebra and a hypothetical vertebra measuring half the diameter of the four back tail vertebrae. Cope speculated that there were even more tail vertebrae ahead of the proximal vertebra, justified by the small transverse process it possessed, which would increase the vertebral count in the tail to an unknown but monstrous amount. The resulting animal became that akin to an enormous sea serpent-like reptile reaching lengths rivaling that of the largest whales. In an 1872 publication, Cope described in detail his imagination of the appearance of Tylosaurus. He depicted the head as akin to a giant flat cone supporting eyes directed partially upwards that is capable of swallowing entire prey whole like a snake, with a loose and baggy pelican-like throat to allow entry of such prey. Like a whale, one pair of paddle-like flippers was described to be present in the animal and functional hind limbs were thought to be absent. The tail was imagined as long and flat, propelling Tylosaurus forward via an anguilliform locomotion. Cope estimated that T. proriger measured at minimum 50 feet (15 m) in length. T. dyspelor was the largest species of the genus was also described as the longest of all reptiles. Its maximum length was estimated to equal that of the blue whale, which reaches lengths of up to nearly 30 meters (98 ft) or more. One T. dyspelor specimen with fossils relatively smaller than that of the taxon's type specimen had a skull measuring about 5 feet (1.5 m) in length; the whole animal was estimated to measure 75 feet (23 m) in total length. In 1874, Cope estimated that T. nepaeolicus was around one-third the length of T. proriger, which would translate to around 5.08 meters (16.7 ft) when using his 1872 estimates.", "title": "19th and 20th century developments" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "One of the earliest restorations of Tylosaurus comes from an illustration by a popular artist named Henry Worrall for paleontologist William E. Webb's 1872 fictional book Buffalo Land. This illustration, which is titled The sea which once covered the plains, represents one of the first paleoart of marine reptiles and pterosaurs from the Niobrara Formation. At the center of the illustration rises a giant Tylosaurus (identified as Liodon proriger). The appearance of this mosasaur was influenced by Cope, who was an acquaintance of Webb, as evidenced by its excessively elongated tail and serpentine appearance. Additionally, the Tylosaurus was given a rather long neck. Although not as long as those of plesiosaurs like Elasmosaurus, this detail would influence subsequent depictions of Tylosaurus in art. An example of this can be seen in the famous fossil collector Charles Hazelius Sternberg's 1889 fictional narrative The Young Fossil Hunters: A True Story of Western Exploration and Adventure, which contains a scene where a giant Tylosaurus skeleton measuring 80 feet (24 m) in total length with a long and slender neck that is 20 feet (6.1 m) long is uncovered.", "title": "19th and 20th century developments" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Paleontologists began to understand Tylosaurus as scientists do today beginning with Samuel Wendell Williston's 1898 publication of a comprehensive study of the skeletal anatomy of Kansas mosasaurs, which among many things corrected many of the erroneous beliefs held by earlier paleontologists about Tylosaurus. A central component of the publication was a rigorous skeletal reconstruction of T. proriger, which was drawn by paleoartist Sydney Prentice under Williston's instructions. This reconstruction was almost entirely informed by three specimens in the collections of the University of Kansas Natural History Museum, but they nevertheless provided enough material to represent nearly an entire skeleton. These three specimens include one consisting of a posterior fragment of the skull and an \"absolute complete series of vertebrae, connected from head to tip of tail\" collected in an unspecified date by a fossil collector named Elias Putnam West (KUVP 1048); one containing a complete skull and cervical vertebrae collected in 1898 by colleague Handel T. Martin (KUVP 28705); and one collected in 1877 by university chancellor Francis H. Snow that contains a near-complete set of front paddles along with some ribs, vertebrae, and shoulder girdles (KUVP 1075). Various additional Tylosaurus specimens informed minor missing body parts such as the hind limbs. The resulting animal was correctly depicted as a four-flipper reptile with a short neck and a tail making up around half the body length. Rather unrealistically, the vertebral column was drawn straight and lacking in structural curves that Tylosaurus would have possessed in life. Commentating on this issue, Everhart noted that Williston was already aware of the curvature of a mosasaur's spinal column and suggested that he had a straight spine drawn to save space on the plate the reconstruction was published on. Nevertheless, apart from the straight spine, Williston's century-old skeletal reconstruction of T. proriger is still considered accurate by modern standards, and adaptations of the skeleton remain in use by paleontologists and museum workers. In his own interpretation of the available fossil evidence, Williston proposed that Tylosaurus grew no larger than 35 feet (11 m) in length and lived as a highly mobile predator \"at the expense of strength\" that was best adapted for preying on small fish and occasionally an \"animal of their own kind\". In a review of the taxonomy of the Tylosaurus genus, Williston (1898) expressed doubt regarding the validity of T. micromus and T. nepaeolicus and went as far as to suggest the latter species was merely a juvenile representative of T. proriger. He also remarked that there exist little anatomical differences between T. proriger and T. dyspelor; the only real distinction between the two species being in size.", "title": "19th and 20th century developments" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In 1899, Henry Fairfield Osborn described the first complete skeleton of Tylosaurus, a specimen measuring 8.83 meters (29.0 ft) long that resides in the American Museum of Natural History as AMNH FR 221. Discovered in Kansas by a local named W. O. Bourne and initially identified as T. dyspelor, the fossil has been considered remarkable in that it contained not only every bone apart from a few in the tail's tip, but also had exceptional preservation of the animal's soft tissue, including the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and cartilage in the throat, chest, and shoulders. This was due to calcification, a condition in a calcium-rich environment like the Kansas chalk that causes soft tissue to harden, allowing it to better fossilize. The completeness of AMNH FR 221 allowed Osborn to accurately measure the proportions of each body part; these ratios remain in use by modern paleontologists when extrapolating Tylosaurus fossils. Osborn (1899) included a life impression of AMNH FR 221 by paleoartist Charles R. Knight. The restoration carried a number of erroneous features, such as a baggy throat, bloated belly, and inaccurate paddles and dorsal fin. But a seminal feature was the addition of a dorsal crest (known as a fringe) lining the mosasaur's back. This was based on another 1898 description of a mosasaur fossil by Williston that erroneously identified tracheal rings as remains of a dorsal fringe, which he corrected in 1902. Knight updated his Tylosaurus restorations with the dorsal fringes removed to reflect this correction. However, his original depiction of a fringe was picked up as a meme, and many subsequent illustrations of the mosasaur continued to portray this inaccuracy.", "title": "19th and 20th century developments" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Additional largely complete skeletons of T. proriger and T. dyspelor were uncovered from the Niobrara Formation between the 1900s to 1920s by Charles Sternberg and his son George, which were sold to museums in the United States and Germany. A particular find was a T. proriger skeleton collected by C. Sternberg from Smoky Hill Chalk deposits in Logan County, Kansas in 1917, which contained digested remains of a plesiosaur within its ribcage. The specimen was sold the following year to the Smithsonian, and the mosasaur has been permanently displayed as USNM 8898. The plesiosaur remains, despite their significance, were stashed as a separate specimen and promptly forgotten until their redescription by Everhart in 2004. This rediscovery formed the basis for the