Datasets:

---

hpprc

/

enwiki

like 4

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Buellia phillipensis is a little-known species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Physciaceae, described in 2020. It is only known to occur on Phillip Island in the Southwest Pacific.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Buellia phillipensis was formally described as a new species by the Australian lichenologist John Elix in 2020. It is named after its type locality on Phillip Island, which is one of three islands that collectively form the Territory of Norfolk Island.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Buellia phillipensis is crustose and has a rimose to rimose-areolate texture, spreading up to 15 mm wide. The areoles are crowded, measuring 0.3–1 mm wide, irregular, angular, and flat. The upper surface is white, shiny, with a prominent black prothallus at the margins. The medulla is white, does not contain calcium oxalate, and the photobiont cells measure 10–16 µm in diameter. The apothecia are small, 0.1–0.4 mm wide, initially lecanorine then changing to biatorine or lecideine, and separate or grouped. The thalline margin of the apothecia ultimately becomes excluded with age. The disc is black, non-powdery (epruinose), and either weakly concave or flat. The proper exciple is thin, persistent, and black, with an outer zone that is aeruginose-black, 25–30 µm thick. The epihymenium is dark brown to aeruginose, while the hypothecium beneath is brown to deep brown and 50–86 µm thick. The hymenium is 50–60 µm thick, colorless, and the subhymenium beneath it is pale brown, 10–15 µm thick. Paraphyses are 1.5–2 µm wide, sparsely branched, with dark brown capped tips. The asci are of the Bacidia type, containing eight spores. The ascospores are Buellia-type, brown, ellipsoid, measuring 9–13 by 5–8 µm, and the outer spore-wall is microrugulate. The pycnidia are brown to black, immersed, with bacilliform conidia measuring 4–5 by 0.7–1 µm. Chemically, the medulla contains no lichen substances.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Buellia phillipensis shares similarities with Buellia cranwelliae, but is distinguished by having cryptolecanorine apothecia and the absence of calcium oxalate in the medulla.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Known only from its type locality, Buellia phillipensis was collected from a rock outcrop in a valley dominated by African olive trees. Associated lichen species in the habitat include Diploschistes actinostomus, Lecidella enteroleucella, Lecidella granulosula, Parmotrema tinctorum, Pertusaria xanthoplaca, Rinodina luridata, and Rinodina oxydata.", "title": "Distribution and ecology" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use Australian English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Lichengloss" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a list of protected areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Uncategorized" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Baculifera confusa is a species of lignicolous (wood-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It is found in Australia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Baculifera confusa was formally described as a new species in 2020 by Australian lichenologist the John Elix. The species name confusa follows from its previous confusion with Baculifera xylophila. The type locality of Baculifera confusa was collected in South Australia at Murray Park Flora and Fauna Reserve, Murray Bridge. It was found at an altitude of 30 m (98 ft), growing on dead wood in remnant mallee scrub with Callitris and Eucalyptus. The holotype was collected by the author on 31 December 2005.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Baculifera confusa is crustose, endophloedal and not apparent, or epiphloedal, extending up to approximately 15 mm wide. It varies in colour from pale grey to dark brown and is up to 100 µm thick. The lichen has a rimose or rimose-areolate texture, with areoles measuring 0.1–0.4 mm wide. The lichen does not produce soredia, and the prothallus is marginal, black when abutting other lichens, or not apparent. The medulla lacks calcium oxalate, and the photobiont cells are 10–20 µm wide.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The species is similar to Baculifera xylophila, but it can be distinguished by its colourless to pale yellow-brown hypothecium, smaller ascospores measuring 11–17 by 6–8 µm, and shorter conidia, 5–6 µm long.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Baculifera confusa is found on dead wood in inland areas of southern Western Australia, South Australia, and New South Wales. It often coexists with other lichen species such as Amandinea extenuata, Austromelanelixia piliferella, Austroparmelina conlabrosa, A. pseudorelicina, Buellia reagenella, Flavoparmelia rutidota, Japewiella variabilis, Physcia jackii, Ramboldia brunneocarpa, and Usnea inermis.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Convert", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Orphan", "Template:Use Australian English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Henry Austin was a Texas settler.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Henry Austin (January 31, 1781– January 23, 1852) was born in New Haven, Connecticut to Elijah and Esther (Phelps) Austin. He joined the merchant marine at the age of twelve, first as a cabin boy on a ship bound for China. He had five brothers and two sisters. One of his sisters was Mary Austin Holley.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Elijah Austin was a ship owner, a captain, and a shop keeper. He died of yellow fever in New York in 1794. After the family learned that the estate was insolvent, Henry, at the age of fourteen, joined the crew of Captain Daniel Greene and embarked on a round-the-world tour on board the Neptune.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Austin was a merchant in New Haven and New York City between 1805 and 1825, but by his own omission, some of those early business ventures were failures.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1824, Austin received an invitation from Stephen F. Austin to settle and establish a business in his Texas colony. While not immediately taking up the offer, Henry did sail to other parts of Mexico in 1825, where he attempted various businesses.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Austin married Mary Tailer in 1814. They had three daughters and three sons.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Austin died on January 23, 1852.", "title": "Death" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Lee, Rebecca Smith (1962). Mary Austin Holley: A Biography. Austin: University of Texas Press.", "title": "Bibliography" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "Template:Other uses", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite journal", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Texas-stub", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use mdy dates", "Template:Endash", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Authority control" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Xanthichthys greenei also known as Kiri triggerfish is a relatively new species of triggerfish first identified in 2005 from Kiritimati atoll, Kiribati. It is abundant on coral rubble and holes adjacent to deeper drop-offs at several localities of the coasts of Kiritimati. It has always been observed near the reef substratum, where it would seek shelter when approached.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The fish was first spotted at a mesophotoic depth of 90 to 100 m (295-330ft) at the Kiritimati of the Line Islands. Brian Greene, caught the first specimen with his bare hands when he was scuba diving.", "title": "Description" } ]

[ "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Cite journal", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Zuojiazhuang station (Chinese: 左家庄站; pinyin: Zuǒjiāzhuāng Zhàn) is a station on the Line 17 of Beijing Subway. The station is about to open on 30 December 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The station is located under the interchange between Xiangheyuan Bridge and Xiangheyuan Road, in Zuojiazhuang Subdistrict, where the name of the station comes from, in Chaoyang District, Beijing.", "title": "Location" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The total construction area of the station is 20,384 square metres and the total length is 282.3 metres. The station has one island platform.", "title": "Station layout" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The station will have 3 exits, with Exit A leading to Xiangheyuan North Street, B to Xiangheyuan Road, and D to Zuojiazhuang West Street. Exit A is accessible", "title": "Station layout" } ]

[ "Template:Cite journal", "Template:Short description", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite news", "Template:Beijing Subway Station", "Template:Beijing-Subway-stub", "Template:Infobox station", "Template:Zh" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Amandinea pilbarensis is a little-known species of crustose lichen in the family Physciaceae, First described in 2020, it is found in Australia. It is similar to Amandinea polyxanthonica, but can be distinguished by its smaller ascospores and the presence of calcium oxalate and thiophanic acid in the medulla.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Amandinea pilbarensis was formally described by the Australian lichenologist John Elix in 2020. The type specimen was collected in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 27 km (17 mi) southwest of the De Grey River, east of Port Hedland, on siliceous rock. The specimen was collected by Alexander Clifford Beauglehole in August 1965. The species name refers to its type locality.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Amandinea pilbarensis is characterised by a crustose (crust-like), rimose (cracked)-areolate (divided into small areas) thallus, which can spread up to 15 mm wide and 0.1 mm thick. Angular to irregularly shaped individual areoles (small, discrete patches) range from 0.1 to 0.5 mm wide, with the tendency to become weakly radiate (spreading out) at the margin. Its upper surface, white to pale cream in colour, is matt (not shiny) and lacks a prothallus. Containing calcium oxalate, the medulla (internal layer) appears white. Cells of the photobiont (symbiotic green algae) measure 6–12 µm in diameter.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mm wide, the apothecia (fruiting bodies) are lecideine in form (having certain disc and margin characteristics), transitioning from immersed to broadly adnate (attached flatly), sometimes appearing sessile (without a stalk) and constricted at the base, dispersed, rounded. Black and epruinose (not powdery), the disc is either plane (flat) or becomes convex with age. The thin, persistent proper exciple (outer rim of the apothecium) often has adhering necrotic thalline (lichen body) fragments. In a sectional view, the outer zone is dark brown, cupuliform (cup-shaped) and measures 20–30 µm thick; the inner zone is pale brown to colourless.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The brown epihymenium (uppermost layer of the apothecium) measures 5–8 µm thick. Colourless to pale brown, the hypothecium (layer beneath the hymenium) has a thickness of 40–60 µm. With a thickness of 38–48 µm, the colourless hymenium (spore-bearing layer) is not inspersed, and the subhymenium (layer beneath the hymenium) shares similar characteristics, being 10–15 µm thick and colourless. Sparsely branched paraphyses (filament-like structures in the hymenium) have a width of 1.2–2 µm, with apices 3–5 µm wide and brown caps. The Bacidia-type asci typically contain eight spores. Mature ascospores (spores produced in asci) are Buellia-type, pale brown to brown, ellipsoid, measuring 8–13 by 5–7 µm, and show constriction at the septum (division); the outer spore-wall is smooth. Immersed pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) have a black ostiole (opening). Measuring 12–20 by 0.7 µm, the conidia (asexual spores) are filiform (thread-like), curved.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Amandinea santantaoensis is somewhat similar in appearance to A. pilbarensis, but differs in having a pale yellow to pale yellow-brown surface colour; longer, curved conidia measuring 22–32 by 0.7 µm; and in containing 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone instead of thiophanic acid.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The thallus surface of Amandinea pilbarensis is UV−, and the thallus medulla does not react to potassium hydroxide (K−). The pseudostroma surface is UV+ (pink to orange), and pigmented parts of pseudostroma react K+ (blood red). Thin-layer chromatography analysis reveals the presence of an anthraquinone, likely parietin.", "title": "Chemistry" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Amandinea pilbarensis is found on the smooth bark of trees in the Atlantic rainforest. At the time of its original publication, it was known only from the type collection in Australia. Associated lichen species include Australiaena streimannii, Buellia kimberleyana, and Caloplaca leptozona.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Use Australian English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Convert", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nina Hietanen (born 21 August 1985) is a retired Finnish footballer who played for Åland United, FC Honka and Swedish club Hammarby. Hietanen made 13 appearances for the Finland national team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Finland-women-footy-bio-stub", "Template:Finland-footy-forward-stub", "Template:Linkrot", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox football biography" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2022 FIBA 3x3 AmeriCup – Men's tournament is the second edition of this continental championship. The event was held in Miami, United States. It was contested by 18 teams.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "United States successfully defended their title with a win over Puerto Rico in the final by the scoreline 21–18. While in the third place play off, Brazil defeated surprise package, Trinidad and Tobago, to claim bronze.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Miami was given the hosting rights for the second successive time.", "title": "Host selection" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "All National Federations in the Americas region were invited to register a team for the 2022 FIBA 3x3 AmeriCup.", "title": "Participating teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The two group winners qualify for the next round.", "title": "Qualifying draw" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "All times are local.", "title": "Knockout stage" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "These players were given the awards after the competition:", "title": "Awards" } ]

[ "Template:About", "Template:Infobox international basketball competition", "Template:3x3", "Template:Reflist", "Template:FIBA 3x3 AmeriCup", "Template:Location map ", "Template:Tooltip", "Template:Flagicon", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bilawal Stadium also known as Bilawal Sports Complex Nawabshah, named after Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, the current Foreign Minister of Pakistan and Chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party, is a multi-sports complex in Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan. While cricket remains its primary focus, the complex boasts facilities for various sporting activities, fostering physical fitness and recreation for diverse interests.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox venue", "Template:Uncategorized", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "2013: Infected Wars is a co-op action horror shooter video game both developed and published by Action Mobile Inc. It was released on September 4, 2013, for the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch, on March 24, 2015, in North America, and on July 2, 2015, in Europe for the PlayStation Vita. 2013: Infected Wars uses Epic's Unreal Engine 3.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The game is a third-person shooter. Players must use their weapons to clear areas of zombies and rescue civilians. The game features a variety of weapons, including assault rifles, shotguns, and sniper rifles. Players can also use a viral gun to kill enemies. The game is divided into missions with varying objectives such as clearing an area of zombies or rescuing civilians. The game also features a co-op mode.", "title": "Gameplay" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "2013: Infected Wars received \"mixed or average\" according to review aggregator Metacritic.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Jon Mundy on Pocket Gamer UK says that \"2013: Infected Wars is a deeply ordinary and forgettable shooter that's lifted by the novel presence of co-operative multiplayer. Even then, it still barely registers as above-average. Those specifically looking to play out a post-apocalyptic buddy movie situation on their iOS device will, however, doubtless find this a blast.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "David Clarke on TouchArcade says that \"2013: Infected Wars is a meal cooked ten years ago, frozen and reheated five times over, and served on a plate made out of a laserdisc copy of Uwe Boll’s Alone in the Dark. You can keep your “console quality graphics and sound.\" Just give me some inspiration.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox video game", "Template:Video game reviews", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Short description", "Template:Orphan" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Across the Water is an album by the American musician Bernard Allison, released in 2000. Allison supported the album with a North American tour. It was Allison's second album to be released in the United States.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Recorded in Memphis and Minneapolis, the album was produced by Jim Gaines. Allison felt it was necessary to add rock elements to his music, as blues was becoming less popular with younger Black audiences. \"I Just Came Back to Say Goodbye\" is a cover of the Colin James song. \"Love Is Free\" and \"Change Your Way of Living\" are covers of songs by Allison's father, Luther Allison. \"There's No Higher Love\" employs a horn section.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Exclaim! wrote that \"Bernard's guitar burns and blisters harder and faster across much of this release and his tone is to die for.\" Billboard praised \"the bluesy Hendrix riffage of the title track.\" The Hartford Courant said that Allison is \"an inventive guitarist, sprinkling crunchy power chords, gritty solos and funky wah-wah lines all over the album.\"", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Washington Post opined that, \"at times, Across the Water sounds like an early-'70s Savoy Brown album with all the lumbering bombast and broad gestures such an analogy implies.\" The Ottawa Citizen concluded that Allison \"seems to be making a grab for the Top-10 ring of pop music success and, for better or worse, he's got too much pure ability and blues chops to make it work.\" The Fort Worth Star-Telegram determined that \"Allison's blues can get generic at times, but far more often he is convincing.\"", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "AllMusic wrote that \"rock, funk, and straight-ahead blues are all covered with ease.\"", "title": "Critical reception" } ]

