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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Trubus (stylized in all caps) was an Indonesian monthly agriculture magazine. It was first published in December 1969.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Trubus provided articles on agriculture and is published on a monthly bassis.ref>\"Knowledge Management and Publishing Program\". trubusbinaswadaya.co.id. Retrieved 23 December 2023.</ref>", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mikheil Natroshvili (Georgian: მიხეილ ნატროშვილი, Russian: Михаил Натрошвили) was a Georgian Red Army soldier and Author. Natroshvili was born in 1915 (exact date unknown) to a poor Peasant family living in rural Georgia, at the time a part of the Russian Empire. Natroshvili was born in the Village of Zemo Machkhaani in the Signagi district of Kakheti. As the son of a farmer he helped out in the farming of crops with his family, while growing up he moved to a few other villages.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1941 Natroshvili was Conscripted into the \"Workers and Peasants\" Red Army to fight in World War II, at the time Operation Barbarossa had started and the Soviet Union joined the war against Nazi Germany. In his book \"my adventure\", Mikheil described his time in the army, he specifically described the presence of the Soviet army, discipline, food and various other topics which interested him. His memoirs were written in great detail.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Mikheil Natroshvili was born in the village of Zemo Machkhaani (Upper Machkhaani), this village was located in the district of Sighnaghi district which is today the area around Signagi in Kakheti. Natroshvili received his elementary education at \"Tserkumsi\" (literacy elimination courses) and could not continue his studies in accounting courses due to World War I going on and then the Russian Civil War. While he was in kindergarten, the Georgian nationalists led by Noe Zhordania were fighting against the Bolsheviks with the White Army, in 1918 they declared independence from the newly formed Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Natroshvilis family largely supported the Social Democratic Party of Georgia and it was known that his father was a Menshevik. In February 1921 the government was forced to retreat for a while and they evacuated Tbilisi. The Bolsheviks invaded Georgia and took over the country in less than a month, although rebels and resistance movements were fighting smaller Guerrilla wars later on. In his memoirs, Natroshvili recalled in detail how the village was confused at that time and how the elder Bolshevik Filipp Makharadze appeared to them, trying to calm the community from the balcony of the former house of the kulaks. After the occupation in 1921 the situation of his family fundamentally changed, Natroshvilis Menshevik father was forced to quit his job at a cattle slaughterhouse in Tbilisi and return to the village because of the Bolshevik takeover.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1941, 26-year-old Mikheil Natroshvili, a citizen of the Soviet Union, was drafted into the ranks of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in the Second World War. On June 21, 1941, Nazi German troops crossed the borders of the Soviet Union thus starting Operation Barbarossa. The USSR officially entered the war with Germany. Mass mobilization started in the country. Many young people signed up as volunteers. Many found \"necessary\" contacts and avoided going to war. Mikheil Natroshvili was neither a volunteer nor would he have access to this necessary acquaintance. He was simply drafted into the army. In his memoirs he described how his \"long adventure\" began at the time of his conscription. He also described in detail everything that was important and interesting to him; The presence of the Soviet army, discipline, food, the movement of its units, the losses received in the battles, the quality of the equipment, the level of knowledge of the Russian language among the Georgians, the reasons for the creation of national divisions in the Soviet army, etc.", "title": "Fighting in World War II" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Natroshvili was captured during the fighting in the North Caucasus around the area of Circassia in 1942 when the Wehrmacht being pushed back. He was captured along with a huge mass of other soldiers, the Germans moved him from one Concentration camp to another. He was \"recruited\" to the side of the Nazis in the Georgievsky camps. He continued his military service in the Georgian battalion of the Wehrmacht called the Georgian Legion (1941–1945), which was mainly composed of ethnic Georgians. At first, the German troops achieved dizzying success, but after the defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad, in 1943, the Germans began a great retreat. Mikheil Natroshvili left with them first the Caucasus, then the Crimean peninsula and finally the borders of the Soviet Union located near the Ukrainian SSR. After that, he did not take part in hostilities. Together with some other Georgian soldiers, he was transferred to Vichy France, where he was assigned to the supply service of the German army. During the war, Mikhail was wounded once, and due to the second severe wound, he had to stay in the hospital for a long time. During the war, he traveled across Europe, in Central and Wesr Europe while transporting supplies for the army.", "title": "Fighting in World War II" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "After the end of the war, most of the soldiers returned to their homes, but the Soviet authorities did not think so - \"betrayal of the motherland\" and service in the enemy's army had to be paid for by the former prisoners with heavy wages in the Far East. Natroshvili, on his way home, while crossing the Romania–Moldavian SSR border, instead of Kizig, he was arrested and convicted of \"betrayal of the motherland\" and taken to the borders of Japan. He was deported along with other Prisoners of war to Sakhalin Island, where he was forced to work at a Gulag camp in the gold mines. Mikheil returned home after seven years of being imprisoned. He had to overcome many obstacles to get his family back on its feet. He started writing memoirs after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Records showed that he wrote for a long time and thus slowly recalled his journey. His memoirs are not written in proper literary Georgian. He writes everything about Kizikur Kilo, in these memoirs, not only the political and social events that happened before his eyes are preserved in the memory of one person, but also unique linguistic material is recorded here, which is a valuable source of the Kizikur dialect.", "title": "Arrest and imprisonment in the Gulag camps" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1993–94 Ranji One Day Trophy was the inaugural edition of India's annual List A cricket tournament.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Originally called the Ranji One Day Trophy because it was open to teams participating in the Ranji Trophy, it was renamed Vijay Hazare Trophy in 2007. Until 2002, the competition was organised on a zonal basis without national playoffs or a final, so the aim of each team was to win its zonal championship only.", "title": "Concept" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "All 27 teams from the Ranji Trophy competed and were divided into the five zones used for the Duleep Trophy: Central (5 teams), East (5), North (6), South (6), and West (5). The format within each zone was round-robin with the teams playing all of their zonal opponents once. Four points were awarded for a win and run rate was utilised as a tie-breaker within each league.", "title": "Tournament" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The teams played a total of 60 matches from 30 November 1993 to 12 January 1994. Haryana won the North Zone title with a 100% record and were the only team to win five matches. Bengal (East Zone) and Uttar Pradesh (Central Zone) also had 100% records but from four matches each. South Zone was closely contested and ended in a three-way tie between Karnataka, Hyderabad, and Tamil Nadu. Karnataka won the zone on run rate. West Zone also ended in a tie and Bombay took the title on run rate ahead of Saurashtra.", "title": "Tournament" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The leading batsman in 1993–94 was Rahul Dravid who scored 283 runs, six more than Sanjay Manjrekar and Manoj Mudgal (277 each). A total of fifteen centuries were scored and the highest innings was 139* by Manjrekar. Dhanraj Singh took fourteen wickets, five more than anyone else, and also achieved the best innings return with 6/19.", "title": "Tournament" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Twerka\" is a single by a pair of South African DJs and record producers DJ Maphorisa and Xduppy, and rapper Shebeshxt released on 18 December 2023 through New Money Records under exclusive license from Sony Music Entertainment Africa. Aside surpassing 14,000 streams a day prior to its release it received critical reviews from the public labeling the song as an epic fail.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "DJ Maphorisa took to Instagram to inform fans that the song is out, however the public wasn't pleased with the final project as they negatively commented on the producer's post leading DJ Maphorisa to retaliate.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The song was recorded on 7 December 2023, it became a sleeper hit; going viral on a video sharing platform TikTok. Xduppy sampled Shebeshxt's freestyle from Podcast and Chill with MacG which received 1 million views in two days.", "title": "Background" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "David James Nielson was a British soldier and businessman. He is the only son of Joseph Nielson Jr. and Euphemia Arnolt Anderson. He was born in South Kensington, London on the 12th of October 1912, and his sister, Edna Josephine Nielson, was born on the 5th of September 1906. He married Phyllis Edith Hadler on the 23rd of December 1938, and had one child, Anthony David James Nielson, born on the 1st of January 1942.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Nielson was educated at Margate College, and then the Château de Boulains University, near Fontainebleau in France. Here, he learnt French, which would later allow him to qualify for the British SOE during World War Two.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Nielson served as a territorial with the Honourable Artillery Company regiment of the British Army in the 1930s, and was commissioned into the 12th Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers at the outbreak of the Second World War as a Second Lieutenant. In 1943, his fluency in the French language allowed him to become a candidate for Operation Jedburgh, an operation headed by British Special Operations Executive (SOE), the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS), and the Free French Bureau central de renseignements et d'action (\"Central Bureau of Intelligence and Operations\"). By this time, he had reached the rank of Captain. After joining, he qualified as an instructor for the operation, where he was responsible for training men who were to be parachuted into occupied territories at Milton Hall.", "title": "Military Service" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1944, he was offered the chance to become operational, and was promoted to the rank of Major. He was instated as the commander of team CECIL, composed of himself, French Captain Alfred Kayser, operating under the nom-de-guerre Alfred Frayant, and radio operator Sergeant R. Wilde. On the 25th of August 1944, team CECIL took off from RAF Harrington in a B-24J Liberator piloted by Maurice Jacobson, and at 1:54am on the 26th of August 1944, they parachuted just south of Troyes, in the Aube department in France. There, he organised the defence of four bridges in Aube between Arcis and Brenne, with minimal losses for the Maquis, allowing American troops to continue their rapid advance, and later led multiple successful ambushes. For this, he was awarded the Croix de Guerre with silver gilt star. He remained working with the Maquis until the country was entirely free when, after a week in liberated Paris, he returned to England.", "title": "Military Service" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Soon afterwards, he was sent back to France to report to S.H.A.E.F. in Versailles, where he was given an assignment in Field Intelligence which took him to Germany. He was demobilised from Frankfurt in 1946 after being awarded the honorary rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Throughout his military career, we was awarded the Croix de Guerre with silver gilt star, the 1939-1945 Star, the France and Germany Star, the Defence Medal, the War Medal 1939-1945 with an Oak Leaf, the Efficiency Medal (HAC), and was mentioned in despatches (MiD). Among his personal effects, he also kept his SF Wings, his Parachutist Badge, and his Royal Fusiliers Cap Badge.", "title": "Military Service" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1930 Nielson joined Glanvill Enthoven & Co., the Lloyd's insurance brokers, but after four years, left to join J. Gliksten & Son, the timber importers, with whom he would spend 19 years.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "After his demobilisation in 1939, Nielson returned to J. Gliksten & Son. He remained with them until 1953 when he joined the United Africa Company as a Sales Manager. He was appointed to the board in 1957. As a Sales Director, he travelled extensively to West and South Africa, the United States, Egypt, Israel, and many other European countries.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 1962, he joined the board of Palm Line and was subsequently appointed a Director of Palm Line, and Chairman of African Container Express. In March of 1967, Nielson became the Chairman of Palm Line, becoming the fifth Chairman of the company since its formation.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "David died on 31st of March 1985 in Malmesbury, Wiltshire, England at the age of 72.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "National Paralympic Committee of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: Oʻzbekiston Milliy Paralimpiya qoʻmitasi) - is a National Paralympic Committee (NPC) of Uzbekistan for the Paralympic Games movement and focused on supporting, funding the teams, representing disabled athletes at the Paralympics and in other para sporting events. National Paralympic Committee of Uzbekistan is a member of Asian Paralympic Committee (APC).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2019 Mukhtorkhon Tashkhodjaev was selected as a Chairman of National Paralympic Committee of Uzbekistan.", "title": "President" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lelie was a 17th-century East Indiaman galiot of the Dutch East India Company.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "During her first voyage to Batavia Dutch East Indies, she wrecked at Texel in January 1654. 60 crew members who tried to save themselves drowned, the people who stayed onboard were rescued and also the cargo was rescued. The wreck was found in 1997 and several items with historic value are salvaged.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Lelie was a galiot, built in 1653 in Amsterdam for the Chamber of Amsterdam [nl]. She was 30 meters long.", "title": "Ship details" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "After being launched in 1653, she was from November 1653 prepared for her first voyage to Batavia, Dutch East Indies. During this voyage she would be part of a fleet.", "title": "History and fate" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In January 1654 she was at the Texel roadstead. On or around 12 January 1654, during a storm, she lost her anchor and foundered. She fell to its side. Sixty sailors tried to save themselves by getting off the ship, but they all drowned. The sailors who remained on board were rescued, together with the cargo. They were transferred with four chests of money to Roos, another VOC ship in the fleet.", "title": "History and fate" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Heeren XVII [nl], the central government of the Dutch East India Company, met to discusss the accident of the Lelie, and the repair of the Goudsbloem, another ship that had lost its mast during the storm. It was decided to salvage both ships. The costs of salvage would be paid by the Chamber of Enkhuizen. In the following weeks, the {{ill|Heeren XVII|nl} had a meeting to discuss the wages that the survivors of the Lelie should receive. The Chamber of Enkhuizen [nl] eventually paid this, as well as the wages of the salvors.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In August 1997 the wreck was discovered by diver Hans Eelman, at a depth of 7 metres. Several items were salvaged, including a Jacob's staff dated 1653, tobacco boxes with an inscription of the Royal Palace of Amsterdam and a complete four-wheeled vehicle used to carry and manipulate a cannon (in Dutch called rolpaard [nl]). The vehicle is specifically conserved. Items have been described by Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed in 2012.", "title": "Wreck" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "A Still Small Voice is a 2023 American documentary film directed by Luke Lorentzen. Produced by Hedgehog Films, the documentary follows Mati, a chaplain completing a year-long residency at New York City's Mount Sinai Hospital, as she learns to provide spiritual care to people confronting profound life changes. It had its world premiere on January 21, 2023, at 2023 Sundance Film Festival, where it won directing award for Luke Lorentzen.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The film was also shortlisted for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film at the 96th Academy Awards.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2019, Luke Lorentzen's sister Claire was working as a hospital chaplain, that's how he got to know about work of hospital chaplains. In his own words, \"The work of a chaplain is multifaceted but often circles back to attentiveness.\" He added, \"It’s about giving loving attention in a space where things are moving so quickly and chaotically, [albeit] the attention seeming simple, is overwhelmingly powerful and meaningful.\"", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Margaret Mati Engel initially was not eager to be a part of a documentary, but Luke Lorentzen talked with her for months before trust was built. They went through different experiences to arrive at a process that felt collaborative, supportive, and deeply in touch with the principles of chaplaincy. Lorentzen, himself said, \"I think the film started to really deepen and become the best version of itself once I had learned enough about chaplaincy to sort of carry those principles with me into the room with Mati.\"", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In this documentary, Luke Lorentzen immerses himself in an American hospital and records the quiet but powerful emotions and close and personal interactions of the subjects. The film features Mati, a chaplain finishing her one-year hospital training with the guidance of her mentor. They face the challenging task of offering spiritual support to patients and families who are in distress or mourning, especially during a pandemic. The film also shows us that the helpers also need help sometimes.", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The film had its world premiere on January 21, 2023, at 2023 Sundance Film Festival in U.S. Documentary Competition. It also competed at the 47th Hong Kong International Film Festival in 'Documentary Competition' and was screened on April 7, 2023.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "It was screened at the Mammoth Lakes Film Festival at Mammoth Lakes, California on May 26, 2023, for West Coast Premiere, and on August 6, 2023, at the Melbourne International Film Festival for the Australian Premiere.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "On September 28, Abramorama, a theatrical distributor, acquired the North American theatrical rights of the film.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes website, the film has an approval rating of 96% based on 24 reviews with an average rating of 7.9/10. On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 81 out of 100 based on 7 reviews, indicating \"Universal Acclaim\".", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The New York Times honored the film by assigning it with the prestigious 'Critic's Pick' and reviewing it Amy Nicholson quoted a scene from the film, in which the main participant (Mati) baptizes an infant who died at birth. Nicholson wrote, \"The holy water is in a Styrofoam cup, as somewhere, a door slams.\" She added \"It’s human and messy — and it’s divine.\" Sheri Linden of Hollywood Reporter described the fim as \"Tough, penetrating and deeply moving\". David Ehrlich of IndieWire graded it B and wrote, \"A raw and lucid observational documentary about people whose life’s work is making space for death.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Raw Day 1 is the upcoming second Day 1 professional wrestling event produced by WWE, and the first to air as a television special. It will be held primarily for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw brand division. The event will take place on New Year's Day on January 1, 2024, at the Pechanga Arena in San Diego, California, and will air as a special episode of Monday Night Raw on the USA Network, kicking off WWE's week-long programming of New Year's-themed shows called New Year's Knockout Week. Day 1 was previously held as a pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event on January 1, 2022; an event was planned for 2023 but was canceled.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "On January 1, 2022, the American professional wrestling promotion WWE held a New Year's Day pay-per-view and livestreaming event titled Day 1. A second event was planned for January 1, 2023, but was canceled due to a scheduling conflict with streaming partner Peacock. During the December 11, 2023, episode of Monday Night Raw, it was announced that the Day 1 name had been revived for a special episode of Raw, airing on January 1, 2024, on the USA Network. The television special will broadcast live from the Pechanga Arena in San Diego, California. The show will kick off WWE's week-long programming of New Year's-themed shows called New Year's Knockout Week.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The event will include four matches that resulted from scripted storylines. Results are predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw brand, while storylines are produced on WWE's weekly television show, Monday Night Raw.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "At Crown Jewel, Seth \"Freakin\" Rollins defeated Drew McIntyre to retain the World Heavyweight Championship. On the following episode of Raw, McIntyre shook hands with Rollins and stated he would earn a rematch in the future. On the December 11 episode of Raw, Raw General Manager Adam Pearce announced that Rollins would face the now villainous McIntyre in a rematch at Day 1.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On the December 4 episode of Raw, Ivy Nile promised to neutralize Women's World Champion Rhea Ripley if she tried to interfere on behalf of her Judgment Day stablemates, Undisputed WWE Tag Team Champions Finn Bálor and Damian Priest against Nile's Diamond Mine stablemates, The Creed Brothers in their title match. The following week, after Ripley defeated Maxxine Dupri in a non-title match, Ripley and Nile stared each other down. The following week, Ripley vowed to make an example out of Nile, agreeing to put the Women's World Championship on the line agaisnt Nile at Day 1, which was later made official.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On the November 27 episode of Raw, Becky Lynch stated she had a couple of fights on the horizon. The following week, Nia Jax asked if one of the fights included her, to which Lynch confirmed, referencing when Jax legitimately broke Lynch's nose in 2018. Over the next two weeks, Lynch appeared ready to face Jax, but Jax stated she will fight Lynch on her own terms, ultimately agreeing to face Lynch at Day 1.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On the December 18 episode of Raw, Natalya and Tegan Nox and Shayna Baszler and Zoey Stark agreed to a match to determine the number one contenders for the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship, which was scheduled for Day 1.", "title": "Production" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sohn Kee-chung Park (Korean: 손기정공원; Hanja: 孫基禎公園) is a public park in Manri-dong, Jung District, Seoul, South Korea. It is named for Sohn Kee-chung, the first Korean to win an Olympic gold medal.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Psalidodon is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Characidae of the order Characiformes. Some of these fish, like many of their relatives, are kept as aquarium pets and known collectively as tetras.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "They are all endemic to freshwater habitats in South America, where they are locally called Mojarra or Lambari.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This genus was resurrected from synonymy with Astyanax in 2020.", "title": "Taxonomy and systematics" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "These are the recognized species in this genus:", "title": "Species" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Chiara Hahn is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for Frauen-Bundesliga club Werder Bremen.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Archibald Hamilton Rutherford (1811-December 8, 1888) was a public official, state legislator, and Treasurer of Arkansas.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1837 he succeeded Speaker of the Arkansas House of Representatives John Wilson who was expelled after killing J. J. Anthony. He was subsequently elected to two terms.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1858, he and William M. Gouge, state accountants, prepared a report on the State Bank of Arkansas for Arkansas governor Elias Conway.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1860 he was Superintendent of the Arkansas State Penitentiary.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He lived in Sebastian County, Arkansas.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He was an editor of the Arkansas Democratic Banner. He was put in charge of the Arkansas Banner in Little Rock, a Democrstic Party publication promoting its interests in competition with the Whigs. In 1866 he was an editor of the Tri-Weekly News in Little Rock.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Sandford C. Faulkner was a guest at his home in Fort Smith and Rutherford was friends with Edward Payson Washburn. He kept a journal of some of his travels including to parts of Texas.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "He was a state official charged with confiscating land and property during the Civil War. After the war he suffered the economic loss of those he enslaved being freed and property losses to pay taxes. He moved several times.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dmitry Krasilov (Russian: Дмитрий Красилов, 22 June 1994 – 18 December 2023), best known by his stage name Pukhlyash (Russian: Пухляш), was a Russian showman, dancer and actor. He became widely known in 2020 after starring in the music video for the Little Big song \"Uno\". He also starred in the video for the song \"Crying on Techno\" (Russian: Плачу на техно) by the bands Cream Soda and Khleb.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Krasilov was born on June 22, 1994, in Zarinsk, Altai Krai. He learned to dance at the age of 8. In 2020, he graduated from the Faculty of Social, Cultural and Information Technologies of the Altai State Institute of Culture.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He became widely known after starring in the music video for Little Big song \"UNO\" for the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 – the band was supposed to represent Russia at this song contest, but it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, together with the band Khleb, he starred in the Cream Soda video for the song \"Crying on Techno\". He got nominated for inclusion in the ranking of \"30 most promising Russians under 30\" in the \"Art\" category for 2020 according to the Russian Forbes magazine.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Krasilov died at the age of 29 on 18 December 2023 in Moscow. The showman's director, after unsuccessful attempts to get through, came to Dmitry Krasilov's apartment, where they did not open the door for him. The rescuers who arrived to the call opened the door and found a young man without signs of life. The cause of his death was endocrinopathy.", "title": "Death" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Krasilov was buried in his homeland – in the city of Zarinsk, Altai Krai.