plot of the 2007 National Geographic film Sea Monsters: A Prehistoric Adventure. George Sternberg attempted to sell another complete T. proriger skeleton he found to the Smithsonian 1926, but the museum was satisfied with his father's earlier specimen and declined the offer. This skeleton was ultimately transferred to the Sternberg Museum as FHSM VP-3.", "title": "19th and 20th century developments" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In his landmark 1967 work Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs, Dale Russell performed a complete review and redescription of Tylosaurus. In a taxonomic examination, Russell found little justification for recognizing the validity of T. dyspelor and declared it a nomem vanum, along with recognizing T. micromus as a junior synonym of T. proriger. Many of the complete skeletons formerly assigned to the former taxon were reassigned to the type species. T. nepaeolicus was affirmed as a distinct species. Russell (1967) provided extensive diagnoses of Tylosaurus that are still used by scientists today, and Everhart remarked that the work \"remains the single best reference regarding the skeletons of the various mosasaur genera\" like Tylosaurus.", "title": "19th and 20th century developments" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "By Russell (1967), the only recognized valid species of Tylosaurus were T. proriger and T. nepaeolicus. However, throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, numerous species of mosasaurs were described from around the world that are now recognized within the genus Tylosaurus. These additional species were identified as different genera during their times of discovery and it was not until the early 21st century when they were reclassified as Tylosaurus.", "title": "19th and 20th century developments" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "In 1885, Louis Dollo described the genus Hainosaurus from a near-complete but poorly preserved skeleton excavated from a phosphate quarry in the Ciply Basin near the town of Mesvin, Belgium. The fossil was initially discovered as eight vertebrae by a worker in the January of the same year, who sold them to the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. Based on information about the circumstances and locality of the discovery given the museum, it was recognized that the rest of the skeleton may have remained intact. In February, excavations were made under the authorization of an industrialist named Leopold Bernard, who managed the quarry the fossil resided in. The rest of the skeleton was recovered after a month of excavating between 500–600 cubic meters (650–780 cu yd) of phosphate, although a section of the tail was found to have been destroyed by erosion from an overlying deposit. The skeleton went to the museum, which was subsequently studied by Dollo, who recognized that it belonged to a new type of mosasaur. By instruction of the museum, he named it Hainosaurus bernardi. The prefix Haino- in the generic name refers to the Haine, a river located nearby the Ciply Basin, and thus combined with σαῦρος means \"lizard from the Haine\"; Dollo wrote that this was erected specifically to complement the etymology of Mosasaurus, which was similarly named in reference to a river near its type locality. The specific epithet bernardi was in recognition of Bernard, who made the excavation of the skeleton possible. The skeleton is now on display at the Royal Belgian Institute under the catalog number IRSNB R23.", "title": "19th and 20th century developments" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "A second species historically pertained to Hainosaurus was described by in 1988 by Elizabeth Nicholls based on a partial skeleton consisting of a partial skull, lower jaw, a near-complete vertebral column, and some limb bones recovered from the Pembina Member of the Pierre Shale in Manitoba, Canada. This skeleton resides in the Miami Museum in Miami, Manitoba cataloged as MT 2. Although Hainosaurus was previously only known in Europe, Nicholls (1988) argued that the new species differed from the more locally known Tylosaurus based on a higher count of pygal vertebrae, longer external nares, and femur longer than the humerus. The species was named Hainosaurus pembinensis, the specific epithet referring to the Pembina Member the skeleton was found in.", "title": "19th and 20th century developments" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "In 2005, paleontologist Johan Lindgren suspected that Hainosaurus pembinensis was actually a species of Tylosaurus but stated that a better description of MT 2 was needed to be certain. In 2010, paleontologists Timon Bullard and Michael Caldwell redescribed such specimen. They argued that the pygal vertebrae reported by Nicholls (1988) actually belonged to another individual mosasaur, reducing the vertebral count in MT 2 to one that was indistinguishable with Tylosaurus. They also noted that the length of the external nares was within the known range of Tylosaurus and additionally argued that the femur being longer than the humerus was an insufficient characteristic to diagnose the species at the generic level. Based on these and other characteristics, the study found that the species cannot be referred to Hainosaurus and renamed it to Tylosaurus pembinensis. With this rediagnosis, the study also noted that the only confirmed characteristic that distinguished Hainosaurus from Tylosaurus at the time was a higher count of pygal vertebrae. It was doubted as to if this would be sufficient enough for Hainosaurus to be a distinct genus but acknowledged that further research may provide additional characteristics. This further research was done in 2016 by Paulina Jimenez-Huidobro and Caldwell, which reexamined H. bernardi. They found that the unique characteristics of the type species are indeed insufficient to warrant a distinction between Hainosaurus and Tylosaurus and declared the former as a junior synonym of the latter, thus renaming H. bernardi to Tylosaurus bernardi. However, some scientists argue that Hainosaurus should remain a distinct genus, justified by differences in tooth morphology unexplored by Jimenez-Huidobro & Caldwell (2016) such as the presence of an advanced cutting-based dentition in T. bernardi as opposed to a more general smashing-based dentition seen in other Tylosaurus species.", "title": "19th and 20th century developments" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "In 1896, paleontologist Armand Thevenin published a formal description of a poorly-preserved skull consisting of the majority of the maxilla, premaxilla, and dentary bones that was found in a phosphate deposit in Eclusier-Vaux, France during an earlier unspecified date. Thevenin wrote that the skull was first described by Jean Albert Gaudry, who initially thought that it belonged to a species of Liodon. However, Dollo thought that the characteristics of skull supported an alternative placement as a species of Mosasaurus. Through correspondence with Dollo and a reexamination of the skull, Thevenin noted that the rostrum was more elongated than those found in typical Mosasaurus skulls but not as long as those in the skulls of Tylosaurus or Hainosaurus. He suggested that this represented an intermediate trait for a new species, which he subsequently named Mosasaurus gaudryi; the specific epithet recognizing Gaudry's previous work on the fossil skull. The skull is now on display at the French National Museum of Natural History as MNHN 1896–15. In 1990, paleontologist Theagarten Lingham-Soliar proposed reassignment of M. gaudryi to a possible species of H. bernardi based on the discovery of a double buttress supporting the suture between the premaxilla and maxilla in MNHN 1896–15, a trait he claimed that was unique to the latter species, and estimations that the rostrum may have been more elongated than preserved. This was elaborated on a publication of the same year by Nathalie Bardet of the Natural History Museum, who concluded that MNHN 1896-15 belongs to the genus Hainosaurus but as a separate species, thus changing the skull's scientific name to Hainosaurus gaudryi. This was agreed on by Lingham-Soliar in a 1992 publication. In 2005, Lindgren pointed out that the characteristics used to justify the placement in Hainosaurus, such as the double buttress, can also be found in Tylosaurus. He also noted that the dentition of MNHN 1896-15 morphologically overlaps more with T. ivoensis and T. pembinensis than H. bernardi. With these characteristics, Lindgren concluded that H. gaudryi is most