[ "Template:Cite magazine", "Template:Infobox album", "Template:Music ratings", "Template:Track listing", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite news" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Graphis halonata is a species of lichen in the family Graphidaceae, first described in 2018. It is found in Brazil. The species is distinguished by its saxicolous (rock-dwelling) habitat, presence of norstictic acid, and unique ascospore characteristics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Graphis halonata was formally described by the lichenologists Klaus Kalb and André Aptroot in 2018. The type specimen was collected in the Serra do Espinhaco, specifically Serra do Caraça [pt], Bocaina, Minas Gerais, Brazil, on a sandstone boulder at an altitude of 1,450 m (4,760 ft). The specific epithet halonata refers to the characteristic halonate (halo-like) ascospores found in this species.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Graphis halonata is saxicolous, crustose, discontinuous and uneven. It lacks a cortex, is dull and ochraceous white, measuring up to 0.2 mm thick, and is not surrounded by a prothallus. The photobiont is trentepohlioid. Ascomata are erumpent from the thallus, completely carbonized, not striate, wavy linear, irregularly branched and partly divided into separate discs, measuring 0.5–2.5 mm long, about 0.4 mm wide, and approximately 0.3 mm high. The rim is black, and the thalline margin is lateral and ochraceous white. The hamathecium is 100–125 μm high and not inspersed. Ascospores, which number eight per ascus, are hyaline, IKI+ (violet), and broadly ellipsoid in shape. These spores are muriform (i.e., divided into lumina or locules by intersecting 3–5 longitudinal and 0–3 transverse septa), measuring 18–26 by 12–15 μm, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath about 5 μm wide, with lumina arranged somewhat spirally. Pycnidia were not observed.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Chemical spot tests show that the thallus and thalline margin of the apothecia are UV−, C−, P−, and K+ (yellow turning red). Thin-layer chromatography analysis shows the presence of norstictic and connorstictic acids.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Graphis halonata was found on a free-standing sandstone boulder and at the time of original publication was known only from Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Use British English", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Ill", "Template:Convert", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Taxonbar" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Abu Agila Mohammad Masud Kheir Al-Marimi is a Tunisian-born Libyan former military and intelligence operative accused of being the bomb maker for Pan Am Flight 103, known as the 'Lockerbie bombing'.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He was charged by the U.S. in December 2020, and arrested in December 2022. He pled not guilty in February 2023, and it was announced that he would face a federal trial. In December 2023 a trial was set for May 2025.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite book" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pakistan Military Accounts Department (PMAD) is an attached department of the Ministry of Defence. It is primarily responsible for making payments to the armed forces, maintaining its accounts and providing financial advice to the defense authorities.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "PMAD’s primary responsibilities encompass the upkeep of Defence Services accounts, disbursing salaries & benefits to Commissioned Officers, JCOs/ORs, and civilians who are compensated from Defence Services Estimates. Additionally, it manages the auditing and payment processes for both local and imported stores, as well as the auditing and payment procedures related to Defence Services Works. PMAD also oversees internal auditing, the compilation of Defence Services receipts/expenditures, the creation of Appropriation Accounts, and the settlement of Railway and PIA Claims associated with the Defence Side. PMAD undertakes a dual role, that is, it handles both accounting and internal auditing tasks.", "title": "Functions" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In November 2023, Pakistan Post announced that it would stop paying pensions to military accounts. This amount will be transferred to the banks from December 1. The decision was taken to meet the requirements of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) after it failed to digitize its accounts.", "title": "Changes in pension payments" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "PMAD also organizes sports activities. For example, during the Pakistan Military Accounts Department, a cricket match was played between Peshawar and Wah Cantt teams. Apart from this, Pakistan Military Accounts Sports Festival 2017 was inaugurated at Qayyum Stadium.", "title": "Sports activities" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2014, in a notable legal case, the Sindh High Court (SHC) suspended the notification proceedings regarding the transfer of the Controller of Naval Accounts.", "title": "Legal issues" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Karl Ludwig von Erlach (10 November 1746 – 5 March 1798) was a Swiss military officer who commanded the Swiss Army during the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Erlach was born in Bern into the noble Erlach family. His father, also called Karl Ludwig von Erlach, was a colonel and baillif. Erlach began his career as an officer of the Swiss Guards in French service. In 1774, he was promoted to colonel and given command of the Schomberg Dragoons regiment, and the next year he was made a Knight of the Order of Military Merit. Erlach reached the rank of maréchal de camp in 1790.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He was a member of the Grand Council of Bern since 1775. In 1791, after returning to Switzerland, Erlach commanded the Bernese troops sent to suppress a revolt in Vaud.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "When Revolutionary France invaded the Swiss Confederation in February 1798, Erlach was appointed supreme commander of the Swiss Army by the Confederation's War Council. Although he developed a defensive plan, Erlach could not implement his strategy due to the interference of the War Council, and was defeated by General Balthazar Schauenburg at the decisive Battle of Grauholz on 5 March. After the battle, Erlach began a retreat to the Bernese Oberland, where he planned to continue resistance against the French. Later that day, near Wichtrach, Erlach was assassinated by his own soldiers, who mistakenly believed him to be traitor.", "title": "Biography" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist", "Template:HDS", "Template:Authority control" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dictyonema yunnanum is a little-known species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. Found in a tropical area in Southwestern China, this species is characterised by its filamentous, micro-fruticulose thallus. A main distinguishing feature is the presence of erect fibrils with silvery or white tips.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The species was formally described in 2018 by Dong Liu, Xin-Yu Wang, and Li-Song Wang. It was given the species epithet referring to its type locality in Yunnan, China. The type specimen, collected from Mengsuo Dragon Pond Park (in Pu'er City) was found growing on moss, which itself was growing on bark. It is differentiated from D. thelephora by its erect fibrils with silvery or white tips. It is distinguished from other Dictyonema species by various morphological traits, such as its filamentous thallus, the absence of clamp connections in the hyphae, and specific features of its photobiont filaments.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Dictyonema yunnanum is filamentous, ascending or erect, micro-fruticulose, and tightly interwoven. The fibrils are 1–8 mm tall and 180–248 μm thick. Its photobiont is cyanobacterial, and the lichen does not form a distinct medulla. Other characteristics of the lichen are its dark bluish-green to black filaments and the absence of a prothallus. All of the standard chemical spot tests are negative.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Dictyonema yunnanum grows on mosses over bark, co-existing with species of Cladonia, Graphis, and Sticta. This lichen is little known, having been documented from a single collection at its type locality, in the tropical area of Yunnan Province (Southwestern China).", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Herman Schroeder House and Livery is a historic residence in Shakopee, Minnesota, United States. The house and outbuilding were constructed in 1880 for Herman Schroeder (1854–1922), the longtime owner of Shakopee's most successful brickyard and an influential civic leader. Both buildings feature ornate brick detailing, including on an outhouse addition to the livery. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023 for its significance in the theme of art. It was nominated for its association with Schroeder, a German immigrant whose signature red \"Shakopee\" bricks were used in numerous buildings throughout the region.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox NRHP", "Template:Clear", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite report" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "VideoPoet is a large language model developed by Google Research in 2023 for video making. It can be asked to animate still images. The model accepts text and image and video as prompt input, with a program to add feature for any input to any format generated content. It is in private test phase.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Astrothelium trematum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first described in 2018. Found only in Brazil, it is characterised by its lack of lichexanthone and pigments, and distinctive ascospores.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Astrothelium trematum was formally described by lichenologists Klaus Kalb and André Aptroot in 2018. The type specimen was collected near Caraguatatuba, São Paulo, Brazil, in a plantation of Theobroma cacao. The specimen was collected by the first author on 9 March 1980. The specific epithet trematum refers to the distinct ring around the ostiole that separates the ostiole from the thallus.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Astrothelium trematum is dull, up to 0.3 mm thick, and pale olivaceous green, with a thick cortex and a medulla containing hyaline crystals. It is not surrounded by a prothallus. Ascomata are spherical to pyriform, 0.6–0.9 mm in diameter, solitary in pseudostromatal warts. The pseudostroma is low hemispherical, almost completely covered by a thallus layer, about 1–1.5 mm in diameter, and without pigmentation. Ostioles are apical, consisting of exposed carbonized, black ascoma wall, about 0.2 mm wide, surrounded by a whitish ring of approximately 0.3 mm in diameter. The hamathecium is not inspersed. Ascospores number eight per ascus, and are hyaline with 5 to 7 septa, measuring 95–135 by 25–33 μm. They have a long ellipsoid shape with internal diamond-shaped lumina. Pycnidia were not observed.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The thallus of Astrothelium trematum is UV−, C−, K−, KC−, and P−. Thin-layer chromatography analysis did not detect any secondary metabolites.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Astrothelium trematum was found on tree bark in a cocoa plantation, and at the time of its original publication, was known only to occur in Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The following are the results by riding (electoral district) of the 1995 Ontario general election, that was held on June 8, 1995.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Constituency results" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Due to resignations, five by-elections were held between the 1995 and 1999 elections.", "title": "Byelections" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox election", "Template:Canadian politics/candlist header", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 12th Artillery Regiment \"Savona\" (Italian: 12° Reggimento Artiglieria \"Savona\") is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Vacile in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The regiment was formed in 1884 by the Royal Italian Army. During World War I the regiment served on the on the Italian front. In 1935 the regiment was assigned to the 27th Infantry Division \"Sila\", with which the regiment participated in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. In 1939 the regiment was transferred to the 55th Infantry Division \"Savona\", which was deployed to Libya at the outbreak of World War II. The division participated in the Western Desert campaign, during which the division and its regiments were overwhelmed by British forces during Operation Crusader and declared lost due to wartime events on 17 January 1942.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The unit was reformed in Vacile as 12th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group \"Capua\" and assigned to the 32nd Armored Brigade \"Mameli\". With the end of the Cold War the group was disbanded in 1991. The regimental anniversary falls, as for all artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On 1 November 1884 the 12th Field Artillery Regiment was formed in Capua with ten batteries, with the 1st Field Artillery Regiment, 2nd Field Artillery Regiment, 3rd Field Artillery Regiment, 7th Field Artillery Regiment and 10th Field Artillery Regiment having ceded two batteries each to help form the new regiment. On 1 November 1888 the regiment ceded eight batteries and one train company to help form the 24th Field Artillery Regiment.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1895-96 the regiment provided five officers and 75 troops to augment units deployed to Eritrea for the First Italo-Ethiopian War. During the Italo-Turkish War in 1911-12 the regiment mobilized one of its group commands and provided the personnel to form three batteries, which were deployed to Libya. The regiment also provided six officers and 217 troops for other deployed units. On 1 January 1915 the regiment ceded its II Group to help form the 34th Field Artillery Regiment.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "At the outbreak of World War I the regiment consisted of a command, two groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, one group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, and a depot. During the war the regiment's depot in Capua formed the command of the 49th Field Artillery Regiment. In 1915 the regiment fought initially at Sagrado, before being deployed to Monte Sei Busi and Doberdò for the Second Battle of the Isonzo. In the September of that year the regiment was deployed at Marcottini and on Monte San Michele. In 1916 the regiment fought in the Fifth Battle of the Isonzo at Oslavia and on the Sabotin. In June the regiment was transferred to the Asiago plateau to shore up Italian lines after the Battle of Asiago. Deployed in the Val Frenzela the regiment fought for control of Monte Fior and then Monte Zebio. In June 1917 the regiment was transferred to Monte Ortigara for the Battle of Mount Ortigara, while in August and September the regiment was on the Banjšice plateau for the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo. During the Second Battle of the Piave River the regiment was in the Val Lagarina and afterwards deployed to help try conquer the Dosso Alto di Zures. During the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto the regiment pursued the fleeing Austro-Hungarian troops to Mori and then further up the Adige Valley to Trento. After the war the regiment dispatched its 9th Battery to Tripolitania to help quell local resistance against Italian rule.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1926 the regiment was assigned to the 27th Territorial Division of Catanzaro and consisted of a command, one group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, two groups with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, one group with mule-carried 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, and a depot. In January 1935 the 27th Territorial Division of Catanzaro was renamed 27th Infantry Division \"Sila\" and consequently the regiment was renamed 12th Artillery Regiment \"Sila\".", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In late summer 1935 the division was sent to Eritrea for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The regiment deployed to East Africa with three groups with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, one of which was transferred for the war from the 2nd Artillery Regiment \"Metauro\" and one from the 7th Artillery Regiment \"Curtatone e Montanara\". In October 1935 the division participated in the capture of Mek'ele. From 4 November 1935 the division was stationed in the Adigrat and in December 1936 it fought in the Ādī K’edawīt - Doghea Pass area. The division undertook reconnaissance raids towards Ziban Debrī Bota and Celecot. On 19 January 1936 the division broke through the Ethiopian defenses and captured several towns in Tembien Province. It did not participate in the nearby First Battle of Tembien and acted only in the final stages of Battle of Amba Aradam, capturing Āmba Ālagē on 26 February 1936. The regimen then fought in the Second Battle of Tembien, before the entire division moved in March 1936 to the Finarwa - Sek'ot'a region, where it remained until the end of war.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "During the regiment's absence its depot in Capua formed a group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers for the 45th Artillery Regiment \"Sila II\", which replaced the regiment during its time in East Africa and incorporated the regiment's units left in Italy. When the 12th Artillery Regiment \"Sila\" returned in November 1936 to from the war the 45th Artillery Regiment \"Sila II\" was disbanded. For its conduct and service in Ethiopia between August 1941 and May 1942 the regiment was awarded a Bronze Medal of Military Valour, which was affixed on the regiment's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coats of arms.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The regiment consisted now of a command, a command unit, the I Group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, the II Group with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, the IV Group with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, an anti-aircraft battery with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns, and a depot. On 27 April 1939 the regiment was transferred to the newly formed 55th Infantry Division \"Savona\" and consequently changed its name to 12th Artillery Regiment \"Savona\". On 1 September of the same year the regiment formed the III Group with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, while transferring its IV Group with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns to the 9th Artillery Regiment \"Brennero\". Ten days later the regiment was sent to Libya.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On 10 June 1940, the day Italy entered World War II, the regiment consisted of a command, command unit, the I Group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, the II Group with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, the III Group with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, and the 13th Anti-aircraft Battery with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns. The regiment was assigned to the 55th Infantry Division \"Savona\", which also included the 15th Infantry Regiment \"Ferrara\" and 16th Infantry Regiment \"Savona\". Since September 1939 the division was garrisoned in ʽAziziya south-west of Tripoli.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The division did not participate in the Italian invasion of Egypt in 1940 and, due to the losses suffered by the Italian 10th Army during the British Operation Compass, the regiment had to cede some of its units to help rebuild units, which had escaped the British advance. By March 1941 the regiment consisted of a command, command unit, one group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, one group with 105/28 battery with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns. In June 1941 the division left its base to participate in the Siege of Tobruk. The division then participated in the Western Desert campaign. On 4 December 1941 the division was ordered to form the Axis rearguard during the British Operation Crusader. The division took up positions along the Sollum-Bardia-Halfaya Pass and held out until 2 January 1942, when its encircled units began to surrender. The division and its regiments were declared lost due to wartime events on 17 January 1942.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "For its conduct and sacrifice during Operation Crusader between 18 November 1941 and 17 January 1942 the regiment was awarded a Silver Medal of Military Valour, which was affixed on the regiment's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coats of arms.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "During the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions and groups were granted for the first time their own flags. On 1 October 1975 the 132nd Armored Artillery Regiment's I Self-propelled Field Artillery Group in Vacile was renamed 12th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group \"Capua\". To avoid confusion with the 16th Infantry Battalion \"Savona\" the group was named for the city of Capua, where the 12th Artillery Regiment \"Savona\" had been based from 1884 to 1940. The group was assigned to the 32nd Armored Brigade \"Mameli\" and consisted of a command, a command and services battery, and three batteries equipped with M109G 155mm self-propelled howitzers. At the time the group fielded 477 men (38 officers, 62 non-commissioned officers, and 377 soldiers).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "On 12 November 1976 the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone assigned with decree 846 the flag and traditions of the 12th Artillery Regiment \"Savona\" to the group. For its conduct and work after the 1976 Friuli earthquake the group was awarded a Silver Medal of Army Valour, which was affixed to the group's flag and added to the group's coat of arms.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "With the end of the Cold War the Italian Army began to draw down its forces and on 31 March 1991 the 12th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group \"Capua\" was disbanded and on 8 May of the same year the flag of the 12th Artillery Regiment \"Savona\" was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.", "title": "History" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web", "Template:Italian Army", "Template:Italian Army Artillery Regiments", "Template:Infobox military unit", "Template:Lang-it", "Template:Main", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite book" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mahabo is a city in the Menabe Region of Madagascar.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mahabo may also refer to the following places in Madagascar:", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Geodis" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Astrothelium rhinothallinum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first described in 2018. It is found in Brazil.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Astrothelium rhinothallinum was formally described by the lichenologists Klaus Kalb and André Aptroot in 2018. The type specimen was collected by the first author in the Mantiqueira Mountains, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 15 March 1980. In a dense and humid submontane rainforest in the lower mountains, at an elevation of 1,050 m (3,440 ft), the lichen was growing on tree bark. The specific epithet rhinothallinum refers to the thallus, which, according to the authors, resembles the skin of a rhinoceros.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Astrothelium rhinothallinum is dull and olivaceous green, and not surrounded by a prothallus. The ascomata are spherical to pyriform (pear-shaped), 0.7–1.2 mm in diameter, solitary in pseudostromatal warts. The pseudostroma is hemispherical, completely covered by a thallus layer, about 1.5 mm in diameter, and without pigmentation. Ostioles are apical, depressed, and brown. The hamathecium is inspersed with oil droplets. Ascospores number eight per ascus, and are hyaline, regularly muriform, and measure 65–71 by 16–19.5 μm. They have a long-ellipsoid shape, lack a distinctly thickened median septum, and are not surrounded by a wide gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The thallus of Astrothelium rhinothallinum is patchily UV+ (yellow), C−, K−, KC−, and P−. Thin-layer chromatography analysis confirms the presence of lichexanthone.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Astrothelium rhinothallinum is found on tree bark in forest environments and at the time of its original publication, was known to occur only in Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Convert", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Events from the year 1400 in Ireland.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:YearInIrelandNav", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Years in Ireland", "Template:Year in Europe" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a timeline of History of Niger. Each article deals with events in Niger in a given year.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Years in decade", "Template:Niger topics", "Template:Africa topic" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Allographa hypostictica is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae, Found in Brazil, it was described as a new species in 2018. Its thallus contains hypostictic acid and its distinctive apothecia and ascospores.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Allographa hypostictica was formally described by the lichenologists Klaus Kalb and Andre Aptroot in 2018. The type specimen was collected in the Serra do Espinhaço, specifically Serra do Caraça, Minas Gerais, Brazil, on a sandstone boulder in an open cerrado at an elavation of 1,450 m (4,760 ft). The specific epithet hypostictica refers to the presence of the chemical compound hypostictic acid, a rare lichen product in the genus Allographa.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Allographa hypostictica is saxicolous, crustose, areolate to rimose, uneven, not corticate, dull, and ochraceous white, dissected by black hypothallus lines, and up to 0.2 mm thick. It is surrounded by a black prothallus that also extends under much of the thallus as a hypothallus. The photobiont is trentepohlioid. Ascomata are sessile, completely carbonised, with striate labia, circular in outline with straight linear or sparingly branched split-like disc, measuring 0.5–1.3 mm in diameter and about 0.2–0.4 mm high. The rim is black, and the thalline margin is lateral and ochraceous white. The hamathecium is approximately 200 μm high and not inspersed. Ascospores are single per ascus, hyaline but soon becoming pale brown, ellipsoid, densely muriform, approximately 50 by 8-septate, measuring 115–145 by 28–37 μm, constricted at several major septa, and surrounded by a gelatinous sheath about 3 μm thick. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Chemical tests reveal that the thallus is UV−, C−, P−, and K+ (yellow). Thin-layer chromatography, a technique used to identify chemical substances, shows the presence of hypostictic acid as the major component, and trace amounts of hypoconstictic acid.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Allographa hypostictica was found on a sandstone boulder in an open cerrado habitat. This lichen is only known to occur in Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Convert", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out! is a 2023 jazz album by German flutist and musician Mark Alban Lotz, featuring drummer Jamie Peet and bassist Zack Lober.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In his review, Mike Jurkovic described flautist Mark Lotz's 2023 trio album \"Turn In, Turn On, Drop Out!\" as infused with a curious sense of humor, drawing inspiration from acid folk-hero Timothy Leary's era-defining treatise of the same title. Lotz, a seasoned veteran in the Dutch jazz scene, is commended for his ballerina-like grace and instinctive playing, evoking the psychedelic experiences of the past. The review highlighted the album's ability to connect with something both ancient and new, providing a compelling soundtrack for a captivating journey. The trio's dynamics, featuring drummer Jamie Peet and bassist Zack Lober, are praised for their contribution to the overall psychedelic experience, creating a musical journey that transcends generational boundaries and welcomes listeners with open minds and goodwill.", "title": "Reviews" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Portuguese critic António Branco described the album as a vibrant and energetic return to jazz. Lotz, based in the Netherlands, collaborated with bassist Zack Lober and drummer Jamie Peet to create music inspired by Timothy Leary's \"eight circuit model of consciousness,\" a psychedelic concept. Branco noted the fresh and urgent quality of the compositions, emphasizing the synergy between the musicians and their dynamic improvisations. Branco praised the work for its diverse influences, precise compositions, and the trio's ability to create a lively and engaging musical experience.", "title": "Reviews" } ]

