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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tendukheda is a city and a nagar panchayat in narsinghpur district , it's also a tehsil headquarter ,", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Tendukheda situated on northern part of district, it's situated on NH 45 it's 95 km away from district headquarter,", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Tendukheda Nagar Panchayat has population of 13,077 of which 6,808 are males while 6,269 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.Literacy rate of Tendukheda city is 82.94 % higher than state average of 69.32 %.", "title": "Demographics" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Being an agricultural land, large industries are rare in the area. Also most of the industrial institutions are agricultural-oriented. Industries include agricultural equipment, iron items, and Tendukheda and Dangidhana are well known for these industries.", "title": "Industry" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Gur/sugar from sugarcane: In many places, gur has been prepared from sugarcane all over the district. Kareli is very famous for Gur Mandi. In Narsinghpur, Kareli, Tendukheda and Gadarwara there are sugar mills.", "title": "Industry" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Winter Solstice is an American metalcore band formed in 2000.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1999 Northwestern State Demons football team represented Northwestern State University as a member of the Southland Conference during the 1999 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Led by 17th-year head coach Sam Goodwin, the Demons compiled an overall record of 4–7 with a mark of 3–4 in conference play, placing in fifth place in the Southland. Northwestern State played home games at Harry Turpin Stadium in Natchitoches, Louisiana.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "Schedule" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rehan Raza Khan Razvi Quadri (21 January 1908–6 June 1985) also known as Rehan-e-Millat or Rahmani Miyan was an Indian sufi saint and Islamic scholar belonging to the Barelvi movement of Sunni Islam. He served as a Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council from 1976 to 1980 representing Indian National Congress, but resigned before term end due to 1980 Moradabad riots.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He was the editor-in-Chief of Ala Hazrat Al-Jamia monthly.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Khan was born to Ibrahim Raza Khan on 21 January 1908 as the eldest son in Muhalla Khwaja Qutub, Bareilly district, India (now in Uttar Pradesh). According to their family tradition his name was kept as Muhammad and later kept Rehan Raza as calling name. Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri recited the Taqbeer in his ears when he was born.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Khan was a mureed and Khalifa of his grandfather Mustafa Raza Khan.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Khan died on 6 June 1985 in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh. He was buried in the Bareilly Sharif Dargah.", "title": "Death and legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Urs-e-Rahmani, the death anniversary is organised annually at the shrine.", "title": "Death and legacy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kim Ye, later known as Wang Ye, was a Korean hojok, or local aristocratic lord, of Myongju (modern-day Gangneung). He lived during the Later Three Kingdoms and early Goryeo periods.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kim Ye's ancestor, Kim Chu-wŏn, was a failed claimant to the throne of Silla who was compensated by being enfeoffed as the Prince of Myongju. Kim Ye was the sixth-generation descendant of Kim Chu-won and a member of the Gangneung Kim clan. He was the son of Kim Sŏn-hŭi (김선희; 金善希) and a member of the chingol class.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Kim contributed to Wang Kŏn's unification of the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea and was recognized as a merit subject. Taejo Wang Kon granted his own surname, Wang, to Kim, who was now known as Wang Ye. In September 936, Wang Ye participated in the Battle of Illicheon under the command of his kinsman Wang Sun-sik. Under Goryeo, he held the rank of commandant and naesaryŏng. His daughter, Lady Daemyeongjuwon, became one of King Taejo's concubines.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 77th British Film Academy Awards, more commonly known as the BAFTAs, is an upcoming ceremony to be held on 18 February 2024, honouring the best national and foreign films of 2023, at the Royal Festival Hall within London's Southbank Centre.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The BAFTA longlists will be unveiled on 5 January 2024. The nominees will be announced on 18 January 2024. The winners will be announced on 18 February 2024.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kim Ye (Korean: 김예; Hanja: 金銳; died 868) was a member of the Silla royal House of Kim who plotted a failed rebellion against King Gyeongmun of Silla.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kim Ye was a younger cousin of King Munseong. In 855, he participated in the construction of a stone pagoda at Ch'angnimsa Temple. At this time, he was the county magistrate of Giryang (modern-day Sinchang-myeon, Asan) and held the rank of saji (사지; 舍知). Even though he was a royal relative and a part of the chingol class, he only held the low ranks of county magistrate and saji.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "By 868, Kim held the rank of ichan. Dissatisfied with the succession of the kingship of Silla, he and Kim Hyŏn (김현; 金鉉) plotted a rebellion against King Gyeongmun. The rebellion was unsuccessful and both he and Hyŏn were killed.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lavanttalornis is an extinct genus of duck from the Miocene of Austria. The genus is known from a nearly complete specimen preserved across multiple rock slabs and stems from a locality which may represent a possible lagerstätte. It currently includes only a single species, L. hassleri.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The remains of Lavanttalornis were discovered in the Lavanttal of Carinthia in the south of Austria, which is known for the preservation of a diverse fauna dating back to the Miocene. Although not the first nor only fossil duck discovered in Austria, Lavanttalornis stands out as being the best preserved and is counted among the few nearly complete fossil ducks known worldwide. The fossil is preserved in four slabs, designated LMK-Pal 7453a to LMK-Pal 7453d, which are housed in the paleontological collection of the Landesmuseum Kärnten (also known as the kärnten.museum).", "title": "History and naming" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The scientific name Lavanttalornis means \"bird from the Lavanttal\", combining the German name for the area it was discovered in with the Ancient Greek word ornis for bird. The species name derives from its discoverer, Andreas Hassler, a professional veterinarian and amateur paleontologist.", "title": "History and naming" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kim Ye is a multidisciplinary artist based in Los Angeles. Her work has been shown at the Getty Center's Pacific Standard Time Family Festival, Moran Bondaroff, Machine Project, and Visitor Welcome Center. Ye's installations involve sculpture, painting, video, and live performance. Born in Beijing, she went on to receive her MFA from UCLA. In alignment with Ye's experience as a professional dominatrix, her work often explores dominant and submissive dynamics. This theme facilitates an ongoing mediation between artistic practice and BDSM culture.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lymantria iris is a species of erebid moth described by Embrik Strand in 1910. It is found in Taiwan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Zheltau (Kazakh: Желтау) is an elongated upland located in Jambyl Region, Kazakhstan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mirny, a mining town in the Moiynkum District, lies at the southeastern end of the Zheltau. The area is a seasonal grazing ground for local cattle.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Zheltau is located at the western limit of the Balkhash-Alakol Basin, roughly 50 kilometers (31 mi) to the west of the southwestern shore of Lake Balkhash. It extends from northwest to southeast for about 140 kilometers (87 mi). The Betpak-Dala desert lies to the west. The Zheltau stretches northwestwards from the northern end of the Chu-Ili Range, with the Mayzharylgan running parallel to its southern stretch. 972 meters (3,189 ft) high Mount Zhambyl rises to the southwest of the southern section of the Zheltau.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Zheltau upland forms an almost continuous elevated terrain of moderate height. Located near the northern end, 599 meters (1,965 ft) high Mount Suykadyr is the highest point.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The vast hilly area is covered with resilient grasses such as Festuca, Aristida, Calamagrostis, Artemisia, Anabasis, Salsola and Spiraea. The soil is gray and crumbly owing to high salinity. The average annual precipitation is 220 millimeters (8.7 in).", "title": "Flora" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Japan Golf Tour will be the 51st season of the Japan Golf Tour (formerly the PGA of Japan Tour), the main professional golf tour in Japan since it was formed in 1973.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The following table lists official events during the 2024 season.", "title": "Schedule" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The following events were sanctioned by the Japan Golf Tour, but did not carry official money, nor were wins official.", "title": "Schedule" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The 2024 Japan Challenge Tour, titled as the 2024 Abema Tour for sponsorship reasons, will be the 39th season of the Japan Challenge Tour, the official development tour to the Japan Golf Tour.", "title": "Japan Challenge Tour" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The following table lists official events during the 2024 season.", "title": "Japan Challenge Tour" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Marion Rose Caunter Abdullah (born November 5, 1980) is a TV personality of South Asia, whose TV career began as host of 8 TV's 15-minute talk show \"The Quickie\".", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Marion Rose Caunter was born on November 5,1980 in Penang, Malaysia.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Caunter attended Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US, graduating with a Bachelor's degree in Electronic Broadcasting and Communications.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Caunter began her career as a reporter for Milwaukee's WB 18 Channel, followed by a period with the Los Angeles radio station KIIS-FM. Upon her return to Malaysia, Caunter became well-known as the host of 8TV’s talk show \"the Quickie\" followed by engagements with One in a Million, The Biggest Loser and Channel V's Poparazzi, and later with ESPN and E! News Asia channels.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On December 17, 2010, having converted to Islam, Marion Caunter and Naza Group's chief executive officer SM Nasarudin SM Nasimuddin got married in a private family wedding. They have two daughters and one son.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "2021 – she was listed as one of Asia's most influential people by Tatler", "title": "Recognitions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "#REDIRECT Kiss of Life (EP)", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Inibehe Effiong (born December 21, 1988) is a Nigerian human rights lawyer, activist, social commentator, and litigation lawyer. He is the legal adviser of the African Action Congress.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Effiong was born in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, in 1988. He attended the Presbyterian Senior Science School and proceeded to the University of Uyo, where he obtained a Bachelor of Law degree and was call to bar in 2015.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In August 2020, Effiong filed a charge against the National Broadcasting Commission for arbitrarily amending the Nigeria Broadcasting Code and increasing the fine for hate speech from NGN 500,000 to NGN 5,000,000.", "title": "Activism" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "From June 5, 2021, to January 13, 2022, the Federal Government of Nigeria banned Twitter, which restricted its operation in the country. Inibehe filed a suit at the federal high court against the Federal Government of Nigeria, former Minister of Information and Culture, Lai Mohammed, and the then Attorney-General and Minister of Justice, Abubakar Malami, to obtain an order restraining the government from banning Twitter.", "title": "Activism" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In March 2023, Effiong criticised Nigeria's State Security Services for adopting the name Department of State Security Services and considered it illegal.", "title": "Activism" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "On July 27, 2022, the Chief Judge of Akwa Ibom State, Ekaette Obot, ordered Effiong to be remanded in prison for contempt. While in a correctional facility, he claimed to have been subjected to torture by the prison official, but the claim was refuted by the Nigerian Correctional Service.", "title": "Detention" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The imprisonment of Inibehe generated national controversies as human rights organizations, including Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project and Amnesty International, Nigeria Labour Congress called for Inibehe's release. At least 26 civil society organisations calling for Inibehe's release submitted a petition to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva.", "title": "Detention" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The Nigerian Bar Association threatened to file a petition with the National Judicial Council, and many notable Nigerian lawyers, including Senior Advocates of Nigeria such as Femi Falana and Kayode Ajulo, condemned Effiong's detention. Kayode Ajulo described Effiong’s imprisonment as \"an abuse of judicial authority.\"", "title": "Detention" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Human rights lawyer and writer, Professor Chidi Odinkalu, described Effiong as “a courageous, vigorous, and brilliant advocate who is destined to become a phenomenon in Nigeria’s legal profession.”", "title": "Detention" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Carlos Alberto Valenzuela Cabrales ( Jonuta , Tabasco ; July 17, 1955) is a Mexican politician , member of the National Action Party (PAN).", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kottur Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in Karnataka state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of Bellary Lok Sabha seat.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "14°49′27″N 76°13′19″E / 14.824138°N 76.222020°E / 14.824138; 76.222020", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The New Blackmore Vale Magazine is a fortnightly news magazine, published in Wincanton. Founded in 2020, following the closure of the Blackmore Vale Magazine, it had a fortnightly circulation of 32,500 as of September 2021.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The magazine is owned by The Blackmore Vale Ltd, a subsidiary of Armishaws Media, alongside its sister publications: The New Stour & Avon, the Salisbury & Avon Gazette and the Purbeck Gazette.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "It covers the Blackmore Vale, an area of north Dorset, south Somerset and southwest Wiltshire.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1978, Alan and Ingrid Chalcraft purchased the struggling magazine, Stalbridge News, for £2,500. They rebranded it the Blackmore Vale Magazine and 15 years later sold the publication for £1,000,000 to Trinity International. Trinity merged with the Mirror Group to become Trinity Mirror.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "By 2007, the Blackmore Vale had a circulation of 54,850, according to the Guardian. It had two sister papers, the Fosse Way Magazine (28,000 circulation) and the Community Magazine (54,000 circulation). The same year, all three were sold as part of a package with 23 other regional titles to the Daily Mail and General Trust for £64.15m.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2012, the publisher Local World was formed and acquired a large number of regional publications, including the Blackmore Vale Magazine. Local World was sold to Trinity Mirror in 2015. In 2018, Trinity Mirror was rebranded as Reach plc.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Publication suspended in March 2020 amid the COVID-19 pandemic, and in August, Reach announced the magazine would be closed down and replaced by the online SomersetLive.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "On September 24, 2020, Wiltshire businessman Lloyd Armishaw launched the first issue of The New Blackmore Vale Magazine, with an initial print run of 30,000. It was edited by Miranda Robertson until she stepped down in 2022. Paul Jones - former group editor for the Archant south west division, and Newsquest's four Somerset papers - was appointed as editor-in-chief of The Blackmore Vale Ltd in October 2022.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kottur Assembly constituency may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Asian Tour will be the 29th season of the modern Asian Tour (formerly the Asian PGA Tour), the main professional golf tour in Asia excluding Japan, since it was established in 1995.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The following table lists official events during the 2024 season.", "title": "Schedule" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Doctors Against Animal Experiments (DEEA; Ärzte gegen Tierversuche) is an association based in Cologne, which campaigns for the complete abolition of animal testing under the motto \"Medical progress is important - animal testing is the wrong way\" .", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The organization was founded in 1979 by the neurologist couple Margot and Herbert Stiller along with other doctors in Hamburg. Two years earlier, Mr. and Mrs. Stiller had already published the book \"Animal Experiment and Animal Experimenters\". They were among the first to question animal experiments from a scientific point of view and to shed light on the harm that animal experiments cause to humans . Educating the public about the methodological fallacy of animal testing has been the focus of the association from the very beginning. In the pre-digital era, the board members and active members mainly shared publications, wrote letters to decision-makers, gave lectures both in Germany and abroad, published books and articles, and answered questions from the media . In 1990, the first edition of the book \"The Myth of Animal Testing\" by Dr. Bernhard Rambeck was published. The author dispels and refutes the ten most common reasons repeatedly put forward for animal experiments . The core of the association’s work raising awareness for animal testing and educating the public on the multiple fallacies of the system. Their publications, campaigns, and projects are based on in-depth research by a team of scientists. In addition to educating the public, DAAE also organizes its own congresses, gives lectures to interested specialist audiences, connects with political decision-makers, and takes legal action on behalf of animals in laboratories. Their numerous nationwide working groups propagate the association’s standpoints and research by regularly organising information stalls, action days, and demonstrations.", "title": "Foundation and mode of operation" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "According to its own information, the association has around 3,750 members and sustaining members. Just under a quarter are members (doctors, veterinarians, dentists, psychologists, and scientists working in the medical field) and around three quarters are sustaining members. The association works independently of the interests of the pharmaceutical industry and universities and is financed exclusively by donations and membership fees .", "title": "Members" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The organization rejects all animal experiments on ethical and scientific grounds. They argue that animal experiments are not suitable for investigating human diseases and that, from a scientific point of view, it is not possible to transfer the results from animal experiments to humans . As an alternative, the association propagates the use of non-animal research methods such as human cell cultures, mini-organs generated from human cells (organoids), multi-organ chips, computer simulations, and clinical studies, which are superior to animal experiments in terms of informative value and transferability .", "title": "Goals" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Database on animal experiments Since 1998, the association has been operating a database that documents examples of animal experiments in Germany. For this purpose, articles published in scientific journals are evaluated and the animal experiments described therein are summarized in a language that is understandable for laypersons. The aim of the database is to give the public an insight into the reality of animal experiments.", "title": "Campaigns and projects" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In order to avoid animal testing and promote animal-free research, the association published the NAT (Non-Animal-Technologies) database on animal-free research methods on July 29, 2020 with 250 entries at the time. The database currently (as of December 2023) contains almost 1,900 entries. According to the association, conventional literature databases are still dominated by research that uses animals while non-animal methods are drowning in a flood of animal testing studies. The association says that the full potential of modern human-based research methods has not yet been exploited - countless animals continue to suffer and die in animal experiments, even though suitable animal-free methods exist. DAAE has created the bilingual NAT (Non Animal Technologies) database to close this gap between the enormous number of animal-free methods available on the one hand and the difficulty of finding them on the other. The freely available database includes a wide variety of non-animal methods from all over the world, ranging from modern methods based on human cells to complex computer models. The NAT database supports scientists in their search for animal-free methods for their respective research questions, but is also intended for politicians, representatives of authorities, journalists, and the interested public. The search mask allows a keyword search as well as the possibility to filter by subject area, model, country, or date of publication. The entries contain a summary of the method as well as related sources and information on the responsible researchers and institutes.", "title": "NAT Database" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In order to encourage animal-free human medical research, particularly among younger doctors and scientists, the association has established the Herbert Stiller Prize, a research and promotional prize. The prize, named after the co-founder of the association, Herbert Stiller, is awarded for innovative scientific work that uses animal-free, human-based methods to research and treat human diseases and, thus, makes a significant contribution to medical progress. This includes in-vitro studies, but also clinical work and epidemiological investigations into the causes of diseases of civilization . The prize was first awarded in 1995 and was endowed with DM 25,000 at the time. By 2001, five scientists had received this award, and two more received the doctoral prize worth DM 10,000 . In 2006-2011, three prizes of €10,000 each were awarded with a focus on animal-free cancer research . Since 2019, the Herbert Stiller Prize has been awarded every two years .", "title": "Herbert-Stiller-Prize" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The association also awards a negative prize. The \"Heart of Stone\" stands for heartless research in which sentient beings are degraded to mere measuring instruments. Public online voting is used to draw attention to some particularly absurd and cruel animal experiments that have been carried out in Germany.", "title": "Heart of Stone" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The negative prize has been awarded annually since 2017. The following institutions have received the \"Heart of Stone\" :", "title": "Heart of Stone" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Since 2009, the association had been campaigning against brain research on rhesus monkeys at four institutes in Tübingen. In 2014, one of them, the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, hit the headlines when recordings were published showing severe mistreatment of the monkeys. Doctors Against Animal Experiments filed a criminal complaint with the public prosecutor's office in Tübingen in January 2015 . Following those revelations, Marco Wehr accused the association of a lack of proximity to players in medical research and of insufficient expertise in a guest article in the FAZ in 2017. Among others, he criticized DAAE for campaigning for replacement of animal experiments with cell cultures and computer models, as these could only inadequately reproduce complex biological processes and were therefore, in his opinion, insufficient for researching longer chains of action. In December 2018, Volkart Wildermuth announced in an interview that the trust between the Logothetis working group and the Max Planck Society had permanently been damaged. According to Wildermuth, the MGP had restricted some of Nikos Logothetis' management functions where animal experiments were concerned. The public prosecutor's office in Tübingen discontinued the proceedings against payment of a fine .", "title": "Campaign against brain research on monkeys" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In 2022, autopsy reports from the Stuttgart Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Office from 2009 were published. They showed that the skulls of monkeys that had been experimented on in Tübingen had numerous drill holes and a fracture, among other things. A total of six monkey cadavers were delivered from Tübingen, three with and three without heads. According to the autopsy reports, the skull manipulations caused much more suffering to the animals than is legally permitted in animal experiments .", "title": "Campaign against brain research on monkeys" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In 2008, the association launched its Eastern Europe project and equipped an institute at Sumy University in Ukraine with animal-free teaching materials. In return, the university signed a contract to discontinue the corresponding animal experiments. In the meantime (as of June 2023), contracts have been signed with the heads of 73 institutes in 29 cities in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. Doctors Against Animal Experiments provides hardware in the form of laptops and projectors as well as software such as computer simulations, films, and dummies. In return, the university lecturers commit by contract to refrain from animal experiments and animal-consuming internships. According to the association, this saves around 57,000 animals from being tested on and killed at universities every year . The association has also financed the development of Russian- and Ukrainian-language educational films and computer simulations and raises public awareness through press conferences and media reports .", "title": "Eastern Europe Project – Saving Animals with Computers" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "In 2007, Doctors Against Animal Experiments launched a campaign against the LD50 test which is executed on mice for batch testing botulinum toxin products . The neurotoxin, known under the trade name \"Botox\", is used for both medical and cosmetic purposes. Each individual production unit is tested on mice to determine at which dilution half of the animals die . Years of campaigning led to the three most important manufacturers switching to animal-free testing methods, at least for the most part, from 2011 onwards", "title": "Botox campaign" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Since 2009, the association has been campaigning for animal-free chemical testing, together with the umbrella organization European Coalition to End Animal Experiments ([ECEAE]). As part of the REACH regulation (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals), chemical companies must register their chemicals with the EU authority ECHA and submit extensive information. This may be existing data or data obtained from new animal tests. Planned animal tests must be proposed to the ECHA. The authority then gives third parties 45 days in a public consultation process to find out whether the data already exists or can be obtained by other means than animal testing . In cooperation with the ECEAE, experts from the association comment on the REACH test proposals and research existing information on the chemicals in question. Most of the substances have been on the market for more than 30 years and most have already been tested in the past. According to the association, these comments on REACH proposals alone could prevent animal testing on around 140,000 animals by May 2023 .", "title": "REACH Project" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "The memorial was erected on April 29, 2023 at the \"Kreuz & Quer\" church in the middle of Erlangen. It stands for the millions of animals that are exploited by humans worldwide, especially in animal experiments. The monument was initiated by Margrit Vollertsen-Diewerge, head of the association's working group in Erlangen and financed by private donations. The memorial was created by sculptor Monika Ritter with administrative authorization. The creative process was preceded by a request for proposal for an artistic work that shows the suffering of defenceless creatures, but at the same time creates a memorial to the living creature in cooperation with the association and the Erlangen Cultural Office. A six-member jury selected Monika Ritter's design out of six applications.", "title": "Monument for animal rights and against animal testing" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "The memorial is made of Croatian Kanfanar stone. It shows a monkey trapped by the neck in a so-called primate chair, as used in brain research, a beagle, the most common dog breed used in animal experiments, a pig behind bars, four rabbits looking out of the stone as if cramped in restraints, two guinea pigs, and a mouse, the animals that suffer and die most frequently in animal experiments.", "title": "Monument for animal rights and against animal testing" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Campaigns against the construction of new animal testing laboratories The association is committed to preventing that new animal testing laboratories are built and demands that the corresponding funds flow into animal-free research. Among other things, DAAE launched campaigns against the construction of a research centre of the pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim in Hanover , new animal laboratories of the Max Delbrück Centre and the Charité in Berlin , an animal testing laboratory of the University of Freiburg , the resumption of animal experiments at the Nordklinikum Nuremberg , a new animal experimentation laboratory at the University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , and the establishment of an animal experimentation laboratory in the city of Augsburg, which had previously been free of animal-testing facilities .", "title": "Monument for animal rights and against animal testing" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "From 2015 to 2018, the association operated the so-called \"mouse mobile\", i.e. a van with a large model of a mouse on the roof, and a painted message and a screen in the rear. The information vehicle toured a total of 144 cities in Germany in 2015/2016. In 2017/2018, the mouse mobile was still in use occasionally .", "title": "Mouse mobile" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "For the NAT database, which enables researchers to search for animal-free methods, the association was awarded the Lush Prize, endowed with £25,000 from the British cosmetics company, and the Lower Saxony Animal Welfare Prize in 2022 .", "title": "Awards" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "The association is a member of the European Coalition to End Animal Experiments based in Austria and the Eurogroup for Animals based in Brussels.", "title": "Memberships" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "The association has joined the Transparent Civil Society Initiative, an initiative for transparency of non-profit organizations by Transparency International.", "title": "Transparency" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "Human-Animal Studies", "title": "See also" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Leslie McGillivray (1 October 1929 – July 1977) was an international motorcycle speedway rider from England. He earned two international caps for the England national speedway team.