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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "NYB may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Heterometopia argentea is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Tasmania.", "title": "Distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Márta Fónay (1914–1994) was a Hungarian stage, film and television actress. A character actress, she appeared in supporting roles in a number of Hungarian films. She appeared in more than a hundred films and television productions during her long career.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Anna M. Moore or Anna Marie Moore FTSE is an astronomer who was instrumental in the formation of the Australian Space Agency as part the expert reference group of the Australian Government. She was nominated as a fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering in 2023 for her contributions to space exploration. She is Director of The Australian National University Institute for Space and the Advanced Instrumentation Technology Centre.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Moore was awarded a BSc from Cambridge University, 1994, a Masters of Space Sciences from The University of London, 1995 and PhD in astronomy from the University of Sydney, 2000.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Moore was employed at the Arcetri Observatory from 2004 to 2005, California Institute of Technology, from 2005 to 2017, and the Australian National University from 2017 onwards. She has received funding from the various sources including National Science Foundation, for SGER: United States participation in the 2007 Traverse to Dome A- Optical Sky Brightness and Ground Layer Turbulence Profiling. Moore also has received funding from the NSF for Gattini-UV South Pole camera research and the Australian Research Council for research on the Kunlun Infrared Sky Survey.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Moore is director of InSpace, and established and led the Institute for Space at ANU. At InSpace Director, she has exceeded normal diversity benchmarks by cultivating a workforce that is 75% women in an industry that is traditionally occupied by men. Her initiatives have facilitated the inclusion of female researchers within the InSpace Mission Specialist team and Technical Advisory Groups, two bodies which influence Australia's overarching space strategy.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "During her tenure as Director of the Advanced Instrumentation and Technology Centre (AITC) at ANU, she played a role broaden the scope of space testing services for the aerospace sector in both Australia and New Zealand. She also ensured access for the space community to the AITC's National Space Test Facility (NSTF).", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "By early 2020, during the COVID-induced closures affecting much of Australian business, Moore facilitated the reopening of NSTF first facility at ANU to open. This action ensured the continual fulfillment of heightened space testing demands from space companies, start-ups, and universities across Australia.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Moore has authored over 100 peer-reviewed publications, with over 3060 citations and an H index of 29 as at 2023. Moore has also written various articles on space for The Conversation, on 'Why space matters' and space exploration in a post-covid world.", "title": "Select publications" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "OKT may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nykyfor Yakovych Hryhoriiv (Ukrainian: Ники́фор Я́кович Григо́ріїв; 9 February [O.S. 21 February] 1883 – 5 August 1953) was a Ukrainian revolutionary, educator, and journalist who served as Minister of Education on two occasions, firstly for a month in the government of Vsevolod Holubovych before later serving from April 1919 to May 1920 under Symon Petliura. He later served as director of Voice of America's Ukrainian-language service.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Nykyfor Yakovych Hryhoriiv was born in the village of Burty [uk], in the Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire into a family of educators. He completed his education in the city of Horodyshche before becoming a librarian in the city of Kiev. In 1904 he became a teacher, illegally teaching classes in Ukrainian in the region of Podolia. A member of the Society of Ukrainian Progressives [uk], he was also head of the regional branch of the Prosvita organisation. He wrote for the Ukrainian periodicals Rada, Beacon, Light, and Podolian News, and served in the Imperial Russian Army from 1915 to 1917.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Following the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic Hryhoriiv joined the Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party and became president of the Kyiv Council of Soldiers' Deputies, representing the council in the Central Rada. As president of the council, he advanced efforts to establish a Ukrainian army for the newly-established country. From January to February of 1918, he also served as Minister of Education in Vsevolod Holubovych's government.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "After the 1918 Ukrainian coup d'état Hryhoriiv went underground, becoming a member of Volodymyr Vynnychenko's Ukrainian National Union [uk]. Following the Anti-Hetman Uprising he served as a member of the newly-established Labour Congress, and was director of the press service of the Ukrainian People's Army. He served as a member of the USRP's central committee, and opposed the pro-Soviet Borotbist faction. He again served as Minister of Education from April 1919 to May 1920, and in November 1920 fled to Poland. He moved to Czechoslovakia the next year, and in 1922 he co-founded the Ukrainian Husbandry Academy [uk] in Poděbrady.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Hryhoriiv's political career continued in exile; he continued to serve as on the USRP's central committee in exile, and in 1932 became head of the party. He continued to profess socialist and left-wing nationalist views, viewing them as intermingled with Ukrainian aspirations for self-determination. He was also active in promoting awareness of social sciences among Ukrainians. Following the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany, Hryhoriiv fled to the United States, where he continued to be active in Ukrainian cultural spheres. In 1949 he became director of Voice of America's Ukrainian-language service, a position he would hold until his death.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Hryhoriiv died in New York City on 5 August 1953. His son, Myroslav [uk], was an artist and graphic designer.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "OKV may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 Providence Friars women's basketball team represent Providence College in the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Friars are led by head coach Erin Batth in her first season at Providence and play their home games at Alumni Hall.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Schedule" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Major League Rugby season will be the seventh season of Major League Rugby, the professional rugby union competition sanctioned by USA Rugby. The regular season is scheduled to begin on March 2, 2024, and last through June 29, 2024, with the Championship Series to follow.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Miami Sharks will make their league debut this season as well as Rugby Football Club Los Angeles following their move from Atlanta, while the Toronto Arrows and Rugby New York withdrew from the league following the 2023 season. This leaves a total of 11 teams competing; all teams operating under one conference for the 2024 season.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The 11 teams will contest the regular season, all playing under one conference. Each club will play six opponents twice (one at home and one away each) and four opponents once (home or away).", "title": "Teams and format" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "Teams and format" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The regular season will consist of 18 weeks, with each team playing 16 matches, beginning on March 2, 2024, and ending on June 29.", "title": "Regular season" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Old Town Hall is a pub and former municipal building in Wombwell, in South Yorkshire, England.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Wombwell Urban District Council (UDC) was formed in 1894, and decided to build a town hall. A site was found, on the corner of High Street and Station Road, and the building was designed by the municipal architect John Robinson. The foundation stone was laid on 22 June 1897, the day of the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. In about 1902, a memorial plaque to local victims of the Second Boer War was attached to the north-west side of the building, and this was Grade II listed in 1985. The building is not nationally listed, but is on the South Yorkshire Local Heritage List.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The UDC became part of Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council in 1974, but the building was retained as council offices. In 2011, it was purchased by the local business owner Steve Harris, who converted it into a pub, with flats above. The pub opened the following year, the occasion marked by the brewing of Old Town Hall ale by the Acorn Brewery.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jorge Planas Ribó (March 9, 1962) is a Spanish surgeon specialized in plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery. He teaches as a professor at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) and the University of Barcelona (UB). Planas is known for contributions to the field and the development of new surgical techniques in nasal reconstruction technique, breast augmentation and for the cure of scars and eczemas.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Jorge Planas was born on March 9, 1962, in Barcelona. His father, Jaime Planas Guasch, was a plastic surgeon in Spain. In 1969 Jaime Planas embarked on a project to establish his own medical facility that culminated in the inauguration of Clínica Planas in 1971.", "title": "Early Life and Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Jorge Planas completed his secondary education at Tècnic Eulalia high school. In 1989 he earned his degree in medicine and surgery from the University of Córdoba. He specialized in reconstructive and aesthetic surgery at the Università degli studi Tor Vergata in 2000. In addition, he holds a doctorate and is a graduate in surgical laser from the Autonomous University of Barcelona.", "title": "Early Life and Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Moreover, Planas holds professional training certificates from the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital (MEETH) in New York and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. He has received recognitions by the Spanish Society of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery (SECPRE).", "title": "Early Life and Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Planas has made significant contributions in various areas of plastic and aesthetic surgery. He is known for the development of a nasal reconstruction technique using Integra and the implementation of breast augmentation techniques with autologous fat. Moreover, he pioneered research in the influence of the microenvironment on the cell fate of transformed breast epithelial cells and of a photo-stimulated calendula compound for the cure of scars and eczemas.", "title": "Professional Activity" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "At the UAB he teaches plastic surgery since 1992 and at the UB mammary pathology since 1993. Moreover, he held a visiting lecturer position at the University of Rome Tor Vergata. Planas is a Surgeon Member of Amref Health Africa and has performed surgeries at the Kcmc Moshi Hospital in Tanzania. He is also a Founding Member of the NGO AMREF Spain, which received the Princess of Asturias Award in 2018.", "title": "Professional Activity" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Selection of Academic Publications", "title": "Publications" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Salomy Jane, is a 1907 play by Paul Armstrong. It was loosely based on the short story Salomy Jane's Kiss by Bret Harte, but also pulled in characters from other Harte works. It has four acts and five scenes, taking place over sixteen hours in Calaveras County, California around 1855.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The play was produced by Liebler & Company, with staging by Hugh Ford, sets by Gates and Morange, incidental music by Robert Hood Bowers, and electrical effects by the Kliegl Brothers. It starred Eleanor Robson, with H. B. Warner, Holbrook Blinn, and Ada Dwyer. It ran on Broadway from January through May 1907, returned in September 1907 for a month then went on tour.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Paul Armstrong later expanded his drama into a screenplay for a 1914 silent film.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Lead", "title": "Characters" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Supporting", "title": "Characters" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Featured", "title": "Characters" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Walk-on", "title": "Characters" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Off-stage", "title": "Characters" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The play was never published; this synopsis is based on newspaper reviews from 1907.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Act I (Afternoon, meeting place of the Vigilantes in the Redwoods.) The vigilantes have called a meeting about some stagecoach robbers that held up and wounded Yuba Bill. At the meeting Larrabee and Madison Clay confront each other, but are separated and warned by Seth Low not to start a feud in California. Salomy Jane urges would-be beau Rufe Waters to avenge her honor upon Baldwin, but he hesitates. Later Baldwin is found dead, and Rufe secretly tells Salomy Jane that he slew him. She then allows him to put a ring on her finger. Anna May wanders in with a bangle that Yuba Bill recognizes from the robbery. The vigilantes now know they are hunting Red Pete. As they go out, Salomy Jane encounters the Man, and learns he was avenging his sister when he slew Baldwin. She brings him food and lets him go.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Act II (Evening, exterior of Red Pete's shack.) Yuba Bill tells Lize Heath that her husband Red Pete was one of the robbers who held up his stagecoach. Yuba Bill figures that means Red Pete will be abandoning her, since he is known to the vigilantes. But the vigilantes bring Red Pete and the young Man, who was also caught, into the clearing, so Pete can say goodbye to his family. Lize, despite Red's abuse of her, rails against vigilante justice until Pete stops her. Both men are to be hung for robbery, but Pete says the Man had nothing to with it. The vigilantes start to free him, when Rufe accuses him of Baldwin's murder. They decide to hang him, and Seth Low invites Salomy Jane to say goodbye to the young fellow who has no one else. Salomy Jane, impressed by the Man's stoicism and sense of honor, kisses him in front of the gathering. As they depart with their captives, Jack Marbury quietly slips some gold coins into Lize's apron while she sobs unaware.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Act III (Night, exterior of Madison Clay's home.) Returning home, Salomy Jane and her father learn Red Pete was hung, but the young stranger escaped. Col. Starbottle warns Madison that Larrabee is goning to ambush him. Starbottle, like Yuba Bill and Jack Marbury, are all trying to court Salomy Jane. She fends off the older men with humor, and tells Jack Marbury she likes but doesn't love him. However, she is scathing with Rufe when he reproaches her for kissing the Man: \"When you hang, I'll kiss you too\". Later, Salomy is awakened by a noise outside the cabin. Taking her father's shotgun with her in case its Larrabee, she finds the Man. He tells Salomy Jane he's come back to thank her. When Rufe comes by, stalking the Man, Salomy disguises him with her father's hat and duster. The disguise doesn't fool Jack Marbury, who holds the Man at gunpoint. Salomy Jane persuades Jack to let him go.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Act IV (Scene 1: Dawn, same as Act III.) Larrabee, mistaking the Man for Madison Clay tries to shoot him, but is himself shot by the Man using Madison's shotgun. Roused by the shots, neighbors come running. Salomy tries to hide the gun, but Madison see her with it and tells everyone he shot Larrabee. Soon Madison, Salomy, and the Man are all fugitives. Madison leads the vigilantes in one direction, to give Salomy time to get a horse.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "(Scene 2: Dawn, at the Corral of Madison Clay.) At the corral Salomy Jane tells the Man to pick out a horse for their escape. They are caught by Rufe, who holds them at gunpoint. The Man calls Rufe's bluff, knowing he doesn't have to nerve to fire. He further frightens Rufe by saying he'll strangle him like he did Baldwin. Rufe fades away and the couple make their escape. (Curtain)", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Liebler & Company was a partnership between investor Theodore A. Liebler and producer-manager George C. Tyler. After Robson's success in Merely Mary Ann, they leased the Liberty Theatre for the 1906-1907 season, in order to showcase her in several new plays. These were Nurse Marjorie by Israel Zangwill; Susan in Search of a Husband by Eugene Presbray, based on a Jerome K. Jerome story; and The Girl Who Has Everything by Clyde Fitch. According to Tyler's 1934 memoir, none of the three was very successful, so he commissioned Paul Armstrong to write another. Armstrong completed Salomy Jane in one week.", "title": "Original production" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "The play had no tryouts; its first public performance was its Broadway premiere at the Liberty Theatre on January 19, 1907. This was a Saturday, so the producers announced ahead of time there would be no matinee that day. Eleanor Robson had top billing. Producer Tyler said the premiere was nearly derailed when playwright Paul Armstrong became tipsy on champagne and gave a third act curtain speech. Armstrong gave the audience a narcissistic version of the play's writing that had the first-nighters starting to snicker, but redeemed himself by abruptly ending the speech proclaiming he owed it all \"to the great soul of Bret Harte\".", "title": "Original production" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "The New York Times critic thought the first two acts went smoothly, but the melodrama lost its punch in the third through obviousness, while the fourth act was weak. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle reviewer singled out the playwright's use of a backstory in the first act to explain Salomy Jane's reason for kissing the stranger. They also cited the playwrights characterization, saying the play \"is melodrama with human beings in it instead of theatrical stock figures\".", "title": "Original production" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "One month after the premiere, The Brooklyn Times reported \"attendance at the Liberty Theatre is nightly increasing and seats are already at a premium\". Beginning February 27, 1907, Wednesday matinees at the Liberty Theatre were devoted to a revival of Merely Mary Ann, with Eleanor Robson and Ada Dwyer reprising their roles in that 1903 hit, and H. B. Warner playing the male lead.", "title": "Original production" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "These matinees led to a minor contremps when Paul Armstrong protested the playing of Merely Mary Ann in conjunction with Salomy Jane, claiming long tradition would ascribe weakness to a new work if an older play supported it. George C. Tyler replied that Armstrong's contract with Liebler & Company was for an indefinite period and the playwright couldn't expect Miss Robson to go on playing Salomy Jane forever and nothing else.", "title": "Original production" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "The initial Broadway run of Salomy Jane finished at the Liberty Theatre on May 18, 1907. It would return September 2, 1907 as the first of several works in repretory, previous hits of Eleanor Robson such as Merely Mary Ann and Nurse Marjorie.", "title": "Original production" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tingqian town (in Chinese: 停前镇), formerly known as Tingqian District and Tingqian People's Commune, is an administrative town under Huangmei County, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China. Located in the northeast of Huangmei County, in the northern part of the Dabie Mountains, it encompasses an area that integrates old, reservoir, and mountain regions. The name \"Tingqian\" originates from the ancient relay station established during the Ming Dynasty. It was named so because \"travelers stopped here to rest before continuing their journey.\" The town's economy is predominantly agriculture-based, with extensive cultivation of blueberries, oil tea, and yellow tea. Additionally, there is development in tourism, forestry, and animal husbandry. It is recognized as a poverty-stricken town at the provincial level in Hubei and serves as one of the border trade \"gateways\" between Hubei and Anhui. The town government is located in Tingqian Village within its boundaries. As of the end of 2018, the town had a total registered population of 29,184.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1983, numerous ancient cultural sites were discovered within its territory, dating back to the Neolithic and Shang-Zhou periods. During the Tang Dynasty, Wang Xianzhi, a leader of a peasant uprising army, stationed himself in Huangmei and was beheaded at the Yuanpei Hill in Tingqian. From the end of the Yuan Dynasty to the twelfth year of the Zhizheng period (1352), a peasant uprising army led by Xu Shouhui was stationed in Tingqian and suffered defeat. In the fourteenth year of the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty (1381), Tingqian Relay Station was established in the area, known as the \"administrative office connecting seven provinces.\" It served as a transportation hub between Hubei and Anhui and is the origin of the name Tingqian Town. The Tingqian Relay Station was named so because \"travelers stopped there to rest before continuing their journey\". During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom period, the Taiping Army engaged in battles with the Qing Army in Tingqian.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "During the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China period, \"Li Jia\" was renamed as a township, and the name \"Tingqian Town\" first appeared. It belonged to Fengyuan Township and governed 28 villages. Another part of the present territorial area of Tingqian belonged to Zhuobi Town in Xincheng Township, with jurisdiction over 25 villages. During the Republic of China period, Tingqian was once the location of the Huangmei County government. From 1927 to 1931, during the first Chinese Civil War between the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) and the Communist Party of China, the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army divided Huangmei into five districts. Tingqian was part of the Eastern District, with the Soviet Office of the Eastern District located within the Dongsheng Wang Temple in Tingqian Street. Before the War of Resistance Against Japan, the original four townships were transformed into four districts, comprising 38 towns, with Tingqian Town falling under District 3. During this period, the Nationalist government frequently suppressed the activities of the Communist Party of China. In 1934 (23th year, according to the calendar of the Republic of China), the Communist Party of China reinstated its organization in Tingqian, Huangmei, sending Zhou Wangsheng and Zhou Liansheng, among others. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Huangmei County government retained the district system, converting towns into townships. The original 38 towns were reorganized into 23 townships, merging Tingqian Town and Gujiao Town into Tinggu Township.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "From August to November 1947, the Second Field Army commanded by Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping advanced into Huangmei after a long march into the Dabie Mountains, establishing the Huangmei County People's Democratic Government. The upper half of Huangmei was divided into six districts, with District 3 being Tingqian. On May 8, 1949, the establishment of the Huanggang region led to the abolition of the administrative division of Huangmei County during the Republic of China era. Five new districts were created, including Tuqiao, and Tingqian Town's jurisdiction belonged to that district. In August 1952, the entire county was restructured into 12 districts based on natural environments, encompassing 163 townships. Tingqian District was first established as District 3, governing 13 townships: Wangjiangshan, Xiaoping, Tingqian, Chenyuan, Tieniu, Laopu, Tafan, Anren, Guyue, Chaixia, Shicang, Liubi, and Jiangpang. However, in the latter part of 1955, Tingqian District was merged back into the Tuqiao District. In April 1958, the five townships of Wangjiang, Liulin, Tieniu, and Shuima were separated from the Tuqiao District, re-establishing Tingqian District. By the end of the year, the entire county underwent collectivization, and Tingqian District was changed to Shangyou People's Commune. In February 1959, it was renamed Tingqian People's Commune based on the geographic location.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In the reorganization and merger of districts and communes in October 1975, the People's Commune of Tingqian was divided into two communes: one retained the name Tingqian, while a newly established one was called Liulin People's Commune. The Tingqian People's Commune had jurisdiction over three administrative areas: Tingqian, Liubi, and Shuima, with 19 production brigades, 273 production teams, 1 natural town, and 284 natural villages. On the other hand, the Liulin People's Commune encompassed three administrative areas: Liulin, Laopu, and Wangjiang, with 14 production brigades, 141 production teams, 142 natural villages, and 1 natural town.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "During the dissolution and merger of communes in February 1984, the People's Communes were dissolved, and two communes were merged to form the Tingqian District. It had jurisdiction over six townships, a township-level town named Tingqian, 35 villagers' committees, and 330 villagers' groups, totaling 412 natural villages. In 1987, all 69 townships and township-level towns were abolished, and 12 districts and 6 district-level towns were transformed into 13 townships and 10 towns. Some territory was separated from the Tingqian District to establish Liulin Township, while the remaining area was restructured into Tingqian Town.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Upon the establishment of Tingqian Town in 1987, it had 21 villagers' committees, 170 villagers' groups, and 1 residents' committee. These committees were named as follows:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Tingqian Village, Jinzhai Village, Sanqupu Village, Hailuoshan Village, Zhoutangan Village, Deng'ao Village, Changchong Village, Shicang Village, Huzhai Village, Caiqiao Village, Meilong Village, Jiangbang Village, Jiangchong Village, Panhe Village, Liubi Village, Tieniu Village, Tongzhai Village, Jieling Village, Chaixia Village, Dongchong Village, Nanchong Village.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Subsequently, some villagers' committees were renamed. As of 2019, Tingqian Town still administers 21 administrative villages, all of which are administrative villages.