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jawahar Singh Bedham (born 1 September 1968) is an Indian politician Currently Serving as a Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly From Nagar Assembly constituency. He is Member of the Bhartiya Janta Party .", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The French presence in the Ohio Valley was the result of French colonization of North America in present-day Pennsylvania. After Cartier and Champlain's expeditions, France succeeded in establishing relations with the Native American tribes and colonizing the future cities of Montreal and Quebec. In order to retain power after its establishment on the new continent and to continue the lucrative export of beaver skins, France built several forts along the St. Lawrence River and on the shores of Lakes Champlain and Erie. At the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, the French built Fort Duquesne in 1754. Despite its loss in 1759 to the Forbes Expedition, traces of French culture can still be seen today.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The first Europeans arrived in the Ohio Valley in the 17th century. In all likelihood, it was French.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Further explorations will follow notably in 1682.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Amerindians had lived in the area for a long time. The Monongahelas, for example, had been living in the valley since the 11th century, but generally they had no direct contact with Europeans.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The French relied on the Amerindians to guide them into the American territories. In addition, the Indians lived close to the French and often married them. This was true of Native Americans in the Pittsburgh area and the Ohio River Valley area in general. In addition, the relationship between the Indians and the French was so strong that most Native American tribes allied with the French during the Conquest, although several chiefs such as Tanachrission wanted to join the British.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Beginning in the 1740s, British traders began to cross the Appalachians to trade with the Ohio Indians.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 1754 the British governor of Virginia wanted to gain control of the Ohio Valley, which was under French control. He ordered George Washington to lead troops into the valley. The latter took off in April of this year. When Washington and his soldiers arrived, they began to build a small fort, the future Fort Necessity. An Iroquois leader by the name of Tanaghrisson, a friend of Washington, suggested an attack on the 50 French soldiers stationed near them. On 28 May 1754, Washington led 40 British soldiers and 12 Iroquois warriors against the French site. The young Lieutenant Joseph Coulon de Villiers, Sieur de Jumonville commanded this group of French soldiers. The British ambushed the French, during which the Sieur de Jumonville was killed. Satisfied with their victory, the British returned to Fort Necessity. On 3 July 1754, the French, aided by Native American tribes, took their revenge at the Battle of Fort Necessity. Heavy rain prevented the British from seeing the terrain and defending themselves against their attackers. Eventually they capitulated, granting victory to the French.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The Seven Years' War was a major conflict between the British, French, and Native Americans during the colonization of America. Between 1756 and 1763, the warring nations engaged in a violent conflict, which was won by Great Britain.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The city of Cleveland hosts a French consulate.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In 1749, De Bienville carried several lead plates with him. On these plates were pronouncements that laid claim to the Ohio Country for France. At the places where major rivers joined the Ohio River, the party stopped and buried one of the tablets. On a nearby tree, a metal plaque was placed, asserting the claims of France and stating that the tablet lay nearby. This practice of burying plates first began in Europe in the Middle Ages and was a common way to show land ownership. In total, De Bienville is believed to have buried six plates. Only one has been found intact.", "title": "Historical relics" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Leonia Alternative High School, sometimes known as LAHS, was an American public alternative school located in Leonia, New Jersey, that existed between 1972 and 1979.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Beginning with the free school movement of the 1960s, a number of different alternative education schemes were tried out in various locations within the United States. The Leonia Alternative High School was modeled after the Parkway Program, the influential alternative school project in Philadelphia that had begun in 1969 and had attracted national attention. While the Parkway Program often focused on vocational goals, the Leonia one was intended to be more academically oriented, while still breaking down some of the barriers typically seen between a school and the surrounding community. Creating an alternative school had the added benefit of taking some students out of the severely overcrowded regular Leonia High School, which had over 800 pupils attending a facility designed for only 500. With the support of the borough's Board of Education, the Leonia Alternative High School began in Fall 1972, becoming one of the first alternative high schools in New Jersey.", "title": "Origins" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The alternative school was based in a municipally-owned structure, known as the Little House, located on Beechwood Place, about 0.4 miles (0.6 km) from the regular high school building. The school employed four certified teachers, whom the students had a role in hiring. These teachers taught core subjects (including those required for graduation by the state of New Jersey), supervised community resource instructors, did organizational tasks, and acted as advisors to the students. Students were elected to an administrative council that helped govern the enterprise. As with other alternative schools of the time, informality and departures from the norm reigned: students called teachers by their first name, attendance was not kept, and letter grades were replaced by written evaluations. The school and its students also reflected the counterculture of the early 1970s: personal development took form in activities such as self-awareness and consciousness-raising.", "title": "Structure" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "While community classes taught by volunteers were one of the structural elements often employed by alternative schools, the Leonia project gave it special emphasis in order to take advantage of the significant number of college professors, writers, artists, and other professionals who were residents of Leonia. Community resource instructors giving classes at LAHS included the actor Alan Alda, the American studies scholar Sacvan Bercovitch, the geologist Charles H. Behre [de], and the anthropologists Morton Fried, Morton Klass, and Robert F. Murphy. Other community classes were given in their homes by resident biologists, psychologists, university administrators, writers, journalists, artists, and musicians. There were as many as fifty such people offering classes. Some of these classes taught various foreign languages, or explored the literature of different nationalities, or were related to sociology, or discussed alternate political systems. Other classes ranged farther afield, to subjects such as blues music, needlecraft, or psychoanalysis. Still others included gourment cooking, kite-building, and oriental mysticism. Traditional gym classes were replaced by lessons in such things as yoga or meditation.", "title": "Structure" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "At its peak, the alternative school had around 80 students; at no point did it comprise more than ten percent of the overall high school population. In total, some 158 students attended the school during its existence.", "title": "Structure" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Leonia Alternative High School was controversial from the beginning. Over time, the existence of the school split the Leonia community, which was never as full of college professors as imagined, with some people viewing it as a great educational advancement while others viewed it with scorn. The alternative students were seen as an exclusive group of separatists, something they acknowledged at the time, as well as in retrospect. They and the regular high school students often viewed each other with suspicion and resentment.", "title": "Views" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The biggest opposition to the alternative school came from the Leonia Education Association, the teachers union that was part of the New Jersey Education Association. Planning for the new program had not gotten adequate buy-in from the teachers and administrators of the regular Leonia High School, and they objected to the alternative as a departure from the usual methods of running a school. The regular teachers also thought the alternative school represented a possible loss of their jobs, should the practice of using unpaid community volunteers instead of paid teachers become more widespread. This organized opposition was unusual during the 1970s, because many alternative schools of the era were focused on rescuing difficult, troubled students, whom teachers were just as happy to have out of their classrooms. But as it worked out, the Leonia alternative school was not attracting those kind of students, but rather was capturing many of the most creative and academically strong students in the population, ones who were either unmotivated by normal curricula or who were unhappy with the social aspects of regular high school. And the regular school teachers resented losing these students. In 1973, the Leonia Education Association filed a lawsuit against the Leonia Board of Education for the use of unlicensed and uncertified people in school instruction; the suit petitioned the state commissioner of education to enjoin the alternative school from further operation.", "title": "Views" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Meanwhile, many of the alternative students prospered in the school, especially if they were motivated and self-disciplined. The lack of formal grades did not interfere with the college application process, as LAHS students were accepted by a number of Ivy League and other selective colleges. Two decades later, many of the alternative students looked back upon the school with considerable appreciation for the experience. As one alternative student recalled, \"This was one of the most intense and indelible experiences of my life. It felt like we were in this new world that we had a part in creating.\" This feeling resembled the conclusion, albeit from the opposite perspective, of the regular school teachers, who had written critically of the students leaving it for the alternative school, saying they were \"exiting ... into their own semiprivate utopias.\"", "title": "Views" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The Leonia Education Association suit dragged on for years, with various twists and turns, procedural delays, and a prolonged debate over what the word employ meant. There was rapid growth in the number of alternative schools in operation nationwide during this time, and while conventional–alternative school conflicts did happen in some other districts, it was unusual for one to escalate to the state level. Private citizens joined on both sides of the suit: those against the school included a politician who during this time was elected mayor of Leonia, and those defending the school included the Education Law Center. Supporters of the alternative school also brought in the American Civil Liberties Union, and there was a legal battle over whether as an intervenor it was allowed to intervene.", "title": "End" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The state commissioner of education ruled in 1976 that the alternative school could not continue to use community resource people in the way they were doing. The Leonia Board of Education decided not to further pursue the case. The alternative school, while still existing, was moved into the regular high school facility, and the use of community volunteers all but dropped. An analytical account of the school's rise and fall was published by Vicki Karant, a founding core teacher in the school, in The Phi Delta Kappan.", "title": "End" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Nonetheless, a group of Leonia citizens had filed an appeal of the ruling. In 1978, the New Jersey State Board of Education reversed the previous decision of the education commissioner and allowed the alternative school to use unpaid volunteers as instructors, as long as they were under minimal levels of supervision by certified teachers. However, the decision had little effect on the alternative school, which by then was down to 35 full-time students. The Leonia Alternative High School ended for good in 1979.", "title": "End" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "2 Minutes Later is a 2007 American mystery thriller film directed by Robert Gaston, starring Michael Molina, Jessica Graham, Peter Stickles and Matt Cannon.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Karmen Kregloe of AfterEllen praised the \"great\" characters, the \"terrific\" acting, the \"tight\" story and the \"clever\" dialogue. However, she criticised the editing, writing that \"the opening credits are endless, and several of the scenes run long, as though the filmmaker was too much in love with his shot to know when to cut it.\" Andrew Gronvall of the Chicago Reader wrote that while the mystery is \"never satisfactorily resolved\" and \"not all the actors show the same level of skill\", the film is \"enjoyable enough for the leads' easygoing, deadpan rapport, and the sight of Graham chasing bad guys in a metallic sheath and spiky heels is a hoot.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Steve Warren of the Windy City Times called the film a \"decent time-waster you can watch and forget two minutes later.\" Warren praised the technical work but criticised the writing, direction and acting. Scotty McKellar of The Skinny wrote, \"On a certain level this silly fluff is fun while it lasts, but two minutes later you won't remember a thing about it.\" Rob Salerno of Xtra Magazine criticised the \"terrible\" acting, the \"poor\" sound quality, the \"lazy\" cinematography, the script and the \"ludicrously straightforward\" plot. However, he wrote that while the film \"fails in everything it sets out to do\", its failure is \"so spectacular that it's just a fun ride.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Matt Pais of the Chicago Tribune rated the film 1 star out of 5 and wrote that it is \"needlessly long for something so badly written and performed.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Miss Earth China is an annual beauty pageant in China. The winner of this pageant goes to compete in the international Miss Earth pageant.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Miss Earth China beauty pageant was launched in 2002 to actively promote the preservation of the environment in China. It was also the first year China sent its first representative to the Miss Earth beauty pageant with Zhang Mei as the first Miss Earth China titleholder who competed in Miss Earth 2002.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2006, China first entered in the semifinal round of the Miss Earth pageant, where Zhou Meng Ting finished in the top 16 and also won the Best in Talent award in Miss Earth 2006 that took place on November 26, 2006, at the National Museum in Manila, Philippines.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In March 2013, the Miss Earth China franchise was taken over by Michael J. Rosenthal of JQW Media, a Chinese media company. Rosenthal and Yvonne Ye, the founder of Qin Xin Media serve as Co-National Directors.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On November 10, 2013, the National Miss Earth China Competition was held at Qian Shui Wan Performing Arts Center, in Shanghai, China, to a crowd of almost 700 people. A total of 25 contestants competed for the title which focused on environmental issues. The winner was \"Lisa\" Xiang Yang age 24 from Jiangsu Province, and was crowned by the 2012 reigning Miss Earth China, Rong Jin. Xiang Yang went on to place in the top 16 at the International Miss Earth competition held on December 7, 2013, in the Philippines, and was third overall in talent.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On October 25, 2014, the National Miss Earth China Competition was held at the Jingsi Garden Resort, in Suzhou, China, to a crowd of almost 600 people. A total of 22 contestants competed for the title in the show which focused on environmental issues, and included swimsuits made of recycled plastics, bio-friendly jewelry, and eco-fashion. \"Shirley\" Yen Yi Sham, 20 years old was the winner, and crowned by the 2013 reigning Miss Earth China, Xiang Yang. Shirley Sham competed in the International Miss Earth competition held on November 29, 2014, in the Philippines.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On October 26, 2015, the National Miss Earth China Competition was held at Qian Shui Wan Performing Arts Center, in Shanghai, China, to a crowd of about 600 people. A total of 24 contestants from around China competed for the title. Serena Pan / Xin Yuan Pan, 24 years old, who is an employee of Microsoft, who performed traditional Chinese painting with organic paints she created herself, was the winner. Serena was crowned by the 2014 reigning Miss Earth China, Shirley Sham. Pan competed in the International Miss Earth competition held on December 5, 2015, in Vienna Austria.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Below are the winners of Miss Earth China and their performance in the Miss Earth pageant. The special awards received and their final placements in the aforementioned global beauty competition are also displayed.", "title": "Titleholders" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pagtatag! (stylized in all uppercase; lit. 'establishment') is the second extended play (EP) recorded by the Filipino boy band SB19, released on June 9, 2023, by Sony Music Philippines. The EP experimented with different genres, comprising six songs with pop, hip hop, EDM, soul, R&B, ballad, and acoustic elements, all co-written by the band's leader, Pablo. Its songs were produced with an ensemble consisting of Pablo, his brother Joshua Daniel Nase, Simon Servida, August Rigo, Brian Lotho, Len Calvo, and Ohwon Lee.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Development of Pagtatag! began in 2022 while the boy band embarked on their first world tour with the WYAT (Where You At) Tour. The EP is the second installment to the band's ongoing music trilogy—following Pagsibol (2021)—with artistic themes on \"identity strengthening\", exploring topics on empowerment, commitment, love, mental health, and liberation. Of all the tracks, \"Gento\" was released ahead of the EP as its lead single to critical acclaim, reaching top 15 chart positions in the Philippines and on Billboard's World Digital Song Sales chart.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Pagtatag! received generally favorable reviews from music critics with praise on the boy band's creative evolvement and the EP's musicality and lyricism, but its closing track, \"Freedom\", was deemed lacking. SB19 promoted the EP by performing its tracks through television and public appearances and embarking on the Pagtatag! World Tour (2023–2024)—which has shows across Asia and North America—with all the EP's tracks on the tour's set list. Pagtatag! won the Philippine Pop Album of the Year award at the Philippine Pop—PPOP Awards 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Filipino boy band SB19 was formed by a South Korean talent agency, ShowBT Entertainment, in 2016 through a talent search and subsequently released three singles—\"Tilaluha\" (2018), \"Go Up\" (2019), and \"Alab (Burning)\" (2019)—all of which were included on the release of the boy band's debut studio album, Get in the Zone, in 2020, which featured songs of dance-pop genre. The band's agency influenced the creative process of their releases up to the album. In 2021, the group began gaining creative control of their work, starting with the release of their first extended play (EP), Pagsibol. SB19 experimented with different genres for the EP—exploring sounds such as pop rock, hip hop, and EDM—departing from the dance-pop production of their debut album and proceeding with themes about artistic origins and growth. Its single, \"Bazinga\", was once among the most talked-about songs on Twitter, topping Billboard's Hot Trending Songs Powered by Twitter chart for seven weeks.", "title": "Background and development" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Later on, SB19 released three standalone singles—\"Ligaya\" (2021), \"WYAT (Where You At)\" (2022), and \"Nyebe\" (2022)—and embarked on their first world tour with the WYAT (Where You At) Tour in 2022. Amidst touring, the boy band told in an interview on CNN Philippines Newsroom that the group is working on a new music release and preparing for another concert tour in 2023. The group later confirmed in a press conference that their upcoming release would based on the word \"pagtatag\" (lit. 'establishment'), and they would continue to explore different genres and life experiences. The band's leader, Pablo, revealed in an interview with Zach Sang that Pagsibol and their forthcoming releases are part of a trilogy. Conceptually, the trilogy would focus on how the band's artistry evolved through time—from discovering origins in Pagsibol to strengthening oneself in Pagtatag!.", "title": "Background and development" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On April 29, 2023, the boy band posted a trailer on YouTube, set in a post-apocalyptic world, and announced their second EP, Pagtatag!, would be released on June 9, 2023. Aside from the EP release, the trailer also indicated that it will be preceded by an untitled single, and the band will embark on their second world tour, Pagtatag! World Tour. The group later confirmed on May 10, 2023, that the lead single from the EP would be titled \"Gento\".", "title": "Background and development" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Pagtatag! consists of six tracks written in English, Tagalog, and Cebuano, and spans 26 minutes and 11 seconds in length. All songs on the EP were co-written by the band's leader, Pablo, along with his brother Joshua Daniel Nase, songwriter and the record producer August Rigo, and the band members Ken and Josh. The majority of the EP was produced by Pablo and Joshua Daniel Nase, also enlisting Simon Servida—who previously worked with Pagsibol, Brian Lotho, Len Calvo, and Ohwon Lee in its production.", "title": "Music and lyrics" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The EP's opening track, \"Gento\", is a pop and hip hop song with clapping sounds, strong bass beats, and EDM break accompaniments. An empowerment anthem, the song talks about how success is as rigorous as excavating gold—hence using gold mining as a metaphor—and suggests taking tasks incrementally to achieve one's goals. Critics were fond of its lyricism, finding it catchy. In the sensually-themed song \"I Want You\", SB19 sings about the desire for a person in a slow soul R&B production inspired by the 1990s music.", "title": "Music and lyrics" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "\"Crimzone\" is a reggaeton-influenced EDM pop track accompanied by hard-hitting beats in an adrenaline-rushing production, with lyrics that reflect the boy band's struggles and triumphs. \"Ilaw\" (lit. 'light') is an emotional acoustic ballad around vulnerability, expressing the need for self-care, especially when feeling overwhelmed. \"Liham\" (lit. 'letter') is a power ballad where SB19 narrates someone's expression and declaration of love and devotion for a person and their relationship. The EP's closing track, \"Freedom\", is an upbeat song about setting free trials and challenges and celebrating one's achievements with people who helped along the way.", "title": "Music and lyrics" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Sony Music Philippines released Pagtatag! on June 9, 2023, through digital download and streaming formats. Its opening track, \"Gento\", was released ahead of the EP on May 19, 2023, as the EP's lead single, which entered two Billboard record charts: World Digital Song Sales and the Philippines Songs charts, peaking at numbers eight and eleven, respectively, marking the SB19's first entry for both charts and becoming the first entry among Filipino groups on the former. The single also became a subject of a dance challenge that trended on the video sharing service TikTok, which accumulated over 1.7 million user-generated videos using the song on the platform.", "title": "Release and promotion" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Three music videos that accompanied songs from the EP—\"Gento\", \"I Want You\", and \"Freedom\"—were released on May 19, June 9, and October 28, 2023, respectively, on YouTube. The music video for \"Gento\"—directed by Kerbs Balagtas—was grungy-themed and depicts the boy band mining for gold. For the \"I Want You\" video, it shows clips of the group drenched and underwater. The video for \"Freedom\" premiered at the Our Zone fifth-anniversary fan meeting, showing the group wandering in outdoor spaces.", "title": "Release and promotion" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "To support Pagtatag!, SB19 embarked on their second world tour with the Pagtatag! World Tour, running 15 shows across Asia and North America from June 2023 until 2024. Aside from touring, the boy band also made television and public appearances to promote the EP, with various live performances of songs from its tracklist. They first performed the EP's first two tracks, \"Gento\" and \"I Want You\", on noontime variety shows All-Out Sundays—on May 21, 2023—and ASAP Natin 'To—on June 11, 2023—respectively. In the United States, the group put on street performances of songs from the EP on Hollywood Boulevard and at Times Square. They also performed \"Gento\" during their appearances on two U.S. television shows—KTLA 5 Morning News on August 2, 2023, and on Good Day New York on August 9, 2023.", "title": "Release and promotion" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The EP was met with generally favorable reviews from music critics. Rafael Bautista of Nylon Manila described the EP's tracks as an \"emotional rollercoaster\", and opined that the two-year gap since the release of SB19's first EP, Pagsibol, was \"worth it\". Writing for Billboard Philippines, Gabriel Saulog applauded SB19's creative evolvement in the EP and considered it a \"masterclass in confidence and versatility\". Saulog also named several tracks as highlights from the EP, commenting that \"Gento\" is a strong EP opener and finds \"I Want You\", \"Ilaw\", and \"Liham\" surprising additions. In a separate review by Billboard Philippines, they praised most of the EP's musicality and lyricism; however, they considered the closing song, \"Freedom\", the weakest among the EP, criticizing its rap, instrumentals, and abruptness, drawing comparisons to the band's earlier releases: \"[...] rap sections feels out of place and forced into the track. [...] There's too much going on in the backing instrumentals, making the track cluttered. The jumps from each verse [...] are abrupt and disjointed.\" At the Philippine Pop—PPOP Awards 2023, the EP and its opening track, \"Gento\", won the Philippine Pop Album of the Year and Philippine Pop Song of the Year awards, respectively.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Note", "title": "Track listing" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Credits are adapted from Tidal and music videos.", "title": "Credits and personnel" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Musicians", "title": "Credits and personnel" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Technical", "title": "Credits and personnel" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Rajasthan State Commission for Protection of Child Right (RSCPCR) was constituted by the Government of Rajasthan in 2010 to address the public grievances relating to Child Rights violations as per the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It aims to uphold and defend the rights of children in the state. It oversees the enforcement of laws related to children, including the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, and the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, as outlined in Section 13, 14, and 15 of the CPCR Act, 2005, and Section 9 of the RCPCR Rules, 2010.", "title": "Functions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 season is Adanaspor's 60th season in existence and seventh consecutive in the TFF First League, the second division of Turkish football. They will also compete in the Turkish Cup.