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "McGillivray, born in Islington, began his British leagues career riding for Rayleigh Rockets during the 1949 Speedway National League Division Three season, where he made an immediate impact topping the team averages. He was a regular for the team for nine years from 1949 until 1957. During his time at Rayleigh, he helped the team win two consecutive league titles, after they secured the Southern League in both 1952 and 1953.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "His first taste of top league racing was riding a handful of meetings for Wimbledon Dons in 1955, while he was still a Rayleigh rider. He contributed towards the league title success with a 5.33 average. When Rayleigh dropped out of the league he joined Poole Pirates for two seasons becoming their club captain. He signed for Ipswich Witches in 1960 and was still with them until the team dropped out of the league in 1962. He spent the remainder of the season with Coventry Bees.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1963, he returned to his old club Rayleigh, topping the club's averages again before joining Hackney Hawks in 1964. On the formation of the British League in 1965, he stayed with Hackney. After seven seasons in total with Hackney, where he was club captain for a period, he retired from speedway after the 1970 season.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ageod’s Wars of Succession is a strategy wargame that covers the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713) and Great Northern War (1700-1721).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The game was released on Jan 25, 2018, being developed by French company AGEOD and published by Slitherine Ltd.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Covering all Europe, from the Atlantic to Russia, and from Southern Spain to Scandinavia, the map has over 5,000 different regions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In Wars of Succession the player is tasked with leading the armies of the nations involved in the two major wars, managing logistics, production, attrition, battlefield tactics, naval warfare. The game includes numerous historical leaders, including Charles XII of Sweden, John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, Prince Eugene of Savoy or admiral George Rooke.", "title": "Gameplay" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Furthermore, the game portrays hundreds of various historical units, from regular infantry to Winged Husssars, life guard units and various mercenary troops, as well as ships, ranging from small riverine boats to huge ships of the line .", "title": "Gameplay" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Wars of Succession has five separate scenarios, of which one covers the entire Great Northern War, while the other four deal with the War of Spanish Succession.", "title": "Gameplay" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Abdel Wahid bin Yazid el-Iskandarani (Egyptian Arabic: عبد الواحد بن يزيد الإسكندراني) (9th century – 851 AD), was an Egyptian Vizier of the Emirate of Cordoba in the Iberian Peninsula, singer, poet, writer and military commander.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Commander-Vizier Abdel Wahid bin Yazid el-Iskandarani is considered the most prominent Alexandrian figure to enter Al-Andalus during the era of the Umayyad dynasty. He was able, within a short period, to rise to the highest major positions in Cordoba, the capital of the Umayyads in Al-Andalus.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He was originally a poet, writer, and singer who made a living and traveled to all North African countries to spread his poetry and singing until he reached Al-Andalus.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Andalusian historian Ibn Hayyan Al-Qurtubi mentions, among the virtues of the chamberlain’s morals, Isa bin Shuhayd, his good deeds with Abdel Wahid bin Yazid, and says:", "title": "Contact with Abd ar-Rahman II" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "“Who is famous for his action regarding Abdel Wahid bin Yazid el-Iskandarani, for he came to Andalusia as a polite and pleasant young man. He used to sing some songs according to the sects of Islam.” Then he clung to the rope of Ibn Shuhayd, who was the companion of Emir Abd ar-Rahman ibn al-Hakam, but he did not do well with him. He said to him: Stop singing at all, for it makes you suspicious in our opinion. Be careful with your etiquette and pay attention to your luck, for you have qualities that attract your hyena! So Abdel Wahid did that, and sticked with Isa. So Isa gave Abdel Wahid's information to Emir Abd ar-Rahman, and brought it to him, and he struck him as Isa had described to him, so his soul accepted Abdel Wahid, and his luck moved him, so he lowered his status and strengthened his privacy, until he regretted it and became comfortable with it. Then he used him and transferred him to positions of service until he gave him authority in the city, then he promoted him as a Vizier and gave him leadership. \".", "title": "Contact with Abd ar-Rahman II" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "From this text it becomes clear to us that Abdel Wahid ibn Yazid el-Iskandarani came to Cordoba at the beginning of the reign of Prince Abd ar-Rahman II. He was an extroverted speaker, inclined to literature, and used to sing a bit. He contacted the chamberlain Isa ibn Shuhayd, who was known for his talent and intelligence, and he advised him to refrain from singing and to just continue with literature, el-Iskandarani complied with the advice of the chamberlain, whom he trusted, and gained a high position with him. In turn, he brought him to Prince Abd ar-Rahman al-II, who admired him and lowered his status, and made him one of his own. Then he entrusted him with the plan of the owner of the city in the metropolis of Cordoba, and after that he promoted him to become his vizier and gain leadership.", "title": "Contact with Abd ar-Rahman II" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The Vizier Commander Abdel Wahid el-Iskandarani contributed to putting down some of the internal strife and revolutions that broke out during the reign of Prince Abd ar-Rahman II, including his leadership of the Umayyad campaign directed at Toledo in the year 221 AH / 836 AD to put down the revolt of its people who had rebelled against the central government in Cordoba, so Prince Abd ar-Rahman sent to them a military force from Rabah Castle, south of Toledo, besieged the city and cut off its control, which exhausted its people. After that, the Egyptian commander Abdel Wahid marched towards them with his army, and was able to storm the walls of Toledo and forcefully conquer it in the month of Rajab in the year 222 AH / 837 AD, then he organized its affairs, and ordered the reconstruction and fortification of the Kasbah, (the citadel), which was founded by Amrous Al-Washq, during the reign of Prince Al-Hakam bin Hisham Al-Rabadi, at Bab Al-Jisr, and thus restored calm and stability to that city, which had always disturbed the Umayyads with its continuous revolts.", "title": "Quelling internal strife" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The role of the leader Abdel Wahid el-Iskandarani was not limited to suppressing internal revolts, but he also participated in the fighting against the Crusaders of Galicia and the Crusaders of Catalonia, and he did well in that. In the year 226 AH / 840 AD, Prince Abd ar-Rahman II sent a squadron to the Kingdom of Galicia, headed by his son al-Mutarrif, and accompanied by the leader Abdel Wahid who defeated the Crusaders of Galicia and returned victorious to Cordoba. In the year 227 AH / 841 AD, Prince Abd al-Rahman ordered a military campaign to be launched into Catalonia, and assigned its leadership to Abdel Wahid el-Iskandarani, who penetrated into Catalan territory and destroyed some of their forts in the Shartaniya region on the borders of Gaul (France). Commander Abdel Wahid reached, in his march, the borders of Arbonne, south of France.", "title": "Confronting the Crusaders" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Commander Abdel Wahid had efforts during the Norman raid on the western coast of Al-Andalus during the reign of Prince Abd ar-Rahman II. In the year 230 AH / 844 AD, Norman ships advanced from the coast of Ashbon and the Muslims engaged in fighting with them. Then they occupied the island of Quttil near Seville and stayed there for three days, after which they headed to the village of Qawra. There, a battle took place between them and the Muslims in Qawra Fort, which resulted in the defeat of the Muslims in the fort. Then the Normans entered the town of Toliata, south of Seville, whose people were unable to withstand, and many of them were killed. As a result, they entered the city of Seville, where they rampaged through looting, killing, and vandalism, and burned the roofs of the mosque of Seville.", "title": "Confronting the Normans" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Prince Abd ar-Rahman II mobilized the Muslims for jihad, and a large army emerged from Cordoba, headed by the chamberlain Isa bin Shuhayd and senior commanders such as Abdel Wahid el-Iskandarani, Ibn Kulayb, and Ibn Rustum. The battle took place between the two sides, in which the Muslims remained steadfast and defeated the Normans who fled to their ships. Another battle took place in In Toledo, the Normans were defeated and about five hundred of them were killed, including their fleet commander. Thirty of their ships were burned, and after that they were forced to withdraw to Bala, and from there they headed to Ashbon, where their news ceased.", "title": "Confronting the Normans" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "After the success of the Muslims in repelling that Norman raid on the coasts of Al-Andalus, Prince Abd ar-Rahman began to devote himself to continuing the fighting against the Crusaders in the north, so he sent a campaign in 234 AH / 848 AD, headed by his son Al-Mundhir, and with him in leadership was the Vizier Abdel Wahid. Ibn Al-Athir states that the objectives of this campaign were to attack the Alba region in the north, deter its inhabitants, and ward off their danger from the Andalusian borders adjacent to them. In 236 AH / 850 AD, Abd ar-Rahman II sent an army led by Abdel Wahid ibn Yazid el-Iskandarani in a disciplinary campaign against the Franks, which reached the city of Arbonne.", "title": "Continuing the fight against the Crusaders" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Vizier Abdel Wahid el-Iskandarani died in 237 AH / 851 AD, a year after the last campaign, recording bright pages in Andalusian history with his heroism and military contributions.", "title": "Death" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The Arab sources did not provide us with any information about the descendants of this leader except a brief reference provided by Ibn Adhari al-Marrakshi, in which he alluded to one of his grandchildren, called Abdel Wahid bin Mahammad bin Abdel Wahid el-Iskandarani, who died early in the reign of Caliph Abd al-Rahman al-Nasser in the year 309 AH. It is likely that he was a person of intelligence in the city of Cordoba, and perhaps one of the prominent figures close to the Caliph. Because Ibn Adhari only mentions in his book the deaths of important people, including ministers, writers, leaders, and scholars in the Umayyad era.", "title": "Legacy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jayden Tuatahi Bezzant (born 9 January 1996) is a New Zealand basketball player for Whai of the New Zealand National Basketball League (NZNBL). He played college basketball in the United States for the Northwest Nazarene Nighthawks between 2016 and 2020 before beginning his career in the New Zealand NBL. He debuted for the New Zealand Breakers of the Australian National Basketball League (NBL) during the 2022–23 season and debuted for the New Zealand Tall Blacks in 2022.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Bezzant was born in Hamilton, New Zealand. He spent time living in Tauranga before returning to Hamilton where he attended St John's College, the high school his father played for in 1992. Bezzant played for Waikato Basketball and Tauranga City Basketball.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In January 2014, Bezzant moved to the United States to attend Westwind Preparatory Academy in Phoenix, Arizona.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Bezzant initially joined the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, an NCAA Division I school in Edinburg, Texas, but after redshirting the 2015–16 season, a coaching change saw him lose his spot on the team and he subsequently transferred to Northwest Nazarene University in Nampa, Idaho, in 2016.", "title": "College career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Bezzant debuted for the Northwest Nazarene Nighthawks of the Great Northwest Athletic Conference (GNAC) in the NCAA Division II in the 2016–17 season. He began playing shooting guard despite having grown up playing point guard. In 25 games, he made 19 starts and averaged 9.3 points, 2.4 rebounds, 2.7 assists and 1.4 steals per game.", "title": "College career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 26 games in 2017–18, Bezzant made 25 starts and averaged 14.3 points, 3.1 rebounds, 2.1 assists and 1.4 steals per game.", "title": "College career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Bezzant moved to a permanent reserve role for the Nighthawks during the 2018–19 season. On 2 February 2019, he scored 30 points, with 25 coming after halftime, in a 92–89 overtime win over MSU Billings. In 26 games, he made eight starts and averaged 13.1 points, 2.1 rebounds and 2.1 assists per game. He was named All-GNAC Honorable Mention.", "title": "College career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Following the 2018–19 season, Bezzant left the Nighthawks program to return to New Zealand after he received a professional contract opportunity. During the off-season, he was encouraged by the coaching staff to reconsider and finish his degree. He eventually decided to come back to Northwest Nazarene but was ineligible to play in the first semester of the 2019–20 season due to poor grades the previous spring. To earn eligibility again, he took 21 credits in the fall semester.", "title": "College career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In his season debut on 2 January 2020, Bezzant hit a game-winning 3-pointer with 10 seconds left in a 74–71 win over Simon Fraser. He made the switch to point guard from shooting guard for his final season. In 19 games in 2019–20, he made 18 starts and averaged 14.0 points, 2.0 rebounds and 3.9 assists per game. He was named first-team All-GNAC.", "title": "College career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, Bezzant had signed with the Franklin Bulls of the New Zealand National Basketball League (NZNBL) for the 2020 season.", "title": "Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In June 2020, Bezzant was acquired in a draft by the Manawatu Jets for the New Zealand NBL Showdown in Auckland. He started every game for the Jets and helped the team reach the final, where they lost 79–77 to the Otago Nuggets. He impressed throughout the Showdown with his ability to score and create chances for his team-mates, demonstrating calmness and confidence in high-pressure situations. He averaged 17.3 points, 3.1 rebounds and 3.6 assists, in just over 30 minutes a game.", "title": "Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In November 2020, Bezzant re-signed with the Jets for the 2021 New Zealand NBL season. He averaged 15.8 points, 3.1 rebounds and 2.7 assists per game.", "title": "Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "In January 2022, Bezzant signed with the Franklin Bulls for the 2022 New Zealand NBL season. He missed games during the season with national 3x3 duties. In the season finale on 7 August, he scored 31 points in a 104–99 overtime loss to the Otago Nuggets.", "title": "Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "In December 2022, Bezzant joined the New Zealand Breakers of the Australian National Basketball League (NBL) as a Covid replacement player. He played his one and only game for the Breakers on 26 December, recording one rebound in seven minutes against the Tasmania JackJumpers. He remained with the Breakers for the rest of the 2022–23 season.", "title": "Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "In March 2023, Bezzant re-signed with the Bulls for the 2023 New Zealand NBL season. He played all 20 games and averaged 6.8 points and 2.7 assists per game. Following the season, he played 3x3 basketball in China.", "title": "Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "In December 2023, Bezzant signed with Whai, a new franchise entering the New Zealand NBL for the first time in 2024.", "title": "Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Bezzant debuted for New Zealand with the Junior Tall Blacks at the 2014 FIBA Oceania Under-18 Championship.", "title": "National team career" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "In February 2022, Bezzant played two games for the Tall Blacks during the FIBA Basketball World Cup Asian Qualifiers. He also played for the New Zealand 3x3 team at the 2022 FIBA 3x3 World Cup, 2022 FIBA 3x3 Asia Cup, and 2022 Commonwealth Games. He won a silver medal at the Asia Cup.", "title": "National team career" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Bezzant is the son of Brett and Teresa. He has two sisters. His grandmother, Mary Ellen Bezzant, was a sports administrator at St John's College in Hamilton.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Anjanapura is located in the southern part of Bangalore, Karnataka, east of Kanakapura road. Anjanapura was earlier called as \"HOLEYANAKERE''.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The name Anjanapura is derived from the combination of two terms, 'Anjana', the mother of God Hanuman as per Hindu mythology and 'Pura' meaning a town.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The inscription was discovered by the Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project team in April 2022. The inscription is dated to 15th century based on paleography.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The inscription found at Anjanapura, Anjeneya temple is very effaced, the information we get through this inscription is that it is a record of some donation to a unknown temple, the inscription found over here also states of the grant's of land and taxes to an unknown temple.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The inscription is of 18 lines and the transliterated text of the inscription in Kannada and IAST are as follows.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The inscription is in Kannada language, inscription size is about 179 cm tall and 100 cm wide. The typical character size of the Inscription is 4.9 cm tall, 7.1 cm wide ,0.15 cm deep.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "References", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": ".............................................................................................................................................................................................................", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Savan Rural District (Persian: دهستان ساوان) is in the Central District of Mirabad County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Mazraeh, whose population at the 2016 National Census was 523 in 153 households.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2022, Vazineh District was separated from Sardasht County in the establishment of Mirabad County, which was divided into two districts and two rural districts, with Mirabad as its capital and only city.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Young Man with Apples, also called Boris with Apples, is an oil painting on canvas created in 1932 by Hungarian-born Indian artist Amrita Sher-Gil, when she was living in Paris.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "One of three portraits Sher-Gil completed of Boris Taslitzky, Young Man with Apples was exhibited at the XII Salon des Tuileries in 1934. In April 1934, she wrote to her friend Denise Proutaux that she was allowed to exhibit five paintings at the Salon, and being the last chance to, as her return to India was planned for later that year, she hoped to send the portrait of Boris with Apples along with Self-Portrait as a Tahitian. Sher-Gil wrote \"they will go well together, a good contrast: with one in blues and yellows (it's a nude you do not know, I started it after you left), and the other in harmony of pink and white.\"", "title": "Exhibitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The painting was number 25 of 33 of Sher-Gil's works displayed at her solo exhibition at Faletti's Hotel in Lahore, British India, held from 21 to 27 November 1937. There, it was priced at ₹500.", "title": "Exhibitions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The RMI-8 (RMI aka.Hungarian Flying Technical Institute) is an experimental fighter plane , codenamed X/V , which was the result of experimental work carried out during 1943-1945 under the leadership of Vilmos Marton, Marton Dezső and László Varga.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The aircraft was designed as a four-speed, heavily armed fighter using the main components of the Bf 109G (mainly the G-6 version) produced in Hungary at the time in Rába, with which they wanted to attack the Anglo-Saxon and Soviet bomber groups accompanied by fighter planes. In this sense, the Me 210 and the Bf 109G would have been a partial common switch type. The plane was also the pinnacle of Hungarian aircraft development.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Since a more powerful engine was not available, two Daimler-Benz DB 605A–1 power plants were intended to be used, in a push-pull arrangement to minimize drag. Unlike the German Do 335 , however, the thrust propeller was not located at the end of the aircraft, but directly behind the engine, so the control surfaces were supported by two tubular supports. The aircraft therefore resembled the Saab 21 and the Vampire fighter aircraft in appearance. With the two engines, the all-metal aircraft would have been able to reach a fairly high speed, up to 800 km/h max , even without MW50 accelerators.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Due to the rear propeller, the pilot would not have been able to leave the aircraft in a conventional way, so a spring-loaded catapult seat was installed. For good maneuverability (maneuvering air combat), the plane was designed to be small, so it could carry a relatively small amount of fuel and weapons, i.e. two machine guns would have been placed in the wings. Taking into account its armament and aerodynamic characteristics, it would have been an extremely powerful combat plane, which could have successfully fought against the most modern enemy fighters and bombers, in addition, the rear engine would have provided some protection against hits for the pilot and the front engine, thus, the survivability of the type would have been high.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "However, the finished prototype marked XV+01 was destroyed during a bombing on April 13, 1944, before the test flights, due to the current war situation it was no longer possible to make another plane and after 1945 the type was forgotten for a long time.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Pediatric Foundation of Kimbondo (meaning \"Fondation Pédiatrique de Kimbondo\"), colloquially known as Mama Koko Orphanage or Pédiatrie de Kimbondo and denoted by the acronym FPK, is a non-profit organization that provides free housing, medical care, sustenance, and education for sick, abandoned, and orphaned children. It is strategically located in the Kimbondo neighborhood of the Mont Ngafula commune, 35 km from Downtown Kinshasa in the western region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The FPK is a heathcare organization with pavilions for assorted medical disciplines such as \"general medicine, cardiology, pulmonary and skeletal tuberculosis, laboratory diagnostics, ultrasound, radiology, and [blood] transfusion\". Additionally, it encompasses domiciles dedicated to the reception of abandoned and orphaned children. Approximately 60 people, predominantly parents with their children, solicit outpatient medical aid at FPK. The facility offers 200 beds for prolonged care, catering to patients with tuberculosis or cardiovascular diseases. It is the most prominent general hospital within the Mont Ngafula II health zone. The orphanage hosts nearly 500 children and adolescents.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Established in 1989 by Laura Perna, a retired Italian university professor, and Chilean father, El Padre Hugo Ríos Diaz from the Claretian missionary, the organization began with a small free pharmacy and food assistance for needy children and families. Overcoming challenges and with donations from friends and small associations, Hugo and Perna transformed the pharmacy into a fully-fledged orphanage-hospital, locally named \"Mama Koko Orphanage\" in homage to Perna. In 2002, the orphanage gained legal personification and recognition as the Pediatric Foundation of Kimbondo (Fondation Pédiatrique de Kimbondo; FPK) in adherence to Congolese jurisprudence. Authorization for medical training was granted in 2000, and FPK received approval for its societal and eleemosynary operations in 2001.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Donations, such as two cargo containers from Ms. Hettinger in March 2005 and a substantial rice donation from the Italian governmental entity in May 2005, supported the hospital. In 2008, the Aid to Disadvantaged Children in Africa (AEDA) from Finland furnished the hospital with sacs of rice, sugar, and dairy products. Elikia Na Biso, a Congolese-Swedish non-profit entity, supplied disabled equipment in November 2012. In April 2014, the Swedish NGO Elikya delivered a copious consignment of medical equipment, notably consisting of a fully-equipped surgical theater, an assemblage of approximately one hundred wheelchairs, reclining chairs, and an additional 500 items tailored for people with disabilities. In December 2017, FPK inaugurated a 100-kilowatt photovoltaic installation funded by the Terna Group and numerous other corporate benefactors, valued at over £500 thousand.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Over time, FPK expanded its area and services, featuring four main areas. These include the hospital, which offers 200 long-term accommodations for children with tuberculosis or cardiovascular diseases. It also has shelter houses accommodating approximately 500 abandoned or orphaned kids. The institution boasts the Saint Claret School, constructed in 2009, offering free education from daycare to high school level for the little hospital guests and underprivileged children in the Mont Ngafula commune. The Pediatric Foundation of Kimbondo also manages a 900-hectare agricultural area, divided into crop production (500 hectares) and an animal farm (400 hectares), providing food for children in the hospital, school, and shelter. The river dividing the area supports the cultivation of crops, including corn, manioc, ananas, beans, sweet potatoes, as well as an experimental area for Artemisia production. Additionally, there are accommodations for farmworkers and structures for processing manioc into flour.", "title": "Services" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Louis Louka (born 10 December 1993) is a Belgian rallying co-driver.