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Tingqian town is situated at the forefront of the Dabie Mountains, historically recognized as a strategic military location. It is located in the northeast of Huangmei County, bordering Erlang and Fuyu Townships in Susong County, Anhui Province, to the east, adjacent to Shanmu Township to the south, Wuzu Temple to the west, and Liulin Township to the north. The town government is situated at Tingqian Xin Street in Tingqian Village, approximately 170 kilometers from the provincial capital of Wuhan and 18 kilometers from the county seat. Due to its location on the boundary between Hubei and Anhui provinces, Tingqian was identified by the Hubei Provincial Government as one of Hubei's border trade \"gateways\". However, despite this designation, Tingqian faces geographical disadvantages, being far from urban centers and suburban areas.", "title": "Environment" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The administrative area of Tingqian Town covers an area of 83.27 square kilometers. It is located in the northern part of the Dabie Mountains, serving as a transitional zone between the ancient Jiaoshan Mountain Range and the plain areas. The terrain slopes from north to south, with the western and northern regions bordering the Gujiao Reservoir being more mountainous, classified under the Huaiyang geoplate. In the eastern part, there are undulating hills interspersed with small patches of fields, presenting a relatively flat topography. The central and southern areas consist of hilly terrains and plain regions. The highest point within its boundaries is Jishijian Peak (488 meters above sea level), along with other relatively high peaks like Qianjia. It experiences a subtropical monsoon climate with abundant sunshine and distinct seasons, yet it is moist. However, the mountainous regions have lower temperatures, stronger winds, shorter sunlight exposure, and a frost-free period that is 30 to 50 days less than the plain areas, with seasons often delayed by 15 to 30 days. As per the 2016 statistics, the average temperature of the town is 17 °C, with July being the warmest month at 27 °C, and January being the coolest at 5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1963 millimeters, with May being the wettest month, averaging 310 millimeters, and the driest month is January, receiving 52 millimeters of rainfall.", "title": "Environment" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Most of the area in Tingqian Town is occupied by farmland. The primary soils found in this region are red sandy clay soil (distributed in the high and low hilly areas of Tingqian) and fine red sandy clay soil (found in Liubi, Shuima, and Zhaojiazhuang), followed by tidal sandy soil. There is also a small amount of limestone soil and red wusha sandy soil (found in Liubi and Fengshu'ao). Regarding paddy fields, various types are found, including shallow red fine sandy clay fields (in Liubi and Shuima), shallow red sandy clay fields (on high and low hills in Tingqian), shallow sandy clay fields (on dry mountains ranging from 500 to 800 meters), fine red sandy clay fields (in Liubi, Shuima, etc., on low hills, gullies, mounds, bays, and fields), red wusha sandy clay fields (in the major mountain fault zones of Tingqian, Liubi, and Shuima), red bubble yellow mud fields, sandy mud fields, mountain sandy mud fields, limestone mud fields, tidal mud fields, and cold spring fields. Except for certain areas like Shuima where limestone-developed soil is alkaline, the rest of the soil in the region is mildly acidic or acidic. There are mineral resources such as talcum powder ore, clay ore, mica ore, quartz ore, limestone ore, granite, and feldspar.", "title": "Environment" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The ancient Jiaoshan Reservoir, located within the area, was built in 1956 and completed the following year. It serves as a medium-sized key reservoir mainly used for flood control and irrigation, supplemented by aquaculture and power generation. The total storage capacity reaches 56.34 million cubic meters, covering a catchment area of 73 square kilometers, with a designed irrigation area of 108,000 mu (around 18,000 acres). The reservoir has two main canals, the East Canal and the West Canal, spanning the entire town. Additionally, there are seven rivers and four small reservoirs within the Tingqian area.", "title": "Environment" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The town's primary natural resource configuration revolves around \"six mountains, one river, and three portions of farmland\". Tingqian Town strives to develop as an ecological town, with forest coverage exceeding 95%. Over 70% of this forest area is designated as ecological forests, with plans to establish several natural reserves. The harmony between humans and nature, along with the \"continuous pine trees for ten miles\" scene, has been specially featured in the overseas edition of the People's Daily.", "title": "Environment" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Tingqian Town is among the 200 provincially supported key poverty-stricken towns designated by the Hubei Provincial People's Government. In 2012, the town's gross domestic product (GDP) reached 1.26 billion yuan, marking a 16.6% year-on-year increase. Fixed asset investment amounted to 170 million yuan, growing by 106.7% year-on-year. In 2015, the total fiscal revenue for the town was 4.703 million yuan.", "title": "Economy" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Agriculture is the primary driving force of the local economy in Tingqian Town. Most of the arable land is scattered on the high mountains in the northern part of the town, sporadically distributed. Some barren hills are covered with weeds, prompting local villagers to remark \"guarding the green mountains, yet poor as can be\". In the 1980s, the town primarily cultivated rice, sweet potatoes, wheat, and potatoes. Notable local specialties included tea leaves, fava beans, Chinese cabbage, ginger, Shuima red dates, Chaixia honey tangerines, and chestnuts. The Chaixia honey tangerines gained fame for their sweet taste, while the tea leaves, represented by the Yejiadang Tea Plantation, were well-regarded. Also, in the 1980s, Tingqian Town had an area of more than 30,000 mu (around 2,000 hectares) of arable land, with paddy fields occupying the majority, and a small portion designated for dry farming. By the late 2002, the town had around 12,750 hectares of cultivated land, with a sowing area of 2,925 hectares for crops.", "title": "Economy" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Since the beginning of the 21st century, farming hasn't been able to meet the local residents' needs. In 2017, with the aim of lifting villagers out of poverty, Tingqian Town set the development goal of becoming a key oil-tea town and creating a blueberry hub. The local government divided the entire town into three functional areas. Specifically, in the eastern part of Tingqian Town, the blueberry industry is being developed, while in the central and western areas, the focus is on the oil-tea industry, creating an \"ecological conservation and development zone\". To elaborate, the town aims to construct a 10,000-mu blueberry base centered in Tongzhai Village, establish a 20,000-mu oil-tea base centered in Liubi Village, and create an 8,000-mu yellow tea base centered in Haishan and Jiangchong Villages. Additionally, some impoverished households utilize idle land for planting oil-tea and blueberries in hopes of prosperity. By 2012, the average annual income of farmers in Tingqian reached 5,558 yuan, an increase of 683 yuan from the previous year. As of December 2015, there were 37,600 rural residents in the entire town, with an average disposable income per rural resident of 9,318 yuan.", "title": "Economy" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "The oil-tea planting project in Tingqian Town covers four villages: Liubi, Jieling, Tieniu, and Deng'ao. From 2013 to 2020, the initial phase of the project has seen a total investment of 1.25 billion yuan, planning to use an area of 100,000 mu to plant approximately 8.9 million oil-tea plants and intercrop about 800,000 hickories and ornamental trees. Starting in May 2010, with the assistance of Jiangsu Jinzhi Company, 10 villages, including Tongzhai, Liubi, Huzhai, Caiqiao, Jiangchong, Changchong, and Shicang, underwent low hill and ridge transformation to establish a blueberry planting base covering an area of 30,000 mu. The harvested blueberries are sold in supermarkets across China and are in high demand. Tongzhai Village has been named the \"Hubei Blueberry Town\" and was awarded the title of \"China Southern Small Berry Demonstration Base\" by the Ministry of Agriculture, becoming a model village for small berries in China. On July 9, 2017, the town held the first Blueberry Picking Festival in Huangmei County.", "title": "Economy" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Forestry is also a significant feature of Tingqian Town. In the 1980s, the entire Tingqian region (including present-day Liulin Township) had an afforested area of 32,823 mu, mostly natural forests. By December 2015, this number had increased to 73,000 mu (excluding Liulin Township). The main trees in the area include pine, cedar, and bamboo, implementing measures to develop an \"ecological forestry city\" and constructing Huangmei County's deep processing base for forestry. Locals have heavily developed economic forests, establishing a 500-mu bamboo base and a 1,000-mu eco-friendly fruit tree base. Since 2007, Dong Fan, a professor at China University of Geosciences and director of the China Mountaineering Association, has designated Nanchong Village in Tingqian as a field survival experience base for the school. Students are organized here for experiential training activities every semester. Tingqian also relies on forestry and agriculture to develop its tourism industry.", "title": "Economy" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "In the livestock industry, Tingqian Town invested 30 million yuan to establish a modern Hu sheep breeding farm, and additionally constructed a poultry farm for 10,000 birds, a Polled goat breeding farm, among others, serving as demonstrations for existing breeding grounds. The town also vigorously developed the pig farming industry and possessed farms like the Gujiao Pig Farm. The Gujiao Reservoir produces 100,000 kilograms of fresh fish annually and is one of the major aquatic suppliers in the county. In terms of industry, in 1972, areas like Tingqian began operating a phosphate fertilizer plant using a simple method of crushing phosphate rock and mixing it with sulfuric acid to produce phosphate fertilizer. In the 1980s, the Tingqian Commune had a total of 16 commune-operated enterprises, including lime factories, agricultural machinery repair plants, phosphate fertilizer plants, orchards, and mulberry fields. Among these, the talcum powder factory's products were once sold to several other provinces, reaching an annual production of 2,000 tons. By 2017, the entire town had a total of 26 enterprises with 639 employees; there were 6 industrial enterprises, with 1 being of a considerable scale (established in 2012).", "title": "Economy" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "According to the sixth national census in 2010, Tingqian had a population of 33,323 people, residing in 7,268 households, averaging 4.58 persons per household. There were 5,753 children under 14 years, constituting 17.26% of the total population; 24,158 individuals were between 15 and 64 years, accounting for 72.50% of the total population; and there were 3,412 elderly individuals aged 65 and above, representing 10.24% of the total population. There were 17,538 males, making up 52.63% of the total population, and 15,785 females, accounting for 47.37% of the total population. Among the local residents, 32,652 had local household registration, making up 97.99% of the total population.", "title": "Population" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "In 2015, the total registered population in the entire town was 40,998 people. By the end of 2018, the total permanent population in the town was 29,184 people.", "title": "Population" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "The ancient Tingqian Post Station, established in the 14th year of the Hongwu reign of the Ming Dynasty (1381), also known as the Taizi Post Station, derived its name from the Taizi Street of the ancient post (where a consort of the Ming Dynasty gave birth to a son). Currently, several late-Qing Dynasty buildings remain, somewhat dilapidated yet retaining their ancient charm with carved beams, painted rafters, and ancient architectural styles. Adjacent to the ancient post, the Qingjiang Bridge was constructed over the Tingqian River, built in the first year of the Shunzhi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1644) and measuring over 17 zhang in length. By the 15th year of the Jiaqing reign (1810), more than half of the bridge had been washed away, and in 1954, the entire bridge collapsed. Presently, remnants of the Qingjiang Bridge consist of several remaining bridge piers. In 1971, it was reconstructed, renamed the Tingqian Bridge, measuring 60 meters in length, 6 meters in width, with two spans, made of reinforced concrete, capable of bearing 15 tons.", "title": "Population" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "At the mid-slope of the western foothill of Hailuo Mountain in Tingqian Town lies the Hailuo Mountain Site, covering an area of 2,000 square meters, with a cultural layer approximately 0.3 meters thick, containing a large number of relics from the Western Zhou Dynasty. On a small hillside in Tingqian Town are the ruins of the Bangke Cliff Site, occupying an area of approximately 1,500 square meters. It is an irregular elongated shape, rising about 3 meters above the ground. In 1981, a member of the Tiechong Commune excavated a stone shovel, measuring 15 cm in length, 11.8 cm in width, 10.5 cm in bottom width, and 0.6 cm thick, with a hole diameter of 3 cm. Along with it, pottery fragments like tripod feet and li feet were discovered, indicating it to be a relic from the Shang and Zhou dynasties. Adjacent to the ancient post, about 200 meters away, lies the Wudang Palace Site. Covering an area of approximately 3,000 square meters, it is confirmed as a relic of an ancient village from the Shang and Western Zhou periods. Some of the buildings of the Wudang Palace, after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, were used as school classrooms and are currently part of the central school in Tingqian Town. The Chen River Site in Sanqu also holds artifacts from the Neolithic Age.", "title": "Population" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "In April 1981, at the Fenghuang site of the Huzhai Brigade in Tingqian Commune (now Shuima Village), a large copper seal belonging to Xu Shouhui, a leader of a peasant uprising at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, weighing 1172.5 grams and measuring 11.7 square centimeters with a thickness of 1 centimeter, was unearthed. The front bears six large seal script characters reading \"Seal of Commanding Ten Thousand Households\", while the back side contains inscriptions in traditional Kai characters reading \"Made by the Ministry of Rites of the Central Secretariat\" and \"The Third Year of Taiping, Month Unknown, Day Unknown\".", "title": "Population" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "Within the area lies the tomb of a Song Dynasty kiln factory in Sanqu, located in the old Sanqu kiln factory, where copper mirrors, porcelain jars, and epitaphs were excavated in 1983.", "title": "Population" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "The local plan is centered around the Guanjiao Reservoir, integrating cultural tourism resources like Wuzu Temple, aiming to construct a residential outdoor leisure area, creating the \"backyard\" of the East Hubei Zen Culture Tourism Area. Additionally, the town aims to build a livable area in the northern mountainous region. Utilizing the tourism resources of the ancient Tingqian Post Station and the Guanjiao Reservoir, Tingqian is developing tourist spots like Tingqian Flower Fairy Valley and creating Tingqian Post Station New Area as a township. Leveraging the advantages of the blueberry base, it's developing leisure tourism. During the blueberry flowering season, visitors can hike to enjoy the flowers, while during the harvest, they can pick and taste the blueberries. Other tourism projects within Tingqian Town include the Nanchong Outdoor Climbing Training Base, Chaixia Agritainment, Panhe Hot Spring, Tongzhai Blueberry Ecotourism Corridor, among others. The Longxu River Scenic Area project, with an investment of 500 million yuan, is scheduled to commence in September 2020. In 2018, Tingqian also developed the \"Tingqian Cedar Ten-Mile Sightseeing Corridor\", a pastoral complex. These various tourism resources and scenic spots form distinctive mountainous tourist routes.", "title": "Population" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "Early Tingqian's town construction was developed in line with the growth of township enterprises. Since the 21st century, with the local economy, especially tourism, booming, the town's infrastructure has undergone significant changes. Historically, the town's transportation mainly consisted of rugged mountain paths due to the mountainous terrain. According to records, mountain residents experienced hardships, described as \"panting sounds, drip by drip, step by step up the ladder to the clouds\". After Huangmei initiated poverty alleviation policies, road construction began. The Huangta Highway diagonally crosses the northern border, connecting Huangmei to Tingqian (Huangting Highway) in the south. The Huangta Highway was initially constructed in 1956 during the construction of the Guanjiao Reservoir, extending from Huangmei to the Guanjiao Reservoir dam. In 1966, it was extended to Tanfan Village in Liulin Township, spanning 32.25 kilometers. In 1975, the Xiaoting Highway was also constructed, covering a length of 16.8 kilometers from Xiahe Bridge to Tingqian. Additionally, the Chengliu Highway traverses east–west for 10 kilometers; the Dabieshan Interior Highway (also known as Yanzhang Highway) runs north–south for 17.5 kilometers; the Huangsong Highway (from Huangguling to Erlang River in Susong County) spans 6 kilometers; there are 168 kilometers of hardened rural roads. As for education, by 2012, Tingqian Town had a nine-year comprehensive school (Tingqian Town Nine-Year Comprehensive School), one middle school (Tingqian Town Middle School), five primary schools including Tingqian Town Central School, and four primary schools and teaching points. The area has been promoting educational reform, optimizing layouts and resource allocations, striving for balanced development.", "title": "Population" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "As of 2019, Tingqian Town oversees a total of 21 village-level administrative areas, all of which are administrative villages. Tingqian Village serves as the seat of the town government and is also the center for the economic and social development of Tingqian Town.", "title": "Administrative division" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Zicu A. Araia (1 July 1877 – 1948; Greek: Ζήκος Αράιας, Zíkos Aráias) was an Aromanian poet, schoolteacher and separatist leader. Born in Samarina in the Pindus mountains, Araia was an exception among the Aromanian writers who emigrated from their homeland, returning to the Pindus after two years in Romania and living there until his death. Araia was teacher at Romanian schools in the region for decades, he himself had been educated in such schools.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Araia's poetic production, although small in number, stands among the most important contributions to Aromanian literature. His poems focus on pastoral, folkloric and ethnographic aspects of the Aromanians, such as the lives of Aromanian shepherds or landscapes familiar to the Aromanians. Araia also played an important role in the two Aromanian separatist projects that took place in Greece in the 20th century: that of World War I, the self-declared canton in Samarina; and that of World War II, the Principality of the Pindus, with Araia having been an important partner and collaborator for prominent separatist Alcibiades Diamandi and the Italian occupation authorities.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Zicu A. Araia was born in Samarina, an Aromanian village then in the Ottoman Empire and now in Greece, on 1 July 1877. Samarina is located in the Pindus mountains, in an area with the highest concentration of Aromanian people anywhere. Araia studied at a Romanian primary school in his birthplace, later graduating from the Romanian gymnasium in Ioannina in 1894 and then from the Romanian Lyceum of Bitola [bg] in 1897. In 1898, Araia entered the Faculty of Letters of the University of Bucharest in Romania, but due to financial problems, he had to abandon it and entered the School of Agriculture of Herăstrău on a scholarship. However, the career did not come to terms with his poetic vocations and he abandoned it as well, returning to the Pindus in 1900.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Apart of the two years he lived in Bucharest, Araia lived his entire life in his native region of the Pindus. Romanian Aromanian editor, literary critic and writer Hristu Cândroveanu described Araia as the only Aromanian writer who emigrated from his homeland and eventually returned, staying in the Pindus until the end of his life. Upon returning, Araia was appointed schoolteacher. He first taught at the Romanian school in Metsovo and then at that in Praitori. Araia would then teach at the Romanian school of Samarina–Vlachogianni (functioning in Samarina during the summer and in Vlachogianni during the winter), of which he became the head teacher; as of 1922, he had held this post for 17 years. Araia also taught at the Romanian high school in Grevena before retiring. One of his former students from that high school would later say about him: \"He taught us to be loved, esteemed, to listen. He only taught us such things, good deeds.\"", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Araia was the father of Sotirios Z. Araias, who was a teacher at the Romanian high school in Grevena as well. Araia was retired as of 1942, and as of January 1944, he was a pensioner of the Romanian state. He died in Samarina in 1948.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Araia was a greatly relevant figure for Aromanian poetry. Romanian Aromanian professor Gheorghe Carageani included Araia among the authors he called \"classics\" of Aromanian literature, Romanian Aromanian professor Stoica Lascu called him \"one of the most talented poets of the Aromanians\" and Romanian Aromanian linguist Matilda Caragiu Marioțeanu [ro] described him as \"the poet most connected to the local Aromanian reality\", also describing the language of his poems as \"pure, unaltered\".", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Araia's work is not very numerous, he wrote 22 original poems and four translations, but they are among the most expressive works in Aromanian literature. His poems often make direct reference to the Pindus mountains, such being the case of Toamnă'n Pind (\"Autumn in the Pindus\"), Armânescul sândă strigă (\"The Aromanian Blood Screams\"), Samarina, Ianula Șamaniclu and Mailu și Pindul (\"May and the Pindus\"). According to Cândroveanu, Araia knew the Pindus \"like his own yard\", having traveled through the mountains and the Aromanian settlements in them throughout his entire life. As for his translations, Araia translated into Aromanian three poems by the Romanian poet George Coșbuc, Nunta Zamfirei (\"The Wedding of Zamfira\"), Moartea lui Fulger (\"The Death of Fulger\") and El Zorab (\"The Horse\", in Arabic), as well as Enoch Arden by the English poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Araia published his works in the Aromanian magazines of his time, both those in Romania and in the Aromanian homeland, including Almanahul aromânesc, Flambura, Lilicea Pindului and Lumina.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The Ottoman-born Aromanian journalist, translator and writer Ion Foti described Toamnă'n Pind as one of the best Aromanian-language poems written up until that moment, with Araia deserving a \"place of honor\" in Aromanian literature according to him. Published in the last issue of Lumina of the year 1907, the poem emulates the metre used by Coșbuc, having a lively verse in which \"the images develop one after another without difficulty\". Foti said that \"not a single word seems to be superfluous\" in the poem. After analysing it, Foti advised Araia to avoid using local words and to first concentrate better and then write. Ianula Șamaniclu is a poem published in 1911 about an armatole revolutionary from Perivoli with that name who had died a year before. Calea (\"Transhumance\") is dedicated to another Aromanian militant, Mihali Teguiani. From Vovousa, Teguiani had fought Greek antartes bands in the Ottoman Empire and had been sentenced as a result to the death penalty by the Ottoman authorities, although he was later amnestied. Calea was one of Araia's poems appreciated the most by the Ottoman-born Aromanian folklorist and linguist Tache Papahagi, whom Lascu defined as \"exigent\". Cândroveanu suggested that Calea might have been written under the influence of the Romanian poet and politician with Aromanian origins Dimitrie Bolintineanu, although \"with much more sense of the real\" than him. Mailu și Pindul is a poem with 21 stanzas, the last two of which give an insight, according to Lascu, on Araia's sentiments of identification with Romania:", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Cândroveanu highlighted pastoral and folkloric elements, such as the observation of Aromanian shepherds, in several of Araia's poems, including Toamnă'n Pind, Calea and Nă cunache-al Hagigogă (\"With the Shepherds on the Way\"). Cândroveanu also noted in the aforementioned poems, as well as in Mailu și Pindul and Fudzi haraua di la noi (\"Well-Being Leaves From Us\"), a great specificity, with Araia featuring in his poems landscapes recognizable to the Aromanians or \"peak\" moments in the lives of Aromanian shepherds; Cândroveanu described these as images of great concreteness, as if they were palpable, and written with great ethnographic detail, which would be proof that Araia was a good connoisseur of the world he wrote about.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Araia's poems were translated into Romanian and published by Papahagi in a 1932 collection titled Poeții Z. A. Araia și T. Caciona together with the poetry and prose of the Ottoman-born Aromanian writer Tache Caciona [bg; ro]. They were also published by Editura Cartea Aromână with the title Fudzi harauùa di la noi, edited by the Macedonian Aromanian publicist, translator and writer Dina Cuvata [bg; mk] and the United States-based Aromanian writer Tiberius Cunia [bg; ro; roa-rup].", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In July 1917, as World War I was taking place, Italian troops occupied part of Greece's Pindus mountains area. Forces of the Entente, of which Italy was a member, were already present in northern Greece since October 1915 to support allied Serbia. They had been allowed in by one of the two rival political factions in Greece existing at the time during the so-called National Schism; led by Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos, this faction strived for Greece's intervention in the war on the side of the Entente to fullfill the Greek irredentist territorial ambitions of the Megali Idea.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In this context, Araia would be among the Aromanian figures in the Italian-occupied villages in the Pindus that started campaigning for the establishment of an Aromanian republic in the area. Such a thing had been determined by a 27 July congress convened in Samarina by these figures. Araia was one of the 23 members of a \"council of delegates\" of the Aromanians formed on 30 July following an assembly in Avdella. On 29 August, these figures declared in Samarina an independent Aromanian canton under Italian protection. Araia is recorded as having been \"minister of schools\" and \"minister of culture\" of this self-proclaimed canton. A provisional directing committee seated in Samarina was subsequently established which requested support from Romania as well. Composed of seven people, the committee included Araia, the aforementioned Teguiani and prominent Aromanian separatist Alcibiades Diamandi. On 30 and 31 August respectively, the Romanian and Italian consulates in Ioannina declared their disapproval of the separatists' actions and disassociated themselves from them.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "As the Italian forces had already withdrawn from the area at the moment of the proclamation of the Aromanian canton, Greek forces progressively restored control over the Aromanian settlements, culminating on 7 September in the recapture of Samarina among other villages. This occurred without any resistance from the Aromanian separatists, such an idea had already been discouraged by Romanian state authorities present in the Pindus. However, mistreatment of Aromanians by Greek forces was reported in Vovousa and Fourka. On 8 September, a Hellenic Armed Forces lieutenant arrested six Aromanian figures in Samarina, including Araia. According to a report by the Romanian consul in Ioannina, D. A. Mincu, they were accused of \"having taken part in the proclamation of the autonomy of the Pindus\" and of \"having spread inaccurate alarming news to the authorities\".", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "On 28 October 1940, during World War II, Italy invaded Greece from its Albanian protectorate. Italy's leader Benito Mussolini wanted to demonstrate his German ally Adolf Hitler that Italy was also capable of obtaining great military victories, believing that Greece would be an easy target for this purpose. From the very day the war started, the Greek authorities began to lock up certain Aromanian figures, such as teachers, students and priests of Romanian schools and churches in Greece. Araia was sent to an internment camp in Corinth, this being \"due to his propagandistic activities and his anti-Hellenic opinions\" according to the Greek military officer and politician Athanasios Chrysochoou [el]. At the time, Araia's son Sotirios was in the front line against Italy.