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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Xanthoparmelia freycinetiana is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Tasmania, Australia, it was formally described by lichenologists John Alan Elix and Gintaras Kantvilas in 2009. The species epithet refers to Freycinet Peninsula, the type locality.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1966 Great Britain Lions tour was the Great Britain national rugby league team's 13th tour of Australasia and took place from June to August 1966. A total of 30 matches were played against local club and representative sides during the tour, including a three match Test match series against Australia and a two game series against New Zealand.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Great Britain failed to regain The Ashes against Australia following their home defeat in 1963, but had more success on the New Zealand leg of the tour, winning all eight games.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The 26-man touring squad was announced on 23 March 1966, with Harry Poole named as captain, and Ken Gowers selected as vice-captain. A few days later, Alex Murphy withdrew from the squad due to business commitments, and was replaced by Ian Brooke. Murphy's withdrawal meant that Brian Edgar was the only member of the squad who had toured previously with the Lions.", "title": "Touring squad" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Owoeye Babajide (born on 1st March, 1956 in Ibadan, Ọyọ State) is a Nigerian academician and professor of international relations .", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Professor Babajide is the current pro-chancellor and chairman of the governing council of Lead City University, Ibadan, Ọyọ State, Nigeria.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Owoeye Babajide was born into the family of Chief Jackson Folorunso Owoeye, who once served as commissioner of Internal Revenue in the civil service of the old Western Region, and Chief Mrs Adeline Olufadeke Owoeye, a retired nursing matron at the University College Hospital in Ibadan.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1961, Owoeye Babajide began school at the age of six years old. He went to United Missionary College (UMC) Demonstration School Ibadan. He also pursued his primary education at GTTC Primary School, St. Matthias Primary School, St. James's Primary School, and Methodist Primary School.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1968, Owoeye enrolled at Olivet Baptist High School in Oyo.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "1972, he earned the West African School Certificate (WASC).", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 1973 to 1974, he attended Government College, Ibadan, where he obtained his Higher School Certificate (HSC).", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Owoeye Babajide received a BSc degree in sociology from the University of Ibadan in 1977 and an MSc and Doctorate (PhD) in international relations from 1983 to 1987 at the University of Ife. He undertook studies for a Postgraduate Diploma in Distance Learning at the University of South Africa.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Owoeye Babajide started is career as the Obafemi Awolowo University Administrative Officer I in 1982.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In 1983 Babajide was appointed as the Assistant Lecturer in the Department of International Relations at Lead City University.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In 1987 he secured a Japanese Government Scholarship that enabled him to conduct his doctoral fieldwork in Japan for six months, where he conducted research on Japan's policy in Africa. He earned his Ph.D. in International Relations.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Owoeye Babajide serves as the Chairman of College Presand & Publishers Limited. He holds the position of Chairman for Jericho Ibadan, that was established in 1986, and also serves as the Chairman of Eduserve Consult. Professor Babajide holds the role of Chairman of the Board of Governors at Lead City High School and Chairman of the Governing Council of Lead City University, Ibadan, established in 2005. In the year 2002, he attained the position of Professor. He concluded his service at the university and retired in February 2005.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Owoeye Babajide received the Professional Excellence award by the Central Council of Ibadan Indigenes (CCII) in 2009. He was conferred with five traditional chieftaincy titles, including the Obafunminiyi of Ibokun and the Aare Ona-Eko of Oke-Ila Orangun, both in Osun State, in the year 2008.", "title": "Awards" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "In the Court of the Crimson King: King Crimson at 50 is a 2022 music documentary film about the British progressive rock band King Crimson. It was directed and co-produced by Toby Amies. The film follows the band around 50th anniversary tour from 2018 until 2020, also featuring archival footage of TV broadcasts and concert performances throughout the years of activity.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The documentary features former and current members of the band such as Adrian Belew, Bill Bruford, Mel Collins, Michael Giles, Trey Gunn, Gavin Harrison, Jakko Jakszyk, Tony Levin, Pat Mastelotto, Jamie Muir, Pete Sinfield, David Singleton, Jeremy Stacey and Ian McDonald. The main action, however revolves around personality of Robert Fripp, his personal philosophy and relationships with bandmates. The latter half of the film is focused on Bill Rieflin and his involvment in the band whilst suffering from cancer. The film also involves interviews with several fans of the band, most notably, Norwegian nun, sister Dana Benedicta from Dominicaines de Notre-Dame de Grâce [fr], Oslo.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The film premiered on March 14, 2022 at South by Southwest film festival and was positively received by the critics as one of the best rock documentaries to date.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The idea to create the film about King Crimson was born in winter 2017 when Rober Fripp, longstanding leader of King Crimson, met director Toby Amies at Christmas party in Brighton, where both live and got talking about filmmaking. Later Fripp recruited Amies to produce documentary about the band, commemorating its 50th anniversary. Director agreed \"with no idea of how hard that would be to make\". The reported initial title of documentary was \"Cosmic FuKc\", which was the reference to The Man Whose Mind Exploded, previous work by Amies, liked by Fripp, and should have had a subtitle from bands' 1995 negative US review \"Prog Rock Pond Scum Set To Bum You Out\".", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "King Crimson manager David Singleton said that Amies was asked to \"reimagine the format\" of music documentary and was given \"complete creative freedom\". Director confirmed that he had no editorial interference from Fripp, claiming that only one former or current band member reserved the right to make some changes regarding their appearance in the film. Amies \"spent a long time getting my subjects comfortable\" before \"taking a picture of that relationship\" within the band. He closely followed the band in 2018-2019 around 50th anniversary tour adding interviews and talking heads features alongside some historical footage. However, no clear overview of the band's history was provided as the director focused on \"personality rather than performance, relationship rather than recording\" of former and current King Crimson members described as \"complete opposite of how a documentary is done\". Another method, used by Amies was the decision \"to write himself into the story\" including off-camera questions and personal comments. The Guardian compared film with \"an episode of The Office but with huge drum kits, grizzled roadies and rapturous fans\".", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Described as \"modern form of roving Cinéma-Verité\", camerawork by Amies, although critisized by filmmaker himself, captures natural state within the band, resulting in some shots even being out of focus.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The release of the documentary was announced in 2019 during first press conference by Fripp since 2014 that also featured screenning of a few brief clips.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The premiere of th the film occured on March 14, 2022 at South by Southwest film festival. The film was shown at IFI Documentary festival, Gothenburg Film Festival, DOK.fest München etc. For one day only on 19 October, it entered limited theatrical release in the USA and on 22 October received separate screening in London. The same day, also one-night-only digital event release happened.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The DVD was released on December 2, 2022, which included music from the soundtrack, a 23 minute edit from the early version of the film, a 38 minute short film of backstage, and the final performance by the band on December 8, 2021 in Tokyo.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On November 8, 2023, a wider theatrical release occurred across North America, and on December 1, 2023, the documentary was made available on streaming platforms.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The film was generally very well received critically. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 95% of 21 critics' reviews are positive. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 80 out of 100, based on 8 critics, indicating \"generally favorable\" reviews.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Iowa Public Radio called it \"love letter to making music\". Leslie Felperin of the Guardian awarded 4 out 5 stars to \"a rollicking workplace comedy\" that \"ends up being about a lot more than just King Crimson\". The Variety called it \"as good as rock documentaries get\" and National Review \"one of the finest rock documentaries ever made\". Mojo compared the film with King Rocker and Dig! saying that \"it goes straight into the pantheon of those documentaries, which enable us to appreciate the painful truth of what being in band is actually like\". The Telegraph concludes that \"by turns comical and melancholy, it may be the most revealing film about working life in a band since Spinal Tap\". Uncut gave the film 9 out of 10 calling it \"more than just historical documentary\", while The Observer awarded 4 out of 5 stars concluding that \"the film is angular and abrasive, exacting and playful, extremely funny and achingly melancholy\". Hank Shteamer of Rolling Stone summarized film as \"elegant, intimate, funny and surprisingly moving [that] covers every aspect of the group\".", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Boston Herald gave the film C+ saying that it was \"dull take on the practices and insanely disciplined methods of Fripp\".", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Manifesto of Sandhurst or Sandhurst Manifesto was a political manifesto signed by the then Prince Alfonso de Borbón (future King Alfonso XII of Spain), while he was in exile studying at the British Royal Military Academy of Sandhurst, hence the name by which it was known. It was made public on December 1, 1874, three days after the prince had turned seventeen, and was carefully drafted by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, the leader of Alfonsism within Spain. Cánovas' aim was \"that it be understood already that Spain has a king, capable of wielding the scepter as soon as he is called\", as he wrote to the former sovereign, Isabel II.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The manifesto was published by the Spanish press on December 27. Two days later, on December 29, General Martínez Campos led the pronunciamiento of Sagunto in which Alfonso XII was proclaimed king of Spain. The movement did not find great opposition in the country and Cánovas quickly assumed the Ministry-Regency while waiting for the king, which meant the birth of the Bourbon Restoration.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Prince Alfonso was the son of Queen Isabella II of Spain and had turned seventeen on November 28, 1874. He was in exile after the 1868 revolution that dethroned his mother. He had studied in several countries and completed his training at the British Military Academy of Sandhurst.", "title": "Historical background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In Spain, after the Revolution of 1868, different regimes had succeeded each other in a period known as the Democratic Sexennium. In 1874 the Federal Republic had fallen, after General Pavia's coup, and the power of the Republic was in the hands of General Serrano.", "title": "Historical background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Antonio Cánovas del Castillo had collaborated in the drafting of the Manzanares Manifesto (1854) and had held various positions with the governments of the Liberal Union. From 1873 onwards, he managed the complete return of the Bourbons to Spain, becoming the true architect of the Bourbon Restoration.", "title": "Historical background" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Formally it was a letter sent from the British Royal Military Academy of Sandhurst, where Prince Alfonso had entered at the beginning of October 1874 on the initiative of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, the maximum leader of the Alfonsism cause since August 1873, in order to enhance his constitutional image, in response to the numerous congratulations he had received from Spain on the occasion of his 17th birthday and especially to a document, drafted by the Marquis of Molins and signed by the high nobility, in which, after congratulating him \"when V. A. reaches the threshold of manhood\", \"directing his studies to the military sciences in which one is taught to obey in order to know how to command\", and after alluding to England, model of constitutional monarchies, which \"fosters with filial care the almost religious love between kings and subjects\", they told him as follows:", "title": "Elaboration and publication" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "[The undersigned], firm in their religious beliefs, loyal to their legitimate kings, fond of the representative institutions of their country... ask God, by whom kings reign and by whom legislators justly agree, that V. A. may find the reward of his noble conduct and that he may be, in all concepts, a prince worthy of the name he bears, of the century in which he lives and of the country in which he was born.", "title": "Elaboration and publication" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The letter-manifesto had been written by Cánovas, although it passed through several hands, including the former Queen Isabel II, who, according to Cánovas, discussed it \"at length\". It was sent to several European newspapers, which published it (the English Morning Post and The Times; the French La Liberté, and the Austrian Die Presse), but not to any sovereign. According to Manuel Suárez Cortina, the moment chosen by Cánovas to publish the Manifesto was not only due to the 17th birthday of Prince Alfonso but also to the fact that the candidacy to the throne of the Duke of Montpensier, married to the younger sister of Isabel II, was reappearing.", "title": "Elaboration and publication" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In the Manifesto Prince Alfonso offered the restoration of the \"hereditary and representative monarchy\" in his person (\"the only representative of the monarchical right in Spain\") as \"the only thing that inspires confidence in Spain\" since \"the nation is now orphaned of all public right and indefinitely deprived of its liberties\". The Manifesto concluded: \"Whatever my own fate may be, I will not cease to be a good Spaniard, nor, like all my ancestors, a good Catholic, nor, as a man of the century, truly liberal\". On this final paragraph of the Manifesto, Prince Alfonso had to reassure his mother: \"Allow me to tell you that it is more affirmative to say that \"I will be, like my ancestors, a good Catholic\" than to say that I will be as Catholic as them, because in the former I start from the principle of being good Catholics and in the latter I could imitate whoever I wanted to, because among so many ancestors there have been all sorts of things\". On the other hand, a character in a novel by Benito Pérez Galdós echoed the contradiction that it was at the time to proclaim oneself both liberal and Catholic at the same time: \"Liberal and Catholic? But the Pope has said that liberalism is a sin! Unless Prince Alfonso has discovered the secret to introduce the soul of Pius IX into the body of Espartero...\".", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "As Ramón Villares has pointed out, \"the contents of this manifesto are a prodigy of conciseness. In barely a thousand words the basic principles of the Restoration regime are summarized...\". Villares highlights three: dynastic continuity, Constitutional Monarchy and the prince's proclamation of a patriotic, liberal and Catholic sentiment. Feliciano Montero agrees with Villares: the Manifesto constitutes \"perhaps the best synthesis of the Canovist project of Alfonso's restoration\", \"a perfect synthesis of the inspiring principles of the new regime\". Montero points out four: \"to fill with dynastic legitimacy a political and juridical vacuum that in fact had been widening during the sexennium\" (\"Orphaned the nation now of all public law and indefinitely deprived of its liberties\", it is said in the Manifesto); \"to conciliate, to pacify, to look for ways of compromise, to accommodate the maximum number of positions\" (\".... before long, all those of good faith will be with me, regardless of their political background, understanding that they cannot fear exclusions either from a new and dispassionate monarch or from a regime that today imposes itself precisely because it represents union and peace\"); \"a national sovereignty shared between the king and the Cortes\" (\"It is not necessary to expect me to decide anything flatly and arbitrarily; without the Cortes, the Spanish princes did not solve the arduous business of the ancient times of the Monarchy\"); and \"the announced \"tolerant\" solution to the religious question\" (\"Whatever my own fate may be, I will not cease to be a good Spaniard, nor, like all my ancestors, a good Catholic, nor, as a man of the century, a true liberal\").", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Manuel Suárez Cortina has made an assessment of the Manifesto that essentially coincides with that of Villares and Montero: \"The Manifesto was a work of delicate tact to put in Alfonso's mouth the basic ideas of the Restoration. From the point of view of content, it expressed the desire for reconciliation that the new reign should have, the traditional, but also open and integrating character of the constitutional Monarchy and the need to overcome both the political framework of the Constitution of 1845 and that of 1869 [...] It also showed the need to make Catholic tradition compatible with freedom...