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Win Draw Loss Fixtures", "title": "Pre-season and friendlies" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Last updated: August 2023 Source: Soccerway", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Last updated: August 2023. Source:", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The league fixtures were unveiled on 30 June 2023.", "title": "Competitions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John MacLachlan Roy McComish (February 28, 1922 – 15 June, 1995) was a Scottish educator, headmaster, artist and British Army officer who founded the independent boarding school Box Hill and served as its first headmaster. Prior to founding Box Hill, McComish was a housemaster and art master at Gordonstoun, an independent school in Scotland, and he included some of that school's educational ideas in the formation of his own school. As headmaster of Box Hill, McComish was one of the founding headmasters and leading organisers (along with Jocelin Winthrop Young) of the Round Square, an international network of schools, based on the educational concepts of Kurt Hahn founder and headmaster of Gordonstoun. Utilising his skills as an artist McComish designed the associations logo.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "After service as an officer with the Seaforth Highlanders during the Second World War and completing his time at university, McComish was appointed as Art Master and Housemaster at Gordonstoun in 1949 by innovative German educator Kurt Hahn who was then the school's headmaster. McComish also acted as master in charge of the school's cadet force. It was at Gordonstoun that McComish first became acquainted with Jocelin Winthrop Young (son of Geoffrey Winthrop Young) and the two men began a long lasting friendship and working relationship, Winthrop Young had returned to visit Gordonstoun and his mentor Kurt Hahn having previously been a pupil at Gordonstoun<", "title": "Time at Gordonstoun" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1953 an earthquake struck Greece, a disaster which caused the death of thousands of people and the destruction of many buildings. Shortly after the earthquake King Paul of Greece visited the site of the earthquake with his wife Frederica of Hanover and her brother Prince George of Hanover who was at this point the headmaster of Schule Schloss Salem. Prince George decided to initiate a building project to help repair the damage done to the island of Cephalonia his project would involve students from schools in various different countries. One of these schools was Gordonstoun and these students were under the supervision of Roy McComish. A group of 120 students from 8 countries (including those from Gordonstoun) headed to Greece in July 1954 and were joined there by a group from Anavryta organised by Winthrop Young. The combined group then headed to Argostoli on the island of Cephalonia. Once there they set to work building a home for a number of elderly people who had been left homeless. The success of this co-operation between several like-minded schools acted as the inspiration for the Round Square.", "title": "Time at Gordonstoun" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1959 McComish discovered a small school that was for sale in Mickleham, Surrey. Deciding to leave Gordonstoun and set up his own school, he contacted a number of friends and between them they bought the Dalewood House Estate for £6,000 and established Box Hill School. McComish became the school's first headmaster and Jocelin Winthrop-Young became one of the school's first governors.", "title": "Foundation of Box Hill School and the Round Square" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Between 1962 and 1963 McComish and Winthrop Young listed all the schools which they considered to have adopted Hahn's ideas or had included them at their foundation, these were: in Scotland, Rannoch School and Dunrobin School, in England, Abbotsholme School, Battisborough and Milton Abbey, in Germany Louisenlund, in Switzerland Aiglon College, in Africa Achimota School, in India The Doon School and the soon to open Athenian School in California. Gordonstoun, Salem, Anavryta and Box Hill were 'taken for granted' as the already established and pre-eminent Hahnian schools. Gordonstoun, Salem, Anavryta and Box Hill were 'taken for granted' as the already established and pre-eminent Hahnian schools.", "title": "Foundation of Box Hill School and the Round Square" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On 5 June 1966, Kurt Hahn's 80th birthday was celebrated at Schule Schloss Salem, and Jocelin Winthrop Young who was now the headmaster of Salem invited Roy McComish as the headmaster of Box Hill School as well as the headmasters of Gordonstoun, Louisenlund, Anavryta, Battisborough, the Athenian School and the Atlantic college to discuss the establishment of a Hahn schools conference. This meeting was chaired by King Constantine and during its course an agreement was reached on naming the conference 'The Hahn Schools', it was then decided that the first conference would be held at Gordonstoun in 1967. At this first conference at Hahn's insistence the name 'The Hahn Schools' was dropped in favour of a new name 'The Round Square' after an iconic building at Gordounstoun. The six schools that attended this first conference and were the founding members of the Round Square were Box Hill School, Gordonstoun, Anavryta Experimental Lyceum, Schule Schloss Salem, Aiglon College and Abbotsholme School.", "title": "Foundation of Box Hill School and the Round Square" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "At the 2nd Round Square conference held at Box Hill the principles of the association were established and co-education was the first of the sequence of conference themes that was discussed. Box Hill became an important central location for the Round Square and conferences were often held there. At the 1980 Box Hill conference R.S.I.S. (Round Square International Service) was created to promote and organise overseas voluntary service projects in much the same way as the project in Cephalonia Roy McComish retired as headmaster of Box Hill School in 1987 and was replaced by Dr Rodney Atwood.", "title": "Foundation of Box Hill School and the Round Square" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Founder of the Round Square Jocelin Winthrop Young noted the importance of Roy McComish and Box Hill School.", "title": "Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "\" Finally Roy McComish, without him Round Square would not have survived. To explain why, I must go back to a serious miscalculation in my original plan for the conference the administration and organisation were to be undertaken by different schools and thus infrastructure would fall away. But it just didn’t work out that way. Heads were too busy – and rightly so – dealing with their own schools. I was handicapped as I was unable to find a secretary who could write English and take dictation in that language. Therefore I had to do all my own correspondence, and this continued for 20 years until I finally became emancipated with a P.C. Throughout these years Box Hill was the centre of the association and Roy’s team of David Larg as treasurer, and Kay Holland as secretary to R.S.I.S. provided the administration. The McComish’s small drawing room became our headquarters and with Barbara McComish providing a bottomless tin of digestive biscuits and necessary relaxation by playing Bach to us on the piano, we got ahead. He pioneered all our main undertakings in India, Africa and the Middle East. He is an optimist and I a pessimist, if I may steal someone else’s definition: “One who has a pessimism of the intellect but always tries to hold on to an optimism of the will”. Roy designed our logo and his sketches of Hahn are unique. The most loyal of Hahn’s supporters, for years he used to propose at the conferences that the name revert to the original “Kurt Hahn” conference. However, he would not like me to treat him too seriously, so let us go back to that Box Hill co-education conference. At the final plenary Roy summed up in the presence of the delegates and Upper School and I quote: 'In Box Hill we have a good co-educational tradition and you will never see boys and girls walking in the school grounds hand in hand'. There was a joyous roar of laughter from all in Upper School; quite undismayed he added: 'Well, not when I’m there!' \".", "title": "Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Jocelin Winthrop Young OBE, founder of the Round Square on Roy McComish", "title": "Legacy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"I Confess\" is a song written by Diane Warren and recorded by Deniece Williams for her 1987 album Water Under the Bridge. Produced by Steve Levine, the song was released as a single in 1987 by Columbia Records, reaching number 24 on the US Billboard Hot Black Singles chart.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rājamṛgāṅka is a treatises in Sanskrit devoted to astronomical computations. Traditionally the authorship of the treatise is attributed to Bhojarāja (d.1055) of the Rajput Paramāra dynasty, rulers of the Malwa region in central/western India. The work exists in widely varying versions and an authoritative original text has not yet been established. However, a provisional critical edition was published by David Pingree in 1987. It is possible that the book may have been produced in collaboration with one or several court astronomers. If so, a definitive original text may never have existed in a unique form. Whatever, the Rājamṛgāṅka’s epoch date has been firmly determined as 23 February 1042.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Rājamṛgāṅka follows the Brāhma-pakṣa school. This school uses the values of the fundamental parameters, namely, the values of the celestial bodies’ revolution-numbers and consequent mean velocities, as given in the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta of Brahmagupta composed in 628 CE. The work identified itself as a karaṇa text, that is, a text that deals exclusively with the computational aspects of astronomy. But in fact it not a pure karaṇa text; it could be best described as a hybrid karaṇa-koṣṭhaka text. There is a significant difference between Rājamṛgāṅka and other karaṇa texts in that the former has given extensive tables of values for ease in computation where as the traditional karaṇa texts do not provide such table. In this sense, Rājamṛgāṅka has been described as the first noteworthy astronomical table text in Sanskrit.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Rājamṛgāṅka has had some impact on the subsequent Sanskrit astronomical literature. It influenced the writing of the first known Sanskrit astronomical table text (a koṣṭhaka text) Grahajñāna by Āśādhara in 1052. It also influenced Bhāskara II's Karaṇakutūhala as some of the algorithms in Karaṇakutūhala can be seen as adaptations and developments of certain algorithms in Rājamṛgāṅka. But the koṣṭhaka format of Rājamṛgāṅka had absolutely no impact on Karaṇakutūhala", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "In Brazil's military history, Patriotic Battalions (Portuguese: batalhões patrióticos) were irregular paramilitary forces, usually made up of civilian volunteers, mobilized in times of crisis. They were created by local chiefs and could be paid by the chiefs or by the government. Their combat effectiveness was variable. The battalions of the countryside colonels were not adapted to conventional warfare, artillery and, outside of the Pampas, cavalry. On the other hand, they were effective in a typically Brazilian and hinterland guerrilla.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Their origins date back to the black troops of Henrique Dias and indigenous troops of Filipe Camarão in the Pernambuco Insurrection, during the 17th century. Patriotic battalions fought in the Brazilian War of Independence (1822–1825). In Bahia, the whole society took part in the fight. In the following decades, \"patriotic battalions\" participated in the Bahia Independence Festival, in Salvador, similar to Carnival blocks. Patriotic battalions of radical republicans, the \"Jacobins\", proliferated in Rio de Janeiro during the government of Floriano Peixoto (1891–1894). They belonged to the Ministry of War and were led by army officers. Their social composition was heterogeneous and different from the colonels' battalions; there was even an elite Academic Battalion. The formation of battalions was notable in Southern Brazil. The federal government resorted to colonels' battalions during its persecution of the Prestes Column, distributing a large number of modern weapons. Even Virgulino Ferreira da Silva's bandits, known as \"Lampião\", were incorporated. They were a way of decentralizing loyalist forces in difficult-to-access regions, such as the hinterlands of Ceará. Both sides in the 1930 Revolution resorted to patriotic battalions.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Other irregular forces during this period included the \"provisional corps\" that assisted the police in Rio Grande do Sul, bandit troops, as in the cangaço, and foreign immigrant battalions in the 1924 São Paulo Revolt. The Brazilian Army was not the only force land in the country, as there was also the National Guard, until 1918, and the \"small state armies\", the Public Forces. One of the battalions' forms was as pawns and henchmen of local political bosses, allowing them to harass subordinates, opponents and the army. Armed groups of colonels such as Floro Bartolomeu, Franklin de Albuquerque and Antônio Ramos Caiado were common. Private militias were a pillar of their power. In the form of patriotic battalions, they continued the role of the National Guard in the countryside. Their mobilization in the 1920s has been described as \"a last sprout of the militias of the ancien régime\". The existence of these militias affronted the authority of regular police and military forces, but they represented powerful political interests. The gradual strengthening of the army, expanding thanks to conscription (the Sortition Law), and political centralization after the 1930 Revolution led to the weakening of these colonels.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Monika Klisara, known professionally as Karmen Petrović, (born 29 October 1995) is a Canadian professional wrestler. She is currently signed to WWE where she performs in the NXT brand under the ring name Karmen Petrović.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Petrovic was born in Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. With her parents she moved to Toronto, Canada in the mid-1990s to escape the Bosnian War. She is of Croatian and Serbian descent.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Petrovic made her first WWE appearance on NXT in November 2022 named as Monika Klisara. In July 2023, she made her debut on NXT Level Up, appearing as Karmen Petrovic.", "title": "Professional wrestling career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Karmen Petrovic", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rājamṛgāṅka is the title of a treatises in Sanskrit that deals with the preparation of Āyurvedic medicines. Traditionally the authorship of the treatise is attributed to Bhojarāja (d.1055) of the Rajput Paramāra dynasty, rulers of the Malwa region in central/western India. However, modern scholarship attributes the authorship to some anonymous experienced Ayurvedic physician from South India.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "There is a tradition according to which the author of the Āyurveda text Rājamṛgāṅka is King Bhoja. King Bhoja is also reputed to be the author of another treatise on Āyurveda titled Rājamārtāṇḍa. According to the V. B. Nataraja Sastry, who critically edited Rājamṛgāṅka before its publication by T.M.S.S.M. Library, the author of Rājamṛgāṅka was most probably an Āyurvedic physician from south India. It is highly likely that this physician may have been a member of a group of physicians gathered together by the King of Tanjore Rajah Serfoji for research on medical sciences.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The treatise gives detailed descriptions of as many as 137 Āyurvedic medicinal formulations of which eight are in the form of rasa-s and the remaining are in the form of cūrṇa-s (powder). The first formulation has been called Rājamṛgāṅkarasaḥ whence the title of the treatise.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 season is Altay S.K.'s 110th season in existence and second consecutive in the TFF First League, the second division of Turkish football. They will also compete in the Turkish Cup.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Win Draw Loss Fixtures", "title": "Pre-season and friendlies" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Last updated: August 2023 Source: Soccerway", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Last updated: August 2023. Source:", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The league fixtures were unveiled on 30 June 2023.", "title": "Competitions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine (TTMPP) is a large triaryl organophosphine whose strong Lewis-basic properties make it useful as an organocatalyst for several types of chemical reactions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It removes the trimethylsilyl group from ketene silyl acetals (the enol ether of esters) to give enolates that can then act as strong nucleophiles. It thus serves as a catalyst for Mukaiyama aldol reactions and group-transfer chain-growth polymerization reactions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "As a Brønsted base, it can deprotonate various alcohols, giving nucleophilic alkoxides that can undergo Michael addition reactions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "It can act as a Michael nucleophile itself to catalyze Baylis–Hillman reactions.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Toronto FC season is the 18th season in the history of Toronto FC.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "As of December 23, 2023", "title": "Squad" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Toronto had 8+3 international roster slots and three Designated Player slots available for use in the 2022 season. Beginning in 2022, MLS added three non-tradeable international roster spots to the Canadian franchises to compensate for the more complicated residency requirements compared to in the United States; players occupying these additional roster spots were required to have played and been registered with a Canadian MLS club for at least one full year.", "title": "Squad" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Eastern Conference", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Overall", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "2024 Leagues Cup group stage", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Source: Competitions", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Source:", "title": "Statistics" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "", "title": "Statistics" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Asthma phenotyping and endotyping is a novel approach to asthma classification inspired by precision medicine. It seeks to separate the clinical presentations or clusters of signs and symptoms of asthma, known as asthma phenotypes, from their underlying etiologies or causes, known as asthma endotypes.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Asthma endotyping is useful in predicting which patients will benefit from inhaled corticosteroids or targeted therapy using specific biologics, while phenotyping can help predict disease outcomes. Numerous asthma phenotypes and endotypes have been proposed, though not all have been validated or widely accepted.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Asthma is now recognised as a heterogenous condition by the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), and as an umbrella term encompassing multiple different diseases by many scientists. This is because multiple different pathological processes amenable to different therapies and with different long-term prognoses and complications are at play in asthma.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Asthma phenotypes are not fixed; a person's inflammatory phenotype may change over the course of a single day. Thus, basing asthma treatment plans on a single sputum eosinophil measurement may be misleading. It is not known to what extent asthma phenotypes can change in the long term.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "GINA presently recognises 5 asthma phenotypes: allergic asthma, non-allergic asthma, adult-onset asthma, asthma with persistent airflow limitation, and asthma with obesity.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "GINA currently recognises 2 asthma endotypes based on the degree of type 2 inflammation in the airways: type 2-high (T2-high) and type 2-low (T2-low) asthma.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "GINA defines T2-high asthma as the presence of one or more of the following signs in a patient taking high-dose inhaled corticosteroids:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Type 2 inflammation is produced by eosinophils in the lungs in response to various alarmins, including interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which themselves are produced in response to triggers such as allergens, irritants, and respiratory infections.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "T2-high asthma phenotypes range in severity from mild to severe. Severe type 2-high asthma is amenable to multiple targeted biologics, including anti-IL5R, anti-IL4, anti-IL13, and anti-TSLP antibodies.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Early-onset atopic asthma is the most common phenotype of asthma in childhood, called intrinsic asthma in the earlier intrinsic/extrinsic classification. Patients with early-onset atopic asthma frequently have a family history of atopy, and are sensitised to common allergens. This phenotype usually responds well to inhaled corticosteroids, and is only rarely severe, with most cases exhibiting mild disease.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Atopy, reduced lung function, and respiratory infections in infants with wheeze are risk factors for asthma persistence into adulthood, and a lower lung function and greater magnitude of atopy at this age is associated with more severe disease.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Severe atopic asthma is also additionally amenable to anti-immunoglubulin E (IgE) therapy. This type of targeted therapy reduces the concentration of IgEs, which normally bind to allergens and cause the release of mast cell mediators and alarmins, promoting type 2 airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Late-onset eosinophilic asthma, previously called extrinsic asthma, presents in adults with no diagnosed atopy. However, late-onset asthma may frequently be allergic. Many patients still have elevated IgE levels, may test positive against a broader panel of known allergens than is normally tested for in specific IgE testing and prick tests, and frequently have comorbid allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "This phenotype is frequently severe, resulting in relatively rapid lung function decline, and unresponsive to inhaled corticosteroids; good asthma control may not be achieved even with high doses, instead requiring biologic treatment.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "It is estimated that around 5-15% of asthmatics experience bronchoconstriction after taking aspirin or other NSAIDs. Aspirin sensitivity frequently presents with a late onset of severe asthma, and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. This syndrome is termed aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). AERD is considered to be a sub-phenotype of late-onset eosinophilic asthma.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "A key distinguishing feature of AERD is a dysregulated arachidonic acid metabolism and prostaglandin E2 (and prostaglandin E2 receptor) deficiency, leading to excess production of bronchoconstricting leukotrienes, such as leukotriene D4, and immune cell activation, together causing respiratory symptoms. Bronchospasm due to aspirin is thought to occur because aspirin's inhibition of cyclooxygenase shifts arachidonic acid metabolism even more towards bronchoconstrictive leukotriene synthesis.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABA) is a respiratory disease caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus fumigatus mold that has germinated and persists in the lower airways. While ABA can also be frequently present in cystic fibrosis patients, most ABA patients seem to be asthmatics. In asthmatics, ABA may be regarded as a T2-high asthma phenotype.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Sensitisation to Aspergillus fumigatus may be present in up to 20% of asthmatic children, and it is considered a precursor to ABA. ABA itself is estimated to affect 12.9% of adult asthmatics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Cough variant asthma (CVA), asthma where the only symptom is cough responsive to bronchodilator therapy, may be a T2-high asthma phenotype. CVA may be a precursor stage of other T2-high asthma phenotypes, as 30% of CVA patients are estimated to develop the classical asthma phenotype of wheeze and dyspnea. However, long-term inhaled corticosteroid treatment can reduce the risk of CVA developing into asthma with wheeze and dyspnea.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "This classification of CVA has thus far not been widely accepted. Also, recent evidence suggests that other inflammatory endotypes rather than just the T2-high endotype may be seen in CVA. Thus, the classification of CVA as T2-high asthma is uncertain.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "T2-low asthma is rare compared to T2-high asthma, but is often severe and refractory to inhaled corticosteroids. There is a lack of targeted therapies to treat severe T2-low asthma, with the exception of anti-TSLP therapy, which is indicated for severe asthma regardless of etiology. Detectable type 1 airway inflammation may or may not be present in T2-low asthma. Sputum neutrophil counts may or may not be elevated.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "Asthma with obesity, insulin resistance, vitamin D deficiency, or metabolic syndrome is now recognised as a distinct T2-low phenotype of severe asthma refractory to inhaled corticosteroids. Obesity is a known risk factor for asthma development and exacerbation. Though a causal link has not been established, multiple reasons for this association have been proposed.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "Firstly, obesity mechanically impairs lung function and promotes airway hyperresponsiveness, a hallmark of asthma. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common comorbidity in both obesity and asthma and has been shown to reduce asthma control.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "Adipose tissue releases pro-inflammatory mediators such as C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α,transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and IL-6. These mediators may contribute to type 1 inflammation in the lungs. Losing weight, such as via bariatric surgery, can improve asthma control and reduce CRP levels in the blood, a marker of systemic inflammation. This adipocytic inflammation can propagate inflammatory responses in other organs via the circulatory system, including the airways, which may cause bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness. Consequently, inflammatory cytokines can be detected in the lungs of asthmatics with obesity even without antigenic challenge.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "TGF-β has also been linked to airway remodelling, a potential complication of asthma resulting in reduced lung function and irreversible airway obstruction.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "More recently, another endotyping strategy has been proposed with a focus on inflammatory granulocytic involvement in asthma, yielding 4 endotypes: eosinophilic, neutrophilic, mixed-granulocytic, and paucigranulocytic asthma.