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "As Mussolini's assumptions proved to be wrong and Italian forces were pushed back from Greece and even southern Albania, Germany came to its ally's assistance and invaded Greece on 6 April 1941, quickly taking over the country. By early June, Greece was under a tripartite occupation by Axis members Germany, Italy and Bulgaria. The aforenamed Diamandi, who had left Greece after the end of World War I, returned to the Pindus in early July once the Italian occupation of the area following the German invasion had been established. He then assumed the role of \"governor\" of the area with Italian consent, exercising his own authority as the \"representative\" of the Aromanian people and rejecting that of the newly established Greek collaborator regime. Diamandi envisioned the establishment of an autonomous or independent Aromanian state under Italian tutelage encompassing the territories around the Pindus mountains. He called it the \"Principality of the Pindus\", of which he was to be the ruler. Araia was released following the occupation of Greece and became one of Diamandi's most important partners.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Araia is recorded as having been once again \"minister of culture\" of the Aromanian separatist entity. Furthermore, with Italian support and against the will of the Greek collaborator authorities, he became vice president of the community of Grevena. Araia was mentioned as the representative of the Bulgarian Aromanians in Diamandi's well-known 1 March 1942 manifesto, published on 2 April by the local press. He was later mentioned as the representative of the Serbian Aromanians instead in a 28 March publication by Diamandi in the Greek newspaper Thessaly [el]. Reportedly, while receiving this title, Araia said, amused, that he had never been to Serbia and had no ties to the country.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Araia's son Sotirios also played a relevant role during this episode of the occupation of Greece. Sotirios offered his collaboration to the Italian authorities as soon as their occupation started. An 18 March 1942 report by the command of the Italian 24th Infantry Division \"Pinerolo\" said about him that \"for his moral qualities and his balanced character he is esteemed even by the Greeks\". A schoolteacher, Sotirios organized and led the separatists' youth during the occupation. He also spoke Italian and was an interpreter for the Italian authorities. According to Chrysochoou, many pro-Greek Aromanians were arrested by the Italians on his own personal initiative.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Faced with continuous advances by the Greek resistance forces of the National Liberation Front (EAM) in the areas of Grevena and Siatista, the Italian forces abandoned Grevena on 23 March 1943. It was decided that several Aromanian collaborators with Italy and pro-Romanian Aromanian figures would be evacuated for their own safety, and they were taken to Thessaloniki. Initially, the Italian forces intended to burn Grevena before withdrawing to deprive the Greek resistance of the town's facilities and resources and to take revenge on the local population. However, they gave up on this idea following strong opposition by Aromanian separatists and pro-Romanian Aromanians, with Araia's intervention having been instrumental in this. The Aromanian figures evacuated to Thessaloniki initially settled in houses that had belonged to the Jewish population of the city, which had been recently deported. Upon arriving in Thessaloniki, Araia received a telegram with a letter of gratitude from the inhabitants of Grevena for his efforts to prevent the burning of the town.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "On 23 December 2023, the tanker Chem Pluto was struck by a anti-ship missile or drone while it was carrying crude oil from Jubail in Saudi Arabia to New Mangalore Port in India. The strike happened at 10:00 local time (06:00 GMT) when the ship was about 200 miles south-west of Veraval.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The missile hit the poop deck and penetrated the hull, causing internal damage, a fire and power failure. There were no casualties in the mostly Indian crew of 22 who were able to control the fire, restore power and get the ship under way again.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Indian Information Fusion Centre for the Indian Ocean region alerted the Indian Coast Guard who sent the patrol ship ICGS Vikram to assist and escort the tanker while the Indian Navy patrolled with a warship and P-8I maritime aircraft.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The United States Department of Defense announced that this was a direct attack by the Iranian military but the Iranian foreign ministry denied that they were responsible.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The ship is owned by a Japanese company, Rio Brillante, and operated by Ace Quantum Chemical Tankers which is based in the Netherlands and associated with the Israeli billionaire Idan Ofer. The ship was registered in Monrovia to give it a Liberian flag of convenience.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The ship docked in Mumbai on Christmas Day for repairs and forensic investigation. The initial investigations were made by the Indian Navy’s Explosive Ordinance Disposal team and subsequent analysis by the Central Forensic Science Laboratory in Pune. Fragments recovered from the ship indicated that the missile may have been a HESA Shahed 136 drone. Two Iranian vessels near the attack were boarded and searched by the Indian navy – bulk carrier Artenos and general cargo ship Saviz – but no evidence of involvement was found.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "India reacted by assigning destroyers to patrol the shipping lanes of the Indian Ocean including INS Chennai, INS Kochi, INS Kolkata and INS Mormugao while Prime Minister Modi discussed the incident and Middle East issues with the Crown Prince and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salman, and the Prime Minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John Junior, better known as The Duckman, is a British mental health activist. He is known for featuring in the multi-award winning and BAFTA nominated documentary series, Hollyoaks IRL. In November 2019, he created the mental health movement \"John and Charlie's Journey\", to raise awareness for suicide and mental illness.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Junior was born with short leg syndrome, has a clubfoot and lives with arthritis. They were homeless at the age of 16. Junior lost their dad in 2018.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "When Junior was 8 years old he didn't feel right in the body he was assigned at birth and when he was 11 years old he wanted a gender reassignment. He was then diagnosed with Klinefelter's syndrome and put on hormone therapy. At 14 years old he began questioning his gender identity and sexuality. Junior has since began to identify as non-binary.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Junior lives with obsessive-compulsive disorder. He has to eat food with a pair of metal tongs, saying \"I can't touch food otherwise I'll die and others around me will die\". He has struggled with intrusive thoughts and thoughts of suicide.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2019, Junior started vlogging about their experiences of mental health issues on Instagram in order to reach others with mental health difficulties. In May 2020, Junior tested the Samaritans' self-help app for UNILAD during mental health awareness week. Junior subsequently talked to UNILAD about their mental health struggles to help raise awareness for world suicide prevention day on 10 September 2020.", "title": "Activism" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In November 2019, Junior created a mental health movement called \"John and Charlie's Journey\". Junior and Charlie The Duck, (stuffed toy teddy), to encourage people to talk about mental health and to end the judgement & stigma surrounding mental health.", "title": "Activism" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In September 2020, the \"DBT for all campaign\" was created by Junior to make dialectical behaviour therapy more widely available. (This therapy is used to treat children, teenagers and adults who are suicidal, self-harm, and have self-destructive behaviours.) The purpose of the campaign is to make DBT therapy more widely available on the NHS throughout the United Kingdom. The campaign was supported by Esther McVey, Conservative MP for Tatton, who applied for parliamentary debate at Westminster Hall.", "title": "Activism" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In February 2020, Junior and Tanya Bardsley former The Real Housewives of Cheshire created the wellness hub.", "title": "Activism" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Junior was invited to join Keith Duffy, Boyzone and Brian McFadden, Westlife onstage at their Boyzlife concert in Manchester to share with their fans about Junior's mental health campaigning and to raise awareness.", "title": "Activism" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Junior is campaigning for all Police officers in the United Kingdom to be trained in mental health first aid and to have a specialist units for mental health.", "title": "Activism" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Junior receives calls from people telling him they are feeling suicidal over the raise in energy prices. He speaks to parents, older people, people on low incomes. He is working with multiple mental health charities; Samaritans, Mind charity and Papyrus to raise awareness, educate and prevent suicides The rise in energy costs is impacting people's mental health and Junior has started a video campaign and to work with members of parliament to getting people more support with their mental health.", "title": "Cost of Living Crisis" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "At the start of the first UK lockdown in March 2020, Junior had suicide plans and a Hollyoaks storyline that involved suicide helped him stop. BBC Radio 5 filmed Junior thanking the people who worked on storyline and the show.", "title": "Hollyoaks" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Channel 4 commissioned Limepictures to produce Hollyoaks IRL a series of short films of real-life stories. Junior's episode \"Hollyoaks saved my life\" was the first episode to be released on 16 June 2021. Junior went viral for their participation in the series Hollyoaks IRL. Hollyoaks Saved My Life (Hollyoaks IRL) was nominated for the a BAFTA TV Award, in the Short Form Programme 2022.", "title": "Hollyoaks" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Hollyoaks IRL series was inspired by Junior, and Junior was thus invited by Channel 4 to attended the British Academy Television Awards, on 8 May 2022 at the Royal Festival Hall in London. They were accompanied by Charlie the Duck, Vera Chok (who plays Honour Chen-Williams) and Kieron Richardson (who plays Ste Hay).", "title": "Hollyoaks" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Junior is making a feature film called 'The Mood is Temporary', inspired by the Hollyoaks storyline that saved his life.", "title": "Hollyoaks" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "On November 26, 2022, Junior and Charlie The Duck attended the Royal Television Society Awards (North West) and received the Best Digital Creativity award for the Hollyoaks IRL series, which was presented by hosts Adam Thomas and Jenny Powell.", "title": "Hollyoaks" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Television", "title": "Filmography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Vraniq is a village in District of Gjakova, Kosovo. Vraniq is situated nearby to the villages Beci and Doblibare. The village is also known as Vranesh since after the war.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Vraniq was mentioned as a village in the Ottoman defter of 1485 with 12 households. The anthroponomy of the inhabitants of the village in 1485 indicates it was inhabited by a Christian Albanian population. The inhabitants of Vraniq in 1485 bore Albanian names: 'Gjin son of Nikolla', 'Gjin son of Andrija' 'Nenko son of Progon', 'Nenko son of Gjin', 'Progon son of Gjon', 'Pepa son of Leka', 'Leka brother of Gjon', 'Andrija, son of Leka', 'Pepa, son of Mara', 'Leka son of Todor'.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1979 Gray International Open, also known as the Cleveland Grand Prix, was a men's tennis tournament held on outdoor hard courts at the Harold T. Clark Tennis Stadium in Cleveland, Ohio in the United States that was part of the 1979 Grand Prix circuit. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from August 13 through August 19, 1979. Second-seeded Stan Smith won the singles title and earned $10,000 first-prize money.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Stan Smith defeated Ilie Năstase 6–3, 6–4", "title": "Finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Stan Smith / Robert Lutz defeated Francisco González / Fred McNair 6–3, 6–4", "title": "Finals" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ross Gordon Teitzel (born 20 March 1946) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Teitzel was born in Brisbane, where he attended Anglican Church Grammar School. He played his rugby for the University of Queensland, where he was studying for his veterinary degree.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A muscular lock, Teitzel was capped seven times for the Wallabies and debuted on the 1966–67 tour of Britain, Ireland and France, with the team looking to add line-out strength. He featured in all five Test matches on the tour.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Soul of France (La Grande Épreuve) is a French black and white sound film , directed by André Dugès and Alexandre Ryder, and released in 1928. The film has no audible dialogue but featured a synchronized musical score and sound effects. The soundtrack was recorded by Paramount Pictures using the Western Electric Sound System sound-on-film process. The soundtrack was also transferred to discs for those theatres that were wired with sound-on-disc sound systems.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The film is an adaptation of the eponymous novel by Georges Le Faure , which won the Marcelin-Guérin Prize in 1929. The film starrred Georges Charlia, Michele Verly, Jean Murat and Berthe Jalabert. Directed by Andre Duges and Alexandre Ryder.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "{{Short description|American politician} {{Update after|2024|12|4|reason=Next election for the seat in the house}", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Nina Milliken is an American politician who has served as a member of the Maine House of Representatives since December 7, 2022. She represents Maine's 16th House district.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She was elected on November 8, 2022, in the 2022 Maine House of Representatives election against Republican opponent Stephen Hanrahan. She assumed office on December 7, 2022.", "title": "Electoral history" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Milliken earned a Bachelor of Arts in Latin American and Latino Studies from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 2010.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "[[Category:Democratic Party members of the Maine House of Representatives] [[Category:Maine politician stubs]", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle (English: Charles de Gaulle Memorial) is a monument located in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises in Haute-Marne. Retracing, through the person of Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970), the major historical events of the 20th century, it was produced by the Charles-de-Gaulle foundation and the general council of Haute-Marne at a cost of 22 million euros. It replaces the General de Gaulle memorial inaugurated on June 18, 1972, which until then housed a small exhibition and controlled access to the monumental Cross of Lorraine.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Officially launched by the President of the French Republic Jacques Chirac on November 9, 2006, the Charles-de-Gaulle memorial and its temporary exhibition De Gaulle-Adenauer: a Franco-German reconciliation were inaugurated on October 11, 2008 by Nicolas Sarkozy and the Chancellor Angela Merkel, just fifty years after the historic meeting at La Boisserie between the General and Chancellor Konrad Adenauer.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Memorial is chaired by Nicolas Lacroix, also President of the Haute-Marne departmental council.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Here Comes Hell is a 2019 British comedy horror film directed by Jack McHenry, starring Margaret Clunie, Jessica Webber, Tom Bailey, Timothy Renouf, Charlie Robb and Maureen Bennett.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The film premiered at Glasgow FrightFest on 1 March 2019.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Garry McConnachie of Glasgow Live called the film a \"clash of genres that will particularly delight fans of gross-out practical gore and wacky storytelling, all complete with heightened performances from the cast, which make for the perfect blend of horror-comedy.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Rafael Motamayor of /Film gave the film a rating of 8.5/10 and called it \"one of the most impressive feature debuts of the year as well as one of the most fun \"what-ifs\" imaginable\".", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Film critic Kim Newman called the film an \"affectionate, entertaining pastiche\".", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Anton Bitel of SciFiNow wrote that the film \"brings about its own deconstruction, literally collapsing on the ancient foundations that support its knowingly flimsy premise.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rājamārtāṇḍa (also called Yogasārasaṅgraha and Nanāvidhayogasārasaṅgraha) is a Sanskrit treatise on Āyurveda believed to have been composed by Bhojarāja (d.1055) of the Rajput Paramāra dynasty, rulers of the Malwa region in central/western India. This is primarily a work describing mono-herbal Ayurvedic medicinal preparations. The work is divided into 34 chapters. The first chapter deals with diseases of the head and the last chapter is concerned with animal diseases. Rājamārtāṇḍa is one of the earliest Ayurveda texts to mention a specific prescription as a contraceptive.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Michael or Mike Hennessy or Hennessy may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"Une larme aux nuages\" is a song by Italian-Belgian singer, Salvatore Adamo.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This song has been covered by Bernhard Brink, Katja Ebstein, Klee and Luc Steeno. Adamo has also recorded the song in Italian, German, Spanish, English and Japanese.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lolita Adela Coffin Van Rensselaer (November 1, 1875 – January 10, 1947) was an American clubwoman and activist. Among her national leadership roles, she was vice-chair of the National League for Women's Service during World War I, and worked with Pauline Sabin on the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform (WONPR), an anti-temperance women's organization formed in 1932.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Coffin was born in Irvington, New York, the daughter of Joseph Wilbur Coffin and Lolita Frances Taft Coffin.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "During World War I, Van Rensselaer was the vice chair of the National League for Women's Service. \"Mrs. Van Rensselaer spoke clearly and distinctly and really has a military bearing,\" reported a Tennessee newspaper in 1917. She toured England and France in 1919, speaking with refugees and women war workers. \"None of us wish another conflict in which our very hearts were involved, as well as the safety of this country,\" she told a San Francisco audience in 1927. \"But it is my opinion that women will always rise to the needs of this nation and of the American people.\"", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "After the war, Van Renssellaer was executive secretary of the Women's Department of the National Civic Federation of New York. She was a member of the General Committee on the Limitation of Armament when it formed in 1921.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1926 Van Rensselaer was on the campaign committee to re-elect James W. Wadsworth Jr. to the Senate. She was a prominent member of the anti-temperance Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform (WONPR). and a member of the board of governors of the Women's National Republican Club. In 1930 she addressed the School of Politics of the Women's National Republican Club, saying, \"I think that we have assumed a semi-jocular attitude toward Congress that is ill-justified.\"", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Coffin married Lyndsay Van Rensselaer in 1897. They had a daughter, Catharine. Her husband died in 1928, and she died in 1947, at the age of 71, in New York City.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"I Can't Wait\" is a song recorded by Deniece Williams for her 1988 album As Good As It Gets. Produced by George Duke, the song was released as a single in 1988 by Columbia Records, reaching number 8 on the US Billboard Hot Black Singles chart.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tanguy Ringoir is a Belgian chess grandmaster.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2012 and 2014, Ringoir played for Belgium in the 40th and 41st Chess Olympiads.. He also won the 2012, 2013, and 2016 Belgian Chess Championships and the 2013 Belgian Blitz Championship.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He studied economics at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, and served as the captain of the chess team, which won six national collegiate championships.", "title": "Chess career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Naomi Yang (born 19 March 1989) is a British-Chinese actress. Yang is known for her work in British television, voice acting, stage acting, and involvement in the BAFTA Elevate programme. Making her film debut in 2014 in Lilting (2014), Yang's most notable work includes Maggy from the Sky Series, Wolfe (2021), Sage from the popular videogame, Valorant, and Tsukiko in the stage play, My Neighbour Totoro (2023).", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Joseph Warren House (12 June 1847 – 10 March 1926) was a lawyer in Little Rock, Arkansas, a state legislator, and a United States District Attorney. He served in the Arkansas Senate.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He represented White County in the Arkansas House of Representatives in 1871. He represented White County and Faulkner County in the Arkansas Senate.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He represented Faulkner County in the Arkansas Senate from 1884–1877.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He moved to Little Rock in 1885. His house at 2125 Arch Street is extant.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He was a lawyer at the firm of Coleman, Robinson, and House.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He was a depegate to the 1874 Arkansas Constitutional Convention.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "He married Ina Dowdy of Memphis, Tennessee.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "J. W. House Jr. married Julia Clarie House. She was a founding member of the Little Rock Garden Club.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Sr. had two sons and three daughters.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "David Bailey Jr. (born 1966 or 1967) is an American Democratic Party politician serving as a member-elect of the New Jersey General Assembly for the 3rd legislative district, taking office on January 9, 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A resident of Woodstown, New Jersey, Bailey graduated from Eastern University with a master's degree in non-profit management.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Bailey has been CEO of Ranch Hope, an organization that assists at-risk youth that was founded by his father.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Baily was selected as part of a Democratic slate that included Heather Simmons for Assembly and Senate candidate John Burzichelli.", "title": "Elective office" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In the 2023 New Jersey General Assembly election, Simmons and his Democratic running mate Heather Simmons, defeated Republican incumbent Bethanne McCarthy Patrick and her running mate Thomas J. Tedesco.", "title": "Elective office" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tacna Avenue (Spanish: Avenida Tacna), formerly Jirón Tacna, is one of the main avenues that surround the Damero de Pizarro in the historic centre of Lima, Peru. It starts at the Puente Santa Rosa [es], and continues until it reaches Wilson and La Colmena avenues. It is prolonged to the south for two blocks and to the north until it reaches Rímac Avenue in San Juan de Lurigancho.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The road that today constitutes the street was laid by Francisco Pizarro when he founded the city of Lima on January 18, 1535. In 1862, when a new urban nomenclature was adopted, the road was named jirón Tacna, after the city of the same name. Prior to this renaming, each block (cuadra) had a unique name:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "During the 20th century, the road underwent a major renovation after the 1940 Lima earthquake, becoming an avenue. The Sanctuary of Saint Rose of Lima had a section demolished to make way for the renovations in 1959. The nearby Sanctuary and Monastery of Las Nazarenas suffered a similar fate. As a result of the renovations, new highrise buildings started to be built in the avenue. The Gildemeister & Co. building, built in 1928 as the first skyscraper in Lima, paled in comparison to the new construction projects of the post-1940 period. The Edificio Tacna-Colmena is located at the end of the avenue, and takes its name from both avenues.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John Francis O'Gorman (born 1 June 1936) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Sydney, O'Gorman attended St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill and started out as a back in the school's 1st XV before transitioning into a number eight. After school, he studied medicine at the University of Sydney, where he played in two Shute Shield premierships. He was also a first-grade player for Manly during his career.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "O'Gorman was capped 18 times for the Wallabies as a back-row forward from 1961 to 1967, touring South Africa in his first year with the team. He played in Australia's first ever series win over the Springboks in 1965 and was on the 1966–67 tour of Britain, Ireland and France, featuring in all five Tests. He announced his retirement in 1967.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Albert Schädler (/ʃˈɛdlər/, German: [ˈalbɛɐt ʃˈɛdlɜ]; 24 December 1848 – 17 June 1922) was a physician, historian and political figure from Liechtenstein who served as the President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein 1882 to 1885 and again from 1980 to 1918.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A member of the prominent 19th-century Schädler family, he is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in politics and healthcare in Liechtenstein's history.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Schädler was born on 24 December 1848 in Vaduz to the son of politician and later President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein Karl Schädler and his mother Katharina Walser as one of nine children, including his brothers Karl Schädler and Rudolf Schädler.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "From 1859 to 1867 he attended secondary school in Feldkirch, Mehrerau and Schwyz. From 1868 to 1971 he studied medicine in the University of Vienna, Zürich and Giessen, where he received a doctorate in medicine. In addition, from 1879 he conducted language studies in Paris, Lyon and London until 1887, where he learned to speak French and English.