\". Carlos Seco Serrano shares the same assessment: \"The text clearly summarizes the Canovist idea and program, based on a principle of historical continuity: its vision of a Spain articulated around two historical axes: the monarchy and the Cortes; its integrating design; the opening to all Spaniards of good faith; the conciliation between Church and... a liberal State\".", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "According to Ramón Villares, \"its content should be understood as the expression of the political pact reached by the different internal factions of Alfonsism at the end of 1874 to legitimize the Bourbon alternative and to launch a program of action for the young prince... Its objective was to present both in Spain and abroad the main lines of the political operation that was in the making\".", "title": "Content" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "What Prince Alfonso really thought is recorded in the following letter which he sent to his mother on November 30, 1874, the day before the Manifesto was made public (and which Cánovas leaked to the press):", "title": "Prince Alfonso's political ideas" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "I believe that in Spain what I will have to do will be to gather all the intellectual forces of the country and unite with them to kill the word 'party' and place in its place that of 'regeneration of the Fatherland' and, without ceasing, to try to raise our agriculture, our industry, our commerce..., to raise it to the level of the other European countries, to restore its finances, that is to say that there be economy and to protect the laws in the future, forgetting the past in order to obtain order. When this is done, which will not be in a short time no matter how hard we all Spaniards work, then let the parties be reborn again, as there should be and always have been in a constitutional monarchy..., but this will not be useful again in Spain until the time of my children. In my time there must not be parties, because just as in a war that overwhelms a country everything gives way to take up arms in defense of the Fatherland, so we must be fighting for some time against a very strong enemy, our own decay.", "title": "Prince Alfonso's political ideas" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "However, Ángeles Lario has pointed out that \"in his practice as king he respected those parties that in his first regenerationist impulses he wanted to eliminate\". Alfonso XII always \"made clear his firm intention to govern constitutionally\" \"in the English way\", hence his interest in knowing the functioning of British institutions, as he made evident in the private interview he had with Ambassador Layard in October 1875, when he was already king, to whom he asked many questions about the British political system. Carlos Dardé comments: \"It cannot be pretended that a teenager, in the circumstances through which he had gone through, no matter how clever he was and how much the exile in France, Switzerland, Austria and Great Britain had taught him, was capable of finding the formula to provide stability to the liberal regime in Spain\". And he adds: \"Alfonso XII supported and identified himself with the best of a project that belonged to a generation before his own —with its appeal to unity and harmony, of patriotism—, but he was disconcerted when he saw the other side of the coin —the administrative corruption on which it largely rested—. He did not understand that Cánovas consented to all that and that he did not even give it much importance\".", "title": "Prince Alfonso's political ideas" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jaydon Paddock (born 2001 in Walsall) is a British athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Paddock attended Wood Green Academy in Wednesbury.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He most recently won a bronze medal at the 2023 Trampoline Gymnastics World Championships.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pseudochapsa isidiifera is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in Brazil, it was first formally described as a new species in 2009 by the lichenologists Andreas Frisch and Klaus Kalb, as a member of the genus Chapsa. The type specimen was collected by Kalb in 1980 in a rainforest along the Rio Negro, between 100 and 200 km (62 and 124 mi) upstream from Manaus. The species epithet isidiifera refers to the presence of isidia on the thallus. Sittiporn Parnmen, Robert Lücking, and Helge Thorsten Lumbsch transferred the taxon to the genus Pseudochapsa in 2012.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Phaeographis xanthonica is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2009 by Klaus Kalb and M. Matthes-Leicht. The species epithet refers to the presence of the xanthone substance lichexanthone. The type specimen was collected in Itatiaia (Serra da Mantiqueira, Rio de Janeiro) at an altitude of 1,750 m (5,740 ft). It has also been recorded from Costa Rica.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The thallus of Phaeographis xanthonica is smooth, matt, whitish-grey to whitish-beige, and lacks a prothallus. Its ascomata are lirelline in form, curved with tapered ends, and measure 0.5–4 mm long. The discs are black and bordered by a somewhat thick and split thalline margin. The ascospores have a transverse septum that divides it into four cells; their dimensions fall into the range 11–21 by 5–7 μm.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "W. J. Crump was a politician. He served in the Arkansas House of Representatives in 1893. He represented Newton County, Arkansas.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Yan Langyu (Chinese: 严浪宇; born 1999) is a Chinese athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics. He won four medals at the Trampoline Gymnastics World Championships between 2019 and 2023.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dark Sacred Night is the 32nd novel by American crime author Michael Connelly, and the twent-first novel featuring Los Angeles Police Department detective Harry Bosch. It is the second to feature Renee Ballard. The book was published by Little, Brown and Company in 2018.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Harry Bosch and Renee Ballard do something (obviously needs more detail).", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Plot" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "C/2023 V5 (Leonard) was discovered on 6 November 2023 by the Catalina Sky Survey. It came to perihelion on 13 December 2023 at 0.849 AU (127.0 million km), from the Sun. It is probably a Liller family comet, together with C/1988 A1 (Liller), C/1996 Q1 (Tabur), C/2015 F3 (SWAN), and C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "JPL Horizons shows both an inbound and outbound eccentricity greater than 1.", "title": "Orbit" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Comet C/2023 V5 is probably a secondary fragment of one of the primary fragments of C/1988 A1 (Liller).", "title": "Orbit" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Wang Zisai (born 2006) is a Chinese athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics. He won a silver medal at the 2023 Trampoline Gymnastics World Championships.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "In heraldry, a caldron (also know as cooking-pot) charge can be frequently found in the coats of arms of prominent Spanish nobility. This is related to a tradition of king granting a pennon and caldron (Spanish: peñon y caldera) upon admittance to the upper crust of nobility, ricohombres.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John Campbell (1774-1827) was a Virginia planter, lawyer and judge who as a politician represented Westmoreland County in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly. His former home near Hague which he renamed \"Kirnan\" after his family's ancestral estate in Scotland, was admitted to the National Register of Historic Places in 2019", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "His father, Rev. Archibald MacIver Campbell (1708-1774), had emigrated from Scotland and served as rector of several parishes in Virginia's Northern Neck, including at Round Hill in King George County and Oak Grove in Westmoreland County, Virginia. His father had no surviving children from his first wife, whose gravestone is now the only marker of the former Round Hill church. He remarried to Hannah McCoy, daughter of the rector of North Farnham parish and whose mother descended from the prominent Fitzhugh family. This man had two brothers, Archibald Campbell (1761-before 1803) and Alexander Campbell, and was baptised by his father shortly before Rev. Campbell's death. The sons of his eldest brother Archibald, Frederick and Ferdinand, successively inherited a title and lands in Scotland, but as a condition of that inheritance changed their surname to Stewart. His brother Alexander Campbell (1763-1796) also became a prominent lawyer, and married his cousin Lucy Fitzhugh of King George County, who survived him and later married Rev. Kollock (who served at various parishes in Princeton, New York, Charleston and Savannah) and whose only daughter Mary, eventually married future Supreme Court justice James Wynne.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After reading law, Campbell began a legal practice in the Northern Neck of Virginia, including serving at least some of the time as Commonwealth's attorney (prosecutor).", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Like his father and both grandfathers, John Campbell was also a planter who farmed using enslaved labor. In the 1810 census, John Campbell owned 36 slaves in Westmoreland County. A decade later, Campbell owned 11 slaves in Westmoreland County.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Westmoreland County voters first elected Campbell as one of their representatives in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1803, and he won re-election twice, serving several terms alongside veteran Stephen Bailey until 1806, when Baldwin Lee succeeded him. Campbell succeeded Revolutionary War veteran George Garner (d.1809), who was also a local justice of the peace and whose family estate (then called \"China Hall\") Campbell would purchase in 1822 and make his home. After John Hungerford won election to the U.S. House of Representatives, Campbell ran for Hungerford's former seat in the Virginia Senate, and won re-election, thus representing Westmoreland and adjacent King George and Stafford counties until 1817, when John Hooe of King George county succeeded to the seat. Virginia legislators elected Campbell as a judge, and he adjudicated cases in the Northern Neck area until his death.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "A cradle Episcopalian, Campbell was also active in his church, despite its decline following its disestablishment by the Virginia General Assembly and ratification of that law by Virginia's highest court (then known as the Court of Appeals). After Campbell bought Kirnan in 1822, he was active in Cople parish. Although health problems of Virginia's bishop James Madison (also president of the College of William and Mary) also complicated Virginia Episcopalians' involvement in the national Episcopal Church, Campbell and Cople parish's rector attended the 1822 General Convention of the Episcopal Church.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Campbell married twice. His first wife gave birth to one daughter before her death. On December 7, 1808, Campbell married Eliza Fergusen Murphy, who survived her husband by more than a decade. They had at least one son (another Archibald Campbell) and at least 5 daughters before his death.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 1814 Campbell wrote a will in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (where his uncle or cousin Ferdinand lived), and whom Campbell named as a guardian for his son Archibald should that become necessary because of a dangerous voyage he was then undertaking. Westmoreland County, Virginia later admitted that will to probate. The will acknowledged his second wife's dower interest, as well as made various bequests to his daughters and grandchildren, released debts of his brother and another man, then bequeathed most of his property (including slaves) to his son Archibald. Campbell died in 1827, and his widow remained at the house he had renamed Kirnan until her death in 1839. Several years later Campbell's five daughters (as surviving heirs) sold the property, which remained in the hands of the Bowie and Taylor families until 2011, when it was purchased and restored by a lawyer and tech executive, who also secured its placement on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019.", "title": "Death and legacy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Events in the year 1848 in Chile.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "8 February - The Treaty of Lima is signed.", "title": "Events" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herpothallon rubromaculatum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Found in tropical rainforests of Peru and Venezuela, it was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologist Göran Thor. It contains neodiffractic acid as a major lichen product, and confluentic acid as a minor component.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herpothallon pustulatum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. It was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologist Göran Thor. It is found in montane forests in Costa Rica, Brazil, and Venezuela. It contains confluentic acid as its major lichen product along with trace amounts of several other substances.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Adron Doran (September 1, 1909 – November 22, 2001) was an American politician and educator in the state of Kentucky.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Doran was born near the Kentucky-Tennessee state border in either Graves County, Kentucky or Weakley County, Tennessee in 1909 and attended primary schooling in rural Tennessee. After attending Freed-Hardeman College in Jackson, Tennessee, Doran graduated with a bachelor's degree from Murray State University in Murray, Kentucky. He then worked as an educator in Wingo, Kentucky and was a minister of the Church of Christ.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1943, Doran was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives for the 3rd district representing Calloway County, and served from the 1944 until 1952. In his final term, he served as Speaker of the House.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Earning a doctorate degree in education in 1950 from the University of Kentucky, Doran later served as president of Morehead State University from 1954 to 1977. He received the Lincoln Key Award from the Kentucky Education Association for \"integration at Morehead State University without incident or fanfare\". In 1971, he also received a Horatio Alger Award for his work in the educational industry, and in 1965 was named to the University of Kentucky's Hall of Distinguished Alumni. The Adron Doran University Center at Morehead State is named in his honor. In 1941, he married Magnon McClain. He later resided in Lexington, and died at a hospital there on November 22, 2001, at the age of 92.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herpothallon nigroisidiatum is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Found in Peru, it was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologist Göran Thor. It contains neodiffractic acid as its major lichen product, along with trace amounts of confluentic acid and chiodectonic acid. It is only known to occur at its type locality, which is a tropical rainforest in the Cordillera Escalera [pt], San Martín. The species epithet nigroisidiatum refers to its pseudisidia, which have a black hypothallus that sometimes projects up into their inner parts and colours them black.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1993 All-Southwest Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Southwest Conference teams for the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. The selectors for the 1993 season included the Associated Press (AP).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "AP = Associated Press", "title": "Key" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "1993 College Football All-America Team", "title": "See also" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Nicholls Colonels baseball team will represent Nicholls State University during the 2024 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Colonels play their home games at Ben Meyer Diamond at Ray E. Didier Field and are led by third–year head coach Mike Silva. They are members of the Southland Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Colonels had an overall season record of 34–24 and a conference record of 15–9 winning the Southland Conference regular season championship. They participated in the 2023 Southland Conference baseball tournament as the first seeded team. The Colonels won the tournament championship with a 4-0 record defeating McNeese 3–2, Lamar 4–0, New Orleans 5–3 and New Orleans 6–3. Winning the Southland Conference autobid, the Colonels played in the 2023 NCAA Division I baseball tournament Tuscaloosa Regional. They lost to 16th ranked Alabama 3–4 in the first game. The Colonels' season ended with a loss to Boston College 6–14 in the second game.", "title": "Previous season" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herpothallon minimum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Originally described from specimens collected in Costa Rica, the lichen was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologists André Aptroot and Robert Lücking. It is also found in Africa and South America, in lower-elevation mountainous rainforests. Herpothallon minimum is the only species of Herpothallon that produces the substance 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid as its major secondary metabolite.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herpothallon hypoprotocetraricum is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Found in Tanzania, it was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologist Göran Thor. The type specimen was collected by Edit Farkas in 1989 from a rocky forest on the south-east slope of Mount Kanga, a hill of the Nguru Mountains in the Mvomero district, Morogoro, Tanzania, at an altitude between 1,200 and 1,300 m (3,900 and 4,300 ft). It is only known to occur at the type locality. The lichen contains hypoprotocetraric acid as its major lichen substance, along with minor amounts of chiodectonic acid and trace amounts of several other lichen products.