[ "Template:Short Description", "Template:Infobox album", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Portal bar", "Template:Authority control" ]

[]

[]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mahazoarivo may refer to the following places in Madagascar:", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Geodis" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Şendere is a village in the Ardeşen District, Rize Province, in Black Sea Region of Turkey. Its population is 42 (2022).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "According to list of villages in Laz language book (2009), name of the village is Sidere. Most villagers are ethnically Laz.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The village is located 25 kilometres (16 mi) away from Ardeşen.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Ardeşen District", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Coord missing", "Template:Rize-geo-stub", "Template:Infobox Turkey place", "Template:Convert", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 U Sports football season will begin on August 23, 2024, with the with the defending champion Montreal Carabins hosting the Sherbrooke Vert et Or. The Atlantic University Sport, Canada West, and Ontario University Athletics conferences have not yet announced their schedules.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The conference championships will be played on the weekend of November 9, 2024, and the season will conclude on November 23, 2024, with the 59th Vanier Cup championship. The Vanier Cup game will be held at Richardson Memorial Stadium in Kingston, Ontario, for the second consecutive year. 27 university teams in Canada are scheduled to play U Sports football, the highest level of amateur Canadian football.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On December 14, 2023, the RSEQ released their schedule which featured no major changes from the 2023 season, with five teams playing eight regular season games over ten weeks. The regular season will start on August 23, 2024, and end on October 26, 2024. The Dunsmore Cup game is scheduled to be played on November 9, 2024.", "title": "Schedules" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Vanier Cup is played between the champions of the Mitchell Bowl and the Uteck Bowl, the national semi-final games. In 2024, according to the rotating schedule, the Québec conference Dunsmore Cup championship team will visit the Canada West Hardy Trophy winners for the Mitchell Bowl. The Yates Cup Ontario conference championship team will visit the Atlantic conference's Loney Bowl winners for the Uteck Bowl. These games are scheduled to be played on November 16, 2024 while the Vanier Cup is scheduled to be played on November 23, 2024.", "title": "Post-season" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox league season", "Template:2024 OUA football standings", "Template:Clear", "Template:U Sports football", "Template:2024 AUS football standings", "Template:2024 RSEQ football standings", "Template:2024 CWUAA football standings", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ambar Bahadur Bista (Nepali: अम्बर बहादुर विष्ट) is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Rastriya Prajatantra Party. He is currently serving as a member of the 2nd Koshi Provincial Assembly. In the 2022 Nepalese provincial election he was elected as a proportional representative from the Khas people category.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Nepal-politician-stub", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox officeholder" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This article is a list of awards and nominations received by Fred Zinnemann", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Zinnemann has received numerous accolades including three Academy Awards, two BAFTA Awards, and two Golden Globe Awards. In 1977 he was awarded the BAFTA Fellowship. He also received two Directors Guild of America Awards, and four New York Film Critics Circle Awards as well as prizes from the Cannes Film Festival, Berlin International Film Festival, and Venice International Film Festival.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He won three Academy Awards for Best Documentary Short Film for Benjy (1951), and Best Picture and Best Director for historical costume drama A Man for All Seasons (1966). Zinnemann also received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Director for his films The Search (1948), High Noon (1952), From Here to Eternity (1953), The Nun's Story (1959), The Sundowners (1960), and Julia (1977).", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Fred Zinnemann", "Template:Nom", "Template:Won" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caloplaca sol is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found on limestone and basic siliceous rocks along the southern and western shores of Great Britain.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2018 by the lichenologist Alan Orange. The species epithet sol, derived from the Latin word for \"sun\", was chosen to reflect the rich yellow colour of its often circular thalli, and its preference for growing on dry, sun-exposed rocks.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The lichen features a prominent, crust-like, non-placodioid, orange-yellow body with cracks, and fruiting bodies (apothecia) that are up to about 0.66 millimetres in diameter. Its spores are approximately 11.0 to 13.0 micrometres in length, with a septum (a dividing wall or partition) about 0.4 times the length of the spore. The species is found exclusively near coastal areas in southern and western Britain, with known locations ranging from Dorset and Cornwall up to North Wales.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Caloplaca sol, with its well-defined, cracked-areolate, completely epilithic thallus and sessile apothecia the same colour as its thallus, can be easily confused with other species in the field. It is often mistaken for a morph of Flavoplaca marina, which typically has a darker orange colour and more convex areoles. Flavoplaca marina is commonly found in the splash zone of seashores, sometimes extending above the high-water mark on sea-facing slopes. Its areoles are usually thicker and strongly convex near the shore, but those found above the splash zone may resemble C. sol more closely, presenting challenges in distinguishing individual specimens based solely on morphology.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Flavoplaca maritima differs from C. sol in its more convex areoles that tend to become isolated as the thallus ages, and its young apothecia often feature a yellow crenulate thalline margin. Another species, Gyalolechia flavovirescens, has large orange apothecia, which contrast sharply with its yellow epilithic thallus. Xanthocarpia diffusa, typically found on damp or poorly drained surfaces and not in coastal habitats in Great Britain, has a less developed epilithic thallus and ascospores with a much narrower septum. Finally, Athallia vitellinula, as defined by Ulf Arup, is a non-maritime species characterised by a thin, inconspicuous, discontinuous pale yellow thallus, and small apothecia up to 0.44 mm in diameter in British specimens.", "title": "Similar species" } ]

[ "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "HD 93396 (HIP 52733; TOI-664; KELT-11) is a solitary star located in the equatorial constellation Sextans. It has an apparent magnitude of 8.04, making it readily visible in binoculars, but not to the naked eye. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 326 light-years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements, but it is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 34.96 km/s. At its current distance, HD 93396's brightness is diminished by an interstellar extinction of 0.17 magnitudes and it has an absolute magnitude of +3.01.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "HD 93396 has a stellar classification of G8/K0 IV, indicating that it is an evolved star with the characteristics of a G8 and K0 subgiant. At the age of 3.48 billion years, it is currently in the Hertzsprung gap, meaning that the star is in the process of ceasing hydrogen fusion at its stellar core and it is evolving towards the red giant branch. It has 1.43 times the mass of the Sun and a slightly enlarged radius 2.93 times that of the Sun's. It radiates 6.01 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,375 K, giving it a yellowish-orange hue when viewed in the night sky. Like many planetary hosts, HD 93396 is metal enriched, having an iron abundance of [Fe/H] = +0.17 or 148% that of the Sun's. It spins slowly with a projected rotational velocity of 1.8 km/s.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2017, a sub-Saturn exoplanet was discovered transiting the star using the Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope. It orbits very close to the star within a period of 4 days. Although the planet only has 17% the mass of Jupiter, it is 35% larger than the jovian planet, making it one of the most inflated and least dense exoplanets. Subsequent observations revealed that the planet's atmosphere contains water vapor and a high abundance of titanium and aluminum oxides.", "title": "Planetary system" } ]

[ "Template:Starbox reference", "Template:Val", "Template:Orbitbox planet begin", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Starbox begin", "Template:Starbox observe", "Template:Starbox character", "Template:Orbitbox planet", "Template:Orbitbox end", "Template:Starbox astrometry", "Template:Starbox end", "Template:Stars of Sextans", "Template:Short description", "Template:Starbox detail", "Template:Starbox catalog" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Deremezra is a village in the Ardeşen District, Rize Province, in Black Sea Region of Turkey. Its population is 142 (2022).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "According to list of villages in Laz language book (2009), name of the village is Oghvare. Most villagers are ethnically Laz.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The village is located 19 kilometres (12 mi) away from Ardeşen.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Authority control", "Template:Coord missing", "Template:Rize-geo-stub", "Template:Infobox Turkey place", "Template:Convert", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Ardeşen District" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Melkari-ye Sharqi Rural District (Persian: دهستان ملکاری شرقی) is in Zab District of Mirabad County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Nuaveh, whose population at the 2016 National Census was 299 in 72 households.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2022, Vazineh District was separated from Sardasht County in the establishment of Mirabad County, which was divided into two districts and two rural districts, with Mirabad as its capital and only city.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Portal", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Authority control", "Template:West Azerbaijan Province", "Template:Distinguish", "Template:Infobox settlement", "Template:Lang-fa", "Template:WestAzerbaijan-geo-stub", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Trypethelium luteolucidum is a species of lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first formally described in 2016. Found in Brazil and Mexico, it is similar to Trypethelium regnellii, but differs by the presence of anthraquinone crystals in the pseudostromata.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Trypethelium luteolucidum was formally described by the lichenologists André Aptroot, Cléverton de Oliveira Mendonça, and Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres in 2016. The type specimen was collected in Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil, at an elevation of about 100 m (330 ft), on the bark of Hevea brasiliensis in a plantation.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Trypethelium luteolucidum is corticate, smooth to somewhat bullate, somewhat shiny, continuous, covering areas up to 10 cm in diameter and approximately 0.2 mm thick. The thallus is ochraceous in colour, not surrounded by a prothallus, and does not induce gall formation on the host bark. Ascomata are spherical, measuring 0.4–0.7 mm in diameter, mostly aggregated in groups of 2–7, and emergent from the thallus in pseudostromata with a decorticated upper surface different from the thallus. Pseudostromata are distinctly raised above the thallus, irregular in outline, sides almost vertical, up to 5 mm in diameter and 1 mm high, and the same colour as the thallus. The upper surface is whitish pruinose or grey to blackish due to the emergent ascomata, and contains crystals inside. The wall is carbonized and up to 60 μm thick. Ostioles are apical, not fused, flat, and brown. The hamathecium is inspersed with hyaline oil globules. Asci contain eight ascospores each. Ascospores are hyaline, contain between 11 and 21 septa, and have a long fusiform shape. They measure 60–110 by 12–15 μm, have rounded ends and diamond-shaped lumina, and are surrounded by a gelatinous layer up to 2 μm thick. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The thallus surface of Trypethelium luteolucidum is mostly UV+ (yellow), and the medulla is K−. The pseudostroma is UV+ (yellow), and the crystals react K+ (yellow to red). Thin-layer chromatography analysis reveals the presence of lichexanthone and an unidentified anthraquinone.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This species is found on the smooth bark of trees in rainforests and is known from Brazil and Mexico.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Convert", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Christopher Jonathan Sheffield (born January 9, 1963) is a former American football cornerback who played for the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Albany State University.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:AFC comment", "Template:Short description", "Template:Draft topics", "Template:AfC topic", "Template:Infobox NFL player", "Template:Reflist", "Template:AFC submission", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite news" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Schistophoron muriforme is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae, first described in 2016. Found in Sri Lanka, it is characterised by its pale yellowish-white thallus and muriform ascospores.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Schistophoron muriforme was formally described by the lichenologists Gothamie Weerakoon and André Aptroot in 2016. The type specimen was collected in Morningside, Sri Lanka, on the bark of a tree in April 2015.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Schistophoron muriforme is the only member of Schistophoron that has muriform ascospores and produces the substance psoromic acid.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The thallus of Schistophoron muriforme is crustose, continuous, not corticate, dull, and pale yellowish-white, surrounded by a usually diffuse brown prothallus. The algal partner (photobiont) in this lichen is trentepohlioid. Ascomata are sessile, lirelliform or ellipsoidal or branched. They are about 0.3–0.5 mm wide, 0.3–0.4 mm high, and 0.7–1.5 mm long, and have a margin that is white and about 0.2 mm wide. The excipulum is pale brown, and the hypothecium is hyaline. The hamathecium is not inspersed and hyaline, with paraphysoids 2–2.5 μm wide, and the area above the hamathecium is completely filled with mazaedium. Ascospores are brown, muriform, 3–7 by 2–4-septate, spherical to ellipsoid, measuring 15–30 by 15–18 μm, with rounded lumina. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The reaction of the thallus of Schistophoron muriforme to standard chemical spot tests is UV−, C−, K−, KC−, and Pd+ (yellow). Thin-layer chromatography analysis detected psoromic acid.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "This species is found on trees in wet tropical mountain forests and is only known to occur in Sri Lanka.", "title": "Distribution and habitat" } ]

