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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Moses Zerah Eidlitz (Hebrew: אברהם משה זרח איידליץ; before 1725 – May 17, 1786) was an Austrian Talmudist.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Eidlitz operated a Talmud school from his residence. Besides teaching his pupils free of charge, he extended financial assistance to them, ultimately leading to his own impoverishment. Still, Eidlitz continued to pay the same Jew-tax assigned to him when he was more prosperous. It was only when he became actually unable to pay the required sum that he relented to the pleas of his friends, and stated his case to the primator Israel Frankl. Eidlitz, however, declined the roll of ducats that Frankl sent him. To compel the rabbi to accept the financial aid, Frankl asserted that he could not waive the tax if Eidlitz could afford to reject such a sum, and the rabbi ultimately acquiesced. After his death, a roll of ducats was discovered among his possessions, accompanied by a note instructing his family to return the money to Frankl.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Eidlitz wrote מלאכת החשבון (Prague, 1775), a manual of arithmetic in Hebrew, and אור לישרים (Prague, 1785), a collection of haggadic discourses.", "title": "Work" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; Kisch, Alexander (1903). \"Eidlitz, Moses Zarah\". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 77.", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Stanley Carlisle Draper (November 21, 1889 – January 8, 1976) was an American community leader responsible for the growth of Oklahoma City into a regional power during the mid-20th century. Together with Edward K. Gaylord, and other prominent members of the Oklahoma City Chamber of Commerce, he was able to shape the city into its present form. He was instrumental in the creation of Tinker Air Force Base, the Federal Aviation Administration Center, Will Rogers World Airport, Lake Hefner, the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum, and many infrastructure projects key to establishing Oklahoma City as a transportation hub. Lake Stanley Draper holds his namesake after his plan for a reservoir near Tinker Air Force Base came to fruition. He was known for his sometimes utopian and superfluous ideas on city planning, resulting in massive annexations of the area surrounding the city. One of his failed visions included an attempt to expand the city borders across the state to Tulsa, Oklahoma creating an Oklahoma megalopolis. This led to Oklahoma City growing to become one of the largest cities in the United States by land area.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Draper was born on a farm in Lasker, North Carolina. His family was of Scotch-Irish descent and he was one of nine children. He earned a certificate of teaching before attending Shenandoah University. After graduation, he enrolled at The University of Chicago before dropping out to enlist in the United States Army during World War 1.", "title": "Early years" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Draper arrived in Oklahoma City after being discharged from the Army in 1919. His arrival in the city was prompted by a job offer to help lead the struggling Chamber of Commerce. One of his first matter of business was relocating the cluttered railroad tracks downtown and securing funds to build a grand Union Station. This station still stands on the grounds of the modern-day Scissortail Park. He further expanded Oklahoma City's access to other major cities by securing federal funds to build freeways through the city. One such freeway was a route from El Paso, Texas to Buffalo, New York, today's U.S. Route 62, which would become the basis for two future cross-country interstate highways. He spent many of his summers living in Washington D.C. lobbying for federal funds and establish connections with Washington elites. His connections were used to great effect as he nearly singlehandedly convinced the Federal Government to change aviation routes to fly through Oklahoma City's new airport.", "title": "Impact on Oklahoma City" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "While the United States Air Force was deciding between Wichita, Kansas, and Oklahoma City for the site of a new base just after the conclusion of World War 2. Draper used private and public funds to buy land around Midwest Air Depot while offering massive incentives to the Air Force. Reports state that he was even responsible for bailing out unruly Air Force officials from prison and ensuring records of their offenses were erased from the public record. Oklahoma City ultimately won the bid to build the new base. Today, Tinker Air Force Base is the largest single-site employer in Oklahoma with over 55,000 jobs that can be attributed to the base.", "title": "Impact on Oklahoma City" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Draper was known as a master of publicity who would stage public stunts such as the New Land Run which was a demonstration of the Land Rush of 1889 to draw in tourism. Such demonstrations were vital in the establishment of Oklahoma City as a convention hub during the mid-20th century. One of his wilder ideas for the city was to make an artificial mountain near downtown that would serve as a focal point for the city's image. He retired from the Chamber of Commerce in 1968 after several decades and positions within the organization. He continued to advocate for the city until his death.", "title": "Impact on Oklahoma City" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Draper died of heart failure on January 8, 1976, at St. Anthony's Hospital in Oklahoma City. His half-century-plus dedication to Oklahoma City was instrumental in the massive growth that the city saw during the middle part of the 20th century. The city nearly quadrupled during his life with much of today's growth being directly attributed to his labor and ruthless dedication to improving the economic opportunities of the city. Many critics accuse Draper of using dictatorial tactics to supersede the state and municipal governments to accomplish his visions. He used his political and media connections to raise funds that government entities couldn't while suppressing any negative discourse about his actions in the papers and radio. His supporters claim these tactics were essential in the creation of a modern metropolitan area and are the sole reason for Oklahoma City's current cultural and economic stature within the United States.", "title": "Death and Legacy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Following is a list of glaciers of the Ross Dependency in Antarctica. There are a great many glaciers in the Ross Dependency, not all of which have been named. This list may not reflects recent namings.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "King Edward VII Land is a pensinsula in the Ross Dependency.", "title": "King Edward VII Land" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Thorium(IV) bromide is an inorganic compound, with the chemical formula of ThBr4.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Thorium(IV) bromide can be obtained by reacting thorium dioxide, bromine and carbon at 800~900 °C. This method produces a mixture of alpha and beta forms of thorium bromide. The pure α-form product is obtained by heating the mixture at 330~375 °C for a long time. The pure β form is obtained by heating the product to 470 °C and then rapidly cooling it in ice water.", "title": "Preparation" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Thorium(IV) bromide can also be produced by the reaction of thorium and bromine. Thorium hydroxide reacts with hydrobromic acid to crystallize hydrates from the solution.", "title": "Preparation" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Thorium(IV) bromide exists in low-temperature α-type and high-temperature β-type. They are both white deliquescent solids and are easily soluble in water, ethanol and ethyl acetate. It reacts with fluorine gas under standard conditions and with chlorine or oxygen when heated. The beta form of thorium bromide is metastable at room temperature and converts to the alpha form over 10 to 12 weeks, with the conversion from alpha to beta occurring at around 420 °C. The α-type thorium(IV) bromide is an orthorhombic crystal, while the β-type thorium(IV) bromide is a tetragonal crystal with space group I41/amd. Some of its hydrates are known, and these hydrates form thorium oxybromide on heating.", "title": "Properties" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "James Wilson, known professionally as Paisley Fields, is a queer country music artist based between Brooklyn, NY and Nashville, TN.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Wilson grew up in Hudson, Iowa where his grandparents owned a farm. They grew up listening to country music, but resisted performing in the genre until they reconnected with their country roots while living in Japan.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Wilson is queer and non-binary.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Wilson assembled an alt-country band which performed their first show as the Paisley Fields in Brooklyn on New Year's Eve 2013. After the release of their first EP Oh These Urban Fences in 2015, Wilson adopted the name Paisley Fields as a stage name. His first full-length album Glitter & Sawdust, released in 2018, is an exploration of the duality of the masculine and feminine.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The next two albums Electric Park Ballroom and Limp Wrist were released on Don Giovanni Records. Electric Park Ballroom is named after a dancehall they visited in childhood but the songs center on present-day urban narratives while Limp Wrist focuses on the realities of rural queer life.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2019, Paisley Fields toured with queer country pioneers Lavender Country and Lavender Country later guested on Paisley Fields' \"Stay Away From My Man.\" They played keyboards on Lavender Country's 2022 album Blackberry Rose.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "\"Burn This Statehouse Down,\" a duet with Mya Byrne protesting Tennessee's anti-trans legislation, was chosen as one of NPR music critic Ann Powers' favorite songs of 2023.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "As a songwriter, Wilson has written with Bob the Drag Queen (\"Purse First\") and Scarlet Envy (\"Feeling Is Mutual,\" \"Press On,\" \"Is It Me?\").", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Paisley Fields combines country, rock, pop, and disco while their lyrics include explicit queer themes, ranging from gay sex (\"Ride Me Cowboy\") to being outed (\"Blackhawk County Line\") to referencing Matthew Shepard (\"Iowa\").", "title": "Style" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Monte Castelvecchio is a mountain of Lombardy, Italy, with an elevation of 623 metres (2,044 ft). It is located in the Varese Prealps, in the Province of Varese, in the municipality of Cunardo.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Due to its commanding position over the Valcuvia and Val Marchirolo, Monte Castelvecchio has been fortified since the Early Middle Ages. In 900 Liutprand, King of the Lombards, built a fort (later a castle) atop the mountain, which later came under the control of the House of Visconti; the castle, from which the mountain derives its current name (Castelvecchio meaning \"old castle\"), was burned in 1164, 1447 and 1517. In the 18th century, the ruins were dismantled and the material used to build Cunardo's parish church.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Following is a list of glaciers of Oates Land in Antarctica. There are a many glaciers in Oates Land, not all of which have been named. This list may not reflects recent namings.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "General elections were held in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) on 3 November 2001, electing the governor and members to the legislature.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Northern Mariana Islands Senate is the upper house of the Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature, consisting of nine senators representing three senatorial districts (Saipan & the Northern Islands, Tinian & Aguijan, and Rota), each a Multi-member district with three senators. Each district had two seats open for the 2001 elections.", "title": "Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives is the lower house of the Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature. The house has six districts, several of which are Multi-member district. All 18 seats in the Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives were contested in the 2001 election.", "title": "Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Supercopa de Chile (known as the Supercopa Easy 2024 for sponsorship purposes) will be the twelfth edition of the Supercopa de Chile, competition organised by the Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional (ANFP). The match will be played by the 2023 Chilean Primera División champions Huachipato and the 2023 Copa Chile champions Colo-Colo on 11 February 2024 at Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos in Santiago.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The two teams that will contest the Supercopa are Huachipato, who qualified as 2023 Primera División champions and Colo-Colo, who qualified for the match as 2023 Copa Chile champions, defeating Magallanes in the final by a 3–1 score.", "title": "Teams" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pedro Rocamora y García (11 February 1832 – 19 January 1925) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop and senator.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "His parents were called José and Josefa. He was born at the Granja de Rocamora village in the province of Alicante, and was baptized the 12th February 1832.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He passed the first three years of a philosophy degree from 1845 to 1848, at the local institute of Orihuela.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In October 1848 he entered the diocesan seminary of the municipality, where he finished his philosophy studies and was educated in Sacred Theology and Canon Law, obtaining the highest degrees of the course.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1855 he obtained a bachelor's degree in Theology, and in July 1857 he became a doctor of Theology at Valencia.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He started teaching philosophy at the seminary in 1854, and was appointed as full professor of Dogmatic Theology and Moral Theology the following year, a position he held until 1860.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "He was ordained the 16 February 1856. In January 1860 he became oikonomos of the minor basilica of Santa María, at Elche. In 1864 he was examined to enter the Penitenciaría de Valencia, and in 1866 for the Cathedral of Orihuela. In 1869 he became a candidate for the Penitenciaría of Orihuela, a position he held from 5 May 1867.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 18 December 1893 he was proposed by the Queen Regent as Bishop of Tortosa, and the 21 May 1894 he was approved by papal consistory.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Rocamora carried out his pastoral work in various positions and places: he was in charge of the cemetery of Orihuela; held a directive position at the Confraternity of Our Lady of Montserrat, he served as local president of the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul and was president and director of a local confraternity for women called \"Las Mónicas\". Rocamora was deeply commited to the ministry of penance and served as confessor for the local religious orders. The bishop started administering confessions at dawn and remained at the confessionary most of the day.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "A contemporary newspaper described his actions writing that:", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Amidst his multiple works, he did not stop to frequently make use of his teaching powers, in which he made manifest his deep knowledge, his simplicity, his virtue and his evangelical spirit, as the only objective of his preaching was giving consolation to people's hearts and conquering their souls for heaven.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "During his leadership of the Diocese of Tortosa, he travelled around it many times and preached at all its parishes. According to the Correo de Tortosa newspaper, Rocamora would experience health problems due to his exhausting activities.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Rocamora introduced in his diocese the practise of reading religious meditations at the churches during Lent, using a series of spiritual exercises written by the bishop of Orihuela Félix Herrero Valverde which were popular at Spain by that time. On a diocesan encyclical, he stressed the importance of teaching Christian doctrine to the locals.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Rocamora was particularly noted for his preaching, and wrote numerous pastoral letters during his term.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "In August 1919, there were celebrations on the whole diocese organized to commemorate his 25 years as bishop. An extraordinary edition of the local ecclesiastical bulletin was published with the occasion of the festivity, in which many members of the local clergy praised his figure. He was renowned for his deep scholarship and modesty.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "He collaborated with El Siglo Futuro newspaper, of which he was also a reader and subscriber. He praised Ramón Nocedal, its director and founder of the Integrist Party, as a «distinguished confessor of Christ and ornament of Religion and the Fatherland».", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Zuccone Campelli is a mountain of Lombardy, Italy, with an elevation of 2,161 metres (7,090 ft). It is located in the Bergamasque Prealps, in the Province of Lecco, overlooking the Valsassina.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Zuccone Campelli is the highest peak of the Campelli massif, which lies on the northern side of the ski resort of the Piani di Bobbio, near the border with the Province of Bergamo. The massif also includes the Zucco Barbesino (2,152 m) and Zucco Pesciola (2,092 m), to the north and west of Zuccone Campelli, respectively. Its rugged western face is renowned among local mountaineers and has been climbed by climbers such as Riccardo Cassin and Vitale Bramani.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The peak can be reached through hiking paths starting from the Piani di Bobbio (western side) or from the easier eastern side. There is a via ferrata, named after Mario Minonzio.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Obituary is a 2023 Irish black comedy television serial created by Ray Lawlor for RTÉ and starring Siobhán Cullen.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It will show in the United States on Hulu.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Filming took place in Ballyshannon and Bundoran, County Donegal.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In a small Irish town, a young woman obsessed with death becomes an obituarist for the local newspaper. Seeking more interesting deaths to write about, she begins to murder local people.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Obituary received positive reviews. It received 89% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 9 reviews. In The Irish Times, Ed Power praised Siobhán Cullen's and Danielle Galligan's performances, but said \"it’s a shame the script isn’t funnier. Obituary is a dark comedy that often forgets the laughs.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Clara Segura Crespo (born 6 May 1974) is a Catalan actress and theatre director. She is a prolific performer in the Catalan stage scene.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Clara Segura Crespo was born in Sant Just Desvern on 6 May 1974. Despite entering a degree on art history, she graduated instead from Barcelona's Institut del Teatre in 1996. She also took studies on solfeggio, singing and piano. She made her debut onstage in La bona gent, which was followed by appearances in Antígona, L'espera, Ets aquí?, Madame Melville and El somni d'una nit d'estiu. She made her feature film debut as an actress in Joel Joan's Excuses! (2003), portraying Begoña, the hysterical wife of Jesús (Jordi Sánchez). It was followed by an appearance in The Sea Inside (2004), portraying Gené, an acquaintance of Ramón Sampedro and pro-euthanasia activist who introduces lawyer Julia to the former. She won a Gaudí Award for Best Supporting Actress for Les dues vides d'Andrés Rabadán [es]. She won another Gaudí Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2014 for We All Want What's Best for Her. Segura won back-to-back Butaca Awards for Best Actress in 2018 and 2019 for her performances in the plays Les noies de Mossbank Road and La bona persona de Sezuan.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She made her solo directorial debut in a stage play in La trena (2022). She also featured as Diana in Elena Martín Gimeno's drama film Creatura (2023), portraying Diana, the mother of protagonist Mila, who was played among others by Martín Gimeno herself. Her performance earned her Gaudí and Goya award nominations for Best Supporting Actress.", "title": "Life and career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft (RKG, lit. 'Credit Company of the Reich') was a significant state-owned German bank, located in Berlin.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The RKG originated in the war economy of Germany during World War I. In 1917, the Reich Treasury established a Statistical Office for War Companies (German: Statistisches Büro für Kriegsgesellschaften) for the purpose of financing companies that had been set up to support the war effort. to balance the surplus and need for money in the war societies. After the war's end, the corresponding assets and liabilities were transferred to a \"cxredit and control entity\" (German: Reichs-Kredit- und Kontrollstelle GmbH), a limited-liability company owned by the German government.", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On 7 March 1923, the government-owned VIAG company founded the Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft mbH (private limited company) to take over the Reichs-Kredit- und Kontrollstelle GmbH, and transformed it the next year into a joint-stock company, with Samuel Ritscher [de] as its general manager. The RKG was principally active in the areas of industrial and commercial credit, securities, asset management, and trade finance. In the 1930s it became one of Germany five major banks, even though, similarly as the Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft, it had no branches outside of Berlin.", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hondbóltsfelagið H71 is a Faroese handball club from Hoyvík, that plays in the Burn Menn League.