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "From 1872 to 1910, Schädler and his brother Rudolf ran the medical practice in Vaduz that they took over from their father. In 1872, the two commissioned a new residential building in Vaduz with rooms for their practice by the Austrian architect Seraphin Pümpel. From 1873 to 1890 he worked as a spa doctor in Bad Ragaz and Pfäfers. For this purpose, he wrote a book focused on the field in 1886 and obtained the Federal Concordat Diploma in 1877.", "title": "Medical career and patronage" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "From 1900 to 1910 the Liechtenstein government called on Schädler as a medical expert within the country, in which he was consulted in improving water supplies within the country and increased training for midwives. In 1914, temporarily replaced Felix Batliner as deputy state physicist while he was doing voluntary work in an Austrian hospital.", "title": "Medical career and patronage" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Schädler frequently promoted and engaged in social life and culture in Liechtenstein. In 1879, together with his brother Rudolf, they organized Liechtenstein's first music festival, wrote poems and appeared as a public speaker in many public events within the country. In addition, from 1873 to 1878 he wrote articles for his brother's newspaper, Liechtensteiner Wochenzeitung. He was a co-founder of the Historical Association for the Principality of Liechtenstein, and it's first president from 1901 to 1922, where he published several works regarding the history of the country. He bequeathed his collection of the country's historical files and documents, ensuring their preservation.", "title": "Medical career and patronage" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Upon his brother Karl's death in 1907, Schädler and Rudolf inherited the Kurhaus Gaflei - a foundation in order to establish a school for housekeeping, though this did not come to fruition due to hyperinflation caused by economic devastation brought to the country during World War I.", "title": "Medical career and patronage" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "From 1882 to 1886 and again from 1890 to 1919 Schädler was a member of the Landtag of Liechtenstein, and also the President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein. He refused to accept his nomination to the 1886 Liechtenstein general election due to work in Bad Ragaz, instead becoming a substitute. He held considerable influence within the Landtag, he chaired the majority of the commissions conducted and held a close relationship with the consecutive Governors of Liechtenstein during his time there. Most notably, Schädler defended the freedoms granted by the 1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein, and when Governor Friedrich Stellwag von Carion attempted to decrease the power of the Landtag and imposed a temporary censorship on the Liechtensteiner Volksblatt in 1894, he opposed the actions and pushed for improvements in social legislation. In 1909 he suggested the introduction of old-age pensions and disability insurance, though this did not fall through.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In 1914, politician Wilhelm Beck formed an opposition group against Governor Leopold Freiherr von Imhof, which Schädler too became a target of due to his closeness with Imhof. Schädler's ideas became the founding ideas of the Progressive Citizens' Party in 1918, though he himself opposed the formation of parties in the Landtag and remained an independent. In the 1918 Liechtenstein general election, failed to reach the number of votes to be elected but was then appointed by Johann II.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "On the November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch, Wilhelm Beck, Martin Ritter and Fritz Walser proposed a motion of no confidence against Leopold Freiherr von Imhof. While the Landtag unanimously expressed its confidence in him it was decided, against the constitution and the princely appointed Landtag members, to transfer the power of governor to a provisional executive committee led by Martin Ritter. Schädler attempted to prevent the establishment of the committee and similarly to the other two Landtag members appointed by Johann II resigned in protest to the coup. On 30 March 1919, he formally left the Landtag as he did not approve of the political developments within the Liechtenstein, particularly of the country's constitutional revision.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "After leaving the Landtag in March 1919, Schädler moved to Munich to live with his daughter, where he died on 17 June 1922, aged 73 years old. A street in Eschen is named after him.", "title": "Later life and death" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Schädler married Albertine Berl (6 October 1847 – 2 March 1899), the daughter of Feldkirch postmaster Theodor Berl, on 16 April 1872 and they had two children together. His nephew Rudolf Schädler was a founder and leader of the German National Movement in Liechtenstein in 1938.", "title": "Personal life and family" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"This Is as Good as It Gets \" is a song written by R. Boustead and recorded by Deniece Williams for her 1988 album As Good as It Gets. Produced by George Duke, the song was released as a single in 1988 by Columbia Records, reaching number 29 on the US Billboard Hot Black Singles chart.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herbert J. Kramer (July 7, 1922 – April 9, 1992) was an American speech writer, author, lecturer, and public relations executive. He served in the Lyndon B. Johnson administration as the Director of Public Affairs at the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) which included programs such as Job Corps, Head Start, VISTA, Community Action Program, and Upward Bound as part of the War on Poverty. Kramer established an Audio-Visual division within OEO which was nominated for an Academy Award three times in a row during his tenure, winning the award in 1967.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in New York City, New York, Kramer attended Horace Mann School, graduating in 1939. He received Bachelors, Masters, and PhD degrees from Harvard University in English Literature in 1942, 1946, and 1949, respectively, and was an English instructor at Harvard University and the University of California Santa Barbara until 1951. He received a law degree from the University of Connecticut in 1956.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "From 1951 to 1965 Kramer worked at the Traveler's Insurance Company, eventually becoming Vice President in charge of public information and advertising. He was responsible for bringing back the iconic \"red umbrella\" as the symbol for Traveler's Insurance.", "title": "Life and Career outside of Washington DC" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "After his return from Washington D.C., Kramer worked in varied roles from general manager to creative director at communications and advertising firms in the Hartford, Connecticut area from 1969 until 1983.", "title": "Life and Career outside of Washington DC" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Kramer lived with his wife and seven children in the Edward W. Morley House in West Hartford, a National Historic Landmark.", "title": "Life and Career outside of Washington DC" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Kramer was picked by Sargent Shriver to be the Director of Public Affairs for the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) which included programs such as Job Corps, Head Start, VISTA, Community Action Program, and Upward Bound as part of the War on Poverty. Kramer made great strides to mend political fences and bring a level of organization to Washington that he was used to seeing in industry.", "title": "Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Kramer's job was a tough one, due to the fact that the OEO was new and was under constant scrutiny from the press. Kramer said: \"For the first time poor people, poor youth, black people, people who had heretofore been hidden, were coming up to the surface, and America wasn't liking everything it was seeing about them and about the agency that was doing this.\" and \"We gave black people in this country more power, more opportunity to get on a platform, more opportunity to take positions of leadership, than any other program in the government.\"", "title": "Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "One of the things Kramer did to combat the negative press attention of the War on Poverty was to organize a series of five seminars in Washington D.C. educating members of the press from newspapers around the country on poverty and how to report on poverty. This resulted in a new newspaper section called \"Poverty Beat\" being published throughout the country. Kramer established direct contact with about 200 newspaper workers throughout America, keeping them apprised of what the OEO was doing from regular letters that he would send out. This was an unprecedented level of transparency from a government agency at the time.", "title": "Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Kramer also established an Audio-Visual division within OEO which was nominated for an Academy Award three times in a row during his tenure, winning the award in 1967 for a VISTA program recruiting film.", "title": "Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "During Kramer's interview for the Johnson Presidential archives, he was very candid about some of the things allegedly said by President Johnson. Kramer: \"Johnson reportedly told Shriver. \"I just want you to make sure that no crooks, communists, or cocksuckers get into the program [Community Action].\"", "title": "Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "On the topic of the lack of funding for the OEO Kramer didn't mince words. He said \"what these people [OEO critics] have criticized fundamentally is the fact that the program never mounted enough of an impact because of the dollar shortage. This is what [Michael] Harrington says--it never became a war on poverty; it was always a skirmish on poverty.\" and \"It was a very, very tough, dirty, mean, unpopular kind of war to fight. And we fought it with every weapon at our disposal, not having the [...] money that would be necessary really to do the kind of job that was required.\"", "title": "Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "After several positions in the business world, Kramer returned to Washington where he worked for the Kennedy Foundation and helped found the Special Olympics. The Special Olympics oath “Let me win, but if I cannot win, let me be brave in the attempt,” was penned by Kramer.", "title": "Kennedy Foundation and Special Olympics" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Having worked under Sargent Shriver at the Office of Economic Opportunity, Kramer was involved with Shriver in a number of other capacities, including his run for Vice President in 1972, maintaining notes for the co-authoring of Shriver's memoirs (\"We Called It A War\", unpublished), and the establishment of the Sargent Shriver Peace Institute.", "title": "Sargent Shriver" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "One of Kramer's skills was in coming up with alternative lyrics to known tunes for mini musical revues. For Shriver's retirement party from the OEO, Kramer wrote a musical revue called \"Au Revoir, Sarge\". It included lyrics such as \"My Bobby lies over the ocean\" (a reference to Bobby Kennedy) to the tune of \"My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean\", a traditional Scottish Folk Song. After the crushing defeat of the Shriver and McGovern ticket against Nixon in the 1972 Presidential Campaign, Kramer wrote another musical revue called the \"Lucky Seven Follies\", which poked fun at the campaign. John Stossel wrote: \"The performance was recorded on a vinyl record [...] the uproarious laughter on this saddest of election nights can still be heard clearly over the scratches [...]. The most audible laugh is Sargent Shriver's.\"", "title": "Sargent Shriver" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "After being diagnosed with Prostate Cancer Kramer wrote a book with his second wife Kay entitled \"Conversations at Midnight\", documenting the process of coming to terms with dying.", "title": "Illness, Death, and Book" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Aryan Gholami is an Iranian chess grandmaster.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In February 2019, Gholami met with Iranian supreme leader Ali Khamenei after refusing to play against Israeli opponent Ariel Erenberg at the Rilton Cup Chess Tournament in Sweden. Gholami's refusal to play cost him the win in the tournament, but received praise from Khamenei.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In October 2019, Gholami was the tournament leader after the 7th round of the U18 World Youth Chess Championship.", "title": "Chess career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Somalia has been described as having one of the world's highest rates of mental illness, with one in three Somalis meeting the diagnostic threshold for some form of mental illness. This has been attributed to the ongoing conflict, political instability, and natural disasters. Despite the high prevalence of mental illness among the Somali population, mental health services are almost non-existent in Somalia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "During the colonial period, several psychiatric facilities were built.", "title": "Mental health services and treatment" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In recent history, mental health services have consistently been neglected by government-run healthcare facilities. The Somali government spends less than 1% of its health budget on mental health services. There are currently 0.5 psychiatric beds for every 100,000 people in Somalia's hospitals.", "title": "Mental health services and treatment" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In Somalia, mental illness is often attributed to causes such as spirit possession, witchcraft and evil eye. As a result, treatment may include exorcism and reciting verses from the Quran.", "title": "Views on mental illness" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Individuals with serious mental health problems are often kept in chains. It is estimated that 170,000 people in Somalia are kept in chains because of their mental health problems.", "title": "Views on mental illness" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Despite having one of the highest rates of mental illness in the world, Somalia's suicide rate is lower than the global average. It has been found that suicide and self harm are more prevalent among Somalia males than females.", "title": "Suicide and self harm" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Maldives–Palestine relations refer to foreign relations between Maldives and the Palestine. Maldives supports an independent Palestine.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Walid A.M. Abu Ali is the Ambassador Palestine to Maldives. Ambassador Mohamed Khaleel, is the none-resident ambassador of Maldives to Palestine, stationed in Jordan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Maldives and Palestine established diplomatic ties on 4 April 1982. Palestine Liberation Organization opened an office for Maldives and Sri Lanka in 1975 and would later be transformed to the Embassy of Palestine to Sri Lanka and Maldives.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Maldives has called for the establishment of an independent Palestine state based on the pre-1967 borders with East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On 17 November 2018, Riyad al-Maliki, Foreign Affairs Minister of the Palestinian National Authority, visited Maldives and met his counterpart Abdulla Shahid.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Maldives severed diplomatic ties with Israel in 1974. It stopped commercial ties with Israel in 2014 under President Abdulla Yameen. Maldives expressed concern over the safety of Palestinians in Gaza during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. Mohamed Nasheed Abdulla, Maldivian member of parliament, proposed the banning of Israeli passport holders to Maldives. Maldives expressed solidarity with Palestine during the war.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2012–13 Bangladesh Cricket League is inaugural edition of the Bangladesh Cricket League (BCL), a first-class cricket competition that is being held in Bangladesh from 27 December 2012 to 25 February 2013.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Central Zone won the tournament, after they beat North Zone by 31 runs in the Final.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "For an outright win the winners get 6 (six) points. No points for the side defeated. In the case of a drawn game where both teams have completed their respective first innings, the team having a first innings lead gets 3 (three) points. The side behind on first innings runs gets 1 (one) point. In a drawn game where the teams have not completed first innings 3 (three) points will be awarded to each team. For a tie with first innings completed by both teams 3 (three) points will be awarded to each. If there is no outright result and scores are tied in the first innings then 3 (three) points will be awarded to each team. In case of a washed out/abandoned game both teams will get 3 (three) points. Bonus Points", "title": "Points table" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "For scoring a minimum of 300 runs in 100 or lesser number of overs in the first innings 1 (one) batting point will be awarded. For bowling out a side in the first innings 1 (one) bowling point will be awarded. For an innings victory 1 (one) point will be awarded. For a 10-wicket win 1 (one) point will be awarded.", "title": "Points table" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "now making", "title": "" } ]

[]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pogonornis is a genus of African barbets from the family Lybiidae (formerly included in the Capitonidae and sometimes in the Ramphastidae). This genus ranges across sub-Saharan Africa.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The genus Pogonornis was introduced in 1828 by the Swedish naturalist Gustaf Johan Billberg as a replacement of Pogonias Illiger, 1811, which was already occupied by the fish genus Pogonias Lacépède, 1801. The genus name is from Ancient Greek πωγων/pōgōn meaning beard, and ορνις/ornis meaning bird.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The genus Pogonornis belongs to the order Piciformes, which contains 9 families, including the woodpecker family. A couple of decades ago, all barbets were thought to be of one family, but studies of mitochondrial DNA and DNA hybridization in the early 1990s have led to barbets being split into three families: Asian barbets (Megalaimidae), African barbets (Lybiidae), and American barbets (Capitonidae). The family Lybiidae has a total of 43 species that occur throughout the continent of Africa from the tip of the Cape Peninsula to the fringes of the Sahara desert. Out of the 43 species in this family, Pogonornis contains 5 barbet species. It was previously included in another genus Lybius, which contains only 7 species currently. The 12 species from the two genera are the most frequently encountered group of African barbets.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The genus contains 5 species:", "title": "Taxonomy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "On 3 September 2015, 23-year-old part-time waitress Atika Dolkifli was found dead at the ground level of a car park in Toa Payoh, and within less than a week, a 24-year-old man named Syed Maffi Hasan, who was a male friend of the victim, was arrested and charged with murder. Investigations revealed that Atika was murdered by Syed Maffi on 31 August 2015, after the both of them argued over the repair costs of a mobile phone which Atika given to Syed Maffi on the top deck of the carpark, and Syed Maffi had assaulted Atika by pushing her down a flight of stairs in a fit of rage before he threw her off the fifth floor of the carpark. In May 2019, Syed Maffi was found guilty of murdering Atika and he was sentenced to life imprisonment and 12 strokes of the cane two months after his conviction.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "On the morning of 3 September 2015, a passer-by discovered the decomposing body of a young woman at a multi-storey carpark at Toa Payoh. Upon making the gruesome discovery, the witness called the police, which received the report at 8.17am. Paramedics were also called to the scene, and they pronounced the woman dead at the scene at 8.51am.", "title": "Discovery of Atika’s body" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The deceased was identified as 23-year-old Atika Dolkifli, a part-time waitress of a pizza restaurant. The police found several clumps of hair and bloodstains near the staircase linking decks 3A and 3B of the carpark, and some items, including a SIM card and a shoe were recovered by the police after a search around the carpark building. Subsequently, it was reported that a 24-year-old suspect was arrested later that evening for murder.", "title": "Discovery of Atika’s body" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 5 September 2015, two days after the discovery of Atika's body, the suspect, identified as Syed Maffi Hasan, was charged with murder. It was alleged that Syed Maffi, a friend of the victim, was responsible for murdering Atika by throwing her off a parapet on the night of 31 August 2015, four days prior to the discovery of her body. During that week itself, there were a total of three murders, including the murder of Atika, that occurred in a span of five days, and while Singapore was revelled with shock over the recent spate of brutal killings, ex-policemen noted that such an occurrence was rare. If he was found guilty of murder under Singaporean law, Syed Maffi would potentially be sentenced to death.", "title": "Discovery of Atika’s body" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On the same date when Syed Maffi was charged, a funeral was held for Atika before she was buried at Choa Chu Kang Muslim Cemetery. More than 30 people, including Atika's friends, family and former teachers, were present at the funeral. Atika's 61-year-old father (who was a retiree) described her as a happy-go-lucky person who was close to her relatives and he thanked everyone who came to his daughter's funeral, and he added that he never knew her alleged killer, even though Atika and Syed Maffi were friends.", "title": "Discovery of Atika’s body" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Syed Maffi Hasan, the youngest of three sons, was born in Singapore in 1991. Due to the influence of one of his brothers, Syed Maffi was addicted to drugs, which led to him going to jail in 2011 and 2015 respectively. During his youth, Syed Maffi also spent two years at a juvenile's home from 2007 to 2009 for an unknown crime. During his stay there, Syed Maffi was assaulted by another person and nearly lost his eyesight as a result. Syed Maffi also worked as a cleaner and dishwasher before his second stint in prison in 2015.", "title": "Background of the suspect" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2013, Syed Maffi befriended a 21-year-old woman named Atika Dolkifli through Facebook, but they later lost contact after Syed Maffi was detained at a drug rehabilitation centre for drug abuse. Both Atika and Syed Maffi would reconnect once again in April 2015 after the latter was released from jail. Atika was then working as a part-time waitress at a Pizza Hut outlet in Toa Payoh, and she was said to be diagnosed with below-average intelligence when she was 12. Atika herself also had a brother.", "title": "Background of the suspect" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The following was the official version of the murder, and it also dictated events before and after the case occurred, based on Syed Maffi's confession and other evidence gathered.", "title": "Account of the murder" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "After both Atika and Syed Maffi reconnected in April 2015, Atika lent Syed Maffi her iPhone 5C as he did not own a phone at that time. After using it for some time, the phone screen had gone faulty, and Syed Maffi took it to a phone repair shop to have it fixed, and he spent S$90 as a result. Four weeks later, the phone battery became faulty and Syed Maffi had to bring it for repairs a second time, and paid another S$35. Although the repair fee in total was S$125, Syed Maffi deliberately upped it to S$300 when he sought a reimbursement sum from Atika, partly because he was unemployed and needed money at that time.", "title": "Account of the murder" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "For this issue, Syed Maffi showed up several times at Atika's workplace to look for her but to no avail. On 20 August 2015, Syed Maffi went to Atika's flat and told her father Dolkifli Shariff that she owed him S$300, but her father turned him away. Atika's brother also told Syed Maffi to keep the phone and warned him to not contact his sister again.", "title": "Account of the murder" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "On 31 August 2015, the date of the murder, Syed Maffi managed to get in touch with Atika and they agreed to meet up to discuss about the repair costs of the phone after Atika finished her work shift. After Atika's shift ended, she and Syed Maffi went to a multi-storey carpark in Toa Payoh, where they had sexual intercourse before they headed to the carpark's rooftop garden to talk about the phone repair costs. However, the conversation escalated into an argument between both of them. As the argument grew heated, Syed Maffi was so enraged that he pushed Atika on the chest, causing her to lose balance and fall off a flight of stairs, and hit her head on one of the steps. While Atika was in a semi-conscious state, Syed Maffi dragged her down the remaining steps, before he proceeded to throw her body over the parapet at Deck 5A of the carpark, and she landed on the third-storey of the carpark. Atika died as a result of the fall. It would be the prosecution's contention that Syed Maffi intentionally flung Atika off the parapet with the knowledge that she might die from the fall, and the resultant injuries deliberately caused were sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death, even if Syed Maffi had no intention to cause death, and hence they sought to seek a conviction of murder on these grounds against Syed Maffi during his murder trial in February 2018.", "title": "Account of the murder" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "After throwing Atika off the parapet, Syed Maffi gathered her belongings, took her phone and disposed of the rest, before he left the carpark, leaving Atika's body behind. Atika's father reported her missing on 1 September 2015, and when Atika's brother approached Syed Maffi to ask about his sister's whereabouts, Syed Maffi lied that he last saw her walking towards the carpark. Subsequently, when the police took him in for interrogation as a witness, Syed Maffi lied to the police that Atika had left to meet her new boyfriend on the day of the incident and she never returned to meet him. However, after the police identified him through CCTV footages captured at the crime scene and some more questioning, Syed Maffi finally confessed to the murder.", "title": "Account of the murder" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "On 20 February 2018, Syed Maffi Hasan officially stood trial at the High Court for one count of murdering Atika Dolkifli. The prosecution was led by Deputy Public Prosecutors Bhajanvir Singh and Quek Jing Feng, while Syed Maffi was represented by Kalidass Murugaiyan, Rajan Supramaniam and Sujatha Selvakumar. The trial was presided by Justice Aedit Abdullah of the High Court. During the trial itself, Syed Maffi challenged the admissibility of his confession, and also gave his defence. Aside from this, an autopsy report was submitted to the court, revealing that as a result of the fall, Atika sustained multiple fractures and serious lacerations on her scalp and face, and she died as a result of a head injury caused by the fall. A government psychiatrist also testified that Syed Maffi did not suffer from any abnormality of the mind at the time of the murder.", "title": "Trial of Syed Maffi Hasan" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "In January 2019, it was reported that Syed Maffi discharged his legal counsel on the grounds that they insisted on making him stand trial even though he was unwell. A psychiatric report had earlier assessed that Syed Maffi was fit to plead and stand trial. Although the trial judge Aedit Abdullah expressed his concern about the manner Syed Maffi took to apply for the discharge, the discharge was nevertheless granted and Syed Maffi was subsequently represented by another legal counsel in court.", "title": "Trial of Syed Maffi Hasan" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "On 21 May 2019, in the middle of his trial, Syed Maffi chose to not rebut the murder charge and pleaded guilty to the murder charge. Therefore, in view of Syed Maffi's decision, he was formally found guilty of murder by intentionally causing a bodily injury that was likely to cause death under Section 300(b) of the Penal Code. After his conviction, Syed Maffi's sentencing trial was postponed for the prosecution and defence to provide closing arguments on sentence. For a Section 300(b) murder offence, Syed Maffi would be given either the death penalty or life imprisonment with caning.", "title": "Trial of Syed Maffi Hasan" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "The prosecution did not argue for the death penalty during their submissions on sentence. Instead, they sought a life sentence and caning of at least 12 strokes, and stated that even after pushing Atika down the stairs and having harmed her, Syed Maffi chose to inflict further harm on Atika and in turn caused her death, and he himself also kept mum about her death when he was first asked by her brother, and such conduct demonstrated his intent to cause harm that would likely lead to Atika's death, as well as his lack of remorse for the murder. On the other hand, Syed Maffi's lawyer Kishan Pratap did not object to life imprisonment but they asked for the least number of strokes of the cane as the death of Atika was a result of Syed Maffi acting impulsively during the argument and Syed Maffi also regretted his actions and wanted to apologize to the victim's family.", "title": "Trial of Syed Maffi Hasan" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "On 4 July 2019, 28-year-old Syed Maffi Hasan was sentenced to life imprisonment and 12 strokes of the cane. In his oral sentencing remarks, Justice Abdullah stated that generally, in cases where death is caused, it is legally bound for the courts to impose not less than 12 strokes of the cane, and he saw no reason to deviate from this sentencing region, and therefore he awarded Syed Maffi a life term with 12 strokes of the cane.", "title": "Trial of Syed Maffi Hasan" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Syed Maffi did not appeal his sentence, and he is currently serving his life sentence at Changi Prison since the end of his trial.", "title": "Trial of Syed Maffi Hasan" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Incarnate Word Cardinals baseball team will represent the University of the Incarnate Word during the 2024 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Cardinals play their home games at Sullivan Field and are led by fifth–year head coach Ryan Shotzberger. They are members of the Southland Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Cardinals had a regular season record of 28–26 and a conference record of 14–10 finishing in second place in SLC play. They participated in the 2023 Southland Conference baseball tournament as the second seeded team. The Cardinals were 0–2 in the conference tournament losing to fifth seeded Northwestern State 1–2 and sixth seeded McNeese 0–3.