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "Other studies than the one conducted by University Asthma Clinic of Liege ascribed the above endotypes to different fractions of asthmatics. However, most studies have found paucigranulocytic asthma to be the most common inflammatory cellular phenotype followed by eosinophilic asthma, and mixed-granulocytic asthma to be the least common one.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "In inflammatory granulocytic asthma endotyping, aucigranulocytic asthma (PGA) is an endotype wherein neither sputum eosinophil nor neutrophil counts are elevated. According to one hypothesis, these inflammatory granulocytes may have been depleted in past episodes of vigorous inflammation.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "Because the definition of PGA only relies on the absence of elevated sputum neutrophils and eosinophils, PGA may, according to GINA's definition, simultaneously be T2-high or T2-low in type 2 inflammation-based endotyping. This is because GINA's definition of T2-high asthma does not require elevated eosinophils so long as at least one T2-high asthma sign is present.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "As asthma has primarily been described as a chronic inflammatory disease, the pathogenesis of paucigranulocytic asthma has not yet been elucidated. While granulocytes are not elevated in sputum in PGA, macrophages and mast cells are. Additionally, mitochondrial and metabolic genes seem to be overexpressed in PGA, suggesting that mitochondrial or metabolic dysfunction may play a role. However, more research on PGA is needed.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "Most cases of PGA are mild, and PGA itself tends to be milder than other endotypes.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "Neutrophilic asthma (NA) is an asthma endotype with elevated sputum neutrophils. Type 1 neutrophilic airway inflammation is associated with respiratory bacterial and fungal infections, resistance to corticosteroids, and severe asthma. Smoking may shift the asthma endotype towards type 1 inflammation.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mantong (Burmese: မန်တုံမြို့)is the principal town of Mantong Township, one of the two townships in the Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The town is 16 miles (26 km) from Bawdwin Mine in Namtu Township. The town is in a mountainous area and lies east of the Shweli River, close to the Kokang Self-Administered Zone.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "During the current Myanmar civil war in December 2023, the town was the last State Administration Council-controlled territory to be captured by the Ta'ang National Liberation Army during Operation 1027.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "William Taylor (born April 17, 1964) is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Tusculum University; a position he will hold in 2024. He also coached for Southern Miss, Wofford, East Tennessee State, Elon, Chattanooga, and Tennessee Tech. He played college football for East Tennessee State as an outside linebacker.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mateus Lusuardi (born 8 January 2004) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Serie A club Frosinone.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lusuardi grew up in the Gremio youth ranks in Porto Alegre, before moving to Grêmio Novorizontino and then to Criciuma EC in 2022.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Mateus Lusuardi joined the Frosinone Calcio academy in August 2023, from Criciúma, a path reminding the one of brazilian-born Italy international Éder.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In Italy first started playing with the Primavera team, but soon became a regular on the bench for Eusebio Di Francesco's Serie A team.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Lusuardi made his professional debut for Frosinone on the 19 December 2023, starting and playing every minute of a 0–4 away Coppa Italia win against Napoli. This was a notable victory against Kvaratskhelia and Osimhen's Serie A title holders, in which the young defender was among the standouts.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He made his Italian top flight with the club 4 days later, again as a starter, against Juventus.", "title": "Club career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hexamethylphosphorous triamide could be:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 St. Bonaventure Bonnies women's basketball team represents St. Bonaventure University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Bonnies, led by head coach Jim Crowley in the first season of his second stint (17th overall), play their home games at the Reilly Center in St. Bonaventure, New York as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Bonnies finished the 2022–23 season 6–26, 3–13 in AAC play to finish in 14th place. As the #14 seed in the A–10 tournament, they were defeated by #11 seed Davidson in the first round.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On January 15, 2023, St. Bonaventure announced that they would be firing head coach Jesse Fleming, who was in the middle of his seventh season as head coach, with assistant coach Erica Morrow being named interim head coach for the remainder of the season. On March 10, Providence and former Bonnies head coach Jim Crowley was announced as the team's next head coach, after previously serving the role for the school from 2000–2016.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Sources:", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mahadi bin Wasli is a Brunei diplomat who became the Deputy Secretary-General of ASEAN from 1994 to 1997, ambassador to Russia from 2001 to 2003, Vietnam from 2007 to 2013, and the permanent representative to the United Nations (UN) in Geneva from 2003 to 2007. Notably, he also held non-resident ambassadorship to Ukraine from 2004 to 2007, and Switzerland.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mahadi attended the MARA Institute of Technology in Malaya in the 1970s, alongside Abu Bakar Apong.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "From 1994 to 1997, Mahadi held the position of Deputy Secretary-General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Following this, from 1997 to 2001, he served as the ambassador of Brunei to Germany, with a residence in Bonn and later in Berlin. From 1999 to 2001, he concurrently served as the permanent representative of Brunei to the United Nations in Geneva, and holding the title of non-resident ambassador to Switzerland. He served as the Brunei ambassador to the Russian Federation from 2001 to 2007. Additionally, from 2004 to 2007, he served as the non-resident ambassador of Brunei to Ukraine, playing a crucial role in facilitating the visit of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah to Ukraine in 2004.", "title": "Diplomatic career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "From 10 July 2007 to 29 August 2013, he extended his diplomatic service as the Brunei ambassador to Vietnam. On 8 August 2010, he presented his letter of credential to President Nguyễn Minh Triết. Together with Mustappa Sirat, they attended the first ASEAN Defence Minister's Meeting – Plus (ADMM+) on 12 October 2010 in Hanoi. Later on 10 December 2020, General Ngô Xuân Lịch gave him the chairmanship of the ADMM and ADMM+.", "title": "Diplomatic career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He has earned the following honours;", "title": "Honours" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) is a South African political party founded in December 2023. The party is named after uMkhonto we Sizwe (also shortened to MK), the paramilitary wing of the African National Congress (ANC) during apartheid. However, the ANC has threatened legal action over the usage of the name, and the formation has been criticised by original MK veterans.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The party rose to prominence in December 2023, when former president Jacob Zuma announced that, while planning to remain a lifelong member of the ANC, he would not be campaigning for the ANC in the 2024 South African general election, and would instead be voting for MK. He stated that \"I cannot and will not\" campaign for the ANC of current president Cyril Ramaphosa, Zuma's successor, and that to do so would be a 'betrayal'.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 season is Ankara Keçiörengücü S.K.'s 37th season in existence and fifth consecutive in the TFF First League, the second division of Turkish football. They will also compete in the Turkish Cup.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Win Draw Loss Fixtures", "title": "Pre-season and friendlies" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Last updated: August 2023 Source: Soccerway", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Last updated: August 2023. Source:", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The league fixtures were unveiled on 19 July 2023.", "title": "Competitions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Max Brosmer is an American football quarterback for the Minnesota Golden Gophers. He previously played for New Hampshire.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Brosmer grew up in Roswell, Georgia and attended Centennial High School.", "title": "Early life and high school" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Brosmer was named the New Hampshire Wildcats' starting quarterback entering his freshman season. He completed 183 of 311 pass attempts for 1,967 yards with 12 touchdowns and 12 interceptions. UNH played one game during Brosmer's true sophomore season, which was postponed from late 2020 to the spring of 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He tore his ACL during preseason practices the following year and missed the entire season. Brosmer passed for 3,157 yards with 27 touchdowns with eight interceptions as a junior. As a senior, he led the NCAA Division I Football Championship with 3,464 passing yards and had 29 passing touchdowns. After the season, he entered the NCAA transfer portal and utilize the extra year of eligibility granted to college athletes who played in the 2020 season due to the coronavirus pandemic.", "title": "College career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Brosmer ultimately transferred to Minnesota.", "title": "College career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Wacław Chamrat (b. ca. 1735, d. 14 October 1813 in Biała) was a lawyer, notary and chronicler. He was an author of the Kronika miasta Białej (Chronicle of Biała), which is considered as a priceless source for the history of Biała in the 18th Century.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Kronika miasta Biała was copied in 1845 by Karol Tschickardt, who removed the introduction about Polish history of Silesia, Bielsko and Biała.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Chamrat's chronicle was published for the first time in 1983.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Shah Mir–Lohara War (Kashmiri: شاہ میر–لوہارا جنگ; Shah meer–Lohara Jang), which took place in 1338–1339, was a military conflict between the Royal forces of the Hindu Lohara dynasty and the rebellious Muslim Shah Mir dynasty led by former courtier Shah Mir. It resulted in the overthrowing of the Loharas and the revival of the Kashmir Sultanate.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "With the decline of the Hindu rule, a Buddhist prince from Ladakh, Lhachen Rinchan, entered the service of the Kashmiri commander-in-chief Ramachandra. At the start of 1320, a Mongol invader Zulju, along with his army, invaded Kashmir. King Suhadeva fled the country without putting up a fight, and after a great deal of havoc, Zulju sacked and left the country. Rinchan, after secretly assassinating Ramachandra, won the favour of the majority of the nobles and ascended the throne as Rinchan Shah. He also married Suhadeva's widow, Kota Rani.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Rinchan converted to Islam after the teachings of saint Bulbul Shah and took the title of Sadr'ud-Din Shah. He also appointed a Turkish trader from Swat, Shah Mir, his close associate, and a courtier. Rinchan ruled until 1323 when he died after sustaining an injury on his head in a civil war while his son, Haidar, was given in the care of Shah Mir. Lohara rule was initiated again when Suhadeva's brother Udyanadeva was installed on the throne on the orders of Kota Rani. Even though Udayanadeva ruled as a king, the real power was wielded by Kota Rani herself.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1338, Udayanadeva died, and Kota Rani ascended the throne while appointing Bhatta Bhikshana as her Prime Minister ignoring Shah Mir. She also moved the capital from Srinagar to Andarkot. This angered Shah Mir as he considered himself as the top contender for the throne and raised a revolt against her. Through a conspiracy, he assassinated Bhatta Bhikshana and threatened the Queen that he'll send his army to Andarkot if she didn't agree to marry him and share power. Kota Rani declined and prepared to face Shah Mir's forces. Shah Mir sent his forces and defeated the Royal army at the outskirts of Andarkot.", "title": "War" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The majority of her chiefs and troops deserted her and joined Shah Mir. Kota Rani, seeing no other way to contend with Shah Mir's army, surrendered and agreed to marry him. Although the marriage was formally solemnized, Shah Mir didn't trust Kota Rani, nor did she. Shah Mir threw Kota Rani and her two sons in prison and assumed full powers as Shamsu'd-Din Shah.", "title": "War" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Polish Speedway season is the 2024 season of motorcycle speedway in Poland. The season will run from early April to late September.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The 1.Liga will now be called the Ekstraliga 2.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The 2024 Individual Speedway Polish Championship (Polish: Indywidualne Mistrzostwa Polski, IMP) is the 2024 version of Polish Individual Speedway Championship organised by the Polish Motor Union (PZM).", "title": "Individual" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The 2024 Golden Golden Helmet (Polish: Turniej o Złoty Kask, ZK) organised by the Polish Motor Union (PZM) will be the 2024 event for the league's leading riders.", "title": "Individual" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The 2024 Polish Pairs Speedway Championship (Polish: Mistrzostwa Polski par klubowych na żużlu) is the 2024 edition of the Polish Pairs Speedway Championship.", "title": "Pairs" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The 2024 Team Speedway Polish Championship (Polish: Drużynowe mistrzostwa Polski na żużlu) is the 2024 edition of the Team Polish Championship to determine the gold medal winner (champion of Poland). Teams finishing second and third were awarded silver and bronze medals respectively.", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The Ekstraliga season will run from 12 April to 29 September.", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Quarter-finals", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Semi-finals", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Third place", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Final", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Leading averages", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The 1. Liga fixtures will run from 12 April to 22 September.", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Quarter-finals", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Semi-finals", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Final", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Leading averages", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Landshut Devils dropped from the 1. Liga, which nullified the relegation of Poznań from that division.", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Semi-finals", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "Final", "title": "Team" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "Częstochowa", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "Gorzów", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "Grudziądz", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "Leszno", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "Lublin", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "Toruń", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "Wrocław", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "Zielona Góra", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "Bydgoszcz", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "Gdańsk", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "Krosno", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "Łódź", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "Ostrów", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "Poznań", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 34, "text": "Rybnik", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 35, "text": "Rzeszów", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 36, "text": "Daugavpils", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 37, "text": "Gniezno", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 38, "text": "Landshut", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 39, "text": "Opole", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 40, "text": "Piła", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 41, "text": "Rawicz", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 42, "text": "Tarnów", "title": "Teams" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1979 Quito Grand Prix was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Quito, Ecuador that was part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from 5 November until 11 November 1979. Third-seeded Víctor Pecci won the singles title.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Víctor Pecci defeated José Higueras 2–6, 6–4, 6–2", "title": "Finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Álvaro Fillol / Jaime Fillol defeated Iván Molina / Jairo Velasco Sr. 6–7, 6–3, 6–1", "title": "Finals" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Louis Bonneau (7 July 1851 – 26 February 1938) was a French Army General de Division who commanded the VII Army Corps at the start of World War I.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Louis Bonneau was born in Wissembourg, Alsace, France on 7 July 1851. Louis joined the French Army in 1868 and fought in the Franco-Prussian War two years later. He was given command of the cavalry brigade of the II Army Corps in 1903, the 41st Infantry Division in 1907, and the VII Army Corps in 1910, and he commanded the corps at Mulhouse during the 1914 Battle of the Frontiers at the start of World War I. His corps were unprepared for the rapid German counterattack during the Battle of Mulhouse and forced to abandon Alsace shortly after liberating it, resulting in Bonneau's dismissal by General Joseph Joffre.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sergei Alexandrovich Shavel (Russian: Сергей Александрович Шавель; 17 October 1940 – 19 August 2023) was a Soviet and Belarusian sociologist, scientist, professor, expert in the field of theory, methodology, and methodology of sociological research, social structure of society, sociology of labor, sociology of consumption. He holds the degree of candidate of philosophical sciences (1977) and the degree of doctor of sociological sciences (1990). Head of the Department of Social Theory and Methodology at the Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sergei Shavel was born on October 17, 1940, in Gerutevo, a village in the Svisloch district of the Grodno region.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1958, Sergei Shavel enrolled in the Vyborg Aviation School. After completing his studies in 1961, he started working as a technician at the Kremenchuk Helicopter School. However, he was subsequently terminated from his position.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1964, he enrolled at Moscow State University, specifically in the Faculty of Philosophy. In the year 1969, following the completion of his studies at Moscow State University, he was admitted as a junior researcher at the Institute of Philosophy and Law under the BSSR Academy of Sciences.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1974, he started working as a senior researcher in the sociological laboratory at the Belarusian State University.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In the year 1981, Sergei received admission to the Institute of Philosophy and Law of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR as a senior researcher specializing in historical materialism and the methodological challenges associated with sociological research.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 1990, he emerged as a pioneer in Belarus by effectively safeguarding his thesis for attaining the Doctor of Sociological Sciences degree. The subject matter of his thesis revolved around the correlation between the social sphere and the motivation behind labor.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Next year he assumed the role of deputy director at the Institute of Sociology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus, concurrently serving as the voluntary head of the department responsible for theory, methodology, and sociological research techniques.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In 2002, he assumed the role of leading the department responsible for studying and applying theoretical frameworks and methodologies in sociological research. In 2008, he became Director of the Center for Sociocultural Development.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In 2022, he was Chief Scientific Associate in the Department of Sociology of the Social Sphere at the Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Sergei Shavel is the author of over 220 scientific works, including 32 monographs.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Velma is an English feminine given name of uncertain origin. It might have been created as a rhyming variant of the names Selma and Thelma. It might also have been influenced by the Scandinavian name Vilma or by Wilma, both short forms of the Dutch and German Wilhelmina and feminine versions of William.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The name has been most common in North America. It was among the 1,000 most popular names for girls in the United States between 1880 and 1973 and was at the height of its popularity between 1903 and 1917, when it was among the 100 most popular names for American girls. It reached peak popularity in 1912, when it was the 88th most popular name for newborn American girls. It was at peak popularity in Canada between 1920 and 1933, when it was among the top 100 names for Canadian girls.", "title": "Usage" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Abossey Okai Mosque also Accra Central Mosque, is a Mosque in the Abossey Okai community of Accra, Ghana. Constructed in the 1970s, the mosque was established to cater to the Muslim community in Abossey Okai and neighboring areas such as Sabon Zango.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The construction of the Central Mosque in Accra aimed to provide a place of worship for the growing Muslim population in the Abossey Okai locality. Over the years, it has evolved into a central hub for the Muslim community, offering a space for prayer, community gatherings, and religious events.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In the 1980s, a pivotal shift occurred when the Central Mosque at the central market in Makola was burned and demolished by the then president of Ghana, Jerry Rawlings to pave way for the construction of the Rawlings Park. Subsequently, the Abossey Okai Mosque assumed the role of the Central Mosque for Accra. This transition positioned it as a key institution for the broader Muslim community in the capital city.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "For a significant period, the Abossey Okai Mosque served as the venue for Friday prayers led by the Chief Imam of Ghana, Sheikh Osman Nuhu Sharubutu.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2020, the Vice President of Ghana, Dr Mahmudu Bawumia promised to carry out a renovation of the Abossey Okai Central Mosque. He described that a gesture of gratitude to Allah for granting the New Patriotic Party (NPP) victory in the 2020 Ghanaian general election. He made the pledge when he addressed a Muslim congregation at an Islamic Thanksgiving ceremony held on Friday at the mosque. However, renovation works have not commenced since the announcement.", "title": "Renovation" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Uri Misgav (Hebrew: אורי משגב);born April 15, 1974) is an Israeli journalist, publicist, lecturer, teacher and director. Currently a journalist in Israel, one of the leaders of the Black Flag protest and among the prominent opponents of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Misgav was born in Kibbutz Haftziba to Chaim, an administrator and treasurer, and to Hana'le, a technical secretary. Studied at Ort Emek Harod High School. He served in the IDF as an intelligence officer in the Artillery Corps. He holds a bachelor's degree in political science and history from Tel Aviv University.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1999, Misgav began his journalism career when he joined the \"Ha'ir\" newspaper. There, Misgav served as a magazine reporter, a political commentator, a music critic and a columnist in the sports section. Later he was appointed to the position of editor of the sports section and deputy editor of the newspaper. In 2001, he served as the paper's reporter in New York and covered the September 11 attacks.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2004, he joined the news company of Channel 10, and served as a magazine and culture reporter for the evening news edition. In 2005, he joined the weekly magazine \"Time Out\", and served as deputy editor of the magazine.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2006, he joined \"Haaretz\", and held the position of editor and writer. In 2007, he moved to \"Yediot Ahronoth\" as a member of the editorial board, adding to the Sabbath edition and writing opinion articles. At the end of four years of work, his work was terminated by the editor-in-chief. In 2012, Misgav returned to Haaretz. He publishes opinion articles, commentary columns in the newspaper as well as the political blog \"Misgav Laam\" (Misgav to the People).", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2014, he directed the documentary \"Life of Poetry: The Story of Avraham Halfi\". The film was produced for Channel 8 by Castina Communications, and premiered at the Jerusalem Film Festival.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Misgav taught between 2006-2015 at the \"Kahila\" democratic school, and previously served as a lecturer in the communication department of Sapir College, and he often lectures in various forums on topics in the field of journalism and music. In 2010, Misgav together with the Third Ear founded the \"Beatles Academy\", within the framework of which he lectures throughout the country about the story of the band and its members.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "At the end of 2022, he joined the team of presenters of the program \"Critics of the State\" on the Knesset channel alongside Gadi Taub, Neve Drumi and others.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In 2020, together with Shikma Bressler, he was one of the initiators of the Black Flags protest, which he called to join in a post he published on his Facebook page.", "title": "Protest activity" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In his Haaretz column, Misgav expresses leftist and anti-religious positions. Misgav previously provoked widespread public criticism when he wrote a column in which he explained why he did not circumcize his son, as well as in columns in which he called for an end to the study and commemoration of the Holocaust in Israel on the grounds that they are \"Zionist indoctrination.