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The club was founded in 1971. The club was promoted to the first division for the first time in 1985. In 1988, the team won a bronze medal. In 1997, the club won silver for the first time in the first division. And in 1998, the first big success happened when the team won the Faroe Islands Cup against Kyndil. The club became champions for the first time in 2009, after winning both games of the final against VÍF. The club won the league 7 times in total (in 2009, 2012, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022 and 2023) and won the cup 7 times (in 1998, 2016, 2017, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Titles" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Star\" (stylized in all caps) is a song by American boy band Brockhampton and the fourth single from their debut studio album Saturation (2017).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The song features members Dom McLennon, Ameer Vann and Kevin Abstract, each of whom perform a verse. It finds them name-dropping numerous celebrities as well as using pop culture references.", "title": "Composition" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Live365 ranked \"Star\" as the best song by Brockhampton. Variety ranked it as the band's second best song.", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The music video was directed by Kevin Abstract and premiered on May 30, 2017. It shows Brockhampton with blue skin and riding in a golf cart around South Los Angeles. The video ends with a preview of another song by the band.", "title": "Music video" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This a list of the individual American Samoa year pages.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Miami football may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "One Night in Birdland is a live album by saxophone player Charlie Parker, trumpeter Fats Navarro, pianist Bud Powell, bassist Curley Russell, and drummer Art Blakey recorded at Birdland on May 15–16, 1950. Recorded in low audio quality on a private tape, it was released as an LP by Columbia Records.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Critic Scott Yanow noted, \"the recording quality is not state of the art but the music on this two-LP set is often quite brilliant.\" He praised the \"inspired\" \"all-star lineup\" of the quintet.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Richard Cook praised the album and awarded it four out of four stars, calling it a \"marvelous moment\" and praised Navarro in particular, claiming \"There are moments on this when Parker is very nearly eclipsed by Fats Navarro.\" The album received a five out of five rating from John Swenson of The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "All compositions by Charlie Parker unless otherwise stated", "title": "Track listing" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Chennai Quick Guns (CQG) are a team in Ultimate Kho Kho (UKK). Amit Patil is the captain. CQG are owned by KLO Sports.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "CQG won five out of ten matches in the league stage, finishing in fourth place. They were eliminated in their first playoff match, losing the Eliminator against Telugu Yoddhas 61–42.", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Face\" (stylized in all caps) is a song by American boy band Brockhampton and the lead single from their debut studio album Saturation (2017). The music video premiered on May 6, 2017, before the song was released to streaming services on May 18, 2017.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Joe Price of Complex gave a positive review of the song, writing \"The Kiko-handeled [sic] production is minimal but hypnotic, providing plenty of space for each of the vocalists. Joba, who handles the hook of the song, shines in particular atop the serene instrumental, which twinkles and stutters. Dom McLennon, Ameer Vann, and Matt Champion all make brilliant contributions to the song, too.\" Matthew Strauss of Pitchfork wrote in a review of Saturation, \"No member is a particularly good rapper, but they make up for their weakness when they ride the pristine beats with exuberance. 'FACE,' for example, is so clean that a clunker like Champion's 'New times are coming just like a virgin' easily skates by unnoticed amid Vann and McLennon's superior verses and JOBA's gentle hook.\"", "title": "Composition and critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Variety ranked \"Face\" at number 12 on their list of Brockhampton's 15 best songs.", "title": "Composition and critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The music video was directed by Kevin Abstract and shot by Ashlan Grey. It sees the members of Brockhampton lying down and trashing the front of their house.", "title": "Music video" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Giacomo Foscarini (5 April 1523 – 25 January 1603), also spelled Jacopo Foscarini, was a merchant, statesman and admiral of the Republic of Venice.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He made his fortune as a trader in Paris and London before entering politics in 1559. During the Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573), he served as governor of Dalmatia and Albania and then Captain General of the Sea. From 1574 to 1578, he was the governor of Crete with extraordinary powers. He reached the peak of his influence in Venice after his election as a Procurator of Saint Mark in 1580. He served a second term as Captain General in 1594.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Foscarini was born on 5 April 1523 in Santa Sofia, Venice. His father, Alvise di Andrea Foscarini, belonged to the Santa Fosca branch of the patrician Foscarini family [it]. His mother, Marietta, belonged to the Donà family. He was the firstborn of fifteen children.", "title": "Family" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 26 November 1556, Foscarini married Elena Giustinian, whose dowry was 5,000 ducats and whose family had close connections with the church. They had three sons and four daughters:", "title": "Family" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Foscarini's primary residence was the Palazzo Foscarini [it] across from the church of the Carmini. He built it himself, substantially completing it by 1574.", "title": "Family" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1539, Foscarini accompanied Antonio Cappello and Vincenzo Grimani on an embassy to France. He spent the next sixteen years abroad, mainly on business in Paris and London. During this time he befriended the Venetian diplomat Daniele Barbaro. He also saw firsthand the effects of the English Reformation. He entered into a joint enterprise with fellow merchant Giacomo Ragazzoni. Their ships travelled between the North Sea and the Mediterranean. In 1544 and 1557, they suffered serious losses, but mostly they made enormous profits. Foscarini continued to be involved in trade after returning to Venice in the mid-1550s. He left his brother Girolamo in charge of his affairs in London. He also opened a bank, although this closed in 1568.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Foscarini was elected savio alle Acque in 1559 and provveditore alla Sanità in 1561. In August 1564, he joined the 60-member zonta of the Senate. He was a regular member of the Senate in 1565–1566. In 1566–1568, he served two terms as savio alla Mercanzia. He served a stint as podestà of Rovigo and was elected podestà of Verona in February 1569 and rewarded for his good administration by election as savio di Terraferma in September 1570.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "A war with the Ottomans over Cyprus broke out in 1570. As it damaged Venice's seaborne trade, Foscarini turned to property speculation in the Domini di Terraferma, jointly with his son Giambattista and daughter Foscarina. On 20 November 1570, he was appointed provveditore generale in Dalmatia and Albania [it]. He landed in Zadar in the spring of 1571. He took part in the Battle of Lepanto on 7 October 1571. On 3 February 1572, he was appointed Captain General of the Sea. On 3 April, he sailed for Corfu. His caution and conservatism contrast with the audacity of his predecessor, Sebastiano Venier. He returned to Venice in May 1573, after the signing of a peace treaty.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "On 15 May 1574, Foscarini was named provveditore generale, sindaco, captain general and inquisitor general of Crete with extraordinary powers. Before embarking, he escorted King Henry III of France on his visit to Venice in July and hosted the king in his own house. He received a knighthood from the king.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Foscarini arrived in Crete in September or October 1574. With extraordinary temporal and spiritual powers, he was, as his funerary inscription indicates, the \"dictator\" of Crete. His administration of 27 months was one of radical reform. He maintained the feudal system, but improved the lot of the peasantry by putting more land under wheat cultivation at the expense of vineyards. He rearranged the island's defences and improved its fortifications, commissioning the fortress at Spinalonga. He also sought to manage religious differences between Catholics and Orthodox.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In 1577, Foscarini commissioned the local scholar Francesco Barozzi to take a census of the island. He also commissioned him to translate the Oracles of Leo the Wise from Greek into Latin. He commission the local scribe and artist Georgios Klontzas to produce two lush illuminated manuscripts of the text, the Bute Manuscript (today in a private collection) and Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Barocci 170. The former, the apparently unfinished presentation copy, was made in Heraklion between April 1577 and March 1578. The unfinished presentation miniature is missing Foscarini's portrait, but does include an angel holding the ducal hat positioned above the blank space, a strong indication that Foscarini had ducal aspirations. He had been a candidate for doge in 1578 and would be again in 1585 and 1595. The whole project of translating and illustrating the Oracles was a work of propaganda that altered the meaning of the text to prophesy Christian victory against the Ottomans.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Foscarini's Cretan policies earned him many enemies among the local elite and he returned to Venice early in 1578. Assessments of his rule in Crete have been divergent. To Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen [de] he was man of \"deep insight, a strong sense of justice and a spirit of clemency and reconciliation\" who led the \"last futile attempt to relieve the basic evils of Venetian rule ... and save the power of the Republic.\" To Joshua Starr he was \"an intolerant fanatic\" whose rule \"was a dark period for Jews and Greeks alike.\"", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "In the 1580s and 1590s, Foscarini was one of the most prestigious Venetian statesmen, alongside the future doges Leonardo Donà and Marino Grimani. On 8 March 1580, Foscarini was elected Procurator of Saint Mark. In 1580–1581, he sat on the zonta of the procurators. He was a member of the three-member committee that oversaw the renovation of the Doge's Palace after the fire of 1577. In 1584, he was elected to the commission overseeing the construction of the Rialto Bridge in stone. In 1596, he supported the construction of the Procuratie Nuove designed by Vincenzo Scamozzi, probably on account of its triumphalism. The master builder Baldissera Drachio dedicated his Visione to Foscarini.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Foscarini was elected provveditore all'Arsenale [it] four times between 1582 and 1590. He was provveditore all'Artigliere, commissioner of artillery, in 1588–1589. He led embassies to congratulate the newly elected popes Sixtus V (1585), Urban VII (1590), Gregory XIV (1590) and Innocent IX (1591). He was one of the riformatori (reformers) of the University of Padua in 1588 and 1600, in which capacity he fought for the restoration of the Jesuit schools. He served the Zecca (mint) as depositario (1592), provveditore (1596) and conservatore (1601). In 1594, he was again Captain General of the Sea. In 1595, he was sopraprovveditore alla Sanità. He played a major role in the construction of the fortress of Palmanova.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "He is usually seen as a conservative in the context of Venetian politics at the time, favouring alliance with the Papacy and Spain. Nevertheless, he supported the reform of the savi all'Eresia in 1595 to give the laity a greater role and asked Pope Clement VIII to postpone the enforcement of the Index of Prohibited Books in Venice. Likewise, in 1600 he supported the election of Matteo Zane as patriarch of Venice over Clement's objections. In 1598, he led an embassy to congratulate Clement on the acquisition of the Duchy of Ferrara. In 1601, he was a savio all'Eresia.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "In January 1602, Foscarini was still fighting to reopen the Jesuit schools in Padua. Although he was a recognized expert in economic matters, a letter he wrote concerning the Bank of Venice on 28 August 1602 sparked a controversy that marred his last months. He died in Venice on 25 January 1603 after eleven days of fever. He was buried in the Carmini. His funerary monument depicts him as a Captain General of the Sea. In his will, he divided his property between his two eldest sons, favouring the second. He also made bequests to the Jesuits. He left a table to his old friend Giacomo Ragazzoni.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Giovanni Antonio Ridolfi Sforza wrote a biography of Foscarini in Latin, Iacobi Foscareni equitis et D. Marci procuratoris vita, printed at Venice in 1623. An Italian translation, Vita di Giacopo Foscarini, Cavaliere e Procuratore di S. Marco, appeared the following year.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Heat\" (stylized in all caps) is a song by American boy band Brockhampton and the second single from their debut studio album Saturation (2017). The music video premiered on May 16, 2017, before the song was released to streaming services on May 18, 2017.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Matthew Strauss of Pitchfork commented that the song, \"with its blown-out bass and frantic vocals, explodes with id—a moment of catharsis for both the rappers and the listener. McLennon's 'I hate the way I think, I hate the way it looms' sounds more proud than afraid.\"", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Live365 placed \"Heat\" at number eight on their list \"Top 10 Brockhampton Songs\". Variety ranked it as the band's fifth best song.", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The music video was directed by Kevin Abstract and filmed in a neighborhood in South Los Angeles with a single camera that has been described as \"old school-esque filtered\". In the clip, different members of Brockhampton take turns rapping their verses before the camera. They are also seen dancing in the background.", "title": "Music video" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Houston football may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 South American U-17 Women's Championship will be the 8th edition of the South American U-17 Women's Championship (Spanish: CONMEBOL Sudamericano Femenino Sub-17), the biennial international youth football championship organised by CONMEBOL for the women's under-17 national teams of South America. It will be held in Argentina from 13 to 31 March 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The top three teams qualified for the 2024 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in the Dominican Republic as the CONMEBOL representatives.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "All ten CONMEBOL member national teams are eligible to enter the tournament.", "title": "Teams" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Telugu Yoddhas (TY) are a team in Ultimate Kho Kho (UKK). Pratik Waikar is the captain.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Yoddhas finished third place in the league stage. They lost the final to Odisha Juggernaut 46-45.", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Florida Gators football team will represent the University of Florida as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Gators are led by third-year head coach Billy Napier and will play their home games at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium located in Gainesville, Florida.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Florida and the SEC announced the 2024 football schedule on December 13, 2023.", "title": "Schedule" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ocean Vuong is a Vietnamese American writer, best known for his 2019 debut novel, On Earth We're Briefly Gorgeous.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a list of the European Routes, or E-road highways, that run through the Hungary. The current network is signposted according to the 2016 system revision, and contains seven Class A roads and three Class B roads within the country.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Most of the roads are highways (motorways and expressways) that also carry various national M-numbers (e.g. M1-es autópálya and M25-ös autóút), and there are several main roads with numbers (e.g. 6-os főút).", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Telluric silver (German: telluriumsilber, tellursilber) — is an obsolete trivial name, which miners, geologists and representatives of other applied professions actually applied to several rare ore minerals, tellurides of silver, as well as to chemical compounds of similar composition. It may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Egyptian Illini Conference is a high school athletic conference scattered about south-central Illinois. The conference hosts seven member schools and is a constituent of the Illinois High School Association.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The following is a list of international prime ministerial trips made by Fumio Kishida since he became the Prime Minister of Japan in 2021.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The number of visits per country where he has travelled are:", "title": "Summary" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Polly Parsons (born 1967) is an American producer, entrepreneur, and performer. She is the daughter of singer-songwriter Gram Parsons and Nancy Ross.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Parsons made her first documented appearance in 2003, accepting the President's Award on behalf of the late Gram Parsons at the Americana Music Awards ceremony in Nashville.", "title": "Gram Parsons Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2004, she produced two tribute concerts titled \"Return to Sin City: A Tribute to Gram Parsons\". Artists included: Keith Richards, James Burton, Lucinda Williams, Norah Jones, Dwight Yoakam, John Doe, Steve Earle, Jim Lauderdale, Kathleen Edwards, Jay Farrar, Jim James, Raul Malo, Susan Marshall, and the Sin City All Stars. The concert produced a DVD.", "title": "Gram Parsons Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "100% of the proceeds from the tribute concerts were donated through the newly formed Gram Parsons Foundation to the Musician's Assistance Program (now MusiCares Foundation) which aids musicians in crisis.", "title": "Gram Parsons Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Parsons would go on to relaunch the Gram Parsons Foundation in 2012 to support musicians and artists worldwide with addiction and recovery services by hosting a launch event at SXSW March 14, 2012. The event featured performances by Brendan Benson, Eric Burdon, Blitzen Trapper, Alberta Cross, Great Lake Swimmers, Jenny O and Poor Man (Christian Wargo and Casey Wescott from Fleet Foxes).", "title": "Gram Parsons Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Dave Prinz, a co-founder of Amoeba Music, was a collector of Gram Parsons archival material. During a move of the L.A. Amoeba record store, Prinz rediscovered a series of Gram Parsons “Last Roundup” tapes. With no interest to involve a bigger record company, Prinz decided to initiate a Kickstarter campaign to fund the release independently, in partnership with Polly Parsons. The campaign launched November 17, 2022, and was fully backed.", "title": "Gram Parsons Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Gram Parsons & The Fallen Angels' \"The Last Roundup: Live from The Bijou Café in Philadelphia 3/16/73\" featuring Emmylou Harris was released Friday November 24, 2023 and was considered one of the record store hits of 2023.", "title": "Gram Parsons Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "On November 15, 2023, the Grammy Museum hosted a panel titled Celebrating Gram Parsons, Amoeba Music, and RSD Black Friday. The commemorative panel was moderated by Variety Chief Music Critic Chris Willman, Gram Parsons' daughter Polly Parsons, and Amoeba Music Co-founder David Prinz detailing the discovery of a never-before-heard 1973 recording", "title": "Gram Parsons Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The panel wrapped up with a performance from the 35-year-old West Virginia-born Sierra Ferrell, who paid homage to Parsons with renditions of “She,” “Return of the Grievous Angel” and “Streets of Baltimore.”", "title": "Gram Parsons Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In 2021, Polly Parsons launched a desert and community inspired goods and Gram Parsons merchandise brand called Sound As Ever with 2 partners. Self-described as \"fine goods for the mindful\", the products have a distinctive boho, Joshua Tree aesthetic.", "title": "Entrepreneur" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Parsons co-founded and is the former managing partner of Daddy Van Productions, producing video content design for live events and world tours. They produced tours for Bruce Springsteen, and Maroon 5 among others as well as producing with major companies like Nike and Warner Brothers.", "title": "Producer" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Parsons adapted and then produced the multimedia rock opera Taking the Jesus Pill. The play ran through 2006 and produced an album.", "title": "Producer" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Through Gram Parsons tribute concerts, Parsons raised funds for a series of organizations that support artist and musician addiction and recovery services including Gram Parsons Foundation, Musician's Assistance Program (now MusiCares Foundation), and SIMS Foundation.", "title": "Advocacy for Artist Addiction and Recovery" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "In 2009, Polly Parsons opened Hickory Wind Ranch, a sober living environment for women in entertainment and the arts who are in recovery from substance abuse. It was the first holistic sober living environment in Austin for musicians and artists.", "title": "Advocacy for Artist Addiction and Recovery" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "In 2013, Parsons expanded Hickory Wind to include substance abuse treatment, with a unique 90-day treatment and extended care program customized for male residents.", "title": "Advocacy for Artist Addiction and Recovery" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Polly Parsons is the goddaughter of Pamela Des Barres.", "title": "Personal" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Krum Kostadinov Zarkov is a Bulgarian politician and attorney, who is mostly known for having served as a Member of the National Assembly and as the Minister of Justice.