certainly a species of Tylosaurus, renaming it to Tylosaurus gaudryi.", "title": "19th and 20th century developments" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "In 1963, paleontologist Per Ove Persson identified a new taxon of mosasaur based on isolated teeth from a deposit located in an area called Ivö Klack near Ivö Lake in the Kristianstad Basin in Scania, Sweden. Such teeth and various other teeth pertaining to the same taxon were recovered and described from this area numerous times in the past since 1836, but they have always been misidentified as either an ichthyosaur or Mosasaurus hoffmannii. Persson proposed that the teeth belonged to a new subspecies of M. hoffmannii and gave it the name Mosasaurus hoffmannii ivoensis, the prefix ivo- in the species name referring to Ivö Klack. Russell (1967) amended this identification by elevating the taxon to a distinct species. He also identified a mosasaur fossil from the Niobrara Formation in Kansas consisting of a partial skull, some vertebrae, and a coracoid bone as being of Mosasaurus ivoensis. In an abstract presented in 1998, Lindgren doubted if M. ivoensis was a species of Mosasaurus. He instead proposed that the species was actually of Hainosaurus. The next year in 1999, Lindgren amended this in another abstract and instead suggested that the species should be moved to Tylosaurus. In 2002, he co-authored a study with paleontologist Mikael Siversson which examined the fossils referred to the species as well as new material consisting of pterygoid teeth, partial jawbones, and some vertebrae. It was found that the Niobrara fossil identified as M. ivoensis by Russell (1967) is actually of a different species. Examinations of the Swedish teeth found possible similarities with that of Taniwhasaurus, but due to the poor representation of the genus and the sheer distance between the two taxa (Taniwhasaurus was primarily known from New Zealand at the time), it was expressed that it is unlikely that M. ivoensis belongs to it. Instead, the study concluded that the species should belong to Tylosaurus and thus renamed it Tylosaurus ivoensis. However, a 2008 study led by Caldwell discovered Taniwhasaurus in northern Japan, which was of similar latitude with Ivö Klack during the Cretaceous, and reasserted dental similarities between T. ivoensis and the genus. This opened the possibility that the species could be reassigned to Taniwhasaurus, but the authors considered this to be a topic for a different study.", "title": "19th and 20th century developments" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "In 1964, Miguel Telles Antunes described Mosasaurus iembeensis from a partial skull excavated from the Itombe Formation near the town of Iembe, Angola. The deposit was initially dated to the Turonian age but this was later revised to about 88 mya during the later Coniacian. In 1992, Lingham-Soliar argued that the features of the skull disagreed with those of Mosasaurus and were instead characteristic of Tylosaurus. He subsequently moved the species into the genus, becoming Tylosaurus iembeensis. However, Lingham-Soliar did not figure the holotype skull, which he identified as residing in the collections of NOVA University Lisbon without a catalog number, and it was later reported in 2006 that the specimen may have been lost during a fire. In a 2012 multi-author study led by Octávio Mateus, it was reported that an additional T. iembeensis fossil consisting of fragmentary skull elements was recovered during an expedition to the lost holotype's locality, although the specimen was not figured or formally described.", "title": "19th and 20th century developments" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "In the 1990s, a well-preserved mosasaur skull of uncertain identity, which was discovered in an outcrop of the Niobrara Formation in the northwestern part of Ellis County, Kansas in 1968 and cataloged in the Sternberg Museum as FHSM VP-2295, was recognized by multiple authors as being a new species of Tylosaurus. Despite such recognition, however, no paleontologist investigated this further and the fossil remained undescribed during the remainder of the 20th century. In a 2004 meeting, Everhart suggested that the new species should finally be given a scientific name and formal description, to which paleontologist Louis L. Jacobs responded with \"Well, get it done.\" In 2005, Everhart published a formal description of the new species represented by FHSM VP-2295. Thirteen different Tylosaurus specimens also from Kansas were identified as conspecific with FHSM VP-2295, and in reference to their shared localities the new species was given the name Tylosaurus kansasensis. However, during a 2007 meeting, Caldwell approached Everhart and suggested that his description of T. kansasensis was not adequate enough and should be readdressed in a followup paper. In 2013, Caldwell and Jiménez-Huidobro presented an abstract at the annual Society of Vertebrate Paleontology meeting casting doubt on the distinction of the species from T. nepaeolicus and in 2016 the two and paleontologist Tiago Simões published a study arguing that T. kansasensis was merely a juvenile form of T. nepaeolicus, thus making the former a junior synonym of the latter. This was criticized by Everhart, who in his 2017 book Oceans of Kansas claimed that the study was \"poorly researched and written\". However, he did not provide any comments on the topic, claiming that such would merely be considered \"sour grapes\". Nevertheless, Everhart maintained that T. kansasensis remains a distinct species \"until proven otherwise\". A 2018 study by Robert F. Stewart and Jordan Mallon also rejected the synonymy based on inconsistencies when comparing the ontogenetic trends of T. kansasensis and T. nepaeolicus between the better-understood T. proriger. Another ontogenetic study published in 2020 by Amelia R. Zietlow came in support of the synonymy based on results from ontograms constructed from a cladistical analysis.", "title": "21st century developments" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "In 1995, the Royal Saskatchewan Museum excavated a partial skeleton first discovered a year prior by a local farmer from a hill located northwest of Herbert Ferry, Saskatchewan. The skeleton was found articulated and consists of a \"moderately complete\" skull, a largely complete vertebral column, limb bones, and bones of a smaller mosasaur as stomach content; it was curated into the museum as RSM P2588.1 and nicknamed \"Omācīw\" (meaning \"hunter\" in Cree). In 2006, Timon Bullard of the University of Alberta studied the specimen in his Master of Science thesis. At the time, the Omācīw fossil was still in preparation and Bullard was only able to examine the right side of the skull. However, he identified that the fossil represented a new species of Tylosaurus and suggested that it be named Tylosaurus saskatchewanensis in reference to its type locality. Bullard's thesis was never published but subsequently published studies recognized T. saskatchewanensis as a valid species despite technically never having been formally described. In 2018, Bullard co-authored a multi-author study led by Jiménez-Huidobro which formally described Omācīw, which by then was more fully prepared, and confirmed its identity as a distinct species.", "title": "21st century developments" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "In 2020, the MS thesis of Samuel Garvey of the University of Cincinnati was published. The thesis focused on TMP 2014.011.0001, a Tylosaurus fossil in the collections of the Royal Tyrrell Museum consisting of a partial snout and a fragment of the right mandible. The specimen was found around 55 kilometers (34 mi) northeast of Grande Prairie, Alberta; during the Cretaceous this locality was located at around 62° N, making the fossil the northernmost known occurrence of Tylosaurus and one of the few known occasions of a mosasaur existing in boreal climates. Moreover, the morphology of TMP 2014.011.0001 was recognized as very distinct from other Tylosaurus species. For example, it exhibited paedomorphosis in its teeth, which were slender and designed for piercing prey (contrary to the more robust cutting-specialized teeth of typical Tylosaurus species), a trait likely retained from juveniles. The uniqueness of the specimen led to the conclusion that it was a new species, which Garvey subsequently proposed that it be named Tylosaurus borealis in reference to its northernly occurrence.", "title": "21st century developments" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "David Jaya Piot, born 1997 in Siem Reap, is a French-Cambodian hotelier in Cambodia, president of Siem Reap Chapter of Cambodia Hotel Association, and owner and managing director for the family enterprices Angkor Village Hotel, Angkor Village Apsara Theatre and founder of the elephant retirement park Kulen Elephant Forest.