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herpothallon globosum is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Found in São Tomé and Príncipe, it was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologist Göran Thor. It contains psoromic acid and chiodectonic acid as major lichen products. The lichen is known only from two old collections made by Moller in 1885, at altitudes of 1,200 and 1,500 m (3,900 and 4,900 ft). The species epithet refers to its numerous globose (spherical) and unbranched isidia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herpothallon furfuraceum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Found in Costa Rica, it was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologist Göran Thor. It is only known to occur in two locations in Costa Rica, at elevations ranging from 900 to 1,350 m (2,950 to 4,430 ft). It contains confluentic acid and chiodectonic acid as major lichen products. The authors suggest that because this lichen resembles a more weakly pigmented version of the more common and widespread Herpothallon rubrocinctum, it may be commonly overlooked by collectors.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herpothallon fertile is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Originally described from specimens collected in Costa Rica, it was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologists André Aptroot and Robert Lücking. It also occurs in Brazil, and is considered by the authors to have a wide distribution in \"tropical parts of America\". Its species epithet fertile reflects the fact that it is the only species of Herpothallon to have been found with asci and ascospores.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herpothallon elegans is a rare species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Found in Peru, it was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologist Göran Thor. It contains confluentic acid and lichexanthone as major lichen products. It is only known to occur in tropical rainforest at a couple of locations, with elevations of 850 m (2,790 ft) and about 1,200 m (3,900 ft).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Local elections were held in Taguig on May 14, 2007, within the Philippine general election. The vote was for the elective local posts in the city: the mayor, vice mayor, two District representatives, and councilors, eight in each of the city's two legislative districts.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Taguig has a single district shared with Pateros before reapportionment into two in 2004. The then-municipality of Taguig assumed cityhood in 2004, after the recount of votes following the cityhood plebiscite on April 24-25,1998.", "title": "Before Elections" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The reapportionment of legislative districts was applied in 2007.", "title": "Before Elections" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Mayor Sigfrido \"Freddie\" Tiñga was on his second term, and he ran for re-election for third term. He was challenged by Marianito Miranda.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Vice Mayor George Elias was on his first term, and he ran for re-election for second term. He was challenged by his predecessor, former Vice Mayor and defeated 2004 mayoralty candidate Loida Labao-Alzona.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Taguig-Pateros (now First District of Taguig) Rep. Alan Peter Cayetano was term-limited.His wife, Ma. Laarni \"Lani\" Cayetano ran in his place. Cayetano faced her opponents, former Mayor Jose \"Pepe\" Capco Jr., and Taguig Second District Councilor Arnel Cerafica.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Second District Councilor Henry \"Jun\" Dueñas Jr. was on his second term. Although eligible for re-election, he sought congressional seat instead. Duenas was challenged by Angelito \"Jett\" Reyes, son of former AFP Chief, Ret. Gen. Angelo Reyes.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Mayor Sigfrido \"Freddie\" Tiñga defeated his closest rival, Marianito Miranda.", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Vice Mayor George Elias won over his predecessor and closest rival, former Vice Mayor Loida Labao-Alzona.", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Ma. Laarni \"Lani\" Cayetano won over her opponents, former Mayor Jose \"Pepe\" Capco Jr., and Taguig Second District Councilor Arnel Cerafica.", "title": "Results" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Second District Councilor Henry \"Jun\" Dueñas Jr. won over Angelito \"Jett\" Reyes.", "title": "Results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herpothallon echinatum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) or lignicolous (wood-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Originally described from specimens collected in Costa Rica, it was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologists André Aptroot, Robert Lücking, and Susan Will-Wolf. It has also been recorded from a few locations in Asia and Australasia. It contain psoromic acid as a major lichen product.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herpothallon corallinum is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, it was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologist Göran Thor. It contains confluentic acid as a major lichen product and various others as minor products and trace metabolites. The species is only known from two old collections, including the type collection, made in 1898, both in a lowland rainforest on the western shore of Lake Tanganyika.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herpothallon confusum is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Found in Venezuela, it was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologist Göran Thor. It contains confluentic acid and 2'-O-methylevernic acid as major lichen products, evernic acid as a minor metabolite, and trace amounts of chiodectonic acid. The lichen is only known from a couple of documented collections made in lowland rainforests.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herpothallon confluenticum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Originally described from specimens collected in Thailand, it was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologists André Aptroot and Robert Lücking. The lichen has also been recorded in other localities in Asia, Australia, and South America. It contains confluentic acid as a major lichen product.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herpothallon cinereum is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Found in Venezuela, it was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologist Göran Thor. It contains confluentic acid as its major lichen product. The lichen is only known to occur at its type locality in a tropical rainforest in Sierra Portuguesa (Lara) at an elevation of about 1,000 m (3,300 ft).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herpothallon brialmonticum is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Found in Suriname, it was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologists André Aptroot and John Elix. The species epithet refers to the three novel lichen products found in the lichen: brialmontic acid, methylbrialmontic acid, and dimethylbrialmontic acid. In addition to these compounds, all related to brialmontin 2, the lichen also has confluentic acid as a major secondary metabolite. This neotropical lichen is only known to occur at the type locality.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Herpothallon adnatum is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Found in Peru, it was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologist Göran Thor. The type specimen was collected from Paucartambo, (Cuzco region), at an elevation of 850 m (2,790 ft). The species is only known to occur at the type locality. It contains confluentic acid as its major lichen product, along with trace amounts of a few others.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Thomas Roussel-Roozmon is a Canadian chess grandmaster.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Roussel-Roozmon began playing chess at the age of 5. He played for Canada at the 37th, 38th, and 39th Chess Olympiads.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2010, Roussel-Roozmon became the fourth Canadian-born player to achieve the Grandmaster title, which he obtained at the 2010 Chess Olympiad held in Khanty-Mansiysk.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Roussel-Roozmon has a number of notable chess achievements:", "title": "Achievements" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Roussel-Roozmon studied philosophy at the Université du Québec à Montréal.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Obsidian Wreath is the upcoming fourth studio album by the American blackgaze screamo band Infant Island. It will be released on January 12, 2024, through Secret Voice and Deathwish, Inc.. It was produced by Matthew Michel of Majority Rule at Ivakota Studio in Capitol Hill and at his studio in Fairfax, Virginia. The album includes a number of guest vocalist performances, but most prominently features members of shoegaze band Greet Death and metalcore band .Gif from God.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The band released the lead single from the album, \"Another Cycle,\" on November 7, 2023, to critical acclaim. The song was named the 28th best single of 2023 by digital magazine Beats Per Minute. A second single, \"Unrelenting\",was released on December 5, 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Obsidian Wreath personnel adapted from LP liner notes.", "title": "Personnel" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Infant Island", "title": "Personnel" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Additional instrumentation", "title": "Personnel" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Technical credits", "title": "Personnel" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Artistic credits", "title": "Personnel" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "As of 2023, Greece has produced 2 Nobel laureates and both in the field of literature.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Helen Elizabeth Wilcox FRSA FRSL FLSW (born 1955) is a British literary scholar who specializes in Early Modern English literature. She is Professor of English Literature at Bangor University.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Helen Elizabeth Wilcox was born in 1955. She was educated at the University of Birmingham, where she got her Bachelor of Arts in English Language and Literature in 1976, and the University of Oxford, where he got her Doctor of Philosophy in 1984. Her thesis was named The Reputation and Influence of George Herbert to 1715.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She later worked as a lecturer in English literature at the University of Liverpool from 1979 until 1991, when she moved to the University of Groningen as a professor of English literature. She later moved to Bangor University, where she became Professor of English Literature.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "As an academic, she specialises in Early Modern English literature, especially Christian devotional literature, William Shakespeare, and the early modern history of women's writing. She was the sole editor of Women and Literature in Britain 1500-1700 (1996). She also has co-edited several books specializing in English literature, some of which were also on the poet George Herbert. In 2014, she authored a book, 1611: Authority, Gender and the Word in Early Modern England.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "She was appointed Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1999. She was elected Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales in 2015. She is also a Fellow of the English Association and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1952 Copa Ibarguren was the 22th. edition of this national cup of Argentina. The final was contested by Racing Club de Avellaneda (1952 Primera División champion), and Liga Cultural of Santiago del Estero Province (today \"Liga Santiagueña\"), champion of 1952 Copa Presidente de la Nación.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The match was held in C.A. Mitre Stadium on 9 July 1954 (almost two years both teams won their respective editions due to organizational problems), and ended 1–1 after extra time). As a playoff was never held, both teams were crowned champions of the competition.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Liga Cultural had won the Copa de la República in December 1952 after defeating Liga de Pergamino (from the homonymous partido of Buenos Aires Province) 2–1 in the final held at C.A. Belgrano Stadium in Córdoba. achieving their second Campeonato de la República title.", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On the other hand, River Plate, coached by José María Minella, had won the Primera División title in 1952 with 40 points in 30 matches played. Some players that had been part of legendary team La Máquina (such as Ángel Labruna, and Félix Loustau) were still part of the squad. Uruguayan striker Walter Gómez (who was in River since 1945) had consolidated as a keyplayer in the offensive line along with Labruna and Loustau.", "title": "Overview" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This article is a list of awards and nominations received by Federico Fellini", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Fellini's films have received four Academy Awards for Best International Feature Film for La Strada (1956), Nights of Cabiria (1957), 8½ (1963), and Amarcord (1974). He won the Academy Honorary Award in 1992 for his contributions to cinema. After five British Academy Film Award nominations Fellini won the BAFTA Fellowship in 1987. He won the Venice Film Festival's Career Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement and the Film Society of Lincoln Center Award for Cinematic Achievement both in 1985. Fellini also received five Golden Globe Award nominations.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Roccella gracilis is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Roccellaceae. Flourishing in coastal environments, Roccella gracilia predominantly grows along the coasts of Baja California and the Galápagos Islands, preferring the trunks, branches, and twigs of trees, but it is also found on rocks and cliffs. Its distribution spans coastal habitats from California south to Peru, including the Galápagos Islands and parts of the Caribbean.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Roccella gracilia has a fruticose (shrub-like) thallus, which can be either pendent or erect. The main branches of this lichen are flattened and relatively soft, typically measuring between 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) in length. The surface of the lobes ranges in color from creamy to brownish and grayish, usually with a smooth texture. However, it is not uncommon for the lobe surface to be uneven, with by ridges and wrinkles.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Soredia, which are granular clusters of fungal and algal cells for asexual reproduction, are commonly found in Roccella gracilia but do not coexist with ascomata (spore-producing structures). These soredia turn C+ (red) and are located in maculiform (i.e., marked with spots) soralia, forming small patches that often merge to cover a significant portion of the lobe surface. The medulla, the inner layer of the lichen, is typically white but shows a yellow or yellowish coloration in the hold-fast zone, the area where the lichen attaches to its substrate.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Apothecia, the reproductive structures where spores are produced, have been observed in specimens from Baja California Sur but are absent when soredia are present. These apothecia are sessile, meaning they are directly attached to the substrate without a stalk. The ascospores of Roccella gracilia are measured to be 21–28 µm long and 3–4 µm wide.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In terms of chemical composition and reactions to spot tests, the cortex of Roccella gracilia reacts to a potassium hydroxide (K) test with a more or less yellowish-red color (which may sometimes be inconspicuous), C+ (red), KC+ (red), and P–. The medulla has spot test reactions of K–, C–, KC–, P–. The lichen contains secondary metabolites (lichen products) such as erythrin and lecanoric acid.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Roccella gracilis is characterized by its relatively small ascospores, measuring 3–4 µm in width, and a less sturdy thallus compared to the closely related species, Rocella decipiens.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Roccella gracilia is a lichen known for its ability to grow large in appropriate coastal environments. It is predominantly found along the coasts of Baja California and the Galápagos Islands. In these coastal regions, it thrives on a variety of suitable substrates, showing a preference for growing on the trunks, branches, and twigs of different trees and shrubs. Sorediate forms, which reproduce asexually through soredia, are also commonly found on vertical rocks and cliffs. Specimens of Roccella gracilia that bear fruiting bodies (fertile specimens) are strictly corticolous, meaning they grow exclusively on the bark of trees.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The world distribution of Roccella gracilia is quite extensive along the coasts, stretching from north of the San Francisco area in California down to Arequipa, which is south of Lima, Peru. This distribution includes not only the Galápagos Islands but also a significant portion of the Caribbean region. Within the Sonoran region, its range extends from Southern California down to the tip of Baja California along the Pacific coast. This includes Guadalupe Island and extends into the southern parts of Sonora and adjacent Sinaloa.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Chong Kun Dang (Korean: 종근당) is a South Korean multinational pharmaceutical company headquarted in Seoul. Founded as a Goongbon Pharmacy under Japanese rule in 1941, it was renamed in 1946 and has since become one of the largest pharmaceutical manufacturers in the country.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In May 1941, Lee Jong-kun founded a pharmacy in the Ahyeon-dong neighborhood of downtown Seoul amidst Japanese rule in Korea; it was known as Goongbon Pharmacy in Korean and Miyamoto in Japanese. Following the end of the colonial era, Lee renamed the pharmacy to Chong Kun Dang in 1946. In 1949, Lee established the company's first research lab, where it developed Korea's first-ever thiadiazole ointment.