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "* Season still in progress.", "title": "Rally results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Chanda Bell is an American author living in Atlanta, Georgia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2004, she collaborated with her mother, Carol Aebersold, on a book about their family custom of having a Scout Elf.", "title": "Early life & Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She is author of The Elf on the Shelf: A Christmas Tradition, Extraordinary Noorah: Santa’s Magical Arctic Fox.The Elf on the Shelf’s Night Before Christmas and Elf Pets: A Reindeer Tradition.", "title": "Early life & Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In addition to co-authoring The Elf on the Shelf: A Christmas Tradition with her mother, Chanda Bell is co-CEO of CCA and B, LLC dba The Lumistella Company as of 2005.", "title": "Early life & Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2017, Bell co-founded Scout Elf Productions(TM).", "title": "Early life & Professional career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lodenfrey (also Loden-Frey, proper spelling LODEN-FREY) is a German family business from Munich that produces Trachten and other clothes. The company was founded in 1842 and is run by the fifth (Lodenfrey Verkaufshaus GmbH) and sixth generation (Lodenfrey Fabrikation) descendants of the founder. After World War II, the company temporarily was the largest German textile company.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lodenfrey was founded in 1842 by Johann Georg Frey. Frey, a half-orphan from Klingenstein near Ulm in Baden-Württemberg, acquired his first production licence in Munich that year and began weaving fine woollen fabrics. In 1844, Frey officially became a citizen of Munich. In addition to rather coarse and rough woollen fabrics such as loden, fine cloths made of silk, satin, or velvet were also produced. In 1850, the first shop was opened on Schrannenplatz, which later became Marienplatz, and was personally visited by King Maximilian II two years later.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1855, Frey developed the first water-repellent loden, which won the gold medal at Paris World Fair of the same year, and also attracted international attention. From then on, the German and Austrian nobility around Emperor Franz Joseph I wore hunting garments made of Lodenfrey loden, thus enabling the company to build its first own factory. The company's headquarters were relocated to the newly acquired Dianabad. In 1862, the first mechanical sheep's wool spinning mill and cloth and woollen goods factory were built there. A short time later, the Dianabad was sold, and in 1870, construction began on the spacious factory complex in Schwabing, today's Lodenfrey Park.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "With the completion of the new factory, Johann Georg's son, Johann Baptist, joined the management. The new factory site, right next to the Schwabing stream, meant that the means and space were now available to produce loden on a larger scale. Johann Baptist Frey was the driving force behind the development of loden. In 1872, he created a napped and impregnated fabric, the first functional material ever developed: knitted loden. Johann Baptist developed new advertising media, and in 1880 the first Lodenfrey sales catalogue was sent out worldwide. Previously known as Wollwarenfabrik (woollen goods factory), Johann Baptist renamed the factory Münchner Lodenfabrik Joh. Gg. Frey in 1897. The company grew steadily, especially around the turn of the century. In addition to the retail trade in Munich, Johann Baptist built up the mail order business. With winter sports becoming increasingly popular, Frey expanded its product range to include sporting goods. In 1902, a house in Maffeistraße was purchased and connected to the previous business, creating the sales outlet in Maffeistraße that still exists as of 2023. Johann Baptist died in 1920 and from then on his son-in-law, Oskar Stalf, ran the business until Frey's son Georg joined the management in 1928. In 1927, the factory in Osterwaldstraße was equipped with its own clothing factory, enabling the industrial manufacture of loden coats. Construction of the Bavarian Zugspitze Railway began in 1928. The workers wore coats from Lodenfrey to protect them from the weather. The coats were subsequently also sold in specialist shops throughout Germany and artists were engaged for adverts and posters.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Lodenfrey also introduced a number of employee benefits. As early as the 1930s, a pension association and a staff newspaper were founded, and a swimming pool was built for employees. In the 1950s, Lodenfrey established Germany's first company kindergarten including a baby care centre, founded its own company health insurance fund and created a company library and spacious residential buildings for production employees.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Further sales outlets were established, in Dresden in 1929, in Vienna in 1934, in Brussels in 1937 and also in Stockholm. However, World War II brought the expansion to a halt.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Like many companies, Lodenfrey also profited from Aryanization during the Nazi era and employed concentration camp prisoners and forced labourers. Since August 1942, prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp had to perform forced labour. A permanent camp with around 30 prisoners existed from June 1944 to April 1945. Lodenfrey employed both civilian forced labourers and prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp in production and for clean-up work in Osterwaldstraße. According to former forced labourers, prisoners and employees, there were between 20 and 30 prisoners and 8 civilian forced labourers. Between 1944 and April 1945, the prisoners were also housed on the Lodenfrey site. The forced labourers at Lodenfrey were provided with civilian clothes, they received additional food and were allowed to use the swimming pool. Nine of the forced labourers were presumably helped to escape. Furthermore, there was no enrichment through low labour costs, meaning that the forced labourers were paid the same as the German workers. However, they helped to keep production running.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "During the Nazi dictatorship, Lodenfrey produced uniforms. The company advertised itself as a \"clothing store for the brown soldier, for Hitler boys and Hitler girls\". The production of armaments during the war is difficult to reconstruct because, on one hand, the documents were almost completely destroyed during air raids in 1944 and 1945 and, on the other hand, witness statements and denazification procedures on this subject are not always credible. There is evidence that in 1934, Lodenfrey advertised in part by producing Hitler Youth uniforms. In addition, the stock and sales lists from the Lodenfrey archives indicate that uniforms were produced. Whether Lodenfrey endeavoured to obtain orders for the Wehrmacht or the NSDAP cannot be answered unequivocally either. The textile industry in particular was heavily regulated by the regime, and those companies that adhered to state requirements had a strong advantage. Lodenfrey can, however, be described with relative certainty as an economic profiteer.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "In 1996, Lodenfrey announced that there was no material in the company archive on the subject of Aryanization. At the end of 2000, however, the company took part in the compensation for forced labourers and commissioned an expert report on Lodenfrey during the Nazi era. All purchases by the Frey and Nagel families and thus the Aryanizations of Neuner & Basch, Cohen and Eichengrün were considered in the Aryanization process, whereby only the cases of Cohen and Eichengrün were classified as Aryanization. Restitution was paid after the war and the companies and properties of the Eichengrün company were returned in full. Lodenfrey contributed a total of DM 150,000 to the compensation of former forced labourers by the Foundation Remembrance, Responsibility and Future in 2000.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "After the war, many of the 1,000 or so people employed by Lodenfrey returned to help rebuild the factory and shop, both of which had been destroyed by bombs. Lodenfrey now ironed and sewed for the American occupiers and sold coats in private houses and the ruins until they were rebuilt. After World War II, Lodenfrey became one of the largest German textile companies, with around 2,000 employees.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In 1947, Lodenfrey's business activities were split up. While the Frey family continued to focus on production, Karl Erich Nagel, husband of the great-granddaughter of the company founder and son-in-law of Oscar Stalf, took over the Verkaufshaus in Munich am Dom.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "After temporary retail premises in Kaufingerstraße 23 and the makeshift sales department in Frey's private villa, a new department store was built in Maffeistraße under the direction of Karl-Erich Nagel after the end of the war. The reopening was celebrated in September 1949. In 1957, the manufacturing and Verkaufshaus were legally separated. Lodenfrey Verkaufshaus GmbH was founded. In addition to loden and fashion from its own production, Lodenfrey also began selling third-party collections and set the course for the development from a traditional fashion shop to a department store.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "A generational change took place in 1971. Karl-Erich Nagel left the company and his children Ilse-Janine Rid and Ralph-Michael Nagel took over as the fifth generation; both joined the company as managing partners. In 1991, the brother of Ralph-Michael Nagel and Ilse-Janine Rid, York-Thomas Nagel, joined the company as a further managing partner and was a member of the management team until 2004. In 1995, Ralph-Michael Nagel took over the company shares from his sister Ilse-Janine Rid, who retired as managing director. Markus Höhn joined the management team in 2002 and was the first non -family member to become a shareholder in the company in 2005. The online shop was launched in 2010. In 2013, after four years of construction, the most extensive renovation in the history of the store was completed, during which the sales area was expanded to 7,500 square metres.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The Frey family continued to expand the Lodenfrey manufacturing division under the leadership of the fourth generation Herbert and Bernhard Frey and founded companies in New York City (1948), Bad Ischl (1950), Malta (1970), France and Belgium. The company exported to over 40 countries worldwide. By 1950, the factory was once again producing 50,000 loden coats. At home, Lodenfrey won the City of Munich Fashion Award in 1979.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "In 1995, Sabine, Peter and Stefan Frey, the fifth generation, took over the company. An administration and logistics centre was set up in Garching and production sites in Hungary and Romania. In 1996, Lodenfrey Fabrikation took over the traditional Bavarian company Zeiler, which specialised in leather clothing, and subsequently moved its headquarters to Garching.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "The managing partner of Lodenfrey Verkaufshaus GmbH & Co. KG has been Markus Höhn since 2005. He is the first non-family shareholder in the history of the company. In 2022, Lodenfrey employed 333 people and generated net sales of €88.5 million. Lodenfrey's only sales location is the six-storey Lodenfrey department store in Maffeistraße in Munich, which has been family-owned since 1902. In addition to over-the-counter sales, Lodenfrey has also been selling goods via its online shop since 2010. The logistics centre is located in Garching.", "title": "Corporate Structure" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "A distinction is thus to be made between Lodenfrey Park, the former production site and now a business park at Munich's English Garden, the Lodenfrey Verkaufshaus GmbH with the department store in Munich city centre and online shop, and the manufacturing company Lodenfrey Fabrikation in Garching. Lodenfrey-Park GmbH is based in Munich and managed by Rudolf Reichl and Markus Hofmann. Lodenfrey Fabrikation (Lodenfrey Menswear GmbH) has its headquarters in Garching near Munich and employed 15 people in 2021. The managing directors are Sabine Frey, Klaus Faust, Antonia von Pfister and Leonhard von Pfister.", "title": "Corporate Structure" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Lodenfrey offers contemporary fashion for women, men, and children as well as traditional fashion. In 2021, Polo Ralph Lauren established \"Ralph's Coffee\" at Lodenfrey as one of the first locations. In 2022, lifestyle products like (home) accessories, design items, books, fragrances, and cosmetics as well as a selection of vintage products were added on the ground floor of the building.", "title": "Products" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Since 2017, the following franchise shops have also opened in the immediate vicinity of the Lodenfrey store: Luisa Cerano at Fünf Höfe; Marc Cain at Fünf Höfe; Sportalm at Schäfflerhof; Hemisphere at Schäfflerhof.", "title": "Products" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Beard is a 1965 American stage play by Michael McClure. The play was frequently the subject of legal action.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The play was two characters, Billy the Kid and Jean Harlow.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The play was filmed by Andy Warhol starring Gerard Malanga and Mary Woronov.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The play was performed in New York Off-broadway in 1967-68 and the production received two Obie Awards. Jim Morrison was an admirer of the play and came close to starring in a film production of the play produced by Elliott Kastner.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Gajanan Jagannath Mane, also known as Dombivlikar Kaka, is an Indian social worker and retired Indian Navy veteran. Born in Dombivli, Maharashtra, Mane served in the Indian Navy. He won a war medal during the 1971 India-Pakistan War. Mane has been working for the rehabilitation of leprosy-affected individuals across the state of Maharashtra for 40 years. In 2013, Mane was conferred the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian honor by the Government of India, in the field of Social work.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He joined the Indian Navy in 1965. He served in the Indian Navy for 12 years and participated in the 1971 India-Pakistan war. In 1976, he retired from the Indian Navy and started working at a private company.", "title": "Work" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Mane's philanthropic efforts focus on leprosy rehabilitation. He established a colony for leprosy patients in Kalyan, providing shelter and employment. His initiatives led to the construction of a dedicated hospital with the Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation.", "title": "Work" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He addressed the livelihood challenges of leprosy patients in Hanuman Nagar leprosy colony by implementing various initiatives. These included establishing a ration shop, facilitating the setup of a municipal hospital for leprosy treatment, organizing schooling for children, and creating employment opportunities for 40 youths from Vasahati within the Kalyan Dombivli Municipality. He also initiated training programs for women in sewing, providing them with sewing machines through a government scheme. He also launched a house-to-house business for the production and marketing of candles, and incense sticks, contributing to both economic empowerment and community support.", "title": "Work" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kallambella Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in Karnataka state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of Tumkur Lok Sabha seat.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "18°01′05″N 77°00′37″E / 18.018162°N 77.010178°E / 18.018162; 77.010178", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Life with You is a song by the Scottish folk rock duo The Proclaimers. It was released in August 2007, as the title-track and lead single of their album Life with You and is the most recent new Proclaimers single to make the UK Singles Chart, spending 2 weeks on chart and peaking at No. 58.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "\"Life with You\" was described by Craig McLean of The Daily Telegraph as \"rip-roaring rock-and-soul \".", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "João Ferreira Sardo (September 1, 1873 – December 20, 1925), also known as Prior Sardo, was a Portuguese presbyter and a prominent figure in a co-founding, along with King Manuell II, the town and parish of Gafanha da Nazaré.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "João Ferreira Sardo was born on September 1, 1873, in Gafanha da Nazaré, to João Ferreira Sardo and Clara de Jesus. He attended the Seminário Maior de Coimbra, where he distinguished himself as a notable student.", "title": "Early Life and Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Ordained on July 30, 1898, João Ferreira Sardo was appointed Chaplain of the Gafanha da Nazaré. His significant role in the spiritual and social progress of the inhabitants led to his appointment as the Encomendado Parish Priest of the new Gafanha da Nazaré parish on September 10, 1910.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Beyond his spiritual duties, Sardo played a vital role in the everyday life of the local region, advocating for healthier living habits. In 1902, he founded the Brotherhood of the Holy Nazareth, and in 1904, the Apostleship of Prayer.", "title": "Contributions to Gafanha da Nazaré" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Sardo's dedication extended beyond the spiritual realm; he owned and managed a codfish business and served as a local politician. As Vice-President of the Ílhavo Municipal Council, he temporarily assumed the office of President during key periods in 1909 and 1910.", "title": "Contributions to Gafanha da Nazaré" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1910, Sardo commenced the construction of the Mother Church in Gafanha da Nazaré, strategically emphasizing its central geographic location. The culmination of this endeavor occurred with the formal inauguration of the church on January 14, 1912.", "title": "Contributions to Gafanha da Nazaré" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On July 25, 1921, João Ferreira Sardo officiated the consecration of the newly established Gafanha da Nazaré Cemetery. His dedicated service to the community continued until his passing on December 20, 1925, when he was laid to rest in the very cemetery he had blessed.", "title": "Contributions to Gafanha da Nazaré" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "To honour his contributions, the Alameda Prior Sardo in Gafanha da Nazaré was named after him. The avenue is recognized as a fitting tribute to the various aspects of the local population that were influenced by him. On August 31, 1992, the statue of Prior Sardo was inaugurated in homage to his life and work in favour of the people of Gafanha. The Prior Sardo Foundation, a Private Social Solidarity Institution, was established by its grandnephew the Canon José Sardo Fidalgo on October 31, 1993, has a tribute to the founder of the parish of Gafanha da Nazaré.", "title": "Legacy" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Category:Portuguese politicians Category:Portuguese city founders Category:City founders Category:Portuguese Christian religious leaders Category:19th-century Portuguese clergy Category:20th-century Portuguese clergy Category:Portuguese businesspeople Category:Portuguese civil servants Category:Portuguese philanthropists", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The SVCh (СВЧ; Russian: Снайперская Винтовка Чукавина, romanized: Snayperskaya Vintovka Chukavina, lit. 'Chukavin Sniper Rifle') is a semi-automatic sniper rifle developed by the Kalashnikov Concern. It is designed to replace the SVD in the Army of Russian Federation.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The SVCh rifle was designed on the basis of the SVK-2016 rifle. It was first presented in 2017 at the military-technical forum “Army-2017”.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The developers of this weapon reported that the sniper rifle was designed according to the so-called “curtain scheme”: its internal mechanisms are conventionally divided into \"upper\" and \"lower\" parts. The upper part is made of durable metal and takes on the entire load when shooting. The rifle barrel is rigidly mounted in it. This allows you to make the lower part as light as possible, since it will not be subject to vibration, and the elements installed on it can be made of lightweight polymer materials. This design differs significantly from the SVD or AKM layout, where the main structural elements are installed on the lower part, which limits designers in the use of lightweight materials.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The weapon is designed to engage enemy personnel at short and medium distances in combined arms combat. Small dimensions allow the sniper to do without secondary weapon, which increases mobility. If necessary, you can use SVCh in close combat. There is a telescopic buttstock with cheekpiece adjustment. Any attachment can be installed on the Picatinny rail along the entire length of the receiver. The rifle is compatible with 10 round magazines from the SVD, and also has proprietary magazines. There are extrended magazines avaliable, for 15 and 20 rounds.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In November 2022, a decision was made to begin purchasing rifles for the needs of the army. The contract for the first batch was signed by the Ministry of Defence. In February 2023 it was reported that the Chukavin sniper rifle began to be mass-produced by Kalashnikov.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "sources.", "title": "Technical characteristics" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "SVCh sniper rifle - Modern Firearms", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The following is a list of events that took place during 1539 in France.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Capture Of Palestro Was a battle that happened between the Algerian insurgents and the French.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "As the uprising extended along the coastal areas initially and later into the eastern mountains of Mitidja, reaching as far as Constantine, it continued its progression into the Belezma mountains. It interlinked with indigenous revolts, extending all the way down to the Sahara desert. The momentum of these events moved steadily towards the city of Algiers itself, Eventually they reached Lakhdaria.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A gathering of Algerian Insurgency leaders was made and it was in this assembly that the decision to attack the village of Palestro was made, occurring on April 20 and lasting forty-eight hours. Following this, the city presented a woeful sight houses partially destroyed, belongings scattered haphazardly on the ground. A heart-wrenching detail: 46 French victims lay lifeless, while others vanished without a trace ever being found, The city was then captured by the insurgents.", "title": "Battle" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Marching from Palestro towards Algiers, the insurgents faced a halt at Boudouaou on April 22, 1871, thwarted by Colonel Alexandre Fourchault under the leadership of General Orphis Léon Lallemand. This encounter on May 5 resulted in a devastating defeat for Cheikh Mokrani.", "title": "Aftermath" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Agent Tesla is a remote access trojan (RAT) written in .NET that has been actively targeting users with Windows OS-based systems since 2014. It is a versatile malware with a wide range of capabilities, including sensitive information stealing, keylogging and screenshot capture. Since its release, this malicious software has received regular updates. It is sold as a malware-as-a-service, with several subscription options available for purchase. Campaigns involving Agent Tesla often start with phishing emails, masquerading as legitimate messages from trusted sources.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Agent Tesla's versatility is evident in its wide range of features. It can:", "title": "Features and Functionality" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Agent Tesla makes extensive use of obfuscation, including through code packing and various techniques, such as Base64 encoding or XOR encryption of its data. This makes it more difficult for security tools and analysts to analyze and detect the malware. It also incorporates anti-analysis functionality, allowing it to take evasive measures to prevent detection by security solutions and even kill security features, such as User Account Control (UAC).", "title": "Technical Details" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Most Agent Tesla campaigns are multi-stage, meaning that they occur in several steps. A typical execution process looks like this:", "title": "Technical Details" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Agent Tesla malware operators can choose among four different protocols of communication with its command and control (C2) server, HTTP, SMTP, FTP, and Telegram chat. The specific method used depends on the configuration set by the attacker.", "title": "Technical Details" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Agent Tesla employs two primary techniques to establish persistence, ensuring it remains active even after system reboots. One method involves creating a copy of itself in the startup folder, while the other is based on Agent Tesla adding registry run keys to trigger the execution during the boot process. Additionally, Agent Tesla can use Tor, an anonymizing network, to make its communication more difficult to track.", "title": "Technical Details" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Agent Tesla has been employed in many cyber attacks across different spheres over the years. It was particularly widely utilized during the COVID-19 pandemic. For instance, in 2020, a campaign using a fake update to personal protection equipment was observed distributing Agent Tesla, while in 2021 one of the attacks featured a lure in the form of a COVID vaccination schedule document In October 2022, Agent Tesla was identified as one of the most widespread malware strains in the education sector, affecting 7% of organizations globally.", "title": "Incidents Involving Agent Tesla" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Agent Tesla remains a top threat for organizations worldwide. According to the cloud-based malware analysis sandbox ANY.RUN, in Q3 of 2023, Agent Tesla was named the second most persistent malware family globally.", "title": "Incidents Involving Agent Tesla" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lost Kingdom can refer to a lost land. It can also refer to:", "title": "" } ]

[]