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Previous season" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Blahnik is a surname. Notable people with the name include:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Walter S. Grant (January 24, 1878 – March 3, 1956) was a career officer in the United States Army. He served from 1900 to 1946 and attained the rank of major general. Grant was a veteran of World War I and World War II, and his awards included the Army Distinguished Service Medal and Legion of Merit.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A native of Ithaca, New York, Grant graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1900 and began a long career with the Cavalry branch. He served in the Philippine–American War and China Relief Expedition in the early 1900s, and was a longtime aide-de-camp for several department commanders. A 1915 graduate of the United States Army Command and General Staff College, Grant performed duty on the Texas-Mexico border during the 1916 Pancho Villa Expedition. During World War I, he served on the operations staffs of the American Expeditionary Forces headquarters in France, as well as several divisions and corps. During the Occupation of the Rhineland, he was chief of staff for I Corps.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After the First World War, Grant's assignments included command of Fort Adams, Rhode Island and the 13th Cavalry Regiment. During the 1930s and early 1940s, he was commandant of the United States Army War College, and commander of the Philippine Division, Philippine Department and Third Corps Area, and received promotion to major general. He reached the mandatory retirement age of 64 in early 1942, but remained on active duty for World War II and served a member of the War Department Personnel Board.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In retirement, Grant resided in Washington, D.C. He died at Walter Reed Army Medical Center on March 3, 1956, following an extended illness. Grant was buried at West Point Cemetery.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Walter Schuyler Grant was born in Ithaca, New York on January 24, 1878, the son of Chauncey Lewis Grant Jr. and Martha (Schuyler) Grant. Grant was a member of New York's prominent Schuyler and Scribner families; he was a descendant of Philip Pieterse Schuyler and his grandmother was the sister of Charles Scribner. Grant's grandfather, George W. Schuyler, served as New York State Treasurer, and his uncles included army officer Walter S. Schuyler and diplomat Eugene Schuyler.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Grant attended Ithaca Graded School, and was an 1894 graduate of Ithaca High School where he was both class president and commencement speaker. In 1895, he obtained an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point. He attended Charles Braden's Highland Falls preparatory school for prospective cadets, then began attendance at the academy in 1896. Grant served in leadership roles as cadet corporal, first sergeant and captain until 1900, when he was returned to the ranks after taking part in protests against the academy's attempt to change the treatment of lower classmen by those in the upper classes. Grant graduated in 1900 ranked 18th of 54 and received his commission as a second lieutenant of Cavalry. Among his classmates who also attained general officer rank were Archibald H. Sunderland and Augustine McIntyre Jr.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Grant was assigned to the 6th Cavalry Regiment, and was immediately posted to the Philippines to take part in the Philippine–American War and the China Relief Expedition, which was the U.S. response to the Boxer Rebellion. In the Philippines, he was credited with the August 1901 capture of Martin Cabrera, a leader of the anti-U.S. insurgency. Grant was promoted to first lieutenant in February 1901.", "title": "Start of career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "After returning to the United States, Grant was assigned to the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, and served as aide-de-camp to Brigadier Generals William August Kobbé and Camillo C. C. Carr, successive commanders of the Department of Dakota. In 1905, he was posted to the Philippines with the 3rd Cavalry, and he was assigned as aide-de-camp to Major General Charles L. Hodges, who successively commanded the Department of the Visayas in the Philippines, and the Department of Dakota and Department of the Lakes in the United States. He was promoted to captain in March 1911. After his promotion, he performed duty with the 3rd Cavalry on the Texas-Mexico border.", "title": "Start of career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In 1914, Grant completed the Army School of the Line as an honor graduate. He next served with the 9th Cavalry Regiment at Camp Harry J. Jones, Arizona, then the 3rd Cavalry at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. In 1915, he graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College, after which he was detailed to the Signal Corps. As commander a company in the 1st Telegraph Battalion, then commander of the battalion, he performed Texas-Mexico border duty during the Pancho Villa Expedition. From February to June 1917, he was assistant Signal officer on the staff of the Department of the East.", "title": "Start of career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "With the army expanding for World War I, Grant served on the operations staff at the United States Department of War. On August 5, he was promoted to temporary major, and lieutenant colonel, after which he was assigned to the operations section (G-3) on the staff of the American Expeditionary Forces in France. During his service on the AEF staff, Grant took part in the Battle of Cantigny. As a member of the 2nd Division staff, he participated in the Battle of Château-Thierry.", "title": "Continued career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "While on the 42nd Division staff, Grant was a participant in the Champagne–Marne campaign. As a member of the First Army staff, he was a participant in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel. While a member of the I Corps staff, Grant took part in the Meuse–Argonne offensive. He was promoted to temporary colonel in August 1918, and at the end of the war he was serving as First Army's deputy chief of staff. After the war, Grant served as I Corps chief of staff during the U.S. Occupation of the Rhineland.", "title": "Continued career" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Grant received the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his wartime service. The citation read:", "title": "Continued career" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Colonel (Cavalry) Walter Schuyler Grant, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. As Deputy Chief of Staff of the 1st Army, by his high professional attainments and ability Colonel Grant rendered valuable assistance in the staff work preparatory to and during the St. Mihiel and Argonne-Meuse offensives. As Chief of Staff of the 1st Army Corps, he displayed the same tact, zeal, and energy which marked the previous character of his services. Service: Army Rank: Colonel Division: 1st Army Corps, American Expeditionary Forces General Orders: War Department, General Orders No. 50 (1919)", "title": "Continued career" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "After returning to the United States in early 1919, Grant was assigned to the War Department staff. In March 1920 he was reduced to his permanent rank of major. In July 1920, he was promoted to permanent lieutenant colonel. In 1921, he was posted to the Command and General Staff College, where he served as an instructor, chief of the faculty's command section, and assistant director of the school. In 1923, he began attendance at the United States Army War College, after which he remained at the school as an instructor, then was assigned as director of the school's command section.", "title": "Continued career" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "From July 1926 to June 1927, Grant was director of the War Plans Division on the army staff. He was then assigned as executive officer of the 3rd Cavalry at Fort Ethan Allen, Vermont. When the Great Vermont Flood of 1927 took place in early November, Grant helped coordinate federal participation in relief efforts, for which he was commended by the commander of the First Corps Area. In 1928, he was assigned to command the regiment's 1st Squadron. In January 1929, he was promoted to permanent colonel and assigned to command Fort Adams, Rhode Island; during the summer of 1929, he commanded the Citizens' Military Training Camp that was held at Fort Adams. In September 1929, he was assigned to command the 13th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Riley, Kansas.", "title": "Continued career" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "In July 1931, Grant was assigned as chief of staff for the First Corps Area in Boston. From January 1934 to March 1935 he commanded the 6th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. In April 1935, he was assigned as assistant commandant of the Army War College. In March 1936, Malin Craig was assigned as Chief of Staff of the United States Army, and Grant was promoted to brigadier general and named to succeed Craig as commandant. From July 1937 to March 1938, he commanded the New York Port of Embarkation. He then returned to the Philippines, where he was assigned to command the post at Fort Stotsenburg.", "title": "Later career" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "In October 1938, Grant was promoted to major general. From October 1938 to July 1939 he commanded the Philippine Division, and from July 1939 to June 1940 he was commander of the Philippine Department. After returning to the United States, he was assigned to command the Third Corps Area, where he served from June 1940 until January 1942, when he reached the mandatory retirement age of 64. As the army expanded following U.S. entry into World War II, Grant was recalled to active duty the day after his official retirement, and he served as a member of the War Department Personnel Board until May 1946, when he retired for the second time. Grant received the Legion of Merit to recognize his wartime service.", "title": "Later career" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Grant's additional awards included the Philippine Campaign Medal, China Campaign Medal, Mexican Border Service Medal, World War I Victory Medal with four battle clasps, Army of Occupation of Germany Medal, American Defense Service Medal, American Campaign Medal, and World War II Victory Medal. His foreign awards for the First World War included the French Legion of Honor (Officer) and Belgian Order of Leopold II (Officer).", "title": "Later career" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "In retirement, Grant was a resident of Washington, D.C. He died at Walter Reed Army Medical Center on March 3, 1956. Grant was buried at West Point Cemetery.", "title": "Retirement and family" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "In 1910, Grant married Marjorie Commiskey of Brooklyn. They were the parents of four children. Sons Walter and Philip both attained the rank of colonel in the army. Son Francis was a prominent New York City banker. Daughter Marjorie was the wife of Lieutenant General Hugh M. Exton.", "title": "Retirement and family" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "On 28 December 1669, as the Mary Rose, a third-rate, carrying forty-eight guns, with a crew of 230 men, commanded by Captain John Kempthorn, was convoying a fleet of merchant ships through the Straits of Gibraltar, seven large Algerine corsairs, full of men, stood towards her. Captain Kempthorn ordered the convoy to make sail, while he, single-handed, advanced to engage this formidable force. The fighting continued into the following day, as the Algerines attacked the Mary Rose with much fury, and boarded her; but were beaten off with considerable loss.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 season is Bodrum F.K.'s 93rd season in existence and second consecutive in the TFF First League, the second division of Turkish football. They will also compete in the Turkish Cup.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Win Draw Loss Fixtures", "title": "Pre-season and friendlies" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Last updated: August 2023 Source: Soccerway", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Last updated: August 2023. Source:", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The league fixtures were unveiled on 30 June 2023.", "title": "Competitions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 season is Boluspor's 59th season in existence and 17th consecutive in the TFF First League, the second division of Turkish football. They will also compete in the Turkish Cup.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Win Draw Loss Fixtures", "title": "Pre-season and friendlies" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Last updated: August 2023 Source: Soccerway", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Last updated: August 2023. Source:", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The league fixtures were unveiled on 30 June 2023.", "title": "Competitions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Alfonso Ugarte Avenue (Spanish: Avenida Alfonso Ugarte), formerly known as the Alameda Circunvalación, is a major avenue located in the historic Centre of Lima. It begins in the Puente del Ejército [es] and crosses the Plaza Ramón Castilla and Plaza Dos de Mayo, continuing until it reaches the Plaza Bolognesi.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The avenue is located in an area where the Walls of Lima once stood, originally known as the \"Carretera del Gas\" starting in the late 19th century after the gas factory that supplied fuel to the city, located on it. Under Augusto B. Leguía, it was re-inaugurated as the Alameda Circunvalación in 1928.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1965, the covered trench overpass that crosses Plaza Ramón Castilla was built. In the mid-1980s, a road corridor for public transportation similar to the one on Brasil Avenue was implemented, which is currently only preserved in the last block of the avenue. In 1994, the overpass built decades ago was extended to Jirón Quilca, crossing Plaza Dos de Mayo and Jirón Zepita. The road corridor was extended along the underground route and bus stops were implemented, which would later be dismantled to make way for the 2 de Mayo station.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2008, construction of the segregated corridor (COSAC I) and Metropolitano stations began, for which it was necessary to demolish almost the entire old public transportation road corridor and partially modify the structures of the existing overpasses. Since then, conventional transport routes circulate on the mixed road alongside private transport (which increased in 2014 after the implementation of the Blue Corridor), making the avenue one of the most congested in the city.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The historic neighbourhood of Monserrate is located in the avenue.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bella Zur née Weinstock (Hebrew: בלה צור; born 7 December 1952) is a former Israeli Paralympic athlete, wheelchair fencer and para swimmer. She later served as city councilor in Ra'anana from 2003 to 2013.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Zur contracted polio at a young age and is paraplegic. She began practicing sports at the Israel Sports Center for the Disabled.", "title": "Sports career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She took part in the 1968 Summer Paralympics and 1976 Summer Paralympics, competing in swimming (1968 and 1976), wheelchair fencing (1968) and athletics (1976). She ranked sixth in women's novices foil. Her top achievements were gold and bronze medals as a para swimmer at the 1976 Games.", "title": "Sports career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Zur is a veteran in wheelchair dancing and in 2001 joined Vertigo dance company.", "title": "Sports career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1978 Zur completed her social work studies at Bar Ilan University. She was a social worker for the municipality of Petah Tikva until 1985 and later worked at Loewenstein Rehabilitation Hospital (1986-1995) and a geriatric hospital in Ra'anana (1995-2002). In 2000 she completed a masters degree in social work.", "title": "Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "From 2003 to 2008 Zur was a member of Ra'anana city council. Among her roles as city councilor she was in charge of the city's welfare portfolio and later served as chairwoman of the accessibility committee.", "title": "Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Zur was a member of the advisory committee to the commissioner for equal rights for people with disabilities at the Ministry of Justice.", "title": "Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Zur is married to paralympian Ofer Zur who participated in the Paralympic Games from 1976 to 1988. They have four children, including triplets.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "She lectures on disability and accessibility, as well as volunteering at Beit Issie Shapiro for people with special needs.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Zur was named a distinguished citizen of Ra'anana for 2022. She was previously awarded with the \"Equality Award\" for 2003 by the commissioner for equal rights for people with disabilities at the Ministry of Justice and the \"Struggle Award\" for 2006 by Beit Issie Shapiro.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 season is Çorum F.K.'s 27th season in existence and first ever in the TFF First League, the second division of Turkish football. They will also compete in the Turkish Cup.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Win Draw Loss Fixtures", "title": "Pre-season and friendlies" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Last updated: August 2023 Source: Soccerway", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Last updated: August 2023. Source:", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The league fixtures were unveiled on 30 June 2023.", "title": "Competitions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 South Carolina Gamecocks football team will represent the University of South Carolina as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Gamecocks will play their home games at Williams–Brice Stadium located in Columbia, South Carolina, and are led by Shane Beamer who will be heading into his fourth year as their head coach.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "South Carolina and the SEC announced the 2024 football schedule on December 13, 2023.", "title": "Schedule" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The New South Wales Cup is the statewide premier men's competition. It feeds directly into the National Rugby League.", "title": "Major competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The New South Wales Women's Premiership is the statewide premier women's competition. It feeds directly into the National Rugby League Women's Premiership.", "title": "Major competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Ron Massey Cup is the State's second tier men's competition. It feeds into the New South Wales Cup.", "title": "Major competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Sydney Shield is the State's third tier men's competition. It feeds into the Ron Massey Cup.", "title": "Major competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Jersey Flegg Cup is the statewide men's under 21s competition.", "title": "Major competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Round 1", "title": "Major competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Round 2", "title": "Major competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Round 3", "title": "Major competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Round 4", "title": "Major competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Round 5", "title": "Major competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Round 6", "title": "Major competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Round 7", "title": "Major competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Round 8", "title": "Major competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Round 9", "title": "Major competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Round 10", "title": "Major competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Round 11", "title": "Major competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "The SG Ball Cup is the statewide men's under 19s competition.", "title": "Metropolitan Junior representative competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "The Tarsha Gale Cup is the statewide women's under 19s competition.", "title": "Metropolitan Junior representative competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "The Harold Matthews Cup is the statewide boy's under 17s competition.", "title": "Metropolitan Junior representative competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "The Lisa Fiaola Cup (Metro) is the state's metropolitan girl's under 17s competition.", "title": "Metropolitan Junior representative competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "The Laurie Daley Cup is the statewide men's under 18s competition.", "title": "Regional Junior representative competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "The Andrew Johns Cup is the statewide boy's under 16s competition.", "title": "Regional Junior representative competitions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Niigata 6th district (新潟県第6区, Niigata-ken dai-rokku or simply 新潟6区, Niigata-rokku) was a single-member constituency of the House of Representatives in the national Diet of Japan located in Niigata Prefecture.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It was abolished by the revision of the Public Offices Election Act 2022, and the entire area has been changed to 5th district.", "title": "Areas Covered" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 season is Erzurumspor F.K.'s 19th season in existence and third consecutive in the TFF First League, the second division of Turkish football. They will also compete in the Turkish Cup.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "title": "Players" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Win Draw Loss Fixtures", "title": "Pre-season and friendlies" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Last updated: August 2023 Source: Soccerway", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Last updated: August 2023. Source:", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The league fixtures were unveiled on 30 June 2023.", "title": "Competitions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mr. Christmas is 2004 American Christmas film directed by Beth Brickell. It was produced by Luminous Films and licensed to PBS, who first broadcast it in 2005 and for four consecutive years during the holiday season. The movie was filmed and set in Eureka Springs, Arkansas, a Victorian town in the Ozark Mountains.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The School Library Journal described the film as a \"holiday classic.\"", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Set in 1941, the film centers around Joel Carter (Mclean), a print operator, who is unable to afford the bicycle his daughter Carol Lee (Maddox) has asked Santa Claus for as a Christmas gift. The film follows Carter's attempts to acquire a bicycle for Carol Lee. Due to the Great Depression and the onset of World War II, Carter does not receive a holiday bonus and is denied a bank loan as he lacks collateral; therefore Carter is unable to either afford or acquire a bicycle. On the night of Christmas Eve, Carter goes downtown and tries to convince a local shopkeeper to sell him the bicycle on a payment plan, but to no avail. On the walk home, Carter is dejected, but is followed home by a stray dog.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On Christmas morning, Carol Lee is saddened when she does not receive a bicycle for Christmas. However, her mood improves when she discovers a stray dog outside of the Carter family's door, who she names \"Mr. Christmas\". Initially, Joel's wife, Julia (Little), is tentative about keeping the dog, but eventually agrees much to the joy of the family.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The movie was filmed in Eureka Springs, Arkansas in February and March of 2004. The town of Eureka Springs left up all of the Christmas decorations during this period of filming.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Outside of Mclean and Little, all of the film's actors were residents of Arkansas.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Mr. Christmas won Best Family Film at the Moondance Film Festival and an Award of Excellence from the Film Advisory Board in Los Angeles.", "title": "Awards" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Auburn Tigers football team will represent Auburn University during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Tigers will be led by second-year head coach Hugh Freeze, and compete as members of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). They will play their home games at Jordan-Hare Stadium located in Auburn, Alabama.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Outgoing", "title": "Offseason" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Incoming", "title": "Offseason" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Auburn and the SEC announced the 2024 football schedule on December 13, 2023.", "title": "Schedule" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "Schedule" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Marie Johnston FMedSci FRSE FRCPE is a British psychologist who specialises in health psychology. She is an Emeritus Professor at the University of Aberdeen.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "After getting her BSc at the University of Aberdeen, Johnston later moved to the University of Hull, where she got her PhD in 1970. After working at the University of Oxford as a postdoctoral fellow (1970-1977). she worked as a lecturer at the Royal Free and University College Medical School from 1977 until 1990, when she moved to the University of St Andrews and became a professor. While at St Andrews, she was appointed Chair of Psychology in 1992. In 2003, she moved to the University of Aberdeen and remained professor until 2011, when she was promoted to emeritus professor.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "As an academic, Johnston specialises in health psychology. She has also served as chair of the British Psychological Society (BPS) Health Psychology division (1986) and as president of the European Health Psychology Society (1992). In 1994, she was awarded the BPS's Presidents' Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychological Knowledge. She has also authored or edited several books related to health psychology.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Johnston was elected Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences and Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1998. She was elected Fellow of the Academy of Learned Societies for the Social Sciences in 2000. She was appointed Fellow of the European Health Psychology Society in 2005. In addition to her 1988 regular fellowship, she was elected Honorary Fellow of the British Psychological Society in 2011. She is also a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pinoy step is a basketball move in which an offensive player picks up their dribble, quickly simulates taking a shot the while going towards the basket then proceeds to make an actual shot with the last remaining legal step. It is intended to allow the ball handler to get past a defender and take a more advantageous shot.