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "By 1951, Chong Kun Dang grew beyond its origin as a small pharmacy and began wholesaling its products. The company was first registered as a corporation in 1956, at which point it had 30 drug formulas in production.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1965, Chong Kun Dang established the largest raw material pharmaceutical processing plant in Asia. In 1968, it became the first Korean drug manufacturer to receive approval from the Food and Drug Administration to sell in the United States. The company began exporting its products with American and British partnerships in 1971 and 1972 respectively.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1983, Chong Kun Dang partnered with Swiss healthcare corporation Roche to create Roche Korea, the multinational organization's branch in the country. In 1989, Chong Kun Dang manufactured Sokcheon, its first liquid-based indigestion medicine.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On November 23, 2020, Chong Kun Dang announced it had acquired the Korean distribution rights to SkyLabs's heart-monitoring ring. The deal, worth ₩2.5 billion (US$2.2 million), also granted Chong Kun Dang priority in negotiations for distribution rights in China, India, Japan, and the Middle East. Chong Kun Dang began retailing the product in Korea in December 2020.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On November 6, 2023, Chong Kun Dang agreed to a ₩1.7 trillion (US$1.3 billion) technology export contract with multinational corporation Novartis. The contract granted Novartis the global distribution rights for Chong Kun Dang's CKD-510, a histone deacetylase inhibitor posited as a potential treatment for Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bobby Harold Richardson (born November 25, 1944) is a American politician and educator in the state of Kentucky.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Richardson was born in Glasgow, Kentucky in 1944. He attended Western Kentucky University and the University of Kentucky, earning his J.D. from the latter, then established a law practice in his hometown.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1971, Doran was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives for the 3rd district representing Barren County, and served from the 1972 until his retirement in 1991. He was also a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1976. He also served as Speaker of the House from 1982 to 1986.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Vishnu Prasanna Vasanthan Perumal is an Indian chess grandmaster.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Vishnu began playing chess at the age of 12 after being introduced to the game by his mother.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He won the 2013 Chennai Blitz Championship, remaining undefeated throughout the tounrmanet and defeating grandmasters J. Deepan Chakkravarthy, Adhiban Baskaran, and Shyam Sundar.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2013, Vishnu turned to coaching shortly after earning the Grandmaster title. He is best known for having coached top Indian chess grandmaster Gukesh D, whom he first met in July 2017.", "title": "Coaching" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2023, Vishnu and his wife launched a chess club in the Anna Nagar neighborhood of Chennai. The club was inaugurated by Viswanathan Anand.", "title": "Coaching" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tigran Karapetyan, (Armenian: Տիգրան Կարապետյան) (1995, Russia, Krasnodar) doctor-dentist, author of the invention \"Silver Prosthesis\".", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Tigran Karapetyan was born in Russia in 1995. In 2009, he graduated with honors from school No. 43 named after Grigor Zohrap.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2009–2012, he studied and graduated with honors from the Yerevan State Base Medical College, majoring in Dental Technology.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2013, he was admitted to the 2nd year of the Faculty of Dentistry of the Armenian Medical Institute for Excellence. In 2013–2015, he served in one of the RA military units as the deputy commander of the grenade platoon, performed combat duty.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "During his service, Tigran Karapetyan received many awards:", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2017, Tigran Karapetyan received a Bachelor's Degree from the Faculty of Dentistry of the Armenian Medical Institute, and a Master's Degree in 2017–2019. Also, in 2017, he participated in the \"Dentistry through the eyes of Science\" conference, after which in 2018 he participated in the \"Obstructive Night Apnea: dental solutions for treatment\" seminar, and then in 2019, in the \"Using the latest methods and technologies in modern dental practice\" seminar.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2019–2021, he was admitted to Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Clinical Residency, after which he was awarded the title of Doctor-dentist.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Tigran Karapetyan is considered the author of the \"Silver prosthesis\" invention, patented by the Ministry of Economy. Thanks to this invention, the dentist is the only one in the world who offers an innovative type of fully removable prosthesis, which solves special problems with its appearance and properties.", "title": "Activity" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The doctor-dentist is a member of the Armenian Association of Maxillofacial Surgeons and the Armenian Association of Dentists.", "title": "Activity" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Enquerentes, known officially as San Miguel de Enquerentes, is a parish (parroquia) in the municipality (concello) of Touro in the province of Ourense, in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Quintas (As Quintas) is the only population entity that is part of the parish.", "title": "Population entity" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caloplaca kiewkaensis is a species of bark- and wood-dwelling crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Described as a new species in 2011, this lichen is found in the Far East region of Russia, specifically within Primorsky Krai.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Caloplaca kiewkaensis was identified and formally described as a new species in 2011 by the lichenologists Lidia Yakovczenko, Irinia Galanina, and Sergey Kondratyuk. Its species epithet refers to the type locality near the Kiewka settlement in the Primorsky Krai region of Russia.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The lichen has a thallus that can grow up to 1–1.5 cm wide. It is relatively thin, continuous, and conforms to the surface of its substrate. The thallus is generally whitish-grey to grey, or partially whitish-yellow-grey with pink-violet spots due to the presence of pycnidia. A hypothallus has not been observed to occur in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Apothecia of C. kiewkaensis are numerous, scattered or sometimes aggregated, measuring 0.2–0.8 mm in diameter and 0.3–0.38 mm thick. They are rounded, wart-like, and biatorine with a yellowish to pale yellow-orange proper margin and a pale or dark yellowish-brown disc, which eventually becomes brown-black to aeruginose-black. The thalline exciple is zeorine, grey or whitish-grey, and blends with the thallus. The hymenium is greyish due to oil droplet agglomerations, and the asci typically contain 1–8 spores. The ascospores are broadly ellipsoid or almost spherical, colourless or greyish, with a wide septum. Pycnidia with mature conidia were not observed to occur in the studied specimens.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The cortical layer of the thallus and thalline exciple, as well as the outer layer of the true exciple and epihymenium, react to a solution of potassium hydroxide (i.e., the K spot test)) by turning purple or, in places, purple-black.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Caloplaca kiewkaensis is similar to the arctic species Austroplaca sibirica, but it differs in having a more developed thallus, larger and thicker apothecia with much darker discs, a higher hymenium, and a broader ascospore septum. It also shows similarities to C. letrouitioides but differs in having thicker, distinctly zeorine apothecia and a scleroplectenchymatous true exciple.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The morphology of C. kiewkaensis is somewhat reminiscent of species in the genus Letrouitia but differs in having bipolar ascospores. Its hymenium and subhymenium characteristics, particularly the presence of numerous oil droplets, are similar to Franwilsia bastowii and Caloplaca kilcundaensis from Australia but differ in apothecia thickness, thallus colour, and ascospore dimensions.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "At the time of its original publication, Caloplaca kiewkaensis had been found in several locations within the Primorsky region in the Russian Far East. Caloplaca kiewkaensis is found on the wood and bark of Quercus mongolica. It often coexists with other lichen species, including Opeltia flavorubescens.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Clarke v. Wisconsin Elections Commission was a December 2023 decision of the Wisconsin Supreme Court which struck down the state Senate and Assembly district maps of the Wisconsin Legislature. The decision held that the Constitution of Wisconsin—in sections 4 and 5 of Article IV—requires \"legislative districts [to] be composed of physically adjoining territory.\" In a 4–3 opinion written by justice Jill Karofsky, the Court ordered new maps to be drawn ahead of the 2024 Wisconsin elections.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Redistricting in Wisconsin is a politically sensitive topic. Despite Wisconsin's near-evenly split electorate, Republicans have held a large and durable majority in both chambers of the Wisconsin Legislature since they implemented their preferred legislative district maps in 2011.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "During her 2023 election campaign, Janet Protasiewicz—the newest member of the Court—had expressed interest in reviewing Wisconsin's election maps. As a result, some Republican members of the Wisconsin Legislature called on her to recuse herself from the case, which she declined to do.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Writing for the majority, Justice Jill Karofsky began her opinion by noting that a majority of districts in both chambers of the Wisconsin Legislature (50 of 99 seats in the Assembly and 20 of 33 seats in the Senate) contained non-contiguous territory. She then went on to conclude that this was a violation of the plain text of the Constitution, which states that state Assembly and Senate districts are \"to consist of contiguous territory\". The court therefore enjoined the use of those legislative maps for further elections and ordered new maps to be drawn.", "title": "Decision" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Although the legislative maps were ruled unconstitutional, the majority declined to declare that previous elections held under those maps were unlawful, and therefore did not call for special elections in the 17 state senate districts which were not scheduled for election in 2024.", "title": "Decision" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Much of the text of the majority opinion deals with defining \"contiguous\" and whether that language can be seen as a binding requirement in the constitution. The majority points to standard current definitions of \"contiguous\", which include \"touching\" or \"in actual contact\", and also looked to historical definitions which would have been common at the time of the writing of the Wisconsin Constitution, such as \"meeting so as to touch; bordering upon each other; not separate\".", "title": "Decision" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "After determining that the constitutional language refers to intact districts without separated territory, they dealt with the issue of whether or not the constitutional language made this a firm requirement or a suggested guideline. Since the constitutional language around contiguity was not modified by other qualifying language—unlike the \"compactness\" guidance which suggests that districts be \"in as compact form as practicable\"—the majority determined that contiguity was, in fact, a strict requirement of the constitutional language.", "title": "Decision" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The opinion then examined historical precedent from earlier Wisconsin Supreme Court cases, including State ex rel. Lamb v. Cunningham (1892) (Wisconsin's first major redistricting lawsuit). The court reached a nearly identical conclusion in Lamb v. Cunningham, writing that Article IV, Section 4 \"requires that each assembly district must consist of contiguous territory; that is to say, it cannot be made up of two or more pieces of detached territory.\" They also re-examined the recent 2022 redistricting decision Johnson v. Wisconsin Elections Commission, whose handling of contiguity relied on a reading of the 1992 federal case of Prosser v. Wisconsin Elections Board. The majority in Clarke determined that the Wisconsin Supreme Court had erred in 2022 by relying on the Prosser language, which had not examined Wisconsin case precedent on the question of contiguity.", "title": "Decision" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In miscellaneous matters of contiguity, the majority opined that districts may still be contiguous if separated by a body of water, assuming that the necessary section of water were also included within the boundaries of the district. They also addressed the question of \"touch-point contiguity\", where separate parts of a district were joined by a single geographic point—the court ruled that touch-point contiguity, since it is technically \"touching\", does not inherently violate the language of the Wisconsin constitution.", "title": "Decision" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The opinion finally discussed the remedial process. They determined that since the majority of Wisconsin's legislative districts violated the contiguity requirement, the maps would need to be entirely re-drawn. The court acknowledged that this task should fall to the Legislature, but if the Legislature and Governor were not able to agree on maps, the court determined to act in time for the 2024 election. In this section, the court also re-examined the \"least changes\" guidance set forth in the 2022 Wisconsin Supreme Court case Johnson v. Wisconsin Elections Commission. Writing for the majority, Karofsky writes that \"least changes\" was never properly defined in Johnson, and proved unworkable in practice. And since it had no textual basis in the Wisconsin constitution or statutes, \"least changes\" would not be a factor in the remedial map-making process. Finally, the court acknowledged that they must consider partisan impact in the map-making process, and will attempt to avoid selecting any map which privileges one political party over another.", "title": "Decision" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Three justices wrote separate dissenting opinions. Chief Justice Annette Ziegler's dissent ignored the questions of contiguity and instead argued that the matter should not have been re-opened so soon after Johnson in 2022. She criticized the majority for ordering an \"extreme\" remedy, accused them of pursuing a political agenda, and questioned the planned use of consultants to advise the judges during the remedial map selection process. Much of her dissent, however, was spent on attacking the motivations of individual justices, airing personal grievances, and complaining about the manner in which the court had been run since the start of the new term in August 2023. Finally, she endorsed a number of technical reasons why she believed the court never should have heard the case.", "title": "Decision" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Justice Rebecca Bradley wrote a separate dissent, but contained many of the same arguments present in Ziegler's. Bradley, however, did actually engage with some of the contiguity issues to question the conclusions of the majority. Bradley also specifically criticized the majority's acknowledgement that their remedial map process will seek partisan fairness, arguing that this is beyond the court's authority.", "title": "Decision" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "A third dissent was written by Justice Brian Hagedorn, who touched on several of the same issues but without the personal or ad hominem invective of Bradley or Ziegler. He criticized the political nature of the decision, pointed out the un-timely nature of this reconsideration of the Johnson decision, and lamented what he saw as the abandonment of principles of judicial restraint. Importantly, he concluded his dissent by pointing out that the Wisconsin Supreme Court still lacked a proper procedure for handling redistricting after the need had been identified in several previous cases, including Johnson. He pointed out how the deficient process in Johnson had led to a reversal by the United States Supreme Court, and predicted that a similar result could occur again with Clarke. Even so, Justice Hagedorn stated that \"the claim here that the constitution's original meaning requires the territory in all legislative districts to be physically contiguous is probably correct.\"", "title": "Decision" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Robin Vos, speaker of the Wisconsin State Assembly, said \"The case was pre-decided before it was even brought. Sad day for Wisconsin when the state supreme court just said last year that the existing lines are constitutional. Fortunately, the U.S. Supreme Court will have the last word.\"", "title": "Reaction" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Tony Evers, Governor of Wisconsin, said he \"agree[d] with the Court's determination that these maps are unconstitutional because the districts lack contiguity,\" and that he \"look[s] forward to submitting maps to the Court to consider and review that reflect and represent the makeup of our state.\"", "title": "Reaction" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Former United States Attorney General Eric Holder, chairman of the National Democratic Redistricting Committee, celebrated the ruling, saying, \"It is way past time to end illegitimate minority rule in Wisconsin, and this decision is a powerful step toward fair representation.