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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caloplaca norfolkensis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in Australia, it was formally described as a new species in 2009 by lichenologists John Elix, Sergey Kondratyuk, and Ingvar Kärnefelt. The species epithet combines the name of the type locality with the suffix ensis (\"place of origin\"). The lichen grows on trunks and branches of Araucaria, and old fence posts. In addition to Norfolk Island, it has also been recorded from Lord Howe Island and southeastern Queensland.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caloplaca sipmanii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in Queensland, Australia, it was formally described as a new species in 2009 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Ingvar Kärnefelt, John Elix, and Jan Vondrák. The type specimen was collected by the third author from Baga National Park (Rockhampton, Queensland) at an elevation of 50 to 150 m (160 to 490 ft), where it was found growing on Eucalyptus bark. The species epithet of this lichen pays homage to the Dutch lichenologist Harrie Sipman, in whose honour the volume featuring this species was dedicated. Caloplaca sipmanii contains lichexanthone as a major lichen product.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cerothallia subluteoalba is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in Australia, it was described as a new species in 2009. This species is distinguished by its numerous bright yellow to soft yellow-orange apothecia (fruiting bodies), tiny spores with slim dividers (septa), and a barely distinguishable thallus that either fades away or grows inside its host.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2009 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt. The type specimen was collected by the second author from the western part of the shore of Port Fairy (Victoria), where it was found growing on shrubs above the shore. The species epithet alludes to its similarity to Caloplaca luteoalba. The taxon was transferred to the genus Cerothallia in 2013 as part of a major molecular phylogenetics-informed restructuring of the family Teloschistaceae.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Cerothallia subluteoalba has a diffuse, barely noticeable growth pattern, which can either blend into the surface it grows on or be completely absent. When visible, it appears as tiny whitish, greenish-grey, or dark greyish spots. It does not form distinct raised areas or nodules on the surface.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The fruiting bodies, or apothecia, of this lichen are typically numerous, ranging in size from 0.2 to 0.7 mm in diameter, and can be up to 0.25 mm thick. They tend to be either round or irregularly shaped and are initially embedded in the thallus before becoming slightly elevated. The apothecia lack a distinct outer thalline margin. The true exciple of the apothecia is a dull to bright yellow or orange colour, very narrow (about 0.03 to 0.05 mm wide) and slightly rises above the hymenium (the spore-producing layer). The disc of the apothecia is a dull brownish-yellow or greyish-orange colour. The hymenium itself is 40–50 μm high, and the layer beneath it (subhymenium) is clear and measures 20–25 μm thick. The supporting structures within the hymenium (paraphyses) are heavily branched and tend to swell at the tips, often containing brownish, lamp-shaped oil cells.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The asci (spore-bearing cells), typically contain four to eight spores. These spores are polarilocular, clear, and ellipsoid in shape, with slightly expanded areas at the septa (divisions within the spore) and pointed ends. The spores are quite variable in size, one of the cells may have a somewhat wrinkled surface, and they measure about 7 to 11 μm in length and 3 to 5.5 μm in width. The septa of the spores are about 1.5 to 3 μm thick.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In chemical tests, the top layer of the hymenium (epithecium) and the outermost layers of the true exciple react by turning brownish purple to crimson-purple, and sometimes partly blackish-purple, becoming paler over time. Cerothallia subluteoalba contains the substance parietin as a major lichen product.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Cerothallia subluteoalba is found predominantly on the bark of shrubs in coastal regions. This species is relatively rare and has been identified in only a few locations. Its presence has been recorded in Western and South Australia, Victoria, and Tasmania.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "TJB may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jirón Trujillo is an important street in Rímac District, part of the historic centre of Lima, Peru. The street starts at the Puente de Piedra, where it is continued on the other side of the Rímac River by the Jirón de la Unión (with which it forms part of the historic centre's main axis), and continues until it reaches the Alameda de los Bobos. It therefore joins the so-called monumental zones of both Rímac and Lima districts.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The road that today constitutes the street was laid by Francisco Pizarro during the foundation of Lima. Prior to the nomenclature adapted in 1861, it was simply known as its entirety as the street that joined the bridge with the Church of Saint Lazarus [es]. Prior to this renaming, each block (cuadra) had a unique name:", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A boulevard was inaugurated by then president Alan García in 2009, as part of a remodelling programme that targeted the district. The works consisted of improvement of the roads, the painting of the buildings' façades and the cleaning of their roofs.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The street is the location of the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, the country's smallest church, surrounded by buildings with their characteristic balconies.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Chapsa granulifera is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species by Andreas Frisch and Klaus Kalb in 2009. The type specimen was collected by the second author between 100 and 200 km (62 and 124 mi) upstream from Manaus (Amazonas state), in a rainforest along the Rio Negro. It has a pale bluish-grey, velvety thallus measuring 0.02–0.05 mm thick, and a thin brown prothallus. The thallus is covered with yellow, soredia-like granules. It contains constictic acid and stictic acid as major and minor lichen products, respectively.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ryan Carmichael (born 3 August 2001) is a professional footballer from Northern Ireland, selected by Inter Miami in the 2024 MLS SuperDraft. He is a Northern Ireland youth international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "From County Armagh, Carmichael was schooled at St Patrick’s Academy where he was in the top percentage of UK students in materics. In 2019 he was offered a scholarship with Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Carmichael was playing for Loughgall F.C. in his native Northern Ireland before he made the switch to NIFL Championship side Portadown F.C. as a teenager in 2018. He made made 63 senior appearances and scored eight goals for the club.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He left Portadown in 2020 for a scholarship with Hofstra University in New York. Whilst playing college soccer for Hofstra Pride he scored 46 goals and was credited with 18 assists in 75 matches. He also played for National Premier Soccer League side Georgia Revolution in 2021, and later with Long Island Rough Riders as they reached the USL League Two play-offs in 2022.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He was selected by Inter Miami in the first round of the 2024 MLS SuperDraft.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He is a Northern Ireland youth international.", "title": "International career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "He was also an accomplished Gaelic football player and played in two MacRory Cup campaigns with St Patrick's Academy in Dungannon in 2019 and 2020.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Opera for the People was an Australian commercial radio program produced and conducted by Hector Crawford, where well-known operas were retold by a narrator and actors, punctuated with their most tuneful arias, performed by some of Australia's best singers, backed with a symphony orchestra. Most were spread over two half-hour segments, but could be played as one continuous program. The long-running series also sold to New Zealand, Canada and Hawaii, and was copied elsewhere. The program was broadcast on 3DB, from 19 November 1946 to 20 March 1949; 21 operas were presented in this format, most were played twice — whether fresh productions or old recordings replayed was not divulged. Originally scheduled for Tuesdays at 8 pm, from 2 March 1947 3DB and 3LK broadcast the program on Sunday evenings at 7 pm, the slot previously occupied by the serial Melba.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Crawford ran an Opera for the People quest in Sydney, broadcast 3DB and 53 other stations throughout Australia – the largest commercial radio hookup to that date — 27 June 1947.