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Some media attribute the move to basketball players in the Philippines. Fans attribute the combination of gather step and pump fake as the Filipino version of Euro step before going airborne. It can be especially effective when a shorter ball handler takes on a taller defender. As a result, the phrase \"Pinoy step\" was given with the first word being the colloquial demonym for Filipinos. Anecdotal reports give credit to Kiefer Ravena and Ricci Rivero for popularizing it. In a 2023 SB Nation article, Lucas Kaplan wrote Ravena is \"credited as one of the pioneers of the move, and it's been in his bag since high school,\" adding \"the Pinoy is unmistakably the product of amateur and professional ballers in the Philippines over the past decade.\"", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "NBA players Mikal Bridges, Tyrese Haliburton and Zach LaVine frequently use the ball fake on the move with success.", "title": "Background" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Manuel Molina Gorriti (1 March 1808 – 22 March 1855) was a Bolivian politician and lawyer who served as Minister of Finance during the administration of José Ballivián. He began his political career during the presidency of Andrés de Santa Cruz, when he served as secretary to Mariano Enrique Calvo. As Santa Cruz's most trusted ally in Bolivia, Calvo wielded immense powers in the country. Being Calvo's secretary, Molina flourished politically during this period, especially during the peak of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. After the fall of Santa Cruz, he supported the unsuccessful governments of Sebastián Ágreda and Calvo, ultimately becoming an ardent ballivianista after the Battle of Ingavi. Molina was exiled when Eusebio Guilarte was ousted in 1848, spending the rest of his life exiled in Chile. His granddaughter, Carmen Calvo Molina, was married to Daniel Sánchez Bustamante. Through Carmen, he is the great-grandfather of famed Bolivian feminist, María Luisa Sánchez Bustamante. He was married to María del Carmen Frías Ametller, sister of Tomás Frías.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in La Paz, Upper Peru, Viceroyalty of Peru, on March 1, 1808, Molina was the son of Francisco Plácido de Molina and María Ana Gorriti. His father was a supporter of Pedro Domingo Murillo and was forced to flee Upper Peru in 1809. Between 1809 and 1825, Molina lived in Salta alongside his mother's relatives, the Gorriti family. His uncle was General José Ignacio de Gorriti, father of Juana Manuela Gorriti, First Lady of Bolivia as the wife of Manuel Isidoro Belzu between 1848 and 1855. Francisco died in 1810, when his son was still an infant.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1820, Molina was sent to Buenos Aires to attend boarding school. At time, the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata had already achieved their independence from Spain, meaning that this region was fervently on the side of the patriots. Anti-royalist sentiments were powerful in Buenos Aires, influencing Molina at a young age with ideas of liberalism. In 1825, he aspired to join the army of Antonio José de Sucre and Francisco Burdett O’Conner. They were tasked, by Simón Bolívar, to defeat the remaining forces of Pedro Antonio Olañeta in Upper Peru. However, by the time Molina had reached Salta, Bolivia was proclaimed an independent republic.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Triumphant, the patriots established a newly independent nation named after Bolívar. Molina, an ardent supporter of the cause, chose to abandon his life in Buenos Aires and permanently move to Bolivia. There, he enrolled in the University of San Francisco Xavier, graduating as a lawyer in 1832. That same year, he caught the attention of President Santa Cruz, who had seized power in 1829. In 1833, Santa Cruz appointed Molina as secretary to Mariano Enrique Calvo. Between 1835 and 1839, Calvo served as Vice President of Bolivia. During Santa Cruz's absence, Calvo was acting president in Bolivia.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1836, Calvo sent Molina along the Bolivian delegation to Lima. Said delegation officially pronounced the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. The same year, Calvo was made division general by supreme decree, angering the Bolivian army. Molina was sent appease the garrison of Tupiza, which had mutinied on December 16, 1836. On January 11 of the next year, Molina arrived in Tupiza. Hoping to appease the mutinous army, he attempted to give a speech at the plaza de armas (the main square) of the city. However, in the middle of his speech, Molina was shot three times. Fortunately for him, the bullets did not penetrate deep enough to constitute a threat to his life.", "title": "Beginning of political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "By 1839, warring with Argentina and Chile, Santa Cruz had lost the support of most of the elites in Bolivia and Peru. To reassure Santa Cruz, Calvo dispatched Molina to Tacna. There, Molina ensured Santa Cruz that the rebellious General José Miguel de Velasco had been quelled. However, on January 20, 1839, when Santa Cruz clashed with the Chilean army and Peruvian exile militias at the Battle of Yungay, most of the Bolivian high command deserted his side. Velasco, who led the movement, captured Molina, who was present at the battle. Now in power, Velasco carried out a massive purge within the Bolivian army. Some generals he purged included Francisco O’Connor and Otto Philipp Braun. In 1840, Velasco appointed Molina as Prefect of Sucre, although for a very short period as Molina continued conspiring against Velasco and was ultimately exiled that same year.", "title": "Beginning of political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 1841, he returned from exile when Velasco was ousted by a coup led by elite civilians in the country. General Sebastián Ágreda would be appointed president on June 10. However, less than a month later, he himself was forced to resign in favor of Calvo. Appointed as Calvo's secretary yet again, Molina found the nation on the verge of civil war. Supporters of Ballivián, Velasco, and José Mariano Serrano waged a three-way civil war. By September, it became evident that Agustin Gamarra would launch an invasion of Bolivia. Convincing Calvo and Serrano to side with Ballivián, Molina played a crucial role in preserving Bolivian independence. Velasco, seeing himself outnumbered, too joined the coalition under Ballivián. Molina was present at the Battle of Ingavi on November 18.", "title": "Congressman and minister of finance" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "After Ingavi, Molina officially entered Bolivian politics, being elected on February 19, 1842, to the Chamber of Deputies representing La Paz. During his tenure, he was a staunch ballivianista and adhered solely to the policies of the incumbent President of Bolivia. As a reward for his continued loyalty, Ballivián appointed him Minister of Finance on April 28, 1843. Thus, Molina vacated his position in the Chamber of Deputies. Although a competent statesman, Molina blindly obeyed ballivianista rhetoric, meaning he neglected several aspects of Bolivia's finances. By the time he left the office to his eventual successor, Tomás Frías, Bolivia's fiscal matters were in a complete state of chaos. He was appointed again to the Chamber of Deputies, this time representing Oruro, on May 31, 1844.", "title": "Congressman and minister of finance" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "By late 1847, the partisans of Velasco and Belzu, who was Molina's first cousin by virtue of his marriage to Juana Manuela Gorriti, launched a revolution that ousted Ballivián. Hoping to maintain his influence, Ballivián appointed Eusebio Guilarte as president. However, within a matter of weeks, Guilarte too was overthrown. Velasco and Belzu would agree to an uneasy alliance which established the former as president. Molina, although a relative of Belzu, was exiled because of his continued loyalty to the ballivianista cause. He would establish himself in Santiago, Chile, where he continued writing pamphlets supporting the return of Ballivián. In 1850, he met with Ballivián in Argentina. There, they discussed a potential invasion from the south, supported by Molina's family in Salta. However, nothing came of this plan and Ballivián eventually died in 1852.", "title": "Downfall and death" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "With his health deteriorated, perhaps suffering from cancer, Molina retired to private life. He died, away from the public sphere and his homeland on March 22, 1855, aged 47.", "title": "Downfall and death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Manish Kashyap is an Indian YouTuber. He is raising his voice against corruption in Bihar, through his Sach Tak News channel, he firmly tells people about the shortcomings and rigging happening in the economy and administrative services of Bihar.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kashyap has been released from jail after 9 months. Kashyap was in Beur jail of Patna. Here, before Manish's release, a large number of Manish's supporters reached outside the jail. During this, Manish targeted Bihar government as soon as he came out of jail.", "title": "Nsa charges[11]" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023 Africa Cup of Nations will be an international football tournament to be held in Ivory Coast from 13 January to 11 February 2024. The twenty four participating national teams were required to register a squad with a minimum of 23 and a maximum 27 players, an increase of up to 4 players over the regular number of 23 players allowed in the tournament's regulations. Only players in these squads were eligible to take part in the tournament.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "On 15 December 2023, the Confederation of African Football (CAF) announced the increase of the maximum number of players included on the final lists from 23 to 27. However, the inclusion of the 4 extra players was optional and not mandatory and teams could still only name a maximum of 23 players on the match list for each tournament fixture (of which twelve were substitutes).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Each national team had to submit a provisional list of up to fifty five players to CAF no later than 14 December 2023. The final list of up to 27 players per national team had to be submitted to CAF General Secretariat by 3 January 2024, ten days before the opening match of the tournament. A player on the submitted final list could only be replaced in the event of serious injury at the latest 24 hours before the beginning of his team's first match of the tournament, provided that it was approved by the CAF Medical Committee.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "CAF published the provisional lists on 20 December 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The age listed for each player is on 13 January 2024, the first day of the tournament. The numbers of caps and goals listed for each player do not include any matches played after the start of the tournament. The club listed is the club for which the player last played a competitive match before the tournament. The nationality for each club reflects the national association (not the league) to which the club is affiliated. A flag is included for coaches who are of a different nationality than their own national team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Ivory Coast's 54-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023. The final squad of 27 players was announced on 28 December 2023.", "title": "Group A" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Head coach: Jean-Louis Gasset", "title": "Group A" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Nigeria's 41-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023. The final squad of 25 players was announced on 29 December 2023.", "title": "Group A" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Head coach: José Peseiro", "title": "Group A" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Equatorial Guinea's 50-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023.", "title": "Group A" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Head coach: Juan Micha", "title": "Group A" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Guinea-Bissau's 39-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023. The final squad of 25 players was announced on 22 December 2023.", "title": "Group A" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Head coach: Baciro Candé", "title": "Group A" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Egypt's 55-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023. The final squad of 27 players was announced on 30 December 2023.", "title": "Group B" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Head coach: Rui Vitória", "title": "Group B" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Ghana announced their 55-man provisional list on 20 December 2023.", "title": "Group B" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Head coach: Chris Hughton", "title": "Group B" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Cape Verde's 53-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023. The final squad of 26 players was announced on 28 December 2023.", "title": "Group B" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Head coach: Bubista", "title": "Group B" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "Mozambique announced their 46-man provisional list on 6 December 2023. The final squad of 23 players was announced on 22 December 2023.", "title": "Group B" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "Head coach: Chiquinho Conde", "title": "Group B" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "Senegal's 55-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023. The final squad of 27 players was announced on 29 December 2023.", "title": "Group C" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "Head coach: Aliou Cissé", "title": "Group C" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "Cameroon's 49-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023. The final squad of 27 players was announced on 28 December 2023.", "title": "Group C" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "Head coach: Rigobert Song", "title": "Group C" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "Guinea's 49-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023. The final squad of 25 players was announced on 23 December 2023.", "title": "Group C" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "Head coach: Kaba Diawara", "title": "Group C" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "Gambia announced their 43-man provisional list on 20 December 2023.", "title": "Group C" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "Head coach: Tom Saintfiet", "title": "Group C" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "Algeria's 26-man official list was announced on 29 December 2023.", "title": "Group D" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "Head coach: Djamel Belmadi", "title": "Group D" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "Burkina Faso's 54-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023. The final squad of 27 players was announced on 20 December 2023.", "title": "Group D" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "Head coach: Hubert Velud", "title": "Group D" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "Mauritania's 42-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023. The final squad of 27 players was announced on 25 December 2023. Goalkeeper Babacar Diop had an injury and was replaced by M'Backé N'Diaye.", "title": "Group D" }, { "paragraph_id": 34, "text": "Head coach: Amir Abdou", "title": "Group D" }, { "paragraph_id": 35, "text": "Angola's 55-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023. The final squad of 23 players was announced on 17 December 2023.", "title": "Group D" }, { "paragraph_id": 36, "text": "Head coach: Pedro Gonçalves", "title": "Group D" }, { "paragraph_id": 37, "text": "Tunisia's 55-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023. The final squad of 27 players was announced on 28 December 2023.", "title": "Group E" }, { "paragraph_id": 38, "text": "Head coach: Jalel Kadri", "title": "Group E" }, { "paragraph_id": 39, "text": "Mali's 51-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023.", "title": "Group E" }, { "paragraph_id": 40, "text": "Head coach: Éric Chelle", "title": "Group E" }, { "paragraph_id": 41, "text": "South Africa announced their 50-man provisional list on 14 December 2023. The final squad of 23 players, plus three reserve players placed on standby (defender Tapelo Xoki, midfielder Sibongiseni Mthethwa and forward Elias Mokwana), were announced on 28 December 2023.", "title": "Group E" }, { "paragraph_id": 42, "text": "Head coach: Hugo Broos", "title": "Group E" }, { "paragraph_id": 43, "text": "Namibia's complete 45-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023. Previously, Namibia had announced a 34-man provisional list on 15 December 2023, which was later reduced to 28 players.", "title": "Group E" }, { "paragraph_id": 44, "text": "Head coach: Collin Benjamin", "title": "Group E" }, { "paragraph_id": 45, "text": "Morocco's 55-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023. The final squad of 27 players was announced on 28 December 2023.", "title": "Group F" }, { "paragraph_id": 46, "text": "Head coach: Walid Regragui", "title": "Group F" }, { "paragraph_id": 47, "text": "DR Congo's 45-man provisional list was announced by CAF on 20 December 2023. The final squad of 24 players was announced on 27 December 2023.", "title": "Group F" }, { "paragraph_id": 48, "text": "Head coach: Sébastien Desabre", "title": "Group F" }, { "paragraph_id": 49, "text": "Zambia announced their 55-man provisional list on 13 December 2023, which was reduced to 54 players in the list announced by CAF on 20 December 2023. The final squad of 27 players was announced on 30 December 2023.", "title": "Group F" }, { "paragraph_id": 50, "text": "Head coach: Avram Grant", "title": "Group F" }, { "paragraph_id": 51, "text": "Tanzania announced their 53-man provisional list on 20 December 2023.", "title": "Group F" }, { "paragraph_id": 52, "text": "Head coach: Adel Amrouche", "title": "Group F" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "On the Swingin' Side is a studio album by American singer Vic Damone, released on December 19, 1960, by Columbia Records. It was produced by Jack Marshall", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "William Ruhlmann of AllMusic said that \"It an unadulterated up-tempo delight that deserves to be rediscovered. The charts are bright, Vic Damone is relaxed but never dull, and the mood finds a nice balance between romance and spirited humor\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Billboard notes \"He Lends his superior vocal talents to a flock of great standards - eschewing his usual sweet ballad groove in favor of a swinging beat. It's a highly effective change of pace for the warbler and fine wax for jocks..\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In A Biographical Guide to the Great Jazz and Pop Singers, Will Friedwald writes \"He knows his own strengths and weakness enough to stick to doing ballads with a beat, as opposed to out and up-tempo singing in the Sinatra Swingin' Lover traditon.", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jokin Aperribay (born 27 May 1966) has been president of Real Sociedad since 2008. He succeeded Iñaki Badiola.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2022–23 Providence Friars women's basketball team represent Providence College in the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Forest Grove branch is an abandoned railway line in the state of Oregon, in the United States. It was built by the Oregon Electric Railway and ran 19.1 miles (30.7 km) from Garden Home to Forest Grove via Beaverton and Hillsboro. The MAX Blue Line uses part of the right-of-way between Beaverton and Hillsboro.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Oregon Electric Railway completed the 19.1-mile (30.7 km) branch from its main line at Garden Home to Forest Grove in 1908. At the time of completion the branch, like the main line, was electrified at 600 V DC. This was converted to 1,200 V DC in 1912.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Passenger service ended on the Forest Grove branch in July 1932. Electrified freight service continued until dieselization in 1945. In 1933, the Interstate Commerce Commission blocked a proposal by the Oregon Electric Railway to extend the line further west to serve the Stimson lumber mill in Steghers, citing the parallel Southern Pacific Railroad line.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Under pressure from the city of Portland to vacate Front Avenue, the Oregon Electric filed in 1941 to abandon its original main line into the downtown, and with it the Forest Grove branch between Garden Home and Beaverton. The Oregon Electric constructed new connections to the Southern Pacific in Beaverton and Tigard and obtained trackage rights.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Oregon Electric was merged into the new Burlington Northern Railroad in 1970. The Burlington Northern abandoned the branch between Hillsboro and Orenco in 1977. The abandonment eliminated a low overpass over East Main Street, and mile of street-running on Washington Street, in Hillsboro. BN trains served the Hillsboro–Forest Grove section via trackage rights over the Southern Pacific's Tillamook Branch.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Burlington Northern abandoned the original right-of-way through Beaverton in 1984 following the construction of a new connecting track to the Southern Pacific's parallel line. The track was built west of Beaverton, passing under the Tualatin Valley Highway.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Discussion of what became the Westside extension of the MAX Blue Line began in 1979, and light rail was chosen as the preferred mode in 1983. As late as 1994, all light rail alternatives assumed that the line from Beaverton to Hillsboro would follow the Forest Grove branch's right-of-way, then still in use, as far as Orenco. From Orenco, it would use the abandoned right-of-way to Hillsboro. This routing would require an at-grade crossing of the Forest Grove branch near the present location of Quatama station.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In June 1994, TriMet reached an agreement with the Burlington Northern, Southern Pacific, and Union Pacific Railroad that made these arrangements unnecessary. The Burlington Northern would abandon its line from Beaverton to Orenco and reach the remaining part of the Forest Grove via trackage rights over the Southern Pacific and Union Pacific. The entire routing of Burlington Northern trains in the Portland would change, with BN trains using the Union Pacific's Steel Bridge to cross the Willamette River in downtown Portland. The new light rail line opened on September 12, 1998.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In 1987–1988 the Burlington Northern attempted to divest itself of 288 miles (463 km) of branchline track in Oregon, including the Forest Grove branch. The effort stalled after legal opposition. The BNSF Railway, successor to the Burlington Northern, sold the remainder of the Forest Grove to the Portland and Western Railroad in 1997. The Portland and Western, a shortline railroad founded in 1995, had already leased a number of Southern Pacific lines in the area, including the parallel Tillamook line.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In 2010, the line handled one freight movement per week. A study by the Oregon Department of Transportation stated that it was in \"poor condition.\" The last freight movement occurred in 2015, and the Portland and Western filed to abandon in 2023.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sifan is a village in Jammu and Kashmir, India.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sifan could also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Fare capping is a feature of public transport fare collection systems. Fare capping credits the cost of fares for individual trips towards the cost of an unlimited pass, limiting the cost of fares that passengers pay.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Some trials and proposals of fare capping were conducted in the early 2000s, with the first large implementation in London in 2005. Limited numbers of large transport operators began introducing fare capping in the 2010s, using proprietary technologies. As of 2023, fare capping is being implemented by smaller transport operators, using widely-available technology, with back-end systems in the cloud.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Fare capping enables public transport passengers to pay the lowest possible fare for their trips over a period of time. Passengers pay a single-ride fare for each trip they make within a certain period, such as a day or a week, until a certain threshold is met. This threshold may be a certain number of trips, or a monetary value. After the threshold is met, all rides for the rest of the period are free or discounted. This cap is often equivalent to the price of the comparable unlimited pass.", "title": "Concept" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Fare capping is often presented in contrast to unlimited-ride passes, which are offered by many transport operators. Passes are favored by commuters and other frequent public transport users for their convenience and cost savings, but they must be purchased in advance at a significant upfront cost. Fare capping eliminates the need to purchase passes in advance, which may be a significant burden for both passengers and transport operators.", "title": "Concept" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "An early implementation of fare capping was launched in 2000 in Groningen, the Netherlands, on Arriva buses. The Tripperpas used contactless smart card technology from Motorola and ERG Group, and introduced a number of new features. The Tripperpas was set up as a line of credit, where passengers were billed for the rides they took at the end of every month. Fare capping on the Tripperpas was advertised as the \"best price guarantee,\" billing passengers for only up to the cost of the equivalent Sterabonnement season ticket.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "At the conclusion of its 2-year trial, the Tripperpas system was shut down, with only 4,000 cards in use, of the 11,000 cards planned to be issued. The fare capping feature was not advertised well, and some passengers believed that fares would actually be higher than the single-ride Strippenkaart tickets that the system sought to replace. The successor to the Strippenkaart and Sterabonnement tickets, the OV-chipkaart, was introduced in 2005 without fare capping.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority in Washington, D.C. proposed a fare capping program in 2003, shortly after the introduction of the SmarTrip fare card. WMATA found that its back-office systems could not make the necessary calculations for fare capping for the complex fares of the Washington Metro, and the proposal was abandoned.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The first large-scale implementation of fare capping was in 2005, by Transport for London. At its introduction, fare capping in London was available for Oyster card users only, and was valid on local services including the Underground and buses. The price cap for Oyster card users was set at the price of an equivalent one-day, unlimited-ride Travelcard. TfL has expanded its fare capping system since its introduction, adding 7-day caps and contactless bank card support in 2014.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Another early implementation of fare capping in Europe is in Dublin, starting in 2012. The Dublin fare capping system, using the TFI Leap Card, was expanded to the entire Dublin transport network beginning in 2013. Trips on Dublin Bus, Luas, and Iarnród Éireann services are covered.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In the United States, two early examples are AC Transit and the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority, both in the San Francisco Bay Area, in 2012 and 2014 respectively. AC Transit and VTA operate in the same region, and both use the Clipper card, but their fares and fare caps are separate.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "More recently, fare capping was introduced by the two largest transit agencies in the United States, the New York MTA and Los Angeles Metro, in 2022 and 2023 respectively. New York's weekly fare cap is available for OMNY and contactless bank card users, and is valid on most MTA services, excluding express buses. Los Angeles' daily and weekly fare cap is available exclusively for TAP card users, on Metro Bus and Metro Rail services.