[ "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sharujan Shanmuganathan (born 25 April 2006) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He plays age-group cricket representing Sri Lanka national under-19 cricket team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He rose to prominence and limelight at an early age due to his stroke-making abilities being compared to those of veteran former Sri Lankan wicketkeeper batsman Kumar Sangakkara. It was during a test match that was played between Sri Lanka and Australia in 2011 on Sri Lankan soil that he caught the attention of viewers when his free-flowing, elegant cover drive became a talking point as it was captured by one of the cameramen during the course of the test match. Sharujan was only five-years-old when he received recognition for playing cover drives, and commentator Tony Greig, who was named as one of the commentators for the test match, reportedly spotted him playing at the grass bank of the Singhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground. Tony Greig eventually nicknamed him \"Little Sanga\" during the air while doing commentary, and Greig later went on to interview the five-year-old Sharujan, which became an instant hit on television. Kumar Sangakkara himself praised Sharujan following the immense popularity he gained and he also received praise from former Pakistani fast bowler Waqar Younis.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He began his studies at St Benedict’s College where he furthered his ambitions in cricket. His father Nathan Shanmuganathan is a professional photographer. He learnt the basics of cricket techniques from Nelson Mendis.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He was then admitted to a cricket academy by his father when he was six years old. He received an opportunity to play in under-10 category at an inter-house cricket tournament organised by CCC School of Cricket in 2013. He eventually claimed the top honours such as best player, player of the tournament and player of the final awards during the inter-house cricket tournament organised by CCC School of Cricket in 2013. He was also a member of the CCC School of Cricket team which toured Bangalore to compete in the Imtiaz Ahmed – Nelson Mendis Challenge Trophy.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In March 2023, he played in the annual schools big match encounter against rivals Wesley College and scored 98 batting at number three position during the first innings of St. Benedict's College. He reached 1000 runs in the U19 Division One Interschools Two Day Cricket Tournament for the 2022/23 season.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He made his first-class debut playing for Nugegoda Sports and Welfare Club against Ragama Cricket Club on 22 September 2023 in the Major League Tournament. He was named in Sri Lankan squad for the 2023 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup which was held in the United Arab Emirates.", "title": "Career" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web", "Template:Citation", "Template:Cricinfo", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Infobox cricketer", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Harry Washington (born July 30, 1956) is a former American football wide receiver who played for the Minnesota Vikings and the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Colorado State University.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Washington was also a noted minor league player.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Cite news", "Template:Short description", "Template:Draft topics", "Template:AfC topic", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:AFC submission", "Template:AFC comment", "Template:Infobox NFL player", "Template:Open access" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "December In Ghana, colloquially referred to as Detty December, is a cultural and festive phenomenon that gained prominence alongside the \"Year of Return” initiative launched by the Government of Ghana in 2019. It refers to the year-end festivities in Ghana, usually observed from mid-December through the New Year. This tradition, rooted in the country's history has evolved into a significant cultural and economic event, attracting millions of visitors from the global African diaspora annually.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "While the exact origin of the term \"Detty December\" remains uncertain, \"Detty\" is derived from a playful variation of the word \"dirty.\" This playful adaptation symbolizes a readiness to embrace unrestrained enjoyment, have a good time, and partake in festivities with exuberance. Over time, this lighthearted expression has become synonymous with the vibrant cultural celebrations observed in Accra and Lagos during the month of December.", "title": "Etymology" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Prior to the popularization of the term \"Detty December,\" Ghanaians abroad traditionally visited their homeland during the festive season, a cherished practice for many families. However, the concept took on a new dimension with the Year of Return, which marked the 400th anniversary of the arrival of enslaved Africans in North America. This initiative, aiming to reconnect people of African descent with their roots, inadvertently birthed the tradition of \"Detty December\" as a cultural pilgrimage to Ghana during the months of December.", "title": "History and Origins" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Since the inception of the Year of Return, Ghana has experienced a surge in tourism and economic growth. In the year-long celebration, up to 1.5 million tourists, including celebrities, politicians, and world leaders, visited the country, contributing to an estimated revenue of up to $1.9 billion. The tourism sector witnessed an 18% growth in international arrivals from the Americas, Britain, the Caribbean, and other countries. The total airport arrivals increased by a staggering 45%, showcasing the substantial impact of the initiative on the nation's economy.", "title": "Impact and Revenues" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The estimated spending per tourist rose significantly from $1,862 in 2017 to the current figure of $2,589. This influx of revenue underscores the economic significance of Detty December and the Year of Return activities on the Ghanaian economy.", "title": "Impact and Revenues" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Detty December is marked by a plethora of cultural events, concerts, and festivities. The cultural exchange between Ghanaians and the African diaspora is evident in the array of concerts, showcasing local and international talent. Numerous members of the African diaspora including Black Hollywood stars have been drawn to Ghana, participating in and contributing to the festivities.", "title": "Cultural Highlights" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Since 2022, Ghana has further facilitated this tradition by waiving visa requirements for all arrivals during the months of December and January.", "title": "Cultural Highlights" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:About", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Citation", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rauwerda is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Surname" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Baloch Long March is an ongoing protest movement led by Mahrang Baloch and other Baloch women, who are marching towards Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, to protest human rights violations and enforced disappearances in Balochistan. The march was a response to the growing number of enforced disappearances and extrajudicial killings in the region.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The march was spurred by the death of Balaach Mola Bakhsh in November 2023. Bakhsh was arrested on November 20, with explosives in his possession according to the Counter Terrorism Department (CTD). He appeared in court on November 21, but was killed on November 23 in what the CTD said was a confrontation between police and a militant group. Bakhsh's family rejected the CTD's report, saying that Bakhsh was abducted from his home on October 29, and was killed on November 23 by the CTD. Local protests began, in an effort to make police file a report against the CTD personnel accused of Bakhsh's death.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The march began in Balochistan on December 6, 2023. The movement involved hundreds of women who had lost their husbands, brothers, and sons and decided to voice their concerns publicly. The demonstrators had explicit requests: they demanded a halt to forced disappearances and unlawful killings, and they sought accountability for those implicated in the unlawful killings of Baloch youth.", "title": "The March" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "They covered a distance of 1,600 kilometers, starting from the southern Kech district near the Iranian border, all the way to Islamabad, Pakistan’s capital. They stopped along the way in places like Kalat, Dera Ghazi Khan, and Dera Ismail Khan, where they received support from Baloch residents.", "title": "The March" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "When the march reached Islamabad, authorities prevented the marchers from entering the capital, specifically the National Press Club.", "title": "The March" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The march saw resistance from authorities on its route to Islamabad. Two participants were severely injured by police at a checkpoint in Soorab. Obstacles were also put on roads by police in an attempt to stop the marchers.", "title": "Response from authorities" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The response from the authorities in Islamabad was marked by resistance and force. Police were dispatched to block China Chowk Underpass, Chongi No. 26, the Islamabad Chowk, Jinnah Avenue, Nazimuddin Road, and Srinagar Highway. The general public was also restricted from using these routes.", "title": "Response from authorities" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Despite the negotiations, the police refused to accept the demands of the protesters, resulting in a sit-in near Islamabad Chowk. Police also offered protesters the use of F-9 Park, but this was turned down, with the marchers saying they, not the police, would decide where the protest was staged. More than 200 protesters were subsequently arrested, while others were forcibly dispersed by police water cannons and tear gas.", "title": "Response from authorities" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The arrested protesters were briefly detained, before authorities began sending them back to Quetta on buses. Video of authorities forcibly putting some of the protesters on buses drew criticism on social media. The Islamabad High Court (IHC) later inquired why Baloch protesters in the federal capital were being \"forcibly\" sent back to their provinces.", "title": "Response from authorities" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox civil conflict", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Short description" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pyrenula multicolorata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae, first described in 2016. It is distinguished by its almost superficial ascomata with a hamathecium inspersed with orange crystals, and ascospores that contain three internal partitions (septa).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Pyrenula multicolorata was formally described by lichenologists Gothamie Weerakoon and André Aptroot in 2016. The type specimen was collected in Kitulgala-Makandawa, Sri Lanka, on the bark of a tree on 29 March 2015.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Pyrenula multicolorata is oily, olive green, and quite thick, covering areas up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter, and surrounded by a thin black hypothallus line. Ascomata are almost superficial, low conical, black, and not covered by the thallus, measuring 0.5–0.7 mm in diameter. The ostiole is apical, brown to black. The hamathecium is inspersed with many orange crystals that colour the hamathecium red close to the wall and yellow in the center. Ascospores number eight per ascus, pale brown (dark brown only when postmature), irregularly biseriate, 3-septate, measuring 12–13.5 by 4.5–5.5 μm, with lumina becoming diamond-shaped, and a relatively thick wall with a thick layer of endospore in the spore tips. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The thallus of Pyrenula multicolorata is UV− and K−. The hamathecium contains an orange to red or yellow (depending on dilution), KOH-negative substance. Thin-layer chromatography analysis did not detect any substances.", "title": "Chemistry" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This species is found on trees in wet lowland tropical rainforests and at the time of its publication was known only from Sri Lanka.", "title": "Distribution and habitat" } ]

[ "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Convert", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates" ]

[]

[ "Template:Db-multiple" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kengo Yoshida (吉田 賢吾, Yoshida Kengo, born January 18, 2001) is a Japanese professional baseball Catcher for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Baseballstats", "Template:Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks roster navbox", "Template:Japan-baseball-catcher-stub", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox NPB player", "Template:Nihongo", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pyrenodesmia micromarina is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in the Eastern Mediterranean, specifically along the coasts of the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara in Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. It grows on coastal rocks and occasionally concrete, often in Mediterranean scrub vegetation.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was first formally described as a new species in 2016 by the lichenologists Ivan Frolov, Oleksandr Khodosovtsev, and Jan Vondrák, who placed it in the genus Caloplaca. The type specimen was collected near Gaziköy in a small brook valley at elevations of 20–40 m (66–131 ft) above sea level. Frolov and Vondrák later transferred it to genus Pyrenodesmia.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This species of Pyrenodesmia is recognized by several key features: it lacks anthraquinones (common in the family Teloschistaceae), and its thallus, which is usually thinner than 200 µm, does not have a distinct cortex and has a Sedifolia-grey colouration. The mature apothecia are typically smaller than 0.5 mm in diameter, with a black disc with a true, zeorine exciple.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The thallus of Pyrenodesmia micromarina is ochre to grey, occasionally with white spots, and forms small, irregular to roundish spots. It consists of tightly arranged, flat areoles. The medulla is inconspicuous, and the algal layer is made up of spherical cells. The cortex is usually not developed, but an alveolate cortex might be present with an indistinct boundary. The lichen does not have vegetative diaspores and occasionally has a white pruina, particularly around the apothecia.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Apothecia are small, with a black disc and a true exciple that matches the thallus in colour. The hymenium is colourless and may contain stacks of extracellular crystals. The asci are clavate, containing eight polarilocular, colourless ascospores with rather wide septa.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Pycnidia are commonly observed, with darker grey tops on the thallus surface. The conidia are ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Chemical tests reveal that the thallus and apothecia are negative for potassium hydroxide (K), calcium hypochlorite (C), and p-phenylenediamine (P) reactions and are not fluorescent under ultraviolet light. The epihymenium and the outer cells of the true exciple contain Sedifolia-grey, which reacts to water and potassium hydroxide. However, no substances were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography in apothecia and thallus samples.", "title": "Chemistry" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Caloplaca micromarina is a maritime species found in the Eastern Mediterranean, specifically along the coasts of the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara in Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. It grows on coastal rocks and occasionally concrete, often in Mediterranean scrub vegetation. The species co-occurs with various lichens including Aspicilia contorta, Caloplaca conversa, and Candelariella aurella.", "title": "Distribution and ecology" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Convert", "Template:Lichengloss" ]

[]

[ "Template:Db-r2", "Template:Redirect category shell" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Henry Bull (23 November 1687 – 24 December 1774) was a colonial attorney and politician in Rhode Island.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Bull was born on 23 November 1687 in Newport in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. He was a son of Henry Bull (1658–1691) and Ann (née Cole) Bull, who lived in Narragansett. After his parents death, Henry and his siblings were left in the care of his aunt Mary (wife of James Coggeshall). Among his siblings were Ephraim Bull and Ann Bull.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "His paternal grandfather was Jireh Bull (son of Henry Bull, Governor of Rhode Island from 1685 to 1686 and again in 1690). His uncle, Jireh Bull, married Godsgift Arnold (the daughter of Gov. Benedict Arnold). His maternal grandparents were John Cole of Kingston and Susanna (née Hutchinson) Cole (a daughter of William and Anne Hutchinson).", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Bull was apprenticed as a carpenter, but abandoned it to study law at the age of twenty-seven, becoming \"one of the foremost lawyers of his day in Rhode Island.\" In 1720, he was appointed captain of the First Military Company in Newport.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He served as Attorney General of Rhode Island from 1721 to 1722. In 1720, he was elected as a Delegate to the Rhode Island General Assembly and served as Speaker of the House of Delegates from April 1728 to May 1729. He was the first justice of the Court of Common Pleas for the Newport County when the courts were established in 1729.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On 22 June 1710, Bull was married to Martha Odlin (1691–1721), a daughter of John Odlin and Lydia (née Tillinghast) Odlin. Before her death in 1721, they were the parents of four sons and two daughters, including:", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "After the death of his first wife, he married Phebe Coggeshall (1706–1774) on 1 February 1722. Phebe was a daughter of Daniel Coggeshall of Portsmouth (son of President John Coggeshall) and Mary (née Mowry) Coggeshall. Together, they were the parents of seven sons and three daughters, including:", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Bull died on 24 December 1774 and was buried in the Common Burying Ground in Newport.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "Template:Nee", "Template:Sfn", "Template:Circa", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Infobox governor", "Template:Cite journal", "Template:Short description" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Psoroglaena spinosa is a species of lichen in the family Verrucariaceae, first described in 2016. It is characterized by its small fruticose (bushy) thallus, which is corticate, smooth, dull, and bright green, covering small areas and consisting of tiny squamules that branch into somewhat moniliform threads.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Psoroglaena spinosa was formally described by the lichenologists Gothamie Weerakoon and André Aptroot in 2016. The type specimen was collected in the Sinharaja Forest Reserve in Sri Lanka on 15 February 2015.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Psoroglaena spinosa is microfruticose, consisting of tiny squamules dissected into branched, somewhat moniliform threads that are almost equally wide along their entire length, about 20–25 μm in width. These threads, for the most part, lie in one plane, with some parts emerging in other directions. The branching is dichotomous anisotomic. The cortex is hyaline (translucent), papillose, with dense and high papillae, approximately 1 μm wide and 2 μm high. The algae are chlorococcoid, measuring about 4–6 μm in diameter, 2–3-seriate (arranged in rows), but unordered. Ascomata and pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The chemical composition of Psoroglaena spinosa was not evaluated in the study.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This species is found on trees in wet lowland tropical rainforests and at the time of its publication was known only to occur in Sri Lanka.", "title": "Distribution and habitat" } ]

[ "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Joint forces may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Disambiguation" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Palazzo Averoldi is a historic building in Brescia located on Via Moretto at number 12. It was built starting in the 16th century in the middle of the southern historic center, in what was once the so-called Quadra di San Giovanni.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Built at the behest of the powerful and influential Averoldi family, the aristocratic palace represents one of the greatest examples of Brescian artistic production in the civic sphere and contains, in its rooms and interior halls, important decorations and frescoes from the 16th-century period by painters such as Romanino and Lattanzio Gambara, two of the major protagonists of Brescian art during the period between Renaissance and Mannerism.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Toward the end of the 15th century, Giovan Paolo Averoldi, \"a most virtuous and devout man,\" purchased several pieces of land from the Porcellaga family in the vicinity of the city walls, in the then Contrada di Santa Croce, also known as Contrada del Bue, or even \"della fontana del bò.\" He, in doing so, separated himself from the other branches of the family, all of whom lived near what is known in modern times as Via Marsala and was once called Contrada di Monzia; Giovan Paolo himself chose as the area to build his palace the fifth Quadra di San Giovanni, a sector of the city also known as Borgo San Nazaro. The area, which took its name from the nearby San Nazaro gate and was then characterized by a strong artisan tradition, was precisely in the vicinity of the walls and constituted, among other things, a privileged access point for those entering Brescia through the city walls.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Construction of the noble palace, nevertheless, began only from 1544 onward. It was the four sons of the aforementioned Giovan Paolo Averoldi who initiated the construction of the mansion: Giovan Andrea, Leandro, Mario, and Fulgenzio, on the aforementioned date, entered into a contract with the Bergamasque architects and military engineers Pietro Isabello and his son Marcantonio; the two designers were commissioned both to design the new mansion from scratch and to adapt the pre-existing hovels and buildings in the area of the service courtyard. It is highly probable, moreover, that the work was conducted rather expeditiously, also by virtue of the fact that, again according to the terms of the stipulated contract, the fee would not be rendered unless certain timelines of the construction site were met.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "A few months after the contract was signed, Giovan Andrea Averoldi, speaking also on behalf of the other three brothers, approached the city council to request the cession of another public area, so that they could \"make a building which is well designed and built according to the canons of architecture\"; in return, part of their property was ceded by the Averoldi family to both the south and the north, so that the adjacent public road could be widened.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The eastern wing of the palace was built with a certain celerity, since, only six months after the beginning of the work, it was already completed. Proof of this is the testimony provided by the Augustinian nuns of the neighboring monastery of Santa Croce: the latter, precisely as a result of the construction of the aforementioned wing of the palace, asked the city council for permission to raise the perimeter wall of their building further, so that they could not be seen from the windows of the palace. Work on the building, in any case, did not proceed very expeditiously: the testimony of Leandro Averoldi, dating back to 1548, reports that it was still necessary to incur substantial expenses to finish its construction; twenty years later, it is even said that there was \"more than half of it still to be built.\"", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Nevertheless, at the end of the eighteenth century, the palace and in particular the noble floor were affected by a new phase of building and artistic commissions: at the behest of the brothers Giuseppe and Faustino Chizzola, then owners of the property, the architect Giovanni Donegani and artists such as Giuseppe Manfredini, Giuseppe Teosa, as well as ornamentalists such as Saverio Gandini, Francesco Tellaroli and Ferdinando Pellizzari were commissioned. The rooms were frescoed between 1788 and 1796 and feature, on the whole, a reworking in a pre-Romantic style of seventeenth-century themes, also taking up motifs and stylistic features of classical art.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "As the construction of Palazzo Averoldi protracted for a long time, it is not easy to reconstruct both the original appearance of the building and the various interventions made over the centuries. Nevertheless, the plan layout of the mansion is a unique case in the panorama of the city's aristocratic residences, since it presents a U-shaped plan, with the front courtyard open to the south. Equally unusual is the fact that the entrance from the north leads directly into the service courtyard, originally equipped with stables, barns and sheds and consisting of rustic masonry; a further unusual element is the lack, in the aristocratic palace itself, of a main facade.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Fausto Lechi states with some certainty that the exterior façade of the mansion, facing Moretto Street, was undoubtedly built as soon as the construction was started, i.e. in 1544. Although unfinished, this facade is asymmetrical and features an ashlar portal of a certain grandeur; it is then adorned simply with two Medusa heads carved in relief, without presenting any other elements worthy of mention. Moving instead from the aforementioned service courtyard, passing through a further entrance hall, one arrives instead in the innermost courtyard of the aristocratic residence, which presents, in this section, a more refined and aristocratic setting.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The inner courtyard of the palace consists of a portico covered by rib vaults and supported by columns of Tuscan order made of Botticino marble: the same courtyard is then divided into five arcades in the two side arms and six in the central body; in the latter, the even number of bays implies the unusual solution of the fullness of a column on the axis, instead of the emptiness of an arch. The aforementioned columns, moreover, support eyebrowed round arches, while on the upper floor there are Ionic lesenes in which simple windows are inserted; the whole is then concluded by a string course with conspicuous corbels. The architectural layout, on the whole, has been attributed by Fausto Lechi to the work of the Brescian architect Lodovico Beretta, as asserted in numerous other works by local scholars.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Fausto Lechi, analyzing the building's construction, was able to note some anomalies regarding the facade facing Contrada Santa Croce: in this regard, the scholar had speculated that originally the palace presented two levels only in the central part, while the side wings must have had only a porticoed floor. Confirmation of this would seem to be contained in some documents that testify to the construction, by Agostino Avanzo in the mid-seventeenth century, of a \"construction department\" in the western wing of the palace. Moreover, a photograph taken after the bombing of 1943 reveals the entablature of the central body, in which the holes made to house the ceiling beams can barely be glimpsed. The juxtaposition only later of the building bodies corresponding to the side wings would also explain the corner solution in the upper level of the courtyard, where the pilaster seems as if it were embedded.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The scholar Fausto Lechi judges it difficult to make a clear distinction between the work of Romanino and that of Lattanzio Gambara: Lechi's hypothesis, in any case, is that the two artists collaborated in a substantially homogeneous and univocal manner. The cooperation of the two Brescian artists, nonetheless, is also found in Palazzo Bargnani and in the convent of Sant'Eufemia, also in Brescia, and in the case of Palazzo Averoldi it is ascertained from seventeenth-century sources, but it has been specified only in recent years: the 16th-century frescoes are datable to the beginning of the sixth decade and adorn the vaults of five small rooms on the ground floor, located in the body of the building that separates the portico from the courtyard behind, which is accessed from Via Moretto. The pictorial cycle revolves around the hall of honor on the vault of which the Chariot of Phaethon is portrayed, which with the optical effect of painting stretches the limits of the ceiling; these same views are inspired by the cycle of frescoes executed by Romanino in the Buonconsiglio Castle in Trento. The work in question, however, is attributed not unreservedly to the hand of Lattanzio Gambara, who seems to have been inspired by the lessons of the Cremonese painter Giulio Campi, with whom he had completed his youthful apprenticeship.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Moving on to the other rooms on the first floor, in a westerly direction, one encounters the Hall of the Seasons and the Hall of Diana's Chariot, respectively. The realization of these fresco cycles should in any case be equally attributed to both Romanino and Lattanzio Gambara, who gave rise to a \"linear division of tasks.\" Critics agree in assigning to Romanino alone the frescoes of the eastern rooms, marked by the figures of Minerva and Abundantia, the viewing of which is hampered by repainting and, in some cases, by gaps in the plasterwork. The side rooms also have a white layer or patina, which in every way precludes an analysis or reading of the underlying decorative apparatus.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Between 1788 and 1796, as mentioned earlier, the second great decorative season of the Averoldi palace began, concerning the noble floor of the building: this same pictorial cycle, which saw the participation of the major artistic figures of eighteenth-century Brescia, represents an important point of transition between eighteenth-century art and, later, the actual neoclassical current. In any case, as is also evident from documents found in the Averoldi Fund, the decorations of the various rooms cost the patrons the considerable sum of 60,905 lire.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "The so-called Chinese room of the palace, identified in ancient times as the Green Room, constitutes a unicum in the Brescia area, especially for its decoration with lacquered wooden panels of oriental themes, made with a green background and figures in ochre. At a first observation it appears, on the whole, to be apparently homogeneous; moreover, it is composed of a boiserie and four over-door paintings, a wooden false ceiling composed of paintings on panel and on canvas, culminating in a frieze with grotesque motifs. This complex decorative apparatus has been attributed by critics to the hand of Manfredini and Teosa with some certainty, who consider the lacquer components of the boiserie to be Chinese originals, and, specifically, attribute the surmounting doors and the central medallion of the vault alternately to Manfredini (Tanzi) or Teosa (Cretella). More in-depth archival research conducted by Pietro Balzani for the drafting of his dissertation (proposed in the bibliography) has revealed some significant elements that show how the current appearance of the hall is the result of chronologically distinct interventions attributable to different artistic personalities.", "title": "Description" } ]