[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Marta Miączyńska is a Polish researcher in the field of molecular cell biology. A professor of biological sciences, she leads the Laboratory of Cell Biology at the International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw (IIMCB). Since December 2018, she has been director of the IIMCB.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Miączyńska graduated in molecular biology from Jagiellonian University in 1992 and received her PhD in genetics from the University of Vienna in 1997. She was a postdoctoral fellow in the group of Marino Zerial at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg (1998–2000) and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics in Dresden (2001–2004). After returning to Poland in 2005, she received her habilitation (the highest scientific degree in Poland) in 2008 and her professorial title in 2013.", "title": "Education and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Miączyńska's research focuses on molecular mechanisms integrating endocytic trafficking and intracellular signal transduction in health and disease. During her postdoctoral training, she discovered a distinct population of early endosomes in the cell, so called APPL endosomes. Together with her group at the IIMCB, she characterized novel functions of endocytic proteins in the regulation of signal transduction and transcription, as well as the role of endosomes as signaling platforms for receptors of growth factors and cytokines. Their current research reveals aberrations in intracellular transport in cancer cells that can serve to design new therapies in oncology. She has co-authored over 60 publications.", "title": "Research" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Miączyńska has received fellowships from the Austrian Science Fund, the Human Frontier Science Program Organization, and L'Oreal Poland for Women and Science. She was a Wellcome Trust International Senior Fellow (2006–2012) and an International Scholar of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (2006–2010). She led projects funded by the Polish-Swiss Research Program, the National Science Center, the Foundation for Polish Science, and the Max Planck Society. She served as a panelist for various funding agencies, including the European Research Council. In 2021, she received the Polish Prime Minister's Award for outstanding scientific achievements.", "title": "Awards and memberships" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Miączyńska is an elected member of the Polish Academy of Sciences, the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), and the Academia Europaea. She served as a member of the Council of the National Science Center (2016–2018). She is currently a member of EMBO Council and a member of the Board of Directors of the EU-LIFE consortium, in which the IIMCB is the only Polish member.", "title": "Awards and memberships" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Under her directorship, the IIMCB obtained an institutional grant for years 2023-2029, funded with 15 M EUR in the Teaming for Excellence programme under Horizon Europe for the project entitled \"RNA and Cell Biology - from Fundamental Research to Therapies\", acronym RACE. The project is conducted in collaboration with the Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit (MRC-HGU) at the University of Edinburgh and the Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB). Marta Miączyńska is a leader of this project.", "title": "Awards and memberships" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "This is the Timeline of the Western Saharan clashes (2020–present).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Since 2023 the SPLA has continued to launch daily attacks and bombardments against Moroccan positions along the berm.", "title": "Timeline" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"IDGAF\" is a song by American rapper Tee Grizzley featuring R&B singers Chris Brown and Mariah the Scientist. It was released on September 8, 2023, through Grizzley Gang and 300, as the lead single from Grizzley's fourth album Tee's Coney Island.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The official music video was released on August 4, 2023. It was directed by directed by Blu and MikeyRare.", "title": "Music video" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Single", "title": "Track listings" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Sped Up & Slowed Down versions", "title": "Track listings" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tetramelas flindersianus is a saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen species in the family Physciaceae. First described scientifically in 2020, it is found in Australia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The type specimen of the lichen was collected on Tasmania's Flinders Island. It was found approximately 5.8 km (3.6 mi) southeast of West Point, either on or near a siliceous rock outcrop. Tetramelas flindersianus, is named after its type locality, Flinders Island in Tasmania. It is similar to Tetramelas filsonii, but is distinct in having a non-amyloid medulla, narrower ascospores, and containing only atranorin.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Tetramelas flindersianus is crustose and areolate, growing up to 60 mm wide and 1 mm thick. The areoles, ranging from 1–2.5 mm wide, can be scattered or contiguous, sometimes aggregating to form a secondary somewhat squamulose (scaly) crust that occasionally lifts off the substrate. The upper surface of the thallus is off-white to grey-white, dull, and granular in parts, with no visible prothallus. The photobiont cells measure 8–23 µm wide, and the medulla is white, lacking crystals of calcium oxalate.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The apothecia are 0.3–1 mm wide, lecideine in type, and can be separate or in small groups, broadly adnate to sessile, with a black, non-powdery (epruinose), flat to weakly convex disc. The proper exciple is prominent, entire, and shiny, measuring 40–50 µm thick. The epihymenium is dark brown to dark olive-brown, while the hypothecium beneath is brown to brown-black, forming a central plug. The hymenium is 65–90 µm thick, colourless, and the subhymenium beneath it is pale brown, 20–35 µm thick. Paraphyses are 1.5–2.0 µm wide, sparsely branched, with dark brown capped tips. The asci are of the Bacidia type, containing eight spores. The ascospores are initially of the Callispora- or Physconia-types, then of the Buellia-type, brown, ellipsoid to broadly fusiform or bottle-shaped, measuring 13–20 by 5–7 µm, and the outer spore-wall is microrugulate. Pycnidia are immersed, punctiform, with bacilliform conidia measuring 5–7 by 0.7–1 µm. Chemically, the thallus contains atranorin as a major lichen product.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Tetramelas flindersianus has been found on hard, siliceous rocks such as quartzite at two locations on Flinders Island, Tasmania, and one in Victoria. It is associated with typical nearshore lichen species like Buellia stellulata, Caloplaca cribrosa, Catillaria austrolittoralis, Lecanora subcoarctata, Pertusaria xanthoplaca, Rinodina blastidiata, and Tylothallia verrucosa.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Airway remodelling, or airway remodeling, is a potential complication of certain endotypes (subtypes) of asthma. It is the sum of changes that occur in the airways of some asthmatic people compared to people without the disease.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Asthma is characterised, in part, by recurrent episodes of reversible airway obstruction; however, in some patients, a degree of irreversible airway obstruction develops over time, leading to lung function decline and fibrosis. Existing airway remodelling may also contribute to bronchoconstriction in acute asthma exacerbations.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Airway remodelling is a multifaceted process involving multiple airway tissues. These include goblet cell hyperplasia, leading to increased mucus production, and airway smooth muscle hypertrophy (or smooth muscle cell hyperplasia), leading to the release of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic messengers contributing to subepithelial fibrosis. Subepithelial fibrosis in airway remodelling is also associated with fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition mediated by transforming growth factor β.", "title": "Hallmarks and mechanisms" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Airway remodelling is not found at birth, but may be detected as soon as at 2 years of age in some patients.", "title": "Onset and progression" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Airway remodelling had traditionally been considered a consequence of chronic airway inflammation. However, while attenuating chronic airway inflammation using inhaled corticosteroids is effective at preventing asthma exacerbations, it does not seem to impact the progression of airway remodelling. Also, as mentioned, airway remodelling may be seen as soon as at 2 years of age, before any airway inflammation is detectable. Thus, airway remodelling is now considered to occur in conjunction with chronic airway inflammation rather than because of it.", "title": "Onset and progression" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Bronchial thermoplasty is the only treatment modality designed to combat a hallmark of airway remodelling; airway smooth muscle hypertrophy. The effects of bronchial thermoplasty on smooth muscle mass are seen up to at least 12 months post-treatment; however, the procedure does not seem to impact other features of airway remodelling.", "title": "Prevention and treatment" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Thus far, no pharmacological treatment modality for asthma has been developed nor shown to prevent or attenuate the progression of airway remodelling.", "title": "Prevention and treatment" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "While effective at preventing asthma exacerbations, inhaled corticosteroid or bronchodilator treatment has not been shown to prevent or lessen the development of airway remodelling in longitudinal studies. Inhaled corticosteroids may also partly contribute to airway remodelling by reducing epithelial cell adherence.", "title": "Prevention and treatment" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tetramelas gariwerdensis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Physciaceae, described in 2020. It is found in the Grampian Mountains in western Victoria, Australia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Tetramelas gariwerdensis is named after its type locality in the Gariwerd (Grampians mountain range) in Victoria, Australia. This region holds cultural significance for the Djab Wurrung and the Jardwadjali, the traditional people of the area. The species is similar to Tetramelas darbishirei, but is distinguished by its areolate, crustose thallus instead of a somewhat erect, pulvinate thallus.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Tetramelas gariwerdensis is distinguished by its crust-like (crustose) and tiled (areolate) thallus, which can spread up to 15 mm in width and 0.3 mm in thickness. The individual tile-like sections (areoles) vary in shape from round to irregular or angular and range in size from 0.3 to 1 mm wide. These areoles can either be scattered across the thallus or closely packed together (contiguous). The upper surface of the thallus has an off-white to pale yellow colour, characterised by a dull and uneven texture. The thallus does not have a visible border (prothallus), and the cells of the symbiotic green algae (photobiont cells) within it measure between 9 and 15 µm in diameter.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The white medulla, or inner layer of the thallus, does not contain calcium oxalate as indicated by its lack of reaction to sulfuric acid, but it does react to iodine, turning pale purple. The lichen's reproductive structures (apothecia) are small, measuring 0.2 to 0.6 mm in width, and lecideine in type. These apothecia can be found separately or in small groups, either broadly attached (adnate) or slightly raised (sessile) on the thallus. The apothecia's disc is black, non-powdery (epruinose), and its shape varies from weakly concave to flat or even convex, becoming wavy (undulate) as it ages.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The proper exciple (rim surrounding the disc) is initially prominent and elevated above the disc but becomes level with the disc over time. In a cross-section, it measures 25–35 µm in thickness, with an outer part that is brown-black and an inner part that is paler brown. The tissue supporting the spore-producing hymenium (hypothecium) is brown to brown-black and 100–120 µm thick. The spore-producing layer (hymenium) itself is 55–70 µm thick, clear, and sometimes contains scattered oil droplets. The layer beneath the hymenium (subhymenium) is pale brown and 10–15 µm thick.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The paraphyses (slender filaments within the hymenium) are 1.5–2 µm wide, with simple to sparsely branched structures that have dark brown capped tips. The spore-producing sacs (asci) are of the Bacidia type and typically contain eight ascospores. These spores initially resemble those of the Callispora or Physconia types but mature into the Buellia type. They are brown, ellipsoid to broadly fusiform in shape, measuring 15–25 by 7–12 µm. Older spores often become constricted at the division (septum) and sometimes curved, occasionally with one or two internal divisions (endosepta), and have a finely wrinkled (microrugulate) outer wall. The pycnidia, another reproductive structure, are immersed and punctiform (point-like). The rod-shaped spores (conidia) produced within these structures measure 4.5–6.5 by 1 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Chemically, the thallus of Tetramelas gariwerdensis predominantly contains atranorin, alongside a minor component of 6-O-methylarthothelin.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Known only from the Grampians in western Victoria, Tetramelas gariwerdensis grows on stone. It is found in association with other lichen species such as Circinaria caesiocinerea, Buellia aethalea, Buellia ocellata, Lecidea lygomma, Ramboldia petraeoides, Rhizocarpon geographicum, and various Xanthoparmelia species.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kabaddi is a minor sport in China. It is said to be most popular in the town of Guali, where China's first National Kabaddi Championship took place in 2023. The sport first started to grow in China after its inclusion in the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing, and it has been popular among spectators in subsequent appearances in China-hosted editions of the Asian Games. In Hong Kong, kabaddi has been promoted in order to better integrate the South Asian diaspora into the city.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Luoyang Kabaddi Association represents China at the International Kabaddi Federation.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Nicolás Romero (born in Nopala, Hidalgo, 6 December 1827; died in Mexico City, 11 March 1865) was a Mexican military figure.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He had agricultural and textile businesses in what is the modern-day state of Hidalgo. Upon the outbreak of the Reform War in 1858, he jointed the Liberal forces under Aureliano Rivera.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "When Napoleonic France invaded in 1861, he engaged the invaders in guerrilla warfare, fighting in the states of México, Guerrero, Querétaro and Michoacán under Gen. Vicente Riva Palacio; there, his exploits earned him the nom de guerre León de la Montaña (\"mountain lion\"). While he was hiding in a tree in Papazindán, Michoacán, he was sighted by a trumpeter and captured by the French. From there he was taken to Mexico City where he was court martialed and, after denouncing the French invasion and rejecting to recognize their jurisdiction, he was found guilty and executed by a firing squad.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Ciudad Nicolás Romero in the State of México and Tiquicheo de Nicolás Romero in Michoacán bear his name.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Malmidea albomarginata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Venezuela.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2021 by the lichenologists Klaus Kalb and Jesús Maldonado. The type specimen was collected by the authors from the Cerro El Volcán (Miranda) at an elevation of 1,460 m (4,790 ft); there it was found growing in a disturbed tropical mountain rainforest. The species epithet albomarginata alludes to the distinctive white margins that characterise its apothecia.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Malmidea albomarginata is a crustose lichen with a continuous thallus measuring 200–300 µm in thickness. The thallus surface is initially verrucose, with verrucae being scarce and unevenly distributed, each measuring 0.1–0.3 mm in height and 0.15–0.3 mm in width. Over time, the thallus becomes dull and transforms from grey or greenish-grey to a coralloid granular texture as it ages. This species lacks soralia and isidia. The medulla of both the verrucae and thallus is white to faintly yellow, reacting K+ (orange to reddish) when tested with potassium hydroxide, but without a reaction to the P spot test. The photobiont is chlorococcoid, with cells around 6–8 µm in diameter.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Apothecia in Malmidea albomarginata are sessile and rounded, ranging from 0.8–1.8 mm in diameter and 0.2–0.3 mm in height. The apothecial discs are flat to slightly convex, with colours varying from ochre to light greyish-brown. The excipulum is of the granifera type, entire, thin, and white. The ectal excipulum is hyaline, while the medullary excipulum is whitish to slightly yellowish, filled with opaque, greyish to yellowish granules that partially dissolve in KOH, producing a K+ (orange-red) efflux. The subhymenium is about 25 µm high and hyaline to light brown, while the centrally located hypothecium is 100–150 µm high, narrowing towards the margin and dark brown, showing no reaction to K tests. The epihymenium is indistinct, and the hymenium measures 75–90 µm in height, being hyaline. Asci are sized 65–80 µm by 12–18 µm, containing 6–8 non-septate, halonate, ellipsoid ascospores per ascus, measuring (10–)14 by 6–9 µm, with a halo of 1.5–2 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Chemically, Malmidea albomarginata primarily contains atranorin, alongside several unidentified xantholepinones. It is distinguished from similar species like Malmidea attenboroughii by differences in apothecia size and the presence of atranorin. In comparison with Malmidea aurigera and Malmidea piperina, Malmidea albomarginata features larger apothecia, a paler apothecial disc, and warts that become coralloid granular.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Malmidea allobakeri is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Venezuela.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2021 by the lichenologists Klaus Kalb and Marcela Cáceres. The type specimen was collected by the second author from the Centro de Pesquisa do Cacao (Itabuna) in Atlantic Forest. The species epithet alludes to its similarity of Malmidea bakeri.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Malmidea allobakeri is a crustose lichen with a continuous thallus that is 40–70 µm thick. The surface of the thallus is verrucose, with verrucae measuring 0.075–0.1 mm in height and 0.07–0.1 mm in width. The thallus has a dull appearance, showing shades of greenish-grey to brownish, and is devoid of soralia and isidia (reproductive propagules). The medulla, both of the verrucae and the thallus, is white to faintly yellow and reacts to a solution of potassium hydroxide (i.e., the K spot test) with an orange to reddish colour. The lichen hosts a chlorococcoid (green algal) photobiont, whose cells measure 6–8 µm in diameter.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The apothecia of Malmidea allobakeri are sessile and rounded, measuring 0.3–0.8 mm in diameter and 0.2–0.3 mm in height. The apothecial discs are plane to slightly convex and range in colour from dark chocolate brown to blackish. The excipulum, of the granifera type, is initially entire but becomes granular as the lichen ages and may partly or entirely vanish. It is cream-coloured to greyish or black in colour. The excipulum is hyaline at the periphery and internally contains pockets of the medullary layer filled with greyish to ochraceous-yellow hydrophobic granules. These granules are opaque and only partially dissolve in potassium hydroxide solution, resulting in a K+ orange-yellowish to greenish lemon-yellow reaction. The subhymenium is approximately 25 µm high and light brown, while the centrally located hypothecium is 80–100 µm high, narrowing towards the margin, and dark brown with no reaction to K tests. The epihymenium of this species is indistinct, and the hymenium is hyaline, measuring 90–110 µm in height. The asci are sized 70–80 µm by 15–20 µm, containing 6 (occasionally up to 8) non-septate, halonate, ellipsoid ascospores per ascus, measuring 10–14 by 7–8 µm, with a halo of 1–1.5 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Chemically, Malmidea allobakeri is characterised by the presence of several unidentified xantholepinones, distinct from those found in Malmidea bakeri, and it lacks atranorin.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Malmidea allobakeri has been recorded from several states of Brazil: Bahia, Sergipe, Pernambuco, and Alagoas. It has been found at elevations ranging up to 800 m (2,600 ft).", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Malmidea allopapillosa is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Venezuela.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2021 by the German lichenologist Klaus Kalb. The type specimen was collected by the author in 1980 from a cloud forest in the surroundings of Tovar, Páramo de Mariño, (Mérida) at an altitude of 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The species epithet refers to its resemblance to Malmidea papillosa.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Malmidea allopapillosa is a crustose lichen with a thallus that is either continuous or cracked and measures 50–100 µm in thickness. The surface of the thallus is smooth and dull, with warts that are 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter and with a whitish-grey colour. This species lacks both isidia and soralia. The cortex of the thallus reacts to a solution of potassium hydroxide (i.e., the K spot test) with a yellow colouration, while the medulla of the thallus is white is K−. The medulla of the warts is peach-coloured to pink, with an orange-red reaction with K+, which soon changes to lemon-yellow. The photobiont of this species is chlorococcoid, with cells measuring 6–8 µm in diameter.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The apothecia of Malmidea allopapillosa are sessile and rounded, measuring 0.3–0.8 mm in diameter and 0.4–0.5 mm in height. The apothecial discs are flat and range in colour from light to dark brown. The margin of the apothecia is thin, approximately 0.05 mm thick, and varies in colour from whitish-grey to dark brownish-grey. As the lichen ages, the margin is excluded, forming a piperis-type excipulum that is more or less hyaline (translucent) or brown at the periphery, with the inner part being hyaline and lacking hydrophobic granules. The subhymenium is about 15 µm high and varies from hyaline to light brown, while the centrally located hypothecium is 70–90 µm high, narrowing towards the margin, and has a reddish to dark brown colour unreactive to K. The epihymenium is brown, and the hymenium is hyaline, measuring 130–150 µm in height. The base of the apothecia is partially filled with opaque granules that react K+ (greenish-yellow).", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The asci of Malmidea allopapillosa measure 90–120 by 20–25 µm. Each ascus contains 6–8 broadly ellipsoid, ascospores that lack septa. These ascospores have walls that are equally thickened and halonate, measuring 14–17 by 8–10 µm with a halo of 1 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Chemically, this species is characterised by the presence of atranorin as a major component, along with approximately 10 unidentified xantholepinone substances, detectable using thin-layer chromatography. Its lookalike Malmidea papillosa lacks atranorin and has a different set of xantholepinones.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Malmidea atlanticoides is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Brazil.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It was formally described as a new species in 2021 by the lichenologists Klaus Kalb and Marcela Cáceres. The type specimen was collected by the authors from the Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana [pt] (Sergipe) at an elevation of 190 m (620 ft). The species epithet alludes to its resemblance to Malmidea atlantica, the species to which it was initially referred. Subsequent analysis revealed its chemical differences with this species. Malmidea atlanticoides is only known to occur at its type locality.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Malmidea atlanticoides is a crustose lichen with a continuous thallus measuring 75–100 µm in thickness. The thallus surface is verrucose (warty), featuring more or less spherical verrucae that are 0.1–0.25 mm in diameter. The colour of the verrucae ranges from dull ash-grey to greenish-grey and light olive. Both soralia and isidia are absent in this species. The medulla of the verrucae and the thallus is orange-yellow, showing spot test reactions of K+ (orange to reddish) and P+ (vermilion). The photobiont is chlorococcoid with cells measuring 6–8 µm in diameter.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The apothecia of Malmidea atlanticoides are sessile and rounded, with a diameter of 0.5–0.8 mm and a height of 0.3–0.4 mm. The apothecial discs are flat to slightly concave, and their colour varies from beige to light brownish. The excipulum is of the granifera-type, initially entire and becoming granular with age. It is whitish to cream-coloured, bulging, and towers over the disc. The ectal excipulum is hyaline, while the medullary excipulum is filled with orange-yellow hydrophobic granules that are nubilous and dissolve in KOH, producing a lemon-yellow efflux. The base of the apothecium reacts to K with an orange-red colour. The subhymenium is approximately 25 µm high and light brown, while the centrally located hypothecium is 80–100 µm high, narrowing towards the margin, and dark brown without reacting to K. The epihymenium is indistinct and the hymenium is hyaline, measuring 100–110 µm in height.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The asci of Malmidea atlanticoides are 60–80 µm long and 15–20 µm wide. Each ascus contains four to eight ascospores that lack septa. These ascospores are broadly ellipsoid, with equally thickened and halonate walls, measuring 12–15 by 8–9 µm with a halo of 1–1.5 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Chemically, the species is characterised by the presence of atranorin as a major component, along with an unknown anthraquinone substance, detectable using thin-layer chromatography. Its lookalike, Malmidea atlantica, lacks both atranorin and the unknown anthraquinone.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Malmidea hechicerae is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Venezuela.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2021 by the German lichenologist Klaus Kalb. The type specimen was collected from Monte Zerpa (Distr. Libertador, Mérida) at an elevation of 2,200 m (7,200 ft), where it was found growing in a cloud forest. The species epithet refers to its type locality, known as La Hechicera.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Malmidea hechicerae is a crustose lichen with a continuous thallus that is 40–60 µm thick. The thallus surface is verrucose, with the verrucae being more or less spherical and measuring 0.1–0.25 mm in diameter. These verrucae have a dull, whitish-grey appearance. The species lacks both soralia and isidia (reproductive propagules). The medulla of the verrucae and thallus is white, reacting K+ (lemon-yellow), occasionally showing a slightly orange-yellow hue, and P+ (orange), best observed in sections under a light microscope.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The photobiont of Malmidea hechicerae is chlorococcoid with cells measuring 6–8 µm in diameter. The apothecia are sessile and rounded, ranging from 0.6–1.3 mm in diameter and 0.3–0.4 mm in height. The discs of the apothecia are more or less flat and vary in colour from beige to brownish or dark brown. The excipulum is of the granifera-type, remaining entire, and is whitish to cream-coloured, bulging, and elevated above the disc. The ectal excipulum is hyaline (translucent) to brownish, particularly at the edges, while the medullary excipulum is filled with colourless opaque granules that partly dissolve in potassium hydroxide, producing a greenish-yellow efflux.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The subhymenium of the lichen is roughly 20 µm high and light brown, with a centrally located hypothecium measuring 50–70 µm high that narrows towards the margin and is dark brown, not reacting to K. The epihymenium is light brown, and the hymenium is hyaline, measuring 70–80 µm in height. The asci are 55–65 µm long and 8–15 µm wide, each containing 6 to 8 ascospores that lack septa. These ascospores are broadly ellipsoid, with equally thickened and halonate walls, measuring 13–17 by 7–9 µm, and are surrounded by a halo of 1–1.5 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In terms of chemistry, Malmidea hechicerae is characterized by several xantholepinone substances, detectable using thin-layer chromatography. Atranorin is not detected in this species. Malmidea coralliformis similar in appearance to M. hechicerae but has a different set of xantholepinones.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Malmidea hernandeziana is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Venezuela. The distinctive features of this species include a thallus with coralloid-like outgrowths, light-coloured fruiting bodies (ascomata) with a specialised structural layer, relatively large spores that tend to have slightly thickened walls at their ends, and the absence of specific lichen products typically found in other species of the genus. This combination of characteristics sets Malmidea hernandeziana apart from other species in the genus Malmidea.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2021 by the German lichenologist Klaus Kalb. The type specimen was collected by the author from Henri Pittier National Park (Aragua) at an altitude between 1,100 and 1,200 m (3,600 and 3,900 ft); there, it was found in a tropical mountain rainforest. The species epithet honours the Venezuelan lichenologist Jésus Hernández, who collected the holotype. At the time of its publication, the lichen was known to occur only at the type locality.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Malmidea hernandeziana is a crustose lichen with a thallus that is more or less continuous and ranges in thickness from 30–70 µm. The thallus is smooth and dull, devoid of warts, and features isidia. These isidia are granular to coralloid, measuring 0.05–0.1 mm in length and 0.05 mm in width, and they densely cover the thallus. Soralia are absent in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The medulla of the thallus is white and does not react to a potassium hydroxide solution (i.e., the K spot test). The photobiont of Malmidea hernandeziana is chlorococcoid, with cells measuring 6–8 µm in diameter. The apothecia are sessile and rounded, varying from 0.5–1.3 mm in diameter and 0.4–0.5 mm in height. Initially, the discs of the apothecia are flat, but they become slightly convex over time and are beige in colour. The margin of the apothecia is thin, approximately 0.1 mm thick, slightly prominent, and whitish grey in colour. The excipulum is of the piperis-type and is more or less hyaline (translucent), lacking hydrophobic granules.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The subhymenium is around 10–15 µm high and ranges from hyaline to light brownish. The centrally located hypothecium is 80–100 µm high and is chocolate-brown in colour, showing no reaction to K. The epihymenium of the species is indistinct, while the hymenium is hyaline and measures 110–130 µm in height. The asci are 90–110 µm long and 15–22 µm wide, each containing 6 to 8 broadly ellipsoid to fusiform ascospores. These ascospores lack septa (internal partitions), with walls that are often slightly thickened at the ends, and are surrounded by a halo measuring 1–1.3 µm. The ascospores measure 14–22 by 8–10 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Chemically, Malmidea hernandeziana lacks detectable lichen products when analysed using thin-layer chromatography.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Malmidea isidiifera is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Brazil and Venezuela.