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Krum Zarkov was born on 21 November 1982 in Sofia, People's Republic of Bulgaria. He graduated from the Lycée Français de Sofia and from the Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University with a degree in International Law and Law of International Organizations.At the snap parliamentary elections in 2017, he was elected from the list of the BSP for Bulgaria centre-left electoral alliance as a Member of National Assembly from 19th MMC - Ruse.At the parliamentary elections in April 2021 he was re-elected from the list of the BSP for Bulgaria alliance as a Member of Parliament in the 45th National Assembly from 19th MMC - Ruse.At the snap parliamentary elections in July 2021 he was re-elected as a Member of Parliament on the list of the BSP for Bulgaria for the 46th National Assembly from 19th MMC - Ruse.At the snap parliamentary elections in November 2021, he was re-elected as MP on the list of the BSP for Bulgaria alliance in the 47th National Assembly from 19th MMC - Ruse.On 1 August 2022, it was announced that President Rumen Radev had signed decrees to dissolve the 47th National Assembly on 2 August 2022 and to appoint a caretaker government from 2 August. Krum Zarkov was appointed caretaker Minister of Justice.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Erwin Rudolph Bergdoll (June 24, 1890 – March 21, 1965) was an American racing driver who competed during the formative years of auto racing. He competed in AAA-sanctioned Championship Cars as well as in the American Grand Prize.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Bergdoll, along with his younger brother Grover Bergdoll, dodged the draft during the First World War. While Grover escaped to Germany, Erwin Bergdoll was apprehended and spent three years in prison.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Rajasthan Warriors (RW) are a team in Ultimate Kho Kho (UKK). Majahar Jamadar is the captain. RW are owned by the Capri Global Group.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Rajasthan Warriors finished in last place in the league stage, having won only 1 out of 10 matches.", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Carolina football most commonly refers to:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Carolina football may also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "A Bobby Vee Recording Session is the sixth studio album American singer Bobby Vee, and was released in May 1962 by Liberty Records.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "it containing hit singles \"Sharing You\" and \"Please Don't Ask About Barbara\", plus \"In My Baby's Eyes\" and a couple singls contenders, \"My Golden Chance\", and another fine Crickets's composition, \"Tersdrops Fall Like Rain\". \"Sharing You\" and \"Please Don't Ask About Barbara\" both peaked at numbers 15, respectively, on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the United States, and numbers 29 and 10, respectively, in the United Kingdom.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The album made its first appearance on Billboard Top LPs chart in the issue dated July 21 of that year and remained on the album chart for 6 weeks, peaking at #121.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Bruce Eder of AllMusic said that \"It's impossible to get too far past that thought, or the memory of Holly's \"It Doesn't Matter Anymore\" and \"Raining in My Heart\" in listening to this polished piece of teen idol pop/rock from Vee. He even does \"Teardrops Fall Like Rain,\" a song written by and originally recorded by the post-Holly Crickets\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Billboard selected the album for a \"Spotlight Album\" review, stating that it featured \"the young artist, is in fresh, appealing vocal form on this collection of teen-appeal tunes, featuring many of his own and other' singles hit. Best sides are \"You Better Move On\", \"Pleases Don't Ask About Barbara\", \"In My Baby's Eyes\" and \"My Golden Chance\".", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Count Pasquale Leonardi Cattolica (Naples, 12 February 1854 – Rome, 26 March 1924) was an Italian admiral and politician. He was Minister of the Navy of the Kingdom of Italy during the Italo-Turkish War.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Pasquale Leonardi Cattolica was the son of Edoardo Leonardi Cattolica and his wife and Giulia Vacca. He enrolled in the Royal Naval School of Naples in 1868, graduating from the University of Naples in engineering with a specialisation in mathematics in 1872, with the rank of ensign. He was to marry Agata, daughter of his mathematics professor Emanuele Fergola.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He dedicated himself to the nautical sciences and in particular to hydrography, navigation and nautical astronomy, being a frequent visitor to the Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte. He was promoted to second lieutenant in 1876 and lieutenant in 1883, meanwhile becoming a freelance lecturer in astronomy at the University of Naples. He also taught at the Italian Naval Academy in Livorno.", "title": "Scientific and naval career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1897 he was appointed director of the Hydrographic Office of Genoa. As such he directed numerous scientific expeditions on the ship Scilla. The Scilla undertook survey work along the Adriatic coast, as well as making a study of the currents along the coast of Apulia. In 1899 the Hydrographic Office was upgraded and renamed the Hydrographic Institute of the Regia Marina. Under Cattolica’s direction it took on the task of preparing nautical charts, books and instruments for navigation, compiling and publishing hydrographic records. In 1900 he also began to publish the first Annali Idrografici for general use by both the navy and the merchant marine.", "title": "Scientific and naval career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In addition to the publications of the Institute, Cattolica also published a number of technical and scientific works, and was awarded the teaching position in astronomy at the University of Genoa. His work was widely recognised and he became a corresponding member of the Accademia dei Lincei and of the Accademia Pontaniana.", "title": "Scientific and naval career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "As had a similarly impressive active service career, commanding the battleship Saint Bon for two years. He was promoted to rear admiral in 1907, and vice admiral in 1911. He served as a member of the Superior Council of the Navy and was appointed commander of a naval division in the Mediterranean, a position which he was unable to carry out because on 2 April 1910 he was appointed senator of the Kingdom.", "title": "Scientific and naval career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 1910 he was appointed senator of the Kingdom of Italy, and became Minister of the Navy under the Luzzatti and fourth Giolitti governments.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "An area of controversy during Leonardi Cattolica’s term in office was Italy’s struggling battleship building programme. Italy was engaged in a race for superiority at sea with France and Austria, both of which were able to build ships faster. Italy’s first dreadnought the Dante Alighieri had been ordered before he joined the cabinet, and while he was Navy Minster in 1910 the three battleships of the Conte di Cavour class were also ordered and laid down. In 1911 two additional Andrea Doria - class battleships were also ordered. The constant delays in finishing these vessels caused a heated argument in parliament between Leonardi Cattolica and his predecessor Giovanni Bettolo over who was responsible. Cattolica blamed the practice of subcontracting, while Bettolo blamed poor coordination between technical and administrative departments.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "While Italy laboured to built a fleet that would outclass Austria’s, tensions between the two countries were high in 1911 following the outbreak of the Italo-Turkish War, and the Battle of Preveza in particular. Some navy commanders were keen on looking for a confrontation with Austria, and to prevent hostilities from breaking out Cattolica had to personally intervene and meet the Duke of the Abruzzi, fleet commander in chief, to direct him not to engage Ottoman ships without explicit orders.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "His efforts were not confined to naval matters. To support Italy’s merchant marine he introduced to parliament in December 1910 a bill to establish a state-subsidised shipping line to serve the Canada route. This became law in December 1912. It not only provided for increased trade but transported emigrants to North America.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "While he was minister Cattolica attempted to reform many aspects of Italy’s naval infrastructure, from shipbuilding and the management of arsenals to the recruitment and training of seamen. Inevitably his drives for reform made him enemies, particularly as he attempted to implement many without consultation. On 29 July 1913 Cattolica resigned from the cabinet and was immediately replaced by Enrico Millo.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "After he left government he was appointed commander of the Maritime Department of Naples; from 1916 he was president of the Superior Council of the Navy until 1 February 1917, when he was moved into the reserve and awarded the title of country king Victor Emmanuel III.", "title": "Later career" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "A major challenge facing Italy after the First World War was the losses suffered by its merchant navy, with 57% of all vessels requisitioned during the war sunk by enemy action. There was an urgent need to train up anew generation of seamen, so the then Minister of the Navy Alberto del Bono decided to bring all the nautical schools in the country under the jurisdiction of his department. He asked Cattolica to head a commission to look into the state of nautical training.", "title": "Later career" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Among the recommendations of Cattolica’s commission were that the course of study at the Naval Academy should be reduced from five years to two; giving the Academy the status of a Higher Technical Professional School, and that it should admit only students who had graduated from the nautical institutes.", "title": "Later career" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Following this, Cattolica promoted the first higher institute of nautical studies in Italy, the Royal Naval Institute of Naples which was founded in 1920 and which he directed until his death in 1924. The Institute undertook both teaching and research. This institution evolved into today’s Parthenope University of Naples.", "title": "Later career" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "In 1919 a magazine was launched, the Rassegna Marittima Aeronautica illustrata (Illustrated Maritime and Aeronautical Review), for an audience interested in the theoretical and technical details of ships and aircraft in military use. With Cattolica as its founder and director, the magazine appeared monthly from 2919 to 1921, when it merged with L’Aeronautica and continued under the title L’Aeronautica e la Marina until 1930.", "title": "Later career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Seed Money: The Chuck Holmes Story (2015) is a documentary film which follows the life of Chuck Holmes, the founder of gay pornography studio Falcon Studios. Its director was Michael Stabile, and the documentary premiered on April 10, 2015, at the Boston LGBT Film Festival.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The documentary discusses Holmes's difficult relationship with the Democratic Party (which he supported) and philanthropic groups such as the Human Rights Campaign and the LGBTQ Victory Fund, as well as ways it says Holmes changed gay male beauty standards and modern gay pornography.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In the Los Angeles Times, Gary Goldstein noted that the film manages to squeeze in important context and history despite its short runtime.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "%5B%5BWikipedia%3ARedirects+for+discussion%5D%5D+debate+closed+as+delete", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "#REDIRECT Seed Money: The Chuck Holmes Story", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Southeastern Louisiana Lions baseball team will represent Southeastern Louisiana University during the 2024 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Lions play their home games at Pat Kenelly Diamond at Alumni Field are led by first–year head coach Bobby Barbier. They are members of the Southland Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "*Rankings are based on the team's current ranking in the D1Baseball poll. |}", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Márta Korbonits FRCP is a Hungarian physician, Professor of Endocrinology and deputy director of the William Harvey Research Institute at the Queen Mary University of London. She is an internationally recognised expert in pituitary tumorigenesis. She was elected President of the Endocrine Society and awarded their Laureate Award in 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Korbonits studied medicine and completed her early training in Budapest. She was first introduced to endocrinology during her fourth year of medical school, where she was inspired by Edit Gláz. She moved to the United Kingdom for her specialist training, and joined Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry. At Barts her medical doctorate looked at the growth of secretagogues on hypothalamic hormone release. She also completed a doctorate, which considered the mechanisms that underpin pituitary tumorigenesis. During her Medical Research Council Clinician Science Fellowship she started investigated ghrelin physiology and genetics. Her demonstration of AMPK regulation by ghrelin helped people better understand hormonal regulation of metabolism.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Korbonits has dedicated her career to translational medicine: using clinical questions to design research experiments and using the outcomes of medical research for new diagnostics and treatment. She has focussed on understanding the mechanisms that underpin familial pituitary adenomas and tumorigenesis. She discovered the genetic link for the AIP (\"Irish Giant\") gene.", "title": "Research and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Alongside her research, Korbonits is a clinician who cares for patients with endocrine diseases.", "title": "Research and career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "51°30′51″N 0°00′24″E / 51.5142°N 0.0068°E / 51.5142; 0.0068", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Leamouth Lifting Footbridge or Leamouth North Bridge is a steel lifting arch bridge for pedestrians over Bow Creek, the estuary of the River Lea. It connects Leamouth in the Blackwall area of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets to Canning Town in the London Borough of Newham.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Leaside Regeneration set up a competition, which was won by Whitbybird in or before 2004. The bridge was budgeted at £3.5M and would have a 45m mast, that tilted and lowered the bridge at the north side of the river. The bridge was due for completion in 2007, but in 2005 the funding was withdrawn for the Thames Gateway Delivery Unit.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2008 SOM designed a new bridge as part of a master plan for the area, and in 2011 it won the planning.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The bridge was ordered by Ballymore Group. Bridge engineering was done by Davies Maguire, with consulting on the mechanical design by Eadon consulting", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In August 2014, the pre-fabrigated bridge was lifted into place.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The bridge can rise 4 metres on hydraulic pistons on both bridge ends.", "title": "Characteristics" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The Bridge headway is 5.2m above MHWS when closed, and 9.4m when opened.", "title": "Characteristics" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Capture of Tirkit was a battle that took place during the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I. The British side of this battle was commanded by Frederick Stanley Maude. This was Frederick's last major battle during World War I, as 12 days after the battle ended (18 November 1916), Frederick passed away due to a cholera infection. After intense fighting on 5 November 1916 through 6 November 1916, General Ismail Hakki decided to retreat upwards along the Tigris River, and Tikrit was captured by British forces later that day.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Gujarat Giants (GG) are a team in Ultimate Kho Kho (UKK). Akshay Bhangre is the captain.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "GG finished at the top of the table in the league stage. They were eliminated in their second playoff match, losing 67–44 to Telugu Yoddhas in Qualifier 2.", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Douglas Edgar Mitchell (September 8, 1896 – 1988) was a South African politician and a prominent member of the United Party in Natal. Nicknamed the “Father of Conservatism in Natal”. Mitchell was an influential figure in South African politics in the post-war era, serving as a de facto leader of the Anglo-African community in the province.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mitchell was a prominent conservationist in the country, and spent much of his tenure as Administrator legislating the development of Natal's nature reserves and parks. He resigned from his post in 1947 to run in the 1948 South African general election, becoming an MP for the South Coast region. A year later, Mitchell would be elected as the Chairman of the United Party in Natal in 1949, a post he would hold until he resigned in 1972. He would leave Parliament two years later in 1974, after serving for 26 years.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caffenio (stylized as CAFFENIO) is a Mexican chain of Drive-through Coffeehouses that was founded and is currently headquartered in Hermosillo, Sonora. The chain can trace back its origins to 1923 by a man named Don Jose Diaz where he started the first operations of the small chain in the city of Chihuahua.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pembroke Town Hall (Irish: Halla an Bhaile Pembroke) is a municipal building in Merrion Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin, Ireland. The building currently accommodates the offices of the City of Dublin Vocational Education Committee.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "After significant population growth, largely associated with its development as a residential suburb of Dublin, the township of Pembroke appointed town commissioners in 1863. The town commissioners established their first town hall at Ballsbridge Terrace but, in the early 1870s, decided to erect a more substantial building. The site they selected on the southwest side of Merrion Road was donated by the principal landowner in the area, George Herbert, 13th Earl of Pembroke. He also provided some £2,000 of the finance for the construction costs. The new building was designed by Edward Henry Carson in the Gothic Revival stye, built by Gahan & Sons in Ballyknockan granite with red sandstone dressings at a cost of £3,300 and was completed in 1880.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The original design involved an asymmetrical main frontage of three bays facing onto Merrion Road. The central bay featured an arched opening flanked by polished marble colonnettes supporting an architrave, which was surrounded by voussoirs. The other bays on the ground floor were fenestrated by pointed sash windows, while the first floor all three bays were fenestrated by bi-partite mullioned windows with quatrefoils in the heads, and surmounted by gables. There was a clock in the central gable and roundels in the others. Internally, the principal rooms were the various municipal offices on the ground floor, and the boardroom, which was 45 feet (14 m) long and 21 feet (6.4 m) wide, on the first floor. Ornate chairs, designed by James Hicks, were installed in the boardroom. There was an elegant staircase with a fine stained glass window at the top of the first flight.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1899, the town commissioners were replaced by an urban district council, with the town hall becoming the offices of the new council. The building was extended to the southeast by three extra bays to create a fire station in the early 20th century. The works were carried out by G. & T. Crampton to a design by Charles Herbert Ashworth and were completed in 1902. The extension contained three round headed openings on the ground floor. On the first floor, the central bay was fenestrated by another bi-partite mullioned window with a quatrefoil in the head, and surmounted by a gable, while the outer bays were fenestrated by three tall casement windows in each bay.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "During the Easter Rising, the commander of the 177th (2/1st Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Brigadier-General Lancelot Richard Carleton, established a temporary headquarters in the town hall. The building was used as a place to hold and interrogate political prisoners. The Irish republican, Éamon de Valera, who had commanded the 3rd Battalion, Irish Volunteers at Boland's Mill on the Grand Canal Dock during the fighting and was the last commander to surrender, was arrested by British soldiers and taken to the town hall, where he was held under armed guard.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The building ceased to be the local seat of government in 1930 when Rathmines was annexed by Dublin in accordance with the Local Government (Dublin) Act 1930. It subsequently served as the home of Ringsend Technical School until 1951, when it became the offices of the City of Dublin Vocational Education Committee.