[ "Template:Harvtxt", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Cite journal", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Subject bar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox building" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Porina monilisidiata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trichotheliaceae, first described in 2016. This species is characterised by its shiny, olive-green thallus with numerous isidia and low conical ascomata.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Porina monilisidiata was formally described by the lichenologists Gothamie Weerakoon and André Aptroot in 2016. The type specimen was collected in the Sinharaja Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka, on the bark of a tree on 17 February 2015.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Porina monilisidiata is corticate, smooth or slightly rugulose, covering areas up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter, shiny, continuous, and thin. The colour of the thallus is olive green, surrounded by a thin black prothallus. Isidia are numerous, corticate, the same colour as the thallus, mostly simple, but some are branched, wavy to a bit moniliform, cylindrical, approximately 0.05 mm in diameter and 0.3–0.8 mm high. The algae are trentepohlioid. Ascomata are low conical, approximately 0.7–1.2 mm in diameter, fully covered by a thin layer of thallus through which the dark ascomata appear grey-brown, with a black, 0.1–0.3 mm wide ostiole. Ascospores consistently have nine septa, and measure 65–75 by 10–13 μm. Pycnidia were not observed.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The thallus of Porina monilisidiata does not react with any of the standard chemical spot tests. Thin-layer chromatography analysis did not detect any substances in the lichen.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This species is found on trees in wet lowland tropical rainforests and at the time of its publication, was known only from Sri Lanka.", "title": "Distribution and habitat" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Convert" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Shane McFarland (born August 5, 1974) is an American politician who is currently serving as the 57th Mayor of Murfreesboro, Tennessee since 2014. He was first elected on April 15, 2014, and is the youngest mayor in Murfreesboro history at 40 years old when he was elected. Though elected in a non-partisan municipal election, McFarland is affiliated with the Republican Party.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Shane McFarland is a graduate of Middle Tennessee State University. He served as 1995-1996 MTSU Student Body (SGA) President and received his BA in Accounting in 1997. He is a 1998 Grgraduate of Leadership Rutherford.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Shane McFarland was elected to the Murfreesboro City Council in 2006. He later ran for mayor and won in 2014, and is still currently mayor, recently getting re-elected in 2022.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox officeholder", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite news" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Arıcılar is a village in the Ardeşen District, Rize Province, in Black Sea Region of Turkey. Its population is 25 (2022).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "According to list of villages in Laz language book (2009), name of the village is Caboyıt. Most villagers are ethnically Laz.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The village is located 28 kilometres (17 mi) away from Ardeşen.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Ardeşen District", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Coord missing", "Template:Rize-geo-stub", "Template:Infobox Turkey place", "Template:Convert", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Surbandar, the Beautiful Fishing Town of Gwadar, is situated close to the town of Gwadar and in the neighborhood Koh-e-Batil. Surbandar Gwadar has a beautiful Fishing jetty.", "title": "" } ]

[]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Batiyagarh is a town in the Damoh district of Madhya Pradesh in central India. It is also a tehsil headquarter.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Batiyagarh stands in northern part of district, it's on NH 34 ,its 35 km away from district headquarter,", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2011, Batiyagarh had a population of 8,951 of which 4728 were male and 4223 were female. Batiyagarh has a higher literacy rate compared to the rest Madhya Pradesh; in 2011, Batiyagarh had a 74.69 % literacy rate, compared to 69.32 % in Madhya Pradesh on average.", "title": "Demographics" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox town", "Template:Infobox settlement", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Porina microtriseptata is a species of corticolous, crustose lichen in the family Trichotheliaceae, first described in 2016. This species is distinguished by its shiny, olive-green thallus and hemispherical ascomata with pointed ascospores that are consistently hyaline, fusiform, and have three internal partitions (septa).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Porina microtriseptata was formally described by the lichenologists Gothamie Weerakoon and André Aptroot in 2016. The type specimen was collected in Sinharaja, Sri Lanka, on the bark of a tree in February 2015.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Porina microtriseptata is corticate, smooth, thin, shiny, and continuous, covering areas up to 2 cm in diameter. The colour of the thallus is olive green, surrounded and partly dissected by a thin black prothallus. Isidia are absent. The photobiont is trentepohlioid (i.e., green algae from the genus Trentepohlia). Ascomata (fruiting bodies) are hemispherical, approximately 0.2 mm in diameter, and fully covered by the thallus except for a brown ostiole about 0.1 mm wide. Ascospores are consistently 3-septate, hyaline, fusiform, and pointed, measuring 25–27.5 by 2.5–3.5 μm. They are arranged in two bundles in the ascus, and surrounded by a gelatinous sheath approximately 1.5 μm wide. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The thallus of Porina microtriseptata does not react to any of the standard chemical spot tests. Thin-layer chromatography analysis did not detect any substances in the lichen.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This species has been found on a tree in a wet lowland tropical rainforest and at the time of its original publication was known only to occur in Sri Lanka.", "title": "Distribution and habitat" } ]