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "David Piot was born and raised in Siem Reap, as grand son of judge and minister of justice for Cambodia, His Excellency Tep Hun, and son of Siem Reap's first hoteliers, French Architect Olivier Piot and his wife late Tep Vattho (1963 – 2016), former director of the urban planning department of the Apsara Authority (Authority for the Protection of the Site and Management of the Region of Angkor) in Siem Reap.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Piot left Cambodia at age 12 to attend secondary school in Switzerland and went on to earn his bachelor's degree in Economics and Finance at Bentley University in Massachusetts 2013 - 2017, and after working at a bank in Jordan, Piot returned to Cambodia and has been managing director for the family owned enterprices Angkor Village Hotel, Angkor Village Resort and Angkor Village Apsara Theatre in Siem Reap.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Beside the hotels, David Piot's parents also ran Angkor Elephant Company, which used to offer elephant rides around the temples, and Piot's father had already tried his hand at creating an elephant sanctuary near Kbal Spean, but the project failed because back then, in the early 2000s, eco-tourism was not popular in the Kingdom.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2017 David founded Kulen Elephant Forest, Siem Reap's first Elephant Retirement Park for Cambodia's largest privately owned elephant herd, the first and only ACES (Asian Captive Elephant Standards) certified facility in Cambodia. protecting the captive Asian elephants in Siem Reap Province in Cambodia, as well as protecting up to 1100 acres of protected forest inhabited by the former elephants of Angkor UNESCO World Heritage site.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Piot became elected President of Siem Reap Chapter of Cambodia Hotel Association in 2020, the associations youngest leader ever, to guide the organisations members sustainable during the COVID-19 pandemic, when the associations member numbers dropped from 38 in Pre-Covid to 26 during the Covid tourism crisis.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tamara Clatterbuck (born May 26, 1963) is an American actress. She appeared in a more than 60 movies and television shows during her career.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Clatterbuck was born in Seattle, Washington, but her family moved to Akron, Ohio when she was a child. Her mother is Norwegian and Clatterbuck spent her childhood summers in Norway attending school and learning Norwegian and Swedish. She attended Bowling Green State University in Ohio and later began performing on stage. After moving to New York City, Clatterbuck began appearing on stage. In 1991, she received Drama-Logue Award for her performance in the play How the Other Half Loves.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Clatterbuck made her screen debut starring in the 1998 low-budget comedy-horror film Hobgoblins, and later appeared in Vice Academy (1989) and The Borrower (1991). She co-starred opposite Rutger Hauer and Rebecca De Mornay in the 1993 thriller film Blind Side and later appeared in Set It Off (1996) and City of Industry (1997). On television, Clatterbuck made guest appearances on Murphy Brown, Civil Wars, Murder One, Beverly Hills, 90210, Silk Stalkings, NYPD Blue, The X Files, ER, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, The Mentalist, Nip/Tuck, Drop Dead Diva, The Bridge and Criminal Minds.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1998, Clatterbuck was cast as Alice Johnson in the CBS daytime soap opera, The Young and the Restless, a role she played until 2000, returning in 2005 and 2017. She played Tammy Carson on ABC soap opera General Hospital from 2000 to 2001, and Barb Reiber on NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives from 2001 to 2002. She starred in the 2000 comedy film Our Lips Are Sealed opposite Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen. At the 1st Astra Creative Arts TV Awards, Clatterbuck received Best Guest Actress in a Drama Series nomination for her performance in Will Trent.", "title": "Life and career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Antonette Pereira (born Antonetta Sousa; 6 March 1963 – 6 March 2014), known professionally as Antonette De Calangute, was an Indian theatre actress, and singer who worked on the Konkani stage.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Antonette Pereira, originally named Antonetta Sousa (later Antoneta de Sousa), was born on 6 March 1963, in the town of Calangute. She is the daughter of Trindade Souza and Matildes Lobo. Pereira has a sister who resides in Mumbai.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In the theatrical season of 1978–79, Pereira marked her entry into the world of tiatr. Her debut performance took place in the production titled Sangati (Companion), written and directed by Vitorino Pereira, who would later become her brother-in-law. It was during the rehearsals and performances of this tiatr that Pereira fortuitously encountered Bonifacio \"Bonny\" Pereira, a fellow member of Vitorino's theatrical ensemble.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Vitorino, in need of two talented female artistes for his production, bestowed one of the roles upon Pereira. Hailing from the locale of Calangute, Pereira had already established herself as a seasoned stage performer, having previously showcased her acting prowess in shows curated by Danny de Ribandar. Bonded by their shared geographical roots, Bonny frequently accompanied Pereira to the rehearsals via public transportation. Together, they embarked on a journey, collaborating on the performance of Sangati. The depth of their connection steadily grew over the course of five years, culminating in the sacred union of marriage in 1984, as they solemnized their commitment to one another through the sacrament of Holy Matrimony.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Pereira highlighted the benefits of working as a couple, noting that it allows for joint travel and reduces reliance on others. This eliminates the need for the director to personally transport or arrange transportation for the couple, as they can handle their own logistics. Additionally, Pereira mentioned the emotional support that comes from sharing the highs and lows of their professional journey with a spouse who is also a member of the same troupe.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Konkani actress Ophelia expressed her admiration for Pereira's portrayal of a tragic role in the Konkani play Maim Tuzo Put Hanv (Mother, I'm your Son) during a performance in Mumbai. The compliment brought great joy to Pereira. Interestingly, Ophelia had previously confided in Joe Rose, the vice president of TAG (Tiatr Academy of Goa), stating that Pereira was the only artist among them who could perform tragic roles as effectively as she could. This statement was disclosed by Ophelia during a \"Meet the Artiste\" event.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Pereira achieved recognition for her performance as a centenarian in the tiatr production titled 100 Vorsam (100 Years), written by Menino de Bandar. Her portrayal of the elderly character garnered widespread acclaim, earning praise from audiences across various show venues. The scene in which Pereira conveyed the essence of a centenarian through her walk from the hall to the dining room elicited a resounding applause from spectators. Moreover, her poignant depiction of a mother at the mercy of her children in the tiatr Dha Lak (Ten Lakhs), also penned by Menino de Bandar, garnered immense appreciation from fans and resulted in her being honored at 25 different performance locations.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Pereira's artistic talents extended beyond the stage, as she lent her voice to numerous Konkani audio albums and made appearances in various VCD films. Collaborating with her husband Bonny, she produced their own audio album titled \"Sukhnnim\". As a professional artist, Pereira embarked on international assignments, showcasing her skills in regions such as the Middle East and Europe.