\"", "title": "Reaction" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The UCI Math Circle is an institution operating under the Department of Mathematics at the University of California, Irvine. The UCI Math Circle, like many others, is oriented towards developing mathematical skills and thinking in youth populations.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The UCI Math circle covers numerous topics such as Number theory, Graph theory, Topology, Statistics, Combinatorics, functional equations. These topics are often taught in sessions through games and analogies to the real world, professors from various institutions may also come and speak at certain sessions.", "title": "Curricula" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pannaria ramulosa is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), squamulose (scaly) to foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 2001 by the Norwegian lichenologist Per Magnus Jørgensen. Gustaf Einar Du Rietz collected the type specimen in 1927 from the Goenoeng Ardjoena (Pasuruan Regency, Indonesia). This rainforest lichen has a rounded thallus up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter with thin, brownish lobes. It does not show any reactions to standard chemical spot tests, and no lichen products were detected using thin-layer chromatography. At the time of its original publication it was only known to occur at the type locality.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Djellouli family were an Makhzen family, which dated back to the Hafsid dynasty, according to historian Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf. They were Sfax nobility of Arab origin, merchants and shipowners at the end of the 16th century, and became farmers and qaids in the 17th century, then part of the Capital Tunis aristocracy at the beginning of the 19th century. Notable members of the aristocratic family included Mahmoud Djellouli ,M'hamed Djellouli Taïeb Djellouli.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pannaria formosana is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), squamulose (scaley) to foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Pannariaceae. Found in eastern Asia, it was formally described as a new species in 2001 by the Norwegian lichenologist Per Magnus Jørgensen. The type specimen was collected in February, 1965 by Syo Kurokawa from Chinsueiin Pass, (Taitung Prefecture, Taiwan).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen forms brown, circular patches up to about 5 cm (2 in) in diameter with lobes up to 2 mm wide. These lobes have whitish, pruina-like isidioid secondary lobules. Apothecia occur rarely in this species, and mature ascospores have not been found. The PD+ (orange) chemical spot test reaction indicates the presence of parietin, a lichen product. Pannaria formosana is found in the lowland forests of southern Taiwan and Honshu, Japan, although the author suggests a potentially wider distribution in the islands of Southeast Asia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Visakh Narayanan Rajeshwari is an Indian chess grandmaster.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He is the younger brother of Vignesh N. R. The two became the first brothers from India to become grandmasters when Vignesh achieved the title in January 2023.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In August 2023, Visakh won the Leça Blitz Open 2023 ahead of his brother Vignesh and Harshit Raja after drawing the former and defeating the latter in tiebreaks.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In December 2023, Visakh won the 5th Roma Citta Aperta Masters section ahead of Krishna C. R. G. and Tigran Harutyunyan.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "IBM Quantum System Two is the first modular utility-scaled quantum computer system, unveiled by IBM on 4 December 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It is a successor to the IBM Quantum System One.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "It contains three IBM Quantum Heron processors, which can be scaled up due to its modularity, and later upgraded for newer QPU's, as it is fully upgradeable.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "For its maximum efficiency, it has to be cooled down to a temperature of 2.7 K (-270.45 °C).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "IBM has stated that their clients, and partners are using their 100+ qubit systems to advance science.", "title": "Current Usage" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "IBM has stated that their quantum coupling technology will allow multiple IBM Quantum System Two's to connect together, to create systems capable of running 100 million operations in a single quantum circuit, and later a billion operations, by 2033.", "title": "Future" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ajyal TV/TV5 Saudi Ajyal (lit. \"generations\") was a free-to-air children's television channel owned by the Saudi Broadcasting Authority. It was launched on Eid al-Fitr in 2009. The channel offered a variety of educational and entertaining programs for children of all ages, including cartoons, live-action shows (which are usually in-house productions), in addition to national holidays of Saudi Arabia and religious programs (usually in the month of Ramadan).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "As of this writing (December 2023), not much is known about the channel's beginning. The test broadcast beginning was around very late June-very early July. What is known, however, is that the channel launched on Eid al-Fitr of 2009.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2014, the channel rebranded with a brand new look. The channel closed in 2018.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The channel has presented and produced many programs. A partial list of them:", "title": "Programming" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Carl Sims Sr. (September 20, 1911 - May 28, 1968) was an American politician and law enforcement officer. He was the first of two African Americans to serve in the Arizona House of Representatives, elected alongside Hayzel Burton Daniels in 1950 and serving from January 1951 through January 1961. He was a Democrat and represented part of Phoenix, Arizona.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sims was born on September 20, 1911, in Bremond, Texas, and moved to Phoenix, Arizona, in 1927. With only an eighth-grade education, he worked as a gardener and painter before working for eight years at the Maricopa County Highway Department. He entered law enforcement and rose to the position of deputy sheriff of Maricopa County. He also became active in Phoenix's small African American community.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1950, Sims was elected alongside Hayzel Burton Daniels to the Arizona House of Representatives, becoming the first African Americans to serve in the state legislature. He served five terms in the House, where he campaigned for school desegregation, equitable school funding, and civil rights. He was instrumental in the passage of Arizona's first rabies control bill, enacted in 1962. Daniels served four terms on the House's Highways and Bridges Committee, where he advocated for highway building and improvements; three terms on the Welfare Committee and the Ways and Means Committee; and one term each on the Administration, Arizona Development, Suffrage and Elections, Public Defense and Veterans Affairs, and Public Health committees, the last of which he served as vice chair. Daniels lost his seat in the 1960 general election and ran again in 1962 but fell short in the Democratic primary election.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "While serving as a legislator, he started a successful business as a painting contractor. In 1967, he was arrested and charged with assault with intent to commit murder and assault with a deadly weapon after allegedly shooting his wife, Jean Sims, at their home. She was wounded in the hand and back. Sims was later tried and acquitted.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Sims died in Fresno, California, on May 28, 1968, at the age of 56. He was a member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.", "title": "Life and career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Igor Zaniolo (born 12 March 1973) is an Italian former footballer who played as a striker mostly in Serie C.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Igor Zaniolo has a son Nicolò Zaniolo who is also a professional footballer.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Micarea viridileprosa is a species of crustose lichen in the family Pilocarpaceae that was first described in 2001. This crustose lichen is known to grow on bark, wood, and soil, and is distinguishable by its bright greenish soredia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It was formally described as a new species by the lichenologists Brian John Coppins and Pieter van den Boom in 2001. The type specimen of Micarea viridileprosa was collected in France, Finistère, near Douarnenez at Pointe du Millier, Moulin de Keriolet, in a sheltered valley on mature Castanea sativa. A later molecular analysis showed that Micarea viridileprosa is a sister species to Micarea micrococca.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Micarea viridileprosa is crustose, composed of bright greenish goniocysts (vegetative propagules), which can coalesce to form larger granules. These goniocysts are typically 12–18 μm in diameter, but can grow up to 25–40 μm. The thallus may appear glossy when dry due to a thin coating of gelatinous algae. The lichen's growth often gives the appearance of irregular \"soralia\", producing powdery \"soredia\" which can cover the entire thallus.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Each goniocyst contains a few green algal cells surrounded by hyphae, with the hyphae being hyaline (translucent) and incrusted with gyrophoric acid crystals. The algal cells are about 4.5–7 μm in diameter, each containing a clear oil-drop. Apothecia (fruiting bodies) are rare; if present they are adpressed to semi-immersed in the thallus, and measure 0.1–0.5 mm in width. The apothecia are whitish to pallid and convex, lacking a distinct margin. The hymenium is 35–50 μm tall, with the paraphyses being richly branched and about 1.5–2 μm wide in the mid-hymenium.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The ascospores of Micarea viridileprosa are oblong-ellipsoid or ovovoid in shape, measuring 8–12(-14) by 2.5–4 μm, and from zero to two septa. Pycnidia are very rare and grey-brown, either sessile or stalked, measuring 20–50 μm in diameter and 50–100 μm in height. The conidia are narrowly oblong-ellipsoid to bluntly fusiform, measuring 4.5–6 by 1.3–2 μm, and are often seen extruding from the ostiole.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The thallus and apothecia of Micarea viridileprosa test C+ (red) in spot test reaction, indicating the presence of gyrophoric acid. This chemical is also present in the apothecia, which helps distinguish it from other similar species. The pycnidial walls have an olivaceous, K+ (violet), C+ (violet) pigment.", "title": "Chemistry" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Micarea viridileprosa is found in various habitats, including on the bark of trees such as Betula, Alnus glutinosa, Pinus sylvestris, Prunus padus, and Quercus robur. It is also found on rotting wood and soil, in open woodlands, on sloping sides of ditches, and in peat-moor habitats. The species is widespread in the Netherlands and Belgium and has been recorded in England, Wales, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Switzerland.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bin Kamacha Navra (transl. Idle Husband) is a 1984 Indian Marathi-language comedy-drama film directed by Murlidhar Kapdi and written by Vasant Sabnis. The film stars Ashok Saraf, Ranjana, Kuldeep Pawar, Ravi Patwardhan, Nilu Phule, and Madhu Kambikar in the pivotal roles. In the history of Marathi cinema, \"Bin Kamacha Navra\" is still regarded as a cult film that fans still find moving and nostalgic.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Three indolent buddies named Tukya, Namya, and Nivrutti desire to use short cuts to acquire quick money and waste their time at odd jobs for politician Sahebrao. They will stop at nothing to see Tamasha's of Sundra; it's their only interest. When they decide to run for office with Sahebrao's assistance, their spouses have had enough and are fed up with them because they are never willing to change. To impart a lesson to them, their wives choose to stand in opposition to them.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The production of the film was done at Jaiprabha Studio in Kolhapur.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The music is composed by Rajendra Vinay, and the sound recording is by Raghuveer Date at the H. M. V. Record Company, Mumbai. The songs are written by Shantaram Nandgaonkar and sung by Asha Bhosle, Suresh Wadkar, Uttara Kelkar, Anuradha Paudwal, and Usha Mangeshkar.", "title": "Soundtrack" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Franwilsia bastowii is a species of ramicolous (twig-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in Australia, it was formally described as a new species in 2009 by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt. It was transferred to the genus Franwilsia in 2014. The species epithet bastowii honours the Scottish naturalist Richard Austin Bastow, who collected the type specimen in Mornington (Gippsland plain) in 1901. The lichen is known to occur in Western Australia, South Australia, and Victoria, where it grows on the twigs of various shrubs and trees.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Missouri Valley Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, popularly referred to as \"Arch Madness\", is a postseason men's basketball tournament that will complete the 2023–24 season in the Missouri Valley Conference. The tournament will be held at the Enterprise Center in St. Louis, Missouri from March 7–10, 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Teams are seeded by conference record, with ties broken by the overall record in conference games played between the tied teams, then (if necessary) by comparison of records between the tying institutions versus the top team in the standings (and continuing from top to bottom of standings, as necessary, with the team having the better record against that team receiving the better seed). The top four seeds receive opening–round byes.", "title": "Seeds" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Source:", "title": "Bracket" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kaidee is an online shopping and classifieds platform in Thailand, and is regarded as Thailand's largest online shopping and classifieds platform. Kaidee uses machine learning and big data algorithms to generate recommendations and guidelines for its buyers and sellers.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kaidee was originally branded as dealfish.co.th and was founded in September 2011 by Sanook.com, a Thai-language web portal and news website owned by Naspers. It was established as a standalone C2C website supporting classified listings but not transactions.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In March 2014, Dealfish was rebranded to OLX.co.th, to turn OLX into a single brand for its classified platform in alignment with the rest of its classified businesses in eleven countries.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In November 2014, OLX.co.th announced a merger to form a new joint venture, officially changing its name and brand to Kaidee.com, as a result of an agreement between Schibsted, Naspers, Telenor and Singapore Press Holdings to establish joint ventures for the development of online classifieds platforms in Thailand, Brazil, Indonesia and Bangladesh.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2018, Kaidee launched MocyKaidee to connect motorcycle buyers and sellers, FarmKaidee to connect farmers with wholesalers and direct customers, and BaanKaidee for users to buy, sell and rent properties.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In the same year, Allianz teamed up with Kaidee as an insurance provider for motor, home and contents, travel and personal accidents.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In April 2020, Dubai-based online classified solutions provider, Emerging Markets Property Group (EMPG) acquired Kaidee as part of its expansion in the ASEAN region.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In March 2023, Carro, a Singapore-based used car marketplace, added EMPG, the parent company of Kaidee, to its cap table.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dirinaria applanata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It has a wide distribution in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species, Parmelia applanata, by Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée in 1825. Dharani Dhar Awasthi transferred it to the Dirinaria in 1970.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Chemical analysis of Dirinaria applanata lead to the discovery of nine unique compounds. This includes a novel hopane derivative known as 1β-acetoxy-21α-hopane-3β,22-diol. Alongside this, researchers have identified six phenolic compounds: divaricatinic acid, methyl divaricatinate, methyl-β-orcinolcarboxylate, methyl haematommate, divarinol, and ramalinic acid A. Additionally, two xanthones, namely lichexanthone and 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone, were also isolated.", "title": "Chemistry" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "A fungus newly described in 2013, Cylindromonium dirinariae, was reported as a lichenicolous fungus with Dirinaria applanata as its host. This nectrioid fungus forms a pinkish colony with mainly solitary phialides producing ellipsoid, aseptate conidia in mucoid packets.", "title": "Species interactions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mial Pagan (born 28 May 1956, Belfast) is a British author and playwright.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Michael Gerard Pagan attended St. MacNissi's College, Garron Tower, graduating in 1974. He moved to England and studied for a degree in drama, English Literature and French at Manchester University, graduating in 1980. After university, he moved to London where he appeared in a number of productions, including in Eugène Ionesco's 'Rhinoceros' at the Croydon Warehouse Theatre. He was a member of the Company of Ten theatrical group and appeared with them in 'Translations' by Brian Friel, 'A Streetcar Named Desire', and 'God Only Knows' by Hugh Whitemore. He worked as a Drama Therapist in hospitals and day centres around London.