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Fare capping takes advantage of the advanced capabilites of automated fare collection systems. Since the first implementation of fare capping in London in 2005, technology has matured significantly, leading to reduced costs. This maturity has allowed the expansion of fare capping to smaller operators, using mobile apps in addition to contactless smart cards.", "title": "Technology" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Fare capping is frequently cited as a method to improve the social equity of transport fares. A 2022 analysis of United States transport operators concluded that in addition to improving equity in transit fares, fare capping can also reduce transport operators' expenses in handling cash, and can contribute to an easier experience for passengers.", "title": "Impacts" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Fares, and fare capping, can be used by transport operators to influence their passengers' behavior, and therefore the ridership of their services. In a 2020 behavioral economics analysis conducted by the University of British Columbia, the authors argued that transport operators must carefully consider their messaging around fare capping, as it can have significant positive or negative impacts on behavior.", "title": "Impacts" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Amanita gioiosa is a species of Amanita found from Great Britain and Ireland and Finland to the south of France growing among Alder.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Oregon State Beavers football team will represent Oregon State University in the Pac–12 Conference during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Beavers are Led by first-year head coach Trent Bray, the Beavers will play their home games on campus at Reser Stadium located in Corvallis, Oregon.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Prior to the 2023 Pac-12 Conference football season, ten of the teams in the Pac 12 Conference announced that they intended to join other conferences, leaving Oregon State and Washington State as the only remaining conference members. Following several months of legal maneuvering over conference assets and liabilities, all schools reached a settlement in which Oregon State and Washington State retained control over the conference. The schools arranged a scheduling partnership with the Mountain West Conference to complete their football schedules.", "title": "Offseason" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Beavers lost seven players to the transfer portal.", "title": "Offseason" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Beavers added nine players via transfer.", "title": "Offseason" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "Schedule" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pendatang is a 2023 Malaysian dystopian dramatic film produced by Kuman Pictures in association with Tapir Films. This film is written by Lim Boon Siang, and directed by Ng Ken Kin. The film follows a Cantonese–speaking Chinese family that was forced to relocate to a rural kampong home, not long after Malaysia was turned into a military dictatorship and where racial segregation between the ethnic groups of the country became strictly enforced.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Pendatang is a fully crowdfunded movie. Ng Ken Kin, the director, stated that he did not feel the movie would have been approved for local cinematic release by the Film Censorship Board. Hence, the film is available on YouTube for free. The film does not make any advertising revenue and is non-profit driven. The film premiered on YouTube on December 21, 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Pendatang is a fully crowdfunded movie. In 2022, Kuman Pictures raised a total of RM335,981 through the crowdfunding campaign on the platform, Indiegogo. The production team chose to be fully crowd funded to ensure the film would be faithful to the script without limitations that traditional government and commercially-led productions and funding options may have imposed.", "title": "Development" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Pendatang premiered for free on YouTube on the 21st of December 2023.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The film received generally positive reviews from The Rakyat Post and the South China Morning Post.", "title": "Critical reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The following tables compare general and technical information for Fujifilm X series cameras that support the Classic Chrome film simulation, USB charging, and other useful features. Models that are currently in production are shown in bold.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Amanita islandica is a species of Amanita found in Iceland growing among birch and spruce.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Amanita silvicola is a species of Amanita found in California, Washington, and Oregon, and British Columbia, Canada growing among Hemlock.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "A non-normal modal logic is a variant of modal logic that deviates from the basic principles of normal modal logics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Normal modal logics adhere to the distributivity axiom ( ◻ ( p → q ) → ( ◻ p → ◻ q ) {\\displaystyle \\Box (p\\to q)\\to (\\Box p\\to \\Box q)} ) and the necessitation principle which states that \"a tautology must be necessarily true\" ( A → ◻ A {\\displaystyle A\\to \\Box A} ). On the other hand, non-normal modal logics do not always have such requirements. The minimal variant of non-normal modal logics is logic E, which contains the congruence rule in its Hilbert calculus or the E rule in its sequent calculus upon the corresponding proof systems for classical propositional logic. Additional axioms, namely axioms M, C and N, can be added to form stronger logic systems. With all three axioms added to logic E, a logic system equivalent to normal modal logic K is obtained.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Whilst Kripke semantics is the most common formal semantics for normal modal logics (e.g., logic K), non-normal modal logics are often interpreted with neighbourhood semantics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The syntax of non-normal modal logic systems resembles that of normal modal logics, which is founded upon propositional logic. An atomic statement is represented with propositional variables (e.g., p , q , r {\\displaystyle p,q,r} ); logical connectives include negation ( ¬ {\\displaystyle \\neg } ), conjunction ( ∧ {\\displaystyle \\land } ), disjunction ( ∨ {\\displaystyle \\lor } ) and implication ( → {\\displaystyle \\to } ). The modalities are most commonly represented with the box ( ◻ {\\displaystyle \\Box } ) and the diamond ( ◊ {\\displaystyle \\Diamond } ).", "title": "Syntax" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "A formal grammar for this syntax can minimally be defined using only the negation, disjunction and box symbols. In such a language, φ , ψ := p | ¬ φ | ◻ φ | φ ∨ ψ {\\displaystyle \\varphi ,\\psi :=p\\ |\\ \\neg \\varphi \\ |\\ \\Box \\varphi \\ |\\ \\varphi \\lor \\psi } where p {\\displaystyle p} is any propositional name. The conjunction φ ∧ ψ {\\displaystyle \\varphi \\land \\psi } may then be defined as equivalent to ¬ ( ¬ φ ∨ ¬ ψ ) {\\displaystyle \\neg (\\neg \\varphi \\lor \\neg \\psi )} . For any modal formula φ {\\displaystyle \\varphi } , the formula ◊ φ {\\displaystyle \\Diamond \\varphi } is defined by ¬ ◻ ¬ φ {\\displaystyle \\neg \\Box \\neg \\varphi } . Alternatively, if the language is first defined with the diamond, then the box can be analogously defined by ◻ φ ≡ ¬ ◊ ¬ φ {\\displaystyle \\Box \\varphi \\equiv \\neg \\Diamond \\neg \\varphi } .", "title": "Syntax" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "For any propositional name p {\\displaystyle p} , the formulae p {\\displaystyle p} and ¬ p {\\displaystyle \\neg p} are considered propositional literals whilst ◻ p {\\displaystyle \\Box p} and ¬ ◻ p {\\displaystyle \\neg \\Box p} are considered modal literals.", "title": "Syntax" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Logic E, the minimal variant of non-normal modal logics, includes the RE congruence rule in its Hilbert calculus or the E rule in its sequent calculus.", "title": "Proof Systems" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The Hilbert calculus for logic E is built upon the one for classical propositional logic with the congruence rule (RE): A ↔ B ◻ A ↔ ◻ B {\\displaystyle {\\frac {A\\leftrightarrow B}{\\Box A\\leftrightarrow \\Box B}}} . Alternatively, the rule can be defined by A ↔ B ◊ A ↔ ◊ B {\\displaystyle {\\frac {A\\leftrightarrow B}{\\Diamond A\\leftrightarrow \\Diamond B}}} . Logics containing this rule are called congruential.", "title": "Proof Systems" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The sequent calculus for logic E, another proof system that operates on sequents, consists of the inference rules for propositional logic and the E rule of inference: A ⊢ B B ⊢ A Γ , A ⊢ B , Δ {\\displaystyle {\\frac {A\\vdash B\\qquad B\\vdash A}{\\Gamma ,A\\vdash B,\\Delta }}} .", "title": "Proof Systems" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The sequent Γ ⊢ Δ {\\displaystyle \\Gamma \\vdash \\Delta } means Γ {\\displaystyle \\Gamma } entails Δ {\\displaystyle \\Delta } , with Γ {\\displaystyle \\Gamma } being the antecedent (a conjunction of formulae as premises) and Δ {\\displaystyle \\Delta } being the precedent (a disjunction of formulae as the conclusion).", "title": "Proof Systems" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The resolution calculus for non-normal modal logics introduces the concept of global and local modalities. The formula G ( φ ) {\\displaystyle {\\mathsf {G}}(\\varphi )} denotes the global modality of the modal formula φ {\\displaystyle \\varphi } , which means that φ {\\displaystyle \\varphi } holds true in all worlds in a neighbourhood model. For logic E, the resolution calculus consists of LRES, GRES, G2L, LERES and GERES rules.", "title": "Proof Systems" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The LRES rule resembles the resolution rule for classical propositional logic, where any propositional literals p {\\displaystyle p} and ¬ p {\\displaystyle \\neg p} are eliminated: D ∨ l D ′ ∨ ¬ l D ∨ D ′ {\\displaystyle {\\frac {D\\lor l\\qquad D'\\lor \\neg l}{D\\lor D'}}} .", "title": "Proof Systems" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The LERES rule states that if two propositional names p {\\displaystyle p} and p ′ {\\displaystyle p'} are equivalent, then ◻ p {\\displaystyle \\Box p} and ¬ ◻ p ′ {\\displaystyle \\neg \\Box p'} can be eliminated. The G2L rule states that any globally true formula is also locally true. The GRES and GERES inference rules, whilst variants of LRES and LERES, apply to formulae featuring the global modality.", "title": "Proof Systems" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Given any modal formula, the proving process with this resolution calculus is done by recursively renaming a complex modal formula as a propositional name and using the global modality to assert their equivalence.", "title": "Proof Systems" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Whilst Kripke semantics is often applied as the semantics of normal modal logics, the semantics of non-normal modal logics are commonly defined with neighbourhood models. A standard neighbourhood model M {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {M}}} is defined with the triple ⟨ W , N , V ⟩ {\\displaystyle \\langle {\\mathcal {W}},{\\mathcal {N}},{\\mathcal {V}}\\rangle } where:", "title": "Semantics" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "The semantics can be further generalised as bi-neighbourhood semantics.", "title": "Semantics" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "The classical cube of non-normal modal logic considers axioms M, C and N that can be added to logic E defined as follows.", "title": "Additional Axioms" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "A logic system containing axiom M is monotonic. With axioms M and C, the logic system is regular. Including all three axioms, the logic system is normal.", "title": "Additional Axioms" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "With these axioms, additional rules are included in their proof systems accordingly.", "title": "Additional Axioms" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Amanita diemii is a species of Amanita found growing under Nothofagus in Argentina and Chile.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Abdul Razak bin Khamis is a Malaysian politician who served as Deputy Speaker of the Kedah State Legislative Assembly since September 2023 and Member of the Kedah State Legislative Assembly for Sungai Tiang.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lorenzo Aguado Herrera (born September 19, 2002) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a defender for Real Madrid Castilla.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Aguado joined the youth academy of Spanish La Liga side Real Madrid at the age of eight.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Aguado played for Spanish side RSC Internacional, where he was regarded as one of the club's most important players.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Aguado mainly operates as a defender and has operated as a midfielder.", "title": "Style of play" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Aguado is a native of Madrid, Spain. He has a sister.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a list of retro-style digital cameras, categorized into five body types:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Models that are currently in production are shown in bold.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Emancipation Avenue (Spanish: Avenida Emancipación; Avenida de la Emancipación), formerly known as Jirón Arequipa and Jirón Riva-Agüero, is a major avenue in the Damero de Pizarro, located in the historic centre of Lima, Peru. The street starts at its intersection with the Jirón de la Unión and continues until it reaches the Plaza Ramón Castilla.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The road that today constitutes the street was laid by Francisco Pizarro when he founded the city of Lima on January 18, 1535. In 1862, when a new urban nomenclature was adopted, the road was named jirón Arequipa. Prior to this renaming, each block (cuadra) had a unique name:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "At the beginning of the 20th century, the Palais Concert [es] was located on its first block, a café that brought together among its regulars several figures from the intellectual life of Lima at that time, such as Abraham Valdelomar, José Carlos Mariátegui and César Vallejo.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "At the beginning of the 1970s, during the military government of Juan Velasco Alvarado, a plan was executed that consisted of widening the old Jirón Arequipa, which until then was an old road that preserved its narrow shape since colonial times. In 1971, the controversial widening of the avenue began, demolishing old houses that were located in the northern part of the strip.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The avenue hosts the Casa Echenique, a building that once housed Carvajal, and later housed president José Rufino Echenique, Pío Tristán and Paul Gauguin, all of the same family. Despite the façade remaining intact, a large part of the interior is in ruin after it was demolished to make way for a gallery.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "PXP may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Samuel B. Churchill (December 6, 1812 – May 14, 1890) was an American attorney and politician who served as Secretary of State of Kentucky for two non-consecutive term from 1867 to 1871 and 1879 to 1880. He also served as a member of the Missouri Senatein 1858. He was a member of the Democratic Party.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "PJT may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Chlorangiella is a genus of microscopic algae, the type genus of the family Chlorangiellaceae. The name Chlorangiella was coined by Giovanni Battista de Toni in 1889. It is a nomen novum for Chlorangium F.Stein.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Species of Chlorangiella are attached via stalks to freshwater algae, crustaceans, rotifers, or insect larvae. They have been recorded from many continents, mostly in temperate habitats.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Chlorangiella consists of single cells or groups of cells, where the cells are borne on the ends of mucilaginous stalks. Stalks may be branched or unbranched and up to 5 times the lengths of the cells. The cells themselves are ovoid, 5–42 μm long. They contain a single cell nucleus (i.e. are uninucleate) and contractile vacuoles at their apices. Chloroplasts are one to several, parietal and band-shaped, with or without a pyrenoid.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Asexual reproduction occurs by the formation of zoospores. The zoospores may be released at the apex of the sporangium, and swim until they settle and develop into a new organism; alternatively, they may attach at the base of the sporangium and develop a stalk. Sexual reproduction has not been observed in this genus.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "There has been renewed interest in vintage digital cameras, also known as digicams, due to their ability to take photos with a particular nostalgic look without the expense of analog film. This trend coincides with the resurgence of other early digital and late analog technologies, such as camcorders, film photography, vinyl records, and turntables.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This is a list of digicams that include a fixed lens, contain a 1/1.7″ CCD sensor or larger, and support SDHC memory cards and one or more of the following:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "These are features that help make an old camera easy to use today. Unfortunately there is no model with a CCD image sensor that is known to support all three.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Notably, no Fujifilm Super CCD digicams qualify, because none support SDXC, raw capture, or AA/AAA batteries. Arguably their best models ever released, such as the FinePix F31fd, only support xD memory cards, which are now obsolete.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Although the term “digicam” originated as a syllabic abbreviation for “digital camera”, it is now used primarily to refer to old compact fixed-lens digital cameras or, in other words, discontinued point-and-shoot cameras. These models emphasize portability and ease of use, and they often include a built-in flash.", "title": "Rationale for criteria" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "CMOS sensors have entirely replaced CCD sensors in recent consumer digital cameras due to cost effectiveness and high ISO performance. However, in good lighting conditions, many people find that the CCD sensors in digicams yield a more pleasing color rendition than CMOS sensors. Some liken CCD to slide film (also known as positive film) and CMOS to negative film.", "title": "Rationale for criteria" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Sensor size is correlated with image quality but is only one of many factors that affect it. While there were larger CCD sensors made for interchangeable-lens cameras, such as the Leica M9, CCD sensors in fixed-lens cameras maxed out at 2/3″ (1/1.5″). Premium compact cameras of the time contained sensors around 1/1.7″ in size, whereas entry-level models used 1/2.3″ sensors or smaller.", "title": "Rationale for criteria" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Early digital cameras used a variety of formats for storage. Eventually SD cards won the format war, and they are still widely used and readily available. However, the original SD format maxes out at 2GB and is now rare. Cards today far exceed that by using one of two format extensions: SDHC, which maxes out at 32 GB, or SDXC, which maxes out at 2 TB. SDXC support is more future-proof, but SDHC cards are still common and inexpensive.", "title": "Rationale for criteria" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "While the appeal of digicams stems from the ability of obtain pleasing results with a nostalgic look straight out of camera, capturing in a raw format maximizes the ability to edit an image to one's taste or recover details (such as highlights and shadows) that might otherwise be lost in the JPEG version, especially given the low dynamic range of these small-sensor cameras.", "title": "Rationale for criteria" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "New consumer digital cameras with CCD sensors stopped being released in the early 2010s, and the few that offered USB charging only supported it via a non-standard cable. Proprietary cables, chargers, and batteries can be difficult to come by, especially when discontinued, which makes support for standard AA or AAA batteries (especially rechargeable NiMH cells) a desirable feature.", "title": "Rationale for criteria" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The following digicams include a 2/3″ CCD sensor, a fixed lens with a maximum aperture of f/2.4 or wider, and SD or CompactFlash (CF) memory card slots. However none of them support SDHC/SDXC memory cards or AA/AAA batteries.", "title": "Even larger CCD sensors" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "OXD may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hugo Berthold Heinrich Duensing (15 April 1877–28 November 1961) was a German scholar of early Christianity and a Lutheran pastor. He specialized in Eastern Christianity and oriental studies, including documents in Ethiopian; Syriac and Aramaic; and Arabic.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Hugo Duensing was born in Hanover, then part of the German Empire, on 15 April 1877 to his parents Friedrich and Henriette. In Hanover, he attended the Kaiser Wilhelm Gymnasium [de]. In 1896, he attended the University of Greifswald, where he studied theology and the Arabic and Ethiopian languages. He traveled to Berlin and later to the Georg August University of Göttingen where he completed his studies under Julius Wellhausen. On August 6, 1906, he acquired a degree in theology from Göttingen. He was ordained a pastor in 1907, and served from 1907 to 1909 in Bad Rehburg; from 1909 to 1926 in Dassensen [de]-Wellersen; and from 1926 until his retirement in 1947 in Goslar at the Market Church St. Cosmas and Damian. In April 1909, he married Anna Schürer, the daughter of the famous historian Emil Schürer. The couple would have five children together: Friedrich, Ernst, Reinhard, Hildegard, and Gertrud. Duensing suffered from occasional spates of ill health and exhaustion, and committed himself to a sanitarium for rest in 1905, 1914, 1920, 1928, and 1936.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "From January to May 1914, Duensing visited Jerusalem (then under control of the Ottoman Empire) and took pictures of manuscripts held by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem which would be used by the Göttingen Septuagint Company. Some of these photographs would be used to help make Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint. While he never achieved a faculty position, he remained an active scholar, especially in the field of Ethiopian studies. He was given an honorary doctorate by the Theology Faculty of the University of Göttingen in 1951.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Duensing died on 28 November 1961.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Levi Fetters (November 3, 1831 – August 24, 1893) was an American politician from Pennsylvania. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Chester County from 1883 to 1886.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Levi Fetters was born on November 3, 1831, in East Whiteland Township, Pennsylvania, to Elizabeth (née Acker) and Abraham Fetters. His father was a commissioned officer under John G. Wersler's company. His grandfather George Fetters served in the Revolutionary War. Fetters attended two years of schooling at Miss Elizabeth Jones's school and two winters of schooling at Howard Academy in Rockville, Chester County.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "From 1854 to the outbreak of the Civil War, Fetters taught school in the winters. In 1859, he traveled to Europe for six months and wrote for the Chester County Times.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1862, Fetters served as first lieutenant of the 21st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment. From 1862 to 1863, he was captain of Company C of the 175th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment. He served in North Carolina and Virginia. In 1863, he was professor of infantry tactics and army regulations for the United States Colored Troops at the Free Military School at 1210 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia. In 1866, he moved to Florida to work in the cotton business.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Fetters worked as a farmer and teacher. He lived in Barneston, West Nantmeal Township, Pennsylvania, and worked as a ticket and freight agent of the Pennsylvania Railroad. He was an agent for the Adams Express Company. In 1872, he engaged in Barneston in a mercantile business. He was a dry goods and grocery merchant. He was director of the Phoenixville Fire Insurance Company and a school director. In 1872, he became postmaster of West Nantmeal Township.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Fetters was a Republican. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Chester County from 1883 to 1886.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Fetters was director of the Phoenixville National Bank. He owned six farms in Upper Uwchlan Township.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 1869, Fetters married Mary King, daughter of Isaac King, of East Whiteland.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Fetters died by suicide by hanging on August 24 or 25, 1893, in West Chester. He was interred at Fairview Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Glenmoore.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 UMass Minutewomen basketball team represents the University of Massachusetts Amherst during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Minutewomen, led by first-year head coach Mike Leflar, play their home games at the Mullins Center in Amherst, Massachusetts as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Minutewomen finished the 2022–23 season 27–7, 14–2 in A–10 play to finish as Atlantic 10 regular season co-champions, alongside Rhode Island. As the #1 seed in the A–10 tournament, they defeated George Mason and Richmond before falling to #3 seed Saint Louis in the championship game. They received an automatic bid into the WNIT, where they would defeat Albany in the first round, before falling to Harvard in the second round.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On April 6, 2023, head coach Tory Verdi announced that he would be leaving the program to take the head coaching position at Pittsburgh. On April 10, associate head coach Mike Leflar was named the team's next head coach.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Sources:", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Richard Stephen Hill (born 1949), Emeritus Professor, is a New Zealand historian whose career has included work as a public servant and as a member of the Waitangi Tribunal. He has played a role via the Waitangi Tribunal in the reconciliation process between the Crown and Māori that led to the Crown’s acceptance of indigenous concepts of history as a basis for political practice, enabling a modern Aotearoa New Zealand to emerge in the late 20th century from its 19th century colonial origins.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In addition to his publications on that process and on New Zealand’s history of intelligence and state surveillance, he is recognized internationally for a comprehensive series of publications on policing and social control in the colonial context, as his contributions to international publications attest.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Hill is an Honorary Life Member of the Labour History Project of New Zealand.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Hill received his BA, MA, and D.Litt from the University of Canterbury. He was awarded a Commonwealth Scholarship in 1972 and is a university fellow at Clare Hall, University of Cambridge (England). In 2012, he was a fellow of St Cross College, the University of Oxford.", "title": "Education and academic career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Hill's teaching interests mirror his research interests: 19th century New Zealand history, the history of policing and social control as well security intelligence, Treaty of Waitangi (Māori: Te Tiriti o Waitangi) and Crown-Māori relations generally, and the history of the New Zealand labour movement.", "title": "Education and academic career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "When Hill joined the Stout Centre, he founded the Centre's Treaty of Waitangi Research Unit (TOWRU), which he managed from 2000 to 2020. TOWRU produces \"reports for government, iwi and judicial and other agencies\" involved in the ongoing reconciliation process.", "title": "Education and academic career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Hill became the Professor of New Zealand Studies at the Stout Research Centre in 2006 and remained in that position until he retired in 2020; he is now Emeritus Professor and Honorary Adjunct Professor. He continues as a Postgraduate Supervisor and as general editor of the Stout Research Centre's online Treaty Research Series as well as the Security and Surveillance History series.", "title": "Education and academic career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Hill has been acknowledged as \"an established scholar of the Treaty of Waitangi,\" with \"a sure grasp of the important interconnections between the centuries, especially where Maori engagement with the state is concerned.