\" A column he wrote in which he called Supreme Court Judge Noam Solberg an \"international criminal\" because he lives in Judea and Samaria, received sharp condemnation from former Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked.", "title": "His public views" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In October 2023, following the Israel-Hamas War, he accused the Netanyahu government of being responsible for the attack. According to him, the security in the residential areas near the Gaza border was neglected, and the government ministers were busy with leisure, and not with security matters.", "title": "His public views" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Misgav is one of the biggest opponents of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, and is used to writing many criticisms of him.", "title": "His public views" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "On March 11, 2023, the police detained Uri Misgav following a tweet in which he advised Netanyahu not to come to Berlin.", "title": "His public views" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "On July 27, 2017, he petitioned the Supreme Court against the Attorney General and the State Attorney, demanding that they make a decision on the Prime Minister's residency case, after 14 months had passed since the police recommended filing charges. The petition was deleted two months later after the advisor announced his intention to file charges in the case.", "title": "Journalistic exposés" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "During the Corona outbreak in 2021, he published an investigation into the \"rescue flights\" arrangement approved by the government subject to the approval of the Exceptions Committee, in which he claimed that many ultra-Orthodox arrived in Israel on rescue flights, when Israelis stranded abroad who are not ultra-Orthodox did not receive permits for this, thus discriminating against non-Orthodox The piece made waves and further investigations by other journalists exposed it as well.", "title": "Journalistic exposés" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "In 2023, he revealed a gifting affair that Benjamin Netanyahu did not return to the State of Israel after leaving the Prime Minister's office in 2021. Among them is a Bible worth millions that he received from Vladimir Putin.", "title": "Journalistic exposés" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "In January 2021, he wrote an article in Haaretz newspaper against the ultra-Orthodox public regarding the Corona epidemic in which he wrote that \"the ultra-Orthodox are destroying and defeating the state\". As a result, complaints were filed against him and the Ethics Tribunal of the Press Council determined that the article was racist, inciting and encouraging civil war. The court also reprimanded Haaretz and ordered the removal of the article from the newspaper's website.", "title": "Criticism" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "In September 2023, Minister Amichai Chikli filed a libel suit against him because it claimed that Chikli refused to enlist during the Second Lebanon War.", "title": "Criticism" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "On October 5, 2023, after he revealed that Minister Nir Barkat traveled to London at the public expense, journalist Ayala Hasson called him a \"liar\" on Twitter.", "title": "Criticism" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Maulana Muzaffar Shams Balkhi (1320–1400) was an Indian Sufi, author and writer.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Muzaffar was born of a Balkh family in Afghanistan. After an education in Delhi, he joined his father in Bihar Sharif for further studies.", "title": "Early life and education" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "FerideŞevval Akalan (born 14 October 2001) is a Turkish female basketball player. The 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) tall national plays small forward.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Akalan was a member of Istanbul University and Çukurova Basketbol, which loaned out her to Mersin University. Currently, she plays in the Super League for the Ankara-based club Nesibe Aydın GSK.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She was part of the national U-16 team at the 2017 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival in Győr, Hungary that won the bronze medal.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In January 2022, she was admitted to the national team. She took part at the 2022 Mediterranean Games in Oran, Algeria.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Karanlik Kümbet (literally meaning \"Dark Tomb\") also known as Emir Sadrettin Kümbeti, is a historic mausoleum, or kümbet, located at Gülahmet Street of Erzurum, Turkey, opposite the Derviş Ağa Mosque.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It is sometimes known as Sadrettin Konevi Türbesi and it dates back to the end of Seljuk rule in the early 14th century.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Construction of the mausoleum started in 1307-1308 under Sadreddin Türkbeg, the son of an Ilkhanid governor of Khorasan. The tomb was constructed in memory of his deceased father, Khoja Vecih-id-din, who was likely buried here. An erroneous legend soon appeared which claimed that the Sufi mystic and disciple of Ibn Arabi, Sadreddin Konevi, was buried there. This untrue legend had even made its way into the Salname-i Vilayet-i Erzurum, a history book on Erzurum. Hence, the tomb became known as Sadrettin Konevi Türbesi.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The mausoleum fell into disrepair over the years. It was restored in 1954, with some funding from the Directorate General of Foundations.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The overall architectural style of the mausoleum is classified as being in the style of Seljuk architecture. The mausoleum has two levels, the actual graves are on an underground level, visible through an air vent at ground level. A normal dome, covered by a conical one, tops the structure. Muqarnas work is present inside the building, such as the upper half of the entrance's doorway. Stone is used primarily to construct the mausoleum.", "title": "Architecture" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Best Kept Secret is an album by the American musician Chris Ardoin, released in 2000. He is credited with his band, Double Clutchin'. Ardoin supported the album with a North American tour.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Recorded at Ultrasonic Studios, in New Orleans, the album was produced by Scott Billington. Sean Ardoin left the band prior to the recording sessions. Chris Ardoin played rhythm and lead guitar, accordion, rubboard, and bass. Ardoin wrote most of the album's songs. \"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone\" is a version of the song made famous by the Temptations. \"If It Makes You Happy\" is a cover of the Sheryl Crow song. \"I Don't Want Nobody Here but You\" was written by John Delafose.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "OffBeat wrote that, \"track after track, the accordion whiz kid puts on the show, pumping out endless sequences of innovative and improvised riffs—flying up and down the scales while hammering out barrages of squealy high notes along the way.\" The Orlando Sentinel determined that \"Ardoin and rhythm guitarist Nat Fontenot lock their guitar parts as tightly as a couple of funk players who've been gigging together for decades.\" Billboard said that \"Ardoin's accordion is propulsive and imaginative; he attacks the rhythm line like a jazz soloist, but he never loses the zydeco groove.\"", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Boston Globe noted that \"unexpected pop salutes (a bit of George Michaels here, Bobby McFerrin there) play into the rhythmic jams.\" Bass Player praised Curley Chapman's \"tight, punchy tone and unfailing groove.\" Keyboard stated that the \"hybrid mixture blends the traditional elements of Cajun, zydeco, and Creole with contemporary elements.\" The Herald-Sun listed Best Kept Secret among the best albums of 2000.", "title": "Critical reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nasir el-Din Shafi’ bin Ali bin Abbas el-Kinani el-Asqalani el-Masry (Egyptian Arabic: ناصر الدين شافع بن علي بن عباس الكناني العسقلاني المصري) (1330 – 1251), commonly known as Shafi' bin Ali el-Masry was an Egyptian writer, historian, biographer, poet and military commander who participated in the conquests of the Egyptian army during the era of Sultan El-Mansur Seif el-Din Qalawun.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Shafi' bin Ali was born in 1251 in Cairo. He was raised by a family famous for its knowledge and culture, and it seems that he became attached to his uncle Mohie el-Din bin Abdel Zahir, and his son Fath el-Din bin Abdel Zahir. There is no clearer evidence of this than his saying about his uncle Mohie el-Din and his loyalty to him:", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "“And from whom I lived, I advanced, and from whose hands I graduated.”", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1281, the Egyptian army, led by the Egyptian Sultan El-Mansur Qalawun, moved towards the Levant to confront the Mongol Ilkhanid armies near Homs. Shafi’ bin Ali was a companion of El-Mansur Qalawun, because he was at that time in charge of the Egyptian Diwan al-Insha (or letters). Shafi’ bin Ali fought the Mongols with great courage and was one of the heroes of the final attack on the Mongols, but during the fighting Shafi’ bin Ali was hit in the temple by a Mongol arrow, which led to his blindness. After that, Shafi’ bin Ali turned to writing.", "title": "Second battle of Homs and injury" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Shafi' bin Ali wrote many books, the most famous of which is the biography of Sultan El-Mansur Qalawun, which is the book known as al-Faḍl al-maʼthūr min sīrat al-Sulṭān al-Malik al-Manṣūr. He also wrote about the biographies of El-Zahir Baybars, El-Ashraf Khalil bin Qalawun, and El-Nasir Mahammad bin Qalawun.", "title": "Writing" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "His books on the history of the sultans of the Egyptian Sultanate were considered one of the most important historical books about the era of the Egyptian Sultanate, known as the Mamluk era.", "title": "Writing" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "After a long life, at the age of 79, Shafi’ bin Ali el-Masry died during the era of the Egyptian Sultan El-Nasir Mahammad bin Qalawun in 1330. Upon his death, Shafi' bin Ali el-Masry left behind 20 bookcases full of books.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1980 Quito Grand Prix, also known as the Grand Prix Ciudad de Quito, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Quito, Ecuador that was part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from 3 November until 9 November 1980. Second-seeded José Luis Clerc won the singles title.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "José Luis Clerc defeated Víctor Pecci 6–4, 1–6, 10–8", "title": "Finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Andrés Gómez / Hans Gildemeister defeated José Luis Clerc / Belus Prajoux 6–3, 1–6, 6–4", "title": "Finals" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Susie Olive Kaylock born Susie Harden aka Susie Rudder (8 June 1892 – 18 August 1959) was an Australian local government official and community worker taking a strong interest in the Country Women's Association..", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kaylock was born in Tintenbar, New South Wales in 1892. She was the first child born to Miriam Ada (born Everingham) and her Irish born husband, Henry Harden. Her mother took an interest in her education, as she was trained as a school teacher. Her father was a farmer and when she was a teenager they moved to the hamlet of Lower Bucca in New South Wales. She had lessons in singing and piano to supplement her education, and in about 1908 she was sent to a finishing school in Sydney. When she returned she was a piano teacher and she could dress make.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She married at the age of 23 at the local church, St Peter's Anglican Church, in Nana Glen. She married a banana farmer named Reginald Burdett Rudder and they had a son, but five weeks after the birth Reginald was killed. He had been in France with the Australian Imperial Force. On 3 May 1917 she became a widow. She had been living at their banana farm but she decided to rent that out.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She taught herself shorthand, typing and bookkeeping with the assistance of a correspondence course while she lived with her parents. She went to work in local government and promotion followed. By 1919 she was Dorrigo Shire Council's deputy shire clerk and she was able to buy her own house at Coramba. She went on to work with the town clerk's of Coonamble, Weddin and then Mudgee. In 1932 she married John George Kaylock at the oldest Australian Anglican church St Philip's Church in Sydney. He also worked for Mudgee Municipal Council. He continued to be a health inspector and she resigned so she could remarry.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Country Women's Association of New South Wales had been operating since 1922 and now married she became a member attending the branch in Kempsey. In 1935 she was the treasurer and in 1940 she was the President. She continued her interest after they moved to South Grafton where she served in various roles including as a delegate. In 1956 she was President of the CWA's South Grafton Branch. In 1957 she moved to Bourke and she again supported the CWA. During her time with the CWA she had campaigned for women's issues including establishing a second class sleeper railway service to allow mothers to travel.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Kaylock died in Bourke from cancer in 1959. In 2019 it was decided to create a Kaylock Street in the Australian Capital Territory named after her. The street is in the Canberra suburb of Strathnairn.", "title": "Death and legacy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tatyana Mikhailovna Frunze – (Russian: Татьяна Михайловна Фрунзе; born 2 August 1920) was a Soviet organic chemist, Doctor of Chemical Sciences, professor (1969). Daughter of Mikhail Frunze.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Tatyana was born into the family of People's Commissar of Military Affairs M.V. Frunze. After the death of her father (1925) and mother (1926), together with her younger brother Timur, she lived with her grandmother for some time, and after her death, the children were adopted by family friend Klim Voroshilov.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "According to the memoirs of Semyon Budyonny, she studied at the Military Academy of Chemical Defense of the Red Army, and during the war she worked at one of the tank factories. As of October 10, 1945, she served at the academy with the rank of lieutenant technician.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1947 she graduated from the Moscow University of Chemical Technology (graduate of the Department of Chemistry and Technology of Organic Synthesis). Then she worked at the N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, carried out research on the chemistry of polyamides, and defended her Candidate of Sciences thesis on this topic.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1954, she moved to the newly founded Institute of Organoelement Compounds, and a few years later she defended her doctoral dissertation on the topic “Research in the field of synthetic heterochain polyamides.” (Исследование в области синтетических гетероцепных полиамидов). In 1964, she headed the newly created laboratory of polymerization processes at the institute.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "For several years she was a member of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission on Organic Chemistry and a member of the Council on Macromolecular Compounds under the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In addition to scientific work, she was engaged in social work: in 1968–1991 she was deputy chairman of the Committee of Soviet Women. Takes part in preserving the legacy of M. V. Frunze.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In December 2008, Tatyana Frunze’s apartment was robbed, including Mikhail Frunze’s awards. The thieves who had gained the trust of Tatyana Frunze were found, and a number of valuables were returned.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "As of April 2020, she lived in Moscow with her daughter Elena. In August 2020, she celebrated her 100th anniversary.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Her scientific interests are related to the chemistry of macromolecular compounds. She studied polycondensation reactions, in particular those occurring during the synthesis of polyamides, together with her colleagues she obtained many new polyamides (for example, caprolite and declon) and, based on a study of the dependence of the properties of these compounds on their structure, proposed a concept that allows these properties to be changed as needed. In addition, she studied the polymerization of vinyl compounds and heterocycles.", "title": "Scientific research" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Author of the monograph “Synthetic heterochain polyamides” (1962, together with Vasiliy Korshak), a large number of scientific papers, and several inventions.", "title": "Scientific research" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Husband – Colonel General Anatoly Georgievich Pavlov (1920–2007). Son Timur Anatolyevich Pavlov (1944–2008) (named in honor of Tatyana Mikhailovna’s brother) and daughter Elena Anatolyevna Pavlova (born 1948) are also chemical scientists. She also has grandchildren and great-grandchildren.", "title": "Family" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Canyon Del Muerto is a 2022 biographical drama film written and directed by Coerte Voorhees. It stars Abigail Breslin, Tom Felton, Jacob Fortune-Lloyd, and Tatanka Means.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Recounts the story of Ann Axtell Morris, one of the US’s first female archaeologists, who worked with the Navajo in the 1920s to uncover North America’s earliest civilisation, the Anasazi.", "title": "Premise" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The film was released on 20 April 2022.", "title": "Release" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Malaya Berestavitsa Massacre (Polish: Zbrodnia w Brzostowicy Małej , Belarusian: Злачынства ў Малой Бераставіцы) happened in September 1939 in the village of Malaya Byerastavitsa, during the Soviet Invasion of Poland. During that event, between 8 and 50 Polish villagers were murdered by pro-communist militia made up of Jewish Belarusians.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The massacre in Malaya Berestavitsa was first described by Krzysztof Jasiewicz in the study List of losses of Polish landowners 1939-1956 (published in 1995), Ryszard Szawłowski in his book Polish-Soviet War 1939 (1997) and Marek Wierzbicki in his book Poles and Belarusians in the Soviet Annexation. Polish-Byelorussian Relations in the North-Eastern Lands of the Second Polish Republic under Soviet Occupation 1939-1941 (published in 2000).", "title": "The course of the massacre according to historical publications" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The exact date of the massacre is unknown. Jasiewicz states that it took place on the night of 17–18 September, i.e. only a dozen hours after the USSR's aggression against Poland. Other sources indicate that it was committed after the Red Army had already occupied the territory of the Indura county, i.e. between 19 and 20 of September. The perpetrators were allegedly members of a pro-communist militia made up of Jews and Belarusians, most of them former political and criminal prisoners. It was to be headed by Ajzik Zusko, a Jewish trader living on the Volkovicky family's landed estate, and a Belarusian criminal, Sergei Koziejko.", "title": "The course of the massacre according to historical publications" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "According to the account quoted by Wierzbicki in his book, the militia first attacked the Wołkowicki family mansion and the Polish offices in Malaya Berestavitsa. The Poles arrested were sent to the local prison. To celebrate their \"success\", the attackers drank alcohol. In the morning the drunken militiamen dragged the Poles out of the prison, with the paralysed Countess Wolkowicka being dragged out by her hair. After being tortured, the victims were murdered. Some were shot. Others - including the Countess in particular, who loudly threatened the torturers with trial and punishment - were forced to swallow lime. Many of the wounded victims were buried alive in a mass grave. The course of the murder was so cruel that one of the Belarussians standing guard allegedly suffered a nervous breakdown. A Canadian columnist using the pseudonym Mark Paul describes the course of the massacre in a different way. In his description, it becomes a pogrom of which not only the landowners and employees of the state apparatus fell victim, but the entire Polish population of Brzostowica Mała. He indicates 20 September as the date. He also adds that the crime was inspired by Żak Motyl, a communist of Jewish origin, who in September 1939 headed a \"revolutionary committee\" in neighbouring Vyalikaya Byerastavitsa", "title": "The course of the massacre according to historical publications" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The greatest discrepancies occur with regard to the number of victims. Wierzbicki states that a total of eight people were murdered: landowners Ludwika and Antoni Wołkowicki, Ludwika's brother Zygmunt Wojnicz-Sianożęcki, as well as local representatives of the Polish state apparatus: the head of the village, the village secretary, the cashier, the postman and the teacher. The same number was given by the Institute of National Remembrance, adding that the surname of the murdered landowners was Wołkowycki, and the murdered village head was Kazimierz Wieliczko. On the other hand, according to Paul, the number of murdered reached fifty.", "title": "The course of the massacre according to historical publications" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "After the consolidation of Soviet power in the occupied Eastern Borderlands, several of the perpetrators of the crimes were accepted into the ranks of the militia. Ajzik Zusko, on the other hand, was appointed chairman of the local cooperative by the Soviet authorities. He was killed by the Germans in June 1941, shortly after the outbreak of the German-Soviet war.", "title": "Epilogue" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "A series of articles on the massacre in Malaya Berestavitsa appeared in the Catholic-national \"Nasz Dziennik\" in September 2001,a few months after the debate on the Jedwabne pogrom began. The right-wing-affiliated columnist Mark Paul tried, in a way, to equate the two crimes, pointing to the neighbourhood character of the murder in Brzostowica Mała and using the term \"the first Jedwabne in occupied Poland\" in relation to it.", "title": "Epilogue" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Influenced by publications that appeared in 2001 in the pages of Nasz Dziennik, the investigation into the crime in Malaya Berestavitsa was initiated by the Institute of National Remembrance. It was discontinued in 2005 due to the exhaustion of evidentiary possibilities. In an interview with Nasz Dziennik, prosecutor Dariusz Olszewski of the IPN branch in Białystok stated:", "title": "Investigation of the IPN" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The circumstances made it plausible that the crime was committed with the aim of destroying a group of people of Polish nationality, belonging to the circle of representatives of the intelligentsia and the state authorities. Thus, the act was qualified as an act of genocide, committed by persons acting in the interests of the communist state and inspired by its authorities.", "title": "Investigation of the IPN" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In the course of several years of investigation, the IPN found sixteen people who were residents of the village at the time. However, upon questioning them, it was established that none of them had participated in the events under investigation, and that these witnesses based their knowledge only on third party accounts.", "title": "Investigation of the IPN" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hester's Diary is a `1947 Australian radio serial written by John Appleton set in colonial Australia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Brisbane Mail said star Elaine Montgomery \"gives a sincere portrayal of young sentimentalist confiding hopes and fears to parchment... But John Tate, as stuttering ensign, steals the show.\"", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Smith's Weekly said \"This serial has steadily improved, episode by episode, and the story is already aflush with life. Miss Therese Howell, producer, Jhs wisely shifted the centre of interest from the women to the men and there is a latent promise of action moving through the delicately-played love story...This seems to be that long-awaited curipsity — a serial for intelligent listeners.\"", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The serial was repeated in 1951 and 1956.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "According to ABC Weekly \"It is a love story of Australia in Governor Macquarie’s time, and has a plot in which romance and adventure are cleverly blended. Based on the diary of a young and beautiful English girl, Hester, daughter of one of England’s landed gentry, the story opens when she is 22. In the manner of the times she is fearful of spinsterhood, journeys alone to Australia to marry, under Vice-Regal patronage, John Carmichael, a young officer of the 73rd Regiment, in N.S-W. Her life, first as an officer’s wife, later as the wife of a “free settler” when young Carmichael resigns his com-mission to “go on the land,’is the framework of a delightful story.\"", "title": "Premise" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Julie Kornfeld is an American epidemiologist and academic administrator serving as the twentieth president of Kenyon College since 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kornfeld earned a bachelor's degree in journalism from Boston University. She completed a M.P.H. and a Ph.D. in epidemiology from the University of Miami. Her 2009 dissertation was titled, Factors Associated with Acceptance of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: A Study of Spanish Information Seekers. David J. Lee was her doctoral advisor.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Kornfeld was the assistant dean and director of education at the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine. In 2016, she became the vice dean of education and associate professor of epidemiology at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. In 2020, she became the vice provost for academic programs at Columbia University. On October 1, 2023, Kornfeld became the twentieth president of Kenyon College. She succeeded acting president Jeff Bowman.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Marino Grimani may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Azərbaycan Respublikas", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "ı dövlət təhlükəsizliyi və xarici kəşfiyyat orqanlarının 100 illiyi (1919–2019)\" yubiley medalı - Jubilee medal \"100th Anniversary of State Security and Foreign Intelligence Services of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1919–2019)\" - state award (medal) of the Republic of Azerbaijan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Jubilee medal of the Republic of Azerbaijan \"100th Anniversary of the State Security and Foreign Intelligence Agencies of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1919-2019)\", which has achieved high results in the performance of official duties in the state security and foreign intelligence agencies, protects the national interests of the Republic of Azerbaijan from internal and external threats , protected from intelligence and countermeasures - soldiers, officers, veterans who distinguished themselves in intelligence activities, protection of state secrets, the fight against crime, as well as other persons actively involved in ensuring national security and improving state security, and foreign intelligence agencies are awarded awards.", "title": "Regulation" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The jubilee medal of the Republic of Azerbaijan \"100th Anniversary of the State Security and Foreign Intelligence Services of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1919-2019)\" is awarded by the relevant executive authorities to the persons specified in Article 1 of this Regulation.", "title": "Regulation" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "\"100th Anniversary of the State Security and Foreign Intelligence Agencies of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1919–2019)\" Jubilee medal of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the left side of the chest in the case of other orders and medals of the Republic of Azerbaijan \"95th anniversary of the national security agencies of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1919–2014) )\" Worn after the jubilee medal of the Republic of Azerbaijan", "title": "Regulation" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The jubilee medal of the Republic of Azerbaijan \"100th Anniversary of the State Security and Foreign Intelligence Organizations (1919-2019)\" (hereinafter referred to as the medal) consists of a plate with an eight-pointed star composition with a diameter of 38 mm, cast in bronze. and painted with gold water.