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hummus may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Michelle McManus' Winter Wonderland is the second studio album, and first Christmas album, by Scottish singer Michelle McManus, featuring the SoundSational Community Choir. The album was released on 1 December 2019 via McManus' own independent record label, McMannii.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Prior to the recording and release of the album, McMannii had been performing the annual Michelle McManus' Winter Wonderland show since 2016, and featuring the SoundSational Community Choir, a 50 piece choir. The show featured a mix of comedy, as well as McManus performing various Christmas songs from other artists. The live Winter Wonderland shows were written by McManus, in collaboration with comedian Bruce Devlin, and musical directors Tommy Chambers and Jen Phee.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "SoundSational Community Choir, from Glasgow, was established in 2010, and have also collaborated with Scottish recording artist Amy Macdonald. Prior to the Covid-19 pandemic in Scotland, the choir raised £500,000 for various charities, and in 2023, MSP Monica Lennon wishes the choir well and offered her congratulations to the group on the release of their album, Evolution, in a parliamentary motion in the Scottish Parliament.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On December 1, 2019, McManus released the album via her own independent record label, McMannii, which she originally established in 2007 after being dropped by her previous record company, Sony BMG, following the poor sales of her debut album The Meaning of Love (2004). The record label was founded in order for McManus to self–release her second studio album, Dancing to a Different Beat which was scheduled for released in 2008, but the release was eventually shelved.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "McManus' vocals on the album tracks, as well as at the live Winter Wonderland shows, were highly praised by music critics and members of the public alike.", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Archerus is a genus of extinct marsupials from Miocene Australia. It is known from jawbones and partial skulls from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area in Queensland, dated to between 18 to 12 million years ago. These are sufficient to identify it as a phalangerid, perhaps more closely related to the brushtail possums than to the cuscuses, but with many distinctive skeletal features that make the latter relationship uncertain; it may have lived before the two branches of the living family diverged from one another. It is estimated to have weighed around 1.3 kg (2.9 lb), similar to the living scaly-tailed possum, and the shape of its teeth suggest that it had a similarly omnivorous diet.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Heather Simmons (born 1968 or 1969) is an American public relations professional and Democratic Party politician serving as a member-elect of the New Jersey General Assembly for the 3rd legislative district, taking office on January 9, 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A resident of Glassboro, New Jersey, Simmons serves is a public relations professional who serves as an assistant vice president at Rowan University. She graduated in 1991 from Saint Joseph's University.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Together with running mate Robert Zimmerman, she narrowly lost election in 2010 to the Gloucester County Board of Chosen Freeholders, despite the Democratic ticket outspending the Republicans by a 5–1 margin, but was chosen unanimously by the Gloucester County Democratic Committee and appointed to fill the one-year balance of the seat that had been held by Stephen Sweeney until he stepped down from office. She won full three-year teams of office as a freeholder (since renamed as commissioner) in 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020.", "title": "Elective office" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In the 2023 New Jersey General Assembly election, Simmons and her Democratic running mate Dave Bailey, defeated Republican incumbent Bethanne McCarthy Patrick and her running mate Thomas J. Tedesco.", "title": "Elective office" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Ae Bonny Romance\" is the eighth episode of the thirty-fifth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 758th episode overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on December 3, 2023. The episode was directed by Matthew Nastuk and written by Michael Price.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In this episode, the Simpson family goes to Scotland to find Groundskeeper Willie and learns he is about to be married. Karen Gillan, Paul Higgins, and David Tennant guest star. The episode received positive reviews.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "At Springfield Elementary School, the fourth-grade boys are learning to dance with girls. To prevent them from touching hands, Bart goes to the nurse's office to get bandages to wear on their hands. After applying them, they begin to feel intoxicated, and Bart sees that he had obtained nicotine patches. Although he claims innocence, Principal Skinner sends him to Groundskeeper Willie for punishment. When he learns what happened, Willie tells Bart about Maisie, whom Willie loved but did not join Willie in coming to America. They become friendly over their hatred of girls. Meanwhile, Homer and Marge receive an invitation to a destination wedding. Homer protests, but Marge accepts, and they plan to use their accumulated flyer miles to pay for airplane tickets. When Willie goes missing, Bart receives a phone call from him in Edinburgh asking for help. He convinces Homer and Marge to take the family to help Willie with their flyer miles. In Edinburgh, the family finds Willie, who is about to get married to Maisie.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Willie says that his phone call was misleading because it was interrupted by Maisie asking for a kiss. They explain that Maisie's family told her that Willie had been killed by a sheep, which is why she did not join him. She found Willie after she saw a video of him and Bart that they posted online. After talking, they decided to get married. Bart feels betrayed because he thought Willie hated girls. As they participate in wedding activities, Homer and Marge argue because Homer dislikes destination weddings. At the wedding rehearsal, Lisa tells Bart to be happy for Willie while Marge tells people how Homer is not romantic. Although Bart tries to be happy for Willie, he asks Bart to dance with girls, which causes Bart to throw the wedding cake out of a window.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Bart hears that Maisie's family is allowing Willie to get married to use his smelling ability to make them rich. Meanwhile, Homer is angry at Marge for talking about him. Later, Homer sends Marge a video that he thinks that she would like. This causes the two to forgive each other. At the wedding, Bart interrupts and tells Willie about Maisie's family's plans. Maisie says she did not know. To prove her love, she breaks Willie's nose to ruin his smelling ability. They get married and move into Willie's shack.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Karen Gillan guest starred as Maisie, a love interest for Groundskeeper Willie. She described the character as the role she \"was born to play.\" Gillan previously expressed interest in appearing on the series. Paul Higgins guest starred as Hamish. Higgins also played the Ticket Booth actor. David Tennant was cast as Pa MacWeldon.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The Scottish band Belle and Sebastian appeared as themselves, playing their song \"If You Find Yourself Caught in Love\" during the wedding activity montage. They also performed the original song \"Willie And The Dream Of Peat Bogs\" over the end credits.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The episode aired live in all time zones in the United States at 8:30 PM ET/5:30 PM PT following a special episode of Krapopolis.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The episode earned a 0.59 rating with 2.04 million viewers, which was the second most-watched show on Fox that night.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "John Schwarz of Bubbleblabber gave the episode a 7.5 out of 10. He liked the Scottish jokes and guest stars. However, he thought the subplot of Homer and Marge's marital problems were repeats of previous stories.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Cathal Gunning of Screen Rant highlighted Bart's story of being blamed for a prank he unintentionally caused followed by his redemption. He also highlighted the mostly accurate depiction of Edinburgh.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Scottish viewers thought that the portrayal of Edinburgh and the Edinburgh Festival Fringe was accurate.", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cantharellus is a subgenus of fungi in the genus Cantharellus.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This subgenus has medium to large fruiting bodies with veined hymenophore. The cap and stipes are usually smooth sometimes with appressed squama. The hyphal endings are mostly thick-walled.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The subgenus was established in 2013 based on phylogenetic analysis with Cantharellus cibarius designated as the type species,", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Accepted species:", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Love and Fashion (Serbo-Croatian: Ljubav i moda, Serbian Cyrillic: Љубав и мода) is a 1960 cult Yugoslav comedy film directed by Ljubomir Radičević. The film features actress Beba Lončar in her breakthrough role.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In order to earn enough money to finance an air show, a group of college students organize a fashion show for the Jugošik (\"Yugochic\") company, using petty scams. The fashion show turns out to be a success, and it also helps bring Sonja, a college girl, and Bora, a young fashion designer, together, as they eventually resolve their differences.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The film's soundtrack has acquired a cult over the years. Đuza Stojiljković, Ivo Robić and Gabi Novak appear in the film, and Arsen Dedić also plays an episodic role. The hit song Devojko mala was popularized in the eighties by the band VIS Idoli.", "title": "Soundtrack" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Yugoslav Film Archive, in accordance with its authorities based on the Law on Cultural Heritage, declared one hundred Serbian feature films (1911–1999) as cultural heritage of great importance on December 28, 2016. Love and Fashion is also on that list.", "title": "Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The film, especially its soundtrack, has garnered a cult status over the years and is considered a classic in Yugoslav and Serbian cinema.", "title": "Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Yugoslav Film Archive, in cooperation with Vip mobile and Avala Film, has digitally restored the film. The premiere of the restored version was held on June 25, 2019, in the ceremonial hall of the Archive. It had its television premiere on October 4, 2020 on the RTS 1 channel.", "title": "Digital restoration" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Terence Vincent Casey (born 25 July 1938) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Casey was born in Leeton in the Riverina region of New South Wales and attended St Patrick's College, Goulburn from 1950 to 1955, making the first XV at age 15. A goal-kicking fullback, Casey played first-grade for Sydney club St. George.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Capped six times by the Wallabies, Casey debuted on the 1963 tour of South Africa, featuring in all three of the four Test matches. He was one of Australia's best players in the 3rd Test at Ellis Park, with a drop goal, try and sideline conversion, helping them to a 11–9 win. His other three caps came on the 1964 tour of New Zealand and he accumulated 11 points in a win over the All Blacks in Wellington. A knee injured caused him to withdraw from the 1966–67 tour of Britain and France, after he had been picked in the squad subject to fitness tests.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "%5B%5BWikipedia%3ARedirects+for+discussion%5D%5D+debate+closed+as+delete", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "#REDIRECT Martyrdom in Palestinian society", "title": "" } ]

[]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "William Wayne Babcock (born June 10, 1872 in East Worcester, New York; † February 23, 1963) was an American physician and scientist. He developed a method of vein stripping to treat varicose veins .", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Babcock was born on June 10, 1872 in East Worcester, New York and received his medical degree in Baltimore. He received his doctorate in 1893 at the age of 21. He then began training in surgery at St. Mark's Hospital in Salt Lake City, but soon moved to Philadelphia, where he worked in various institutes. In 1903 he became chair of surgery and the head of the Women's Clinic and the Surgical Clinic at Temple University. He held this position until his retirement in 1943. During his medical career, Babcock published more than 350 scientific publications. Babcock was married and had three daughters. He died at the age of 90 on February 23, 1963.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Among other things, Babcock developed a surgical procedure for the surgical removal of the saphenous veins of the legs in cases of varicose veins. This operation was carried out using a probe that is inserted into the vein at the ankle, passed through to the groin and then pulled out of the leg again, with the glans-shaped probe taking the vein along with it. Babcock's method represented an alternative to the surgical procedures common at the time, in which the entire length of the leg was opened. Almost at the same time as Babcock, a method was developed at the Johanniter Hospital in Stendal, Germany that was described by Gotthold Friedel in 1908, in which a circular incision over one and a half meters long was intended to destroy the varix. This became an established practice of the time. In German-speaking countries, the chief physician of the Hamburg Harbor Hospital, Karl Lauenstein, first introduced Babcock's method at the surgeons' congress in Berlin in 1911. The Babcock operation was slow to gain acceptance and was only included in surgical textbooks around 1930.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Developed in collaboration with Dr. Charles M. Bacon, this procedure aimed to treat rectal and sigmoid colon cancer while preserving the anal sphincters. Prior to this technique, radical surgery often resulted in permanent colostomies, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. The Babcock-Bacon operation involved a meticulous dissection and mobilization of the rectum and colon, allowing for resection of the cancerous tissue while preserving the sphincter muscles and blood supply. This innovative approach improved both oncological outcomes and patient well-being, and remains a cornerstone of colorectal cancer surgery today.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This technique, named for its resemblance to the shape of a marrow-filled bone, addressed skull defects resulting from trauma or tumor removal. Babcock pioneered the use of autologous bone grafts, harvested from the patient's own ribs, to reconstruct the missing skull. The curved shape of the rib provided a natural contour for the cranial vault, offering both structural support and aesthetic improvement. The \"soup bone\" technique marked a significant advancement in cranioplasty, offering a safe and effective method for skull reconstruction with minimal donor site morbidity.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Babcock recognized the role of nerve entrapment and inflammation in contributing to pain and paralysis. He developed a technique for dissecting and separating affected nerves from surrounding tissues, alleviating pressure and promoting nerve recovery. This \"nerve disassociation\" approach proved effective in treating various conditions, including carpal tunnel syndrome, tarsal tunnel syndrome, and meralgia paresthetica. Babcock's technique laid the foundation for modern nerve decompression surgeries, offering relief to patients suffering from chronic pain and sensory disturbances.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Babcock invented the Babcock forceps, the Babcock probe, the sump drain, and the lamp chimney sump drain.", "title": "Inventions" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Babcock received the American Medical Association Gold Honorary Meritorious Service Medal. In addition, the surgical clinic at Temple University was named after him after his retirement. As early as 1905, a group of students at Temple University inspired by Babcock had formed the Babcock Surgical Society. This society continues to exist today.", "title": "Honors and awards" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Akshata Krishnamurthy is a space systems engineer and scientist at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory who has worked on Mars 2020, NISAR, TESS and ASTERIA missions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Krishnamurthy was born in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, and completed her schooling and undergraduate education there before moving to the United States to pursue a Master's degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Krishnamurthy earned her PhD in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in January 2020. Her PhD research focused on instrument calibration and performance improvement for space-based telescope missions for exoplanet detection, and was used in two space missions, Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and Arcsecond Space Telescope Enabling Research in Astrophysics (ASTERIA). Krishnamurthy and her colleagues discovered several exoplanets, and characterized HD 59640 to be an eruptive variable stars with flares. Other projects included the Mars 2020 Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE).", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "At MIT, she was the President of the Graduate Association of Aeronautics and Astronautics (GA^3) student organization., and Co-Chair of the MIT India Conference", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Krishnamurthy interned at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory as part of the ASTERIA mission while working on her PhD. Following graduation in 2020, Krishnamurthy got a full-time position as a systems engineer and scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. She started as systems engineer on the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission and continued to become the Science Phase Lead leading project planning, development and testing for nominal science operations. Krishnamurthy is a Robotic Systems Engineer working on the Mars 2020 Perseverance Mission Robotic Operations. Previously, Krishnamurthy served as Instrument Engineer on NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and as co-investigator on ASTERIA missions. ASTERIA is the smallest telescope to ever detect an exoplanet.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "She motivates millions of young students all over the world by sharing her journey as an immigrant on a visa in the United States, on Instagram, and persevering in the face of obstacles to achieve her dreams of working on space projects at NASA.. Her goal is to \"inspire 1 million people to dream big and live their best lives\"", "title": "Recognitions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The New City Center (commonly referred to as Naujasis miesto centras in Lithuanian) is a rapidly developing business district in the city of Vilnus in the Lithuania. It is Lithuania's most important business hub and the largest of its kind in the Baltic States.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jiří Ovčáček (born 13 January 1979) is a Czech journalist and columnist. He was best known as the spokesman of Miloš Zeman during Zeman's presidency.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ovčáček was born on 13 January 1979. He studied at the Archbishop's High School in Prague, but was dropped out at 16 years old after dying his hair green as a small provocation against the school environment. Ovčáček graduated from Ecological Gymnasium.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In February 2015, a user named GhostBuster on Echo24 that Ovčáček wrote 443 articles in two years between 2002 and 2004 during his tenure as an editor of Haló noviny, which testified his fascination with communism. In April 2023, he started working as an editor and commentator for the social website Život v Česku.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "At the beginning of social democratic governments era, he moved to the press department of the Government Office of the Czech Republic. During Jiří Paroubek's tenure as prime minister, Ovčáček served as the deputy director of this department and became his press spokesman, but was dismissed in 2007 due to a loss of trust.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Ovčáček published his first book titled Plnou parou v politice (lit. 'Full steam in politics'), in which he was accused by Paroubek of slandering him in the tabloid media. On the other hand, commentators pointed to Ovčáček's problematic journalistic directly to his alleged bias extending to expressions of personal revenge.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "During the 2013 Czech presidential election, Deník Referendum editor Patrik Eichler accused Ovčáček of bias against Jiří Dienstbier Jr. as a ČSSD candidate.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Ovčáček was appointed press spokesman for Miloš Zeman in December 2013, replacing Hana Burianová, who initially remained in the position of director of the press department of the presidential office. In May 2014, Ovčáček replaced her in this position.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 2015, Ovčáček became one of the central figures in the \"Hitler is a Gentleman\" case. He aimed to prove moral misconduct alongside Zeman and at the same time question the seriousness of one of the leading Czechoslovak journalists, Ferdinand Peroutka. In an interview with Martin Veselovský on 2 November 2016, Ovčáček stated that he was still looking for Peroutka's whereabouts.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "With Petr Pavel taking office as president of the Czech Republic, Ovčáček resigned as presidential spokesperson and was replaced by Markéta Řeháková.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Ovčáček has been married to a Ukrainian woman since November 2022. The couple met when he took her in as a refugee from the Russian invasion of Ukraine.