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2021 by lichenologist Klaus Kalb. The type specimen was collected from Itatiaia National Park (Rio de Janeiro) at an elevation of 1,100 m (3,600 ft). The species epithet alludes to the presence of isidia on the thallus. The species also occurs in Venezuela.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Malmidea isidiifera is characterised by a crustose thallus that is continuous and has a thickness ranging from 30 to 70 µm. The thallus surface is smooth to slightly granular and dull, with a grey colour that turns orange-red when the cortex is abraded. The species is distinguished by its isidia, which are granular to coralloid, densely covering the thallus, each measuring 0.05–0.1 mm in length and 0.05 mm in width. The medulla of the thallus is orange-red and has a K+ (purple) chemical spot test reaction.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The photobiont of Malmidea isidiifera is chlorococcoid, with cells measuring 6–8 µm in diameter. The apothecia are sessile and rounded, varying in diameter from 0.7–1.5 mm and in height from 0.4–0.5 mm. Initially, the discs of the apothecia are flat, but they become distinctly convex over time, with a colour range from light brown-grey to dark brown. The margin of the apothecia is thin, about 0.1 mm thick, slightly prominent, and varies in colour from whitish grey to dark brownish grey.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The excipulum of the species is of the piperis-type and is hyaline (translucent) at the periphery, with the inner part being reddish to dark brown. It lacks hydrophobic granules, which occur is some other species in genus Malmidea. The subhymenium is about 20 µm high and ranges from hyaline to light brown. The hypothecium is significantly larger, measuring 150–200 µm in height, and is reddish to dark brown, showing no reaction to the K spot test. The epihymenium of Malmidea isidiifera is indistinct, while the hymenium is hyaline and measures 100–140 µm in height.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The asci are 70–100 µm long and 20–25 µm wide, each containing 6 to 8 broadly ellipsoid to fusiform ascospores. These ascospores lack septa (internal partitions), and have walls that are equally thickened and surrounded by a halo about 1 µm thick. The ascospores measure 17–23 by 7–10 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In terms of chemistry, Malmidea isidiifera contains atranorin and norsolorinic acid, both major components in its makeup.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Malmidea leucopiperis is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Brazil.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2021 by the German lichenologist Klaus Kalb. The type specimen was collected from Itatiaia National Park (Rio de Janeiro) at an altitude of 850 m (2,790 ft). The species epithet alludes to its resemblance to Malmidea piperis, with a key difference in the hypothecium's colour—light greyish to beige compared to the dark brown in M. piperis.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Malmidea leucopiperis is a crustose lichen with a continuous thallus measuring 50–80 µm in thickness. Its surface is smooth and dull, appearing grey or greenish grey, and can turn orange-red when abraded. Neither isidia nor soralia (reproductive propagules) are present on this species. The medulla of the thallus is orange-red and has a K+ (purple) chemical spot test reaction.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The photobiont of this species is chlorococcoid, with cell dimensions of 6–8 µm in diameter. The apothecia of Malmidea leucopiperis are sessile and rounded, ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 mm in diameter and 0.15 to 0.2 mm in height. The apothecial disc is initially flat, becoming slightly convex, with colours ranging from light beige to brown-grey or brown. Its margin is thin, about 0.1 mm, slightly raised, and varies in colour from whitish grey to dark brownish grey or black.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The excipulum is of the piperis-type and mostly hyaline (translucent), though it can appear brownish or blackish at the upper periphery, and lacks hydrophobic granules. The subhymenium is about 10 µm high and hyaline, while the centrally located hypothecium is light greyish to beige, measuring 40–50 µm in height and is K–. The epihymenium of Malmidea leucopiperis is either indistinct or slightly granular, and the hymenium stands 60–70 µm high and is hyaline.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Asci within this species measure 40–50 by 8–10 µm, each containing 6–8 ascospores. These spores are broadly ellipsoid to fusiform, non-septate, and have a uniformly thickened wall with a halo of approximately 1 µm. Their size ranges from 9–12 by 4–6 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Chemically, this species is characterized by a major presence of norsolorinic acid and the absence of atranorin, as determined through thin-layer chromatography.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Malmidea leucopiperis occurs in the Atlantic rainforest in southern Brazil. It has been recorded from Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco, and Sergipe.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Malmidea rhodopisoides is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Brazil.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2021 by the German lichenologist Klaus Kalb. The type specimen was collected by the author from Grande Anel Rodoviário [pt] (São Paulo) at an elevation of 670 m (2,200 ft). The species epithet alludes to its resemblance to Malmidea rhodopis.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Malmidea rhodopisoides is a crustose lichen with a thallus thickness of 20–40 µm. It is composed of isidia-like granules forming clumps that densely cover an orange-red prothallus. The thallus surface is dull, showing shades of grey to greenish grey, which turns orange-red when the cortex is abraded. Its medulla is also orange-red and has a K+ (red) chemical spot test reaction.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The species' photobiont is chlorococcoid, with cells measuring 6–8 µm in diameter. Apothecia are sessile and rounded, measuring 0.7–1.5 mm in diameter and 0.4–0.5 mm in height. The apothecial disc is initially flat but becomes slightly convex, ranging in colour from beige to dark brown. The margin around the disc is about 0.1 mm thick, bulging, and elevated above the disc, typically orange-red and occasionally partly blackish.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The excipulum of Malmidea rhodopisoides is of the piperis-type, hyaline (translucent) at the periphery, with the inner part containing hydrophobic granules of norsolorinic acid. The subhymenium is approximately 20 µm high and varies from hyaline to light brown. The hypothecium is relatively tall, ranging from 200–400 µm, reddish to dark brown in colour, and does not react to potassium hydroxide (K–). The epihymenium of the species is either indistinct or slightly granular, while the hymenium is hyaline and stands 70–80 µm high.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Asci within this species measure 60–70 by 20–25 µm, each containing 6–8 ascospores. These spores are broadly ellipsoid to fusiform, lack septa (internal partitions), with a uniformly thickened wall and a halo approximately 1 µm thick. The size of the spores ranges between 15–20 by 9–12 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Chemically, Malmidea rhodopisoides is characterized by a major presence of norsolorinic acid and a lack of atranorin.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Malmidea rhodopisoides has characteristics that position it between Malmidea rhodopis and Malmidea isidiifera. M. rhodopis consistently has a smooth and often corticate thallus and is further distinguished by smaller spores measuring 9–15 by 5–8 µm. In contrast to M. isidiifera, which lacks norsolorinic acid in the inner layer of its structural excipulum and features a thallus covered with elongated, non-granular outgrowths (isidia), Malmidea rhodopisoides has traits that are intermediate between these two species.", "title": "Similar species" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Malmidea subcinerea is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Venezuela. The lichen has a smooth, dull thallus varying in colour from grey to olive, with a white internal medulla. It has sessile, rounded apothecia (spore-bearing structures) with light beige to greyish-brown discs.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2021 by the German lichenologist Klaus Kalb. The type specimen was collected from Monte Zerpa (Mérida at an altitude of 2,200 m (7,200 ft); there, it was found in a cloud forest. The species epithet alludes to its resemblance to Malmidea cinerea. This lookalike differs from M. subcinera in having apothecia of the granifera-type, and in having at least two xantholepinone substances.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Malmidea subcinerea is a crustose lichen characterised by a continuous thallus that ranges from 80–120 µm in thickness. The thallus surface is smooth and dull, with colours from grey and greenish grey to olive, and neither isidia nor soralia present. The medulla of the thallus is white and does not react to a solution of potassium hydroxide (K–).", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "This species' photobiont is chlorococcoid, consisting of green algal cells measuring 10–12 µm in diameter. The apothecia of Malmidea subcinerea are sessile and rounded, measuring between 0.4–0.9 mm in diameter and 0.2–0.3 mm in height. Initially, the apothecial discs are flat but become slightly convex, coloured light beige to light greyish brown. The margins around the discs are approximately 0.15 mm thick, slightly prominent, and vary from whitish grey to brownish grey in colour.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The excipulum is of the piperis-type, more or less hyaline (translucent) at the periphery and brownish at the centre and upper periphery. This species lacks hydrophobic granules. The subhymenium is about 10 µm high, hyaline or slightly brownish, while the hypothecium is centrally 50–70 (up to 125) µm high, dark brown to reddish brown, and does not react to potassium hydroxide (K–). The epihymenium, if present, is light brown, and the hymenium is hyaline, measuring 100–120 µm in height.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The asci within Malmidea subcinerea are 60–75 by 10–15 µm in size, each containing 6–8 ascospores. These spores are broadly ellipsoid to fusiform, lack septate (interal partitions), with a uniformly thickened wall and a halo approximately 1 µm thick. The spore sizes range from 9–12 by 5–7 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Chemically, no lichen substances were detected in Malmidea subcinerea through thin-layer chromatography analysis.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Malmidea volcaniana is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Venezuela. A major characteristic of the species is the coralloid (coral-shaped) clumps of isidia-like outgrowths on the thallus surface.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2021 by the German lichenologist Klaus Kalb. The type specimen was collected from the Cerro El Volcán (Miranda), at an altitude of 1,460 m (4,790 ft). The species epithet refers to the type locality.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Malmidea volcaniana is a crustose lichen with a continuous thallus that ranges in thickness from 20–40 µm. The thallus is characterised by verrucose formations that are more or less spherical and coalesce with age, forming coralloid clumps of thin, isidia-like outgrowths. These formations are dull and vary in colour from greenish grey to ash-grey. The species has soralia that are more or less punctiform, measuring around 0.01 mm in diameter and intense orange-yellow in colour, emerging from warts that break off at the tips. These soralia react K+ (purple) and P+ (wine-red) to chemical spot tests.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The medulla of the verrucae and thallus is orange-yellow and also reacts to potassium hydroxide (K+ purple) and P+ (wine-red). The photobiont of this species is chlorococcoid, with cells measuring 6–8 µm in diameter.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Apothecia in Malmidea volcaniana are sessile and rounded, measuring between 0.3–0.8 mm in diameter and 0.2–0.3 mm in height. The apothecial discs are initially flat but become distinctly convex with age, coloured beige to chocolate-brown. The excipulum is of the granifera-type, entire, and ranges in colour from whitish and cream-coloured to greyish, typically paler than the disc. The ectal excipulum is hyaline (translucent), while the medullary excipulum is orange-yellow and filled with opaque, orange-yellow anthraquinones, only partially dissolving in a solution potassium hydroxide, with a K+ (golden-yellow to golden-orange) reaction.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The subhymenium is around 20 µm high and light brown. The centrally located hypothecium is 75–85 µm high, narrowing towards the margin, and is dark brown in colour, not reacting to potassium hydroxide (K–). The epihymenium is indistinct, and the hymenium measures 75–100 µm in height and is hyaline.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The asci of Malmidea volcaniana are 50–60 µm by 15–20 µm in size, and each contains 6–8 ascospores. These spores lack septa and are broadly ellipsoid with equally thickened walls and a halo of 1–1.5 µm. The spores measure 11–17 by 7–10 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Chemically, this species contains emodin and emodic acid as major or somewhat major lichen products, atranorin and emodin bisanthrone as minor components, and some unknown xantholepinones.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Investitionsbank Schleswig-Holstein (IB.SH) is the regional promotional bank (German: Förderbank) for the German state of Schleswig-Holstein. It was established in 2001 and is headquartered Kiel.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Together with other German: Förderbanken and the more commercially-oriented Landesbanken, IB.SH is a member of the Association of German Public Banks (VÖB).", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Empresa de Tecnologia e Informações da Previdência (English: Social Security Information and Technology Company), also known as Dataprev, is a Brazilian public company linked to the Ministry of Management and Innovation in Public Services (MGI). It is responsible for managing the Brazilian social database, particularly that of the National Social Security Institute (INSS). It was created in 1974 under Law 6.125.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The company's central administration is located in the Federal District. On January 8, 2020, its structure was reduced, with about 500 jobs cut and 20 state branches closed. Only the three data processing centers in the cities of Brasília, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro and the five software development units in the cities of Florianópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Fortaleza, João Pessoa and Natal remain.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1938, José Gomes de Pinho Neves installed the largest data processing equipment in Brazil at the Institute of Retirement and Pensions for Industrial Workers (IAPI) using punched cards to determine the granting and maintenance of benefits. On November 4, 1974, Law No. 6.125 created the Empresa de Processamento de Dados da Previdência Social, from the merger of the data processing centers of the social security institutes that had existed until 1964. Subsequently, its trade name was changed to Empresa de Tecnologia e Informações da Previdência Social, and modified again at the 14th Ordinary General Meeting (AGM) held on October 27, 2020, to Empresa de Tecnologia e Informações da Previdência.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1975, the contract between INPS and Burroughs Corporation was transferred to Dataprev, which began to manage the computer park installed in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. In 1989, Dataprev's first public tender was held, as required by the 1988 Constitution. In 1991, Prisma, the system responsible for the benefits functions at the Social Security Agencies (APS), was implemented in the Federal District. In 2006, the INSS 135 Call Center was launched, ending queues at the APSs. Software development units were created in João Pessoa (UDPB), Fortaleza (UDCE), Florianópolis (UDSC) and Rio de Janeiro (UDRJ). In 2011, the storage capacity of the processing centers reached 1 Petabyte.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 2013, the data migration of the Federal Revenue Service and the Attorney General's Office of the National Treasury (PGFN) to a low platform was completed, involving ten large databases, 8.5 billion records, 12 large applications and the conversion of 3.4 million lines of code written in COBOL to Java. In January 2020, Serpro and Dataprev were included in the National Privatization Program (PND). However, the Public Prosecutor's Office issued a statement declaring that the privatization of Serpro contradicts the General Personal Data Protection Law (LGPD) and threatens national security, as its databases would be outsourced.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Dataprev is a public company linked to the Ministry of Management and Innovation in Public Services (MGI), with legal status under private law, its own assets and administrative and financial autonomy. Its share capital is distributed between the Federal Government, with 51%, and the National Social Security Institute (INSS), with 49%. The main services currently provided by Dataprev are business intelligence, operations and support, development, hosting and cloud, consultancy, open data and e-mail.", "title": "Features" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The company has three data centers located in the cities of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Brasília, and five development units spread over Fortaleza, João Pessoa, Natal, Rio de Janeiro and Florianópolis.", "title": "Structure" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1992 Asia Golf Circuit was the 31st season of the Asia Golf Circuit (formerly the Far East Circuit), the main professional golf tour in Asia since it was established in 1961.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The following table lists official events during the 1992 season.", "title": "Schedule" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Order of Merit was based on tournament results during the season, calculated using a points-based system.", "title": "Order of Merit" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Malou Marcetto Rylov (born 16 April 2003) is a Danish footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Dijon.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Theodorus was an archbishop of Ravenna of the seventh century, from 677 to 691.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Consecrated in Ravenna by his suffragans, under his tenure the church of Ravenna reconciled with the Roman papacy, thus ending a period of acrimony during which the Byzantine emperor Constans II, who was a monothelite, directly opposed the Pope by proclaiming the autocephaly of the church of Ravenna in 666. In fact, in 680 Theodorus adhered to the Sixth Ecumenical Council which condemned monothelitism in favour of the Chalcedonian orthodoxy, thus resubmitting his church to Pope Agatho, and in 682 he formally renounced to the typus of autocephaly, following the resumption of friendly relations between Constans II's successor Constantine IV and the new Pope Leo II. Writing for the Catholic Encyclopedia, church historian Umberto Benigni claimed that he \"was hated by his clergy for having suppressed many abuses among them\".", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "According to the 9th-century historian Andreas Agnellus, during Theodorus' tenure his namesake Theodorus, exarch of Ravenna, ordered a chapel dedicated to Saint Theodore the Deacon, but of which there is no trace today.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Theodorus' stone sarcophagus is located in the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe, along with others belonging to some of his distant successors such as Gratiosus (died c.789). All these sarcophagi were sculpted imitating higher-quality models from previous centuries.", "title": "Burial" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Media related to Theodorus (archbishop of Ravenna) at Wikimedia Commons", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Drumright Oilers were a minor league baseball team based in Drumright, Oklahoma. After a nearby Oil discovery in 1912 led to the creation of the city, Drumright teams played as members of Class D level Western Association from 1920 to 1921. After the folding of the Western Association, Drumright became members of the Class D level Oklahoma State League in 1923. Drumright played under a different nickname each season, known as the \"Drummers\" in 1920, \"Oilers\" in 1921 and \"Boosters\" in 1923. Drumright played home minor league games at the Western Association Park, which hosted Babe Ruth in an exhibition in 1922. The ballpark site is known today as Way Park.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Drumright \"Oilers\" nickname corresponds to local industry and history, as the discovery of oil led to the creation of the city. In 1912, Oil was discovered just one mile north today's Drumright city limits and drilling began on the Cushing-Drumright Oil Field. By 1919, the Cushing-Drumright Field production site was thirty-two square miles, with a peak of 3,090 total oil wells. The site was discovered by wildcatter Tom Slick, who struck oil on the farm of Frank Wheeler. The discovery of oil led to rapid growth in the yet to be named city of Drumright beginning immediately in 1912. A post office was quickly established on December 28, 1912. Local leaders James Fulkerson and Aaron Drumright platted the original city, which was initially called \"Fulkerson.\" The town was then renamed for Aaron Drumright, whose farm was part of the town location. By the 1920 census, the newly formed city had over 6,000 residents. The Drumright Gasoline Plant No. 2 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "With the growth of the newly formed city, minor league baseball began in Drumright in 1920, when the Drumwright \"Drummers\" became members of the eight-team Western Association. The Western Association had just reformed after a two-year hiatus. The Chickasha Chicks, Enid Harvesters, Fort Smith Twins, Henryetta Hens, Okmulgee Drillers, Pawhuska Huskers and Springfield Merchants teams joined Drumwright in beginning league play on April 21, 1920.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On July 29, 1920, the visiting Chickasha Chicks defeated Drumright in 12-innings by the score of 9–6 to end a long Drumright Drummers winning streak.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In their first season of play, the Drumright Drummers placed fifth in the Western Association season with a 66–62 record, as the league held no playoffs. The Drummers were managed by Dick Crittenden and ended the season 19.0 games behind first place Okmulgee.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The team continued play in the 1921 Western Association, as the Drumright \"Oilers.\" The Oilers finished in a distant last place in the eight-team Western Association league standings, playing the season under manager Kid Speer. The Oilers ended the season with an overall record of 44–105, placing eighth overall in the standings, finishing 43.0 games behind first place Springfield and 28.0 games behind seventh place Okmulgee. The Drumright franchise folded when the Western Association did not return to play in 1922.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "After a one-season hiatus, Drumright returned to minor league play and joined the newly formed Oklahoma State League in 1923. The Oklahoma State League expanded from a six–team league to an eight-team league, adding Drumright and the Shawnee Indians teams. The Clinton Bulldogs, Duncan Oilers, El Reno Railroaders, Guthrie Linters and Wilson Drillers teams completed the 1923 league. After their one-year hiatus, the Drumright team became known by a new name, as the Duncan team was known as the \"Oilers.\"", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "After beginning 1923 league play, the Drumright \"Boosters\" play in the Oklahoma State League was brief as the team relocated during the season. On June 6, 1923, the Drumright Boosters franchise relocated to Ponca City, Oklahoma with an 11–21 record on that date. After compiling a record of 32–51 playing as the Ponca City Poncans, the team ended the regular season with an overall record of 43–72 record and were in last place. F.R. McGaha served as the manager, as the team placed eighth, finishing 21.0 games behind the first place Duncan Oilers.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "There was not a Drumright team in the 1924 Oklahoma State League, as the Ponca City Poncans continued as a league member. Drumright has not hosted another minor league team.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Drumwright hosted home minor league games at the Western Association Park. The ballpark was located on West Broadway between North Cimarron Avenue & North Morrow Avenue. Today, the ballpark site corresponds with a public park called Way Park, containing a historic amphitheater. Way Park is located at 200 West Broadway in Drumright, Oklahoma.", "title": "The ballpark" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In the fall of 1922, Babe Ruth and his New York Yankees teammate Bob Meusel went on a barnstorming tour. The tour had a stop at the ballpark in Drumright. On the tour, Ruth and Meusel played on opposing teams with local players and did hitting exhibitions.", "title": "The ballpark" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Landesförderinstitut Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (LFI-MV) is the regional promotional bank (German: Förderbank) for the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It was established in 1994 and is headquartered in Schwerin.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Together with other German: Förderbanken and the more commercially-oriented Landesbanken, LFI-MV is a member of the Association of German Public Banks (VÖB).", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rusavskia drevlyanica is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Described as a new species in 2020, it is found in the East European forest steppe of Ukraine.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2020 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Oleksandr Orlov. The species epithet drevlyanica alludes to its prevalent location, the Drevlyansky Nature Reserve in Ukraine. The type specimen was collected in the vicinity of the Hannivka village (Zhytomyr Oblast), specifically on the roof of an old sheepfold building. It was found growing along with various other lichen species. Orlov collected the type specimen in October 2018.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Earlier taxonomic records had grouped Rusavskia drevlyanica under Rusavskia elegans. The former's distinct morphological features and habitat preferences, however, warranted its classification as a separate species.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The thallus of Rusavskia drevlyanica generally spans 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in), occasionally reaching larger diameters up to 3 cm. It takes on a rosette-like shape with prominently visible thalline lobes that measure 5–8 mm in length. These lobes are 0.3–0.5 mm wide along their entire length, appearing to be flat when viewed from the top. A cross-sectional view, however, reveals some concavity and undulations on the underside of the lobes. These lobes initially appear narrow and flat, gradually growing distant from each other to form a net-like thallus. As they mature, the lobes become shorter and wider, with their edges bending downwards. The upper surface of the thallus may appear to have pseudocyphellate characteristics, and its underside is white.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In terms of structure, when sectioned, the thallus is observed to be 125–150 μm thick. The upper cortical layer ranges from very thin at 15–20 μm to quite thick, reaching up to 125 μm. The algal layer within the thallus, which is separated by hyphae of the cortex, is about 50 μm thick. This zone contains green algal cells with a diameter of approximately 10–12 μm. The medulla, located below the algal layer, is often densely packed and ranges from 50–70 μm in thickness. The lower cortex is about 15–20 μm thick and has a palisade or paraplectenchymatous structure. There are no rhizines or attachment organs present in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Rusavskia drevlyanica bears apothecia that range from 0.3–1 mm in diameter and 0.3–0.4 mm in thickness. These apothecia have a flat disc and are distinctly attenuated at their base, often resembling a button or a lamp in shape. The discs rise slightly above the level of the thallus. When numerous, these apothecia can significantly affect the thallus's appearance. The disc and its surrounding margins are of the same colour, a form known as zeorine. The apothecia's own margin is thin but clearly visible, while the thalline margin often displays a crenulate pattern. The ascospores vary in shape, from almost spherical to widely ellipsoid, depending on their maturity.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Rusavskia drevlyanica shares similarities with both Rusavskia elegans and Zeroviella esfahanensis. It differs in several ways, such as the size and thickness of the thallus, the width of the lobes, and the diameter of the apothecia. While similar in some aspects to Zeroviella esfahanensis, the two differ in terms of thalline lobe dimensions, apothecia size, and distribution.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "This lichen species is known to grow on calcium-containing materials, particularly roof tiles. Its primary habitat is the East European forest steppe of Ukraine, especially abundant in the Drevlians Nature Reserve. The authors suggest that its presence may extend to other parts of Eastern Europe.