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The first public concert in the series was held at the Melbourne Botanic Gardens on Saturday 3 March 1947, with singers Glenda Raymond, John Lanigan, William Laird, David Allen, and Ailsa MacKenzie reprising their parts in the radio adaptation of Rigoletto. The concert was broadcast live by Victorian radio stations 3DB-3LK, 3BA (Ballarat), 3BO (Bendigo), and 3GL (Geelong), and worldwide through Radio Australia.", "title": "Concerts" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "An Opera for the People concert was held 30 June 1947 at the Melbourne Town Hall in aid of the YWCA. Soloists included John Lanigan, Maxwell Cohen, Glenda Raymond and Noella Cornish; accompanist, Eunice Garland. £709 was raised.", "title": "Concerts" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "A concert by the stars of Opera for the People was held on 8 August 1947 in the Horsham Town Hall, in aid of the Horsham Base Hospital.", "title": "Concerts" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cladonia glacialis is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. Found in Iceland, it was described as a new species in 2009 by Hördur Kristinsson and Teuvo Ahti. The first author collected the type specimen in 1979 from Arnarfellsmúlar (a moraine in central Iceland) at an elevation of 600 m (2,000 ft). This type locality is on the southeast side of Múlajökull, which is an outlet glacier of the Hofsjökull ice cap. Cladonia glacialis is only known to occur at the type locality. It contains fumarprotocetraric acid as its major lichen product. The authors suggest that the species belongs to the \"supergroup\" Cladonia (as defined by Stenroos et al. in 2002), and that it may be closely related to Cladonia phyllophora.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cladonia islandica is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It is endemic to Iceland, where it grows on moss-covered rocks and stone walls. The lichen was described as a new species in 2009 by Hördur Kristinsson and Teuvo Ahti. The type specimen was collected by the first author from Herdisarvik, Árnessýsla (Southern Region) in 1978. It has been collected from various locations around Iceland, but is most common around the lake Mývatn. It contains fumarprotocetraric acid as its main lichen product, and trace amounts of protocetraric acid and confumarprotocetraric acid", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Liane Randolph is the chair of the California Air Resources Board. She was appointed to that position in December 2020 by California Governor Gavin Newsom, succeeding Mary Nichols. Newsom made the appointment shortly after issuing an executive order tasking the agency with developing regulations to phase out the sales of new internal combustion passenger vehicles by 2035. Her term as CARB chair lasts until December 31, 2026.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Before joining CARB, Randolph served as a commissioner of the California Public Utilities Commission from 2015 to 2021, where she worked on energy efficiency, integrated resource planning, and regulation of transportation network companies. She was appointed to the CPUC on December 23, 2014, by Governor Jerry Brown. Prior to the CPUC, she worked at the California Natural Resources Agency, where she worked on the agreement to remove dams on the Klamath River.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She also served as the chair of the California Fair Political Practices Commission for four years, having been appointed to that role by then-governor Gray Davis in 2003. After that term, she worked for the law firm Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "She completed her Juris Doctor at the UCLA School of Law, and lives in Oakland, California with her husband and family.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cratiria sorediata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It was first described as a new species in 2009. The type specimen was collected from Aldabra in the Seychelles.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Cratiria sorediata was described as a new species by the lichenologists André Aptroot and Mark Seaward in 2009. The type specimen was collected in 1973 from Cinque Cases, Aldabra, where it was found growing on dead Pemphis. The species is notable for being the first in the genus Cratiria to have both soredia and the lichen product norstictic acid.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Cratiria sorediata has a slightly shiny, corticate thallus that is smooth and pale ochraceous grey, covering an area of up to 3 cm (1.2 in) in diameter. Soredia are formed in roundish, shallow soralia, later covering much of the thallus, and are ochraceous yellow in colour.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Apothecia (fruiting bodies) of Cratiria sorediata are sessile, round to wavy in outline, saucer-shaped, and measure 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter. The disc of the apothecia is black, shiny, and flat, without pruina. The margin of the apothecium is prominent, raised above the disc; it is black and shiny, measuring about 0.1 mm wide. The excipulum is about 75 µm wide, black on the outside, dark brown to pale brown inside, and with crystals and lumina about 10 µm wide. The hypothecium is dark brown, measuring about 20–30 µm high. The hymenium is not inspersed and measures about 70–90 µm high, with an epihymenium consisting of brown caps of paraphyses without crystals, about 4 µm high, and K– in reaction. The ascospores are ellipsoid, have a single septum, brownish-black, measuring 13–15 by 7–8 µm, and are not ornamented.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The species contains norstictic acid. This results in the thallus and soredia turning K+ (red) in chemical spot tests.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Cratiria sorediata is known to occur only at the type locality in Aldabra, Seychelles. It grows on the bark of coastal trees and shrubs.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The twenty-fifth season of the American crime-drama television series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit was ordered on April 10, 2023, by NBC, which will premiere on January 18, 2023. With on 13 episodes, due to the 2023 Writers Guild of America strike and 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike, this is the shortest season in SVU’s history. As of December 2023, only Mariska Harigitay, Ice-T, Peter Scanavino, and Octavio Pisano are confirmed as the main cast following the departures of both long-time cast member Kelli Giddish and newcomer Molly Burnett during the show’s twenty-fourth season.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cryptothecia albomaculatella is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. It is a common lichen species in Thailand, and has also been recorded from Assam, India.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It was formally described in 2009 by the lichenologist André Aptroot and the botanist Pat Wolseley. The type specimen was collected from Khlong Plou, Kapou Kapiang station (Uthai Thani province).", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Its thallus is up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and 0.1–0.2 mm thick, and is areolate and pale yellowish in colour. Instead of making discrete sexual reproductive structures like apothecia, this lichen instead has an \"ascigerous zone\", a region on the thallus where asci (spore-bearing cells) are located. This zone, slightly elevated in comparison to the rest of the thallus, has a roughly circular to irregular outline, and is covered with white pruina. When the ascigerous zone is abraded, conspicuous black spots are revealed–these are the asci, which are pyriform (shaped like an inverted pear). The ascospores, which number 6 to 8 per ascus, are muriform (divided into compartments or locules by intersecting longitudinal and transverse septa), and measure 50–65 by 22–29 μm. It contains the substances barbatic acid and obtusatic acid.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Cryptothecia albomaculatella is somewhat similar in appearance to Cryptothecia albomaculans, found in the Andaman Islands, but this species has slightly smaller ascospores (47–57 by 24–30 µm) and different chemistry (containing 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid).", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In addition to the province of its type locality, Uthai Thani, Cryptothecia albomaculatella has also been documented from the Chiang Mai and Lampang provinces of Thailand, and in 2019 was reported from the Dima Hasao district in Assam, India. C. albomaculatella is one of 13 Cryptothecia species found in Thailand, and is one of the most common lichen species in Thailand.", "title": "Distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cryptothecia aleurinoides is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Found in Thailand, it was formally described by lichenologists André Aptroot and Pat Wolseley. Its thallus is up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter and less than 0.1 mm thick, and is white in colour. Its ascospores are ellipsoid in shape, muriform (divided into compartments or locules by intersecting longitudinal and transverse septa), and measure 40–45 by 22–259 μm. It contains the substance 5-O-methylmicrophyllinic acid, which, at the time of publication, was the first time this lichen product had been recorded from genus Cryptothecia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Gassicurtia omiae is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. Found in Thailand, it was formally described as a new species in 2009 by lichenologist Klaus Kalb. The species epithet omiae honours Mrs. W. Saipunkaew (\"Om\"), who assisted the author as a guide and discovered the species in the field. Gassicurtia omiae is the first species of Gassicurtia with a sorediate thallus and the first that produces the lichen product 6-O-methylarthothelin.