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Ovčáček has been the subject of criticism for the way he works. In September 2021, executive board of the Public Relations and Communications Association (PRCA), Patrik Schober, stated that he would dismiss him. According to Schober, Ovčáček's average salary of 106,000 CZK as of 2020 corresponded to the position of an experienced director of communications in the commercial sphere. However, Ovčáček \"lies, divides society and deliberately labels.\"", "title": "Controversy" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "On 16 December 2021, Ovčáček was taken to the detention station after he allowed himself to be taken by a taxi, refused to pay and fell asleep drunk. He did not pay for the transport costing CZK 350 to Dělnická Street in Holešovice. Ovčáček subsequently apologised for his behavior, citing \"various dramatic circumstances surrounding the formation of the government\" as the reason. The next day, Zeman appointed the Cabinet of Petr Fiala, whose members he expressed reservations about, should not appoint it against the constitution.", "title": "Controversy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Central Business District (abbreviated Vilnius CBD) is a rapidly developing business district in Šnipiškės eldership of Vilnius, Lithuania. It is Lithuania's most important business district and the largest of its kind in the Baltic States.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Since year 2000, more than 480,000 square metres (5,200,000 sq ft) of floor area was added to Vilnius CBD. Most of the growth occurred after 2010, with intense growth continuing after 2020. Vilnius government has created a virtual 3D map of the area where present and future buildings can be seen.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This area is called Naujasis miesto centras and abbreviated Vilniaus NMC in Lithuanian. The White Bridge connects the area with the Naujamiestis eldership.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Many of Lithuania's high-rise office buildings are located here, including Europa Tower, the tallest office building in the Baltic states. As of December 2023, Vilnius CBD has about a dozen high rises designed by local and foreign architecture firms including Daniel Libeskind, Lund + Slaatto Arkitekter [no], Audrius Ambrasas [lt], RSHP and others.", "title": "Buildings and organizations" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Large multinational corporations have their local or regional headquarters here, for example Nasdaq, Revolut, Swedbank, SEB Group, Luminor Bank, Unity Technologies, Huawei, Yara International, and Johnson & Johnson. The area is especially popular with banks and financial institutions.", "title": "Buildings and organizations" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Two large shopping centers are located in Vilnius CBD – VCUP and Europa.", "title": "Buildings and organizations" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "There is a White Bridge sports field next to the bridge, which hosts 9 beach volleyball courts, 3 double-sided basketball courts, a park for roller skaters and skateboarders, outdoor training grounds and children playgrounds. Various sports competitions are organised here.", "title": "Sports fields" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Concerts, festivals and other entertainment activities are regularly hosted in a field near Vilnius CBD and the White Bridge. Annual laser show, part of \"Sostinės Dienos\" (English: \"Capital City Days\") is held here.", "title": "Sports fields" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "As of late 2023, multiple high-rise buildings planned in the area, many of which have been approved by the city government. Most notable buildings include:", "title": "Future buildings" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In a ranking with 9 other comparable central business districts, Vilnius came 7th. The others in the ranking were Stockholm, Oslo, Helsinki, Warsaw, Malmö, Tallinn, Copenhagen, Gdansk and Riga.", "title": "Rankings" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 South American U-17 Women's Championship will be the 8th edition of the South American U-17 Women's Championship (Spanish: CONMEBOL Sudamericano Femenino Sub-17), the biennial international youth football championship organised by CONMEBOL for the women's under-17 national teams of South America. It will be held in Argentina from 13 to 31 March 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The top three teams will qualify for the 2024 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in the Dominican Republic as the CONMEBOL representatives.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "All ten CONMEBOL member national teams are eligible to enter the tournament.", "title": "Teams" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "George James Crump, George Crump and G. J. Crump should link here", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "George James Crump (June 13, 1841– December 4, 1928) was an officer in Confederate Army during the American Civil War, a lawyer, a state legislator for one term in the Arkansas House of Representatives and a public official.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Crump was born June 13, 1841 in Harlan County, Kentucky to John G. and Eliza Crump. He moved with his family to a farm in the Crooked Creek Valley in Carroll County, Arkansas around 1854. Crump attended private school in Carrollton, Arkansas until his education was cut short by the start of the American Civil War.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He enlisted in the Confederate Army in 1861 at Carrollton, Arkansas, and during the war he served with Company E of the 16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment. He was involved in several important battles including the Battle of Oak Hills, the Battle of Farmington, the Battle of Iuka and the Battle of Corinth. During the Siege of Port Hudson he was captured but escaped by swimming across the Mississippi River. By the end of the war he had obtained the rank of captain.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "After the war he was elected a clerk of Carroll County but lost the position due to post war reconstruction. He obtained the bar in 1869 and started practicing in Carrollton before going on to start a law firm in Harrison, Arkansas and he continued to work as a lawyer for most of his life. In 1918 he was listed as part of the Harrison firm of Crump & Crump.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "At a district convention in October 1870 Grump was nominated, along with three others, for election to the lower house of the legislature. He was duly elected and served in the Arkansas House of Representatives for one session from 1871 until 1873.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "When the Brooks–Baxter War started in April 1874 he was made a lieutenant colonel. He is noted on the Confederate Memorial at the Boone County Courthouse. He served as a U.S. Marshal from 1893 until 1897 in the west district of the state.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Crump had been appointed as a member of the board of directors of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, or St. Louis World's Fair, in May 1901, but in April 1902 he was replaced by governor Jeff Davis with J C Rembert.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "51 years after he served in the Arkansas House of Representatives, in March 1922, he was on the ballot for the seat for the third district in the Arkansas Senate. In June of 1922 he was standing unopposed but by July Roy Milum had stood against him and attacking him accusing Crump of blackmailing him. Milum went on to defeat Crump by a narrow margin winning the Democratic nomination with the Republicans then considering nominating a candidate in opposition.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Crump died December 4, 1928 at his step-daughters home in Harrison after a long illness aged 87. He was survived by one son and one daughter, his wife Josephine B. Crump, a writer and poet, had died in a few years earlier in 1921. He had been working as a lawyer until a few months prior to his death. He is buried at the Rose Hill Cemetery in Harrison.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hangzhou Children's Library (Chinese: 杭州少年儿童图书馆), is a public library located in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, the People's Republic of China. It is a national first-class library assessed by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Founded on January 16, 1982, it was formerly the Children's Reading Room of Xinmin Branch of Zhejiang Library established in 1928. The new main building is located at No. 75 Shuguang Road, Xihu District . The foundation stone was laid on December 31, 1997, and it has been open since June 1, 1999. Covering an area of 5482 square meters. On July 16, 2019, a branch of \"Shangshan House\" was established on Nansongyu Street, Shangcheng District.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The new building located on Shuguang Road was laid on December 31, 1997, and opened on June 1, 1999. Covering an area of 5482 square meters. In May 2010, the main building began to be renovated, and it was reopened in December 2012. The Early Childhood Department was established and began to provide services to preschool children aged 0–6.", "title": "Buildings" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Located at No. 22-26 Zhongshanzhong Road, it covers an area of 432 square meters and has more than 3,000 books available for borrowing. The first floor has small cultural salons, casual dining, and exhibitions; the second floor has dynamic activities such as reading and painting, interactive experiences, and party building leadership.", "title": "Buildings" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The library has a collection of more than 370,000 books. In 2016, there were a total of 46 employees in the museum. In 2016, the library received 581,586 readers and borrowed 1,217,471 documents; it held 679 various activities with 89,099 participants.", "title": "Services and facilities" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Since the main library was moved to its current location on Shuguang Road, the classification method of books has been changed from the small and medium-sized classification method to Chinese Library Classification.", "title": "Services and facilities" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "\"Monthly 100 recommended new books\" and \"book borrowing rankings\" are launched every month, and special shelves for new books are set up for thematic reading. Pay attention to the reading picture books, and set up a special shelf for \"domestic and foreign picture books\" to collect picture books that were originally distributed on literature bookshelves in various countries.", "title": "Services and facilities" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Hangzhou citizen cards and second-generation ID card holders with citizen cards are automatically enabled to borrow books. Alipay accounts with a Sesame Credit score of 550 or above can also scan the QR code to borrow books. Each card can borrow 20 volumes/pieces of literature . The borrowing period for books is 40 days and for audio-visual documents is 14 days. Starting from April 23, 2019, overdue fees will no longer be incurred when borrowing books overdue.", "title": "Services and facilities" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Books in the main library and the \"Shangshanzhijia\" branch can be borrowed and returned within the Hangzhou Public Library system.", "title": "Services and facilities" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Hangzhou Children's Library has organized reading and newspaper reading activities for many times, carried out various interest groups and intellectual development training classes for all ages, carried out activities such as book trade-in for new ones and charity sales, and held \" \"Little Migratory Birds\" (children of migrant workers), music and other public welfare summer camps. In 2012, the \"Zhejiang Literary Volunteer Service Base\" was established in cooperation with the Zhejiang Literary Volunteer Center.", "title": "Services and facilities" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The Yuedu Express project was launched in November 2016. Yuedu Express is a small mobile library with nearly 6,000 books. It travels to multiple schools every week, allowing students in remote schools to borrow books conveniently.", "title": "Services and facilities" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "As of the end of 2018, Hangzhou Children's Library has established a total of 66 social education-related outlets in kindergartens, primary and secondary schools, and communities.", "title": "Services and facilities" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Istituto tecnico tecnologico (literally \"technical technological institute\") is a type of secondary school in Italy specialized in technology, informatics, electronics, chemical industry, biotechnology, construction management, geotechnics and fashion.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It gives students the skills to progress to any higher educational institution. Students can attend an istituto tecnico tecnologico after successfully completing scuola media (middle school).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Students typically study for five years and attend the school from the age of 14 to 19. At the end of the fifth year all students attend the esame di Stato (\"state exam\"), a final examination which gives access to every university course.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "A student is called \"studente\" (male) and \"studentessa\" (female) are also in common use. Teachers are known as professore (male) or professoressa (female).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The course is divided into two specialised paths:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 Slovak 1. Liga season was the 31st season of the Slovak 1. Liga, the second level of ice hockey in Slovakia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Each team played 44 games: playing each of the other eleven teams four times – twice at home, twice away. At the end of the regular season, the team that finished with the most points was crowned the league champion. Each team played two matches with Slovakia U18 (home and away) to support the preparation of the SR team for 2024 IIHF World U18 Championships.", "title": "Regular season" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Ten teams qualify for the playoffs: the top six teams in the regular season have a bye to the quarterfinals, while teams ranked seventh to tenth meet each other (7 versus 10, 8 versus 9) in a preliminary playoff round.", "title": "Playoffs" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Logan's Run is a closed-end, computer moderated, play-by-mail role-playing game. It was published by Sanctuary Games and based on the 1967 book Logan's Run.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Logan's Run was a closed end, computer moderated PBM game. Bob McLain described it as a \"conflict interactive simulation\". It was based on the 1967 book Logan's Run. The game was published by Sanctuary Games. It was programmed on an Apple II in Pascal. In a 1984 issue of Paper Mayhem, the editors noted that the publisher had apparently ceased communicating with players.", "title": "History and development" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "20–30 players started each game. Players have two available roles: Runner and Sandman. Runners attempted to escape the city that all players begin in. Sandmen attempted to prevent escapes. Once a Runner escaped, the player with the most victory points won.", "title": "Gameplay" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Editors of The Nuts & Bolts of PBM reviewed the game in a 1983 issue. They stated that it was an \"introductory level game which an old 'die hard PBM gamer' might use to entice non-PBM friends into the hobby. It would not hold the interest of an experienced PBM gamer for very long\".", "title": "Reviews" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Bob McLain reviewed the game in the November–December 1983 issue of PBM Universal. He stated that it was \"Fun, though rather limited, with the potential for some exciting turns. Most people who have tried the game admit they'd go back for seconds.\"", "title": "Reviews" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Philodendron opacum is a species of perennial vining and flowering plant first published in Phytologia 73: 35 (1992). It has a native range extending from Southeast Nicaragua to Ecuador and includes Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama. It's habitat is largely restricted to the Tropical Wet Forest and Premontane Wet Forest life zones in Central America, but in South America extends into Premontane Rain Forest (Colombia) and Tropical Moist Forest (Ecuador).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It is sold and grown as a houseplant often under the common names Monstera sp. 'Peru' and Green Galaxy Monstera, but may also be seen listed as Monstera karstenianum or Epipremnum pinnatum 'Marble Planet'; E. pinnatum is an accepted species by the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew though refers to a different plant entirely. If intended to be grown outdoors in the United States, a region outside it's native range, it's recommended it be grown in USDA Hardiness Zones 10-12.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The species opacum is named from the Latin word for \"dark\", \"dull\", or \"shade\".", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "This member of the arum family (Araceae) has been described as both an epiphyte and hemiepiphyte that exhibits an upward vining growth habit.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The lamina surface is classically dark green or gray-green in color, though varieties with yellow variegations exist, ranging from 17.7-43.4 cm long and 7.8-18.8 cm wide. The texture of the lamina surface has been described as thinly coriaceous to subcoriaceous, matte or velvety to semiglossy in appearance. The coloration of the underside may be weakly to conspicuously bicolored (yellow-green) and appear matte to semiglossy. Leaf shape has been described as having considerable variability including: Narrowly to broadly ovate, broadly or ± narrowly lanceolate, elliptic, and oblong or broadly oblanceolate (usually broadest below the middle). The leaf attaches to the stem via a 16.6-29.5 cm long petiole.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "David Noel Grimmond (born 25 December 1943) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Grimmond, born in Narrandera, was educated at Canberra's St Edmund's College. He was a speedy winger, who in 1963 recorded a 10 seconds flat 100 yards run, while competing at the Country Athletics Championships.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A Queanbeyan Whites first-grade player, Grimmond gained Wallabies selection in 1964 for the tour of New Zealand. He was capped in the 2nd Test at Lancaster Park in Christchurch, playing on the left wing. The following year he was restricted by injury, then in 1966 he was considered unfortunate to miss selection for the British Lions Tests, with the uncapped George Ruebner preferred due to his goal-kicking skills.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Grimmond switched to rugby league in 1968 and played for the Queanbeyan Blues, later turning down an offer to join Penrith. He made the New South Wales state team in 1970 and had a two-try performance in a win over Queensland in Sydney, putting him in contention for national selection.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kevin Jackson is an American politician from Kentucky. He is a Republican and represents District 20 in the state house. Jackson represents parts of Bowling Green and is a retired teacher and coach.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John Kirk (J. Kirk) Weibe is a former intelligence official with the United States National Security Agency, conspiracy theorist, and whistleblower. Kirk managed data programs and criticized the NSA's data-collection policies during the Barack Obama administration. He made the false claim that Russia interfered with the 2016 US election was not true. Weibe argued Russia was not behind the hacked the DNC server.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Weibe would go on to spread conspiracies about QAnon and claims of election fraud in 2020 United States presidential election", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Born in Chicago, Illinois, Kirk grew up in northern Indiana, near Lake Michigan. After graduating high school Weibe enlisted in the United States Air Force and spending four years with the intelligence branch from 1963 – 1967. After the Air Force Kirk attended Indiana University, receiving a master's degree in the Russian language in 1974. Kirk then took a position in the National Security Agency (NSA), retiring in October 2001", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In September 2002, Kiebe, along with William Binney and Edward Loomis, filed a request for the U.S. Defense Department Inspector General (DoD IG) to investigate the NSA for allegedly wasting \"millions and millions of dollars\" on Trailblazer Wiebe developed a competing system, ThinThread, which was shelved when Trailblazer was chosen instead. The Whistleblower's complaint noted Trailblazer's ineffectiveness and unjustified high cost compared to their alternative ThinThread.", "title": "Whistle blowing" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "As a member of the Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity Kiebe would claim that U.S. intelligence community's assessment that Russia interfered in the 2016 presidential election was falsifed, and that the Democratic National Committee e-mails were leaked by an insider instead.", "title": "Conspiracy Theories" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Kiebe and VIPS colleagues argued argued that the metadata in files associated with the DNC Hack were altered to add Russian fingerprints, and that file transfer rate proved they were transferred locally", "title": "Conspiracy Theories" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The memorandum from Kiebe et al. were promoted by Breitbart and Fox News. PresidentDonald Trump would then request Mike Pompeo to meet report authors. The theory was later debunked and it was proved VIP's director Blinney was given fabricated data from a Pro-Russian outlet.", "title": "Conspiracy Theories" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Kirk Wiebe was a major voice in spreading QAnon. He would appear on podcasts spreading QAnon theories like movies such as I am Legend were really secret documentaries.", "title": "Conspiracy Theories" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "According to David Troy many members of Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity were essential in spreading QAnon lies.", "title": "Conspiracy Theories" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "J. Kirk Wiebe was very involved in spreading false conspiracies about election fraud in the 2020 United States presidential election. Wiebe would appear with Larouche members in Stop the Steal round tables Conspiracy conspirasists would insist in court filings that tools developed by Wiebe proved massive voter fraud.", "title": "Conspiracy Theories" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Wiebe would go on to work with Mike Lindell to prove election fraud. Wiebe would state that Lindell did not have evidence to back up his claims.", "title": "Conspiracy Theories" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Amigorena is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The discography for American singer-songwriter Billy Joel consists of 2 studio albums.