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "There is a plaque on the obverse of the medal surrounded by outer and inner circles. Between the outer circle with a diameter of 26 mm and the inner circle with a diameter of 20 mm, there are two eight-pointed stars on each side, complementing the word \"REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN\" engraved along the upper arc. At the bottom there are oak leaves in the middle, on the left side there are \"1919\" along the arc from bottom to top, on the right side there are \"2019\" along the arc from top to bottom and the following words: Above the blue central circle is the text \"100 YEARS OF STATE SECURITY AND FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE AGENCY\". The eight-pointed star and its rays, the outlines of the circles, the oak leaves and all the inscriptions are in relief in gold.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The back surface of the medal is smooth, and the phrase \"STATE SECURITY AND FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE BODIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN 1919-2019\" is engraved on the middle part, and the series and number of the medal are engraved on the lower part.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "4.1. The medal is attached to a 37 mm x 50 mm pentagonal plate with an element that allows it to be attached to clothing via a loop and two eyelets. A black band with 4.25 mm wide blue, 1.5 mm wide gold, 4.25 mm wide blue stripes and a 17 mm wide blue vertical strip in the middle was drawn on the board from the edges to the center. A rectangular plate measuring 40 mm x 5.5 mm consisting of a star, crescent and wavy strip is attached to the top of the black strip. Star, moon and stripe images are embossed.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "4.2. The medal is accompanied by a 37 mm x 10 mm die with an element to be attached to the collar of the garment, covered with the same black ribbon.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lisbeth Knudsen (born 1953) is a Danish journalist and newspaper editor. After earning a degree in journalism in 1975, she worked in the editorial office of Berlingske Tidende. By 1986, she had become editor of the paper's Sunday edition. Subsequent posts included editor-in-chief of the Social Democratic newspaper Det fri Aktuelt (1993), news director for the Danish broadcaster Danmarks Radio (1998), editor-in-chief of Berlingske Tidende, and from 2015 director of Altinget and Mandag Morgen. In January 2016, she was appointed chair of the Royal Danish Theatre and has since served on the boards of several other companies and organizations.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ujjawal Trivedi is an Indian journalist, News anchor, and social media Influencer based in India. He has contributed to many news channels in the country, including NDTV, ZEE News, Star News, CNBC, and E24, Trivedi's engaging and inventive content has garnered him a substantial following on his social media platform.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Trivedi was born in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, with his family roots tracing back to Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh.", "title": "Early life and Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He earned his bachelor of Arts degree from MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly. From a young age, Trivedi harbored a profound interest in writing, composing poems and essays in Hindi, particularly focusing on social issues.", "title": "Early life and Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Aabs Animals is a virtual-pet simulation video game both developed and published by Aabs Inc. It was released originally released for the PlayStation Vita through late 2012-late 2013. The PlayStation 3 version released shortly after the PlayStation Vita version's release in Australia. The game was later released for the Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S on February 27, 2023, and for the PlayStation 4 on March 19, 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Players are able to select from a number of virtual cats that they can zoom in on and view in 3 dimensions. The game was noted by critics for its simplistic gameplay and lack of content.", "title": "Gameplay" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The game is said to be similar to Nintendogs or PlayStation Vita Animals.", "title": "Gameplay" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Aabs Animals received \"generally unfavorable\" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Dave Ozzy on TheXboxHub described it as \"less a game and more a transaction. It’s a shifty guy in a dark alley selling 1000G for £7.99. “Just look at a cat mate”, he says, as he pockets the cash and runs giggling over the horizon. And you're left staring at the rotating, mewling cat for sixteen minutes, the horror of what you committed to welling up in your brain.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Robert Ramsey on Push Square wrote that the game \"doesn't do anything fundamentally wrong – in fact, it excels in everything that it actually sets out to achieve. Clearly, the limited interactivity and twee subject matter are going to make it an incredibly niche release – but staring at a floating three-dimensional kitten may just be the tonic that your life sorely needs.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Limbe (Mongolian: лимбэ) is a western concert flute with six finger holes from Mongolian folk music, which belongs to the nomadic pastoral culture and is usually played with circular breathing by experienced players. The continuous playing of the flute to accompany \"long songs\" (urtin duu) lasting up to 25 minutes was added to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists in urgent need of preservation in 2011. Like most other Mongolian musical instruments, the limbe is traditionally only allowed to be played by men. The origin of the East Asian flutes such as the limbe and the related dizi in China could be traced back to the 1st millennium BC.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The earliest flutes found in China include one that dates back to the Neolithic period around 6000 BC. A bone flute with seven finger holes from Wuyang County dated to the 5th millennium BC and other bone flutes with finger holes from the 5th millennium BC. BC, which probably served as an animal call. They were probably collectively called guan (\"tube\") in Chinese. Since the 1st millennium, guan has also referred to reed instruments. According to pictographs from the late Shang dynasty (around 1200 BC), yue stood for a panpipe. Clay vessel flutes from the 5th millennium BC. 500 BC, now known as xun, were excavated in Banpo, Shaanxi. Transverse flutes from this early period (up to around 2000 BC) are only known from written Chinese sources. Its old name is chi.", "title": "Origin and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "According to these sources, the chi was a ritually used transverse flute with a large inner diameter. Two bamboo flutes, probably corresponding to the chi, with five finger holes, a blowing opening offset by 90 degrees and about 30 centimeters long were discovered in the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (after 433 BC). These are the oldest finds of transverse flutes. After all, they refute the popular view that the transverse flute was only brought from Central Asia to China during the Han dynasty (207 BC - 220 AD). During this period, the transverse flute was known in China as hengchui (\"cross-blown\") and was used by military orchestras for outdoor music. In the transverse flute of the Han dynasty, which was probably imported, the blowing hole and finger holes were in one line - as is usual with today's transverse flutes. From the 6th century onwards, the Chinese transverse flute spread under the name hengdi (\"transverse flute\") and was incorporated into the entertainment orchestras at the imperial court and into general Chinese music during the Tang dynasty (618–907).", "title": "Origin and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Together with the Chang (konghou in China), the barbat (pipa) and the sorna (suona), the transverse flute was mentioned in Chinese sources of the 1st millennium as a musical instrument imported from the West. The historical work Sanguozhi, written by the Chinese historian Chen Shou (233–297) around 285 AD, shows that the transverse flute was a foreign musical instrument and was used in the 2nd century BC, and it was introduced from the \"Western Country\". The \"Western Country\" meant roughly the area from Xinjiang through Central Asia to Afghanistan and northern India.", "title": "Origin and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Transverse flutes were unknown in Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, but were rare in Ancient Greece. The Greco-Roman plagiaulos (\"cross-standing aulos\") has been around since the 4th century BC at the latest. Like the longitudinal flute, it was a typical shepherd's instrument, was used as a call for hunting and for cultic purposes, such as the Egyptian Isis cult, but was of little importance for musical life overall. Apart from the plagiaulos, no other transverse flutes are known from the Mediterranean region from the first centuries before and after Christianity. This makes the Indian transverse flutes the oldest, so that according to Jeremy Montagu (2013) it is obvious that the transverse flute spread from India westwards towards Europe.", "title": "Origin and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The above-mentioned finds of Chinese bamboo flutes in the margrave's grave probably have their origin in the local region, otherwise it is possible that the Central and East Asian transverse flutes also come from India, where they appeared in the ancient Indian Sanskrit literature of the 1st millennium BC. It is mentioned in the north as vamsha (\"bamboo\"). In southern India at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD, the transverse flute was known as kuzhal. Today's bamboo flutes such as bansuri and bansi are derived from the name vamsha. According to this hypothesis, the transverse flute made its way from India to China and further to Japan, where it was documented in the 8th century at the latest and is now available in several variants (such as ryūteki, komabue, yokobue, shinobue and nōkan).", "title": "Origin and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "It is unclear when transverse flutes first appeared in Central Asia. According to Chinese sources, they were widespread in Central Asia at the time of the Han dynasty, as it is said that a Chinese embassy brought the flute and knowledge of how to play it back home from Central Asia. A well-known Chinese musician of the 2nd century BC. With this knowledge, he is said to have composed 28 new war melodies.", "title": "Origin and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "During excavations in Afrasiyab near Samarkand, fragments of preserved terracotta figures of women playing music from the middle of the 1st millennium came to light. The Sogdian musicians, standing upright, grasp a long, thin wind instrument with both hands, which they hold vertically downwards and which is apparently intended to represent a rim-blown longitudinal flute. Other figures from Afrasiyab played flutes. It is particularly from such representations that we can gain insight into the form and use of the transverse flutes, as only a few original musical instruments have survived. On several terracotta depictions from Afrasiyab, what can be seen is a blowing tube attached to the side at a right angle on the transverse flutes, as was also typical of the Greco-Roman plagiaulos. Original examples of this type of flute were also unearthed. According to this, transverse flutes were widespread in Samarkand in the 1st millennium and were played by women and men.", "title": "Origin and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "A gilded silver bowl from Bactria dated to the 7th century shows mythological figures from Greek-Buddhist culture in relief, including a bearded Heracles. However, the monkeys playing music on the edge of the bowl are not part of ancient Greek art. One monkey beats a double-headed hourglass drum, the other blows a transverse flute that he holds with both hands. The number of finger holes is not visible; the playing tube appears somewhat shorter and thicker than on today's flutes. The oldest musical monkeys were excavated by the Sumerians (mid-3rd millennium BC), and here they suggest contact with Indian art.", "title": "Origin and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Sogdia was influenced by Buddhism until the 8th century. Further north, in East Turkestan, numerous musical monkeys and, above all, important wall paintings have also been preserved from the Buddhist art of Central Asia. Murals depicting Buddhist paradises usually feature festively dressed musicians accompanying dancers in their midst. The musicians in one of the oldest Buddhist representations of paradise, a wall painting in cave 220 of the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang from the Tang dynasty, play different lutes, angle harp (tschang), board zither (cf. current), cone oboe (suona), pan flute, transverse flute, snail trumpet, mouth organ, chime (bianqing) and drums.", "title": "Origin and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The limbe is preferred by ethnic groups in the east of Mongolia, which include the Khalkha Mongols, who also live in the center of the country. The old Mongolian name bischgüür for longitudinal and transverse flutes today refers to the Mongolian cone oboe, which is related to the suona. Bischgüür, in Classical Mongolian biskigür or bisigür, is possibly derived from Persian bīscha or pīscha for a shepherd's flute made of plant cane. In addition to the Chinese dizi, transverse flutes corresponding to the limbe are the bamboo flute limba of the Buryats in Eastern Siberia, the lingbu in Tibetan music and the zur-lim in Bhutan. Lingbu, also known as gling-bu in Tibetan, refers to all Tibetan flute types and in the narrower sense a core gap flute. In particular, the Tibetan transverse flute with six or seven finger holes is called phred-gling or ti-gling and is only used in light music. Other flutes called lingbu are used in the Tibetan ritual dance ling dro (also gling-bro), performed by laypeople, together with the secular cone oboe sona (practically identical in construction to the sacred gyaling).", "title": "Origin and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In southern Central Asia, the brass flute tulak is also known in Herat, western Afghanistan, and the nai flute is known in the music of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan (among the Karakalpaks). The nai is closely related to the Chinese dizi and the limbe, which is belied by the Arabic-Persian name adopted from the longitudinal flute nay. Roger Blench (2019) suspects that the name nai is a later adoption after the Islamization of the region in order to enhance the flute through a reference to Arab-Muslim culture.", "title": "Origin and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The limbe is made of bamboo or brass, the modern one is often made of plastic. It has twelve holes: the first for blowing, the second - covered with a membrane - amplifies the sound, the next six are opened or closed with the player's fingers, the remaining four holes: two in the upper part and two in the lower part, when they remain covered, give the instrument a lower sound.", "title": "Design" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Eastern Khalkhais distinguish two forms of limbe, the female limbe which is narrower, and the male limbe, which is thicker and shorter.", "title": "Design" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Mongolians feel like they belong to one people across the national borders of Mongolia, Siberia, China and Central Asian states. Regardless of this, the individual ethnic groups maintain different identities with their own musical expressions. In general, instrumental music is secondary to the various forms of unaccompanied vocal music. The limbe is a musical instrument well suited for nomads because it is small and can be easily transported when slipped into the belt.", "title": "Playing style and techniques" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Traditionally, the limbe is played by shepherds in the pasture. The transverse flute has a special meaning when it is used as an alternative to the morin khuur in a ritual that is intended to get a mother camel to accept her own rejected or another's young. Camels usually give birth to a foal every two years. Due to the harsh climatic conditions, it can happen that the mother or the young do not survive the birth and the orphaned foal has to be adopted by another mother without offspring. In this case, the Mongolians practice a ritual at dawn or dusk in which they tie the mother and foal together and a singer begins to call \"chuus, chuus, chuus…}. Those present dressed in their best clothes to reflect the significance of the ritual. Accompanied by a musician with a horse-head violin or transverse flute, the shepherdess and singer (or a professional singer hired for this purpose) standing close to the camel performs a melody with excerpts from poetic verses that imitate the camel's stride and its cries. During the ritual, which lasts several hours, the melody is adapted to the changing behavior of the mother animal. This “camel appeasement ritual” was added to the list of intangible cultural heritage in urgent need of preservation by UNESCO in 2015. The successful ritual ensures the survival of the foal and provides camel milk during the nursing period, which nomads living in the Gobi Desert need for their nutrition.", "title": "Playing style and techniques" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Popcorn League, also known as the Popcorn Baseball League (Chinese: 爆米花棒球聯盟), is a semi-professional baseball league based in Taiwan. Founded in 2014, the league started out as a summer independent league. After a hiatus from 2015 to 2016, it became a winter league starting in 2017.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2014, as a partnership between the Chinese Taipei Baseball Association (CTBA) and sports broadcasting company Videoland Sports, the Popcorn League was established. Videoland Sports had recently lost the bid to carry top-tier Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) games on its local cable network for the first time in 18 years and stated its commitment to improve the level of play in local baseball. According to the CTBA commissioner, the league saw see itself as a \"means to provide a steady stream of talented players for the CPBL\" and aimed to work with Major League Baseball in the United States by allowing up to four foreign players and one coach on each team to enhance the level of its play.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In the league's first foreign players draft, Chen Chun-hsiu was selected in the first round by Chii Lih Coral. In the inaugural season, the Topco Falcons defeated Taiwan Cooperative Bank at Tianmu Baseball Stadium to win the league's first championship.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The league was inactive for the 2015 and 2016 seasons, returning in 2017. Taiwan Cooperative defeated Taipei Highwealth to win its first championship. In the following season, Taiwan Cooperative Bank defeated Topco Scientific to secure its second consecutive championship. The winning streak ended in the 2019 season, when Taipei Highwealth defeated Taiwan Cooperative Bank in the championship series.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On 19 September 2022, CBTA commissioner Jeffrey Koo Jr., Sports Administration secretary-general Lu Hung-chin, and LabTurbo Biotech general manager Eric Tai announced that LabTurbo Biotech would become the league’s 11th team.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In the 2023 season, four Popcorn League teams became the first to play at the Taipei Arena in a closed-door doubleheader ahead of the venue's official opening. On 14 November, Taipei Highwealth played New Taipei Heran in the morning, and Taiwan Cooperative Bank played Xports in the afternoon. On 18 December, Taiwan Cooperative Bank defeated Taipower to win a third consecutive championship, its fifth in history.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "As of 2023, there are 11 active teams:", "title": "Current teams" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Visayas-Mindanao Force was a military formation created in November 1941 to command all soldiers of US Army, US Philippine Scouts, Philippine Army, and Philippine Constabulary in the southern islands (Visayas and Mindanao) of the Philippines. Colonel William F. Sharp was appointed as commanding general and was promoted to Brigadier General in November 1941 and later Major General. He was just starting to organize his command and train his soldiers into a fighting unit when the war started on December 7, 1941.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "General Sharp was ordered to organize the coastal defenses, construct more airfields, recruit, and trained soldiers. He took Colonel John W. Thompson as Chief of Staff and Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Mixson as deputy chief of staff to help him organize the command. Along with Lieutenant Colonel Howard R. Perry as G1, Lieutenant Colonel Charles I. Humber as G2, Lieutenant Colonel W.L. Robinson as G3, and Lieutenant Colonel Robert D. Johnston as G4.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Before war started Visayas-Mindanao Force has 5 Divisions of Philippine Army, 1 Battalion of Philippine Scouts and various Philippine Constabulary personnel. However, 71st and 91st Divisions were ordered to transfer to Luzon Island in November 1941 leaving their last infantry regiment who is still organizing. With only 61st Infantry Division under Brigadier General Bradford Chynoweth located in Panay and Negros, 81st Infantry Division under Brigadier General Guy O. Fort a long time constabulary officer, and 101st Infantry Division under Brigadier General Joseph Vachon which are still undergoing training. General Sharp received another order from General MacArthur to move bulk of his forces to Mindanao along with his headquarters. He moved his headquarters to Del Monte Fields in Bukidnon and brought along 81st Infantry Division Headquarters and assigned to Dansalan in Lanao. He also transferred1st Battalion/82nd Infantry to Davao Area, also ordered to transfer to Mindanao are 61st Infantry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Eugene Mitchell, 73rd Infantry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Robert Vessey, 61st Field Artillery Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Hiram Tarkington, and 81st Field Artillery Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel John M. Woodridge. Later Leyte Brigade under Lieutenant Colonel Ben-Hur Chastaine which included 81st Infantry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Ruperto Kangleon and 93rd Infantry Regiment under Major John Goldtrap to cover the Northeast area of Mindanao including Northern Davao Province.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On December 10, 1941, Muira detachment landed in Davao with the support of 3rd Naval Fleet and Air Forces based in Palau. They were met by forces of 101st Infantry Regiment and 1st Battalion, 82nd Infantry under overall command of sector commander Lieutenant Colonel Roger Hilsman after few skirmishes they were overran and dispersed due to lack of coordination and fire power. Sakaguchi Detachment landed the following week to reinforced the Muira Detachment. When Japanese gained a strong foothold, Sakaguchi Detachment left and landed in Sulu Island in preparation for Japanese invasion of Borneo where much needed oil are found, leaving Muira detachment in Davao area.", "title": "First Japanese Landing" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Colonel Hilsman 900 strong troops were dispersed to the mountains of Davao and others towards Kabacan. Rogers himself has to endure weeks of hike in the jungle to reach Bukidnon and report back to 101st Division headquarters. Leaving army provincial battalion and constabulary troops harassing Japanese forces. No further major Japanese landings occurred until the fall of Bataan peninsula. Lieutenant Colonel Graves assumed command of Kidapawan-Digos sector.", "title": "First Japanese Landing" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On February 6, 1942, General MacArthur decided to take control of Mindoro and Panay Islands which are nearer to Luzon Island to manage the supply route and delivery of supplies. This made him decide that Visayas Islands should be separated from General Sharp's command. This took effect on the General MacArthur's departure to Australia on March 17, 1942.", "title": "Split of Command" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Brigadier General Bradford Chynoweth commander of 61st Division in Panay Island took command of Visayan Force and moved to Cebu, he organized Operation Baus Au in a corps level scale the same strategy while he was commander of 61st Division in Panay Island. General Chynoweth first order of business was to place commanders on Major islands. He promoted Colonel Albert Christie to Brigadier General to assumed command of 61st Division and Panay Island including Romblon and Guimaras. He sent Lieutenant Colonel Carter McClellan commander of 63rd Infantry Regiment to command Negros Island but General Sharp sent Colonel Roger Hilsman who commanded forces in Davao at the start of the hostilities making him more experienced and senior officer than Colonel McClellan. Colonel Hilsman assumed command of Negros Island and Colonel McClellan slide down to be his executive officer. Colonel Irvine Schudder commanded Cebu Island and Colonel Theodore Cornell commanded Leyte and Samar Islands.", "title": "Split of Command" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "After the surrender of Bataan, General Homma has spare forces now to start his campaign in to southern islands. Kawamura detachment invaded Panay Island on April 16, 1942. Kawaguchi detachment invaded Cebu island almost the same day. Due to lack of artillery guns and ammunitions, Japanese easily set its foothold and dispersed Filipino-American forces. Captured all major ports and airfields and bulk of supplies in Cebu, making sure it won't reach beleaguered troops in Corregidor Island. Justice Secretary Jose Abad Santos was captured by the Japanese in Cebu who was making its way to reach Mindanao.", "title": "Split of Command" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "General Sharp activated 102nd Division to cover the defense of Northern Mindanao from units coming from Visayas Islands and provincial battalions. He selected Colonel William P. Morse as commander above the Taguloan river. Kawamura Detachment invaded Mindanao thru Northern Mindanao and Kawaguchi Detachment landed Cotabato and Malabang, Lanao. They were met by Filipino-American forces with fierce fighting but in the end the superior weaponry won and lack of artilleries guns and air support made the defenders easily dispersed from their position. General Sharp forces was still fighting and acknowledge he could not hold on much longer and communicated to General MacArthur's headquarters in Australia,", "title": "Split of Command" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Following the fall of Bataan, Corregidor island was the focus of Japanese intense operations until May 6. General Wainwright still communicate directly to General Sharp for Visayas and Mindanao forces despite General Chynoweth being equal to General Sharp due to separation of commands. Probably he not aware of the new setup. Before General Wainwright moved forward to seek terms of surrender to General Homma Masaharu commander of the 14th Army he released General Sharp from his command and ordered to report directly to General MacArthur. The later insisted no less the surrender of entire Filipino-American forces in the Philippines before he accepts the surrender. General Sharp was forced to abide the order of General Wainwright due to the pressure that forces in the Corregidor are held hostage and will be massacred should he not surrender his forces. He sent emissary Lieutenant Colonel Jessie Traywick to personally deliver his hand written order and ensure this order are carried by General Sharp. In turn Sharp sent emissaries to General Chynoweth commander of Visayan Force and to other commanders in major islands in the Visayas.", "title": "Revert Back Visayas-Mindanao Force" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "General Sharp surrendered the entire forces in Visayas and Mindanao to Japanese on May 9, 1941. Before his surrender he already has a plan for the transition of his forces to guerilla units. He allowed send home the new trainees and bury their weapons, he allowed the roster of his forces abjugated . He ordered his remaining forces to report to Camp Casisang in Malaybalay, Bukidnon for the surrender. Few months later American POWs are brought to Luzon and later sent to Japan via Hell ship.", "title": "Surrender" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Kentucky Senate election will be held on November 5, 2024. The Republican and Democratic primary elections will be held on May 21. Half of the senate (all odd-numbered seats) are up for election. Following the 2022 election, Republicans and Democrats held 31 and seven seats, respectively. The deadline for candidates to file is January 5, 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "As of December 2023, a total of four senators (one Democrat and three Republicans) have announced their retirement, none of whom are retiring to run for other offices.", "title": "Retiring incumbents" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "† – Incumbent not seeking re-election", "title": "Summary by district" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Cassie Chambers Armstrong was elected in February 2023 following the resignation of Morgan McGarvey to become a U. S. Representative.", "title": "Special elections" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Greg Elkins was elected in May 2023 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Ralph Alvarado in January 2023.", "title": "Special elections" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Candidate filings are located on the Secretary of State website.", "title": "Elections" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Incumbent senator Whitney Westerfield is retiring.", "title": "Elections" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Incumbent senator John Schickel is retiring.", "title": "Elections" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Incumbent senator and senate majority leader Damon Thayer is retiring.", "title": "Elections" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Incumbent senator Denise Harper Angel is retiring.", "title": "Elections" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam (shortened as NEEK, transl. Girl, why is the moon angry with me?) is an upcoming Indian Tamil-language romance film written, directed and produced by Dhanush, jointly with Kasthuri Raja and Vijayalakshmi Kasthuri under Wunderbar Films and RK Production. It stars an ensemble cast including Pavish, Anikha Surendran, Priya Prakash Varrier, Mathew Thomas, Venkatesh Mohan, Rabiya Khatoon and Ramya Ranganathan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The film was officially announced in December 2023 under the tentative title DD3, as it is Dhanush's third directorial film, and the official title was announced a few days later. Principal photography commenced the same month. The film has music composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar, cinematography handled by Leon Britto and editing by Prasanna GK.