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pyrrhospora palmicola is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Lecanoraceae. It has a yellow thallus with rounded to irregular apothecia (fruiting bodies) with pale brown or black discs. The lichen is found in Mato Grosso, Brazil, and the Seychelles.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Pyrrhospora palmicola was described as a new species in 2009 by the lichenologists André Aptroot and Mark Seaward. The type specimen was collected in 1974 from Anse Mais, Aldabra (Seychelles), where it was found growing on Cocos nucifera. This lichen is noted for its yellow thallus and the presence of a xanthone, most likely thiophanic acid, a characteristic distinguishing it from related species.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The lichen has a bright citrine-yellow to greenish-yellow or straw-coloured thallus, with a diameter of up to 1 cm. Apothecia are sessile and round to irregular in outline, measuring 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter. The disc is pale brown to usually fuscous brown to black, flat to convex, dull, and sometimes covered with a thin layer of white pruina. The margin of the apothecium is hardly prominent to evanescent and is about 0.1 mm wide, often becoming excluded. The excipulum is largely orange-brown in section and pale brown inside.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The hypothecium is orange-brown, approximately 20 µm high. The hymenium is infrequently anastomosing, not inspersed, and about 50–70 µm high. The epihymenium is orange-brown, with numerous relatively large crystals, about 5 µm high, with the crystals in potassium hydroxide solution dissolving to reveal slightly swollen paraphysis tips with the upper 1–2 cells grey-tinted. Ascospores are ellipsoid, 14–16 by 5–6 µm, with a wall nearly 1 µm wide.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This species is the first Pyrrhospora with a yellow, C+ (orange) thallus but without soredia. The authors suggest that it is probably closely related to P. quernea, sharing xanthones and small, pale to dark apothecia.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The species contains a xanthone, most probably thiophanic acid. In terms of standard spot tests, the thallus reacts UV+ (pink) and C+ (orange).", "title": "Chemistry" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Pyrrhospora palmicola was originally known to occur only in the type locality in Aldabra, Seychelles. It grows corticolously on coastal trees and shrubs. It has since ben reported from the Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Helen Kinne (January 31, 1861 – December 29, 1917) was an American home economist. She was a professor of domestic science at Teachers College, Columbia University, and she wrote several college textbooks in her field. She was \"a pioneer worker and national leader in the development of home economics.\"", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kinne was born in Norwich, Connecticut, and raised in Providence, Rhode Island, the daughter of Henry Clay Kinne and Helen Waterman Kinne. She graduated from Teachers College, Columbia University in 1891.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Kinne was an instructor at Teachers College, Columbia University from 1891 to 1898, and from 1898 until her death in 1917 she was a professor of domestic science there. She was head of the household arts education department. She attended the first Lake Placid Conference on Home Economics in 1899, and organized the Home Economics Association of Greater New York in 1908; she was president of the latter organization for its first three years. She was one of the founders of the American Home Economics Association in 1909, and associate editor of the association's journal.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Kinne was active in the Woman's Club of Woodbury, Connecticut. She also maintained a small farm, called Uplands, in Connecticut.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Kinne wrote several textbooks with her colleague Anna M. Cooley.", "title": "Publications" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Kinne was on an extended sabbatical for health reasons when she died from acute colitis in 1917, at the age of 56, in New York City.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pyxine profallax is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It is found in Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Thailand.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2009 by Klaus Kalb. The species epithet refers to its sorediate lookalike, Pyxine fallax. The type specimen was collected in 1975 by Syo Kurokawa near Woitape (Central Province, Papua New Guinea) at an elevation of about 1,600 m (5,200 ft).", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The loosely attached grey, whitish, or brownish-grey thallus of Pyxine profallax reaches a diameter of up to 5 cm (2 in). A mat of shiny black rhizines attach the thallus to its bark substrate. The lobes making up the thallus are up to about 1 mm wide, and divide more or less dichotomously. They have pseudocyphellae on the margins and a reticulate upper surface texture. Neither soredia nor isidia occur in this lichen, but it does have ascomata of the obscurens-type, measuring 0.5–1 mm in diameter, with black discs. The ascospores, which number eight per ascus, have a single septum and measure 16–20 by 6.5–8 μm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Pyxine profallax contains norstictic acid as a major compound, testacein (submajor), and atranorin as a minor secondary metabolite. Thin-layer chromatography shows that it also contains the same chemical array of terpenes that are found in its namesake, P. fallax.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Originally described from Papua New Guinea, it was recorded from Thailand in 2012, and from Queensland, Australia in 2015.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Nacht van Woerden is a cyclo-cross race that has been organized annually since 2000 in Woerden, the Netherlands as a category C2 UCI event.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Roccella albida is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), fruticose lichen in the family Roccellaceae. It is found on the Galápagos Islands. The lichen is characterised by its distinctively shaped, cylindrical or slightly depressed branches that vary in length from 5 to 20 cm and are white to white-greyish in colour, with infrequent soredia. The lichen has a cottony medulla, commonly white or sometimes pale yellowish-brown, and has frequent ascomata (fruiting bodies) with wavy margins.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2009 by the mycologist Anders Tehler. The species epithet albida is derived from its whitish thallus, distinguishing it from the more brownish-grey thalli of its closely related species such as Roccella galapagoensis, R. margaritifera, and R. nigerrima.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Roccella albida has a distinctively shaped thallus, which forms branches that are terete (cylindrical and smooth) or slightly foveate (marked with small depressions). These branches generally range in length from 5 to 20 cm and have a colouration that varies from white to white-greyish. Soredia, which are reproductive structures for asexual reproduction, are infrequently found in this species and show a negative reaction to the C spot test.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The medulla, the inner tissue of the thallus, is byssoid or nearly byssoid, meaning it has a fibrous or cottony texture. Its colouration is predominantly white, though it can sometimes appear pale yellowish-brown, especially in the lower parts of the lichen. Ascomata, the spore-producing structures, are a common feature in Roccella albida. They often appear sessile (directly attached without a stalk) and have strongly undulating margins, which give them a knotty appearance. The ascospores of Roccella albida measure between 22 and 26 μm in length and 5 to 6 μm in width, with an average size of approximately 23.8 by 5.5 μm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Chemical spot tests yield negative results for the medulla with both potassium hydroxide (K) and calcium hypochlorite (C), indicated as K– and C–, respectively. However, the cortex is C+ (red), and K–. The disc of the ascomata is C–. In terms of its chemical makeup, Roccella albida contains secondary metabolites (lichen products) such as erythrin, lecanoric acid, and protocetraric acid, as identified by high-performance thin-layer chromatography.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Roccella albida is native exclusively to the Galápagos Islands, with its presence confirmed on the islands Santa Fe, Floreana, Pinzón, Rábida, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Española. This species thrives in coastal areas, predominantly on vertical rocks and cliffs.