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Diego Piñeiro del Álamo (born August 7, 2004) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Real Madrid.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Piñeiro attended Escuela Vicálvaro in Spain.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Piñeiro has been involved with Spanish La Liga side Real Madrid first team since 2021.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Piñeiro was awarded Best Goalkeeper at an under-18 international tournament in France.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He has been described as \"a powerful goalkeeper, with many reflexes, capable of reacting in tenths of seconds to point-blank shots. He also has great positioning\".", "title": "Style of play" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1977 All-Southwest Conference football team consists of American football players chosen, at each position, as the best players in the Southwest Conference during the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. The selectors for the 1977 season included the United Press International (UPI).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "UPI = United Press International", "title": "Key" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Arthur Bevins Foye (1893-1976) was an American Certified Public Accountant (CPA).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Foyes graduated magna cum laude from New York University in 1914 before going to work for Haskins & Sells. He was managing partner of the firm from 1947 until his retirement in 1956. Foye obtained his CPA license in 1923.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Foye was known for his interest in international affairs and, in 1959, served as chairman of the eighth annual conference of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. He was an inductee into the Accounting Hall of Fame.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Foyes was married and had one child.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2020 Southeastern Louisiana Lions baseball team represented Southeastern Louisiana University in the 2020 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Lions played their home games at Pat Kenelly Diamond at Alumni Field.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John Ritchie (born 28 February 1951) is an English former professional footballer who played as a forward.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ritchie began his career at Wealdstone, before signing for Slough Town in 1971. Ritchie scored 20 goals in 32 appearances in all competitions for Slough during the 1971–72 season, before signing for Arsenal alongside teammate Peter Cruse.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In March 1974, after failing to break into the first team at Arsenal, Ritchie signed for Hereford United. During his time at Hereford, Ritchie scored four goals in 22 Football League appearances. On 15 November 1974, following being on the transfer list by Hereford, Ritchie dropped back into non-league, signing for Enfield for a fee of £4,000. In 1975, Ritchie signed for Staines Town, following their promotion to the Isthmian League Premier Division. In 1977, Ritchie signed for Ilford, before being released after four games.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In February 1972, Ritchie made two appearances for England amateurs.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Tetouan Archaeological Museum in Tétouan is considered one of the most prominent cultural and historical museums in Morocco, as its historical legacy extends back more than a century. It is located in the heart of the city of Tetouan in the northwest of the country.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Tétouan Archaeological Museum was established in 1939 as a step towards preserving the cultural and historical heritage of the region. The historic building that hosts the museum has been renovated and restored to be suitable for displaying and displaying cultural relics and artifacts.", "title": "Foundation and history" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Tetouan Museum includes a collection of archaeological and historical pieces dating back to various time periods. The exhibits range from ancient pottery, jewelry, stone engravings, ancient coins, and daily tools that reflect the development of society in ancient times.", "title": "Museum content" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Many of the objects on display come from the Roman city of Lixus. The museum also received items from the Punic-Mauri site of Tamuda, excavated by César Luis de Montalbán [es] from 1921 onward. In 2019 five items from the museum were added to the Moroccan list of national heritage museum objects. In 2022 the museum was one of nine in Morocco to send some of its objects on loan to the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid for a binational exhibition.", "title": "Museum content" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Florian Andreas Wieder (born 27 February 1968) is a German production designer, set designer and creative producer. He is based in Los Angeles and Munich.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Wieder began his career studying music in the United States as a guitarist and musician. Inspired by the set design of Prince's Sign o' the Times Tour, he later pursued stage design at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich from 1988 to 1992. He founded the Munich-based production company Wieder Design in 1990, where he primarily designs sets.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Wieder is one of the most famous television set designers in Germany. From 2001 until 2007, he worked as a production designer for TV total, and re-designed the set of Wetten, dass..? in 2008. He received the German Television Award for Best Studio Design for his work on Sabine Christiansen, Deutschland sucht den Superstar and Let's Dance.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He made his international breakthrough in 2004 when he began work as a production designer for The X Factor. He was scouted by producer Simon Cowell after his work on Deutschland sucht den Superstar and was hired to work on the inaugural series. He worked on the show until its fifteenth and final series in 2018, and was awarded the Judges Award by the Royal Television Society for his \"outstanding work\" and \"[continued] innovation\" on the series. He has since worked on numerous Syco Entertainment operations such as Britain's Got Talent, America's Got Talent and its spin-off series America's Got Talent: The Champions and America's Got Talent: All-Stars.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Wieder's success led him to an extended collaboration with MTV, where he worked as designer and creative producer for six consecutive editions of the MTV Video Music Awards and eight editions of the MTV Europe Music Awards. For his work on the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, he was awarded the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Production Design for a Variety or Reality Series.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He has worked as a production designer for many American television specials, such as the 2010 Pro Bowl, the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards and the 2011 CMT Music Awards, as well as reality competition and game shows like American Idol, Dancing With The Stars, Million Dollar Password, Spin the Wheel and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. As production designer, he has worked with ABC and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences on three consecutive editions of the Primetime Emmy Awards.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Since 2019, he has worked on the Masked Singer franchise in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. In 2022, he worked as production designer for the opening ceremony of the 2022 FIFA World Cup.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Wieder has acted as production designer of the Eurovision Song Contest for seven editions since 2011. He received the German Television Award for Best Entertainment Show for his work on the Eurovision Song Contest 2011.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Wieder's work on the Eurovision Song Contest has made a transformative impact in the contest's direction. Through the use of stage elements such as a catwalk, which has been prominent in many of his designs, and a proscenium arch, used decoratively in 2017 and 2019 to mark boundaries between artists and spectators, Wieder emphasises an intimate connection between artists and attendees . Scholars argue his work has influenced subsequent contest productions, but that there is a risk of standardisation, stereotyping, and loss of national identity by regularly employing the same designers.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Wieder has also helped create multiple stage performances for the show, including German entries \"Miss Kiss Kiss Bang\" and \"Sister\" and the live-on-tape performance for the Austrian entry \"Amen\". He was responsible for the stage design of the German pre-selection shows Unser Lied für Lissabon and Unser Lied für Israel.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Wieder has worked on set design for artists such as Adele, Beyoncé, Jennifer Lopez and U2.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Wieder is the designer and producer of the ongoing Rammstein Stadium Tour. His stage design was shortlisted for the Concert Production Design Award at the 2020 Design Achievement Awards.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "In 2022, he was responsible for the stage design of the Bavaria Sounds concert series featuring Andreas Gabalier, Helene Fischer and Robbie Williams. The 150-metre wide diamond-shaped stage was the biggest Wieder had ever designed and was labelled \"the wildest stage for a concert since Rock in Rio\".", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Love Travels by Coach (Hungarian: Hintónjáró szerelem) is a 1955 Hungarian romantic comedy film directed by László Ranódy and starring Mária Medgyesi, Ádám Szirtes and Zoltán Makláry. It was one of the most popular films of the era at the Hungarian box office attracting audiences of more than five million. it was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest and on location around Lake Balaton and Szigliget. The film's sets were designed by the art director Iván Ambrózy.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sheikh Abdulkadir Nur Farah or Sheikh Abdul Qadir Nour Farah (Somali: Shiikh Cabdulqaadir Nuur Faarax; born 1940—2023, Arabic: الشيخ عبدالقادر نور فارح) was a Somali cleric, preacher, and Islamic scholar of Dawah. Sheikh Abdulkader was assassinated by Al-Shabab in Garowe, on 15 February 2013.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sheikh Abdulkadir Nur Farah was born in the Canjeel Teelawaa in 1940, nearly the town of Eyl in the Nugal region of Puntland, Somalia.", "title": "Early and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Sheikh Abdulkadir, as recounted in his memoirs compiled by Tutor Judge Mohammed Omar, states:", "title": "Early and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "At my birth, during the outbreak of the Second World War around 1940, I entered the world in a place called 'Canjeel Teelawaa,' near Eyl, under the rule of Mohamed Abdullah Hassan, the leader of the Dervish movement. My father, Nur Farah, was present during my upbringing. Unfortunately, he passed away when I was twenty-one. He wasn't the one who imparted life hacks to me, and we were a financially struggling family. Our possessions were limited to a small herd of sheep.", "title": "Early and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He has been devoted to Islamic knowledge since his early years, despite the challenges of pursuing education while also tending to the family's sheep. He moved to the town of Eyl to receive primary education and later traveled to the Somali capital, Mogadishu, in 1960. There, he joined a school affiliated with Al-Azhar Sharif, where he acquired Islamic sciences, graduating in 1967. Following that, he moved to the Saudi Arabia to enroll in the Institute of Islamic Solidarity. Sheikh Abdulkadir quoted again in his memoir:", "title": "Early and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Since my early childhood, I was imbued with a desire of knowledge and religion, and my mother noticed this. When a cleric visited us in our home - and I was only seven or six years old at the time - I would sit with him and listen to what he said and read with interest and listening. When she saw this keenness on my part, She said: Oh my Lord, if my son had learned, I would call him Sheikh Abdulqadir - she meant Sheikh Abdulqadir Al-Jilani.", "title": "Early and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Despite my passion for knowledge, I faced challenges in seeking it. At the age of 13, I had not yet begun to learn the Arabic alphabet. My desire to seek knowledge grew stronger, and when I reached 13 years of age, I took a wooden tablet and a pencil that I sharpened from wood through my personal efforts. Unfortunately, I did not find a teacher to help me memorize the Qur’an, especially since my family led a nomadic lifestyle.", "title": "Early and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Despite my passion for knowledge, I lost the means to pursue it. By the age of 13, I hadn't even started learning the alphabet. My desire to seek knowledge grew, and at the age of 13, I took a wooden board and a pen that I crafted from wood with my personal effort. Unfortunately, I couldn't find a teacher to help me memorize the Quran, especially since my family lived in a nomadic setting.", "title": "Early and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Sheikh Abdulkadir joined the Islamic University of Medina, Saudi Arabia, in the early 1970s, in 1975 he studied from the Faculty of Dawah and Asciddin, and After graduating, he was appointed as a dawah cleric and sent to West Africa with Sheikh Yusuf Adam. After a period that coincided with President Mohamed Siad Barre's visits to Africa in the mid-1970s, he persuaded the Sheikhs that the country needed them and brought them to Somalia, where they were served as two judges.", "title": "Career and Dawah" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Sheikh Abdulkadir quoted in his memoir:", "title": "Career and Dawah" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Immediately after graduating from the Islamic University in mid-1974 AD, the Fatwa Presidency assigned my lifelong friend Sheikh Yusuf and me to preach in Niger. Initially, the Nigerian president rejected our presence, deemed our entry illegal, and ordered our immediate expulsion. However, the Saudi government intervened through one of its African embassies. We stayed there for approximately two months, hosted by the religious attaché at the Saudi embassy in Niger. Meanwhile, Muhammad Siad Barre, the head of the Organization of African Unity, was touring many African countries—about 14 countries, at least. When he arrived in Niger, we visited him, and he asked, 'Do you want to stay in Niger or return to Somalia?' We expressed our desire to return to our country. After returning to Mogadishu, I worked in a court for five months after completing a training course.", "title": "Career and Dawah" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Sheikh Abdulkadir Nur Farah was actively engaging Dawah, and was known for his jurisprudence in scientific seminars in mosques.", "title": "Career and Dawah" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "When we returned from the Islamic University in late 1974, my colleague Sheikh Abdullah Mahmoud Issa began giving lessons from the book 'Riyadh Al-Salehin' at the Al-Maqam Mosque. The lessons stopped, so I continued them. Later, I started teaching 'Terminology of Hadith.' This might be one of the first books on terminology taught in Somalia, selected from the curricula of institutes affiliated with the Islamic University.", "title": "Career and Dawah" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "During my teaching episodes, I covered another book on the principles of jurisprudence. Unfortunately, the book wasn't available to the students, so I had to dictate it to them and then provide explanations. Alhamdulillah, I succeeded in effectively conveying the information to their minds. Students understood and benefited.", "title": "Career and Dawah" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "At a later time, I met Sheikh Mustafa Ismail Harun, a renowned preacher, during one of the Hajj seasons. He informed me that he was among the group to whom I taught the two mentioned books, 'Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence' and 'Terminology of Hadith.' He mentioned that after moving to Burao in northern Somalia, he taught the two books 13 times. He also noted that 'Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence,' for which Sheikh Abdul Karim Hassan Housh (a prominent Usuli figure in the city of Burao in northern Somalia) was known, had its roots in the treatise 'Usul' that I had taught.", "title": "Career and Dawah" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Siad Barre's regime arrested several Ulama after the killing of clerics who opposed the Personal Status Law, sparking much controversy. Among those arrested was Sheikh Abdul Qadir, who remained in prison for two years without a court trial.", "title": "Prison" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Sheikh Abdulkadir said in his memoirs::", "title": "Prison" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "There were notorious prisons established by the regime to incarcerate political opponents and public figures, located on the road between the cities of Marka and Afgooye for over two years. In October 1978, we were released. The days of imprisonment were challenging, yet our conviction remained unwavering, and our determination did not falter. During my time in prison, I conducted lessons in interpretation, Nahwa, and biography. Most detainees were political figures and former statesmen. The government arrested numerous young people, bringing them together, while many preachers managed to escape. I recall individuals such as Abdul Qadir Sheikh Mahmoud, the head of the Al-Ahl movement, and Abdul Qadir Ghari, among others, who fled towards Kenya and later moved to Saudi Arabia. There, they joined universities and were warmly welcomed by Saudi Arabia, which understood the plight of Somali scholars and Ulama under the brutal communist regime.", "title": "Prison" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Sheikh Abdul Kadir is one of the prominent pioneers of the Islamic movements in Somalia. He was a member of the family movement that engaged in clandestine activities during the communist regime of Somalia, initiated by Sheikh Mohamed Moallim Hassan's episodes. However, the movement faced severe disruption after the arrest of prominent scholars in 1975, leading to the emergence of a Takfiri stream.", "title": "Islamic Movement in Somalia" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "Sheikh Abdulkadir Nur Farah quoted:", "title": "Islamic Movement in Somalia" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "The killing of scholars at the beginning of 1975 marked a blatant war against preaching in general. The regime's suspicions towards preachers increased, intensifying the campaign of arrests under various flimsy excuses. This compelled (Al-Ahli) to continue secret work and protect themselves before their names appeared on the list. During our arrest in 1977, the idea spread. Takfir was forcefully advocated by some who had escaped arrest and returned, determined to propagate it. They took advantage of the absence of scholars from the scene, either in prison or in exile, creating an empty atmosphere for them. Upon my release from prison, Takfir had gained control of the scene.", "title": "Islamic Movement in Somalia" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "After Sheikh Abdulkadir Nur Farah was released from prison, he was offered the opportunity to join the Al-Islamiya community established by some dissidents of the Al-Ahli Movement", "title": "Islamic Movement in Somalia" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "The founding of the Al-Islah and Al-Jama 'a movements was almost simultaneous, Jama' a Al-Islamiya was an extension of the Al-Ahl movement, and its ruins were founded after its prince, Abdul Qadir, deviated and embraced Takfiri thought, and this was close to the days of our release from prison, Sheikh Yusuf and I were ostensibly numbered among the men of Al-Ahly, when we resolved to fight against the takfiri thought, and later, Abdulaziz Farah and Mohamed Abdi Dahir came to us and told us that there was a group that had formed, offering us to join the fledgling movement.", "title": "Islamic Movement in Somalia" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "Sheikh Abdulkadir also co-founded Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya in 1984, which originated from the Jemaah Islamiya coalition in southern Somalia and Unity in northern Somalia. Sheikh Ali Warsame was selected as the movement's head.", "title": "Islamic Movement in Somalia" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "I personally know Sheikh Ali Warsame on a personal level since we were classmates, and our fellowship was formed during our days of study at the Islamic University. Warsame appears to be a consensus figure accepted by both the northern and southern Somali communities, as he is trusted by all. I had the opportunity to meet him in Mecca, where we participated in preliminary integration discussions. Many individuals, including Abdulkader Mohamed Abdullah, Abdelkader Garre, and Dr. Ahmad Haji Abdirahman, were part of these discussions and others.", "title": "Islamic Movement in Somalia" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "After the collapse of the Central Government of Somalia in 1991, Islamist groups persisted in their demand for Sharia Law, advocating for its implementation in all aspects. Al-Itihad Al-Islam (Salafism) expressed a keen interest in establishing military camps and Islamic courts to govern Somali regions. This pursuit led to