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He changed career in 1988 to start working in I.T. for KPOS Computer Systems in Brentford. From 1990 he worked in I.T. management for various companies; over three years at Zenith Media and over five years at Carat UK. He worked for advertising agencies writing articles for business magazines. In 1997 he studied for an MBA in Management and Technology at the Open University. In 2002 he set up The Pagan Consultancy. He wrote business books in the 'Teach Yourself' series for Hodder Education.", "title": "Early career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "His plays have been produced at the Abbey Theatre, St Albans: 'Other People's Lives' (2010), 'Dancehall Sweethearts’ (2017), and 'National Trust' (2021).", "title": "Author" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He wrote the screenplay for the film 'Paradise Place' (2013), a comedy about a soldier returning from duty in Afghanistan who finds that the street where he lived no longer exists.", "title": "Author" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "His play 'The Old Fighting Cocks' was recorded by The Company of Ten in association with Radio Verulam in 2018. It tells the story of local soldiers joining up to fight in the First World War.", "title": "Author" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "His novel 'The Agency', formerly called 'Eat More Bloody Meat Y'Bastards!', is a satire based on his experience of office life in the advertising industry.", "title": "Author" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "He also writes under the pen name 'Michael McDonnell', a series of the Dermot O'Hara Mysteries, detective stories set in Kenmare, County Kerry.", "title": "Author" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Since 2008 he has worked as a freelance writer at the publisher Hodder and Stoughton.", "title": "Author" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In 1987 he married the author and human rights campaigner Siobhan Dowd (1960-2007) in Lambeth; they separated in the early 1990s. In 1996 he married Alison McNaught (b 1961, Wirral) at Aylesbury Vale. He has lived in St Albans, Hertfordshire since 1997.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The Dermot O'Hara Mysteries", "title": "Publications" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Trebouxia gelatinosa is a common symbiotic species of green alga in the family Trebouxiaceae. Formally described as new to science in 1975, it is usually found in association with different species of lichen-forming fungi.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The alga was originally isolated in 1960 by lichenologist Vernon Ahmadjian from the foliose lichen species now known as Flavoparmelia caperata. Patricia Archibald formally described the species in 1975. The alga was later found to be a photobiont in Anzia, another genus of foliose lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Trebouxia gelatinosa is characterised by its vegetative cells which are typically spherical, though occasionally they may be oviform (egg-shaped). During the log phase of growth, these cells measure between 5 and 16 micrometres (μm) in diameter and are encased in walls that are 1 μm or less in thickness. As the cells enter the stationary phase of their growth cycle, they do not increase significantly in size, but instead develop a gelatinous sheath around each individual cell, measuring 1.5 to 2 μm in thickness.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The chloroplast within these cells is notable for containing a single, angular, and central pyrenoid, which appears to be encircled by a continuous sheath of starch, and each cell is uninucleate, meaning it contains a single nucleus. The ultrastructure of the pyrenoids of most Trebouxia species has been catalogued and found to fall into eight different type based on the arrangements and forms of thylakoid lamellae within the pyrenoid matrix. The gelatinosa- type pyrenoids are traversed by thin parallel-arranged tubules. Knowing the pyrenoid structure sometimes enables the identification of some Trebouxia species in the lichen thallus without the need to culture the alga.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Trebouxia gelatinosa reproduces through both zoospores and aplanospores. Zoospores are motile reproductive cells, measuring about 4 μm in width and 6 to 8 μm in length, with their nucleus located towards the rear or the middle of the cell. A stigma (a light-sensitive spot found in some algae) has not been observed in these cells.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Trebouxia gelatinosa shows remarkable desiccation tolerance primarily through stable expression of its protein-coding genes during dehydration and rehydration cycles. About 92% of these genes maintain consistent expression levels, suggesting inherent, constitutive mechanisms for its tolerance. Key changes occur in genes related to photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging, heat shock proteins, aquaporins, expansins, and desiccation-related proteins (DRPs), with some traits unique to T. gelatinosa's symbiotic nature. Unlike in other desiccation-tolerant species, late embryogenesis abundant proteins in T. gelatinosa do not show significant changes. Additionally, a phylogenetic analysis indicates that chlorophyte DRPs, unlike those in embryophytes, might have been acquired from extremophile bacteria through horizontal gene transfer, reflecting their symbiotic relationship within the lichen thallus.", "title": "Physiology" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Trebouxia gelatinosa shows changes in gene expression linked to desiccation tolerance when subjected to water loss. The alga's ability to survive and recover from severe dehydration is a characteristic shared by various organisms that inhabit environments with unpredictable water availability. During desiccation, T. gelatinosa undergoes physiological and morphological changes, including the loss of cell turgor, an indicator of water stress. A study on T. gelatinosa focused on understanding how its water status impacts the expression of genes associated with stress and desiccation tolerance. It was found that several genes change expression during different stages of dehydration, particularly around the point of turgor loss, indicating the activation of mechanisms to cope with water loss. However, the expression of some genes remained unaffected, suggesting a reliance on constitutive mechanisms for desiccation tolerance.", "title": "Physiology" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Trebouxia gelatinosa was observed to interact with graphene-based materials (GBMs), including few-layers graphene (FLG) and graphene oxide (GO), without internalizing them. Short-term and long-term exposure to these materials showed that FLG affected the algae's cell wall and plasma membrane interaction, leading to a down-regulation of a stress-related gene, similar to oxidative stress response. However, GO had no significant effect. Despite these interactions, there were no long-term harmful impacts on the algae's growth, photosynthesis, or gene expression, indicating a level of resilience or tolerance in Trebouxia gelatinosa to these materials.", "title": "Physiology" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Zoosporogenesis, the formation of motile spores known as zoospores, occurs in Trebouxia gelatinosa. This phenomenon is especially significant in the context of lichens, where zoosporogenesis is typically suppressed in favour of aplanospore (a non-motile spore formed by direct transformation of a vegetative cell) formation. In Trebouxia gelatinosa, zoospores can form within the natural lichen thallus and in isolated thallus fragments. These zoospores have the potential to be released from the thallus, leading to the establishment of free-living microcolonies. These microcolonies can interact with fungal symbionts (mycobionts) from the same or different species, potentially forming new lichen associations. This process of natural resynthesis might contribute to the observed diversity and heterogeneity in fungal populations within lichen species.", "title": "Reproduction and life cycle" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caloplaca akbarica, a species of lichen saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen described in 2002. Found in Tajikistan, it has a rosette-shaped, lobate thallus, and apothecia that are distinctly pruinose. It was formally described as a new species in 2002 by the lichenologists Imomnazar Kudratov and Oleksandr Khodosovtsev.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Caloplaca akbarica has a rosette-shaped thallus, expanding to 2–3 cm in size. The lobes of this lichen are yellow to orange, flattened, thin, and range in length from 1.5 to 3 mm, with a width of 0.5 to 1.0 mm and a thickness of about 0.2 mm. These lobes widen towards the tips and are closely placed or overlapping without apparent fissures, covered with a yellowish pruina. The central part of the thallus comprises smaller lobes, measuring 0.3–1.0 by 0.2–0.3 mm, which are flat to slightly convex, orange, and may have small fissures or cracks. The cortex consists of several layers of paraplectenchymatous cells.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Apothecia in C. akbarica are zeorine, measuring 0.5–1.0 mm in width, and numerous. They are sessile to constricted at the base and have a thick, bright yellow pruina. Initially, they develop as distinctly pruinose primordia, contrasting with the orange thallus. The disc of the apothecia is concave to plane, covered with thick yellow pruina, and has a slightly crenulate margin. The thalline margin cortex is paraplectenchymatous, measuring 20–25 μm thick. The true exciple is well developed and consists of slightly elongated large cells. The epithecium is yellow, about 7–10 μm high, and the hymenium is hyaline, measuring 70–95 μm in height. The hypothecium is also hyaline, standing 48–60 μm tall. Asci contain eight spores, with ascospores being ellipsoid and measuring 10.7–16.8 by 5.1–9.6 μm, having septa (internal partitions) of 1.4–2.8 μm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Caloplaca akbarica is distinguished from similar species by its flat, yellow-orange lobes with a distinct pruinose coating and the unique structure of its apothecia. It resembles Variospora aurantia in its flattened, pruinose lobes, yet differs in the shape of its ascospores. Compared to Massjukiella impolita, which has a flattened, yellowish pruinose thallus, C. akbarica differs in its narrower ascospores and wider septum. Unlike M. impolita, which tends to be coastal in western North America, C. akbarica is found in central Asia and differs in the more areolated central parts of the thallus.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "At the time of its original publication, Caloplaca akbarica was known only from its type locality in southern Tajikistan, specifically from the east slope of the ridge Gozimalik. It grows on exposed limestone at high elevations, around 1,300 m (4,300 ft).", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rhizocarpon timdalii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Rhizocarpaceae. Identified and described as a new species in 2002, this lichen is characterized by its brown thallus composed of convex areoles. It occurs in Europe and North America.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The species was formally described by the lichenologists Per Gerhard Ihlen and Alan Fryday in 2002. The type specimen of Rhizocarpon timdalii was collected near Sawbill Lake in Cook County, Minnesota, USA. This collection was made in a mixed conifer-hardwood forest near a lake, suggesting a preference for acidic rock habitats. The species epithet honours Einar Timdal of the University of Oslo for his contributions to the taxonomy of the genus Rhizocarpon.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Rhizocarpon timdalii is brown and areolate, with each areole being convex. The apothecia are rounded and black, initially flat but become distinctly convex as they mature. The exciple is coloured dark blue-green and reacts negatively to standard lichen spot tests. The hypothecium is brown, and the hymenium is hyaline in the lower part, turning dark orange-brown to brown in the upper part. The ascospores are ellipsoid, eumuriform, and hyaline.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Chemically, the thallus of Rhizocarpon timdalii does not react to standard lichen spot tests. It contains an unidentified fatty acid or lacks lichen products detectable by thin-layer chromatography.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Rhizocarpon timdalii is found in both Europe and North America. In Europe, it prefers exposed, wet rocks, often near lakes. In North America, it is found in various forest types, including coniferous and mixed forests, often near lakes or coasts. Associated lichen species vary by region, including Acarospora species, Lecanora polytropa, and Rhizocarpon geographicum in North America, and Ephebe lanata, Lepraria neglecta, and Umbilicaria deusta in Nordic countries. The species has been recorded at elevations up to 200 m (660 ft) in Fennoscandia and up to 650 m (2,130 ft) in Wales, with a range extending to 520 m (1,710 ft) in the USA.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "William Hector Cerutti (7 May 1909 — 3 July 1965) was an Australian rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Cerutti, known as \"Wild Bill\", was born and raised in Sydney. His father, an Italian immigrant, had his own woodturning business. Raised in the inner-city, Cerutti was educated at Newtown Public School and Central Technical High School, Ultimo. Initially a soccer player, he got started in grade rugby in 1925 at the YMCA club, making it into the first XV the following year. He made his New South Wales representative debut in 1927.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A front-row forward, Cerutti was capped 21 times for Australia between 1928 and 1937. On the 1928 New South Wales tour of New Zealand, he featured in four matches which were retrospectively given Test status, as Australia's only representative team at that point in history. His actual Wallabies debut didn't come until the 1929 New Zealand tour of Australia. He was a permanent fixture in the Australian team until 1933, with sporadic appearances afterwards, before his international career was ended by his surprise commission from the 1939–40 tour of Britain and Ireland.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Cerutti played a then record 247 first-grade games in Sydney rugby, bettering the previous record held by Cyril Towers. He spent his career with YMCA, Glebe-Balmain, Parramatta, Eastern Suburbs and St. George, before retiring in 1946.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caloplaca pseudocitrina, a little-known species of lichen saxicolous (rock-dwelling) lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in southern Tajikistan, it has a squamulose (scaley) thallus forming extensive yellow-orange spots. It was formally described as a new species in 2002 by the lichenologists Imomnazar Kudratov and Oleksandr Khodosovtsev.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Caloplaca pseudocitrina is a part of the Caloplaca citrina species complex, which, at the time its original publication, was had not yet been resolved taxonomically. It is distinguished from Caloplaca citrina (in the broad sense) by its larger ascospores coupled with a narrow septum (internal partition). Similar taxa like C. citrina var. arcis, known only in a sterile state, and soil-dwelling relatives C. heterospora and C. tominii, also have narrow spore septa but differ in other morphological aspects.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Caloplaca pseudocitrina is squamulose, forming expansive spots that can reach several centimetres in diameter. The squamules are yellow-orange, flat to undulate, and range from 0.2 to 2.0 mm in size. These squamules, either solitary or composed of 3–6 microlobes, attach centrally to the substrate with somewhat free margins and are sorediate. The cortex is paraplectenchymatous, measuring 18–24 μm in thickness, with cells around 4.8–7.2 μm. Soralia are typically developed at the edges of the squamules, with granular, yellow-orange soredia measuring 30–50 μm in diameter.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Apothecia in this species are zeorine to biatorine, ranging from 0.2 to 1.2 mm in width, generally one or two per squamule. The disc varies from concave to convex, orange in colour, with a yellow-orange margin. The proper margin is prosoplectenchymatous, thickening from 15–20 μm in the centre to 90–110 μm laterally. The thalline margin is poorly developed. The epithecium is yellowish, about 10 μm high. The hypothecium is hyaline and measures 30–50 μm in height. The hymenium stands 40–60 μm tall. Paraphyses are unbranched to apically branched, 1.8–2.2 μm wide, with apical cells reaching 3.6–4.5 μm in width. Asci contain eight spores each. The photobiont is from the green algal genus Trebouxia, with cells measuring 6.0–12.0 μm in diameter.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This species has so far been observed growing on metamorphic limestone in the arid regions of southern Tajikistan at high altitudes, particularly in the Chormagzak pass, \"Schirbibi\" locality, at an elevation of around 1,850 m (6,070 ft).", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lefong Hua is a Canadian chess player and coach.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Hua began playing chess at the age of 6, and was coached by Richard Bérubé.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1992, Hua finished in 5th place in the World Youth Chess Championship alongside Levon Aronian, Alexander Grischuk, and Étienne Bacrot.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Hua is a 10-time winner of the Quebec Chess Challenge and an 8-time winner of the Canadian Chess Challenge.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Hua is a featured member of the \"Chessbrah\" chess channel on Twitch, hosted by grandmasters Eric Hansen and Aman Hambleton. The tongue-in-cheek chess term \"Lefong\" is named after him, and is referred to when a player pre-moves bishops in online bullet chess in case their opponent attempts to fianchetto their bishop, which allows the player to capture their opponent's bishop.", "title": "Chess career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Hua is a chess coach and runs a chess club.", "title": "Coaching" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Pikeing Well, occasionally known as Lady's Well, is a well in the city of York, in England.