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Leandro Pereira Gonçalves is a professor at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora. He is considered a reference in the study of Integralism, a subject he has been researching for over 20 years. Gonçalves is the author of a series of books and articles on the matter, including the biography of Plínio Salgado.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "UBM may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sirenophila cliffwetmorei is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in Australia. Its thallus can reach up to 1 centimetre in width, has a whitish to whitish-grey colour, and is very thin, sometimes almost merging with the substrate, and has paler edges with a darker grey centre. Its numerous tiny apothecia (fruiting bodies) give the thallus a yellow-orange appearance.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was first formally described in 2009 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt. The type specimen was collected from Tasmania's Furneaux Group in the Bass Strait. The exact location was Flinders Island, at Yellow Beach, approximately 80 metres from the western end of the beach. The specimen was found on both living and dead branches of a large Acacia longifolia var. sophorae tree situated at the head of Yellow Beach. The species epithet honours American lichenologist Clifford Wetmore. Kondratyuk transferred the taxon to the genus Sirenophila in 2015.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Sirenophila cliffwetmorei has a thallus that can grow up to 1 cm in width, with a whitish to whitish-grey colouration. The thallus is very thin, sometimes almost merging with the underlying substrate (endophloedal), and tends to be paler around the edges, with a darker grey hue near the centre. There is no developed hypothallus.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The apothecia of Sirenophila cliffwetmorei are the most prominent feature of this species, and give the entire thallus a yellow-orange appearance. They range from 0.2 to 0.6 mm in diameter and up to 0.17 mm thick. They are usually numerous and somewhat clustered, initially immersed within the thallus but becoming more prominent (sessile) over time. The apothecia start as lecanorine in form with a distinct yellowish margin, eventually transitioning to a zeorine form with a slightly indented edge. The discs of the apothecia are usually slightly concave or flat and have a dull orange to brownish colour, often covered with a yellow pruina. The thalline exciple is formed by a palisade plectenchymatous cortical layer, while the true exciple is scleroplectenchymatous. The hymenium stands at about 80 μm in height and the epihymenium is brownish-orange, turning gradually brownish when treated with a solution of potassium hydroxide (K). The paraphyses are thin and quite branched, with oil cells that form apical \"oil chains\" and become brownish or greyish-brown; these structures are especially visible in potassium hydroxide. The subhymenium layer measures 50–60 μm in thickness. The asci often contain golden or brownish contents, or golden ascospores, and are typically contain eight spores, though some spores may be aborted. The ascospores are ellipsoid with tapering ends, typically measuring 10–13 by 5–6 μm. The septa (internal partitions) are wide, about 4–5 μm, and the cell wall is approximately 1 μm thick.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Chemically, the epithecium reacts with potassium hydroxide to turn brownish purple, becoming dull rose or hyaline, while the ascospore and the contents of the asci turn crimson-purple or violet. This species contains parietin as a major secondary metabolite, along with minor amounts of emodin, and trace amounts of fallacinal, teloschistin, and parietinic acid.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Sirenophila cliffwetmorei predominantly grows on the bark and branches of various tree species. Its preferred hosts include Acacia melanoxylon, Acacia diffusa, Acacia longifolia var. sophorae, Atriplex cinerea, Callitris womboidea, and Leptospermum scoparium. It is often found cohabiting with another lichen species, Caloplaca maccarthyi.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "This lichen has been identified in several scattered locations across southern Australia. However, due to its unobtrusive nature, it is likely that Sirenophila cliffwetmorei is more widespread than recorded, as it may have been overlooked in some areas.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sirenophila maccarthyi is a species of corticolous/lignicolous (bark- and wood-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It has a thallus that is whitish or greyish, often inconspicuous and not always continuous, which can appear darker or dirty grey near its numerous, clustered apothecia. Sirenophila maccarthyi is distributed across regions including Western Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and New Zealand, in both coastal and inland habitats. It typically grows on the bark and dead wood of a wide range of trees and shrubs such as Acacia sophorae, Araucaria excelsa, and various Eucalyptus species.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2009 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Ingvar Kärnefelt, and John Elix, who classified it in the genus Caloplaca. The type specimen was collected by the second author from Port Welshpool, where it was found growing on trees close to the shore. The species epithet honours the Australian lichenologist Patrick McCarthy. Ulf Arup and colleagues transferred the taxon to the genus Sirenophila in 2013.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Sirenophila maccarthyi has a whitish or greyish coloured thallus that is usually inconspicuous and not always continuous. Near the apothecia, the fruiting bodies of the lichen, the thallus can appear darker or somewhat dirty grey. The apothecia themselves are numerous and tend to be clustered together, each measuring between 0.2 and 0.5 mm in diameter and 0.12 to 0.15 mm in thickness. Initially deeply embedded within the thallus, they eventually rise slightly above its surface. The thalline exciple surrounding the apothecia is zeorine in form and whitish, measuring about 0.04 to 0.05 mm in width and 12 to 20 μm in thickness. This outer layer is composed of closely packed cells. In contrast, the true exciple, the inner layer around the apothecia, is bright yellow and also consists of densely packed cells.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The disc of the apothecia is typically slightly concave and dull orange or brownish in colour. As the apothecia mature, they become biatorine, with a distinct or faint yellowish thalline margin that may appear notched. The hymenium (spore-bearing tissue layer) is about 60 to 70 μm high. The paraphyses (sterile filaments within the hymenium), are barely expanded at their tips, measuring approximately 2 to 3 μm in diameter. These filaments are quite branched, with some branches containing oil cells that are about 7 to 9 μm wide. These oil cells can form chains and vary in colour from hyaline (translucent) to brownish. The subhymenium, the layer beneath the hymenium, is 20 to 30 μm high and clear, without oil droplets. The asci (spore-bearing cells) typically contain eight spores. The ascospores are relatively large, ellipsoid, and slightly pointed at the ends, measuring 10 to 14 μm in length and 7 to 8 μm in width. The septa (internal divisions within the spores) are wide, about 5 to 7 μm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Chemically, the lichen reacts to a solution of potassium hydroxide (K+) by turning the epihymenium, the outer layers of the true exciple, and the thalline exciple purple. The major lichen product present in Sirenophila maccarthyi is parietin.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Sirenophila maccarthyi can be found in a variety of habitats, both along the coast and inland. This lichen typically grows on the bark and dead wood of various trees and shrubs. It has been identified on many species, including Acacia sophorae, Araucaria excelsa, Arthrocnemum arbusculum, Atriplex cinerea, Avicennia marina, Bursaria spinosa, Casuarina stricta, several types of Eucalyptus, Leptospermum laevigatum, Leucopogon parviflorus, Lycium ferocissimum, Melaleuca, and Myoporum insulare.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Sirenophila maccarthyi is often found growing in association with other lichen species, including Caloplaca hanneshertelii, Caloplaca jackelixii, Caloplaca kalbiorum, Teloschistes, and Xanthoria cf. ligulata. Some specimens of this lichen have shown signs of damage caused by the fungal genus Vouauxiella.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In terms of distribution, Sirenophila maccarthyi inhabits various regions including Western Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and New Zealand.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bradford Geoffrey Girvan (born 29 January 1962) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Canberra, Girvan attended Dickson College and played first-grade for Northern Suburbs. He is the son of Neville Girvan, who was a leading player for Ainslie in the 1960s.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Girvan, a centre, was an Australian under-21 representative and competed in a strong ACT team which performed strongly against touring Test sides. After gaining Wallabies selection for the 1988 tour of England, Scotland and Italy, he made his Test debut against England at Twickenham, as the outside centre.