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam is scheduled to theatrically release on 21 December 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 24 December 2023, Christmas Eve, Dhanush's production house Wunderbar Films and his father Kasthuri Raja and mother Vijayalakshmi Kasthuri's production house RK Production officially announced that they would produce Dhanush's third directorial film after Pa Paandi (2017) and D50. Along with the title of the film, principal cast and crew were announced, where the cast consists of Pavish, Anikha Surendran in her second collaboration with Dhanush after D50, Priya Prakash Varrier, Mathew Thomas in his second Tamil film after Leo (2023), Venkatesh Menon, Rabiya Khatoon and Ramya Ranganathan, and the crew consists of cinematographer Leon Britto, editor Prasanna GK, music composer G. V. Prakash Kumar, production designer Jackie, visual director and costume designer Kavya Sriram and publicity designer Kabilan. The film's title was derived from a song from Policekaran Magal (1962).", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Principal photography commenced with the first schedule on 16 December 2023.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam is scheduled for a theatrical release on 21 December 2024.", "title": "Release" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ellenstrongia is a genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Rissoidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Thomas Meienhofer (September 18, 1865 – September 6, 1936) was the first abbot of Mount Angel Abbey in Oregon, USA,", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Thomas Aquinas Meienhofer, baptized as Franz, was born in Wuppenau in the canton of Thurgau. He attended the school at Engelberg Abbey, entered the abbey and became a priest. After moving to the daughter monastery Mount Angel in the US, he taught Latin, biology and astronomy at the college.", "title": "Education in Switzerland" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On July 11, 1901, he was elected prior of Mount Angel and on February 3, 1904, after the priory was elevated to an abbey, he was elected the first abbot. Both elections took place under the presidency of Abbot Frowin Conrad of Conception Abbey. Abbot Meienhofer received the abbatial benediction on June 29, 1904, through Abbot Frowin Conrad (Archbishop Christie of Portland was ill). His assistants were Abbots Athanasius Schmitt of St. Meinrad's Abbey, Indiana, and Vincent Wehrle of St. Mary's Abbey, North Dakota.", "title": "Leadership in the young monastery" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Abbot Meienhofer served as abbot 1904–1910. He resigned unexpectedly on May 25, 1910. He had been absent from the monastery for many months and had been seen in the company of Belle Gerlinger, the divorced wife of the railroad magnate Louis Gerlinger. He later married Belle and moved to New York City. During his last years as a monk and for the rest of his life, Meienhofer suffered from bad eyesight. He never returned to Mount Angel, although he corresponded with some of the monks, and died in Virginia.", "title": "Leadership in the young monastery" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Arthur Leslie Foster (1 November 1881 – 16 August 1956) was an English first-class cricketer, medical doctor, and an officer in the British Army.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The son of the merchant Norman R. Foster, he was born at Balham in November 1881. He was educated at Westminster School, before matriculating to study medicine at Guy's Hospital in Southwark. From there, he gained a commission into the Royal Army Medical Corps as a probationary lieutenant in February 1908. After being confirmed in the rank in August of that year. he was promoted to captain in August 1911. Following the end of the First World War, he was made an acting major in August 1919, and gained the permanent rank in February 1920.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "While stationed in British India, Foster played first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team on three occasions in the Lahore Tournament's of 1924–25 and 1925–26, playing twice against the Muslims and once against the Sikhs. In these, he scored 106 runs at an average of 21.20, with a highest score of 44. In the RAMC, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in November 1932, with a further promotion to colonel following in October 1936. He retired from active service in November 1938 with the rank of colonel. Foster was recalled to service in the Second World War, during which he was mentioned in dispatches in December 1940. His war service lasted until November 1941, when he exceeded the age for recall. Foster died in August 1956 at East Stour, Dorset; he had married Edith Kate Summerhayes in November 1908.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Malaysia Open (officially known as the Petronas Malaysia Open 2024 for sponsorship reasons) is a badminton tournament that will take place at the Axiata Arena, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from 9 to 14 January 2024 and has a total prize of US$1,300,000.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The 2024 Malaysia Open is the first tournament of the 2024 BWF World Tour and is part of the Malaysia Open championships, which had been held since 1937. This tournament is organized by the Badminton Association of Malaysia with sanction from the BWF.", "title": "Tournament" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This tournament will be held at the Axiata Arena inside the KL Sports City in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.", "title": "Tournament" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Below is the point distribution table for each phase of the tournament based on the BWF points system for the BWF World Tour Super 1000 event.", "title": "Tournament" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The total prize money is US$1,300,000 with the distribution of the prize money in accordance with BWF regulations.", "title": "Tournament" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tim Stowell is Distinguished Research Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Los Angeles. Prior to his retirement, he served as Dean of the Humanities Division.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Stowell was born in Ottawa in 1954. He earned his PhD at MIT in 1981 and was a fellow at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study during the academic year 1996-1997.", "title": "Education and Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Stowell works on generative syntax, and is best known for his postulation of small clauses.", "title": "Research" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lucette Mazzella (6 May 1910 – 19 June 1987) was a teacher, communist organizer and women's rights activist in Algeria and Morocco. She taught school in French Morocco from 1929 until 1952, and then in French Algeria from 1954 to 1964. Mazzella was a co-founder of the Union des femmes du Maroc (Moroccan Women's Union) in 1944 and served as the organization's first secretary general. She was a delegate to the founding executive council for the Women's International Democratic Federation as a representative for Morroco in 1945.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lucette Emma Gorré was born on 6 May 1910 in Albertville, France to Marie-Louise (née Collombet) and Jovinien Gorré. Both of her parents were teachers and during her childhood were sent to Oran in French Algeria to teach. She was raised as a Catholic and attended secondary school in Oran before moving to Rabat in French Morocco to attend normal school, graduating in 1929.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After completing her schooling, Gorré began teaching in Mazagan. She married Michel Mazzella a teacher from Oran, who had completed his military service in 1929 and moved to Morocco to be near her. The couple taught in Mazagan until 1931 and then moved to Casablanca where they both taught at the neighborhood school in Maârif through 1947. While living in Morocco, she met Ali Yata and Léon Sultan, who convinced Mazzella and her husband in November 1943 to join the Moroccan Communist Party, which had been organized in July. She and Fortunée Sultan, wife of Leon, founded the Union des femmes du Maroc (Moroccan Women's Union) in the early months of 1944, with other communist women, like Fréa Ayache. Sultan served as the organization's president and Mazzella was the general secretary. They organized women throughout the city to protest the lack of supplies, and the racial discrimination which was used to allocate the few goods which were available. They also advocated for typical women's issues, such as equal pay and civil rights, publishing articles in their journal Femmes du Maroc (Women of Morocco) which was established in 1945.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Mazzella attended the organizing conference of the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF), held in Paris in 1945, as a representative of the Moroccan Women's Union. She presented a paper about the status of people explaining that in Morocco, Europeans received a ration of 300 grams of bread daily, along with sugar, flour, and milk, but native Moroccans received nothing, because they had no civil status or ration cards. She also pointed out that the discrimination meant most Moroccans had no right to obtain education or social services and were forced to live in shanty towns which were rife with disease. The WIDF was founded as an organization to oppose fascism, promote peace, improve women's rights, and advocate for children's well-being. With the Women's Union, she participated in organizing aid for street-children, providing food, and also organized interdenominational youth camps for children in the summer. She was also involved in petitioning the government for the release and protection of persons who had been arbitrarily arrested. In 1946, Mazzella ran as a communist candidate for the French National Assembly, and finished second, within a few hundred votes of the socialist candidate, Jean Léonetti [fr].", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "From 1947, the position of the Moroccan Communist Party was vocal opposition to continuing a union with France and in favor of Moroccan independence. Mazzella carried out a study with Khadouj Bent Mohamed for the Women's Union that year to evaluate the organization's activities for women and children and plan its multi-ethnic and interdenominational work to help disadvantaged people. She also served on the committee to plan activities to protest inflation and the government restrictions on unionization. Although the police banned their demonstrations, Women's Union organizers ignored the directive and passed out pamphlets calling for continued protests. Police reports indicated that Mazzella and Ayache were active in the demonstrations. Support for independence, and continued demonstrations against the French authorities, led to repression of communist members and forced the party to go underground.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1952, Mazzella and her husband Michel were expelled from Morocco and sent back to Oran. Michel found a teaching post at the École Ferdinand Buisson (Ferdinand Buisson School) and continued to work as a political and union organizer. Mazzella began working as the director of a nursery school in 1954 and remained in charge of the facility until it burned in 1962, during the Algerian War of Independence. Fleeing from an attempted assassination in May 1962, by the Organisation armée secrète (Secret Armed Organisation), the couple took refuge in France until the end of the war. After returning to Oran, Mazzella worked to reestablish the Lycée Lamoricière (Lamoricière Lyceum) and the École Jean Zay (Jean Zay School) by training primary school teachers until 1964, when the couple moved to France.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Mazzella died on 19 June 1987 in Concarneau. She is remembered as a \"lively and determined\" activist, who was dedicated to eliminating social injustice.", "title": "Death and legacy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ada Merrett Frances Cole (1860-1930) was a nurse, pioneer of animal rights and the founder of The International League Against the Export of Horses for Butchery, later renamed the International League for the Protection of Horses, now known as World Horse Welfare. She was largely responsible for making the transport of horses for slaughter more humane and for improving horse abattoirs. She was decorated for her actions while nursing in Belgium in World War One.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ada Cole was born on Croxton Hall Farm near Thetford on the Norfolk/Suffolk border. She was a daughter of Louisa Henrietta (nee Clarke) and Edward Cole, an eloped couple, and was one of ten children, of whom only five survived infancy. She was educated at home by her mother and a relative, Mrs. Merrett, who acted as governess. The family were tenant-farmers of some eleven hundred acres and used Shire horses and oxen to work the land. The children thus grew up surrounded by horses and cattle, and had dogs and a donkey. Louisa Cole died unexpectedly in 1883, aged fifty-two. It was discovered that Edward Cole had been living a double life with Emily Clarke, whom he married in 1888, having already had two children with her. Ada and her younger sister Effie left home for London soon after their mother's death.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "From 1883, Cole worked as a nurse at the thirty-year-old London Fever Hospital near King's Cross. At that time, before the era of motorized transport, horses were the major means of transport and haulage. The suffering of cab horses had already prompted Anna Sewell's famous tale, Black Beauty, first published in 1877 by Jarrolds of Norwich. Sewell was also born in Norfolk. Cole was just as dismayed as that author at seeing overworked cab horses collapsing in the street from exhaustion and ill health. Having been raised around animals, she knew they should be handled with compassion and respect. Stray cats and dogs were at the time also often hunted and kept in laboratories for operations without anesthetic. Cole became an early anti-vivisectionist and a vegetarian.", "title": "Before the First World War" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1886, both sisters became Roman Catholics, Ada taking the name of St Francis of Assisi as her baptismal name. After her sister became a nun, Cole took on private nursing work in the 1890s in the UK and in Europe. When she began to suffer from poor health, she moved to Norwich in 1990 where she worked as a district nurse until 1911 in the St Georges area, a poor district where she set up a club for impecunious Catholic girls. While in Norwich, Cole would visit the Cattle Market where she reprimanded the cattle handlers if she saw them handling the animals with brutality. In 1906, Cole published, with Scientific Press, a booklet on nursing, called Lectures on home nursing for the poor. The booklet is now available as a classic reprint.", "title": "Before the First World War" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1910, Cole's health deteriorated and she was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. She gave up nursing temporarily and moved to Cley-next-the-Sea, on the North Norfolk Coast, in order to rest and get well. In 1911, somewhat recovered, Cole went to visit her younger sister, now the mother of a convent in Antwerp. One day, while passing the docks with her sister, Cole saw lines of horses who, ill and exhausted at the end of their working lives, had been sent from Britain to be disposed of in overseas abattoirs. She was appalled at their brutal treatment. She did not object to the eating of horses or their slaughter for meat per se but wanted more humane conditions for their transport to slaughterhouses. The invention of the internal combustion engine meant that many working horses had become redundant. By 1906, nearly 50,000 worn-out horses per year were being exported on British ships to the continent for meat or vivisection without anesthetic.", "title": "Before the First World War" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Cole researched the situation, working with the RSPCA and the Brussels Society for the Protection of Animals, watching and recording the journeys of horses and mules, often without access to food or water. Once back home again in Cley, she corresponded with relevant authorities and kept detailed records on, for example, the number of animals arriving in Antwerp each year, the number sent to veterinary colleges for vivisection and those slaughtered in abattoirs in Antwerp. She contributed to newspapers, gave public talks and was joined by others in sympathy with her actions and ideals. These included Stephen Coleridge, John Galsworthy and Alfred Munnings. In 1914, largely as a result of er efforts, the first Exportation of Horses Act was passed in Britain. It only limited export to five ports and only prevented horses in very poor health from being exported. Owing to the outbreak of war, it was never really put into effect.", "title": "Before the First World War" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "When the first world war broke out in 1914, Cole joined her sister Effie in Belgium. She worked as a Red Cross nurse treating German and allied soldiers. She also helped allied soldiers to escape back to their homes via underground networks that included her sister's convent. Cole also distributed resistance newspapers. She was arrested on August 3, 1918, and held in the Antwerp Military Prison which was also known, jokingly, as the Patriots' Hotel. Interrogated and at times in solitary confinement, she then stood trial on November 1, 1918, and was sentenced to a year in prison in Germany. Saved by the Armistice, she was freed on November 11th.", "title": "War work" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Cole returned to Britain in 1919. She had kept a diary throughout the war, hiding the texts under the floorboards at the convent. Three articles in the Eastern Daily Press October 1919 were derived from them. These were:", "title": "After the war" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In 1920, she received, along with her sister who had also been imprisoned, the Decoration Civique or Civic Decoration, a reward for exceptional acts of bravery, devotion or humanity. It was granted to her by Albert king of Belgium for her bravery, self-sacrifice and humanitarian actions during the war.", "title": "After the war" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Although temporarily halted during the wartime hostilities, the transport of unfit horses to the continent for butchery continued after the war, as horse dealers eager for profit found loopholes in the 1914 act. Efforts were made to encourage trade abroad in dead meat instead of live, but freshly killed meat was more popular on the continent. Cole continued to work with help from, for example, the RSPCA, the Belgian SPCA, and Lord Mark Lambourne, to pressure the Minister of Agriculture to improve inspections and slaughter conditions in France and Belgium. Newspaper articles, posters around London and a meeting at the Royal Albert Hall in May 1921, at which Cole spoke, all helped to sway public opinion so that a tax of £20 was levied on every horse, mule or ass exported live from Britain, thus making the trade uneconomic for horse dealers.", "title": "After the war" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In the 1920s, Cole spoke publicly all over the country, gathering high profile supporters such as John Buchan, who later became Governor General of Canada, and the Swedish anti-vivisectionist Emily Lind-af-Hageby and the Duchess of Hamilton. Her aim was to stop the export of horses completely as it was hard to verify that the slaughter techniques in continental abattoirs were humane. In 1928, Cole founded the International League for the Protection of Horses. She also established the Klondike Horse Sanctuary in Lincolnshire, a horse abattoir expressly designed to slaughter horses humanely. It closed in 1973. Cole died in October 1930.", "title": "After the war" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In 1932, the Ada Cole Memorial Stables, a home for old and ill-treated horses, were established in her memory. Ledgers of the first residents show that some were military horses and mules brought back from fighting on the continent. The stables were merged with Redwings Horse Sanctuary in 2005.", "title": "Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "A book about Cole’s life titled She Heard Their Cry, written by Joyce Rushen, was published in 1972 by ACMS Publishing.", "title": "Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Parallels have been drawn between Cole and another courageous Norfolk nurse, Edith Cavell, whose execution by Germans in 1915 made all aware of the danger of resistance work.", "title": "Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Cole's great-nephew was Tom Harrisson.", "title": "Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "\"She heard their cry, and with far-seeing eyes", "title": "Quotations" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Undimmed by useless tears, with love aflame,", "title": "Quotations" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Challenged the world to end such cruelties.\"", "title": "Quotations" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "From a sonnet entitled A Friend in Need on Ada Cole by Sir George Cockerill who became chair of the International League after Cole's death.", "title": "Quotations" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Craig Wise (born c. 1974) is an American former basketball player. He played college basketball for the Canisius Golden Griffins and was the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC) Player of the Year in 1995.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Wise was raised in a crime-ridden neighborhood in West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and played basketball at Central High School. He played his freshman season with the Canisius Golden Griffins as a 17-year-old. Alexander was selected as the MAAC Rookie of the Year, but was dispirited as he felt that many of his teammates lacked his commitment to winning. Wise contemplated leaving the team but decided to stay when John Beilein was appointed as head coach and established a new attitude amongst the players. Wise earned first-team All-MAAC honors during the 1993–94 season and helped lead the Griffins to their only MAAC regular season title. He averaged 16.4 points, 7.3 rebounds and 3.6 assists during his senior season in 1994–95 and was selected as the MAAC Player of the Year.", "title": "College career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Wise ranks in the top-10 in 12 different career statistical categories amongst Golden Griffins players including third in scoring (1,799 points), fifth in rebounds (784), eighth in assists (353) and second in steals (218). He is the only player in school history with more than 1,500 points, 700 rebounds and 350 assists. Wise was inducted into the Canisius Sports Hall of Fame in 2005 and was included on the MAAC Honor Roll in 2017.", "title": "College career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Wise graduated in 1995 as a 20-year-old with a degree in physical education and held aspirations of teaching and coaching. He was working as a transit cop in Philadelphia as of 2004.", "title": "Post-playing career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "David Vyorst (c. 1961 – December 7, 2017) was an American internet governance leader, advocate for free speech, online privacy, and democratic governance. He served as the Executive Director of the Washington, D.C. chapter of the Internet Society and co-chaired the Internet Governance Forum USA.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born around 1961, David Vyorst's was born to a Jewish family in New York City. His experiences growing up influenced his later film-making work.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Vyorst's first notable documentary film was The First Basket (2008), which gained positive critical acclaim. The film explored the role of Jewish athletes in the rise of basketball and the National Basketball Association (NBA).", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Vyorst became involved in internet governance. As the Executive Director of the Washington, D.C. chapter of the Internet Society and co-chair of the Internet Governance Forum USA, he organized numerous events over the span of a decade. These events brought together groups of individuals to discuss internet-related issues such as free speech, online privacy, and democratic governance.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "David Vyorst died on December 7, 2017.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Nationalbank für Deutschland (lit. 'National Bank for Germany') was a significant joint-stock bank in Germany, founded in 1881 and merged in 1922 with Darmstädter Bank to form Darmstädter und Nationalbank, in shorthand Danat-Bank.