conflicts with Somali warlords.", "title": "Islamic Movement in Somalia" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "Since the establishment of the Al-Etihad Al-Islami Group in Somalia, its main stated objective has been to pursue the establishment of an Islamic State. And when the regime fell, When the regime fell, it facilitated the acquisition of weapons and the State that prevented the arms from reaching our hands fell, there was nothing to justify that devastating war but miscalculation of the nature of things, poor political perception of reality, and when you are dominated by illusions you lose the right perception of things and hide your real weight.", "title": "Islamic Movement in Somalia" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "In the circumstances of wars that followed temporary control of a number of areas in Somalia, most notably the city of Bosaso, the capital province of Bari, and after the subsequent pursuit of the President of Puntland, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, narrowed the clampdown on the Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya Movement, inflicted successive defeats on the Movement's leaders, gathered and declared the status of arms and demobilized combatants.", "title": "Islamic Movement in Somalia" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "At the beginning, we faced overwhelming defeat, nearly pushed to the crushed courtyard of Garowe's battles, and the camps, once filled with men, now stood vacant. However, we emerged victorious in the final round of the war. Upon relocating to the Slate of Las Qorey, community leaders engaged in numerous consultations and deliberations about the future.", "title": "Islamic Movement in Somalia" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "The plan was to staunchly defend with all available strength, avoiding succumbing to the enemy's onslaught. Simultaneously, if successful in defense, we aimed to prevent expansion and persist in the fight. This decision and vision held sovereignty, despite disagreements from some. The situation demanded unwavering opinions and resolutions, even from a purely legitimate perspective.", "title": "Islamic Movement in Somalia" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "The war yielded no beneficial outcomes, necessitating a change. In fact, our inclination was towards peace and impactful reconciliation, avoiding defeat on the ground. However, considering the advocacy's interest, societal concerns, and rectifying the initial mistake, the transformation imposed significant hardships and difficulties upon us.", "title": "Islamic Movement in Somalia" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "After that, Sheikh Abdulqadir Nur Farah participated in founding of the group (Jama'at Al-Itisam) in 1996, and he continued his advocacy efforts in the Garowe, in particular Puntland, Somalia. He was among those who participated in the founding of the East Africa University and also served as Chairman of the Board of Trustees. After the assassination of Dr. Ahmed Haji Abdirahman in 2011.", "title": "Islamic Movement in Somalia" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "On February 15, 2013, Sheikh Abdulkadir was assassinated while performing the Al-Asr prayer at Al-Badar Mosque in Garowe, Somalia. The assassination was perpetrated by the Al-Shabaab terrorist group, which had been sending threatening SMS messages indicating their intent to kill him. On July 23, 2013, Puntland Forces executed Abdirahman Hussein Jama Bile and Abdullahi Osman Ahmed 'Aynte' by firing squad for the assassination of Sheikh Abdulqadir. Both individuals were sentenced to death by the Puntland Military Court, with Bile identified as the assailant who killed Sheikh Abdulkadir Nur Farah, and Aynte as the organizer of the act of terrorism. Aynte had fled to Las Anod, but was later brought back to Puntland. This incident followed the assassination of Sheikh Dr. Ahmed Haji Abdirahman, who was also killed after the Fajr prayer at Al-Rawda Mosque in Bosaso on December 4, 2011.", "title": "Assassinations" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "Sheikh Abdulkadir Nur Farah says about Al-Shabaab Militant:", "title": "Assassinations" }, { "paragraph_id": 34, "text": "The jihad, carried under the banner of those who identified themselves as 'young Mujahideen,' seemed to be directed towards Muslims. They perpetrated numerous assassinations and bombings that claimed the lives of hundreds of Muslims. They rejoiced in this, thanking God who enabled them! Many people were killed in Bosaso, Mogadishu, Garowe, and Galkayo—all of them Muslims. Most of them lost their lives on the doorsteps of mosques. Among the latest victims was Dr. Ahmed Haji Abdirahman.", "title": "Assassinations" }, { "paragraph_id": 35, "text": "Sheikh Abdulkadir Nur Farah was buried in Garoowe, and his funeral was attended by a large number of citizens، Many entities and institutions condemned the assassination of the sheikh, most notably the Jama'at Al-itisam group The Somali Scholars Association The International Union of Muslim Scholars, and the United Nations The perpetrator of the assassination was arrested and executed, and another young man with whom he participated in the crime was sentenced to death by the military station in Puntland.", "title": "Assassinations" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hand of Fate 2 is a 2017 video game developed and published by Defiant Development. It combines action role-playing games with deck-building video games. It is the sequel to Hand of Fate.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Players progress through an overworld consisting of twenty-two levels, each of which has different goals. Each level must be cleared by facing challenges posed by cards dealt by the Dealer, a mysterious antagonist. Players also have their own deck of cards, as in deck-building games. Players can augment their decks with recruited companions, each of whom has their own story and associated quests. When cards indicate combat, players engage in third-person action sequences, as in action role-playing games. If players die, they must start the level over from the beginning.", "title": "Gameplay" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Defiant Development released it for Linux, macOS, Windows, and PlayStation 4 on November 7, 2017; for Xbox One on December 1, 2017; and for Switch on July 17, 2018.", "title": "Development" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Hand of Fate 2 received positive reviews on Metacritic. Although PC Gamer felt the combat was weak and repetitive, they said the strategic elements and storytelling make up for it. IGN called it a major improvement over Hand of Fate and praised the added depth, though they said it can still be repetitive. GameSpot said it is \"a realization of the first game's promise\" and praised the combination of genres. However, they said some quests rely too much on luck, and dying during a quest can be frustrating. Game Informer said the combat is \"often boring or laborious\", but they called the gameplay otherwise \"fantastic and unique\". Rock Paper Shotgun said it has more variety than Hand of Fate, but they said they missed that game's larger role for the Dealer.", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sabiha Hashmi is a Pakistani actress. She is known for her roles in dramas Fasiq, Dil-e-Momin, Rang Mahal, Saaya Season 2 and Sirf Tum.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sabiha was born in Karachi at Pakistan and she completed her education from University of Karachi. Later she also worked as teacher at a private school.", "title": "Early Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Sabiha started working at PTV in 1990s. She also appeared in dramas Uraan, Bhabhi, Aik Thi Misaal, Guriya Rani, Khilona, Farwa Ki ABC, Gila Kis Se Karein, Dil-e-Beqarar, Andaaz-e-Sitam and Fitrat. She is also known for her roles in dramas Mere Bewafa, Deewar-e-Shab, Nand, Daraar and Rang Mahal. Since then she appeared in dramas Saaya Season 2, Aik Sitam Aur, Wabaal, Adan, Farq, Dil-e-Momin, Khushbo Mein Basay Khat and Sirf Tum.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Sabiha is married and has three children.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "David Stone is an American football defensive tackle for the Oklahoma Sooners.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Stone was born in Del City, Oklahoma and attended Del City High School for two years. As a freshman, he recorded 19 tackles and a sack playing in only six games behind an experienced defensive line for Del City. Before his sophomore year, Stone attended the Rivals Underclassmen Challenge in Atlanta, Georgia, where he was named Defensive Line MVP. As a sophomore, he recorded 47 tackles and 9 sacks and was named to The Oklahoman's All-City First Team in 2021. In 2022, Stone transferred to IMG Academy and recorded 50 tackles, 5 sacks, and 9 quarterback hurries as a junior and was later named to the MaxPreps Junior All-American. Becoming a key defensive unit, he helped the team allow only 3.0 points per game and 2.1 yards per rush, while forcing 30 turnovers. As a senior, he led the team to a 10–0 record and was named as a MaxPreps First-Team All-American.", "title": "Early life and high school career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Stone became a consensus five-star prospect and was regarded as the best defensive tackle prospect. Rated as the No. 4 prospect by ESPN, No. 7 by Rivals, and No. 19 by 247Sports and On3, he committed to Oklahoma over offers from Florida, Miami (FL), Michigan State, Oregon, and Texas A&M.", "title": "Early life and high school career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The General Bronze Corporation (also known as General Bronze or GBC) was an American metals fabricator, and the most recognized company in the architectural bronze and aluminum industry during the first half of the 20th century. It was known for New York City's Seagram Building on Park Avenue designed by Mies van der Rohe, the Atlas and Prometheus bronze sculptures in Rockefeller Center, the bronze doors for the United States Supreme Court, Commerce, and Department of Justice Buildings in Washington, DC, the aluminum windows for the United Nations Secretariat Building and Chase Manhattan Bank Building, and for the design of the Arecibo Radio Telescope suspension system. As American cities evolved, the need for architectural and sculptural bronze increased. An innovative and progressive company, General Bronze Corporation stepped up to supply that demand. It became the dominant leader in the architectural bronze industry for both bronze fabrication and bronze sculpture, and aluminum fabrication in the United States for over three decades. In the early 1950s, General Bronze was also at the forefront of the fledgling television radio industry as a major manufacturer of radio antennas, and one of the first to introduce automatic motorized antennas for the automobile industry. General Bronze's Brach Manufacturing subdivision offered electronics to the early radio telescope field, such as the Green Bank Telescope of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank, West Virginia and the Arecibo Radio Telescope.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Overextending their resources by diverting capital from bronze manufacturing to antenna and radio telescope research, concomitant with the declining use of bronze in the construction industry due to changes in architectural style, eclipsed General Bronze's main focus leading to their ultimate demise. In 1967, they were acquired by Allied Products of Chicago, IL, and ceased to exist.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "General Bronze Corporation was founded as a reorganization of the John Polachek Bronze and Iron Company, founded in 1910 by John Polachek, a Hungarian immigrant. He became a supervisor overseeing bronze manufacturing at the Tiffany Glass Studios in Corona, Queens New York, which served as the basis for his future enterprise in bronze fabrication.", "title": "History and establishment" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Tiffany Glass Studios, made famous by Louis C. Tiffany commonly referred to his product as favrile glass or \"Tiffany glass,\" and used bronze in their artisan work for his Tiffany lamps. In 1910, Polachek left Tiffany Glass Studios and opened his own bronze architectural company called the John Polachek Bronze Company. In 1912 he purchased a 1.75 acre site in Long Island City, Queens at 34–19 Tenth Street and grew it into one of the most important bronze fabricators in the field. In 1927, Polachek merged his new company with another metals fabricator, the Renaissance Bronze and Iron Works located in Long Island City, Queens. The new company became known as the General Bronze Corporation. In 1934, General Bronze Corporation was the largest company in the architectural bronze industry in the United States, employing 600 workers with assets over $5 million.", "title": "History and establishment" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Polachek's grand idea was to become the leader in the use of bronze for metal fabrication as he foresaw the worldwide demand for the metal alloy would only increase. This was due to a rise in the use of bronze in the architectural and art world, and Polachek leaped at the opportunity. The sought-after metal coincided with the timing of the art-deco, art nouveau, and international art movements, in which it became popular to use bronze. Polachek's intuition paid off, as he cornered the bronze fabrication market. Bronze and aluminum became popular to use and were implemented in art, architecture, and the construction industry by artists, architects, and construction companies respectively. As General Bronze gained notoriety, the company quickly became the forerunner. General Bronze's most acclaimed entry to the construction industry was the bronze mullion I-beams for the Seagram Building, the no-set-back windows clad in aluminum for the United Nations Secretariat Building, and the Chase Manhattan Bank Building.", "title": "History and establishment" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The company purchased the Brach Manufacturing Company of Newark, New Jersey, as one of its subsidiaries in the 1950s. General Bronze (GBC) intended to become a pioneer in the development of TV antennas. During this period, GBC was closely identified with the leadership of Aaron Saphier. He became general manager after the company's founding, and served as president from 1931 to 1959, remaining active as chairman of the board until the end of 1960.", "title": "History and establishment" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "During the 1930s through 1950s, the General Bronze Corporation's leadership as one of America's leaders in metals and especially the architectural bronze industry began to weaken as General Bronze expanded beyond their main focus with their developing interest in marketing consumer communications with antennas, as well as aluminum-manufactured products. As General Bronze began to face increasing domestic competition from international electronics firms like RCA, Sony, Philips, Matsushita and Mitsubishi, they continued primarily manufacturing aluminum windows, that which they were known for on prior construction projects, such as the Tripler Army Base Hospital in Hawaii. Although General Bronze's division for manufacturing aluminum windows for the American construction industry climbed after World War II, they suffered enormous financial losses and other failed projects including the loss of existing contracts with metal fabrication partners. This occurred simultaneously with the waning use of architectural bronze and the failed attempts to secure a bid for both the Arecibo Radio Telescope and the Green Bank Telescope in Green Bank, WV. The company slowly rebounded by the early 1960s, but never regained its former status. General Bronze was eventually acquired by Allied Products Corporation of Chicago in 1967, a company which was once owned by Jay Pritzker, the uncle of present Illinois governor J.B. Pritzker.", "title": "History and establishment" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The General Bronze Corporation, with the acquisition of the Roman Bronze Works, became the primary company behind many of America's most famous buildings and sculptures. Early man has used bronze throughout history. In the ancient Mayan, Egyptian, Greek, and Roman ruins, bronze tools, instruments, statues, and weapons has always been found in an almost perfect state of preservation. \"Centuries hence there will undoubtedly be many fine works of bronze that will bear eloquent testimony to craftsmanship of our day.\"", "title": "General Bronze Subsidiaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The world's most acclaimed sculptors produced some of the finest works seen in the United States by General Bronze. \"Many visitors to Rockefeller Center have always admired the bronze statuary which helped make it one of the wonders of the modern world, such as the art deco Atlas by Lee Lawrie, and the Prometheus by Paul Manship.\" Other well-known and exceptional Rockefeller Center sculptures admired worldwide are on display for visitors to marvel and take photographs. These include the whimsical fountain figures by Rene Chambellan adorning the fountain flanking Manship's Prometheus statue; Lawrie's Atlas sculpture in the plaza of Rockefeller Center's International Building at its 5th Avenue entrance; and the aluminum \"Spirit of the Dance\" of William Zorach at Rockefeller Center's Radio City Music Hall, New York.", "title": "General Bronze Subsidiaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The General Bronze Corporation became the leader of the most famous bronze sculptures of the 20th Century, most notably after its acquisition of the Roman Bronze Works. The Roman Bronze Works \"had seen many of America's greatest sculptors.\" The General Bronze Corporation purchased the Roman Bronze Works in 1928. This ownership lasted for twenty years, up until 1948. General Bronze's newly purchased foundry produced “virtually all of the sculpture for Rockefeller Center, numerous national monuments, and many sculptures for the W.P.A, in addition to its usual complement of private commissions.\" The Roman Bronze works excelled in the lost-wax casting method and permitted large works to be cast in one piece. Most of the sculptures at Rockefeller Center, like the statues of Prometheus and Atlas, were cast at the Corona, Queens building.", "title": "General Bronze Subsidiaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Early on, the Roman Bronze Works’ use of the lost-wax casting technique, was eyed by Polachek as he once worked there. Begun in 1899 by Riccardo Bertelli, an immigrant who attained technical knowledge of European methods of casting bronze in wax from his native Genoa, Italy, flourished under his management while casting primarily art sculpture. In 1928, the prized foundry was purchased by John Polachek of General Bronze, not only for its workers and workmanship but for the sizable physical plant in Corona, Queens. It was then purchased by General Bronze Corporation and became a subsidiary. Under General Bronze's leadership, Roman Bronze Works produced America's finest patriotic monuments, statues, and most ornate public doors. The factory was the old Tiffany Studios in Corona, Queens, at the southwest corner of 43rd Avenue and 97th place, where it was used to cast art sculptures of bronze designs for sculptors, and bronze architectural elements such as floor registers, door jambs, window casings, lamps, and sconces, most notably for Tiffany.", "title": "General Bronze Subsidiaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The building had undergone a metamorphosis of name changes, beginning with the Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company, in 1892. Arthur J. Nash, apparently became Tiffany's partner, as Nash applied the favrile glass technique learned from his hometown of Stourbridge, England to the glassworks produced by Tiffany. Thereafter, its name evolved from being called the Stourbridge Glass Company in 1893 (in deference to the technique learned from Nash's hometown), to the Tiffany Glass Furnaces, and finally to the Tiffany Studios. Stourbridge Glass Company was absorbed by Tiffany into the Tiffany Furnaces in 1902. \"Within this complex, Tiffany carried out experiments in glass colors and pottery glazing, perfected techniques of assembling stained glass windows.\" “By 1901, Tiffany was at the peak of his profession. But Tiffany’s glass fell out of favor in the 1910s, and by the 1920s a foundry had been installed for a separate bronze company. In 1932 Tiffany Studios filed for bankruptcy. Ownership of the complex passed back to the Roman Bronze Works, which had served as a subcontractor to Tiffany in prior years.” In 1948, General Bronze relinquished ownership of the Roman Bronze Works foundry and was brought back under family control rather than remaining corporate. General Bronze Corporation sold off the subsidiary to a family member of a prior employee of the Roman Bronze Works to the Schiavo family, who had once been employed by Roman Bronze Works.", "title": "General Bronze Subsidiaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The largest and most ornate bronze fountain known to be cast in the world was by the Roman Bronze Works and General Bronze Corporation in 1952. The material used for the fountain, known as statuary bronze, is a quaternary alloy made of copper, zinc, tin, and lead, and traditionally golden brown in color. This was made for the Andrew W. Mellon Memorial in Federal Triangle in Washington, DC. Another example of the massive, ornate design projects attributed to General Bronze/Roman Bronze Works were the massive doors to the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, DC.", "title": "General Bronze Subsidiaries" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "When the United States entered World War II in December 1941, the federal government required metal for use in the war effort. General Bronze Corporation began assisting in the manufacture of weapons, such as machine gun emplacements. General Bronze became a major manufacturer to the American war effort. Upon its founding, General Bronze Corporation was one of the largest metal fabricators in New York City.", "title": "Architectural Bronze and Metals" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "The Seagram Building on New York City's Park Avenue remains the \"iconic glass box sheathed in bronze, designed by Mies van der Rohe.\" To supply the demand for bronze required for the construction, the General Bronze Corporation fabricated 3,200,000 pounds (1,600 tons) at its plant in Garden City, New York.", "title": "Architectural Bronze and Metals" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "The building \"exuded transparency, as an expression of Mies van der Rohe’s near-mystic faith in structure as the foundation of architecture.