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Xanthocarpia erichansenii is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in southwest Greenland, where it grows on loess (a type of soil) among mosses.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was first formally described in 2009 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Arne Thell, Ingvar Kärnefelt, and John Elix; it was initially classified in the genus Caloplaca. The species epithet honours the Danish lichenologist Eric Steen Hansen, who, according to the authors, \"has made enormous contributions to our knowledge of lichens in Greenland\". Patrik Frödén and colleagues transferred the taxon to the genus Xanthocarpia in 2013.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Xanthocarpia erichansenii features a thallus that typically measures between 3 to 15 mm in width. The thallus is generally composed of tiny, scattered areoles that are convex in shape and range from yellow to a dull yellow-orange colour. These areoles are mostly rounded, varying in size from about 0.3 to 1.2 mm in width, or occasionally elongated up to 1.5 mm in length. The surface of these areoles is almost entirely covered by a mass of soredia, which are coarse, powdery reproductive structures measuring 60–100 μm in width. These soredia often appear eroded and have a dull brownish-orange hue. Additionally, the thallus sometimes has smaller powdery spots, about 30–50 μm wide, which are partly dull reddish-orange.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Apothecia rarely occur in this species, but when they do they can be numerous, with 2 to 7 typically found per areole. They measure 0.4 to 0.9 mm in diameter and up to 0.3 mm in thickness. The apothecia are initially lecanorine in form, meaning they have a noticeable thalline margin, but can become biatorine, with this margin becoming less distinct. The thalline margin is usually bright yellow or yellow-green, about 0.05 to 0.1 mm wide, but may become excluded or covered by an expanded true exciple that can be up to 0.2 mm wide. The disc of the apothecia is flat and varies in colour from dull dark orange to brownish-orange.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The thalline exciple is 100–150 μm thick and lacks a cortical layer, while the true exciple varies in thickness, being thicker at the base and thinner towards the edges. The hymenium, the tissue layer containing the spore-producing asci, is 80–90 μm high. The paraphyses (sterile filaments within the hymenium) gradually swell towards the tips, measuring 5–6 μm in diameter.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Xanthocarpia erichansenii is commonly found growing on exposed loess, a type of soil made of wind-blown silt. It typically grows among mosses and is often found in the company of various other lichen and moss species. These companion species include Flavocetraria nivalis, Peltigera rufescens, Physconia muscigena, Fulgensia bracteata, Diploschistes muscorum, and several species of the genus Catapyrenium. Xanthocarpia erichansenii inhabits various locations in Greenland, although its occurrences are relatively scattered across the region.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Xanthoparmelia nomosa is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Tasmania, Australia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described by lichenologist John Alan Elix and Gintaras Kantvilas in 2009. The species epithet, derived from the Greek νομός (meaning \"pasture\"), refers to the lichen's habitat.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Distinguishing features of Xanthoparmelia nomosa include its narrow, more or less straight lobes with a black lower surface, the occurrence of both isidia and lobules on the thallus surface, and the orange pigmentation of the lower medulla. It lacks apothecia and pycnidia. Its thallus grow 3–5 cm wide and is yellowish-green, although it darkens with age. The isidia are initial more or less spherical, later becoming cylindrical and then coralloid with blackened tips, measuring 0.5–1.0 mm high and 0.1–0.15 mm wide. Usnic acid, norstictic acid, and skyrin are lichen products found in X. nomosa. The results of standard chemical spot test are K− in the cortex, K+ (yellow then red), C−, and P+ (orange) in the upper medulla, and K+ (purple) in the lower medulla.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Xanthoparmelia nomosa is known to occur only at the type locality, growing on quartzite in a coastal paddock. Other lichens that are often are found nearby include Parmelia signifera, Parmotrema ceratum, P. reticulatum, and other Xanthoparmelia species such as X. australasica and X. subprolixa.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Xanthoparmelia somervilleae is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Tasmania, Australia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described by the Australian lichenologists John Alan Elix and Gintaras Kantvilas in 2009. The type specimen was collected by the authors from Gunners Quoin (Tasmania), where it was found in an open Eucalyptus woodland growing on dolerite rocks. The species epithet honours Janet Sommerville (1887–1969), who was a Tasmanian botanist, historian, and naturalist.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Characteristics of the lichen include the isidia on the upper thallus surface and a black undersurface, as well as the presence of several lichen products in the medulla: norstictic acid, hyposalazinic acid, hypostictic acid, and and connorstictic acid. Its thallus, which has a loosely adnate to adnate attachment to its substrate, grows 4–10 cm across and comprises overlapping to contiguous lobes that are 1.0–2.5 mm wide. The upper thallus is yellowish-green, somewhat shiny, wrinkled, and flat. The apothecia measure 1–5 wide, and have brown to dark brown discs that are initially concave before becoming convex. The ascospores are ellipsoid and measure 9–11 by 5–6 μm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Xanthoparmelia somervilleae occurs in scattered locations throughout Tasmania, growing on rocks in dry, sun-exposed sclerophyll forests. Substrates include dolerite, conglomerate, and sandstone. It often grows in association with other lichens, including Paraporpidia leptocarpa, Ramboldia petraeoides, Rhizocarpon geographicum, Tephromela atra, and other Xanthoparmelia species, such as X. dichotoma, X. neotinctina, X. subprolixa, X. tasmanica, and X. vicaria.", "title": "Habitat, distribution, and ecology" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Gold Bowl was an American college football bowl game between teams from the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) and the Central Intercollegiate Athletics Association (CIAA), two athletic conferences traditionally consisting of historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs). The game was played on a Saturday in early December from 1976 through 1980 at City Stadium in Richmond, Virginia. Reflecting its origins in the bicentennial year, the first edition of the game was called the Bicentennial Bowl.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "On August 29, 1976, officials of the MEAC and CIAA announced that their champions would meet in a postseason game called the Bicentennial Bowl, to be held at Memorial Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina, on the first Saturday of December. Plans changed that October when Black Super Conference, a Houston-based television network, offered to televise the inaugural game, but on the second Saturday of December rather than the first. Memorial Stadium was not available on that day, prompting bowl organizers to move the game to City Stadium in Richmond. In September 1977 the two conferences announced that the game would remain in Richmond, rebranded as the Gold Bowl, and move to the first Saturday in December. Bowl organizers made the game the centerpiece of a festive weekend including a Gold Bowl parade and, as of 1978, a Friday-night basketball doubleheader featuring four HBCU teams.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "South Carolina State of the MEAC was recognized as Black college football national champion after winning the 1976 game, and as co-champion after winning the 1977 game.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The success of the MEAC vs. the CIAA ultimately caused the Gold Bowl to be discontinued. The MEAC had been founded in 1970 with a core membership of six schools that seceded from the CIAA, with the ultimate goal of competing at the highest level of the NCAA. In June 1978 the MEAC achieved reclassification from Division II to Division I and began to play in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (then known as Division I-AA) that fall. Meanwhile, the CIAA remained in Division II, and the competitive gap between the two conferences soon became apparent. MEAC teams won four of the five games, and trounced their CIAA opponents in the 1979 and 1980 Gold Bowls. In April 1981, CIAA officials announced that the game was being discontinued, and that in future years the conference's signature football event would be a neutral-site conference championship matching the first-place teams of its two divisions.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Gold Bowl remains unique as the only postseason contest that has ever matched teams from different divisions within the NCAA.