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The well lies on New Walk, which runs along the east bank of the River Ouse, Yorkshire, running south from the city centre. The walk was laid out in the 1730s, as an attraction for visitors to the city. By the 1750s, mineral water spas were popular places to visit. York did not have mineral water springs, so the city council instead decided to commission a decorative wellhead over an existing well. It claimed that the water was useful for healing illness related to the eye.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The wellhead was designed by John Carr of York, its form inspired by grottos. He reused Mediaeval stonework, which is sometimes said to have come from the chancel of All Saints' Church, but must have come from another source, as the chancel was not demolished until 1782. The commission was for £88 13 shillings, but Carr's fee was reduced by £25 in exchange for granting him the Freedom of the City.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The building is small and rectangular, with a semicircular niche at the rear, and a round-headed door facing the river. It is built of a mixture of limestone and sandstone. There is a parapet, which incorporates a broken 12th-century capital. There is a barrel roof, now covered in asphalt. Inside, the floor is covered in flagstones, and in the centre is a stone-lined pool, with steps down to it.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The well was closed by the Ministry of Health in 1929, at which time, an iron gate was placed over the pool. The building was grade II* listed in 1954, and it was restored in 2000.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Cemetery of Campo Santo (Portuguese: Cemitério do Campo Santo) is a cemetery in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. It is located in the Federação neighborhood of Salvador and is administered by the Santa Casa de Misericórdia da Bahia (Holy House of Mercy of Bahia), a branch of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia. Campo Santo is the oldest public cemetery in Salvador and one of the oldest in Brazil; it is also the largest in the Northeast region of the country. It covers 62,000 square metres (670,000 sq ft), has more than 40,000 burials, and continues to expand.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Campo Santo was the first municipal cemetery in Salvador and opened in 1836. It was created to meet the health concerns caused by burials in churches and convents, but the establishment of municipal cemeteries were unpopular across Brazil. A movement of adherents of religious brotherhoods and their sympathizers in Bahia known as \"Cemiterada\" invaded and almost totally destroyed the cemetery during its construction. The \"Cemiterada\" destroyed the entire front wall and part of the chapel. The Santa Casa acquired Campo Santo in 1840, and the following year began its reconstruction of the cemetery. The Santa Casa de Misericórdia of Bahia maintains ownership of the cemetery. The cemetery continues to expand; a new area was added in 2017.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Construction of the current chapel was only completed in 1870 due to the lack of resources of the Santa Casa. It was designed by the architect Carlos Croezy and built in the Gothic revival style. Croezy was also the architect for the Hospital Santa Izabel in Salvador. The chapel was inaugurated on June 6, 1874, and is the highlight of the architecture of Campo Santo.", "title": "Chapel" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Campo Santo has a large collection of funerary art and objects from the 19th and 20th century. Most notable is the Mausoleum of the Family of the Barão de Cajaíbas, which includes the \"Image of Faith\" statue. The mausoleum is of Carrara marble. It consists of a crypt, pedestal, and life-size statue of Faith. The statue was executed by the German Classicist sculptor Johann Halbig (1814-1882). The mausoleum and statue were listed as a Brazilian federally protected historic structure by the National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute in 1966.", "title": "Mausoleum of the Familiy of the Barão de Cajaíbas and the \"Image of Faith\" statue" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Numerous cemeteries were built in Salvador and the islands within its borders after Campo Santos.", "title": "Subsequent cemeteries in Salvador" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Flavoplaca kantvilasii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in Australia, it was formally described as a new species in 2007.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt in 2007; they initially classified it in the genus Caloplaca. The type specimen was collected from Western Australia, specifically at Cape Burney near the mouth of the Greenough River. This specimen, collected in January, 2004, was found growing on sandy limestone surfaces. The species epithet honours Tasmanian lichenologist Gintaras Kantvilas. Ulf Arup and colleagues transferred the taxon to the genus Flavoplaca in 2013 as part of a large-scale reorganisation of the family Teloschistaceae.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Flavoplaca kantvilasii features a rosette-like thallus, typically 1–4 mm wide, with radiating areoles that initially measure 0.8–1.2 mm in length. These areoles expand to form indistinct, dull, white-brownish orange spots. The areoles are quite thick, ranging from 0.5 to 1.8 mm in width and up to 1.3 mm in thickness. They are convex and separated by narrow cracks, occasionally forming rosettes up to 2 mm wide. The terminal and peripheral parts of the areoles tend to be undulating or dissected and expand towards the tips. Some areoles have a thin, whitish pruina at the centre and are covered in a richly blastidious margin that eventually becomes enveloped in a soredious mass.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The upper surface of the areoles varies in colour, ranging from bright yellow to brownish yellow, and sometimes with shades of whitish yellow, brownish, or dull rose with white pruina. This contrasts with the narrow yellow-orange blastidious zone along the margins or the bright yellow to brownish-greenish-orange soredious mass. The areoles have a cortex about 15–25 μm thick and an algal layer of approximately 60–70 μm, with a medullar zone around 0.6 mm thick in the central portion.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The apothecia of Flavoplaca kantvilasii are small, measuring 0.2–0.7 mm in diameter, and are lecanorine in type. The thalline margin is thick and eroded at the sides, often with 1 to 5 apothecia per areole. The disc is brownish-reddish-orange, and the thalline margin has a cortex around 10–15 μm thick. The hymenium stands 60–70 μm high, with a subhymenium up to 70 μm thick, containing numerous oil droplets. The paraphyses contain small oil droplets and widen towards the tips. The ascospores vary in shape and size, with a septum thickness of 2–8 μm. The thallus and apothecia (K+) (red), and the cortex K+ (dark brown-reddish). Key chemical components include parietin, fallacinal, parietinic acid, and teloschistin.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Flavoplaca kantvilasii shares similarities with C. citrina, yet it can be distinguished by its notably thicker and more convex areoles or squamules. Additionally, F. kantvilasii features smaller blastidia and larger conblastidia, and its asci contain a varied number of ascospores that exhibit a broader size range. In contrast to another sorediate species, C. cranfieldii, which is also discussed in this study, F. kantvilasii is characterized by its thick and highly convex areoles or squamules, which uniquely have margins that curve upwards. This species also stands out due to its larger blastidia and conblastidia, the presence of lecanorine apothecia, and longer ascospores.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Flavoplaca kantvilasii is commonly found growing on natural calcareous rocks and granite outcrops. Its habitats range from coastal areas to subalpine regions and dry inland sites. This species is also adaptable to artificial environments, thriving on man-made materials such as building blocks and asbestos sheeting.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In terms of its distribution, Flavoplaca kantvilasii is a widely distributed species across Australia. It has been recorded in various regions, including Western Australia, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, South Australia, Victoria, and Tasmania.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nano Nuclear Energy is a provider of microreactors and nuclear services. It is headquartered in New York City, United States. Established in 2021. It is an official member of the US Nuclear Industry Council (USNIC) and the Nuclear Institute organization based in the United Kingdom. Was selected as a founding member of the U.S. Department of Energy's HALEU (High Assay Low Enriched Uranium).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Was established in 2021 by Jay Jiang Yu, founder and President of Nano Nuclear Energy. The CEO and directors of reactor development are James Walker. its headquarters is located in New York City. In 2022, Nano Nuclear Energy appointed Winston Chow, former senior advisor to the US Department of Energy for East Asia, as chief policy officer (CPO), Ian Farnan, president of the Cambridge Nuclear Energy Center, as leader for the nuclear fuel cycle, radiation and materials and Eugene Shwageraus, professor of nuclear energy systems engineering in the Department of Engineering at the University of Cambridge, as lead member for nuclear reactor engineering. The Company also appointed Lassina Zerbo, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Rwanda Atomic Energy Board (RAEB), as Chairman of the Executive Advisory Board for Africa, and Jeffrey L. Binder, as Director of Laboratory and Nuclear Technologies.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Since 2023, it has become an official member of the US Nuclear Industry Council (USNIC), which advocates for the global advanced nuclear energy and supply chain, and the Nuclear Institute , based in the United Kingdom. Obtained funding of $4.14 million to finance market expansion. Participated in the New Hampshire Commission investigating the implementation of nuclear generation reactor technology in the state.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Nano Nuclear Energy was selected as a founding member of the U.S. Department of Energy's HALEU (High Assay Low Enriched Uranium) Consortium established in 2022 to support availability of nationwide research, development, demonstration, and commercial use.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2023, the Idaho National Laboratory jointly signed a strategic partnership project agreement for a nuclear fuel manufacturing capacity, where micro-reactor products were made; Solid core battery reactor and a low-pressure coolant reactor, named as ZEUS and ODIN, includes passive safety systems, such as conduction and convection, to dissipate heat without complicated mechanical systems.", "title": "Microreactors" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dufourea angustata is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is widely distributed across Australia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described in 2009 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt; they initially placed it as a member of genus Xanthoria. The type specimen was collected by the authors from rocky outcrops south of Batemans Bay in New South Wales. The species epithet angustata, derived from the Latin angustatus (\"narrow\"), alludes to the shape of the thallus lobes.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Dufourea angustata is a lichen that typically forms a reddish-orange to brick orange thallus, spanning 2–3 cm in width. It features narrow and distinct lobes that often interconnect to form a net-like pattern. These lobes are usually 0.4–1 (up to 1.2) mm wide and 5–6 mm long, with frequent and irregular branching. Including the secondary lobules, the lobes can reach up to 3.5 mm in width.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The apothecia of Dufourea angustata are small, measuring 0.5–1 mm in diameter. Initially, they appear flat and lecanorine (with a thalline margin) and later become slightly convex and biatorine (without a thalline margin). The apothecia are stipitate (having a stalk-like base) and constricted at the base. The cortex of the thalline exciple (the outer layer of the apothecium) is composed of densely packed, palisade-like cells and is up to 15 μm thick. The true exciple (the inner tissue layer of the apothecium) has a well-developed matrix, ranging from mesodermatous paraplectenchymatous to somewhat pseudoprosoplectenchymatous in structure. The hymenium, or spore-bearing layer, is very pale yellow and measures up to 65 μm in height. The subhymenium is about 15 μm thick.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The paraphyses (filamentous structures in the hymenium) often have one or two uppermost cells containing oil droplets or oil cells and widen to about 5–6 μm in diameter. The asci (spore-bearing cells) typically contain eight spores. The ascospores are small and ellipsoid, measuring 7–12 by 5.5–6 μm, with a relatively narrow septum of about 3–4 μm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Dufourea angustata is predominantly found in the coastal regions of Australia. It thrives on exposed and water-washed rocks such as schists, basalt, rhyolite, quartzite, and granite, particularly on outcrops and pebbles along the shoreline. Though less frequently, it can also be found on calcareous or limestone sea-cliffs and occasionally on man-made structures. It is rare for this species to grow on bark or dead wood, but such occurrences have been noted, for example, on the dead wood of Leptecophylla juniperina and the bark of dead Albizia lophantha.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In its natural habitats, Dufourea angustata often coexists with other lichen species such as Xanthoria ligulata, Filsoniana kiamae, and various members of the Parmeliaceae, as well as other foliose lichens. This species is sometimes affected by lichenicolous fungi including Arthonia sytnikii, Pyrenidium actinellum, and Stigmidium species.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Dufourea angustata is widely distributed across several regions in Australia, including Western Australia, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, and Tasmania.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Northwestern State Demons baseball team will represent Northwestern State University during the 2024 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Demons play their home games at H. Alvin Brown–C. C. Stroud Field and are led by first–year head coach Chris Bertrand. They are members of the Southland Conference.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "How to Learn Any Language: Quickly, Easily, Inexpensively, Enjoyably and on Your Own is a book by Barry Farber, an American radio talk show host, author, commentator and language-learning enthusiast. In this work he detailed his method for self-study by employing a multi-track study of the language, using memory aids for vocabulary, and \"hidden moments\" throughout the day.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Slavik Vlado Jablan (Serbian: Славик Владо Јаблан; 6 June 1952 – 26 February 2015) was a Serbian mathematician and crystallographer. Jablan is known for his contributions to antisymmetry, knot theory, the theory of symmetry and ornament, and ethnomathematics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Jablan was born on 6 June 1952 in Sarajevo. Jablan graduated in mathematics from the University of Belgrade (1977), where he also gained his M.A. degree (1981) and Ph.D. degree (1984) with the dissertation Theory of Simple and Multiple Antisymmetry in E2 and E2\\{O}. He was a Fulbright scholar in 2003/4. Jablan was a professor of geometry at the University of Niš until 1999; subsequently he was a researcher at the Mathematical Institute of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Jablan established the online journal VisMath in 2005 and was its editor from its inception until 2014. He joined the editorial board of the journal Symmetry in 2009 and was editor-in-chief from 2012 until 2015. After his death the journal printed a 14-page obituary. Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications printed a special issue in his memory in 2016.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Books published by Jablan:", "title": "Works" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Jablan published 65 academic papers. Selected papers available in English:", "title": "Works" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Antisymmetry and coloured symmetry:", "title": "Works" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Knot theory:", "title": "Works" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Ornament and ethnomathematics:", "title": "Works" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kaernefia kaernefeltii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is widely distributed in Australia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The species was first formally described by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, John Alan Elix, and Arne Thell. The type specimen was collected at the edge of Chittering Lake in Western Australia, where it was found growing on Melaleuca rhaphiophylla and Eucalyptus rudis. The species epithet honours the Swedish lichenologist Ingvar Kärnefelt. In 2013, Ulf Arup and colleagues transferred the taxon was to the newly circumscribed genus Kaernefia, in which it is the type species.