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hayzel Burton Daniels (December 7, 1907 – March 7, 1992) was an American politician, lawyer, and judge who was the first of two African Americans to serve in the Arizona State Legislature. He was elected to the Arizona House of Representatives alongside Carl Sims in 1950 and served through 1952. Daniels subsequently became the state's first Black assistant attorney general and first Black judge.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Daniels was born at Fort Clark in Kinney County, Texas, on December 7, 1907. His father was a Buffalo soldier in the 10th Cavalry Regiment. His family moved to Fort Huachuca in 1913 and later to Nogales, Arizona. He attended Tucson High School, where he was a star running back on the football team, becoming the state's player of the year in 1925 and 1926. He suffered a knee injury and never played college football.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Mopping floors and busing tables at the Old Pueblo Club to pay his way through college, Daniels received a bachelor's degree in social sciences from the University of Arizona in 1939 and a master's degree in education in 1941. He taught at rural schools in Fort Huachuca and served in the United States Army Air Forces from 1943 to 1945, when he was stationed in Burma. Returning to his home state, he attended the University of Arizona School of Law on the G.I. Bill. Graduating in 1948 and passing the bar later that year, Daniels became Arizona's second Black lawyer and the first Black lawyer to be admitted to the State Bar of Arizona. He became a sole practitioner in Phoenix and became active in the NAACP.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1950, Daniels was elected to the Arizona House of Representatives, running unopposed in his heavily Democratic district of Phoenix. He served a single two-year term, through 1952. Alongside Carl Sims, he was the first African American to serve in the Arizona State Legislature. He served as vice chair of the House Judiciary Committee and as a member of the Public Defense and the Suffrage and Elections committees. As a legislator and lawyer, Daniels led a successful campaign to desegregate Phoenix's public schools, first pushing through legislation that watered down the state's school segregation laws and then litigating to have those laws declared unconstitutional. In separate decisions, Superior Court judges Fred C. Struckmeyer Jr. and Charles C. Bernstein duly struck down the law, and the U.S. Supreme Court, in its Brown v. Board of Education decision a few months later, confirmed the state courts' verdicts.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Daniels went on to serve six years as Arizona’s first Black assistant attorney general. In 1965, Phoenix mayor Milton H. Graham appointed Daniels to the office of city magistrate. The first Black judge in Arizona history, Daniels served until his retirement thirteen years later in 1978. He died on March 7, 1992, at the age of 82. He was a founder of the Arizona Black Lawyers Association, which honored his memory by changing its name to the Hayzel B. Daniels Bar Association in February 1993. Its successor organization is the Arizona Black Bar.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Daniels was married twice, to Grace Jones in 1942 and Emily Solomon in 1979. He had two adopted and no biological children.", "title": "Life and career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hamburgische Investitions- und Förderbank (IFB Hamburg) is the regional promotional bank (German: Förderbank) for the German state of Hamburg. It was established in 2005.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Together with other German: Förderbanken and the more commercially-oriented Landesbanken, IFB Hamburg is a member of the Association of German Public Banks (VÖB).", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Enterographa dokdoensis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), script lichen in the family Roccellaceae. It occurs in South Korea. The lichen has a thallus that can cover areas up to 5–10 cm in diameter, with a smooth to roughened texture and a green-grey to mauve colour.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Enterographa dokdoensis was formally described as a new species in 2020 by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Lőkös, Beeyoung-Gun Lee, and Jae-Seoun Hur. The type specimen of Enterographa dokdoensis was collected by the third author from the Liancourt Rocks in the Republic of Korea, specifically on the Eastern (Dokdo) Islet. This collection was made at the seashore, on the left side of the dock, where the lichen was found growing on rocks alongside Opegrapha ulleungdoensis. The elevation of the site is about 5 meters above sea level. The naming of dokdoensis alludes to its type locality – Dokdo (Eastern) Island of the Dokdo Islands in South Korea.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Enterographa dokdoensis can cover areas up to 5–10 cm (2–4 in) in diameter or even larger. The thallus has a smooth to verrucose texture, a green-grey to mauve colour, and can reach a thickness of up to 200 μm. Occasionally, the thallus may display soredious spots. The photobiont of this species is Trentepohlia, with algal cells measuring 6.4–9.6 μm in diameter. The hypothallus of Enterographa dokdoensis is typically indistinct or absent.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The ascomata (fruiting bodies) of this lichen are open and shortly lirelline, sometimes branching, and measure 0.1–0.2 by 0.2–1.2 mm. They are rarely ellipsoid and not embedded in a stroma. The disc of the ascomata is mostly pale brown, occasionally darkening to a dark brownish hue, and is not pruinose. The thalline margin can be up to 32–50 μm wide. The exciple is very thin, ranging from 12–20 μm in width, and appears pale or yellowish. The hypothecium is hyaline and measures 25–50 μm in height. The hymenium is also hyaline and reaches a height of 50–60 μm. Paraphysoids within the hymenium are 0.8–1.0 mm wide, with their apices branching and anastomosing, particularly in the upper part, and expanding to about 15 μm wide. The epihymenium is 2–5 μm thick and contains yellowish crystals that are 2–5 μm in diameter.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The asci of Enterographa dokdoensis are cylindrical and contain eight spores. These ascospores are fusiform (threadlike) and not curved, typically with 3–5 septa, measuring 20.8–30.4 by 1.6–3.5 μm, and are surrounded by a thin perispore. The conidiomata are punctiform (point-like), up to 0.1 mm in diameter, and immersed in the thallus. They appear yellowish or brownish, with a pale yellowish wall in section. The conidia are filiform (threadlike) and curved, measuring 12–20 by 0.8 μm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Chemically, the thallus of Enterographa dokdoensis reacts C+ (red), is K– and PD–, and UV+ (pale cream) to standard spot tests. Gyrophoric acid is present in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Enterographa dokdoensis shares several characteristics with other species of the genus Enterographa, yet it can be distinguished by specific features. It is similar to the pantropical species E. leucolyta, which typically grows on shaded, coastal volcanic rocks. However, Enterographa dokdoensis differs in having a lower hymenium (50–60 μm vs. 120 μm), somewhat narrower and longer ascospores (20–30.5 by 1.6–3.5 μm vs. 18–27 by 2.5–4 μm), and shorter conidia (12–20 μm vs. 20–25 μm long).", "title": "Simiar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "There was a previous record of E. leucolyta from South Korea's Geumodo Island that might pertain to Enterographa dokdoensis. This is due to the much higher hymenium (120–130 μm) in the recorded specimens, which is unlike the typical hymenium height of E. leucolyta (55–100 μm). Additionally, Enterographa dokdoensis resembles the Australian epiphytic species E. divergens in its very thin, smooth or slightly wrinkled thallus. However, it differs in having a light whitish-grey thallus (as opposed to brownish-grey), indistinct apothecia, a light brown disc (instead of black), and shorter, narrower ascospores that are 3–5-septate (measuring 20.8–30.4 by 1.6–3.5 μm vs. 24–32 by 3–4 μm, 7-septate).", "title": "Simiar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Enterographa dokdoensis is similar to E. praepallens from Japan, especially in the appearance of its apothecia and disc colour. It differs in having a thinner whitish-grey thallus and a lower hymenium. Its ascospores are almost the same as those of E. praepallens. Enterographa dokdoensis can also be compared to E. anguinella from Japan and the Philippines. It is distinguished by its matt whitish-grey thallus (as opposed to grey to light ochre and slightly shiny), indistinct apothecia, and shorter, narrower ascospores that are 3–5-septate (20.8–30.4 by 1.6–3.5 μm vs. 22–38 by 3–4 μm, 7–9-septate).", "title": "Simiar species" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1st Artillery Regiment \"Cacciatori delle Alpi\" (Italian: 1° Reggimento Artiglieria \"Cacciatori delle Alpi\") is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Bracciano in Lazio. The regiment was formed in 1871 by the Royal Italian Army. During World War I the regiment served on the on the Italian front. In 1935 the regiment was assigned to the 22nd Infantry Division \"Cacciatori delle Alpi\", with which the regiment served in the Greco-Italian War of World War II. In July 1941 the division was sent to occupied Yugoslavia on occupation duty. After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 the division and its regiments were disbanded on 11 September by invading German forces.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The regiment was reformed in 1948 and assigned to the Infantry Division \"Granatieri di Sardegna\". In April 1953 the regiment was disbanded so its flag could be transferred on 10 May 1953 to the 1st Armored Artillery Regiment \"Pozzuolo del Friuli\" in Civitavecchia. The regiment was assigned to the Armored Division \"Pozzuolo del Friuli\" until division and regiment were disbanded on 31 December 1958. In 1976 the unit was reformed in Bracciano as 1st Self-propelled Field Artillery Group \"Cacciatori delle Alpi\" and assigned to the Artillery School. In 1981 the group was renamed 1st Artillery Group \"Cacciatori delle Alpi\" and continued to serve as the Artillery's School's training and demonstration unit until 12 November 1999, when it was disbanded. The regimental anniversary falls, as for all artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "On 1 January 1871 the 11th Artillery Regiment was formed in Foligno. The new regiment consisted of five fortress companies, which had been ceded by the 4th Artillery Regiment, and eight field batteries, three of which had been ceded by the 5th Artillery Regiment, two by the 7th Artillery Regiment, and another three by the 8th Artillery Regiment. Two of the ceded batteries had fought in the First Italian War of Independence, Second Italian War of Independence, the Piedmontese invasion of Central and Southern Italy, the Third Italian War of Independence and one of the two had also participated in 1870 in the capture of Rome. On 30 September 1873 the regiment ceded four fortress companies to help form the 12th Fortress Artillery Regiment.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 1 January 1874 the army's Sappers Corps was split and the staff and the depot of the 1st Artillery Regiment - Pontieri in Pavia were used to reform the 1st Engineer Regiment. Consequently the 11th Artillery Regiment was renumbered as 1st Artillery Regiment on the same date.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On 1 June 1882 the regiment was renamed 1st Field Artillery Regiment. On 1 November 1884 the regiment ceded two batteries to help from the 12th Field Artillery Regiment and on 1 November 1888 the regiment ceded eight batteries and one train company to help form the 13th Field Artillery Regiment.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1895-96 the regiment provided two officers and 156 troops to help form two batteries and to augment units deployed to Eritrea for the First Italo-Ethiopian War. During the Italo-Turkish War in 1911-12 the regiment provided four officers and 87 troops to help form a group command and one battery. The regiment also provided 111 troops to complement the 22nd Field Artillery Regiment and 24th Field Artillery Regiment, which had been mobilized for the war. On 1 January 1915 the regiment ceded its II Group to help form the 33rd Field Artillery Regiment.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "At the outbreak of World War I the regiment consisted of a command, three groups with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, and a depot. During the war the regiment's depot in Foligno formed the commands of the 37th Field Artillery Regiment and 55th Field Artillery Regiment. The depot also formed the commands of the 101st Mountain Battery, 266th Siege Battery, and 609th Siege Battery and in 1917 it provided troops to help form the 56th Field Artillery Regiment. During the war the regiment fought in the Dolomites: in 1915 on the summits of the Tofane, on Col di Lana, and in the area of the San Pellegrino Pass, while in 1916 the regiment was deployed in the Val Travignolo and on the ridges of the Monte Castelletto, before fighting at Costabella for the mountains of Cima Bocche and Colbricon. In 1917 the regiment was deployed on the glaciers of the Marmolada, before being moved to the Monte Sief, and then falling back to the Monte Grappa massive after the Battle of Caporetto. During the battles of Monte Grappa the regiment was in November 1917 on Monte Tomba and at Monfenera and in January 1918 on Monte Asolone. In May and June 1918 the regiment fought on Col della Berretta and Col Caprile, before returning to the Monte Grappa, where the regiment remained until the end of the war.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 1926 the regiment was assigned to the 22nd Territorial Division of Perugia and consisted of a command, one group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, two groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, one group with mule-carried 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, and a depot. On 1 October 1934 one of the regiment's groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns was disbanded and replaced by a group with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, whose personnel had been transferred from the 19th Field Artillery Regiment. In January 1935 the 22nd Territorial Division of Rome was renamed 22nd Infantry Division \"Cacciatori delle Alpi\" and consequently the regiment was renamed 1st Artillery Regiment \"Cacciatori delle Alpi\". In 1935 the regiment formed the XXX Train Group for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The regiment also provided six officers and 321 enlisted to augment deployed units.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "On 1 October 1938 the regiment ceded one of its groups with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns to help reform the 52nd Artillery Regiment \"Torino\". On 7 December 1938 the regiment was granted the right to wear a red tie with the formal uniform, an honor, which was meant to continue Giuseppe Garibaldi's tradition of clothing his volunteers, to which the Cacciatori delle Alpi had belonged, in red shirts. The same honor had already been bestowed on the infantry regiments of the Brigade \"Alpi\" in 1919.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On 1 September 1939 the regiment's depot formed a group with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns to help reform the 34th Artillery Regiment \"Sassari\". On 10 June 1940, the day Italy entered World War II, the regiment consisted of a command, command unit, one group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, one group with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, one group with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, and an anti-aircraft battery with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns. The regiment was assigned to the 22nd Infantry Division \"Cacciatori delle Alpi\", which also included the 51st Infantry Regiment \"Alpi\" and 52nd Infantry Regiment \"Alpi\".", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In early January 1941 the division was sent to Albania to reinforce the crumbling Italian front during the Greek offensive in the Greco-Italian War. For the war the regiment was reorganized and consisted now of a command, command unit, one group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, and two groups with 75/18 mod. 35 howitzers. On 21 January the division entered the front with the task to block Greek attacks. By 28 January the Greeks had succeeded in breaking the Cacciatori's line and the severely decimated division gave way and retreated north. Only with the German invasion of Greece in April 1941 did the Italians military manage to drive the Greek forces back and by 28 April 1941 the division had reached the Greek near Ersekë.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In July 1941 the division was transferred to Montenegro for garrison duties and in September of the same year the division was deployed to Croatia. For the next two year the division was engaged in combat with Yugoslav Partisans. The division was in Slovenia when the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943 and was disbanded by invading German forces on 11 September 1943.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "On 1 December 1948 the 1st Field Artillery Regiment was reformed in L'Aquila and consisted of a command, a command unit, and the I and II groups with QF 25-pounder field guns. The regiment was assigned to the Infantry Division \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" and on 10 April 1949 it formed the III Group with QF 25-pounder field guns, which was already disbanded on 1 April 1950. In 1951 the regiment formed the III Light Anti-aircraft Group with 40/56 anti-aircraft autocannons and a anti-tank sub-grouping with the IV and V anti-tank groups with QF 17-pounder anti-tank guns. Afterwards the regiment consisted of the following units:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "On 1 February 1953 the Artillery Recruits Advanced Training Center in Civitavecchia formed two groups with M7 Priest self-propelled guns and one group with M36 tank destroyers for the 133rd Armored Artillery Regiment. The regiment was activated on 31 March 1953, but did not receive either name or number. In April it was decided to disbanded the 1st Field Artillery Regiment and transfer its number and traditions to the new regiment. Consequently in April 1953 the regiment in L'Aquila was disbanded and most of its groups were transferred to the 13th Field Artillery Regiment. On 10 May 1953 the regiment in Civitavecchia was designated 1st Armored Artillery Regiment \"Pozzuolo del Friuli\" and received the flag and traditions of the 1st Artillery Regiment \"Cacciatori delle Alpi\". The regiment was assigned to the Armored Division \"Pozzuolo del Friuli\" and consisted of the following units:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "In 1955 the regiment added a III Self-propelled Group with M7 Priest self-propelled guns while the IV and V groups were merged to form the Mixed Group, which fielded two light anti-aircraft batteries with 40/56 autocannons and one self-propelled anti-tank battery with M36 tank destroyers. The same year the regiment formed a Light Aircraft Section with L-21B artillery observation planes, which on the following year was expanded to Light Aircraft Unit. Also in 1956 the self-propelled anti-tank battery with M36 tank destroyers was disbanded.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "In 1958 the army decided to disbanded the Armored Division \"Pozzuolo del Friuli\" and consequently the groups of the regiment were transferred to other units: on 1 May the I Group was transferred to the 11th Field Artillery Regiment and on 30 November the II Group to the 33rd Field Artillery Regiment. On 22 December the Mixed Group was disbanded and on the last day of the year, 31 December 1958, the III Group was transferred to the 13th Field Artillery Regiment, while the Light Aircraft Unit was transferred to the 4th Armored Infantry Regiment. Afterwards the 1st Armored Artillery Regiment \"Pozzuolo del Friuli\" was disbanded and the flag of the 1st Artillery Regiment \"Cacciatori delle Alpi\" was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "During the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions and groups were granted for the first time their own flags. On 2 May 1976 the VIII Army Corps Self-propelled Artillery Group of the Artillery School in Bracciano was renamed 1st Self-propelled Artillery Group \"Cacciatori delle Alpi\". The group consisted of a command, a command and services battery, two batteries with M44 self-propelled howitzers, one battery with M109G self-propelled howitzers, and one section with MGM-52 Lance tactical surface-to-surface missile launchers. The group served as the Artillery School's experimentation and demonstration unit for self-propelled artillery systems, while the 18th Field Artillery Group \"Gran Sasso\", which had been formed on the same date, served as the Artillery School's experimentation and demonstration unit for towed artillery systems. On 12 November 1976 the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone assigned with decree 846 the flag and traditions of the 1st Artillery Regiment \"Cacciatori delle Alpi\" to the group.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "On 31 March 1981 the 18th Field Artillery Group \"Gran Sasso\" was disbanded and the next day the 1st Self-propelled Artillery Group \"Cacciatori delle Alpi\" was reorganized and renamed 1st Artillery Group \"Cacciatori delle Alpi\". The group consisted now of the following units:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "In 1982 the M44 self-propelled howitzers were taken out of service by the Italian Army and the 4th Battery was tasked with the development of the British-German-Italian SP70 self-propelled howitzer. After that project failed in 1986 the 4th Battery received M270 MLRS launchers, which signalled the introduction of that system in the Italian Army. In 1989 the 4th Battery was disbanded and its M270 MLRS transferred to the 3rd Missile Artillery Group \"Volturno\". The same year the group added the Artillery Specialists Battery and the Transport and Maintenance Battery.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "On 12 November 1999 the 1st Artillery Group \"Cacciatori delle Alpi\" was disbanded and the flag of the 1st Artillery Regiment \"Cacciatori delle Alpi\" was once more deposited at the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Investitionsbank des Landes Brandenburg (ILB) is the regional promotional bank (German: Förderbank) for the German state of Brandenburg. It was established in 1992 and is headquartered in Potsdam.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Together with other German: Förderbanken and the more commercially-oriented Landesbanken, ILB is a member of the Association of German Public Banks (VÖB).", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Zab District (Persian: بخش زاب) is in Mirabad County of West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Vavan, whose population at the 2016 National Census was 792 people in 195 households.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 2022, Vazineh District was separated from Sardasht County in the establishment of Mirabad County, which was divided into two districts and two rural districts, with Mirabad as its capital and only city.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 IHF Women's Olympic Qualification Tournaments will be held from 11 to 14 April 2024. Four teams will take part in each tournament, with the two best-ranked teams qualifying for 2024 Summer Olympics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "There are three Olympic Qualification Tournaments. Only twelve teams that have not yet qualified through the five events mentioned above could play in the tournament:", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The host countries were announced on 22 December 2023.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The tournament will be held in Debrecen, Hungary.", "title": "Tournament 1" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "Tournament 1" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The tournament will be held in Torrevieja, Spain.", "title": "Tournament 2" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "", "title": "Tournament 2" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The tournament will be held in Neu-Ulm, Germany.", "title": "Tournament 3" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "", "title": "Tournament 3" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caloplaca nothoholocarpa is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in Chile.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The was formally described by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Jae-Seoun Hur in 2020. The type specimen was collected in Chile, specifically from the areas around Lake Balmaceda and Lake Pinto in Patagonia, a region close to the seaside. This specimen was found growing on rock, cohabiting with other lichens, namely Caloplaca nothocitrina and an unidentified Caloplaca species. The species name nothoholocarpa alludes to its distribution in the Southern Hemisphere and its resemblance to Athallia holocarpa, a species found in the Northern Hemisphere.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Caloplaca nothoholocarpa has a thallus that can extend up to 1.5–2 cm in diameter or form larger aggregations. The thallus presents in shades of greyish, whitish, or whitish-grey, often appearing dull orange or brownish-orange due to the profusion of apothecia. Under high magnification, the thallus appears either continuous or areolate, with areoles measuring 0.2–0.8 mm across. These areoles, separated by cracks up to 0.04 mm wide, can be indistinct, often being completely obscured by apothecia or showing signs of exfoliation. The upper surface of the thallus is typically whitish or whitish-grey, occasionally with yellowish spots or verrucae, which are likely young apothecia.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The apothecia of Caloplaca nothoholocarpa are quite numerous and typically aggregate, measuring 0.15–0.6 mm in diameter. In cross-section, they are 0.12–0.2 mm thick. Each areole generally hosts 2–5 apothecia. These apothecia are rounded or irregular in shape, initially lecanorine or immersed in the thallus, but predominantly become biatorine and sessile. The margin of the apothecia is very thin, dull yellow or dull yellow-orange, contrasting with the disc's dull brownish-yellow or brownish-orange colour. The true exciple of the apothecia is 30–40 μm thick, paraplectenchymatous with a matrix and cell lumina of 3–4 μm in diameter.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The hymenium of the lichen ranges from 30–75 μm in height, and the paraphyses are almost not swollen towards the tips. The subhymenium is relatively thin, about 30–40 μm thick, containing numerous oil droplets and irregular oil aggregations. Asci typically contain 8 spores, including 4 bipolarilocular and 4 simple abortive spores. The ascospores are fusiform (threadlike), slightly wider at the equatorial part, measuring 12–15 by 5–8 μm in water and slightly larger in potassium hydroxide (K) solution.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In terms of its chemical properties, the epihymenium of Caloplaca nothoholocarpa reacts K+ by turning purple or somewhat blackish-purple, eventually becoming crimson.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Caloplaca nothoholocarpa is similar to Athallia holocarpa. It is distinguished by several key features: it has smaller apothecia, a whitish hypothallus, longer ascospores measuring 13–15 by 6–8 μm (as opposed to 10–13 by 6–8 μm in Athallia holocarpa), and a somewhat narrower ascospore septum, ranging from 2.5 to 3.5 μm (compared to 3–6 μm in Athallia holocarpa).", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Historically, convex and large apothecia, reaching up to 1.3 mm in diameter, have been noted as characteristic of Southern Hemisphere specimens of Caloplaca holocarpa according to Øvstedal and Lewis Smith. In contrast, the material of C. nothoholocarpa aligns more closely with species such as Gondwania sublobulata, Austroplaca johnstonii, and Caloplaca schofieldii, all of which are quite distinct from Athallia holocarpa.", "title": "Similar species" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Investitionsbank Sachsen-Anhalt (IB) is the regional promotional bank (German: Förderbank) for the German state of Schleswig-Holstein. It was established in 1993, initially as Landesförderinstitut Sachsen-Anhalt, and is headquartered in Magdeburg", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Together with other German: Förderbanken and the more commercially-oriented Landesbanken, IB Sachsen-Anhalt is a member of the Association of German Public Banks (VÖB).", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Buellia arida is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Physciaceae. It occurs in Australia. Buellia arida grows up to 4 cm wide, either concealed within or visible on rock surfaces, forming small, fragmented patches. It features an off-white, dull thallus, numerous black apothecia that become convex over time, and spores that evolve from pale to dark brown, characterized by their ellipsoid shape and finely decorated surface.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The type specimen was collected near Rockhole Bore, Chandler Range (Henbury Station, Northern Territory) at an elevation of 434 m (1,424 ft), on a sandstone boulder. This location, near the base of a steep rocky slope in open shrubland, features Acacia, Dodonaea and Eremophila as the dominant plant vegetation. The lichen is named after its occurrence in arid habitats.