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The MEAC eventually joined the other HBCU conference at the Division I-AA/FCS level, the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC), in sponsoring the Heritage Bowl (1991–99) and the Celebration Bowl (2015–present). The CIAA eventually joined the other HBCU Division II conference, the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC), in sponsoring the Pioneer Bowl (1997-2012) and the Florida Beach Bowl (2023–present).", "title": "Aftermath" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The parade and other social activities developed for the Gold Bowl survived as part of the in-season Gold Bowl Classic, created in July 1981 and first contested that October, between Richmond's own Virginia Union and Virginia State from nearby Petersburg. The Gold Bowl Classic survived into the 21st century as an annual home game for Virginia Union, held at Hovey Field, its on-campus stadium, until 2007. The classic claimed the MEAC-CIAA bowls as part of its history (except for the initial Bicentennial Bowl), for example, branding the 2007 game as the 31st Annual Gold Bowl Classic.", "title": "Aftermath" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John Pennell Edge (June 22, 1822 – March 7, 1904) was an American politician from Pennsylvania. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Chester County from 1875 to 1878.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "John Pennell Edge was born on June 22, 1822, in East Caln Township, Pennsylvania. He attended Jefferson Medical College from 1846 to 1847.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Edge served as a private in Companies D and I in the 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment in 1861. He was a teacher and farmer. He practiced medicine in Downingtown.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Edge was a Republican. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Chester County from 1875 to 1878. He organized the bill to establish the Pennsylvania Board of Agriculture. In 1880, he ran unsuccessful for the Pennsylvania Senate.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Edge was appointed as a member of the Pennsylvania Board of Agriculture. He was appointed by Governor John F. Hartranft and served on the board in 1877 and was reappointed by multiple administrations. He was superintendent of the board under Governor Daniel H. Hastings in the 1890s.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Edge died on March 7, 1904, at his home in Downingtown. He was interred at Downingtown Friends Meetinghouse Cemetery.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caloplaca letrouitioides is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen belonging to the family Teloschistaceae, described in 2011. It is known to occur in Victoria, Australia. The species was named for its superficial resemblance to species in the genus Letrouitia. The anatomical characteristics of Caloplaca letrouitioides, particularly the well-developed true exciple and the unexpanded paraphyses tips, along with the absence of algae in the apothecia, set it apart from other species in the genus.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Caloplaca letrouitioides was identified and described in 2011 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, John Elix, and Ingvar Kärnefelt. The type specimen was collected by Rex Filson in 1976 from Gunnamatta Beach in Victoria, Australia. Its specific epithet, letrouitioides, alludes to its resemblance to species in the genus Letrouitia.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Caloplaca letrouitioides can spread several centimetres wide, characterised by a grey to whitish-grey colour. It is thin and smooth, with a flat to slightly uneven surface. Some parts of the thallus may have blackish edges. The hypothallus is not visible in this species. Apothecia are common, measuring 0.4–0.9 mm in width. They are biatorine, with a distinct yellow to orange margin that is significantly thick and elevated above the disc. The disc is brown to brownish-orange and can be flat to slightly concave. The true exciple of the apothecia is thick, consisting of radiating hyphae, and has a brownish-orange outer layer. The hymenium is hyaline, and the epihymenium has a brownish-orange hue. The asci typically contain 2–4 spores, with ascospores being elongated to cylindrical ellipsoid in shape with a broad septum. Pycnidia are dark reddish, but conidia were not observed in the type specimen.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Chemical analysis of Caloplaca letrouitioides shows that the epithecium and outer portions of the true exciple react to potassium hydroxide (i.e., the K spot test) by turning reddish-purple.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Caloplaca kiewkaensis is similar to C. letrouitioides, with both species featuring a very thin, smooth, greyish or greyish-white thallus without isidia and soredia, and a thick proper margin above the disc level with medium-sized ascospores with a broad septum. However, C. kiewkaensis is distinguished by its thicker, zeorine apothecia (as opposed to the biatorine type in C. letrouitioides), a scleroplectenchymatous true exciple, eight-spored asci with oil droplets (compared to 2–4 spored in C. letrouitioides), somewhat wider ascospores, and a narrower ascospore septum.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "At the time of its original publication, Caloplaca letrouitioides was known only from the type collection made in Victoria, Australia. The species grows on the bark of thin twigs.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Liisa Past (born May 1, 1980 ) is an Estonian civil servant, political, communication and cyber security expert.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Liisa Past graduated from Miina Härma high school in 1999. She received her master's degree in communication at the University of Tartu in 2012 . She has also studied political science at the University of Oslo in Norway and Barnard College at Columbia University.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Liisa Past has worked as a journalist and communication strategist, as a leading analyst of State Information Systems , in the leadership of the NATO Cyber Defense Center , at the McCain Institute in the US state of Arizona , in the State Chancellery's Security and National Defense Coordination Office. From the spring of 2021, She worked as the head of the information security department of the Information Technology and Development Center of the Ministry of the Interior (SMIT), from August 2022 as the head of the national cyber security department of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications . In her activities, She is focused on the protection of human rights and democracy.", "title": "Work and social activities" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Frontier Centre (sometimes seen referenced as Frontier Mall) is a shopping mall located in Saskatchewan, Canada along the Trans-Canada Yellowhead Highway. The mall was built in 1974 and occupies about 221,000 square feet. It features many businesses including Dollarama, No Frills, Shoppers Drug Mart, Staples, and Peavey Mart. There are also several businesses located along the periphery of the mall including a Mobil fuel station, Tim Hortons, and Burger King.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caloplaca sterilis is a corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen belonging to the family Teloschistaceae, described in 2011. It is primarily found in steppe and sand dune habitats in the Black Sea region, and has been recorded from Bulgaria, Romania, southwest Russia, and Ukraine. Caloplaca sterilis is characterised by tiny squamules/areoles with contrasting pale greyish-green to greenish soredia. It is easily overlooked and challenging to identify when completely sorediate and sterile (i.e., without any apothecia), especially as its soredia do not contain the typical Sedifolia-grey pigment.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described in 2011 by the lichenologists Jaroslav Šoun, Oleksandr Khodosovtsev, and Jan Vondrák. The species name sterilis reflects the often sterile state of this species. The type specimen was collected by the second author from cape Tarchankut on the coast of the Tarkhankut Peninsula, in the Chernomorsky District of Ukraine.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Caloplaca sterilis is scattered, forming areoles or squamules that can be up to 2–3 cm wide. It is generally thin, grey-green, and often white with pruina. The areoles or squamules are slightly convex, measuring 50–300 µm in width and 50–130 µm in thickness. The cortical layer is alveolate (honeycombed), 8–12 µm thick, and the algal layer is thick, extending to the lower thallus surface.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Soralia develop on the margins of areoles or occasionally on the thallus surface, and are greenish or greenish-grey, measuring 80–250 µm. Soredia are 15–35 µm in diameter and may form consoredia. The thalli sometimes form continuous greenish sorediate crusts. Apothecia are very rare, lecanorine, measuring 0.2–0.6 mm in diameter, with a yellow-orange to orange disc. Pycnidia are immersed and inconspicuous, with bacilliform conidia measuring approximately 3 by 1 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Caloplaca sterilis does not contain anthraquinone pigments or Sedifolia-grey in the thallus and soralia. The soredia's unique colour within the Caloplaca cerina species complex is noted for its lack of Sedifolia-grey.