[ "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Danny Rampey is an American politician from the Georgia Republican Party who was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives for District 119, succeeding retiring Representative Terry England. Prior taking office, Rampey was arrested for stealing prescription narcotics, leading to him declining to take his seat, which was later filled in a special election by Holt Persinger", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox officeholder", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Georgia House of Representatives", "Template:GeorgiaUS-politician-stub" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Polymeridium longiflavens is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first described in 2016. It is found in Brazil.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Polymeridium longiflavens was formally described by André Aptroot, Cléverton de Oliveira Mendonça, and Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres in 2016. The type specimen was collected in the Serra de Itabaiana National Park, Sergipe, Brazil, at an elevation of approximately 400 m (1,300 ft).", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Polymeridium longiflavens is not corticate, dull, continuous, covering areas up to 2 cm (0.8 in) in diameter, and whitish-grey in colour. It is surrounded by a cottony dark brown hypothallus line approximately 0.4 mm wide and does not induce gall formation on the host bark. Ascomata are spherical, measuring 0.25–0.35 mm in diameter, single, and emergent from the thallus. The wall is carbonized and up to 40 μm thick. Ostioles are apical, not fused, flat, and black. The hamathecium is inspersed with yellow oil globules. Asci contain eight ascospores each. Ascospores are hyaline, have between 9 and 11 septa, fusiform, measuring 57–70 by 12–14 μm, with pointed ends and rounded lumina, and are not surrounded by a gelatinous layer. Pycnidia were not observed.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The thallus surface of Polymeridium longiflavens is UV+ (yellow), but does not react with standard chemical spot tests. Thin-layer chromatography analysis reveals the presence of lichexanthone.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This species is found on the smooth bark of trees in transitional forests and at the time of its original publication was known to occur only in Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Convert", "Template:Lichengloss" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "London Thor is an American singer, songwriter and actress. On the Amazon Prime Video superhero series Gen V, Thor plays the female form of Jordan Li.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Thor was born and raised in Los Angeles, and grew up in Agoura Hills. Her parents ran an acting studio in Studio City.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Thor is a singer-songwriter. She started writing music as a 12 year-old and at the age of 15 years-old released her first single. Her songs have appeared in film and television shows such as The Girl on the Train and Girls Like Magic. She has also written and performed music with artists and DJs such as Markus Schulz, Farius, AWAY, TyDi, Shane 54, Christopher Tin and Jerome Isma-Ae. She has also written and performed with Gareth Emery and Alastor.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Thor had roles in You, Shameless and the Greta Gerwig feature film Lady Bird. She also appeared in Never Have I Ever.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Thor joined the Amazon Prime Video superhero series Gen V in May 2022. Thor plays the female form of Jordan Li, sharing the role with Derek Luh. She said that it \"really easy sharing a character with Derek,\" adding that the pair were \"open to talking about the character and open to each other's opinions. We built this character from the ground up.\" Luh told Variety that when the character Jordan is in Thor's female form, \"they have more swag and are a little more punk rock and a little more confrontational and [have] that dry humor.\"", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Thor has Korean heritage.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox person", "Template:Dagger", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:IMDb name", "Template:Short description" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ermanno Florio (born 1954) is an Italian born American-Canadian orchestra conductor. He is Music Director of Houston Ballet, and has previously held similar posts at American Ballet Theatre, Dutch National Ballet, and the National Ballet of Canada. A prolific recording artist, Florio has received honors and awards including an Emmy Award and a Cannes Classical Music Award. He is especially associated with conducting and arranging music for dance and is among the world's leading conductors for ballet.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Florio was born in Carapelle Calvisio, Italy on March 29, 1954, and moved to Toronto, Canada with his parents in 1956.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "From 1966 to 1973, he attended the Royal Conservatory of Music, during which time he was a violinist with the National Youth Orchestra of Canada and Canadian Chamber Orchestra. He later studied under Victor Martin at the University of Toronto Faculty of Music, from which he received a Bachelor of Music in violin performance. Following graduation, he studied conducting at the Toho Gakuen School of Music, and participated in the Ontario Arts Council's conducting program. In 1978, with the support and guidance of Sir Andrew Davis, he also studied with Franco Ferrara in Siena, Italy before becoming the first apprentice conductor with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. He later attended courses with Sergiu Celibidache in Madrid, London, and Munich and during the 1982 and 1983 concert seasons, attended rehearsals and performances of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra as a resident of Amsterdam.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Florio received awards for study at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome and the Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Following a year as apprentice conductor of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, Florio became conductor of the Toronto Symphony Youth Orchestra from 1979 to 1986 and Music Director of the Niagara Symphony Orchestra from 1983 to 1995. During this time, he also guest conducted other major Canadian orchestras, including the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra, National Arts Centre Orchestra, and Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra. In 1990 he conducted Madama Butterfly at the National Arts Centre in Ottawa. In 1985, he took his first role as a ballet conductor when Eric Bruhn invited him to become Music Administrator and Principal Conductor of the National Ballet of Canada; he held the position until 1990.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1990, Florio travelled to Italy to work at Teatro alla Scala, where he arranged the music for Robert de Warren's La Scala Ballet’s production of “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”. For the 1990-91 season, Florio worked with Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet conducting Sir Peter Wright’s \"Swan Lake\" at the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden and on an English Tour.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "After completing the 1991 season, Florio was a guest conductor with multiple orchestras and ballet companies in Europe. Between 1990 and 2010, he conducted seven productions at Teatro alla Scala and ten at l'Opéra National de Paris from 1994-2017. He was a regular guest conductor at the Grand Théâtre de Genève from 1992 to 1996, Teatro dell’ Opera di Roma from 1996 to 2002, Opéra National de Bordeaux from 1997-2017, and Vienna Staatsoper from 2011 to 2020.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 2004, the video recording of l’Orchestre de l’Opéra National de Paris's \"Don Quixote\", which Florio conducted, won the Cannes Classical Music Award for Best DVD in the category of Concert and Ballet Recordings.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "From 2004 to 2012, Florio served as music director for the Dutch National Ballet and since then has been a regular guest conductor with the Company.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "From 1995 to 1997 Florio conducted three productions for the Norwegian National Ballet. He guest conducted the Finnish National Ballet in 2005 and the Royal Swedish Ballet in 2008.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "From 2003 to 2010, Florio was a regular guest conductor with the New National Theatre Ballet in Tokyo. During that time, he collaborated on their world premieres of \"Raymonda\" and \"La Dame aux Camélias\". Florio also arranged the score of \"La Dames aux Camélias\" for Asami Maki’s production.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Since 1992, Florio has served as the music director for the Houston Ballet, during which time he has conducted multiple world premieres, as well as the company's standard repertoire.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "From 1998 to 2001, Florio was also the music director for the American Ballet Theatre in New York City. He performed many times with the company at the Metropolitan Opera House and on their many international tours. In 1998 his recording with the Company of Le Corsaire won an Emmy for Outstanding Classical Program in the Performing Arts.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Florio’s music arrangements for full length story ballets include scores for:", "title": "Music arrangements" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Florio is married to Franca Kathryn Santamaura. He has a daughter Cassandra Florio from a previous marriage and two grandchildren.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite journal", "Template:Citation", "Template:Improve categories", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox person", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Durell Nchami (born February 11, 2000) is an American football linebacker for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Maryland.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Coming out of Paint Branch High School, Nchami was rated as a three-star recruit, where he decided to commit to play college football for the Maryland Terrapins.", "title": "Early life and high school" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Nchami would have a good freshman season for the Terrapins making 15 tackles with four and a half being for a loss, a sack, and a blocked kick in ten games, however in two of the next three seasons for Nchami he would suffer season-ending injuries in 2019 and 2021. Nchami bounced back and had his best career season in 2022 where he started 11 games, totaling 20 tackles with six going for a loss, three sacks, and a forced fumble. After the conclusion of the 2022 season, Nchami declared for the 2023 NFL Draft. Nchami finished his career at Maryland notching 49 tackles, nine sacks, four forced fumbles, and one pass deflection, in 33 games played.", "title": "College career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Entering the 2023 NFL Draft, Nchami was a projected draft selection, however he would go unselected. Multiple months after the draft on December 6, 2023, Nchami would sign to the Denver Broncos practice squad as an undrafted free agent.", "title": "Professional career" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox NFL biography", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite news", "Template:Cite magazine", "Template:Denver Broncos roster navbox", "Template:Short description" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Yeşiltepe is a village in the Ardeşen District, Rize Province, in Black Sea Region of Turkey. Its population is 146 (2022).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "According to list of villages in Laz language book (2009), name of the village is Shangul. Most villagers are ethnically Laz.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The village is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) away from Ardeşen.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web", "Template:Ardeşen District", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Coord missing", "Template:Rize-geo-stub", "Template:Infobox Turkey place", "Template:Convert", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Polymeridium endoflavens is a species of lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first described in 2016. This species is found in Brazil.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Polymeridium endoflavens was formally described by the lichenologists André Aptroot, Danyelly Santos Andrade, and Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres in 2016. The type specimen was collected in Mata do Junco, Santa Luzia do Itanhy, Sergipe, Brazil, at an elevation of approximately 150 m (490 ft), by the second author.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Polymeridium endoflavens is not corticate, dull, continuous, covering areas up to 2 cm (3⁄4 in) in diameter, and whitish in colour. It is surrounded by a black prothallus line approximately 0.6 mm wide and does not induce gall formation on the host bark. Ascomata are spherical, measuring 0.25–0.35 mm in diameter, single, and emergent from the thallus. The wall is carbonised and up to 40 μm thick. Ostioles are apical, not fused, flat, and black. The hamathecium is inspersed with yellow oil globules. Asci contain eight ascospores each. Ascospores are hyaline (translucent), 5–7-septate, fusiform, measuring 32–37 by 10–13 μm, with pointed ends and rounded lumina, and are not surrounded by a gelatinous layer. Pycnidia were not observed.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The thallus surface of Polymeridium endoflavens is UV+ (yellow); other lichen spot tests are negative. Thin-layer chromatography analysis reveals the presence of lichexanthone, a lichen product that causes the thallus to fluoresce when lit with a long-wavelength UV light.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This species is found on the smooth bark of trees in the Atlantic Forest and is currently known only from Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Convert" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The statue of Nike at Marathon (Greek: Νίκη του Μαραθώνα) is a larger than lifesize bronze statue of Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, placed right outside of Marathon as a monument to the fallen of the Battle of Marathon, a battle that took place in 490 BC against the Persian invaders.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The large bronze statue of Nike was sculpted by Greek sculptor Nikos Georgiou, and commissioned and paid by a woman named Iolande Papadopoulou-Rolshausen, member of the Marathon archaeological society. It was placed in town of Marathon on November 6th 2014. Nike is depicted as a winged woman holding a victory wreath, while her long dress forms deep folds all over her body.", "title": "Description" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Lang-el", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Saeideh Shafiei (Persian: سعیده شفیعی) (born 1983) is an Iranian story writer and journalist. She contributes to economic topics in journalism, and her novel 'The Spiral Girl' (In Farsi: Dokhtar-e Pich) has been published. Recognized as a laureate of the International Festival of Press and News Agencies, Shafiei was arrested at the same time as the Mahsa Amini protests, which are known as the 'Women, Life, Freedom' movement and occurred following the death of Mahsa Amini.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Saeideh Shafiei was born in 1983 in Tehran. She holds a bachelor's degree in economics from Allameh Tabataba'i University in Tehran and a master's degree in energy economics from the Islamic Azad University, Tehran Central Branch.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This story writer is the author of the novel 'The Spiral Girl' (In Farsi: Dokhtar-e Pich), published in 2017 by Nashre-Cheshmeh Publishing House. In addition to her novels, she has contributed numerous works in the form of articles, notes, reports, and interviews on macroeconomics and energy economics in various media outlets. Some of the platforms include Shargh newspaper, Donya-ye Eqtesad, Iran Farda, Ensaf News, Ermaghan Bidari, Ettelaat-e Siyasi-Eqtesadi, ILNA, Iran Development newspaper, and more.", "title": "Writing and Journalism" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On January 22, 2023, Saeideh Shafiei was arrested by the intelligence organization of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah) at her residence and was transferred to Evin Prison. This journalist and writer were accused of \"assembly and collusion against national security\", and \"propaganda against the regime\". After 18 days of temporary detention, she was released on bail of five hundred million tomans (approximately US$12,150) pending a court hearing.", "title": "Detention" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The trial for the charges against Saeideh Shafiei, Nasim Sultan Beigi, and Mehrnoosh Zarei Hanzaki took place on Tuesday, July 3, in Branch 26 of the Tehran Revolutionary Court, presided over by Judge Iman Afshari. With Iman Afshari's verdict, the judge of Branch 26 of the Tehran Revolutionary Court sentenced Saeideh Shafiei and Nasim Sultan Beigi to three years and seven months in prison for \"assembly and collusion against national security\" and eight months in prison for \" propaganda against the regime.\" In total, they each were sentenced to four and a half years of imprisonment.", "title": "Conviction" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Saeideh Shafiei and Nasim Sultan Beigi's objection to the harsh verdict was also confirmed in the appellate court.", "title": "Conviction" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Moreover, under this verdict, they will not be eligible for amnesty as outlined in the \"pardon and commutation\" directive issued in February 2023. Despite multiple legal flaws, their request for a retrial was also rejected by the Supreme Court. Saeideh Shafiei was sent to Evin Prison on November 19, 2023, to serve a harsh sentence due to her journalistic activities.", "title": "Conviction" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The spokesperson for the U.S. Department of State criticized the Islamic Republic's pressure on journalists. In response to a question about the recent verdict issued by the Revolutionary Court against Saeideh Shafiei and Nasim Sultan Beigi, two female journalists, Matthew Miller deplored \"the Iranian regime’s continued crackdown on journalists for engaging in acts of journalism, oftentimes with baseless and completely discredited allegation[s].\" The regime's actions, he said, \"remain a violation of their human rights, something the world continues to watch.\"", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Human Rights Watch, in response to the trial, declared that the charges against these three journalists should be dropped.", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Reporters Without Borders described the heavy sentences imposed on Saeideh Shafiei and Nasim Sultan Beigi as the government's retaliation against journalists and condemned the Islamic Republic for this action.", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In this regard, also, the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) General Secretary Anthony Bellanger said: \"We are extremely concerned about the fate of our colleagues in jail and the authorities' relentless attempts to tighten their grip on media and journalists. We demand all journalists’ immediate release and urge the Iranian leaders to establish real conditions for democracy in the country.\"", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Saeideh Shafiei was introduced as a selected author in the articles section of the fourth Festival of Press and News Agencies.", "title": "Achievements" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Orphan", "Template:Infobox person", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite news" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"The Kids Are Back\" is a song by American heavy metal band Twisted Sister, released in 1983 as the second single from their second studio album, You Can't Stop Rock 'n' Roll. The song was written by Dee Snider and produced by Stuart Epps. \"The Kids Are Back\" was Twisted Sister's second chart hit, reaching number 32 in the UK Singles Chart and remaining in the top 75 for six weeks.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Upon its release as a single, Howard Johnson of Kerrang! questioned whether You Can't Stop Rock 'n' Roll had another track with \"the necessary rock/pop blend\" to provide Twisted Sister with another chart hit following \"I Am (I'm Me)\". He said \"The Kids Are Back\" was a \"logical\" choice as a \"chantalong rocker which draws on Judas Priestish commercial values for effect\". He added, \"The days of 'Take On the World' are far behind us now and I doubt that Sister can emulate their initial success, but that doesn't mean, as we all know, that this can't be a damn good ditty. It is!\" Sunie of Number One believed it was \"undoubtedly another hit\" but added, \"Seems a shame though, that the cheeky parody of their presentation doesn't come across on their records – shut your eyes and this could be any bunch of tame heavy metal plodders.\" Simon Hills of Record Mirror remarked, \"The 97-year-old men are back more like it. 'We've got a lion in our hearts,' bellows Dee Snider – and a lemming in our brains, no doubt.\"", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In a 2023 retrospective on \"the 20 best Twisted Sister songs\", Martin Popoff of Goldmine placed \"The Kids Are Back\" at number 4 and noted the \"big power chords\" and Snider's \"powerful vocal\". He wrote, \"I swear, this song is as catchy as the two monster songs from Stay Hungry (\"We're Not Gonna Take It\" and \"I Wanna Rock\"), but maybe just a little too heavy for radio.\"", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "7–inch single (UK)", "title": "Track listing" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "12–inch single (UK)", "title": "Track listing" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Twisted Sister", "title": "Personnel" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Production", "title": "Personnel" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Other", "title": "Personnel" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox song", "Template:Single chart", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Twisted Sister", "Template:Authority control", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite magazine", "Template:Cite AV media notes" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bharamasagara Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in Karnataka state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of Chitradurga Lok Sabha seat.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "14°28′01″N 75°55′12″E / 14.467043°N 75.919995°E / 14.467043; 75.919995", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Empty section", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka", "Template:Coord", "Template:Use Indian English", "Template:Infobox Indian constituency", "Template:Full party name with color", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use dmy dates" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mark Evans II (born October 11, 1999) is an American football offensive tackle for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Arkansas–Pine Bluff.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Evans was not allowed to play football growing up due to weight restrictions, so he did not begin playing until the seventh grade.", "title": "Early life and high school" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "At the end of his senior year, Evans committed to play football at Navarro College in Texas before he received a call from an Arkansas-Pine Bluff recruiter.", "title": "Early life and high school" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Evans committed to play college football at Arkansas–Pine Bluff. As a freshman, he played in nine games, and during his sophomore season, he started in all eleven games at left tackle, contributing to an offensive line that allowed the second-lowest amount of sacks in the SWAC. During his senior year, he started in nine games as part of an offensive line unit dubbed ‘The Moving Crew'.", "title": "College career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Evans participated in the East-West Shrine Bowl, the HBCU Legacy Bowl, and the NFL Combine. He was the first Arkansas-Pine Bluff player to receive an invite to the combine since Terron Armstead in 2013.", "title": "College career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Evans has a younger brother Jessie, who plays linebacker at Prairie View A&M.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "After Hurricane Harvey destroyed his family's home in 2017, he was temporarily homeless and eventually lived with four other people in a one-bedroom apartment during his senior year of high school.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "Template:NFL predraft", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Infobox NFL biography" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Leptogium cookii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Collemataceae. It is found in northwestern North America.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2016 by Daphne Stone and James Lendemer. The type specimen The species epithet honors Stanton Cook, professor emeritus of ecology, evolution, and geography at the University of Oregon.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This lichen species is characterized by a loose, adnate thallus with rounded, slightly concave lobes that are similar to rose petals. The lobes are either separated, contiguous, or overlapping and are typically 4–20 mm wide and 80–140 μm thick near the margins in wet conditions. The upper surface of the thallus is shiny to matt, starting blue-grey when young and transitioning to yellowish brown-gray to brownish gray with age. Occasionally, white hairs are present on sheltered or flat lobe surfaces, with cells up to 20 μm long.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Mature isidia are granular and cylindrical, about 10 μm in diameter, and darker and browner than the thallus surface. They develop in a saturninum-type pattern, meaning that they are often abundantly branched with age and covering patches of the thallus surface. The lower surface of the thallus is gray and densely covered with white to tan tomentum of even length, except for a small bare zone near the margins. Interspersed with small patches of longer, tangled white to tan hairs, the tomentum can be up to 500 μm long, in bundles up to 1.2 mm long.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In terms of internal anatomy, this lichen species has moderately densely interwoven hyphae making an angled pattern with few hyphae perpendicular to or parallel to the cortices. Long chains of Nostoc cyanobacteria can be found between hyphae. The upper and lower cortices consist of a single (rarely double) layer of more or less isodiametric cells, with the upper cortex cells measuring 5–10 μm wide by 4.0–7.5 μm high and the lower cortex cells measuring 7.5–12.5 μm wide by 6–10 μm high. The species has rare apothecia that are barely raised above the thallus when young and later becoming stipitate. The disc is reddish-brown and flat to slightly concave, with the apothecial margin thalline and 0.1 mm wide, the same color as with the thallus and becoming covered with isidia. The proper exciple is somewhat paraplectenchymatous at the margin and soon narrows to 25 μm wide and euthyparaplectenchymatous just beneath the surface. The thalline exciple is made of long, loosely arranged, more or less straight hyphal strands going in all directions with cyanobacterial chains woven between them. The species does not make any lichen products and all standard chemical spot tests are negative.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Leptogium cookii seems to be native to the coastal and inland regions of north-western North America. Its habitat is commonly associated with areas around riparian corridors or bodies of water, such as lakes, and can be found on the bark of hardwood trees like Fraxinus latifolia and Populus trichocarpa, as well as shrubs like Alnus and Salix. Additionally, there was one instance where the species was found directly growing on rock along a lake shore. Leptogium cookii is distributed in areas ranging from Washington and Idaho all the way north to Alaska.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use US English", "Template:Use mdy dates", "Template:Speciesbox" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Astrothelium tetrasporum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first described in 2016. It is found in Brazil.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Astrothelium tetrasporum was formally described by lichenologists by the André Aptroot and Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres in 2016. The type specimen was collected near Pousada Mandala on SP-254 in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, at an elevation of about 850 m (2,790 ft), on 9 September 2012.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Astrothelium tetrasporum is corticate, discontinuous, and consists of sinuose to moniliform rows of spherical to slightly flattened bullate areas. These areas become locally almost like thick squamules, mostly consisting of a hyaline cortex up to 230 μm thick, somewhat shiny, covering areas up to 10 cm in diameter, and are olive-green in colour. Ascomata are pyriform (pear-shaped), measuring 0.7–1.3 mm in diameter, single, and immersed in the thallus. The wall is carbonized and up to 70 μm thick. Ostioles are apical to eccentric, not fused, erumpent, brown, and chimney-like. The hamathecium does not contain oil globules. Asci contain four ascospores each. Ascospores are hyaline, muriform, fusiform, measuring 145–175 by 30–35 μm, with rounded ends. When the spores are young, they have a markedly thickened median septum with two polar gelatinous caps approximately 5 μm thick. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The thallus surface of Astrothelium tetrasporum is UV−, and the medulla does not react to potassium hydroxide (K−). Thin-layer chromatography analysis did not detect any secondary metabolites.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This species is found on the smooth bark of trees in dry forests, including a forest remnant in a botanical garden. At the time of its original publication, it was known to occur only in Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Convert", "Template:Lichengloss" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Radium Hot Springs is a thermal mineral spring near the small town of Radium, Colorado, halfway between Kremmling and State Bridge, Colorado. The primitive soaking pool on the edge of the Colorado River is surrounded by a rock and sand perimeter that is set against a rock cliff.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The large rock-lined soaking pool is reached by way of climbing down a fifty foot long rock chimney via footholds and handholds in the rock. The pool is 2 feet deep and approximately 10 by 18 feet. It fits approximately 10 to 20 people.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The hot springs are located in the Radium Wildlife Area of the Bureau of Land Management Radium Recreation Area. One quarter mile off the River Rim Trail, the springs are situated on a rock outcropping midway up the sheer rock canyon wall. They are inaccessible by vehicle and are accessible only on foot. The soaking pool overlooks the Colorado River. On the other side of the river, the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad tracks are located. This area of the high desert is filled with deep river canyons and sagebrush vegetation. It is dangerous to attempt to jump from the soaking pool on the sheer rock cliff to the river below, and serious injuries could be incurred. The closest area to camp is the Mugrage Campground.", "title": "Location" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The water emerges from several sources at the bottom of the gravel lined soaking pool at a temperature range of 97 °F (36 °C) to the low 100s, and cool to the mid-80s in the soaking pool.", "title": "Water Profile" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Radium Recreational Area", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox spring", "Template:Convert", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Cite news", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Superliga Colombiana (officially known as the Superliga BetPlay Dimayor 2024 for sponsorship purposes) will be the thirteenth edition of the Superliga Colombiana, Colombia's football super cup tournament organized by DIMAYOR. It will be contested by Millonarios and Junior, champions of the 2023 Categoría Primera A season tournaments, from 18 to 24 January 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The 2024 Superliga Colombiana will be played by Millonarios, champions of the 2023 Apertura tournament, and Junior, champions of the 2023 Finalización tournament. This will be the third appearance for Millonarios in the competition, losing to Santa Fe in 2013 but beating Atlético Nacional to win their first title in 2018, whilst this will be Junior's fourth Superliga appearance, with a runner-up finish in 2012 and back-to-back titles in 2019 and 2020.", "title": "Teams" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "Matches" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox football match", "Template:Football box", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Superliga Colombiana", "Template:2024 in South American football (CONMEBOL)" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Airway tone, short for airway smooth muscle tone, is the degree of sustained contractile activation of airway smooth muscle. The airways have a tone baseline, and consequently a baseline level of contraction of their smooth musculature. Airway tone is a key determinant of lung function and the presence of respiratory symptoms in obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, where baseline airway tone is elevated. The upper extreme of the spectrum of airway tone represents bronchoconstriction, wherein the airway smooth muscles are significantly contracted, while the lower extreme represents bronchodilatation, wherein the muscles are relatively relaxed.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "While airway tone is related to respiratory airflow and airway caliber insofar as an increase in airway tone decreases airflow due to the airway smooth muscle contraction, the two are not synonymous as airflow is determined by the structural and functional properties of the airways as well as the lung parenchyma in addition to airway tone.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Airway tone and airway resistance are mostly correlated, but adequate upper airway tone is necessary for airflow and airway patency; insufficient upper airway tone during sleep can, for instance, result in obstructive sleep apnea.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Autonomic nervous system signalling plays a pivotal role in determining airway tone. The innervation of airway smooth musculature varies between the upper and lower airways.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The pharynx is innervated by cranial nerves VII, IX, XII, while both the pharynx and the larynx are innervated by the vagus nerve.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Lower airway, bronchial, or bronchus tone is mediated both by the innervation of airway smooth musculature and, possibly, also by the innervation of airway mucosal vasculature. Lower airway smooth muscles are mostly only innervated by the vagus nerve.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Airway smooth muscle is primarily innervated by cholinergic parasympathetic nerves, while its adrenergic sympathetic innervation is sparse to non-existent. Specifically, cholinergic parasympathetic signalling increases the airway tone, meaning the airway tone is proportional to the vagal tone.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Despite this overall airway tone-increasing effect, the individual effects of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors expressed by airway muscle cells, of which there are 5 subtypes, M1 through M5, are ambivalent. M3 receptors directly lead to airway smooth muscle contraction, i.e., an increase in airway tone, while M2 receptors (also) expressed by airway neurons suppress the further release of acetylcholine in a negative feedback loop, wherein cholinergic parasympathetic signalling reduces further cholinergic parasympathetic signalling, which may explain the unexpectedly low effectivity of certain non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonists such as ipratropium bromide.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "M2 receptors are less functional in asthma, disrupting the negative feedback which normally reduces airway tone, which may play a role in asthmatic airway hyperresponsiveness.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "As mentioned, adrenergic sympathetic innervation of airway smooth muscle is likely insignificant; however, the sympathetic innervation of the airway mucosal vasculature is significant. Airway muscular vasculature controls the flow of nutrients to the airways, the temperature of the airways, as well as the clearance of insoluble particles in the airways, which may play an important role in the activity of inhaled bronchodilators, thus affecting airway reactivity and airway tone changes in obstructive lung diseases.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "There is conflicting evidence regarding dopamine's effect on airway tone in vivo, with some studies reporting bronchoconstriction and others bronchodilatation following dopamine inhalation. In one study, dopamine attenuated the increase in airway tone caused by cholinergic signalling, but exacerbated histaminergic bronchoconstriction, while both signals were attenuated in the present study following the administration of intravenous dopamine. Thus, no conclusion can be drawn at this time.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Acute activation of D2 receptors expressed by airway smooth muscle cells inhibits the adenylyl cyclase, lowering cAMP levels, leading to an increase in airway tone. However, their prolonged activation by quinpirole, a D2 and D3 receptor agonist, paradoxically enhances adenylyl cyclase activity, raising cAMP levels, leading to bronchodilatation via phospholipase C and protein kinase C.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Histamine is a direct bronchoconstrictor that increases airway tone by activating H1 receptors expressed by airway smooth muscle cells.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Six type 2 (bitter) taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are expressed by airway smooth muscle cells. In the tongue, bitter taste receptors have probably evolved for avoiding the ingestion of plant toxins. In the lungs, bitter taste receptors serve a paradoxically reversed function, causing the relaxation of airway smooth muscle, i.e., a lowering of airway tone. Thus, bitter taste receptor agonists represent promising potential novel bronchodilators.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Theophylline's non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibition has been proposed as the mechanism behind its bronchodilatating action. Phosphodiesterases degrade intracellular cAMP, which leads to muscle contraction. Inhibiting phosphodiesterases increases cAMP concentrations in airway smooth muscle cells, lowering airway tone. Adenosine receptor agonism probably does not play a major role in theophylline-induced lowering of airway tone, as inhalation of adenosine actually increases airway tone, though it is probably the cause of theophylline's arrhythmogenicity.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Like histamine, some cysteinyl leukotrienes, such as leukotriene D4, are direct bronchoconstrictors and increase airway tone by binding to receptors on airway smooth muscle cells. Bronchoconstrictive leukotrienes act via a common cys-LT1 receptor.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Thromboxane is a direct bronchoconstrictor that acts via the thromboxane receptor on airway smooth muscle cells.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite journal", "Template:Citation" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Astrothelium simplex is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first described in 2016. It is found in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Astrothelium simplex was formally described as a new species by the lichenologists André Aptroot and Suzana Maria de Azevedo Martins in 2016. The type specimen was collected by the second author in Caraá, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, on 27 April 2009.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Astrothelium simplex is corticate, bullate, somewhat shiny, and continuous, covering areas up to 7 cm in diameter and approximately 0.3 mm thick. The thallus is olive-green in colour and does not have a prothallus, but it does induce gall formation on the host bark. The ascomata are pyriform (pear-shaped), measuring about 0.6–0.9 mm in diameter, typically aggregated in groups of 2–5, and mostly immersed in the bark tissue. The wall is carbonised and up to 80 μm thick. Ostioles are eccentric, fused, raised, and dark brown, and surrounded by an ochraceous zone. The hamathecium does not contain oil globules. Asci contain eight ascospores each. Ascospores are hyaline, 3-septate, fusiform, measuring 56–63 by 15–19 μm, with pointed ends and diamond-shaped lumina, and lack a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia were not observed.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The thallus surface of Astrothelium simplex is UV−, and the medulla does not react to potassium hydroxide (K−). Thin-layer chromatography analysis detected no secondary metabolites in this lichen.", "title": "Chemistry" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This species is found on the smooth bark of trees in the Atlantic Forest and at the time of its original publication was known to occur only in Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Willem Jans Zwalve (born 7 September 1949) is a Dutch legal historian. He was a professor at the University of Groningen from 1987 until 1993 and subsequently at Leiden University from 1993 until 2014.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Zwalve was born 7 September 1949 in Groningen. In his youth he had an interest in studying ancient languages or history, but his father stated: \"I don't want to subsidize hobbies\". Zwalve thus started studying law in 1968. While working as a scientific employee Zwalve became inspired by watching Herman Jan Scheltema [nl] and others work on a translation of the Corpus Juris Civilis. Zwalve obtained his PhD at the University of Groningen in 1981 with a thesis titled: \"Proeve ener theorie der denegatio actionis : een onderzoek naar de positie van de magistraat in het Romeinse burgerlijke procesrecht\", a work on Roman civil procedure. Zwalve was a professor of law and comparative law at the University of Groningen from 1987 until 1993. He was professor of legal history at Leiden University from 1993 until 2014.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Zwalve was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009. German jurist Reinhard Zimmermann has described Zwalve's \"Hoofdstukken uit de geschiedenis van het Europese privaatrecht\" as a pioneering historical and comparative study.", "title": "Life" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Ill", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Cite magazine", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Authority control" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is a timeline of History of Zambia. Each article deals with events in Zambia in a given year.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Years in decade", "Template:Zambia topics", "Template:Africa topic" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 2720, adopted on December 22, 2023, called for increased aid for the 2023 Gaza humanitarian crisis, including the provisioning of fuel, food, and medical supplies. It also explicitly demanded the opening of all Gaza border crossings to humanitarian aid, including the Kerem Shalom border crossing, and proposed the immediate appointment of a Senior Humanitarian and Reconstruction Coordinator for Gaza. The resolution received approval from 13 members, while Russia and the United States abstained from voting.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Gaza Strip is experiencing an humanitarian crisis as a result of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. At the start of the war, Israel implemented a complete blockade on the Gaza Strip, which has resulted in significant shortages of fuel, food, medication, water, and essential medical supplies. This siege resulted in a 90% drop in electricity availability, impacting hospital power supplies, sewage plants, and shutting down the desalination plants that provide drinking water. Widespread disease outbreaks have spread across Gaza.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Heavy bombardment by Israeli airstrikes caused catastrophic damage to Gaza's infrastructure, further deepening the crisis. The Gaza Health Ministry reported over 4,000 children killed in the war's first month. UN Secretary General António Guterres stated Gaza had \"become a graveyard for children\".", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Security Council Resolution 2712 was adopted on November 15, 2023, calling for humanitarian pauses in the fighting, and a ceasefire took effect from November 24 to 30.", "title": "Procedures" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The United Nations General Assembly passed (on December 12, 2023) a non-binding resolution with a repeated calling for an \"immediate ceasefire\" with 153 votes for, 23 abstentions and 10 against.", "title": "Procedures" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Resolution 2720, proposed by the U.A.E, was originally scheduled for a vote on Monday 18 December; however, was delayed multiple times to allow for negotiations with the United States which would allow for the U.S. to not veto the resolution. It was reported that the reason for the delay was differences between the State Department and the White House. The United States expressed reservation with the proposition for a U.N. monitored mechanisms for aid delivery, whereas the United Kingdom explicitly endorsed the resolution.", "title": "Procedures" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "An amendment introduced by Russia, which would have reinstated the previous draft of the resolution that called for an \"urgent suspension of hostilities\", received 10 votes in favour and 4 abstentions but was vetoed by the United States.", "title": "Procedures" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Many organisations, including the International Rescue Committee, criticized the resolution due to the lack of a call for an immediate ceasefire, whilst Médecins Sans Frontières, Avril Benoit, declared that the resolution \"has been watered down to the point that its impact on the lives of civilians in Gaza will be nearly meaningless.\" South Africa, in a statement referring Israel to the International Court of Justice for committing genocide and violating the Genocide Convention, called the resolution \"ineffectual\" and failing to \"properly to address the situation on the ground\" in Gaza.", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "On 29 December, Al Jazeera reported a \"sense of frustration\" in Gaza following the passage of the resolution, stating that \"People are now seeing more bombs, less food, and less humanitarian aid.\"", "title": "Impact" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Template:Cite web", "Template:UN-resolution-stub", "Template:Pp-vandalism", "Template:Infobox UN resolution", "Template:Flagcountry", "Template:Cite news", "Template:Efn", "Template:Flag", "Template:Notelist", "Template:2023 Israel–Hamas war", "Template:Portal", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite report", "Template:UNSCR 2023" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Astrothelium rubrocrystallinum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first described in 2016. It is found in Brazil.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The species Astrothelium rubrocrystallinum was formally described by the lichenologists André Aptroot and Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres in 2016. The type specimen was collected in Mata do Junco, Santa Luzia do Itanhy, Sergipe, Brazil, at an elevation of approximately 150 m (490 ft), on 15 April 2011, by the second author.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Astrothelium rubrocrystallinum is bullate, smooth, somewhat shiny, and continuous, covering areas up to 5 cm in diameter and about 0.2 mm thick. It is olive-brown in colour, surrounded by a black prothallus line approximately 0.2 mm wide, and does not induce gall formation on the host bark. The ascomata are roughly spherical, measuring 0.30–0.45 mm in diameter, mostly found in groups or lines of 2–5 in poorly distinguished pseudostromata. These pseudostromata are mostly distinctly raised above the thallus and are of thallus colour. Inside, there is a dense layer of red crystals about 0.2 mm wide around the ascoma wall, visible as dark granules through the hyaline cortex around the ostiole. The wall is black all around, up to 50 μm thick. Ostioles are apical, not fused, flat, black, and surrounded by an ochraceous ring of about 0.2 mm, which sometimes has a grey margin. The hamathecium is inspersed with hyaline oil globules. Asci contain 8 ascospores each. Ascospores are hyaline, contains three septa, and have a fusiform shape. They measure 22–27 by 7–9 μm and have rounded ends and diamond-shaped lumina. They are not surrounded by a gelatinous layer. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Astrothelium rubrocrystallinum belongs to the Astrothelium annulare group and is characterised by the copious red crystals in a thick layer around the ascomata. It is most closely related to Astrothelium buckii, but differs in having shorter ascospores with typical dimensions of 37–47 by 14–16 μm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The thallus surface of Astrothelium rubrocrystallinum is UV negative. The crystals in the pseudostroma medulla react K+ (purple). Thin-layer chromatography analysis reveals the presence of an unidentified anthraquinone substance.", "title": "Chemistry" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "This species is found on the smooth bark of trees in the Atlantic Forest and at the time of its publication was known only from Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Cvt" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1993 Asia Golf Circuit was the 32nd season of the Asia Golf Circuit (formerly the Far East Circuit), the main professional golf tour in Asia since it was established in 1961.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The following table lists official events during the 1993 season.", "title": "Schedule" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Order of Merit was based on tournament results during the season, calculated using a points-based system. The leading player on the Order of Merit earned status to play on the 1993 PGA of Japan Tour.", "title": "Order of Merit" } ]