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Her final appearance took place in Menino de Bandar's tiatr production Munis Kiteak Visorta?. Since joining Menino's troupe in 2005, Pereira contributed to approximately 12–16 productions. In addition to receiving accolades for her portrayal of an elderly woman in 100 Vorsam, Pereira's role as a mother in Dha Lakh, earned her 26 awards from appreciative audiences. Unfortunately, Pereira fell ill during rehearsals for the tiatr Kristanv (Christian). Despite personally sewing her costumes, she was unable to participate in the final show.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Pereira is a recipient of the Kala Academy award. Her contributions to Konkani culture were recognized with the Dalgado Cultural award in 2012, which honored her lifetime achievements. Pereira's performances in various tiatrs have earned her widespread praise and admiration. Her role in the tiatr 100 Vorsam garnered significant recognition, including a second prize in the acting category for female performers. Her portrayal in the tiatr Dha Lakh, directed by Menino de Bandar, was highly acclaimed.", "title": "Awards" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In 2012, Pereira was felicitated for her significant contributions to Goan tiatr. She was also nominated for the 2003 Gulab Awards in the Best Actress category for her performance in the tiatr Maim Tuzo Put Hanv (Mother, I'm your Son).", "title": "Awards" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "On 4 March 2014, Pereira was admitted to Manipal Hospital in Dona Paula due to her deteriorating medical condition. The following day, she was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). She died at approximately 2:40 am on her birthday. Her funeral ceremony took place on 9 March 2014, following a Eucharist celebration held at 3:30 pm at Our Lady of Merces Church in Colva.", "title": "Death" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Prince Jacob, the president of the Tiatr Academy of Goa, acknowledged Pereira as a dedicated and prolific actor who selflessly served the Konkani stage. He noted the coincidence of her passing on her birthday and described her as a distinguished presence both on and off the stage, using the term sobit sundori (transl. fair beauty) to define her. Despite her illness, the tiatr community united to provide financial support for her treatment, but unfortunately, her destiny took a different course.", "title": "Death" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Jessie Dias, a veteran tragedienne from Anjuna, expressed deep sorrow over Pereira's untimely demise. She had shared the stage with Pereira in the tiatr Maim Dukhi, Sasumaim Sukhi by Star of Curtorim (Xeza Pai). Jessie reminisced about their time together during 1978–79 when Pereira frequently stayed at her residence after late-night performances. Jessie had visited Pereira a few days prior to her passing and assured her of her support through prayers. She described Pereira as someone who bravely endured her illness.", "title": "Death" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Tomazinho Cardozo, the editor of Amcho Avaz and a director who cast Pereira in four of his plays, recognized her as a talented artist, particularly adept in tragic roles. He admired her ability to effortlessly portray challenging characters and praised her natural beauty as a valuable asset. He mourned the loss of such a young and gifted performer.", "title": "Death" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Daniel F de Souza, a renowned Konkani writer, shared his recollections of Pereira, describing her as a warm-hearted and affectionate individual. He highlighted her versatility as an artist and her ability to enhance the Konkani stage with her innate beauty. He emphasized her simplicity, which endeared her to others, and lamented the significant loss suffered by the Konkani stage due to her untimely demise. Pereira had been an integral part of Roseferns' troupe for 13 consecutive years, making her debut in his tiatr Sot Tem Sot. De Souza remembered her as a talented artist who diligently fulfilled her responsibilities. Her illness caused her considerable suffering, and her passing represents a profound loss to the Konkani stage.", "title": "Death" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Menino de Bandar, while extending his condolences, remarked that the Konkani stage had lost an exceptional actor. Pereira had performed in 16 tiatrs directed by him over the years.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Insomnia is a debut studio album by Croatian singer-songwriter Miach. It was released on November 21, 2023, by yem. It features guest appearances from Grše, Jymenik, Baks and Peki.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "UIM or Uim may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Blu-spec is a format of compact disc that was made using the same technology as Blu-ray discs had in the mastering process. The alleged benefit of these was in the playback accuracy. The back catalogue of mainstream artists were released in this format.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "News was out in November, 2009 that Japanese company Sony Music Entertainment had developed a new CD that had compatibility with standard compact disc players, hence the CD in the name. It was claimed by Sony Music Entertainment that in the production process, new machines were used to make the master discs. They are completely compatible with existing disc players.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "With the mastering of the Blu-spec CD being the same as a Blu-ray, the more precise authoring relates to a better sound quality than normal CDs. When a standard CD is mastered, an Infared beam is used to make the digital notches on the master disc (mother matrix). With the Blu-spec master, a blue laser is used which is a finer etching process. With this technology, the notches are therefore more precise which reduce playback errors. The notches on a standard CD have a width of 125 nm compared to the 500 nm width on a standard CD.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The difference in sound is said to be negligible when looking at other high-quality formats. The difference between a Blu-spec CD and a Super Audio CD is that the Super Audio CD has the capability of storing much higher quality audio. The Blu-spec CD uses the standard 16-bit, 44 kHz audio encoding. This means that the Blu-spec CD isn't capable of providing an improvement in sound. According to the Museaum of Obsolete Media, with the limitations of digital audio from compact discs and no extra information being stored, it was debatable whether Blu-spec discs provided a better sound.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "When the format was launched in 2008, the manufacturer, Sony didn't make any claims about a superior sound to the standard CD. Neither did they make any comparisons between this new format and the Super Audio CD (SACD). The benefit of these new discs as they were was the accuracy in reading the data on the discs.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "According to Tech Crunch Sony had plans to release around sixty titles in Japan, to be available on December 24, 2008. One of them was Kind of Blue by Miles Davis. Another was an album by Aerosmith. Other releases were in various genres including jazz and classical.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The Blue-spec and HQCD formats were reviewed by Wojciech Pacula of the polish High Fidelity magazine in May 2009. The conclusion after the review tests were done was that there was marked difference between standard CDs vs HQCD and Blu-spec CD pressings. Pacula claimed that there was an audible difference. However even though he said that Blue-spec was \"really something\", it was HQCD that had the better sound.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "According to the JAPAN: Like CDs, only better... article by Andrew Everard for What Hi-Fi in July 2009, the format had an extensive Bob Dylan catalogue, as well as all of Billy Joel's catalogue and releases of Deep Purple, Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley, Lou Reed, Simon & Garfunkel and Patti Smith.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In 2013, Sony released an album Feel the Difference of the Blu-spec CD2 (cat# Sony Records Int'l SICP 30125–6). A 2CD 34 track compilation it contained tracks by Elvis Presley, Bob Dylan, Santana and Earth, Wind & Fire.