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Kaernefia kaernefeltii is characterised by a subtle and underdeveloped thallus, typically consisting of minute granules, warts, or granular-isidia formations. This thallus may appear orange, greenish-orange, or brownish-orange and occasionally presents large, reddish apothecia, which can be either sparsely scattered or densely aggregated. The thalline granules or warts are very small, measuring about 0.05–0.08 mm in width, and range in shape from flat to raised, sometimes clustering into larger formations up to 0.2 mm wide. These granules are typically sorediate, with a dull orange to greenish or brownish-orange colour. The soredia themselves are spherical, measuring around 25–30 μm in diameter, and match the colour of the thalline granules.", "title": "Descripion" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In rare cases, a brownish hypothallus is developed. The apothecia of Kaernefia kaernefeltii are notably distinctive, measuring 0.4–2 mm in diameter and 0.25–0.3 mm in thickness. They have a lecanorine form, with a disc that is flat to somewhat concave and coloured in shades of red, rose, or brownish-red. The thalline margin is quite thick, varying from zeorine to biatorine in form, and is often pruinose with a whitish tone, occasionally eroded, displaying colours ranging from rose to rose-yellow or greenish in shaded areas. This margin can be up to 0.4 mm wide.", "title": "Descripion" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The thalline exciple includes a cortical layer around 20–30 μm thick, often filled with rhombic crystals. The true exciple has a scleroplectenchymatous texture. The hymenium stands between 55–60 μm high, while the subhymenium is a pale straw brown, approximately 15–25 μm thick. The paraphyses, widened at the tips, often contain large, bermaguiana-type oil cells. The asci are eight-spored, producing ascospores that are polarilocular, hyaline, occasionally with orange contents, and ellipsoid in shape. These spores are slightly widened at the septum, with pointed ends, and measure between 9–15 μm in length and 5–8.5 μm in width, with septa measuring 4–8 μm wide.", "title": "Descripion" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In terms of chemical composition, the epihymenium and the uppermost lateral portion of the true exciple react to a solution of potassium hydroxide (i.e., the K spot test) test by turning purple to blackish-purple in certain areas. The lichen contains several chemical compounds, including parietin as a major component, O-methylvioxanthin, fallacinal, teloschistin, and trace amounts of atranorin.", "title": "Descripion" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Kaernefia kaernefeltii predominantly thrives in the diverse ecosystems of coastal rainforests. It is also found growing in open pastures or on roadside trees. Common arboreal hosts for this species include Acacia ligulata, Myoporum insulare, various species of Leptospermum and Casuarina, as well as Ulmus species. Additionally, it is known to grow on fence posts. This lichen often coexists with several other lichen species, including Caloplaca hanneshertelii, Villophora erythrosticta, Cerothallia yarraensis, Dufourea elixii, and Dufourea filsonii, as well as species from the genera Leptogium, Rinodina, Candelariella, Micarea, and Bacidia. Kaernefia kaernefeltii has been observed in a range of environments, from undisturbed natural areas to urban landscapes.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Kaernefia kaernefeltii is known to inhabit various locations in Australia. Its presence has been recorded in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, and Tasmania. The species is found in scattered localities across these regions, indicating a wide but dispersed distribution.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Kaernefia kaernefeltii has certain resemblances to the Northern Hemisphere's epiphytic species, Caloplaca herbidella, particularly in its isidia-like formations. However, significant differences distinguish K. kaernefeltii from C. herbidella. These include a less developed thallus in K. kaernefeltii, contrasting with the more pronounced thallus of C. herbidella. Additionally, the apothecia of K. kaernefeltii are of the lecanorine type, characterized by thick white margins, which sets it apart from C. herbidella. Another key difference lies in the oil cells within the paraphyses of K. kaernefeltii, which are broadened and centrally located, a trait not observed in C. herbidella.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Identifying K. kaernefeltii can be challenging due to its variable nature. The isidia-like granules, a defining feature, may not always be present. The pruina on K. kaernefeltii also varies, ranging from absent to thickly deposited. Furthermore, K. kaernefeltii often co-occurs with similar sorediate taxa, such as Caloplaca erythrosticta, making it difficult to distinguish between them. These variations contribute to the complexity of accurately identifying K. kaernefeltii in the field.", "title": "Similar species" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Timon Moritz Weiner (born 18 January 1999) is a German professional footballer who plays as an goalkeeper for 2. Bundesliga club Holstein Kiel. He is a former Germany youth international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Weiner was born in Essen. From 2013 to 2018 he played for youth sides of Schalke 04. In the 2017–18 season he featured in the final of the Under 19 Bundesliga which Schalke 04 lost 3–1 against Hertha BSC.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In summer 2018, having not been given a professional contract at Schalke 04, Weiner joined 2. Bundesliga club Holstein Kiel. At Holstein Kiel he was the first team's third- or fourth-choice goalkeeper and played for the club's reserves in the 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22 and 2022–23 seasons. He spent the 2020–21 season on loan at 1. FC Magdeburg in the 3. Liga without making an appearance.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Weiner made his debut in the 2. Bundesliga on the last matchday of the 2022–23 season, in a 5–1 win against Hannover 96. Following good performances in pre-season and in the DFB-Pokal and after first-choice keeper Thomas Dähne had made mistakes, Weiner played his second 2. Bundesliga match and his first of the 2023–24 season on 25 August 2023, against former club Schalke 04. Holstein Kiel won 2–0 at Schalke 04's stadium.", "title": "Club career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Weiner represented Germany internationally at youth levels U15, U16, U17, U18, and U20.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns women's basketball team represents the University of Louisiana at Lafayette during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Ragin' Cajuns, led by twelfth-year head coach Garry Brodhead, plays all home games at the Cajundome along with the Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns men's basketball team. They are members of the Sun Belt Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Ragin' Cajuns finished the 2022–23 season 16–15, 10–8 in Sun Belt play to finish seventh in the conference. They made it to the 2023 Sun Belt Conference women's basketball tournament where the ultimately lost to Appalachian State in the second round. They were not invited to any additional post-season play.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "8 Stonegate is a historic building in the city centre of York, in England.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The building lies on Stonegate. It was constructed in the early-17th century, on a narrow plot, a single bay wide and two bays deep. It is three storeys high with an attic, but in about 1830, the second and attic floors were lowered, to give more headroom in the attic. Most of the jettying was removed at this time, with just the first floor jetty retained, and new windows were installed, in a Gothic revival style. Later in the century, there was a small extension at the rear of the building, to house a new staircase.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The building is timber-framed, with a stucco front and stone dressings, while the roof is covered with slates. The ground floor has a late 19th-century shopfront, with a large three-paned window and a glazed door. The first and second floors have narrow paired sash windows, while the attic has a pointed window. Inside, some timber framing is visible on the second floor, and there is a moulded ceiling beam on the first floor.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The building was grade II* listed in 1954. It is used as a shop, with accommodation above.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "In October 2023 a Russia-affiliated data-predator collective called Rhysida attacked the online information systems of British Library. Some of the library's services are expected to be unavailable for months. The main catalog may be back online by 15 January 2024. The EThOS collection of British doctoral theses remains offline.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Rhysida demanded a ransom of 20 Bitcoin to restore services and withhold stolen data. When the British Library did not acquiesce to the attempt at extortion, approximately 600GB of personnel data was released.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Flavoplaca arcisproxima is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found primarily in the coastal regions of the Crimean Peninsula and the eastern Mediterranean, particularly in Crete, Greece.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described in 2009 by the lichenologists Jan Vondrák, Jan Říha, Ulf Arup, and Ulrik Søchting. The species is named arcisproxima, meaning \"close to arcis\", reflecting its phylogenetic and morphological similarity to Caloplaca arcis. The taxon was transferred to the genus Flavoplaca in 2013 following a molecular phylogenetics-informed restructuring of the family Teloschistaceae.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Flavoplaca arcisproxima is coloured yellow to yellow-orange, comprising solitary or rarely aggregated, somewhat umbilicate squamules. These squamules are flat, smooth, and have margins divided into minute lobes. They are typically 80 to 240 µm thick and 0.44 to 1.18 mm wide. The marginal soralia are of the confusa or flavocitrina type, with soredia or blastidia measuring between 25 and 86 µm in diameter. The species lacks a distinct cortex, but has an alveolate (honeycombed) cortex with a thickness ranging from 8 to 46 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Apothecia were absent in the initial specimens of Flavoplaca arcisproxima investigated. They were found in some specimens collected in Ukraine. Conidia are quite small, with measurements ranging from 2.5 to 4.0 µm in length and 0.5 to 1.5 µm in width.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Flavoplaca arcisproxima is known from maritime sites, usually in the supralittoral zone. It prefers base-rich, hard siliceous rocks, such as diabase, and can also be found on lime-rich claystone. The species is found accompanying several other lichen species, including Caloplaca cf. aegea, Calogaya biatorina, Caloplaca aff. furax, Kuettlingeria teicholyta, Candelariella plumbea, C. vitellina, Catillaria chalybeia, Diplotomma alboatrum, Polyozosia albescens, Polyozosia dispersa, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Verrucaria macrostoma f. furfuracea, and Xanthoria cf. calcicola. The species is known from the Black Sea region of the Crimean Peninsula and Crete in the eastern Mediterranean.", "title": "Distribution and ecology" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Events in the year 1848 in Colombia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "8 February - The Treaty of Lima is signed.", "title": "Events" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Citizens of New Granada demand that general José Hilario López get elected as president.", "title": "Events" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Revolution of 1848.", "title": "Events" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "In the first edition of the tournament, Marcelo Filippini and Luiz Mattar won the title by defeating Sergio Casal and Emilio Sánchez 7–6, 6–4 in the final.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Otso Koskinen (born 1 January 2003) is a Finnish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Veikkausliiga side Lahti.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "FC Honka", "title": "Honours" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Bisalta, also known as Besimauda, is a mountain of Piedmont, Italy. It is part of the Ligurian Alps and has an elevation of 2,231 metres (7,320 ft).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The mountain is located between the Pesio valley and the smaller valleys of the Colla and Josina rivers, in the territory of Boves and Peveragno, in the Province of Cuneo. It has two peaks (the main one 2,231 meters above sea level, the subpeak 2,018 meters above sea level), from which it derives its name (\"bis alta\", \"twice high\"). Both the main peak and the subpeak have a summit cross. Due to its location the Bisalta is an exceptional panoramic point, allowing to see even the Ligurian Sea in particularly clear days.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In the 19th century, the Bisalta was climbed by mountaineers such as Douglas Freshfield and W. A. B. Coolidge. During the Second World War, it became a base for Italian partisan groups (Boves massacre). In the 1950s Felice Ippolito carried out prospections in the search of uranium, and in July 1960 a lightning killed four people when it hit the summit cross during a religious ceremony.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The name Bisalta is sometimes used to refer to the entire massif formed by the Bisalta proper and the nearby Bric Costa Rossa.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Margaretta is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Margaretta may also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Healing Water (Hungarian: Büdösvíz) is a 1967 Hungarian comedy film directed by Frigyes Bán and starring János Körmendi, Attila Nagy and Mari Szemes. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Melinda Vasáry.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "When a mineral water well is discovered in a small village, an entrepreneur has plans to turn it into a major tourist attraction.", "title": "Synopsis" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Alexander Murray Pope (born 3 June 1944) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Pope was born in Brisbane and attended Marist College Ashgrove.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A centre, Pope was capped once for the Wallabies, against the All Blacks at Ballymore Stadium in 1968, which was lost in controversial circumstances. He played in three first-grade premierships with Brisbane club Brothers and in 1971 had the distinction of captaining Queensland.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Pope turned to acting in the late 1970s, with roles on screen and stage, including musicals. He is a close friend of actor and former rugby teammate Ray Meagher and appeared on his 2022 episode of This is Your Life.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "UCX may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Las Vigas is a municipality in the Mexican state of Guerrero, located about 95 kilometres (59 mi) southeast of the state capital of Chilpancingo. Its creation from the municipality of San Marcos was approved in 2021 and went into force on 21 May 2022.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The municipality of Las Vigas is located in the Costa Chica region of eastern Guerrero. It borders the municipalities of San Marcos to the west, Tecoanapa to the north, Florencio Villarreal to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Most of the municipality lies within the drainage basin of Tecomate Lagoon, which extends into the southwestern part of the municipality, and is part of the Lagunas Costeras de Guerrero Key Biodiversity Area. The northeastern part of the municipality lies in the basin of the Nexpa River, which forms part of the border between Las Vigas and Florencio Villarreal.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Las Vigas has a subhumid temperate climate with rain in the summer. Average temperatures range between 26 and 28 °C (79–82 °F).", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Las Vigas and its surrounding communities had been demanding the creation of an independent municipal government since at least 2014. On 31 August 2021, the Guerrero state congress approved the formation of the municipality of Las Vigas from nineteen localities previously belonging to San Marcos. The state constitutional amendment establishing the municipality was passed on 13 January 2022 and went into force on 21 May 2022.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Las Vigas will hold its first elections as an independent municipality in 2024. The municipal government of Las Vigas will consist of a municipal president, a councillor (Spanish: síndico), and six trustees (regidores).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In the 2020 Mexican Census, the localities that now comprise the municipality of Las Vigas recorded a population of 9449 inhabitants. The municipal seat, also named Las Vigas, recorded a population of 4762 inhabitants in the 2020 Census.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The flat land of Las Vigas is well suited for farming and animal husbandry. The municipality is irrigated by the Nexpa River and the Revolución Mexicana reservoir on that river. Fishing and artisanal salt production are practised in Tecomate Lagoon.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Mexican Federal Highway 200 runs through the municipal seat, connecting it with San Marcos and Acapulco to the west, and Cruz Grande and Ometepec to the east.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Secondary education is available in Las Vigas, including a preparatory school for the Autonomous University of Guerrero.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sail into Danger, also known as El Aventurero, is a 1957 British second feature film directed by Kenneth Hume and starring Dennis O'Keefe, Kathleen Ryan and James Hayter.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ex-smuggler Steve Ryman is a Barcelona motor launch operator, along with his friend Monty and Angel, a local boy. Steve is involved in a fight, and jailed. His bail is paid by a mysterious benefactor, and he meets Lena, who blackmails Steve into taking her and her gang to Tangier. The gang murder Angel, shoot Monty, knock out Steve and set him adrift in a boat. He recovers in time to save the boat, take Monty to hospital and pursue the gang to the mountains. He kills two of them, and the police arrive to arrest Lena.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: \"An interesting script, with a sparkle of necrophilia about it, makes one regret that casting and direction were not more ambitious or enthusiastic. John Bull as Angel adds charm to an otherwise monotonous series of performances.\"", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Kine Weekly said: \"Dennis O'Keefe makes a rugged and determined Steve, Ana Luisa Peluffo displays considerable charm in the comparatively small role of Josafina, and John Bull is a likeable Angel. Kathleen Ryan hardly suggests the ruthless bad hat as Lena, but the rest measure up to demands. Its juvenile and love interests smoothly dovetail into its exciting main plot, and the final chase is spectacular.\"", "title": "Critical reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "XLK may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "XTN or xtn may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John Clendenin may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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