\" The Seagram Building is a 38-story, 516-foot bronze-and-topaz-tinted glass slab, in the purest expression of Mies van der Rohe style, where 27-foot bays or recessed areas offer the eye a perfect Cartesian grid. The building looks like a \"squarish 38-story tower clad in a restrained curtain wall of metal and glass.\" Structural columns form bays that are divided by \"extruded bronze-covered I-beam mullions, which run the entire length of the façade.\" The most interesting fact about the Seagram Building is that it was the first time that an entire building was sheathed in bronze. Another interesting fact was that New York City's zoning laws were reconfigured for the Seagram Building, so that setbacks were no longer required. \"This proved to be a no-setback building but a building all set back,\" since the entire building was set back 100 feet from Park Avenue. \"Bronze was selected because of its color, both before and after aging, its corrosion resistance, and its extrusion properties.\" The extrusion process, where malleable metal is \"forced through dies by pressure produced the bronze mullions — vertical lines between windows,\" set the Seagram Building apart from all other buildings worldwide. The effect Mies van der Rohe obtained was the \"sharp edges\" between the glass and the bronze. \"One is as much aware of the metal as of the glass that forms most of the building’s walls.\" This produced the desired design by Mies van der Rohe. It was not only the most expensive building of its time — $36 million — but it was the first building in the world with floor-to-ceiling glass walls. Mies van der Rohe achieved the crips edges that were custom-made with specific detailing by General Bronze and \"even the screws that hold in the fixed glass-plate windows are made of brass.\" William Jordy, an acclaimed architectural historian, said that the Seagram Building was \"the first metal-and-glass skyscraper consciously designed to age as masonry buildings age—as appropriate for Seagram's whisky, as sheen to Lever's soap.\"", "title": "Architectural Bronze and Metals" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "It was remarked early on that the United Nations Secretariat Building was the world's largest window. It was 287 feet wide and 544 feet tall, described as \"two great windows (front, or western exposure, and back, or eastern sides of the building), framed in Vermont marble.\" General Bronze Corporation manufactured and supplied the building with 5400 individual windows, spandrel frames, louvers, and architectural metalwork since at that time it was the world's largest fabricator of aluminum and other non-ferrous metals. The land had been donated by the Rockefeller family, the old slaughterhouse district along the East River bordered by First Avenue between East 41st and East 47th Streets. The most important building in the UN Plaza was the UN Secretariat Building, overshadowing the UN General Assembly Building. The group of architects, overseen by a lead architect, was Wallace Harrison. He coordinated an international group of designers which included Sven Markelius, Le Corbusier, and Oscar Niemeyer.", "title": "Architectural Bronze and Metals" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "The East River site for the U.N, extending some 1500 feet from 42nd to 48th Streets, from First Avenue to the edge of the East River, had a \"sufficient scale for applying the fundamental elements of modern urbanism, sunlight, and verdure. Protected, yet given spaciousness by the wide expanse of the East River, the site has breadth enough to be made a living unit of strength, dignity, and harmony, befitting a building which embodied the world.\" Although located in New York City, the land the U.N. rents is strictly under the administration of the U.N. and extraterritorial by a treaty with the U.S. Government. The Secretariat Building dwarfs the General Assembly Building and contains executive offices for the Secretary General, the Deputy Secretary General and the Under-Secretary-General of the U.N.; offices for the major U. N. Councils; many general business offices: legal department, public information, transportation, translators, interpreters, typing pools, dining rooms, places of worship, etc.", "title": "Architectural Bronze and Metals" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "The vast aluminum windows manufactured by General Bronze on the east and west building walls are cantilevered beyond the structural steel columns and are supported within the light aluminum framework on double-hung aluminum sashes and fitted with blue-green heat-absorbing plate glass. The iconic building sits as a testament to world unity. Wallace Harrison \"insisted that air-conditioning was its cornerstone, unlike Le Corbusier, who wanted windows that could be opened. General Bronze manufactured the windows from Harrison's innovative design, \"a curtain wall catilevered two feet, nine inches, in front of the steel structure so that it formed a flush skin of blue-green Thermopane heat-absorbing glass, painted black on the inner face.\" The International Style design, much like the Seagram Building, \"represented postwar (World War II) prosperity; for Europe it was a chance to rebuild; and for developing countries it stood for a brighter future.", "title": "Architectural Bronze and Metals" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "The Chase Manhattan Bank Building, once known as One Chase Manhattan Plaza, at 28 Liberty Street, is a \"sheer, 60-story, 813-foot-tall aluminum-and-glass-sheathed tower which contains 1.8 million square feet.\" \"The General Bronze Corporation engineered and manufactured the ¼ inch-thick aluminum panels — some as tall as 13 feet — which enclose the perimeter piers, as well as the extruded H-shaped aluminum mullions that flank the windows. General Bronze assured that the \"aluminum panels would be recessed flush with the inside faces of the huge (2-foot, 10-inch by 4-foot, 11-inch) aluminum-sheathed columns.\" The curtain wall consists of a 4-foot 7-inch-high, two-tone aluminum spandrel and sill panel and an 8-foot-high window of clear glass. All of the natural-finished aluminum has a matte texture, as does the narrow black-anodized aluminum sill panel. Each bay is subdivided by five extruded aluminum mullions which are spaced 4 feet, 10 inches on center concerning each other and to the structural columns.\" Skidmore, Owings & Merrill built the present structure, where the \"shining, anodized-aluminum skin stood out among the dark towers of Wall Street like a newly minted coin.\" The Chase Manhattan Bank Building was built on the first commercial \"superblock\" in New York ever since John D. Rockefeller Jr. developed Rockefeller Center. It was Rockefeller's money that \"revitalized New York's financial district and paved the way for other Lower Manhattan projects like the World Trade Center and the South Street Seaport.\" The building was constructed after a change in New York City's building and zoning laws so that the area was large enough for Skidmore, Owings & Merrill to accommodate the building. The political method employed was a \"demapping\" (literally, removing a street from the city plan) of Lower Manhattan.\" The building sits on a two-and-a-half-acre plot after Cedar Street was removed, \"to form a superblock, bordered by Pine, Liberty, William, and Nassau Streets. The Chase Manhattan Building, the trademark for David Rockefeller and the empire forged by his grandfather John D. Rockefeller, rise \"60 steel-ribbed stories out of the dark canyons of the financial district, the great glass and aluminum slab of the Chase Manhattan Bank stands at 813 feet, the sixth tallest building in the city and the world,\" in 1961. There are 2,239,530 square feet of gross floor area, and \"is the largest banking operation ever assembled under one roof, costing $813 million, the largest total investment in a building of its type, and detail for detail, in overall quality as well as outright size, one of the most remarkable planning, architectural, and engineering accomplishments,\" at the time it was built.", "title": "Architectural Bronze and Metals" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "The radio industry had been making technical advances, particularly in the area of antenna technology, and instituted antenna design/model production for the MIT Lincoln Laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, NASA, and the Bureau of Standards. Since General Bronze has enormous access to the aluminum industry, it pursued the acquisition of L.S. Brach Manufacturing Corporation in 1948 to gain a foothold in the field of radio technology and Brach's patents. Ira Kamen became the director of the Brach Manufacturing Corporation, while George Doundoulakis became the Director of Research. Kamen had hired Doundoulakis at the RCA Institutes in New York City. Doundoulakis had experience working on the DEW Line system earlier. Kamen believed that with his expertise and Doundoulakis' energy, they both would forge ahead and seek to gain contracts in the expanding field of radio telescopes. Doundoulakis had been tutored by Kamen, an electrical engineer, in New York City who taught at the RCA Institutes. Doundoulakis, a physicist, had gained a solid foothold in the field of electronics and was encouraged by Kamen to also teach at the RCA Institutes. Subsequently, in 1956, both Doundoulakis and Kamen filed their first US patent. Later, Doundoulakis and Kamen co-authored a book on \"Scatter Propagation.\" Doundoulakis hired Stanley Gethen, and together, both filed patents for antenna designs and radar-related projects for General Bronze. Brach Electronics had developed antennas for the automobile industry, which included motorized antennas.", "title": "L.S. Brach Manufacturing Corporation and Antennas" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "General Bronze Corporation's (GBC) Brach subsidiary had been interested in radio telescope research in addition to automobile and boat antennas. GBC was requested, and then bid for the construction of the 90-foot and the 140-foot radio telescopes in Green Bank, VA, for the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO). The plans submitted from General Bronze include details of the bid. The Green Bank, WV, antennas were managed by the Associated Universities Incorporated (AUI), a consortium of scientists, initially from nine northeastern universities, dedicated to developing and building scientific tools for the community. GBC submitted design proposals for both the 85-foot and 140-foot radio telescopes. Ira Kamen, as director of the Brach subdivision was in direct communication with Richard Emberson, who was the assistant to the president of AUI at the founding of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. In 1957, he became the project manager for the development of Green Bank, West Virginia radio telescopes. Kamen worked with the AUI, the overseeing entity between the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the NRAO at Green Bank. General Bronze's technical drawings, photographs, and correspondence in 1957–58, at the outset of the design and construction of the Green Bank Telescopes are referenced. However, GBC's bid was not accepted as a contractor for either the 85-foot or the 140-foot radio projects.", "title": "L.S. Brach Manufacturing Corporation and Antennas" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "On the day the project for the design and construction of the Arecibo Radio telescope was announced at Cornell University, Professor William Gordon of the electrical engineering department envisioned a 133 m (435 ft) single tower centered in a 305 m (1,000 ft) reflector to support an antenna feed. He proposed that this antenna would \"be fed from a horn on a high tower.\" Gordon also suggested a tripod or four-legged design similar to the arches of the St. Louis Gateway Arch to suspend the antenna feed. Subsequently, Cornell University and Zachary Sears published a request for proposal (RFP) requesting a design to support an antenna feed moving along a spherical surface 133 metres (435 ft) above a stationary reflector. The RFP recommended to those chosen antenna companies that a tripod or a tower in the center to support an antenna feed was conceptualised by Gordon.", "title": "L.S. Brach Manufacturing Corporation and Antennas" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "The RFP was mailed out to all major antenna companies/researchers in the field. George Doundoulakis received the RFP from Aaron Saphier, CEO of General Bronze Corporation. GBC had previously submitted proposals for the radio telescope at Green Bank, WV under the auspices of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory from GBC's Brach subdivision. General Bronze presented their proposal in the final round in December 1959, in Ithaca, New York at Cornell for their antenna suspension design RFPs. Doundoulakis had studied the idea of suspending the feed with his brother, Helias Doundoulakis, a civil engineer who received his master's thesis in bridge suspension from Brooklyn Polytechnic. George Doundoulakis recognised that Gordon's idea of supporting the proposed radio telescope's antenna feed from a tower, tripod, or four-legged structure around the center, (the most crucial area of the reflector), would severely limit the reception of radio waves. George Doundoulakis thought of a more practical way of suspending the antenna feed — by cables from four towers – thereby eliminating the problem of a \"high\" tower in the center of the reflector. Both George and Helias Doundoulakis told professors Gordon and Gold at the RFP meetings on 14 December 1959 \"General Bronze Corporation proposes a radical departure from the other companies: two suspension bridges perpendicular to one another which will double for an antenna.\" He presented this proposal to Cornell University for his idea for three-and-a-half hours, while other companies were given 45 minutes. They explained how the antenna feed would hang at the intersection of two suspension bridges — in turn, supported by four towers — by a doughnut or torus-type truss attached to the antenna feed.\" Doundoulakis informed Professors Gordon and Gold that the tower/tripod/four-legged designs, compared to his towers/suspension bridge idea, were major engineering challenges with high construction costs. Helias Doundoulakis designed the cable suspension system – with assignees William J. Casey and Constantine Michalos – that was finally adopted. It is essentially the same design as in the original drawings by Doundoulakis – although configured with three towers rather than four towers in Doundoulakis, Michalos, and Casey's patent.", "title": "L.S. Brach Manufacturing Corporation and Antennas" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "Controversy arose after Helias Doundoulakis, Constantine Michalos, and William J. Casey (CIA director under President Ronald Reagan) discovered the suspension design was used by Cornell University without their permission as exclusive patent holders. They subsequently filed a lawsuit, originally for $1.2 million but was settled for $10,000 because \"the defense in a court trial would cost far more than the $10,000 for which the case was settled,\" and accordingly, on April 11, 1975, Doundoulakis v. U.S. (Case 412–72) had been ruled in plaintiff's favor by the United States Court of Federal Claims, that \"(a) a judgment has been entered in favor of the plaintiffs Helias Doundoulakis, William J. Casey, and Constantine Michalos against the United States and (b) in consideration of the sum of $10,000 to be paid by the United States Government to the plaintiff, the plaintiffs grants to the United States Government an irrevocable, fully-paid, non-exclusive license under the aforesaid U.S. Patent No. 3, 273, 156 to Cornell University.\"", "title": "L.S. Brach Manufacturing Corporation and Antennas" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hugh Alexander Rose (born 15 November 1946) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Walcha, Rose played Australian rules football growing up in country New South Wales. While boarding at The King's School in Sydney, Rose picked up rugby union and had three years in the 1st XV.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Rose attended the University of New England, playing rugby for Robb College.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "A back-row forward, Rose debuted for New South Wales in 1966 and the following year earned his first Wallabies cap against Ireland at the Sydney Cricket Ground. He was capped 13 times for the Wallabies, without missing a Test.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Rose was the Headmaster of Toowoomba Grammar School from 1992 to 2002.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lockwood Town Hall is a former municipal building in the Lockwood suburb of Huddersfield, in England.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Lockwood Local Board was formed in 1863, and it is believed to have been the first small local authority to decide to build a town hall. It demolished an old school on Swan Lane, and completed the new building in 1866. However, in 1868, the township was merged into the County Borough of Huddersfield. The building was converted into a police station and also used for public meetings. It later became an ice cream factory, the base of Dixon's Milk Ices. The building's stonework became discoloured over the years, but it was cleaned in the 1990s. The building was grade II listed in 1978.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The two-storey building is built of sandstone, with a hipped slate roof. The ground floor is rusticated, with a cornice above. The building is six bays wide, and two bays deep, with a later single-storey extension on the North Street side. The windows are round-headed. The two central bays come slightly further forward, and are topped by a pediment inscribed \"Town 1866 Hall\", and a tympanum with sculpted foliage.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Athbi Fahad Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (born 1967) is a former head of the State Security Service of Kuwait and a member of the ruling Al-Sabah family. The third son of Sheikh Fahad Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, he is a retired officer in the Kuwaiti Army's special forces. On May 31, 2016, Athbi Fahad was sentenced to five years imprisonment due to his involvement in the Fintas Group affair but evaded incarceration. His name was later included in a royal pardon issued on January 17, 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In the early stages of his career, he served as an officer in the Kuwaiti Army's special forces and was significantly involved in the Kuwaiti resistance during the 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Throughout the occupation, he led a contingent of Kuwaiti resistors, steadfastly remaining in Kuwait despite the adversities faced, including the death of his father, Fahad Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, and the capture of his brother, Khaled Fahad Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, by the Iraqi forces.", "title": "Military career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2005, he assumed leadership of Kuwait's State Security Service, serving as its head until his resignation in October 2006. He was reappointed as the head of the bureau in 2009, a position he held until July 2011.", "title": "Military career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Andrea Silbert (born 1963/1964) is an American nonprofit executive specialized in gender equity and poverty issues serving as the first president of the Eos Foundation since 2007. She cofounded the Center for Women & Enterprise nonprofit in 1995 served as its chief executive officer until 2004.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Silbert was born in 1963 or 1964 and is from Harwich, Massachusetts. She earned a B.A. in economics from Harvard College. Following graduation, she worked as a financial analyst at Morgan Stanley for two years. She worked at a business school in Costa Rica writing case studies and conducting industry research. Silbert attended Harvard Business School and the Harvard Kennedy School, graduating with a M.B.A. and M.P.A. in 1992.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "For two years, Silbert worked with Women's World Banking in Brazil that helped prostitutes and women living in poverty. In 1995, she cofounded Center for Women & Enterprise, a nonprofit agency with a goal of helping women in business. Starting with three employees and donated space at Northeastern University, the center had twenty-five employees and over one-hundred volunteers by 2004. On May 1, 2004, she resigned as its chief executive officer and was succeeded by Donna Good. Silbert was a Democratic candidate in the 2006 Massachusetts lieutenant governor election, loosing in the primaries to Tim Murray. In 2007, she became the first president of the Eos Foundation. For nine years, the foundation was primarily focused on reducing poverty in Greater Boston. In 2015, she expanded the foundation's mission to improve gender equity in business and higher education.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "XLL or Xll may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "XLG or Xlg may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Holly Rae Eaton is an American politician who has served as a member of the Maine House of Representatives since December 7, 2022. She represents Maine's 15th House district.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "She was elected on November 8, 2022, in the 2022 Maine House of Representatives election against Republican opponent Jason Joyce. She assumed office on December 7, 2022.", "title": "Electoral history" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Eaton graduated from Deer Isle-Stonington High School and earned a Bachelor of Arts in English language and literature from Regis College in 1999.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cai Lanying (蔡蘭英; 1918 – 2005) was a Chinese cut-paper artist.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Cai Lanying was born in 1918 in Xian County, Hebei, China. She was born into a peasant family and had little education; she was unable to read or write. She began papercutting at age eight and created over 10 thousand works.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Most of her works depict Chinese peasant life, including agricultural work, festivals, and folktales. Many of her works are autobiographical.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Her paper-cut of a rooster was selected for the annual Chinese zodiac stamp by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications for the 1993 Year of the Rooster. Her design features a rooster with cocked head and outspread wings above plum blossoms and a caption reading, \"The rooster crows for the coming of spring.\"", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Cai Lanying was invited to the World Conference on Women, 1995. Her work is in the collection of the National Art Museum of China.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Can Lanying died in 2005.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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