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In July, 2009, Barbra Streisand's Essential Barbra Streisand was released on the format as a 2-CD album on Sony No SICP-20190/1.", "title": "Releases (selective)" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Jimi Hendrix's Electric Ladyland was released on Blu-spec CD2 in 2015 on Sony Records Int'l SICP 30823.", "title": "Releases (selective)" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In 2018 Wasabi Records released the Foundations' Digging the Foundations album (cat# WSBAC-0102) in Blu-spec format. The CD came with eight bonus tracks and liner notes by Masato Wakatsuki (若月眞人). Two other albums, From the Foundations and Rocking the Foundations were also released on the label. In late 2018, the 40 Trips Around the Sun album by Toto was released on Blu-spec 2 format on Sony Records Int'l SICP 31137.", "title": "Releases (selective)" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Amor dan Humor is a 1961 Indonesian drama film directed and produced by Usmar Ismail and Baby Huwae. It starred Huwae, Bambang Irawan, Rendra Karno, and Rima Melati.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The one with amor is a rich man. His work is just coming to the Trade Hall for Women, and watching the beautiful stand keeper. Even though the girl already has a boyfriend, a journalist. The loves becames a quadrangle, because of the involvement of a novice journalist. Those with humor were Bing Slamet, Mansyur Syah and Ateng.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The black-and-white film was directed and produced by Usmar Ismail for Perfini and Baby Huwae for Baby Huwae Film Production. The script was written by Ismail who hired Max Tera as cinematographer and Ardi Ahmad as artistic decorator. It starred Rendra Karno in a leading role co-starring Baby Huwae and featured Bambang Irawan as Huwae's boyfriend, Rima Melati as journalist, and comedian which was portrayed by Bing Slamet, Mansyur Syah, and Ateng.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Amor dan Humor was released in 1961. The film was digitized by the Film Development Center in 2018 re-released at Kineforum cinema on 17 and 30 March 2021 with a ticket price of Rp. 25,000. As of Melati's death in 2022, the film was in the first place on Melati's legendary films list.", "title": "Release and reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Amor dan Humor at IMDb", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Martinectes is an extinct genus of polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous Sharon Springs Formation of the United States. The genus contains a single species M. bonneri, known from multiple skeletons and skulls. Martinectes was historically considered to represent a species of the genus Trinacromerum and later Dolichorhynchops before it was moved to its own genus.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Two very large specimens of a polycotylid plesiosaur (KUVP 40001 and 40002) were collected from the Pierre Shale of Wyoming and later reported on by Adams in her 1977 Masters thesis. Later (1997), she officially described (1997) as a new species of Trinacromerum (T. bonneri). Unknown to her at the time, Carpenter (1996) had revised the Polycotylidae and separated Dolichorhynchops from Trinacromerum, raising the question as to whether or not the specimens represented a separate species or just larger individuals of D. osborni. A study in 2008 found that T. bonneri is a valid species of Dolichorhynchops, D. bonneri. Carpenter 1996 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCarpenter1996 (help) estimated that KUVP 40001, with a skull measuring 98 centimetres (3.22 ft) long, had a total body length of more than approximately 5.09 metres (16.7 ft). A 2023 study assigns D. bonneri to a new genus, Martinectes.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Clark, O’Keefe & Slack (2023) recovered Martinectes as a polycotylid member of the plesiosaur clade Leptocleidia, as the sister taxon to an unnamed polycotyline from the Niobrara Formation. This clade, in turn, is sister to Unktaheela. These species, together with Dolichorhynchops spp. (D. osborni and D. herschelensis), form the clade Dolichorhynchia within the Polycotylinae. The results of their phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below:", "title": "Classification" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Erika Dobosiewicz (November 5, 1967 – March 30, 2023) was a Polish born violinist who performed widely. She considered her home as Mexico. She won the International “Henryk Szeryng” Violin Competition in Toluca, Mexico in 1992 and led the Theater Orchestra of Fine Arts as concertmaster.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Dobosiewicz was born in Warsaw in 1967. She studied at the Polish Academy of Music in Warsaw graduaring with distiction in 1990. She then went to Belgium where she studied further at the Royal Conservatory of Ghent under the violinist and composer Mikhail Bezverkhny. She left there after she had won the First International “Henryk Szeryng” Violin Competition in Toluca, Mexico in 1992. She had been invited to Mexico by Luis Herrera de la Fuente to play at the Morelia International Music Festival.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She was the concertmaster of Mexico's National Symphony Orchestra from 2007 to 2009.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The musicians she has played with include Enrique Bátiz, Luis Herrera de la Fuente, Yehudi Menuhin, Krzysztof Penderecki, Carlos Miguel Prieto, Jorge Mester, the pianist Howard Shelley and Raúl Zambrano.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Dobosiewicz died in Mexico City in 2023 she was then the concertmaster of Mexico's Theater Orchestra of Fine Arts. It was the country she called home.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Yobe state road traffic management agency(YOROTA) is a government agency responsible for traffic management and control, road safety, and other related matters within Yobe State. The agency was established in 2019 with the mandate of ensuring safety on the roads, reducing accidents, and ensuring the free flow of traffic. YOROTA operates in collaboration with other law enforcement agencies such as the Nigeria Police Force and the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) to maintain law and order on the roads.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Yobe state road traffic management agency YOROTA was established Governor Mai Mala Buni to ensure appropriate traffic in the state.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Some of the specific responsibilities of YOROTA include:", "title": "Responsibilities" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Shirley Graham is an Australian pioneer representative rower and Australia's first international representative oarswoman. A five-time Australian national champion, accomplished as both a light-weight sculler and light-weight sweep-oarswoman, her two international representative appearances and two of her Australian championship titles were achieved in the open-weight division. She represented at the 1972 European Rowing Championships and the 1974 World Rowing Championships.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Graham's senior rowing was from the Tweed Heads Rowing Club in Queensland. She was coached by her husband Roy (Chic) Graham.", "title": "Club and state rowing" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She began contesting national titles at Australian Rowing Championships from 1968. She won a silver medal in the junior scull in 1969, then took gold and national championship titles in the lightweight scull in 1970, 1973 and 1974. She finished third in that event in 1971.", "title": "Club and state rowing" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Graham was first honoured with Queensland state selection in 1968 when she was picked to contest the Victoria Cup for lightweight women's fours at the annual Interstate Regatta within the Australian Rowing Championships. She made two further Victoria Cup appearances for Queensland in 1969 and 1970, finishing third on all three occasions. In 1969 and 1970 she was also picked for Queensland to row in the women's heavyweight four contesting the ULVA Trophy at the Interstate Regatta. Both those crews finished third. From 1970 to 1974, then again in 1976 she was the Queensland representative entrant to contest the Nell Slatter Trophy, the Interstate Championship in the women's open scull. She had podium finishes in all of