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "This species grows on the basal parts of woody plant stems such as Artemisia, Halocnemum, and Thymus, as well as on plant debris and dead wood in steppe and sand dune habitats. It is a common species in steppe landscapes and coastal habitats on sand dunes in Southeast Europe. Associated lichen species include Caloplaca raesaenenii, C. phlogina, Lecania cyrtella, and Xanthoria parietina.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Old specimens from Cherry Hinton near Cambridge (UK) seem to be identical to this species, but molecular data is needed to confirm their identity.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Coenogonium flammeum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Harpidiaceae. It is found in Argentina.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was described as new to science in 2011 by the lichenologists Lidia Ferraro, Andrea Michlig, and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected by the first author from El Rey National Park in Salta, Argentina. The species epithet alludes to the deep orange-brown to red-brown colour of the apothecia.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Coenogonium flammeum is a crustose lichen with a smooth and shiny surface. It has a pale olive-grey colour and typically forms continuous patches that are thin and measure between 2 to 5 cm in diameter. This lichen is distinguished by its cartilaginous corticiform layer and the presence of a white prothallus at the border of the thallus.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The photobiont of this species is from the green algal genus Trentepohlia, whose angular to rounded cells are arranged in irregular plates or short threads, each about 6–10 μm in diameter. The apothecia, or spore-producing structures, are sessile and rounded, measuring 0.6–1.2 mm in diameter and 150–200 μm in height. These apothecia initially have a flat disc that later becomes slightly convex. The discs are deep orange-brown to red-brown in colour. The apothecia margins are thin, not prominent, and minutely denticulate (toothed), especially when young, and are cream-coloured.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The excipulum (the tissue surrounding the disc) is paraplectenchymatous with radiating rows of cells at the outer parts. It is 70–150 μm broad, colourless to pale orange at the periphery, and turns sordid yellow-brown when an iodine solution is applied. The outermost cells of the excipulum are elongated and thin-walled. The hypothecium (the tissue below the hymenium) is 15–25 μm high and ranges from colourless to pale yellowish. The hymenium itself is 90–100 μm high, colourless, and changes from pale blue to quickly sordid green and then reddish-brown with iodine staining.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The asci (spore-bearing cells) are about 70–80 μm long and 5–6 μm wide. The ascospores are uniseriate (arranged in a single row within the ascus), ellipsoidal, and have a single septum. They measure 8–11 by 2.5–3.5 μm and are about three to three and a half times as long as they are broad. No pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) have been observed in this species. Thin-layer chromatography did not detect any lichen products.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Coenogonium flammeum was discovered in the northwestern region of Argentina, specifically within the montane rainforests known as the Yungas. This lichen species has been located in the provinces of Salta and Jujuy. The habitat where Coenogonium flammeum thrives is characterised by forests dominated by trees from the families Myrtaceae and Lauraceae, and the genus Podocarpus. These habitats experience a mean annual temperature of around 20 °C (68 °F) and receive substantial rainfall, with annual precipitation reaching up to 2,000 mm (79 in).", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Fauriea trassii is a lichen species in the family Teloschistaceae, described in 2011. It is primarily found in the Far East of Russia, particularly in the Primorsky Krai region.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Fauriea trassii was identified and formally description by the lichenologists Irina Galanina and Sergey Kondratyuk. The type specimen was collected by the first author near the Kiewka settlement in the Lazo district in a Quercus mongolica forest. The species is named in honour of Estonian lichenologist and phytosociologist Hans Trass, acknowledging his contributions to the knowledge of Eurasian lichens and plant communities. The taxon was transferred to the genus Fauriea in 2020 by Kondratyuk and Yoshikazu Yamamoto.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Fauriea trassii ranges from 5–10 mm in width, with a somewhat uneven surface, and can have highly elevated verrucae. The thallus is dark grey or brownish-grey, and each verruca typically houses 3–5 apothecia. The hypothallus is usually not visible, but a black line may be present when bordering other crustose lichens.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Apothecia are 0.3–0.7 mm in diameter and about 0.17 mm thick. They are usually immersed in thalline verrucae, later becoming sessile and lecanorine with a grey or brownish-grey margin. The disc of the apothecia is brown to dark brown or cherry-blossom brown. The thalline exciple is up to 72 μm wide, and the true exciple is 24–36 μm wide in the upper portion, thinning out towards the base. The hymenium is 70–80 μm high, and the epihymenium is brownish or dirty yellowish-brown. Ascospores have an elongated ellipsoidal shape, and typically measure 12–17 by 5.5–7.5 μm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The thallus and epihymenium of Fauriea trassii do not react to the potassium hydroxide (K) spot test, or show a greenish-brown reaction that becomes paler over time.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Fauriea trassii is distinguished from similar species like Parvoplaca suspiciosa and Caloplaca diphasia by features such as its thinner cortical layer in the thalline exciple, paraphyses of uniform thickness, longer ascospores, and the absence of an algal layer below the apothecium. It also differs from Caloplaca brunneola, Obscuroplaca camptidia, Obscuroplaca ochrolechioides, and Caloplaca yammeraensis by various morphological traits. Additionally, F. trassii is superficially similar to Lecanora subfusca group species but can be differentiated by spore morphology and measurements.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Fauriea trassii is known from several locations in the Far East of Russia. It is thought to be more common than previously recognized, having been often mistaken for a species of Lecanora. This species grows on the bark of Quercus mongolica trees, commonly found about 1.5 km (0.93 mi) from the sea shore in the Primorsky region.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Adam Aslanbekovich Osmayev (born 2 May 1981 or 1984) is a Chechen brigadier general active in Ukraine. Born into a prominent Chechen family, Osmayev first acquired notability after being arrested in 2007 and accused of involvement in a plot to assassinate Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov. Released three days later, he fled to the United Kingdom and later settled in Ukraine. In 2012 he was further accused of masterminding an attempt to assassinate Russian President Vladimir Putin. Arrested on charges of carrying explosives and causing property damage, he was not extradited following a recommendation from the European Court of Human Rights which argued that he would face torture if returned to Russia. He was released from Ukrainian prison in 2014 and subsequently joined the Armed Forces of Ukraine, becoming commander of the Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion in 2015.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Osmayev has been targeted in assassination attempts allegedly orchestrated by the Russian government on multiple occasions, most notably an October 2017 shooting that killed his wife Amina Okueva.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Adam Aslanbekovich Osmayev was born on 2 May 1981 or 1984 to an influential Chechen family. His mother Layla was a housewife, while his father Aslanbek would later become a petroleum executive and ally of Akhmad Kadyrov's government. Adam's uncle Amin Osmayev [ru] was Chairman of the pro-Russian Supreme Soviet of the Chechen Republic in 1995 and from 1996 to 1998, concurrently serving as a member of the Federation Council. In addition to Adam, his family had three children: two sons, Ramzan and Islam, and one daughter, Khava. Following his 2007 arrest, Amin Osmayev distanced himself from his nephew, claiming that he had \"three brothers and seven sisters, each having around 50–60 children,\" and that he \"barely remembered\" him.", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Osmayev family left Chechnya for Moscow in 1996, where Adam studied at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO). According to Novaya Gazeta, his entrance to MGIMO was assisted by his uncle's political connections. He later studied economics at the University of Buckingham from 1999, but was expelled for poor conduct the same year. According to a report by Kommersant, Osmayev studied under members of the Chechen diaspora at a mosque in the United Kingdom, where he was educated in explosives. Amin Osmayev later blamed Adam's stay in Britain for allegedly pushing him towards Wahhabist. He returned to Chechnya for a time before moving back to Moscow in 2005. During the Insurgency in the North Caucasus Osmayev allegedly led a cell of the Caucasus