\" The Treaty was signed in 1840; the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 established the Waitangi Tribunal with responsibility for investigations of grievances leading to recommendations for resolution; in 1985, a change in the law expanded its coverage from its inception in 1975 backward to 1840 when the Treaty was signed. That expansion meant far more research covering a much greater period of time than originally envisioned, leading the government to establish the Treaty of Waitangi Policy Unit.", "title": "Involvement in Treaty of Waitangi reconciliation process" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Hill worked as an archivist at the National Archives (now Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga) in Wellington before joining the Justice Department in 1989 to work as \"one of the foundation members—and the inaugural Chief Historian/Chief Analyst—of the Treaty of Waitangi Policy Unit,\" initially established to provide advice. However, in addition to being the \"sole historian\" on the basis of whose historical research TOWPU's policy advice rested, Hill, along with other TOWPU colleagues, soon became \"immersed\" in Treaty negotiations.", "title": "Involvement in Treaty of Waitangi reconciliation process" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In “Settling Historical Māori Claims under the Treaty of Waitangi: An Assessment of the First Twenty-Five years, 1989–2014,” Hill writes from his perspective as a participant. Because the then Labour Government wanted to expedite negotiations between the Crown and Māori over disputed assets, TOWPU moved from “investigating how to proceed with negotiations with tribes claiming breaches of the Treaty, and beginning experimental negotiations with a large tribal grouping,” at which point negotiations began \"to dominate the work of the unit.\" As a Senior Negotiator at TOWPU, Hill was involved in the earliest negotiations, particularly those involving Waikato-Tainui in the North Island and Ngāi Tahu in the South Island.", "title": "Involvement in Treaty of Waitangi reconciliation process" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage's NZHistory website notes that the first agreement reached in these negotiations, involving Waikato-Tainui, was \"a major landmark in New Zealand's developing treaty settlements process,\" and quotes Hill's Maori and the State (2009) to explain that the amount of money involved, which required the decision to supersede previous settlement agreements, indicated a major change in governmental policy occurring over \"a mere six years.\" As Hill concludes, \"Matters had, certainly in international terms, moved fast.\"", "title": "Involvement in Treaty of Waitangi reconciliation process" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "As Hill himself notes, \"Very few of those who enter directly into Treaty negotiations on the Crown side later move to the Waitangi Tribunal section.\" Yet in 2008, while a professor at Victoria University of Wellington's Stout Research Centre, Hill was appointed to the Waitangi Tribunal. He was reappointed in 2011.", "title": "Involvement in Treaty of Waitangi reconciliation process" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Along with Ranginui Walker (Whakatōhea), Hill was part of the inquiry panel for the Wai 1040: Te Paparahi o te raki hearing, which presented its Stage 1 report to the Crown in 2014. This report dealing with Ngāpuhi claimants based in Northland \"differs considerably from the tenor and content of most of the Tribunal’s historical claims reports\" because it is \"‘a contextual report, not a report into claims’ (at 1.4.1),\" leading to its \"findings on he Whakaputanga,\" a response by rangatira to a perceived threat to their authority. As Hill notes in \"Settling Historical Māori Claims,\" the report's conclusion marks significant changes since 1975: As the current iteration of the Justice Department's website for the Waitangi Tribunal says, the Tribunal's “exclusive authority to determine the meaning and effect of the Treaty” as well as the power to “decide on issues raised by the differences between the Māori and English Texts of the Treaty” is now secure even when it goes against the government's political wishes.", "title": "Involvement in Treaty of Waitangi reconciliation process" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "\"One of the strengths of Richard Hill's work at large,\" per one reviewer, is his ability to draw \"apt continuities\" between 19th and 20th events in New Zealand. In addition to his specialist works, he has provided entries in the Ministry for Culture and Heritage's online encyclopedia Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand summarizing such topics as the Treaty settlement process and the police in New Zealand.", "title": "Publications" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Between 1986 and 1995 Hill authored \"a five-volume history of policing in New Zealand, which is regarded as the most comprehensive work in its field.\" The initial volumes were published by the Department of Internal Affairs' Historical Branch as part of an \"official Government-sponsored police history\" marking \"the Police centennial in 1986.\" With them, Hill \"established himself as one of New Zealand's most rigorous historians.\"", "title": "Publications" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Hill was a member of a group known as the Colonial and Post-colonial Policing Research Group (COPP) that was active between 2009–2011. Formed under the auspices of The Open University's International Centre for Comparative Criminological Research (since renamed the Harm and Evidence Research Collaborative), it was a \"global network of academics, policy-makers and practitioners with a shared interest in British colonial and postcolonial policing and its legacy and the active promotion of research into international policing today.\" In 2011 the group's fourth workshop was held in Portugal, with the title \"Reflections on Colonial and Postcolonial Policing in the (Former) Portuguese Empire.\" In 2018 Hill contributed \"The Portuguese Colonial Policing Mission in Comparative Perspective\" to an anthology entitled Colonial Policing and the Transnational Legacy: The Global Dynamics of Policing Across the Lusophone Community.", "title": "Publications" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Muhammad Raza Qureshi (Urdu: محمد رضا قریشی, born 15 September 1973), is a Pakistani jurist and has held the position of Justice at the Lahore High Court since 7 May 2021.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Qureshi assumed the role of additional justice at Lahore High Court (LHC) on 7 May 2021. The Judicial Commission of Pakistan, under the leadership of then Chief Justice of Pakistan Umar Ata Bandial, officially endorsed his appointment as a permanent judge of LHC on 13 October 2022. He subsequently took the formal oath of office as a permanent judge of LHC on 4 November 2022.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On 13 February 2023, as LHC judge, he instructed the Punjab government to guarantee the enforcement of a Supreme Court verdict from 2015, mandating the adoption of Urdu as the official language.", "title": "Verdicts" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ewwa Hakdang (이화학당, 梨花學堂, Lihua Hakdang) is a modern secondary education institution established in 1886 in Hansung-bu, Joseon, and is one of the earliest women's education institutions in Korea. The school name Ewha comes from Ewha Hakdang and is the forerunner of Ewha Womans' University and Ewha Girls' High School. It is also the alma mater of independence activist Yu Gwan-sun.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1886, a Korean tile-roofed house with a floor space of 200 pyeong was built in Jeong-dong, Seoul, and this is the beginning of teacher construction. It could accommodate about 35 students, and it was equipped with classrooms and teacher accommodations. The number of students increased to 7 in 1887, to 18 in 1888, and to 30 in 1893. As the number of students increased, the existing hanok teacher was demolished in 1897, and the main hall, a two-story Western-style building equipped with the latest facilities at the time, was constructed on the spot. The middle school was established in 1904, the ordinary and high school general departments in 1908, and the university department in 1910. In 1914, Ewha Kindergarten was established and the university had one graduation ceremony.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1915, the kindergarten teachers' department was established, and Simpson Hall was completed. In 1917, the name of the secondary school department was changed to the university preparatory department. Ewha Hakdang separated the high school department and the general department from Ewha Hakdang in 1918 and opened as Ewha Womans High School and Ewha Womans University School, respectively. In 1925, after changing the name of the university department and the university preparatory department to Ewha Womans University, the liberal arts and music department was newly established. The first graduation ceremony of Ewha Womans University was held in 1927, and the following year, in 1928, the kindergarten teachers' department of Ewha Hakdang was renamed Ewha Nursery School. Due to such a change in the school's educational system, the name of Ewha Hakdang was no longer used from 1928.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Ewha Hakdang was founded in 1886 in Jeong-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul. Mary F. Scranton, a female missionary from the Methodism, the founder of Ewha Hakdang, is the mother of William Scranton. The school's name was given to King Gojong of the Korean Empire and was Korea's first private female education institution.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1904, the secondary school was established. High school courses were added in 1908, and university courses were added in 1910. First graduates of secondary school were graduated in 1908, and first graduates of university courses were graduated in 1914.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The main hall of Ewha Hakdang was built by Shim Eui-seok, a famous architect at the time, from 1897 to 1899.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "link=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:1920%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%98_%EC%9D%B4%ED%99%94%EC%97%AC%EC%A0%84_%EC%A1%B8%EC%97%85%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84.png|thumb|Graduates of Ewha Hakdang, 1920s link=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Girls_of_Ewa_Haktang_Girls'_High_School,_(s.d.)_(Taylor_box45num37).jpg|thumb|The students of Ewha Hakdang link=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Higher_mathmatics,_(s.d.)_(Taylor_box21num45).jpg|thumb|In class of Mathmatics In 1918, the general department was divided into Ewha Girls' High School and the high school department was divided into Ewha Womans University. The university department was promoted to a vocational school in 1925 and opened as Ewha Womans University. In 1928, the last remaining kindergarten curriculum was independent as Ewha Nursery School, and the name of Ewha Hakdang disappeared as schools at all levels were operated under an independent system.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "It was initially troubled by the Korean traditional notion of avoiding women's education and the exclusive nature of Westerners. Looking at the initial situation, Mrs. Scranton was pointed out as a \"Western goblin\", and the first student was a female student who had cholera. And in 1887, it was very difficult to find students, with the number of students increasing to only seven. As for the purpose of education at Ewha Hakdang, Gilmore pointed out, \"It is to make Korean girls an exemplary housewife and to make Protestant missionaries among their relatives and colleagues.\" Since the school was established by Protestantism, the Bible is the most important as a subject, and Mrs.Scranton also taught English, English Grammer, English Literature, Mathmatics, Hangul, Music, History, and Writing, as well as Chinese characters. In other words, she taught subjects that can be applied in real life.", "title": "Subject" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Prior to 1908, there was no graduation ceremony, but most of them quit their studies by getting married.he elderly female student's wedding was thus assisted by missionaries. The missionary served as the girl's guardian to save the groom and pay for the wedding.", "title": "a wedding and a graduation ceremony" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Among the weddings arranged by a missionary at Ewha Hakdang, Korea's first Western-style wedding was held on April 18, 1897, with groom Cho Man-soo and bride Kim Ryun-si. Born in 1879, Kim Ryun-si was a student who attended Ewha Hakdang for nine years, and Cho Man-soo was born in Gwacheon on January 1, 1876 and came to Seoul at the age of 17 to teach the Korean language for Josephine Ophelia Payne, the current teacher of Ewha Hakdang.", "title": "a wedding and a graduation ceremony" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ayco Bastiaens (born 3 June 1996) is a Belgian cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Continental team Alpecin–Deceuninck Development Team. For the 2024 season, he will join UCI WorldTeam Soudal–Quick-Step.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Gallocentrism refers to an ethnocentric ideology that places a strong emphasis on the cultural, economical, historical, political and social significance of Gaul, often associated with historical region inhabited by the Celtic tribes before the Roman conquest in Western Europe. Proponents of Gallocentrism advocate for the preservation and celebration of Gallic heritage, viewing it as a crucial component of regionalism.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Originating from the Latin term Gallia, which historically encompassed parts of modern-day Belgium, Brittany, France, Luxembourg, and Switzerland, Gallocentrism holds a rich historic tapestry dating back to ancient times and promotes the idea that these regions should prioritize the preservation of their cultural roots. Advocates often emphasize Gallophone heritage, historical achievements, and traditional values associated with the Gallic past. Gallocentrism encompasses various aspects of life, including language preservation, folklore, and community identity.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Critics argue that Gallocentrism can sometimes be linked to exclusionary sentiments, as it may downplay the multicultural aspects of contemporary societies. Additionally, concerns have been raised about the potential for Gallocentrism to oversimplify complex historical narratives and contribute to divisive attitudes.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "While Gallocentrism has found resonance among those seeking a stronger connection to regional history, it remains a subject of ongoing debate and discussion. The ideology intersects with broader conversations about nationalism, cultural identity, and the interpretation of historical events in the modern era.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Gaul, during ancient times, was inhabited by Celtic tribes with a rich cultural tapestry. The region played a crucial role in shaping European history, witnessing events such as the Gallic Wars led by Julius Caesar in the 1st century BCE.", "title": "Historical Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Following the Roman conquest, Gaul became a significant part of the Roman Empire, contributing to the amalgamation of Celtic and Roman cultures. This period laid the foundation for the unique historical and cultural legacy associated with Gaul.", "title": "Historical Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Gallocentrism has historical roots dating back to the Middle Ages when the Gallo language flourished as a distinct linguistic entity. Over the centuries, the language faced challenges from various external influences, including political shifts and linguistic assimilation. The modern Gallocentrism movement can be seen as a response to these challenges, aiming to revitalize and safeguard the unique cultural and linguistic aspects associated with Gallo.", "title": "Historical Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The origins of Gallocentrism can be traced to a resurgence of interest in Gallic heritage during different intellectual movements, such as the Romanticism and various nationalist movements, such as the French nationalism. Advocates of Gallocentrism argue for the preservation and celebration of Gallic cultural elements, emphasizing their unique contributions to European history. Artistic endeavors, ranging from literature to visual arts, often draw inspiration from Gallic themes, fostering a sense of cultural continuity. Additionally, Gallocentrism influences historical narratives, challenging prevailing perspectives and encouraging a reevaluation of Gaul's role in shaping European civilization.", "title": "Historical Context" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Gallocentrism manifests in various forms, including linguistic appreciation, artistic expressions, and historical and mythological reinterpretations. Language preservation movements, aimed at safeguarding Gallic languages like Gallo-Romance, exemplify the linguistic aspect of Gallocentrism. Authors and artists draw inspiration from Gallic themes to evoke a sense of historical continuity and cultural pride.", "title": "Cultural Significance" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In some instances, Gallocentrism is associated with nationalist sentiments, emphasizing the uniqueness of Gallic heritage within the broader European context. This perspective can be observed in political discourse and movements that aim to preserve and celebrate Gallic traditions.", "title": "Cultural Significance" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Gallocentrism serves as a cultural and linguistic revitalization movement. Advocates work towards raising awareness about the importance of preserving the Gallo language, fostering a sense of pride in regional identity, and ensuring the continuity of traditional practices.", "title": "Cultural Significance" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "While some view Gallocentrism as a legitimate exploration of cultural roots and a positive force for cultural preservation, others criticize it for potential historical inaccuracies or for being a tool of nationalist agendas. Critics argue that an exclusive focus on Gaul may oversimplify the complex interplay of cultures in Europe and might lead to exclusionary practices or isolationism. Additionally, there may be concerns about the potential politicization of the movement.", "title": "Criticism and Controversies" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "As with any regionalist ideology, Gallocentrism is not without its controversies. Critics argue that an excessive focus on Gaulish identity may lead to exclusionary practices and neglect of broader European history. Moreover, concerns about cultural essentialism and the potential for nationalist sentiments to arise have been raised in scholarly discourse.", "title": "Criticism and Controversies" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Terrence William Reid (20 September 1934 — 30 April 2017) was an Australian rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Reid, raised in Sydney's eastern suburbs, was educated at Randwick Boys High School, representing Combined High Schools in both rugby union and water polo. He was a product of Randwick juniors.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A lightly built flanker, Reid was capped five times by the Wallabies, debuting against Fiji at the Exhibition Ground, Brisbane in 1961. Later that year, Reid made the Wallabies team for the tour of South Africa.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Reid made 10 appearances for New South Wales and played over 100 first-grade games for Randwick Hall.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "On 18 December 2023, an explosion and fire broke out at an oil depot in Conakry, Guinea, killing at least 23 people and injuring 241 and resulting in fuel shortages across the country.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Guinea does not produce its own petroleum nor does it have a capacity for oil refining, forcing it to rely on imported fuel. This in turn is stored at the main oil depot of the Guinean Petroleum Company located in the administrative and business district of Kaloum in the capital Conakry, before they are distributed by trucks to the rest of the country, making the facility \"strategically very important\".", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "At the time of the disaster, officials were in the process of relocating the depot to a remote site to avoid such an occurrence.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Shortly after midnight on 18 December 2023, an explosion broke out at the depot. Authorities said that the explosion was caused by a fire, whose plumes and smoke could be seen miles away. The fire was brought under control later that afternoon, although a tall column of black smoke remained visible the next day. An employee at the depot said that the explosion occurred while a ship was unloading its cargo, destroying all offices and equipment at the facility.", "title": "Events" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The government said that the explosion and fire rendered at least 13 fuel tanks in the depot out of service, while five others were unaffected. The explosion also caused damage to buildings within at least a one kilometre-radius, which included broken windows in the port area of Conakry and significant material and economic damage in Kaloum. The central prison of Conakry in the Coronthie neighborhood was also heavily damaged, and 33 of its occupants were injured, four of them severely. At least 738 households were affected by the disaster.", "title": "Events" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "At least 23 people were reported to have died in the explosion and fire, while 241 others were injured. Some of the fatalities were confirmed to be foreigners. Eight of the dead were described as being in charred condition. At least one casualty was reported to have been killed by debris flung by the explosion. By 21 December, 167 of the injured had been sent home, while 74 others remained in hospital. Four of the injured were in a serious condition.", "title": "Events" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The government ordered the evacuation of residents in the area and the establishment of facilities for evacuees near the National Assembly building. It also ordered the closure of schools and advised workers to stay home. Several tanker trucks were moved out of the depot under police and military escort as the fire continued. The entire Kaloum district was sealed off except for essential services. A crisis unit led by Prime Minister Bernard Goumou and coordinated by Security Minister Bachir Diallo was established to deal with the disaster.", "title": "Response" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The Senegalese defence ministry said it had sent a rescue team that included 15 military doctors and eight firefighting specialists to the scene on 18 December, while the French foreign ministry announced the arrival of an assistance and support team. The United Nations provided tents, water tanks, mobile toilets, medicines and other essential supplies. Mali also sent an emergency team to the site.", "title": "Response" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The country's military leader, Colonel Mamady Doumbouya, called on citizens \"to show solidarity and pray\". He later ordered three days of national mourning beginning on 21 December. The government also opened an investigation as to the cause of the disaster. The Attorney-General's office said it was looking into an alleged \"willful arson\" regarding the incident.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Following the explosion, the government announced the suspension of fuel distribution across the country, leading to the closure of service stations and clashes in Conakry between hundreds of demonstrators, many of them wearing facial coverings and throwing stones and burning tires, and the security forces, who fired tear gas on the protesters. Most of the protestors were described as youths mostly employed as motorcycle taxi drivers demanding the reopening of all gas stations and the resumption of normal fuel distribution. By 21 December, the distribution of diesel fuel had resumed, while petrol, which is more commonly used in the country, remained suspended. The government also warned of possible electricity shortages, as most power plants in the country are also reliant on petrol. A Reuters correspondent noted that the cost of a litre of petrol had risen by 150% from its usual pump price of 12,000 Guinean francs to 30,000 Guinean francs ($3.50) on the black market.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In Mamou, 260 kilometers from Conakry, gas stations were besieged by residents. In Conakry, the cost of travelling between the city center and the suburbs was reported to have risen from $5 to $32, while the value of the Guinean franc dropped sharply on black market currency exchanges.", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "President of the African Union Commission Moussa Faki Mahamat expressed condolences to the victims. ECOWAS called on member countries and the international community to provide support to Guinea. Pope Francis expressed his closeness to the families of the victims in his weekly general audience on 20 December.", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Amnesty International and other human rights groups voiced concern about restrictions imposed against private media outlets and social media during the disaster.", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Abancay Avenue (Spanish: Avenida Abancay), formerly known as Jirón Abancay, is a major avenue that serves as the limit between the Damero de Pizarro and Barrios Altos, both located in the historic centre of Lima, Peru. The street starts at the Puente Ricardo Palma [es] and continues until it reaches Grau Avenue.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Formerly a street (jirón), it was widened in 1947 under the government of Manuel A. Odría and buildings were built to house the ministries of economy and education. It is currently the second most congested artery in the city due to the circulation of 43 public transportation routes, in addition to private transportation. This makes it one of the roads with the greatest environmental and noise pollution in the city.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The road that today constitutes the street was laid by Francisco Pizarro when he founded the city of Lima on January 18, 1535. In 1862, when a new urban nomenclature was adopted, the road was named jirón Arequipa. Prior to this renaming, each block (cuadra) had a unique name:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "With the street widening programme in the 20th century, new blocks were created along the avenue.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lake Burien is a small lake in Burien, Washington, just west of downtown. The lake is publicly owned, but is completely surrounded by private property, rendering it inaccessible to the public.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lake Burien played a key role in Burien's early history. The city was originally founded by homesteaders, who settled along the Puget Sound and the shores of the lake. The Lake was named for Gottlieb and Emma Worm Burian, early settlers in the area (it is unclear how \"Burian\" became \"Burien\"). In the early 20th century, Lake Burien became a popular summer vacation destination for those living in nearby Seattle. The Highland Park and Lake Burien Railway, constructed in 1912, spurred further development of the area.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Lake Burien has a 660 acres (270 ha) watershed, extending mostly to the north and south of the lake. It is a kettle lake, formed by the retreat of the Cordilleran ice sheet. The last water quality report was taken in 2004, indicating a borderline mesotrophic/oligotrophic lake. However, the lake has had several issues with algal blooms.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Lake Burien is publicly owned, but is completely surrounded by private property. This has angered many local residents, who see it as a public resource that all citizens should be able to enjoy. Lakefront property owners have pushed back against these claims, arguing that public access will hurt water quality. In 2023, a group of residents petitioned the city to buy land from the Ruth Dykeman Children's Center to create a lakefront park. The city refused to consider this proposal.", "title": "Description" } ]

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