those years and won the gold in 1973 and 1974. In 1970 therefore, Shirley Graham was selected by Queensland to race all three state entrant women's boats at the Interstate Regatta.", "title": "Club and state rowing" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "There were no Olympic rowing events for women until 1976 and Australia sent no female Olympic crews until 1980. The first Women's World Championships were in 1974 in Lucerne, with no women's lightweight World Championship events until 1984. To test herself at the world class Shirley Graham needed to fund her own travel, to row with borrowed equipment and to race above her weight. She travelled to the 1972 Women's European Championships in East Germany and competed as the approved Australian representative entrant in the women's heavyweight scull where she finished in overall twelfth place.", "title": "Trailblazing international representative" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "As the premier Australian sculler throughout 1973 and 1974 Graham was chosen to race the single scull at the 1974 World Rowing Championships in Lucerne, the first World Championships to contest women's events. She finished last in her heat, then failed to qualify through the repechage to a spot on either A or B final.", "title": "Trailblazing international representative" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "V/ Nedunkerny Maha Vidyalayam (Tamil: வ/ நெடுங்கேணி மகா வித்தியாலயம்) is a provincial school in Nedunkerny, Sri Lanka.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John David Kenyon Lunnon (8 April 1897 – 1 February 1963) was an English first-class cricketer, medical doctor, and an officer in the British Army.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lunnon was born at Fulham in April 1897. He was commissioned into the British Army in April 1915, nearly one year into the First World War. He was promoted to lieutenant in January 1918 whilst serving with the Essex Regiment, with his promotion antedated to April 1916. Lunnon was appointed to the British Indian Army Reserve of Officers in November 1917, whilst he was made an acting captain whilst commanding a company in August 1918. Following the end of the war, he was promoted to the full rank of captain in the Reserve in April 1919, prior to formally being appointed to the British Indian Army (BIA) in August 1919. Upon his formal appointment, he was made a captain in the BIA in January 1920. In India, he later made a single appearance in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team against the Indians at Madras in the 1931–32 Madras Presidency Match. Batting once in the match, he was dismissed for 15 runs in the Europeans first innings R. K. Rao. In the BIA, he was promoted to major in January 1934, before being promoted to lieutenant colonel in June 1941, during the Second World War. He retired from active service in January 1948, two years and three months after the end of the war and six months after Indian Independence; the latter event resulting in his transfer to the special list of the British Army. Lunnon died at Littlehampton in February 1963.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Joshua Inserra is an Australian association football player who currently plays for A-League club Melbourne Victory FC.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Inserra joined Melbourne Victory's academy in 2021, where he played an important role in the club's Under 18, 20 and NPL Senior sides. In July 2023, he signed a scholarship contract with the club until the end of the 2025-26 A-League season.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Inserra made his first-team debut for Melbourne Victory on 17 July 2023 in their 2023 Australia Cup playoff against the Newcastle Jets.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Inserra made his A-League debut against the Central Coast Mariners on 3 December 2023 as a 77th minute substitution.", "title": "Club career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Fellow grade of membership is the highest level of membership, and cannot be applied for directly by the member – instead the candidate must be nominated by others. This grade of membership is conferred by the IEEE Board of Directors in recognition of a high level of demonstrated extraordinary accomplishment.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ayyappan Temple is a Hindu temple situated in Perambur neighbourhood of Chennai in Tamil Nadu state, India.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Perambur Ayyappan temple is one of the Hindu temples where Vidyāraṃbhaṃ, a ceremony held for children to start their learning education is performed every year on the Vijayadashami day.", "title": "Details" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Ayiliya pooja, Mandala Vilakku pooja, Aaraattu, Pallivetta are celebrated in this temple.", "title": "Details" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The main deity of this temple is Ayyappan. Guruvayurappan, Maligaipurathu Amman, Shiva, Ganapathy, Murugan, Hanuman, Nagarajar are the subdeities who bless the devotees in this temple.", "title": "Details" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lefe is a Hausa wedding tradition that originated in the Hausa Land, Northern Nigeria. The tradition asks the groom to purchase beautiful and expensive items as a grand gift for his bride. The groom's female relatives, including his aunts, take the gifts (kayan lefe) to the bride's house before the wedding. Upon arrival, the bride's parents welcome them and offer refreshments, along with a small reward.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lefe holds immense importance in Hausa weddings today. In fact, out of a hundred weddings conducted in Hausa culture, it is observed that 99.99% of Hausas follow the tradition of bringing lefe either before the wedding or on the wedding day. The tradition, which is embraced by other ethnic groups in Northern Nigeria. Additionally, in some groups it is expected that lefe will be given not only to the bride, but also to her female relatives.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Lefe, which literally means \"basket\", was originally a woven bag made with kaba. This type of bag was used in Hausa communities to store wedding items sent to the bride's parents' house. Later on, long boxes called kwalla became more popular. These were then replaced by wooden boxes called pantimoti, and then by another type of container called kumbo.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The primary reasons for the presentation of lefe is to honor the bride and show the groom's ability to provide for her. Men may either purchase items themselves, or give a certain amount of money to their bride to spend as they wish, to ensure that the lefe are to the bride's taste. Since it is said that the bride is new, then the lefe given to the bride should also be new.", "title": "Lefe" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Traditional gifts include gold, head wraps, lace, and brocade. Cosmetics, jewelry, clothing, and shoes may also be given. Modern gifts, such as cars, can also be included in lefe.", "title": "Lefe" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Akwati are the containers, boxes, or suitcases used to store and transport Kayan lefe to the bride's house. The number of Akwati required may vary depending on the bridegroom's family background. These containers serve the purpose of securely holding and transporting the Kayan lefe, ensuring its safe arrival at the bride's house. Traditionally, two akwati were given to the bride's family. In the modern day, a set of six suitcases, called Akwatin aure, is the most popular choice.", "title": "Akwati" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In recent times, some Hausa people have opted to use refrigerators instead of boxes or suit cases for storing Kayan lefe. This shift is primarily driven by the recognition that refrigerators offer greater utility compared to a set of boxes.", "title": "Akwati" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The cultural practice has been criticized for hindering the marriage prospects of young individuals in Northern Nigeria without many financial means. In the 2020s, some articles estimates that a middle-class man would spent between 1 and 3 million naira for lefe.", "title": "Criticism" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Lefe has also been criticized for centering material goods, rather than the compatibility of the couple.", "title": "Criticism" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Scalamagnus is an extinct genus of polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous Tropic Shale Formation of the United States. The genus contains a single species S. tropicensis, known from a skull and two partial skeletons. Scalamagnus was historically considered to represent a species of the genus Dolichorhynchops before it was moved to its own genus.