[ "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Notelist", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Cite newspaper", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox golf season", "Template:Efn", "Template:Flagicon", "Template:Asia Golf Circuit seasons" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The historiography of Indigenous genocide is the study of how these type of genocides have been documented and interpreted by historians throughout the colonial age up to today.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Historian Samuel Totten and Professor Robert K. Hitchcock stated in their work on genocide historiography that the genocide of Indigenous peoples became a public issue for many non-Indigenous scholars until after the last part of the twentieth century.", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Historian Ned Blackhawk said that nationalist historiographies have been forms of denial that erase the history of destruction of European colonial expansion.", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Historian Jeffrey Ostler says that in older historiography, key events in genocidal massacres in the context of U.S. Army missions to dominate Indian nations of the American West were narrated as battles. The concept of genocide has had a modest impact on the writing of American Indian history.", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Benjamin Madley highlighted that the Genocide Convention designates genocide a crime whether committed in time of peace or war. He has argued that the violent Indigenous resistance to genocidal campaigns have been described as war or battles, instead of genocidal massacres. He defines genocidal massacres as:", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "\"...massacres are the intentional killing of five or more disarmed combatants or largely unarmed noncombatants, including women, children, and prisoners, whether in the context of a battle or other wise. Massacres, when they form part of a pattern targeting a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, are frequently genocidal.\"", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Benjamin Madley performed a case study of the Modoc War, comparing details of death tolls in both sides in the conflict, to support this point. He said that throughout the world, groups targeted for annihilation resist, often violently. The penalty for the death of a white man resulted in the loss of the lives of a hundred California Indians for each incident.", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Madley also studied two cases of genocide (Pequot and Yuki) analyzing four elements: statements of genocidal intent, presence of massacres, state-sponsored body-part bounties (rewards officially paid for corpses, heads and scalps) and mass death in government custody. He suggests that detailed breakdown of genocide studies by individual nation is a new direction in genocide studies: \"...offering a powerful tool with which to understand genocide and combat its denial around the world.\"", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The Canadian Historical Association has maintained that the Canadian historical profession was complicit in denial and also said in a statement: ''Settler governments, whether they be colonial, imperial, federal, or provincial have worked, and arguably still work, towards the elimination of Indigenous peoples as both a distinct culture and physical group.'' Some historians disagreed and issued a letter against and for the claim of broad consensus in the view of this aspect of Canadian history. Professors Sean Carleton and Andrew Woolford say that there is scholar consensus on genocide in Canada: \"In the end, a broad scholarly consensus has indeed emerged in recent years that agrees on the applicability of genocide in the Canadian context.\"", "title": "Overview" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "David Moshman, a professor at University of Nebraska–Lincoln, highlighted the lack of awareness of the fact that Indigenous nations are not a monolithic entity, and many have disappeared: \"The nations of the Americas remain virtually oblivious to their emergence from a series of genocides that were deliberately aimed at, and succeeded in eliminating, hundreds of Indigenous cultures.\"", "title": "Overview" } ]

[ "Template:Short description", "Template:Original research", "Template:Blockquote", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite book", "Template:Cite news", "Template:Cite journal", "Template:Citation", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Astrothelium megeustomum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first scientifically described in 2016. It is found in Brazil.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The species was formally described in 2016 by André Aptroot and Carlos Fraga. The type specimen was collected in Guaratuba, Paraná, Brazil. The second author found it growing on tree bark in arboreal restinga on 8 May 2015.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Astrothelium megeustomum has a corticate, smooth, somewhat shiny, and continuous thallus covering areas up to 7 cm in diameter and about 0.2 mm thick. The thallus is pale yellowish-green and not surrounded by a prothallus. It does not induce gall formation on the host bark. Ascomata are pyriform (pear-shaped), measuring around 0.6–1.2 mm in diameter. They are mostly aggregated in groups of 2–5 and mostly immersed in the bark tissue below pseudostromata, which are distinctly raised above the thallus and mostly irregular in outline. The wall of the ascomata is carbonised and up to 80 μm thick. Ostioles are eccentric, fused, flat, pale brownish, white-pruinose, and surrounded by a whitish zone. Hamathecium does not contain oil globules. Asci contain eight ascospores each. Ascospores are hyaline, muriform, fusiform, measuring 117–125 by 17–21 μm, with pointed ends and surrounded by a gelatinous layer up to 10 μm thick. The median septum is thickened. Pycnidia were not observed.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The thallus surface of Astrothelium megeustomum is UV negative, and the medulla has no reaction to the potassium hydroxide (K−) chemical spot test. The ostiolar region has a UV+ (yellow) reaction. Thin-layer chromatography analysis reveals the presence of lichexanthone, a xanthone substance that fluoresces when lit with a long-wavelength UV light.", "title": "Chemistry" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This species is found on smooth bark of trees in old-growth forest. At the time of its original publication, it was only known to occur in Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Scrambled is a 2023 comedy drama film written, directed and starring Leah McKendrick. It also stars Ego Nwodim, Andrew Santino, Adam Rodriguez, Laura Cerón and Clancy Brown. The film had a world premiere at South by Southwest on March 11, 2023, and is scheduled to released in theaters on February 2, 2024.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Nellie Robinson is a broke, single 34-year-old who after a breakup decides to freeze her eggs.", "title": "Premise" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Sources:", "title": "Cast" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Scrambled is based on Leah McKendrick's own experience with egg-retrieval in 2021. She wrote, directed (in her directorial debut) and starred in the film. The film was produced by Megamix's Gillian Bohrer and Jonathan Levine, along with Brett Haley and Amanda Mortimer. It was executive produced by Mariah Owen, Matthew Helderman, Luke Taylor and Grady Craig from BondIt Media Capital, who provided financing.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Principal photography concluded in September 2022. Cinematopher Julie Swain shot on a Arri Alexa using the OpenGate 4.5k format and the film was edited in Adobe Premiere Pro by Sandra Torres Granovsky.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In September 2022, Lionsgate Films acquired the worldwide distribution rights for Scrambled. It had a world premiere at South by Southwest (SXSW) on March 11, 2023, where Lionsgate held sales for other markets. The film is scheduled to be released in theaters by Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions on February 2, 2024.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 86% of 7 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.6/10.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Samantha Bergeson writing for IndieWire gave the film a B+, saying: \"At times, Scrambled feels like a TV show, which isn't a bad thing at all. In fact, it's a compliment: the film has quick quips, good timing, and tight pacing mostly found in nowadays in episodic structures\". Nick Allen from RogerEbert.com wrote that even though he thought that some parts of the script was \"too forced with its emotions\" and its humor \"can be too broad\", he concluded that Scrambled \"proves to overall be a charismatic directorial debut from a promising writer/director/star\". He ended his review with, \"But Scrambled never loses sight of its sincerity, and McKendrick uses this space to lovingly illuminate, if not destigmatize a fertility option not given nearly as much visibility as other choices. She does so with a wealth of life wisdom and big laughs in the process\".", "title": "Reception" } ]

[ "Template:Official website", "Template:IMDB title", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use mdy dates", "Template:Infobox film", "Template:Rotten Tomatoes prose", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web" ]

[]