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Nationalbank für Deutschland was founded in 1881 in Berlin, with sponsors including the Commerz- und Disconto-Bank, Anglo-Austrian Bank, Vienna's newly established Länderbank, the latter's affiliate Ungarische Landesbank, and Breslauer Disconto-Bank Friedenthal & Co. It was initially headquartered at Unter den Linden 2 in the historic Berlin Zeughaus, then moved in 1884 to Voßstrasse 34, and in 1907 to Behrensstrasse 68-69 where it would remain until the 1922 merger. It developed a network of branches in Berlin and its region, reaching 29 locations by 1922.", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Nationalbank was involved, together with other German banks, in the creation of foreign-oriented ventures such as the Deutsch-Asiatische Bank in Shanghai (1889), and also participated in the restructuring of the former Banca di Genova as Credito Italiano in Rome (1895).", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In the early 20th century, the Nationalbank für Deutschland attempted to expand into the Ottoman Empire which was increasingly under German influence. In 1904, together with the National Bank of Greece, it established the Banque d'Orient, but sold its shares the next year to France's Comptoir national d'escompte de Paris. In 1905–1906, it participated in the establishment of Berlin-based Deutsche Orientbank (together with Dresdner Bank and A. Schaaffhausen'scher Bankverein), in which it took a 31.25 percent share; the Orientbank in turn took over the branches of the Banque d'Orient in Hamburg and Constantinople.", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1920, Nationalbank für Deutschland merged with the near-synonymous Deutsche Nationalbank, which had been founded in Bremen in 1871 and in 1906 had taken over the Nordwestdeutsche Bank AG.", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Its board members included Hjalmar Schacht from 1917 on, and Jakob Goldschmidt from 1918, both of which were also among the bank's influential shareholders.", "title": "Overview" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "François Touvet (born 13 May 1965) is a French prelate of the Catholic Church who was bishop of Châlons from 2015 to 2023. On 21 November 2023 he was named coadjutor bishop of the diocese of Fréjus-Toulon.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "François Touvet was born in Paris on 13 May 1965 into a family of navy officers. He is the brother of Laurent Touvet, a senior civil servant, and the brother-in-law of General Pierre de Villiers.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He attended the Lycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague and the Saint-Cyr military academy before studying in England for a year. He entered the seminary of Paray-le-Monial and continued his studies in Besançon and Lyon. After interrupting his studies to fulfill his military service obligations, he obtained his master's degree in theology at the Catholic University of Lyon in 1992.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Dijon on 28 June 1992. He was parochial vicar in Is-sur-Tille until 1996, then part of a team of priests serving the parish complex of Selongey. For years he was religious advisor to the Scouts and Guides of Europe and chaplain to the Unitary Scouts of France. From 1999 to 2004, he was parish priest of Châtillon-sur-Seine and Coteaux-de-Haute-Seine, and from 1996 to 2002 diocesan chaplain of the Eucharistic Youth Movement. He was dean of Val-de-Seine from 2001, and from 2002 he was parish priest of the parish of Montigny-sur-Aube and episcopal vicar for the northern zone of the archdiocese. He was vicar general of the archdiocese of Dijon from 2004 to 2010. He joined the Diocese of Langres in 2010 where he was parish priest of the cathedral and dean of the diocese from 2010 to 2015. He was also episcopal vicar for the southern region of the diocese from 2011 to 2014, then vicar general of the diocese of Langres in 2014–2015, and parish priest of Chaumont in 2015. He also served as chaplain to units of the French army from 2011 to 2015.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On 23 December 2015, Pope Francis appointed him bishop of Châlons. He received his episcopal consecration at Saint-Étienne Cathedral in Châlons-en-Champagne on 28 February 2016 from Thierry Jordan, archbishop of Reims, assisted by Gilbert Louis, bishop emeritus of Châlons and Joseph de Metz-Noblat, bishop of Langres. He was one of the youngest bishops in France.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Within the Bishops' Conference of France, Touvet was a member of the Commission for the Liturgy and Pastoral Sacraments from 2017 to 2021 and interim president of the French Association of Pontifical Missionaries in 2020/21. In 2021, he became president of the Council for Communications.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On 25 June 2022, Cardinal Jozef De Kesel, Archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels, appointed him administrator of the Community of the Word of Life–a community marked by \"spiritual abuse and sexual violence\"–until its dissolution on 30 June 2023.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "On 21 November 2023, he was named coadjutor bishop of the diocese of Fréjus-Toulon. He was assigned most of the authority of an ordinary, rather than the role of an auxiliary which is customary for a coadjutor, specifically \"the special powers of the diocesan government in the areas of administration, management of the clergy, training of seminarians and priests, support of institutes of consecrated life, societies of apostolic life, and associations of the faithful\".", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "He was seated in Toulon on 10 December. He announced an end to the Vatican's restrictions on ordinations in the Diocese.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Plácida García Smith (August 7, 1896 – July 17, 1981) was an American educator, non-profit director, and community organizer. She was the director of the Friendly House in Phoenix, Arizona, where she helped immigrants and Mexican Americans, especially young women.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Plácida Elvira García was born on August 7, 1896, in Conejos, Colorado. Her paternal grandfather had founded Conejos and her father had worked as a sheriff and probate. Her mother's family, the Espinosas, had been a politically prominent family in New Mexico. As a child, García observed her father's legal work and was impacted by socio-economic disparities.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After graduating as valedictorian from Loretto Academy in Pueblo, Colorado, and earning her certification to teach second grade, García began teaching. During the summers, she studied at Greeley State Teachers College and the University of Mexico. She quickly rose through the school, becoming principal by 1918. In 1921, she became the Conejos County deputy county treasurer.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1924, García went to study at the University of Utah, where she earned her bachelor's degree in Spanish language with a minor in sociology on a teaching fellowship. She graduated in 1927 and went on to take graduate work at the University of California, Berkeley. In the summers of 1937 and 1939, García Smith took social work classes at the University of Denver.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "García Smith began volunteering as a social worker at the Friendly House, a center that helped immigrants adapt to America, learn English, and train for jobs. In 1931, she became the Friendly House's director when founding director Carrie F. Green resigned due to health issues. García Smith implemented federal relief programs and domestic training classes to create employment avenues for women. During the Great Depression, the federal funding she was able to obtain established the Friendly House as a major relief center.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "García Smith helped immigrants, especially women, find jobs and provided childcare for young children. She also helped immigrants obtain citizenship and taught classes herself. Smith spoke with local businesses and governmental agencies and urged them to hire Spanish-speaking employees. Both the public and private sectors began hiring more Spanish-speaking employees.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "As the Friendly House director, García Smith also worked with Father Emmet McLoughlin to establish a free clinic for minority women of south Phoenix. They found volunteer staff to provide prenatal and maternity care.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "García Smith also helped promote Mexican American culture in Phoenix. In 1932, García Smith organized the first Spanish-American Boy Scout Troop. In 1934, García Smith founded the Mexican Dance Project and helped establish the Mexican Orchestra under the Works Progress Administration.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "García Smith also worked to improve Phoenix's infrastructure. In the 1930s, García Smith helped create the Southside Improvement Organization, which worked to secure parks and pools from the government. In 1934, she participated in the Slum clearance project. In 1956, she was named to the Phoenix Parks and Recreation Board.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "As director of the Friendly House during the Great Depression, García Smith had coordinated repatriating Mexican families in an effort to address the economic crisis. By 1940, García Smith regretted her part in this work. Having heard about the work of the League of United Latin American Citizens in San Antonio, García Smith, along with journalist Maria García, founded the first League of United Latin American Citizens in Phoenix, LULAC Council 110. García Smith served as the council's first president. In this position, Smith advocated for Mexican Americans in other cities around the United States. In 1941, Friendly House hosted LULAc's national convention. In 1942, García and García Smith garnered support from other Arizona LULAC councils to challenge a public swimming pool's \"No Mexicans Allowed\" policy. While their efforts were unsuccessful, in 1946, Mexican American veterans convinced the Tempe Chamber of Commerce to withdraw their support of the policy.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "During World War II, Gárcia Smith served on the United Service Organizations' board of directors. In 1945, she volunteered as a social worker with the Gila River War Relocation Center. In this position, she helped former internees rebuild their lives.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "García Smith retired from the Friendly House in 1963.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "García married Reginald G. Smith in 1928. That year, they moved to Phoenix, Arizona due to Smith's job. García Smith began working as a substitute teacher in Phoenix. Smith and García Smith had a son together in 1930. Smith died in 1938 of a heart attack, leaving García Smith a single mother.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Plácida Elvira García Smith died July 17, 1981, in Phoenix, Arizona.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rosemary M. Thomas is an American academic administrator who is the incoming twenty-fourth president of Chowan University. She is the executive vice president of Davis & Elkins College.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Thomas is from Fairmont, West Virginia. She earned a B.A. in political science and communications from Clemson University. She completed a M.P.A. at the University of South Carolina. She earned a D.Ed. in educational leadership at West Virginia University. She completed postdoctoral work at Harvard University.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2017, Thomas joined Davis & Elkins College as its vice president of enrollment management and institutional advancement. During this time, she implemented a campus retention initiative and participated in its $100 million fundraiser. She was promoted to executive vice president where she managed enrollment, marketing and communications, and also served as the acting director of athletics. She is the president of the Elkins General Federation of Women's Club, director of the American Legion Auxiliary West Virginia Rhododendron Girls State, and president of the Community of Care of West Virginia, Inc. board of directors. In December 2023, she was named as the incoming twenty-fourth president of Chowan University. She begins on March 11, 2024. She is its first female president.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Unit 504 (Hebrew: יחידה 504) is an Israeli Intelligence Corps unit of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) responsible for human intelligence (HUMINT).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Like the Mossad Unit 504 is performing special and covert operations outside the borders of the State of Israel and like the Shin Bet it is also operating in the Palestinian territories, having responsibilities overlapping with Israel's two other main intelligence agencies.", "title": "Operations" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The unit is also responsible for interrogating IDF prisoners, both prisoners of war and unlawful combatants. Unit 504 is operating the IDF's black sites, including Camp 1391.", "title": "Operations" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The unit was founded at the same time as the IDF in 1948, shortly after Israel's declaration of independence, and has been involved in all the country's wars and conflicts. I was then called \"Modi'in 10\". The name \"Modi'in\" (Hebrew: מודיעין) derives from the village of the high priest Mattathias who helped spark the Maccabean Revolt. Its name was changed to \"Unit 154\" in 1957 and after the Six-Day War, following its merger with Unit 560 (which then dealt with interrogating prisoners) its name was changed to \"Unit 7019\", finally after the Yom Kippur War it gained its current name of \"Unit 504\".", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Unitas is an extinct genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cancellariidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The World Register of Marine Species indicates 40 species accepted within Unitas:", "title": "Species" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "William Harry Findlay MC (1896 – 17 June 1951) was an English first-class cricketer and an officer in the British Army.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Findlay was born in British Malta in 1896. He was commissioned into the British Army during the First World War, joining the Cheshire Regiment as a temporary second lieutenant in June 1915. He was awarded the Military Cross in October 1916, for conspicuous gallantry and good work during operations; one example cited described how Findlay guided a party of stretcher bearers to wounded men while under heavy artillery fire. Just before the end of the war, he was appointed a temporary captain whilst commanding a service battalion. After the war, he served in British India, where he played one first-class cricket match for the Europeans cricket team against the Indians at Madras in the 1920–21 Madras Presidency Match. Batting twice in the match from the tail, he was dismissed without scoring in the Europeans first innings by T. Vasu, while in their second innings he was dismissed for a single run by C. R. Ganapathy. With the ball, he took one wicket, that of Vasu in the Indians first innings. He retired from active service in December 1920, retaining the rank of second lieutenant. Findlay later died at Marylebone in June 1951.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Elif Bayram (born 18 September 2001) is a Turkish female basketball player. The 1.87 m (6 ft 1+1⁄2 in) tall national plays power forward.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Bayram started her basketball career in the farm team of Beşiktaş JK. In the 2018-19 season, she was promoted to the A team. She participated at the 2023–24 EuroLeague Women.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She was part of the Turkey girls' national U-16 team at the 2017 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She was part of the national U-16 team at the 2017 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival in Győr, Hungary that won the bronze medal. She played at the EuroBasket Women 2023 qualification.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Quercus orocantabrica, the Cantabrian mountain oak, is a species of deciduous oak.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This species occurs in the Cantabrian Mountains of northwestern Spain and northern Portugal.", "title": "Range" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1981 Quito Grand Prix, also known as the Grand Prix Ciudad de Quito, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Quito, Ecuador that was part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was the thirdedition of the tournament and was held from 2 November until 8 November 1981. Third-seeded Eddie Dibbs won the singles title.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Eddie Dibbs defeated David Carter 3–6, 6–0, 7–5", "title": "Finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Andrés Gómez / Hans Gildemeister defeated David Carter / Ricardo Ycaza 7–5, 6–3", "title": "Finals" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tremella versicolor is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces small, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) and is parasitic on the basidiocarps of Peniophora species, a genus of corticioid fungi, on dead attached or recently fallen branches. It was originally described from England.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Tremella versicolor was first published in 1854 by British mycologists Miles Joseph Berkeley & Christopher Edmund Broome based on several collections from England on basidiocarps of Peniophora nuda on deciduous trees.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Fruit bodies are gelatinous, orange-red to brownish red, initially up to 2.5 mm across, and discoid to pustular. Eventually they coalesce and become effused cerebriform (brain-like), up to 50 mm across. Microscopically, the hyphae have clamp connections and the basidia are tremelloid (ellipsoid, with oblique to vertical septa), 2 to 4-celled, 14 to 30 by 8 to 11 μm. Sterigmata and basidiospores are not formed in the initial, discoid to pustular stage; instead, clusters of small, ellipsoid conidiospores are released, typically with a thin wisp of ribbon-like hypha still attached. In the effused, cerebriform stage, smooth, globose to subglobose basidiospores are produced measuring 5.5 to 8 by 7.5 to 10 μm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Gelatinous fruit bodies of Hormomyces peniophorae are of similar size and shape and were described on basidiocarps of Peniophora lycii in England, but can be distinguished microscopically by having hyphae that lack clamp connections and no known teleomorph (basidia-bearing) state. Tremella versicolor was formerly confused with Tremella subencephala, but this forms fruit bodies on basidiocarps of the corticioid fungus Acanthophysium lividocoeruleum.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Tremella versicolor is a parasite on basidiocarps of the lignicolous, corticioid genus Peniophora, including Peniophora lycii, P. cinerea, P. quercina, P. nuda, P. violaceolivida, P. reidii, and P. incarnata. The hosts typically grow on dead, attached or recently fallen branches of deciduous trees.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The species was originally described from England and has been recorded in Europe from Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Italy,, the Netherlands, and Northern Ireland. Old reports from Sweden refer to Tremella subencephala. Tremella versicolor has also been reported from the USA.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2006 Korean Tour, titled as the 2006 SBS Korean Tour for sponsorship reasons, was the 29th season on the Korean Tour, the main professional golf tour in South Korea since it was formed in 1978.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The following table lists official events during the 2006 season.", "title": "Schedule" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Order of Merit was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in South Korean won.", "title": "Order of Merit" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "David Hopkin (born 1966) is an award-winning historian, who specialises in European social history and folklore in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Hopkin has called for historians to engage more with the subjects of folklore, writing in 2004 that historian should pay “…due attention not just to folklore collections, but to folklorists’ ideas and methods”.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He is currently Professor of Social History at the University of Oxford.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Hopkin studied history at Churchill College, University of Cambridge, from 1985 to 1988.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "From 1994 to 1997 he undertook a PhD, supervised by Peter Burke and Robert W. Scribner, before a spell as a Junior Research Fellow at Churchill College.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "From 1999 to 2005 Hopkin was based at the Department of Economic and Social History, University of Glasgow, as first a lecturer then senior lecturer.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Hopkin joined Hertford College, University of Oxford, as Fellow and Tutor in History in 2005. He was made Professor of European Social History in 2017.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Hopkin has authored and edited five books and numerous research articles. He has been a key collaborator in a number of large-scale historical research projects, including the BEROSE International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology.", "title": "Research" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Hopkins's first monograph, Soldier and Peasant in French Popular Culture was praised as the “product of meticulous research and high intelligence, expressed in superb prose” and was jointly awarded the Gladstone Book Prize in 2002.", "title": "Research" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "His second monograph, Voices of the People in Nineteenth-Century France, was awarded the Folklore Society's Katharine Briggs Prize in 2012.", "title": "Research" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In 2016, Hopkin was awarded a Leverhulme Trust Fellowship for the project ‘Lacemakers – Poverty, Religion and Gender in a Transnational Work Culture’, which sought to \"provide the first full length study of the shared work culture of lacemakers across nineteenth-century Europe; a history of women's experience of poverty constructed from folk songs and stories\".", "title": "Research" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In 2023, Hopkin was elected President of the Folklore Society. Hopkin is also a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.", "title": "Recognition" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lin Bingliang (English: James Lin Bing-liang; June 6, 1913 – May 25, 2001; also known as Ye Yinyun; holy name: James the Great) is a Catholic Church priest, a self-selected saint of the Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association Bishop of the Archdiocese of Guangzhou (1990-2001).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lin Bingliang was born on June 6, 1913, in Huiyang, Guangdong Province, the Republic of China. In 1924, when he was 11 years old, he entered the Saint Francis of Assisi Minor Seminary in Guangzhou. 1941, he graduated from the Holy Spirit Seminary in British Hong Kong. On September 14 of the same year, Lin Bingliang was ordained a priest in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong at 28. Later, he returned to the Apostolic Vicariate of Guangzhou and served as a senior priest in Guangzhou, Dongguan and Heyuan parishes.", "title": "life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On October 1, 1949, the Communist Party of China established the People's Republic of China in mainland China and began to carry out religious persecution and suppression of Catholicism. The church was no longer able to function normally. During the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1979, all religious activities in the diocese ceased. In the early 1980s, the Guangzhou Archdiocese resumed operations, and Father Lin Bingliang was appointed the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus chief priest.", "title": "life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On February 15, 1990, promoted by the Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association, an organization controlled by the Chinese government and forced by the government, the Archdiocese of Guangzhou elected Lin Bingliang as the bishop of the Archdiocese of Guangzhou without the permission of the Pope. On March 13 of the same year, Ye Yinyun, the illegitimate bishop of the Archdiocese of Guangzhou, passed away.", "title": "life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On May 6 of the same year, Lin Bingliang was officiated by the illegitimate bishop Joseph Zong Huaide of the Zhoucun Diocese of Shandong Province. The illegitimate bishop Cai Tiyuan the Shantou Diocese of Guangdong and the illegitimate bishop Zhong Quanzhang Xiangli of the Jiaying Diocese illegally self-selected themselves to be ordained pastors. Afterwards, Lin Bingliang was excommunicated because he violated the Canon Code of Canon Law and committed self-consecration without the permission of the then Pope John Paul II.", "title": "life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On February 15, 1990, promoted by the Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association, an organization controlled by the Chinese government and forced by the government, the Archdiocese of Guangzhou elected Lin Bingliang as the bishop of the Archdiocese of Guangzhou without the permission of the Pope. On March 13 of the same year, Ye Yinyun, the illegitimate bishop of the Archdiocese of Guangzhou, passed away. Sacred Heart Cathedral (Guangzhou)", "title": "life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Thee Ivan (transl. He is fire) is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language crime drama film written, produced and directed by Jayamurugan Muthusamy. The film stars Karthik and Sukanya in the main lead roles. The film marked the return of Karthik in the main lead role, after a long gap. The film received positive reviews from critics especially the emotional depth and character portrayal were well received throughout the film.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The film project was announced by T. M. Jayamurugan which marked his comeback return as film director and it also marked his third directorial venture after Roja Malare (1997) and Adada Enna Azhagu (2009). He also composed music for the film and also penned lyrics for the songs while also writing the screenplay and dialogues for the film.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Karthik was chosen to play the main male lead role after a long break from doing masala films. Karthik played supporting roles in films including Anegan (2015) and Thaanaa Serndha Koottam (2018) prior to this film project, as he was seen in only a handful of films here and there in the 2010s. It was reported that Karthik very much liked the script and storyline of the film, and he agreed to commit his time for the film to go on floors despite him being busy full-time with his political commitments.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The film was set in Coimbatore. The filmmakers chose Sunny Leone for an item number in a dance sequence opposite to Karthik and the shooting of the song reportedly began on 15 November 2023 in Chennai.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Maalai Malar stated that Karthik gave a befitting performance for the role of the father. Times Now rated three out of five and stated, \"The director, Jayamurugan Muthusamy, skillfully crafts the film's pacing, allowing the audience to empathise with the protagonist's struggles and triumphs.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "AOD9604 is an orally active, lipolytic peptide fragment of human growth hormone and derivative of Human Growth Hormone Fragment 176-191, differing by a Tyrosine instead of phenylalanine at the C-terminal. Human trials show that it retains the lipolytic properties of human growth hormone without stimulating IGF-1 production.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "AOD9604 appears to enhance lipolysis by upregulating beta-3 adrenergic receptors. Beta-3 adrenergic receptor knockout mice are unresponsive to the lipolytic effects of AOD9604.", "title": "Mechanism of action" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In a 12 week randomised trial, subjects receiving AOD9604 lost, on average, 1.8kg more than those receiving placebo. Development of AOD9604 was halted following insignificant efficacy in a later 24 week trial.", "title": "Clinical data" } ]

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