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "D. tropicensis was first named by Rebecca Schmeisser McKean in 2011. The specific name is derived from the name of the Tropic Shale, in which the two specimens of D. tropicensis were found. It is known from the holotype MNA V10046, an almost complete, well-preserved 3.2 metres (10.5 ft) long skeleton including the most of the skull and from the referred specimen MNA V9431, fragmentary postcranial elements. It was collected by the Museum of Northern Arizona from a single locality within the Tropic Shale of Utah, dating to the early Turonian stage of the early Late Cretaceous, about 93.5-91 million years ago. D. tropicensis extends the known stratigraphic range for Dolichorhynchops back by approximately 7 million years. Previously three additional polycotylid taxa, Eopolycotylus, Palmulasaurus and Trinacromerum, have been named from the same formation, two of which are currently endemic to the Tropic Shale. A 2023 study assigns D. tropicensis to a new genus, Scalamagnus.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Clark, O’Keefe & Slack (2023) recovered Scalamagnus as a polycotylid member of the plesiosaur clade Leptocleidia, as the sister taxon to the clade formed by Trinacromerum and the Dolichorhynchia within the Polycotylinae. The results of their phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below:", "title": "Classification" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The holotype is associated with 289 gastroliths, which is unusual in comparison to most polycotylid skeletons that generally lack gastroliths. Ranging from less than 0.1 grams to 18.5 grams, the total mass of the gastroliths was about 518 grams. About three-quarters of the stones weighed less than 2 grams, with the mean mass and median mass of the stones respectively estimated at 1.9 grams and 0.8 grams. The gastroliths had high mean value and variability in sphericity, suggesting that this individual was obtaining its stones from rivers located along the western side of the Western Interior Seaway.", "title": "Paleobiology" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dean Takahashi (born October 28, 1964) is an American business journalist and author specialized in the tech and video game industries. He is best known as the lead writer for GamesBeat at VentureBeat since 2008.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Takahashi began his journalism career in the late 1980s at the Orange County Register, later working for the Los Angeles Times (Orange County edition) and the Dallas Times Herald. From 1994 to 1996, he was a reporter in the semiconductor industry at the San Jose Mercury News. Between 1996 and 2000, he worked for the San Francisco division of The Wall Street Journal. From 2000 to 2003, he was a senior writer at Red Herring. Between 2002 and 2006, Takahashi wrote two critically acclaimed books on the design of the Xbox and Xbox 360. The first book, Opening the Xbox, was translated into Japanese and French; the second book, The Xbox 360 Uncloaked, was translated into Italian. From 2003 to 2008, he worked as a columnist and journalist covering technology and the video game industry for the San Jose Mercury News. In 2008, Takahashi joined the editorial team at VentureBeat, becoming the first editor of the GamesBeat section dedicated to video games. He notably published an investigation into the technical issues of the Xbox 360. In 2022, Takahashi reported that \"a number of current and former employees\" of Moon Studios considered the studio \"an oppressive place to work\". These allegations were denied by the studio's founders.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2007, Takahashi published a critical review of the video game Mass Effect, sarcastically renaming it \"Mass Defect\". He later clarified that his negative experience was due to not knowing it was possible to evolve the character. In 2011, Takahashi faced criticism for stating, in essence, that the game Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine was a clone of Gears of War.", "title": "Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "From 2017 onwards, Takahashi became the center of controversies regarding the perceived poor performance of some video game journalists, after he posted videos where he struggled with games like Cuphead and Doom Eternal. Some observers regarded the criticism against him and other \"bad\" players as a form of elitism.", "title": "Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2020, following an investigation by three French media outlets revealing a \"toxic corporate culture\" within game development studio Quantic Dream, Takahashi published a counter-investigation. It was called an \"insult to journalism\" by Jason Schreier. However, commentator Ian Miles Cheong, who had criticized Takahashi in 2017 for his poor performance in Cuphead, defended him, arguing that Takahashi had been under fire for \"doing his job\".", "title": "Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Takahashi was born on October 28, 1964, to Japanese American parents Thomas and Hiroko. He had an older brother, Tracy, who was killed by mistake in a shoot-out in 1993. Takahashi lives in the San Francisco Bay Area with his family. He is married and has three daughters.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Viola orbiculata, the darkwoods violet or western roundleaf violet, is a species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae, native to the Pacific Northwest. A perennial reaching 7.5 cm (3 in), it can have yellow or purple flowers.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Maa Janaki Janmabhoomi Temple is also known as Punaura Dham in Punaura village of Sitamarhi district of Bihar. It is believed that Mata Sita was born at this place.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "There is a story related to this that once there was a severe famine in Mithila and the priest there advised King Janak to plow the field.When King Janak was ploughing, an earthen pot came out of the ground, in which Mother Sita was in an infant state.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Behind the temple in Punaura Dham, there is a lake by the name of Janaki Kund. There is a belief about this lake that bathing in this lake gives birth to children. There is a famous place named Panth Pakar here. This place is associated with the marriage of Mata Sita. The ancient Peepal tree is still there at this place, under which there is a palanquin.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The French Guiana International is an open international badminton tournament in French Guiana, an overseas department and region of France. It was the highest international championships in French Guiana. The event is part of the Badminton World Federation's Future Series and part of the Badminton Pan America's circuit. The inaugural edition was held in 2023.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ty Kimoni Barnett (born 19 July 2005) is an English footballer who plays for Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "From Birmingham, he attended King Edward VI Handsworth Grammar School for Boys.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Barnett was in the academy at Birmingham City before he joined Wolves at the age of 13 years-old in 2019. He signed his first professional contract with Wolves in July 2022. Although his progress was hampered by injury, he represented Wolves U19 at the Premier League Next Generation Cup in India in May 2023. In August 2023, he signed a new three-year contract with the club. On 24 December 2023, he was included in the Wolves match-day team, named as a substitute for a Premier League clash against Chelsea.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Barnett is described as a versatile midfield player who can play in higher areas as an attacking midfield player or in deeper areas, if required.", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He is the son of former professional footballer Dave Barnett.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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