[]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Astrothelium macrostomum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It is found in Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The species was formally described as new to science in 2016 by the Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot. The type collection was made by Harrie Sipman in Parque Natural do Caraça [pt], Minas Gerais, Brazil, on 16 September 1997.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Astrothelium macrostomum is corticate, smooth, somewhat shiny, and continuous, covering areas up to 7 cm in diameter and less than 0.1 mm thick. It appears olive-green to olive-grey, typically lacking a prothallus, and induces gall formation on the host bark, causing the lower bark or cambium layer to swell and erupt through the upper bark.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Ascomata are pyriform (pear-chaped), about 0.6–1.2 mm in diameter, usually aggregated in groups of 2–5, and mostly immersed in the bark tissue. The wall is carbonised, up to approximately 80 μm thick. Ostioles are eccentric and fused, with a flat, white-pruinose appearance, surrounded by a whitish zone. The hamathecium does not contain oil lobules. Asci each contain eight ascospores. These ascospores are hyaline, 5–7-septate, fusiform, measuring 65–85 by 16–19 μm, with pointed ends and diamond-shaped lumina, not surrounded by a gelatinous layer. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The thallus surface of Astrothelium macrostomum is UV−, while the medulla is K−. The ostiolar region has a UV+ (yellow) reaction. Thin-layer chromatography indicates the presence of lichexanthone, a xanthone compound that fluoresces when lit with a long-wavelength UV light.", "title": "Chemistry" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Astrothelium macrostomum is similar to Astrothelium eustomum, but can be differentiated by its 5–7-septate ascospores, as opposed to the 3–5-septate and smaller ascospores of A. eustomum. Astrothelium diplocarpoides shares some similar characteristics, but differs in having an inspersed hamathecium and the presence of lichexanthone throughout the thallus.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Astrothelium macrostomum grows on the smooth bark of trees within rainforests. It is known to occur in Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Ill", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John Leong Chi-yan (Chinese: 梁智仁, born 10 July 1942), is a Hong Kong physician who served as the chairman of the Hospital Authority and the President of the Open University of Hong Kong.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Family name hatnote", "Template:Infobox officeholder", "Template:Zh", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:HongKong-med-bio-stub" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Montpelier F.C. was an association football club based in Dublin, Ireland.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The club was formed out of a cricket club in 1887, in order to keep players fit over winter, but could not play any matches against other clubs, given the lack of association football in Dublin; captain D'Arcy proposed a meeting of cricket clubs in October 1888 in order to persuade some of them to adopt the association game. The cricket club was named after Montpelier Hill in County Dublin.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Montpelier's first competitive football came in the first Leinster Senior Cup in 1892–93, losing to eventual winner Leinster Nomads in the semi-final; the next season, it entered the 1893–94 Irish Cup, and, in the southern Ireland section, walked over Dublin University, but lost heavily to Bohemians in the next round. Despite this setback, goalkeeper Rice was chosen to play for Leinster in the inter-provincial match with Ulster in December 1893.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 23 April 1894, the Leinster Senior League was agreed, with Montpelier as one of the six founding clubs; Montpelier's Patrick McManus was the League's first secretary. However the competition seems not to have completed its first season, as Phoenix withdrew during the season, and not all fixtures were played; Bohemians was declared champion, Montpelier having lost all of its three matches; a 3–2 win over Britannia, the three Montpelier goals coming in the final 12 minutes, was annulled after a protest as to the state of the Montpelier pitch, and was one of the outstanding fixtures when the season came to a halt.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Montpelier's 1894–95 Irish Cup run was also unsuccessful, with a 3–0 defeat at Bohemians in the two clubs' first match in the competition that season, two late goals flattering the home side.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The club wound up after the 1894–95 season, but many of the members founded a new club in August 1895, called the Hibernian Football and Athletic Club.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The club wore blue and white stripes.", "title": "Colours" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The club's ground was at Island Bridge, in Phoenix Park.", "title": "Ground" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox football club", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite journal", "Template:Distinguish", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Use Irish English" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Astrothelium longisporum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It occurs in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described in 2016 by the lichenologists André Aptroot, Jeanne dos Reis Silva, and Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres. The type specimen was collected in Poço Redondo, Serra da Guia, Sergipe state. It is differentiated from the otherwise similar Astrothelium megaspermum by its eccentric ostioles and the count of ascospores per ascus.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Astrothelium longisporum is recognised by its corticate, somewhat bullate, and somewhat shiny thallus. The thallus is continuous, covering areas up to 6 cm in diameter and approximately 0.2 mm thick. It is pale olive-green and surrounded by a black prothallus about 0.3 mm wide. This species does not induce gall formation on the host bark. The ascomata are roughly spherical, measuring 0.8–1.2 mm in diameter, and are single in hemispherical warts covered by the thallus. The wall of the ascomata is carbonised and up to about 50 μm thick. Ostioles are eccentric, flat, and black, surrounded by an irregular whitish decorticate spot of approximately 0.5 mm. The hamathecium does not have oil globules interspersed. Asci contain eight ascospores, which are hyaline, muriform, fusiform, and measure 200–230 by 30–40 μm. These ascospores do not have a distinctly thickened median septum, with ends that are rounded and not surrounded by a gelatinous layer. Pycnidia have not been observed in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The surface of the thallus is UV− and the thallus medulla is K−; the decorticated ascoma surface is also UV−. Thin-layer chromatography, a technique used to identify chemical substances, did not detect any secondary metabolites in this lichen.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Astrothelium longisporum is found on smooth bark of trees in the Atlantic Forest and is known to occur only in Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Saint Rose of Lima Roman Catholic Church is a Roman Catholic church located at 130 Beach 84th Street in Rockaway Beach, Queens New York. The parish was founded on August 30, 1886, and the old church building was the first Roman Catholic Church built on the Rockaway peninsula. groundbreaking for the current Romanesque style church building took place on July 1, 1906, and the first Mass and dedication inside the new church took place on September 27, 1907. It is a currently active church within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Use American English", "Template:Infobox church", "Template:Cite web" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Astrothelium graphicum is a species of lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. This lichen features an extended, reticulate pseudostroma that is lower than its slightly bullate thallus.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The species was formally described as new to science in 2016 by the lichenologists André Aptroot and Suzana Maria de Azevedo Martins. The type collection was made in Santarém, Pará, Brazil, in September 2013.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Astrothelium graphicum is corticate, smooth to somewhat bullate, and somewhat shiny. It is continuous, covering areas up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter and approximately 0.3 mm thick. The thallus is green with a thin orange pruina and is not surrounded by a prothallus. It does not induce gall formation on the host bark.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Ascomata are spherical, measuring 0.3–0.4 mm in diameter, and are mostly aggregated in groups of 10–40. They are immersed in or even below the pseudostromata, which have a surface distinct from the thallus. The pseudostromata are not distinctly lower than the thallus, irregular in outline, anastomosing to meandering in a reticulate pattern, and can reach up to about 5 mm in diameter. They are ochraceous with a thin orange pruina, and the inside is also ochraceous without containing bark tissue. The wall is carbonised and up to about 80 μm thick. Ostioles are apical, not fused, flat, ochraceous to brown, and surrounded by a whitish to ochraceous, often clearly exserted ring of about 0.1 mm. The hamathecium does not have oil globules interspersed. Asci contain 8 ascospores each. Ascospores are hyaline, muriform, ellipsoid, measuring 60–66 by 12–16 μm, without a distinctly thickened median septum, with rounded ends, and not surrounded by a gelatinous layer. Pycnidia have not been observed in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Astrothelium graphicum is characterised by its extended, reticulate pseudostroma, lower than the slightly bullate thallus, and the orange pruina on both the thallus and pseudostroma, which gives it a resemblance to a giraffe's pattern. It is similar in aspect to A. flavomaculatum, which mainly differs by its much larger ascospores, measuring 140–200 by 25–30 μm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The thallus surface of Astrothelium graphicum reacts to UV light with a pink colour, and its medulla is K−. The pseudostroma surface also reacts to UV light with a pink colour, and the pigmented parts of the pseudostroma turn K+ (purple). Thin-layer chromatography, a technique used to identify chemical substances, reveals the presence of an anthraquinone, likely parietin.", "title": "Chemistry" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "This lichen grows on smooth bark of trees in rainforests. At the time of its original publication, it was known only from Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Convert", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Lichengloss" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Astrothelium globosum is a species of lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. This species is characterised by its immersed ascomata (fruiting bodies) and a thallus consisting of nearly spherical warts, along with distinctive 3-septate ascospores.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Astrothelium globosum was formally described as a new species in the journal The Lichenologist in 2016. The type specimen was collected in Santa Luzia do Itanhi [pt], Mata do Crasto, Brazil, on the bark of a tree, in March 2012.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Astrothelium globosum is corticate, consisting of closely appressed, nearly spherical warts measuring 0.3–0.9 mm in diameter. These warts form a pale greyish-green cover over areas up to 3 cm in diameter and are approximately 0.9 mm thick. The thallus has a thick hyaline cortex and does not induce gall formation on the host bark. Ascomata are pyriform, measuring 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter, and usually appear in groups of 2–5, immersed in the bark and visible from above by black ostioles between the thallus warts. The ascomata wall is carbonised and up to 50 μm thick. Ostioles are eccentric and brown. The hamathecium is not inspersed, and ascospores are 8 per ascus, hyaline, 3-septate, long ellipsoid, 35–40 by 11–13 μm, with diamond-shaped lumina and surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia were not observed in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "This species is distinguished by a unique thallus consisting of almost spherical warts, an unusual three-dimensional feature for a crustose lichen. It is most closely related to Astrothelium simplex, which is differentiated by its longer ascospores.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The thallus surface of Astrothelium globosum is UV−, and the thallus medulla is K−. Thin-layer chromatography, a technique used to identify chemical substances, tests revealed no secondary substances.", "title": "Chemistry" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Astrothelium globosum is found on the smooth bark of trees in lowland Atlantic rainforest. At the time of its original publication, it was known to occur only in Brazil.", "title": "Ecology and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Ill", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Physiological relevance is a scientific concept that refers to the applicability or significance of a particular experimental finding or biological observation in the context of normal bodily functions. This concept is often used in biomedical research, where scientists strive to design experiments that not only yield statistically significant results but also have direct implications for understanding human health and disease.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Physiological relevance is a critical factor in biomedical research because it helps to bridge the gap between basic science and clinical application. Researchers aim to design studies that not only yield statistically significant results but also have direct implications for understanding human health and disease. For example, a study on the effects of a new drug on cancer cells in a lab dish might show promising results. However, these findings would only be considered physiologically relevant if the drug also demonstrated efficacy in animal models or clinical trials, where the complex interplay of various bodily systems and processes are taken into account.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A classic example of physiological relevance is the discovery of insulin. In the early 20th century, scientists found that injecting diabetic dogs with extracts from the pancreas of healthy dogs could normalize their blood sugar levels. This finding was not only statistically significant but also physiologically relevant, as it led to the development of insulin therapy for diabetes in humans.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In tissue engineering, physiological relevance means that living tissue constructs in vitro are morphologically and functionally similar to native tissue. Bioengineering approaches to modify the mechanical properties of scaffolds and functionalize materials with growth factors or gene therapeutics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "One of the main challenges in ensuring physiological relevance is the inherent complexity of biological systems. Many factors can influence the outcome of an experiment, from the genetic makeup of the test subjects to the specific conditions under which the experiment is conducted. Furthermore, what is physiologically relevant in one species may not be in another, making it difficult to extrapolate findings from animal models to humans.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Another challenge is that physiological relevance is not always easy to quantify. Unlike statistical significance, which can be calculated using well-established mathematical formulas, physiological relevance often requires a more subjective, holistic assessment of the data. A limited number of quantitative models have been applied to improve the physiological relevance of biological systems.", "title": "" } ]

[ "Template:Cite journal" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Astrothelium curvatum is a species of corticolous lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Brazil, it was described as a new species in 2016. It is characterised by its immersed pyriform ascomata with lateral ostioles and bent, muriform ascospores.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Astrothelium curvatum was formally described as a new species in 2016 by the lichenologists André Aptroot and Marcela Cáceres. The type specimen was collected in Sergipe, Brazil, at the Serra de Itabaiana National Park, on the southern slope at an elevation of approximately 400 m (1,300 ft). It was found by the authors on the bark of a tree in May 2014.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Astrothelium curvatum is corticate, smooth, and somewhat shiny. It is continuous, covering areas up to 3 cm (1.2 in) in diameter and less than 0.1 mm thick. The colour is olive-green, surrounded by a black prothallus, and it does not induce gall formation on the host bark. The ascomata are pyriform, measuring 0.4–0.7 by 0.3–0.5 mm, and are single, immersed in the thallus, and mostly immersed in the bark. The wall around the ascomata is carbonised and can be up to 100 μm thick. The ostioles are lateral, not fused, and can be flat or depressed, with a brown colour. The hamathecium is interspersed with hyaline oil globules, and the asci contain 4–8 ascospores. These ascospores are hyaline, muriform, ellipsoid, usually bent, with rounded ends, measuring 74–90 by 25–34 μm. They do not have a distinctly thickened median septum and are not surrounded by a gelatinous layer.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Pycnidia have not been observed in this species. In terms of chemistry, the thallus surface is UV-negative, and the thallus medulla is K-negative. Thin-layer chromatography, a technique used to identify chemical substances, revealed that no secondary substances (lichen products) are detectable.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Astrothelium curvatum is notable for its immersed pyriform ascomata with lateral ostioles and the curved muriform ascospores. It is most closely related to Astrothelium puiggarii . The main difference between these species is that A. puiggarii typically has two ascospores in the ascus compared to the 4–8 found in A. curvatum.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Astrothelium curvatum is found on the smooth bark of trees in the Atlantic rainforest. At the time of its original publication, it was known to occur only in its type locality in Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

[ "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Convert", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Taxonbar", "Template:Short description" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sultan Tanvir Ahmed (Urdu: سلطان تنویر احمد, born 28 August 1973), is a Pakistani jurist and has been serving as Justice at the Lahore High Court since 7 May 2021.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Ahmed assumed the position of additional justice at Lahore High Court (LHC) on 7 May 2021. The Judicial Commission of Pakistan, led by then Chief Justice of Pakistan Umar Ata Bandial, officially ratified his appointment as a permanent judge of LHC on 13 October 2022. He formally took the oath of office as a permanent judge of LHC on 4 November 2022.", "title": "Career" } ]

[ "Template:Pakistan-law-bio-stub", "Template:Short description", "Template:Infobox officeholder", "Template:Lang-ur", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Authority control" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Otokita Shun is a Japanese politician who is serving as a member of the National Diet in the House of Councillors for Nippon Ishin no Kai from the Tokyo at-large district. He is now serving as chair of the party's parliamentary policy bureau.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Otokita was born on September 21, 1983, in Tokyo. He attended and graduated from Waseda University's School of Political Science and Economics in Tokyo. He is married to Miyoshi Yurika, a local politician in Kōtō. The couple has an arrangement which allows him to be non-monogamous according to Shūkan Bunshun.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After graduating from Waseda, he worked for LVMH.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Otokita was elected to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly in 2013. In the prefectural assembly, he was a member of Tokyo Governor Koike Yuriko's Tomin First no Kai. He was first elected to the National Diet as a member of the House of Councillors in 2019 as a candidate for Nippon Ishin no Kai. He was reelected in 2022.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Template:Infobox officeholder", "Template:Cite web", "Template:Japan-politician-1980s-stub" ]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Byssoloma xanthonicum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pilocarpaceae. It is found in New Caledonia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described by the Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot in 2014. The type specimen was collected near Farino in New Caledonia, at an elevation of about 300 m (980 ft). Byssoloma xanthonicum is one of the few corticolous species within the genus Byssoloma.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Byssoloma xanthonicum has a thin, non-corticate (without a cortex), and continuous thallus (the main body of the lichen) that is cream-coloured with a dull appearance. It is bordered by a thin brown line known as the prothallus. The algae within the thallus are chlorococcoid (green and spherical). The species features sessile (directly attached) apothecia, which are the fruiting bodies, measuring 0.2–0.6 mm in diameter. These apothecia are round but often lobate (lobed) in shape, with a flat, dull, dark brown disc that is not pruinose (powdery). The margin surrounding the disc is cream to chamois-coloured, dull, and has a felty texture, approximately 0.05 mm wide. The hymenium (spore-bearing layer) is 25–35 μm high, hyaline (translucent) but becomes brownish at the base due to diluted pigment from the hypothecium. The paraphyses (sterile filaments in the hymenium) are branched. The hypothecium (tissue beneath the hymenium) is dark brown, coloured by a concentrated pigment. The excipulum (outer layer of the apothecia) is hyaline and composed of anastomosing (interconnecting) hyphae approximately 3 μm wide. The ascus (spore-bearing cell) is of the Pilocarpaceae-type, with a tholus (central part) that reacts pale blue to iodine-potassium iodide (IKI) staining and has a darker blue tube inside. Each ascus contains 8 ascospores. These spores are hyaline, fusiform (spindle-shaped), 3-septate (having three divisions), measuring 11–13 by 2.5–3.5 μm, and are slightly constricted at the septa (divisions). Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) were not observed in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The thallus of Byssoloma xanthonicum fluoresces a yellow-orange colour when lit with a ultraviolet light, owing to the presence of the compound lichexanthone. It additionally has a K+ (yellow-red) reaction, a result of norstictic acid.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Byssoloma xanthonicum bears a resemblance in thallus and apothecium colour to B. chlorinum. However, it differs significantly in its chemical composition, most notably demonstrated by its strong UV+ (yellow-orange) reaction. Xanthones, a type of chemical compound, are known in Byssoloma, notably in B. meadii. Compared to B. meadii, Byssoloma xanthonicum stands out due to its pale hypothecium and is more similar in colour and appearance to B. leucoblepharum.", "title": "Description" } ]

[ "Template:Lichengloss", "Template:Reflist", "Template:Short description", "Template:Use British English", "Template:Use dmy dates", "Template:Speciesbox", "Template:Convert" ]