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Buellia arida grows up to 40 mm (1.6 in) wide, either hidden within rocks or visible on rock surfaces. Its visible form appears as small, broken, skin-like patches around the lichen's fruiting bodies or in rock crevices. The thallus is off-white and dull, with algae cells measuring 8–19 µm wide. The lichen's fruiting bodies, known as apothecia, are numerous, black, and can become convex with age, surrounded by a thin outer layer. The spore-bearing tissue is colourless, while the supporting tissue beneath ranges from brown to deep red-brown. Buellia arida has sparsely branched thread-like structures (paraphyses) in its fertile tissue, with brown-tipped branches, and produces two-part spores that are ellipsoid and change from pale to dark brown, with a finely decorated outer surface. Rarely, the lichen has pycnidia, which have black openings and produce rod-shaped spores. The spores themselves are of the Buellia type, divided into two parts by a single septum, change from pale brown to dark brown as they mature, and are ellipsoid in shape, measuring 11–17 by 5–7 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Buellia arida is similar to Buellia abstracta, but is distinguished by larger ascospores and longer conidia.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The species is found in far-western New South Wales and southern parts of the Northern Territory. Commonly associated lichens include Buellia dispersa, B. spuria var. amblyogona, Filsoniana australiensis, Sarcogyne iridana, and Xanthoparmelia cravenii.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Wirtschafts- und Infrastrukturbank Hessen (WI-Bank) is the regional promotional bank (German: Förderbank) for the German state of Hesse. It was established in 2002 and is headquartered in Frankfurt and Offenbach am Main.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Together with other Förderbanken and the more commercially-oriented Landesbanken, WI-Bank is a member of the Association of German Public Banks (VÖB).", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Investitions- und Strukturbank Rheinland-Pfalz (ISB) is the regional promotional bank (German: Förderbank) for the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It was established in 2004 and is headquartered in Mainz.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Together with other Förderbanken and the more commercially-oriented Landesbanken, ISB is a member of the Association of German Public Banks (VÖB).", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Buellia cravenii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Physciaceae. It is found in Australia. The lichen spreads up to 3.5 cm wide thick, forming a continuous, grey-white cracked pattern of areoles.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described in 2020 by the Australian lichenologist John Elix. The type specimen was collected near Glen Helen Tourist Camp (MacDonnell Ranges, Northern Territory), at an elevation of 640 m (2,100 ft), where it was found growing on sandstone rocks with a southerly aspect in mulga scrub. The species epithet cravenii is named in honour of the late Lyndley Craven, a co-collector, friend, and colleague of the author.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Buellia cravenii is a crustose lichen with a thallus spreading up to 35 mm wide and 0.6 mm thick, forming a continuous, cracked pattern of irregular, angular segments (areoles). Its surface is grey-white, dull, and lacks a powdery covering (pruina), with the symbiotic algae cells within the thallus measuring 8–20 µm wide. The inner layer of the thallus is white, does not contain calcium oxalate, and the reproductive structures (apothecia) are numerous, small, roundish, and vary from flat to convex. The outer layer surrounding the apothecia is thick and black, becoming less noticeable in older structures. The layer above the spore-producing tissue (epihymenium) is deep blue-green to black, while the supporting tissue below (hypothecium) is dark brown and thick. The actual spore-producing layer (hymenium) is clear, and the layer above it (epithecium) is pale brown.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In the hymenium, the slender, thread-like structures (paraphyses) branch out sparingly, with blue-green caps. The spore-producing sacs (asci) contain eight spores each, transitioning from the Physconia type to the Buellia type as they mature. These spores are two-part, start pale and turn dark brown, ellipsoid in shape, measuring 12–19 by 5–9 µm with a finely decorated outer surface. Additionally, Buellia cravenii has brown, dot-like reproductive structures (pycnidia) embedded in the thallus, producing rod-shaped spores measuring 5–7 by 0.8–1 µm. The medulla of the lichen contains psoromic acid and atranorin.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Buellia cravenii is similar to Buellia psoromica but has distinct features such as a non-amyloid medulla, oil-containing paraphyses in the hymenium, longer ascospores, and shorter conidia.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Buellia cravenii is found on siliceous rocks in arid inland areas of South Australia, the Northern Territory, and Western Australia. It often coexists with other lichens such as Buellia dispersa, B. spuria var. amblyogona, Filsoniana australiensis, Sarcogyne iridana, and Xanthoparmelia cravenii.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Vikram Bansiwal (born 25 June 1980) is an Indian politician Currently Serving as a Member of the 16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, representing the Sikrai Assembly constituency. He is member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Saarländische Investitionskreditbank (SIKB) is the regional promotional bank (German: Förderbank) for the German state of Saarland. It was established in 1951 and is headquartered in Saarbrücken.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Together with other Förderbanken and the more commercially-oriented Landesbanken, SIKB is a member of the Association of German Public Banks (VÖB).", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Buellia eldridgei is a rare species of terricolous (ground-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Physciaceae, known to occur only in Queensland, Australia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described by the Australian lichenologist John Elix in 2020. The type specimen was collected from Merigol Station, Andersen Paddock (Queensland), where it was found growing on soil in open woodland on soft mulga sandplain with Eucalyptus populnea and Acacia aneura as the dominant plant vegetation. This species is named in honour of Professor David Eldridge, who collected the type specimen.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Buellia eldridgei lichen has a crust-like body (thallus) that can either have a cracked, tile-like appearance (areolate) or be almost scale-like (subsquamulose), and can grow up to 10 mm wide. The individual tile-like pieces, or areoles, can be either closely packed or spread apart, each measuring 0.4–1 mm wide. These areoles are rounded and can be either flat or slightly raised (convex). The top of the thallus has a pale yellow-brown colour and a glossy finish, and it does not have a distinct border (prothallus) separating it from the surface it grows on. Inside the thallus, the layer known as the medulla is white and contains calcium oxalate crystals, as indicated by turning positive when treated with sulfuric acid, but it does not change colour when iodine is applied. The cells of the algae living in partnership with the fungus (photobiont cells) are relatively small, with a diameter of 7–14 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The fruiting bodies of the lichen, known as apothecia, are quite small, ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 mm wide. These structures are lecideine, meaning they have a disc that lacks a thalline margin. They are either embedded in the thallus or just slightly attached to it, usually one per areole. The disc of the apothecia is black, not powdery (epruinose), and can be flat or slightly sunken. The proper exciple, the rim surrounding the disc, is thick at first and protrudes above the disc, but becomes thinner and levels with the disc as it matures. The outer zone of this rim is dark brown and about 25–30 µm thick, while the inner zone is a paler brown. The layer just above the spore-producing tissue (epihymenium) is brown and 10–12 µm thick. The supporting tissue beneath the spore-producing tissue (hypothecium) is brown to dark brown and quite thick, measuring 150–175 µm. The actual spore-producing layer (hymenium) is 65–75 µm thick, clear, and not interspersed with particles; the layer just beneath it (subhymenium) is a pale brown and 20–30 µm thick. The slender, branching structures (paraphyses) within the hymenium are 2–2.5 µm wide, with brown-capped tips. The spore-producing sacs (asci) are typical of the Bacidia type and usually contain eight spores. The spores themselves are of the Buellia type, brown, ellipsoid, and measure 11–16 by 6–9 µm. Older spores show constriction at the division, and their outer walls are wrinkled (rugulate). No pycnidia (another type of reproductive structure) were observed in this species. In terms of reactions to standard chemical spot tests, the medulla is K− and Pd− but is C+ (orange) and UV+ (orange), indicating the presence of 6-O-methylarthothelin as the major chemical component and arthothelin as a minor component.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Buellia eldridgei is similar to Buellia dijiana but is distinguished by having shorter ascospores, a thinner hymenium, and by its distinct chemistry.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "At the time of its original publication, Buellia eldridgei was known only from its type collection in the type locality in Queensland, Australia.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "George Clark Hering III (born 1930) is an American politician and lawyer in the state of Delaware.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Hering was born in Wilmington in 1930 and earned a law degree at the Dickinson School of Law in 1959 after completing his bachelor's degree in 1953. He was admitted to the bar in 1959. Hering was first elected to the Delaware House of Representatives in 1966 and served as Speaker of the House from 1967 to 1970. He continued to serve as a state representative until 1972, then returned to his law practice in Wilmington.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Verkehrsbetriebe Schaffhausen (lit. 'Schaffhausen transport company') is a public transport company in the Swiss canton of Schaffhausen. It operates bus and trolleybus lines covering the city of Schaffhausen and the surrounding canton.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "As of the December 2023 timetable change, Verkehrsbetriebe Schaffhausen operates fifteen routes:", "title": "Lines" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "As of 2022, Verkehrsbetriebe Schaffhausen owns a fleet of 69 buses and trolleybuses.", "title": "Fleet" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Verkehrsbetriebe Schaffhausen was created on January 1, 2019, from the merger of two existing companies: the Verkehrsbetriebe Schaffhausen [de], which served the city of Schaffhausen, and the Regionale Verkehrsbetriebe Schaffhausen [de], which served the canton. The two companies had coordinated operations for many years prior to the merger.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Buellia kowenensis is a rare species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Physciaceae. It is only known to occur at its original collection site in the Australian Capital Territory of Australia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Buellia kowenensis was formally described as a new species in 2020 by the lichenologists John Elix and Patrick M. McCarthy. The type specimen of the species was collected in Australia, within the Australian Capital Territory. Specifically, it was found along Kowen Road in Kowen Forest, located about 11.7 kilometres (7.3 mi) east of Canberra. This specimen was collected at an altitude of 700 m (2,300 ft), situated on sandstone rocks beside an old road that runs adjacent to an open Eucalyptus woodland. Buellia kowenensis is named after its type locality, Kowen Forest in the Australian Capital Territory.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Buellia kowenensis is crustose, rimose-areolate, and can grow up to 10 mm wide and 0.3 mm thick. The areoles, or cracked segments, range from 0.1 to 0.7 mm wide. The upper surface is white to off-white, dull, and appears crystalline or spotted due to the incorporation of silica. It does not form soredia and lacks a distinct bordering prothallus. The photobiont cells are 8–14 µm wide. The medulla is white, contains calcium oxalate (as indicated by a positive sulphuric acid reaction), and does not change colour when stained with iodine.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The apothecia, or fruiting bodies, are 0.1–0.4 mm wide, lecideine in type, and can be separate, broadly attached, with a black, non-powdery, and either weakly concave or convex disc. The proper exciple, the rim around the disc, is thin, initially raised above the disc, but becomes thinner and level with the disc in older apothecia. The outer part of the exciple is dark brown, measuring 15–25 µm thick, and the hypothecium beneath the spore-producing tissue is deep red-brown, 50–60 µm thick. The epihymenium is dark brown and 10–12 µm thick. The hymenium is 50–60 µm thick, colourless, and the subhymenium beneath it is pale brown, 10–15 µm thick. The paraphyses are 1.5–2 µm wide, sparsely branched, with brown-capped tips. The asci are of the Bacidia type and contain eight spores. The ascospores are of the Buellia type, 1-septate, brown, ellipsoid, measuring 9–13 by 5–7 µm, and older spores are constricted at the septum; the outer spore-wall is microrugulate. Pycnidia are punctiform, immersed, with a brown ostiole. The conidia are bacilliform, measuring 8–10 by 1 µm. The medulla contains isoarthothelin as a major component and 4,5-dichloronorlichexanthone in trace amounts.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Buellia kowenensis resembles Buellia halonia but is distinct due to its smaller, persistently Buellia-type ascospores and the presence of medullary calcium oxalate.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "At the time of its original publication, Buellia kowenensis was known only from its type collection in Kowen Forest, Australian Capital Territory. It was found on sandstone rocks in an open Eucalyptus woodland. Associated lichens in this habitat include Buellia spuria var. amblyogona, B. amandineaiformis, B. suttonensis, Lecidea sarcogynoides, L. terrena, Trapelia concentrica, and a species of Xanthoparmelia.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Buellia lordhowensis is a little-known saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen species in the family Caliciaceae, first described in 2020. It is only known to occur on Lord Howe Island, Australia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described in 2020 by the Australian lichenologist John Elix. It is named after its type locality, Lord Howe Island in New South Wales.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Buellia lordhowensis is characterised by a crust-like body (thallus) that varies in texture from cracked (rimose) to a cracked-tile appearance (rimose-areolate), spreading up to 55 mm wide. The individual tile-like segments, called areoles, are either tightly clustered or spread out, ranging in size from 0.2 to 0.8 mm, with an irregular, angular, and flat shape. The surface of the thallus is a pale yellow-grey, with a dull appearance. It has a well-defined, black border (prothallus) around the edges and between the areoles. The inner layer of the thallus (the medulla) is white and lacks calcium oxalate, as it does not react to sulphuric acid and iodine tests. The cells of the green algae living in symbiosis with the fungus (photobiont cells) are relatively small, measuring 6–11 µm in diameter.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The reproductive structures of the lichen, known as apothecia, are tiny (0.1–0.25 mm wide), lecideine in form, and appear level with or immersed in the thallus. These structures have a black, non-powdery (epruinose), and either flat or slightly sunken disc. The rim surrounding the disc (the proper exciple) is initially raised above the disc but becomes level with it over time. This rim has an outer zone that is aeruginose-black, measuring 25–35 µm thick, while the layer just above the spore-producing tissue (epihymenium) is dark brown to bluish-green. The supporting tissue below the spore-producing tissue (hypothecium) is brown to dark brown and 70–80 µm thick. The actual spore-producing layer (hymenium) is 45–55 µm thick, clear, and not interspersed with particles; the layer beneath it (subhymenium) is pale brown and 10–15 µm thick. The slender, branching structures (paraphyses) within the hymenium are 1.5–2 µm wide, with aeruginose-brown capped tips. The spore-producing sacs (asci) are typically of the Bacidia type, usually containing eight spores. The spores themselves are of the Buellia type, brown, ellipsoid, and measure 9–13 by 5–8 µm. Older spores have a constriction at the division, and their outer walls are finely wrinkled (microrugulate). The pycnidia, another type of reproductive structure, are brown to black and immersed. The rod-shaped spores (conidia) produced in these structures measure 6–9 by 0.7–1 µm. Chemically, the medulla of the lichen contains 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone as its major component.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Buellia lordhowensis is similar to Buellia lichexanthonica. It differs, however, by having immersed apothecia and a prominent black prothallus.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Buellia lordhowensis is known to occur only at its original collection site. It was found on basalt rocks in a lowland forest beside a rocky stream on Lord Howe Island. Associated lichens occurring in the same habitat included Buellia homophylia, Megalaria cf. laureri, Parmotrema reticulatum, and Xanthoparmelia thamnoides.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "99th Infantry Division is a reserve component of the IDF under the aegis of Central Command. Established in 2022, it includes the multidimensional special operations Unit 888 (Wraith's Unit), and has been active in the 2023 Israel-Hamas war.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Legend of the Forest (森の伝説, Mori no densetsu) is a 1987 Japanese animated film by Osamu Tezuka and his studio, Tezuka Productions.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Initially planned in four movements, the film was presented incompletely in 1988, on the occasion of the Asahi Prize ceremony, in the form of a first part comprising the first and fourth movements. The two central segments remained unfinished after Tezuka's death in 1989. Makoto Tezuka, the director's son and part-manager of Tezuka Productions, produced the second movement in 2014 under the title The Legend of the Forest – Part 2.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The anime's first movement depicts the struggle between a flying squirrel and a hunter lumberjack. The second, directed by Makoto Tezuka, depicts the love story of two dragonflies as they follow the course of a river through the forest. The third movement, which was never realized, was intended to feature falling raindrops. The fourth and final movement features forest spirits trying to save their environment from the ravages caused by foresters.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The film is entirely silent, and each segment is designed to be synchronized with the music of the various movements of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 4. Inspired by the world of Walt Disney, the film is also a tribute to the history of animated cinema, and an artistic pamphlet with an ecological position.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The film opens with a flight over a large forest. Birds flee, frightened by a lumberjack cutting down a tree with a chainsaw. A flying squirrel scurries into one of the cavities in the trunk, which turns out to be the nest where its mate has just given birth. The father carries his children one by one up another tree, but one of them escapes him and disappears below. With no time for despair, he continues to carry his progeny to safety.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "An imposing tree with a human face, however, has received the newborn on one of its leaves. The tree causes water to fall, enabling the newborn to survive. Curious animals emerge from their hiding places. The child begins to grow, cradled and nourished by the tree. Now able to move about, the young squirrel sets off on an adventure, fascinated by the birds' ability to move through the air. Mocked by the other animals, he falls trying to imitate them, but realizes that the skin on his arms enables him to glide. The birds, however, seize him with their beaks and pull him in all directions. The squirrel rebels and begins to chase away his tormentors, using his claws and teeth. To get back at his scapegoats, he plucks them, scatters them and throws eggs at them. However, the arrival of the woodcutter puts an end to his fury, and he hides under some roots to avoid being seen. Once the woodcutter has disappeared, a pheasant, followed by her children, shows him the trees cut down by the forester.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Seeing this, the squirrel gets angry and goes to his wooden hut. He sees the woodcutter through the window, feeding voraciously, and discovers the chainsaw leaning against a wall. Moving discreetly, he spills a jar of black, viscous material on the tool, putting it out of action. The forester, who has noticed the sabotage, goes berserk and sweeps a shelf to reach the squirrel, which makes funny faces at him, but misses and gets covered in paint, creating a clownish make-up. He then grabs a shotgun and rushes outside, chasing the animal that has flown out of the window. He manages to catch it, but just as he's about to fire, resin drips from a tree branch and blinds the hunter, allowing the rodent to reach shelter. To satisfy his anger, the hunter kills the pheasant and shoots the saving branch.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Collapsing, the squirrel emerges from his hiding place, but the other animals, holding him responsible for the bird's death, ignore him, turn hostile, and a bird drops ifeces on his head. The rodent isolates himself on the lightning rod of a stone house. He then sees a female squirrel with mauve fur gliding towards him, who explains that it's dangerous to stay on the antenna, as lightning could strike and electrocute him. Appalled, he joins her on the roof, and is stunned by her beauty. This is the start of a seductive ballet in which the female finally gives him a kiss. However, the hunter observes the scene, and the lovers, noticing his presence, flee in separate directions. Finally emerging from his shelter, the male has only time to see his enemy flee with the body of his mate, and falls into tears.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "When night falls, the lumberjack resumes his work, causing the forest animals to flee. Mad with rage, the squirrel spots the murderer's tent and breaks in to steal a fork. Climbing back onto one of the tallest branches of a gigantic tree, he stabs the fork into it, and is struck by lightning. Seeing the tree burst into flames, the forester takes fright and runs to take refuge in his tent, but the branch breaks off and falls on the tent, setting it on fire.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Directed by Makoto Tezuka and Tezuka Productions Studios in 2014, the second movement is a cinematic poem following \"the evolutionary stages of a river, from its birth in the mountains to the moment it flows into the sea\", through the love story of two dragonflies.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "An anthropomorphic dragonfly is caught in the center of a spider's web. Another dragonfly spots it and makes several unsuccessful attempts to free it. As a spider approaches, the rescuer flies off and loosens a branch, which strikes the web and knocks both predator and prey off their feet. The dragonfly bounces off a mushroom and lands on a leaf, which breaks off and falls into the river. Carried away by the current, the frightened dragonfly is then followed by a frog which tries to swallow it but is disturbed by the appearance of one of its fellow dragonflies. The second dragonfly, which had been following the improvised raft all this time, finally joins it at the bottom of a small waterfall. The pair come across fish swimming upstream, laying their eggs at the bottom. An otter appears and, attracted by the eggs, throws a stone into the river, sending the leaf and its two passengers spinning. A snake bites her leg as she tries to grab it. The leaf is carried off into the sunset.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The moon has risen, and many glow-worms are flying around a mill. The two dragonflies pass beneath the building's wheel without difficulty. The female performs an aerial ballet, but when the male tries to join her, he notices that one of his wings is torn. He pushes his mate away, then returns and kisses him.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The morning dawns. The leaf is carried away again, the two dragonflies lying side by side.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The script for the third part, which remained unfinished following Tezuka's death in 1989, was nevertheless written by the mangaka, who also referred to it as early as 1981. It's an uneventful episode depicting raindrops falling.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "The final act opens with excavators and backhoe loaders in action. Fairies fly at full speed, others ride little fish that leap out of the water, while insects are blown by the wind and eggs fall from their nests. Mushrooms run in all directions, kitsunes leap out of thickets only to be caught in the steel jaws of machines. Trees are felled by an army of lumberjacks equipped with chainsaws, and pillars are erected to transport the logs by cable, under the direction of a site manager caricatured as Adolf Hitler.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Deep in the forest, will-o'-the-wisps, bats and rabbits join the magical beings and animals gathered in a clearing. A dwarf resembling a garden gnome emerging from an ent is immediately attacked by disgruntled and threatening animals, who pretend to rip human-shaped mannequins to shreds. A fairy tries to calm their warring ardor by bringing in a flowerpot containing a rosebush, which she gives to a human-shaped tree to explain that a peaceful outcome is still possible, but reactions are mixed. An elf transforms one of the mannequins into a donkey, suggesting that the same should be done with all the foresters, but the donkeys protest energetically, embarrassing the young magician. A witch offers to give them an apple, but maggots emerging from fruits hanging in the trees protest. Trees, ghosts and fauns argue, but trees fall in the middle of the assembly and the workers invade the forest, causing its inhabitants to flee and their environment to become desertified.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Seven dwarves make their way through the woods, lighting their way with fireflies contained in bell-shaped flowers. They carry the potted rose to the men's camp, but at the sight of the desolation before their eyes, they become frightened and lose their balance, tumbling down the hill they were standing on. The pot escaped them, but they managed to recover it. They cross an expanse of tree stumps until they arrive in front of a brightly lit building resembling a menacing face. Surrounded by the ominous silhouettes of bulldozers, the dwarves await the appearance of the site manager, to whom they offer the flower. They explain to him that it's better to plant than to cut plants, to spread love and allow life to flourish. But when a dove transformed into a fairy places a kiss on his mouth, the construction foreman, returning in fury, spits flames, throws the pot to the ground and tramples on its contents, as the seven ambassadors look on in horror. An excavator's head comes down, reducing them to dust. Questioning at first, the site foreman lights a cigar with a satisfied air and heads back to the barracks.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Glitter rises from the silhouettes of the crushed dwarfs, and the wind carries away their dust. The heads of the backhoe loaders droop, and the site plunges back into darkness. However, the pile of earth where the rose rests quivers, and a sprout rises from it, growing at prodigious speed, surrounding the iron staircases, insinuating itself into the ventilation ducts, toppling the books and, surrounding the foreman in his bed, encircling him and sinking into his throat. Now as tall as a tree, the plant rips up the transmission towers, pushes the handles of the diggers, knocking them down, and knocks over stored tools. Flowers grow along some vines, while others catch fleeing workers and strangle them. Roots pierce the floor of the building, knocking over shelves and ripping out the construction-village sign. Flowers bloom everywhere and moss covers the mechanical equipment.", "title": "Synopsis" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "The project for The Legend of the Forest dates back to 1971, when Osamu Tezuka wanted to make an ambitious animated film to rival Disney Studios. The first movement was inspired by the story Musa the Flying Squirrel (モモンガのムサ, Momonga no musa) published by Tezuka in the magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump on November 22, 1971.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "The four segments, Conversation between the Trees of the Forest (森の木の対話, Mori no ki no taiwa), Romance between Two Dragonflies (二ひきのかげろうの恋物語, Nihiki no kagerō no koimonogatari), Ballad of the Raindrops ((雨のしずくのバラード, Ame no suzuku no barādo) and On the Hill of Storm and Rainbow ((嵐と虹の丘にて, Arashi to niji no oka nite), are to be synchronized with the four movements of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 4, in the style of the Silly Symphonies or Fantasia. Tezuka had already tried this in 1966 with one of his earlier experimental animated films, Pictures at an Exhibition, which takes Modest Mussorgsky's eponymous music as its soundtrack.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "However, the financial difficulties of the Mushi Production studio, which went bankrupt in 1973, prevented the project from going ahead, even though the outline had already been drawn up. Tezuka completed the script in the early 1980s, but it was several years before the film was actually produced by his other studio, Tezuka Productions. Nevertheless, as the director's health worsened, it was decided to screen the unfinished work at the Asahi Prize ceremony on February 13, 1988, with only the first and fourth movements completed by December 18, 1987.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "In 2008, Osamu Tezuka's son Makoto Tezuka, one of the directors of Tezuka Productions studio, announced at the 12th Hiroshima International Animation Festival his desire to produce the second and third movements, written by his father but not realized, to complete the film. Makoto Tezuka used mainly the production notes left by Osamu Tezuka, and sought a more Japanese style of animation than the other segments.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "After six years in the making, with an interruption due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, the second part, corresponding to the second movement of Tchaikovsky's symphony, was completed and premiered on August 21, 2014, at the 15th Hiroshima Festival, twenty-five years after Tezuka's death in 1989, twenty-seven years after the first broadcast of the unfinished work and thirty years after the mangaka won the festival's first Grand Prize for the Broken Down Film in 1985. The segment is shown among other Tezuka short films at Yokohama's Brillia Short Shorts Theater from September 5 to September 14, 2014. Both parts also received their U.S. premiere at the Japan Society in New York City on February 21, 2015.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "The first and fourth movements of Legend of the Forest were broadcast for the first time at the Asahi Prize ceremony, under the title Legend of the Forest – Part 1, on February 13, 1988.", "title": "Distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "In 2003, the film was remastered and re-released on IMAX screens in Japan. The same year, on January 15, 2003, it was shown in Italy as part of the Future Film Festival.", "title": "Distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "In 2007, several of Tezuka's animated films, including Legend of the Forest, were made available for legal download on the American iTunes site. The same titles are available on Yahoo!'s streaming platform in Japan.", "title": "Distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "In 2009, American publisher The Right Stuf released a DVD, The Astonishing Work of Tezuka Osamu, featuring most of Osamu Tezuka's experimental shorts. The work is also licensed by Madman Entertainment in Australia.", "title": "Distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "In 2012, the website Viki opened the YouTube channel \"TezukaAnime\", on which over one hundred episodes of anime produced by Osamu Tezuka are available for streaming, including the Legend of the Forest among Osamu Tezuka's 13 experimental films. The film is also available in its original version with subtitles in nine languages on the Viki website.", "title": "Distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "The original film was released in France on November 27, 2002, along with four other experimental animated shorts from Mushi Production and Tezuka Productions studios: Mermaid, Drop, the Broken Down Film and Jumping. Despite a discreet release in six cinemas for a total of 7,378 tickets, this selection received a glowing reception from critics, confirming the patrimonial importance of Tezuka's work. Chronic'art's Elizabeth François notes, for example, that \"years after Tezuka's death in 1989, his films have lost none of their relevance or superbness, consecrating the still unrivalled talent of one of comics' most glorious heroes\". Télérama's François Gorin underlines the \"breathtaking mastery with which the old master glides from one graphic style to another\".", "title": "Distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "In 2005, Les Films du Paradoxe released the DVD \"8 films by Osamu Tezuka\", bringing together the five short films screened as well as Tales of a Street Corner, Pictures at an Exhibition and Self-Portrait.", "title": "Distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "The first part of the film is a regular feature at festivals and retrospectives. It was shown in Paris at the Planète Manga festival in February 2012 and Mon Premier Festival in November 2012, at the Premier Festival Manga in Le Bourget in November 2013 and at the Institut Lumière in Lyon in May 2014.", "title": "Distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "The first part of the film won three awards in 1988: the Ōfuji Noburō of the Mainichi Film Awards, the Children's Jury Award in the \"short film\" category at the Bourg-en-Bresse Youth Film Festival, and the CIFEJ Award at Animafest Zagreb.", "title": "Awards" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "Osamu Tezuka, a great admirer of Walt Disney, wanted to pay tribute to the American master of animation in the form of Silly Symphonies: \"This film is a hymn to nature, but also a tribute to the immense work of Walt Disney. Walt Disney played a key role in the history of animated film, to the extent that we can speak of 'pre-' and 'post-Disney' eras.\" The two men reportedly met at the 1964 New York World's Fair and the mangaka drew inspiration from Disney's style on numerous occasions in his earlier works, particularly in his animal drawings. The features of the flying squirrel in the first part evoke those of Chip and Dale, the chipmunks created in 1943, while the seven dwarfs in the fourth part recall the characters in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, made in 1937.", "title": "Analysis" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "This esteem is mutual, since Walt Disney declared in 1965:", "title": "Analysis" }, { "paragraph_id": 34, "text": "\"I'd love to make a film on a subject as innovative as Astro Boy. Series like this and King Leo are great. Tezuka is a great creator, a great filmmaker, and one day we could work on a joint project. I'm sure the result would be fantastic\".", "title": "Analysis" }, { "paragraph_id": 35, "text": "The first movement pays tribute to the history of animated film and its techniques. A number of traditional and modern animation processes are used in succession, in a generally chronological order:", "title": "Analysis" }, { "paragraph_id": 36, "text": "The fourth movement, meanwhile, blends several traditional limited animation techniques inspired by the UPA and Hanna-Barbera animation studios, with angular lines and bright colors reminiscent of Disney's Fantasia.", "title": "Analysis" }, { "paragraph_id": 37, "text": "Samuel Blumenfeld of Le Monde describes the first movement as \"reminiscent of Émile Cohl's style, based on a succession of still shots energized by montage. (The fourth movement) reproduces the style of Disney's golden age, from the Silly Symphonies to Dumbo and Bambi\". Ursula K. Heise identifies several animation styles throughout the work: Walt Disney of course, Émile Cohl, Winsor McCay, Max Fleischer and Dave Fleischer.", "title": "Analysis" }, { "paragraph_id": 38, "text": "Tezuka would employ other techniques in the two central segments: the second was to be made in the style of Disney, using the multiplane system in the image of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, Fantasia and Bambi, while the third was to be a tribute to Norman McLaren's experimental animation, using drawing on negative.", "title": "Analysis" }, { "paragraph_id": 39, "text": "For these stylistic and plastic effects, the work is often presented as experimental, although some critics prefer to consider it a Film d'auteur, as opposed to Tezuka's commercial productions.", "title": "Analysis" }, { "paragraph_id": 40, "text": "Environmental protection is one of Tezuka's most cherished causes. Nature's struggle against the ravages wrought by man is a recurring theme in his work, notably in King Leo and in his various auteur films, and is at the root of the interest in nature and ecology that has played a major role in the filmography of many anime directors, such as Hayao Miyazaki. The Legend of the Forest is considered by Les Inrockuptibles as a \"pantheist-ecologist anthem stigmatizing the destruction of the forest\". The madness of deforestation is underlined by the figure of the chief contractor, caricaturized as Adolf Hitler.", "title": "Analysis" }, { "paragraph_id": 41, "text": "This demonstration of artistic virtuosity is also a critique of modern animation techniques. With his many references to the history of animation, Tezuka condemns the poor quality of many of the animated productions of the time. Paradoxically, the man who, with his studio Mushi Production, had contributed to the development of limited animation techniques to reduce the production costs of their anime justified these influences in a director's statement published in 1987:", "title": "Analysis" }, { "paragraph_id": 42, "text": "\"The ravages wrought by recent limited animation technologies (standard with only 6 to 12 frames per second) are unbearable for me. This Disney-centric film is a parody of the evolution of animation techniques from their origins to the present day. The first part will evoke the dynamic expression of painting, the style of Émile Cohl in the spirit of Fantoche, the Silly Symphonies, the techniques used to bring Gertie the dinosaur to life, and the beginnings of the Fleischer brothers and color animation.\"", "title": "Analysis" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Investitions- und Förderbank Niedersachsen (NBank) is the regional promotional bank (German: Förderbank) for the German state of Lower Saxony. It was established in 2004 and is headquartered in Hanover.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Together with other Förderbanken and the more commercially-oriented Landesbanken, NBank is a member of the Association of German Public Banks (VÖB).", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Drita Ziri (born June 15, 2005) is an Albanian television host, model and beauty queen who won the Miss Earth 2023 competition in Vietnam. She is the first Albanian to win the Miss Earth title and to win one of the Big Four international beauty pageants. Ziri is also the youngest entrant to win the title, being crowned Miss Earth at the age of 18.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Drita participated in the Miss Shqipëria 2022 pageant as one of the 27 finalists. Held on July 3, 2022, in Himare, the coastal town in the Vlorë County of Albania. In the final, she was crowned Miss Shqiperia 2022 by the outgoing queen, Anxhela Peristeri, Drita earned the right to represent Albania at The Miss Globe 2022.", "title": "Pageantry" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Miss Globe 2022 took place on October 21, 2022, in Tirana, the capital city of Albania. In the final, she won the Miss Bikini award and Miss Photogenic voted by the public, and placed as the second runner-up.", "title": "Pageantry" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Drita was appointed as Miss Earth Albania 2023 by the Deliart Association and represented her country at Miss Earth 2023 in Vietnam. On December 22, 2023, in Van Phuc City, Thủ Đức, Vietnam, she won the title of Miss Earth 2023 and was crowned by the outgoing Miss Earth 2022, Mina Sue Choi from South Korea. With her victory, she's technically became the youngest entrant to win the pageant at age 18, surpassing the inaugural titleholder Catharina Svensson, who was crowned in 2001 at the age of 19.", "title": "Pageantry" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Choley Yeshe Ngodub or simply Yeshe Ngodub( 1851-1917)was the 54th and the last Druk Desi (secular ruler of Bhutan) who reigned from 1903 to 1905.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 11th Field Artillery Regiment (Italian: 11° Reggimento Artiglieria da Campagna) is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Cremona in Lombardy. The regiment was formed in 1884 by the Royal Italian Army and served during World War I on the on the Italian front. In 1935 the regiment was assigned to the 3rd Infantry Division \"Monferrato\" and designated as 11th Artillery Regiment \"Monferrato\". In 1939 the division became the 3rd Infantry Division \"Ravenna\" and consequently the regiment was renamed 11th Artillery Regiment \"Ravenna\". In June 1942 the Ravenna division was ordered to deploy to the Eastern Front of World War II and before departing Italy the division exchanged artillery regiments with the 104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\".", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Consequently, the regiment was renamed 11th Artillery Regiment \"Mantova\". After allied forces landed on the Italian peninsula and the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943 the Mantova division joined the Italian Co-belligerent Army. On 26 September 1943 the regiment was transferred to the I Motorized Grouping, which had been formed with units of the 58th Infantry Division \"Legnano\". The regiment was once more renamed and now designated 11th Motorized Artillery Regiment. In April 1944 the I Motorized Grouping joined the Italian Liberation Corps, whose II Brigade became the Combat Group \"Legnano\" in September 1944. The regiment joined the combat group, which was assigned to the II Polish Corps for the Italian campaign.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1945 the Combat Group \"Legnano\" was reorganized as Infantry Division \"Legnano\" and the regiment, now designated 11th Field Artillery Regiment, remained with the division until 1975, when it was reduced to 11th Field Artillery Group Monferrato. The group was assigned to Mechanized Brigade \"Legnano\" and disbanded at the end of the Cold War in 1991. The regimental anniversary falls, as for all artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 1 November 1884 the 11th Field Artillery Regiment was formed in Alessandria with ten batteries, with the 4th Field Artillery Regiment, 5th Field Artillery Regiment, 6th Field Artillery Regiment, 8th Field Artillery Regiment and 9th Field Artillery Regiment having ceded two batteries each to help form the new regiment. On 1 November 1888 the regiment ceded eight batteries and one train company to help form the 23rd Field Artillery Regiment. On 1 October 1891 the regiment reorganized two of its batteries as mountain batteries, which the regiment transferred on 31 December 1893 to the 5th Field Artillery Regiment and received two field batteries in return.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On 1 March 1895 the regimed ceded one field battery to the 5th Field Artillery Regiment, which on the same date ceded its six mountain batteries to the Mountain Artillery Regiment. In 1895-96 the regiment provided two officers and 182 troops to help form units for the First Italo-Ethiopian War. During the Italo-Turkish War in 1911-12 the regiment mobilized one of its group commands and three batteries, which were deployed to Libya. The regiment also provided one officer and 79 troops for other deployed units. On 1 March 1915 the regiment ceded its II Group to help form the 26th Field Artillery Regiment.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "At the outbreak of World War I the regiment consisted of a command, two groups with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, one group with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, and a depot. During the war the regiment's depot in Alessandria formed the command of the 48th Field Artillery Regiment, as well as the 1st, 7th, 15th, and 19th heavy field artillery groupings, six heavy field howitzer groups, and one heavy field cannons group.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "During the war the regiment was initially deployed on Podgora, where it also fought in July and August 1915 in the Second Battle of the Isonzo. Afterwards the regiments was sent to Plave, where it fought in the Third Battle of the Isonzo and Fourth Battle of the Isonzo. In 1916 the regiment participated in the Battle of Gorizia. In June 1917 the regiment was transferred to Monte Ortigara for the Battle of Mount Ortigara. The rest of the year the regiment was deployed in the Val Brenta and the upper Val Maron. At the outbreak of the Battle of Caporetto the regiment was at San Martino di Castrozza, from where it retreated with the rest of the army to the Monte Grappa massiv, where it fought on Col Moschin. In June 1918 the regiment was at Meolo and Vallio during the Second Battle of the Piave River and in July moved to San Donà di Piave. During the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto the regiment crossed the Piave river at Salettuol and then advanced to Conegliano and Arba.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 1926 the regiment was assigned to the 3rd Territorial Division of Alessandria and consisted of a command, one group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, two groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, one group with mule-carried 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, and a depot. In January 1935 the 3rd Territorial Division of Alessandria was renamed 3rd Infantry Division \"Monferrato\" and consequently the regiment was renamed 11th Artillery Regiment \"Monferrato\". In 1935 the 25th Artillery Regiment \"Assietta\" and 29th Artillery Regiment \"Cosseria\" were mobilized for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The 11th Artillery Regiment \"Monferrato\" ceded its 4th Battery with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns to the 29th Artillery Regiment \"Cosseria\" for the duration of the war and on 1 October 1935 the regiment ceded its III Group with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns to help reform the 48th Artillery Regiment \"Cosseria II\", which served as replacement for the 29th Artillery Regiment \"Cosseria\" during the war. On the same date the regiment received a group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers from the 25th Artillery Regiment \"Assietta\" as replacement. The regiment also provided 14 officers and 294 troops to augment other deployed units.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "On 1 October 1936 the 25th Artillery Regiment \"Assietta\" and 29th Artillery Regiment \"Cosseria\" returned from the war and the 48th Artillery Regiment \"Cosseria II\" was disbanded, with all the groups returning to their respective regiments. On the same date the regiment received a group with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, which had been formed by the Complement Officer Cadets School in Bra. On 31 March 1939 the division was renamed 3rd Infantry Division \"Ravenna\" and consequently the regiment was renamed 11th Artillery Regiment \"Ravenna\". On 1 September 1939 the regiment ceded its II Group with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns to help reform the 56th Artillery Regiment \"Casale\" of the 56th Infantry Division \"Casale\", while on 3 September the regiment's depot formed the command and the command unit for the reformed 36th Artillery Regiment \"Forlì\" of the 36th Infantry Division \"Forlì\".", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On 10 June 1940, the day Italy entered World War II, the regiment consisted of a command, command unit, one group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, two groups with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, and the an anti-aircraft battery with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns. The regiment was assigned to the 3rd Infantry Division \"Ravenna\", which also included the 37th Infantry Regiment \"Ravenna\" and 38th Infantry Regiment \"Ravenna\". From 10 June 1940 division participated in the Italian invasion of France and advanced to the village of Fontan. On 7 September 1940 the regiment transferred one of its groups with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns to the 49th Field Artillery Regiment \"Parma\" of the 49th Infantry Division \"Parma\" and received a group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns in return. In April 1941 the division participated in the Invasion of Yugoslavia.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "In March 1942 the army decided to assign the 3rd Infantry Division \"Ravenna\" to the Italian Army in Russia, which was to deploy to the Eastern Front. In preparation the Ravenna division transferred the 11th Field Artillery Regiment \"Ravenna\" in March 1942 to the 104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\", which in turn ceded its 121st Motorized Artillery Regiment to the Ravenna division. Consequently the regiment was renamed 11th Artillery Regiment \"Mantova\". On 7 April 1943 the regiment received a group with 100/22 mod. 14/19 howitzers from the 37th Artillery Regiment \"Piacenza\" of the 103rd Infantry Division \"Piacenza\".", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "By September 1943 the regiment consisted of a command, command unit, the I and II groups with 100/22 mod. 14/19 howitzers, the III and IV groups with 75/18 mod. 35 howitzers, a battery with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, and the 363rd Anti-aircraft Battery with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns. The division was Calabria when the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943 and remained loyal to King Victor Emmanuel III. The division joined the Italian Co-belligerent Army and on 26 September 1943 the 11th Artillery Regiment \"Mantova\" was assigned to the I Motorized Grouping, which had been formed with the 67th Infantry Regiment \"Legnano\" and other units detached from the 58th Infantry Division \"Legnano\". The regiment was once more renamed and now designated 11th Motorized Artillery Regiment. By the middle of October 1943 the regiment consisted of the following units:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The regiment's two groups with 100/22 mod. 14/19 howitzers remained with the 104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\". The I Motorized Grouping was assigned to the American II Corps and entered the front on 7 December 1943 during the Battle of San Pietro Infine. The grouping and the American 142nd Infantry Regiment were tasked with taking the summit of Monte Lungo, which was finally conquered on 16 December.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "In March and early April 1944 the I Motorized Grouping conquered the summits of the Monte Marrone and Monte Mare. Afterwards the I Motorized Grouping was taken out of the front and assigned to the Italian Liberation Corps, which included the 184th Paratroopers Division \"Nembo\", and two brigades, which consisted of the 3rd Alpini Regiment and 4th Bersaglieri Regiment, respectively the 68th Infantry Regiment \"Legnano\" and the Royal Italian Navy's Regiment \"San Marco\". At the regiment was augmented with an additional group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "On 27 May 1944 the corps was assigned to the Polish II Corps and returned to the front. In July 1944 it participated in the Battle of Ancona. In September 1944 the II Brigade was renamed Combat Group \"Legnano\" and the 11th Motorized Artillery Regiment joined the combat group as 11th Field Artillery Regiment. The regiment was now organized as follows:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "The Legnano entered the front as part of the Polish II Corps on the extreme left of the British 8th Army near the river Idice and was tasked with liberating Bologna. For its bravery and sacrifice during Italian campaign between 6 December 1943 and 30 April 1945 the regiment was awarded a Silver Medal of Military Valour, which was affixed on the regiment's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coats of arms.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "After the war the regiment was based in Brescia. On 15 October 1945 the Combat Group \"Legnano\" was reorganized as Infantry Division \"Legnano\". On 10 December 1946 the regiment ceded its II and III groups with QF 25-pounder field guns to help reform the Horse Artillery Regiment. On 1 April 1947 the regiment ceded its V Group with QF 17-pounder anti-tank guns to help reform the 13th Anti-tank Field Artillery Regiment and on 1 June of the same year the regiment ceded its VI Group with 40/56 anti-aircraft autocannons to help reform the 2nd Light Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment. The same year the regiment moved from Brescia to Cremona. On 1 January 1951 the Infantry Division \"Legnano\" included the following artillery regiments:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "In March 1951 the regiment replaced its QF 25-pounder field guns with M101 105mm howitzers. On 30 June 1951 the Italian Army's artillery was reorganized and the next day the regiment received a light anti-aircraft group with 40/56 anti-aircraft autocannons from the 2nd Light Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment. On 1 June 1954 the regiment consisted of the following units:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "In June 1955 the regiment formed a Light Aircraft Section with L-21B artillery observation planes, which in April 1956 was expanded to Light Aircraft Unit. On 1 May 1958 the regiment received the I Self-propelled Group with M7 Priest self-propelled guns from the 1st Armored Artillery Regiment \"Pozzuolo del Friuli\", which became the regiment's III Self-propelled Group. In 1960 the Light Aircraft Unit was disbanded. On 31 October 1964 the III Self-propelled Group with M7 Priest self-propelled guns was disbanded, but the next day the regiment received the II Self-propelled Group with M7 Priest self-propelled guns in Vercelli from the 131st Armored Artillery Regiment. Upon entering the regiment the new group was renumbered as III Self-propelled Group. On 1 October 1965 the V Light Anti-aircraft Group was placed in reserve status.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "During the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions and groups were granted for the first time their own flags. On 1 October 1975 the regiment's I and II groups were disbanded and on 21 October the regiment's III Self-propelled Group became an autonomous unit, was reorganized and renamed 3rd Field Artillery Group \"Pastrengo\", and then assigned to the 3rd Mechanized Brigade \"Goito\". The same day the V Light Anti-aircraft Artillery Group, which remained a reserve formation, was renamed 11th Light Anti-aircraft Artillery Group \"Falco\" and transferred to the Armored Division \"Centauro\". On 29 October the regiment was disbanded and the next day the regiment's IV Group was reorganized and renamed 11th Field Artillery Group \"Monferrato\". To avoid confusion with the support units of the Mechanized Brigade \"Legnano\", the support units of the Mechanized Division \"Mantova\", and the 37th Mechanized Infantry Battalion \"Ravenna\" the group was named for the regiment's original name, the historical region of Monferrato in Piedmont. The group was assigned to the Mechanized Brigade \"Legnano\" and consisted of a command, a command and services battery, and three batteries with M114 155mm howitzers.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "On 12 November 1976 the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone assigned with decree 846 the flag and traditions of the 11th Field Artillery Regiment to the group. At the time the group fielded 485 men (37 officers, 58 non-commissioned officers, and 390 soldiers).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "With the end of the Cold War the Italian Army began to draw down its forces and in 1990 one of the regiment's batteries was placed in reserve status. On 1 March 1991 the 52nd Field Artillery Group \"Venaria\" was transferred from the Mechanized Brigade \"Brescia\" to the Mechanized Brigade \"Legnano\", which now fielded two artillery groups. Consequently on 27 August 1991 the 11th Field Artillery Group \"Monferrato\" was disbanded and the flag of the 11th Field Artillery Regiment was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John Francis Kirk Jr. (born June 15, 1931) is an American politician in the state of Delaware.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kirk was born in Wilmington in 1931 and attended Goldey-Beacom College. He served in Europe with the United States Army, reaching the rank of corporal. He married Margaret Nickle in 1953.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Kirk resided in Delaware City, Delaware where he had a hardware store. Active in local politics, Kirk was a member of the New Castle County Republican committee as well as his local school board, serving as president from 1966 to 1968. He was elected to the Delaware House of Representatives in 1968 and served until 1974, including a term as Speaker of the House in his final term, from 1973 to 1974. In July 1974, he announced his retirement from politics deciding not to run for a fourth term in the House, opting to return to his business in Delaware City.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Idayati (born 26 May 1966) is an Indonesian philanthropist and homemaker who is known as the sister of President Joko Widodo and wife of judge Anwar Usman.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Idayati was born on 26 May 1966 in Surakarta, Central Java, as the third child and second daughter of the four children of Sudjiatmi and Widjianto Notomiharjo. She had a brother, Joko Widodo, and two sisters, Iit Sriyantini and Titik Relawati. She graduated from SMA Negeri 4 Surakarta in 1985.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Idayati was married to Hari Mulyono, a businessman who lead PT Rakabu Sejahtera owned by Joko Widodo and Indonesian Barecore Association. They had a son, Adityo Rimbo Galih Samudra, and a daughter, Septiara Silvani Putri. Their marriage lasted until Mulyono's death from stroke and hypertension in 2018.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In October 2021, Idayati was introduced by her friend to Anwar Usman, a Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia. He later proposed her on 12 March 2022 and married at Graha Saba Buana in Surakarta, on 26 May, during her 56th birthday. Their marriage resulted in perceived conflicts of interest and politics which was denied by her daughter. Her husband also clarified that he didn't know Idayati was Joko Widodo's sister when they first met at a restaurant.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Idayati actively organizes and participates in social activities, such as providing assistance to the disabled and orphans together with her school friends. As of 2022, she worked as a homemaker which started after her first marriage.", "title": "Philanthropy career" } ]

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