Emirate, but this has not been definitively proven.", "title": "Early life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Osmayev was arrested on 9 May 2007 by the Federal Security Service (FSB). Twenty kilograms of plastic explosives, twenty litres of gasoline, and two computers, with one containing metal balls, were found in a Lada Riva belonging to Osmayev. A rifle and a radiotelephone were also found in the vehicle. During the summer of 2007, he was accused by the FSB of participating in an assassination attempt on Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov. Besides Osmayev, three other Chechens were accused of involvement in the attack: Lorson Khamiyev, Ruslan Musayev, and Umar Batukayev. The plot's organiser was claimed by the FSB to be Chingiskhan Gishayev, an associate of Chechen jihadist leader Dokka Umarov. According to Kommersant, at the time of his arrest Osmayev was co-manager of a stock-trading company. Khamiyev had been arrested in Grozny some days before Osmayev's arrest, while Musayev and Batukayev were arrested earlier in the day.", "title": "Arrest in Russia" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Three days after his first arrest, Osmayev was released as a witness in the investigation. Novaya Gazeta claimed that his father had been responsible for his release. Afterwards, Osmayev fled Russia to the United Kingdom, and the Russian government issued both a national and international warrant for his arrest. The other participants in the alleged plot were all tried; Khamiyev was sentenced to eight years, Musayev to five years, and Batukayev was released. Osmayev's father later instructed him to settle in Ukraine.", "title": "Arrest in Russia" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Following his father's command to move to Ukraine, Osmayev lived in the southern city of Odesa and worked as a consultant at a stock-trading firm. He befriended fellow Chechen Ruslan Madayev and Kazakh Ilya Pyanzin, and was also allegedly contacted by representatives of Umarov while abroad. Madayev was killed on 4 January 2012 after an improvised explosive device he had made exploded in his hand. Pyanzin suffered burns as a result of the explosion, while Osmayev suffered minor injuries and fled. The cause of the explosion was originally thought to be a gas explosion, but after pieces of the device were discovered, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) joined the investigation.", "title": "Arrest in Ukraine" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "As part of the SBU investigation, Osmayev's flat was searched. As part of the search, extremist literature, a map of Odesa, and photographs of the Odesa Musical Comedy Theatre [uk] and Odesa Sports Palace [uk] were found, leading investigators to believe that he was planning an attack on the photographed buildings. Some Ukrainian media, namely KP and Segodnya, alleged that the publicisation of the investigation was a prelude to the arrests of hired killers who planned an attack on an Odesa businessman.", "title": "Arrest in Ukraine" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Russian state-owned television channel Russia-1 said, citing Pyanzin's words to SBU investigators, that the three had been involved in a plan to kill then-Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin due to his candidacy in the 2012 Russian presidential election. On 4 February 2012 Osmayev and his father were arrested by the SBU's Alpha Group and the FSB in a joint operation after the younger Osmayev had called a resident of Kabardino-Balkaria on his cell phone. Osmayev's father was charged with participation in \"armed raids and preparations of terrorist attacks,\" but was released soon after investigators concluded he had simply been visiting his son at the time of the arrest. Dmitry Peskov, Putin's press secretary, said that the government was aware of the alleged assassination plot, but did not comment on it.", "title": "Arrest in Ukraine" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On 21 March 2012 both Osmayev and Pyanzin were placed on trial under Article 263 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (illegal handling of weapons or explosives). Their trial was later transferred to Kyiv and placed under the Main Directorate of the SBU, and further charges of creating a terrorist organisation and performance of terrorist acts were levied against them. Investigators at the time alleged that Osmayev and Pyanzin were involved in an effort to assassinate Putin and other top Russian officials, recruit members of a broader terrorist network, and destabilise Russia. Both were also tried in absentia in Russia, where they were sentenced to twenty years imprisonment.", "title": "Arrest in Ukraine" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "On 14 August 2012 the Odesa Oblast Court of Appeals proposed to extradite Osmayev and Pyanzin to Russia. The European Court of Human Rights intervened in the case to prevent the former's extradition, arguing that Osmayev faced a high risk of torture if he was extradited. Pyanzin's effort to avoid extradition, however, was not fulfilled, and he was transferred to Moscow on 24 August 2012, being found guilty and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment in 2013.", "title": "Arrest in Ukraine" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Following the Revolution of Dignity, in which pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych was overthrown, Osmayev's wife Amina Okueva appealed to the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament), Prosecutor General of Ukraine, and SBU to recognise Osmayev as a political prisoner and release him from prison on 24 March 2014. On 18 November he was found guilty of property damage, illegal handling of explosives, and illegally crossing the border by the Prymorskyi District Court of Odesa, which sentenced him to time served and allowed his release. The articles of terrorism or conspiring to assassinate Putin were not included, having been dropped a month earlier.", "title": "Arrest in Ukraine" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Following his release, Osmayev joined the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and he was appointed as head of the Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion following the death of the battalion's commander Isa Munayev at the Battle of Debaltseve.", "title": "Russo-Ukrainian War" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Osmayev was twice targeted in assassination attempts by suspected Russian government agents in 2017. A 1 June incident involved Russian national Artur Denisultanov-Kurmakayev, who shot at Osmayev while posing as Le Monde journalist Alex Werner, but was wounded by Okueva. In the second incident, dating to 30 October, Osmayev and Okueva were chased by another car while driving outside Kyiv. The car opened fire, killing Okueva and wounding Osmayev. Osmayev blamed the Russian government for both attacks.", "title": "Russo-Ukrainian War" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Gyrotrema papillatum is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Harpidiaceae. It is known from a single collection in a lowland rainforest region of Costa Rica.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Gyrotrema papillatum was described as new to science in 2011 by the German lichenologist Robert Lücking. The type specimen of this lichen was collected by the author in Costa Rica, in the Los Patos section of Corcovado National Park (Puntarenas Province). This location is part of the Osa Conservation Area on the Osa Peninsula, situated approximately 160 km (99 mi) southeast of San José and 40 km (25 mi) west-southwest of Golfito; there, in a lowland rainforest zone, at an elevation between 100 and 300 m (330 and 980 ft), it was found growing on the bark of a partially shaded lower tree trunk. At the time of its original publication, the lichen was only known from the type locality. It species epithet alludes to the papillate nature of its thallus (i.e., covered with papillae, which are small, conically rounded growths).", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Gyrotrema papillatum has a grey-green to olive-green thallus adorned with numerous white papillae. The cortex is prosoplectenchymatous–made of a dense, tightly interwoven layer of fungal hyphae. The photobiont layer and the medulla beneath often contain clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. The apothecia of G. papillatum are prominent, with a rounded to lobate shape, measuring 1–1.5 mm in diameter. The exposed disc of the apothecia is a cinnabar-red colour. Around this disc, the margin is lobulate to recurved and fused, sharing the same cinnabar-red hue on the inside. This species lacks a columella, but instead has concentric rings of excipular tissue that separate rings of old hymenia. The youngest hymenium ring is situated closest to the margin. The excipulum is prosoplectenchymatous and carbonised, and lacks periphysoids. The hymenium stands 80–100 μm high, and the paraphyses are unbranched.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Each ascus contains eight ascospores that have between 5 and 9 septa (internal partitions), measuring 25–30 by 6–8 μm. These ellipsoid spores have thick septa and lens-shaped lumina, are colourless, and has a violet-blue reaction when treated with iodine (amyloid reaction). The apothecial disc contains an unidentified type of anthraquinone substance.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Harpidium gavilaniae is a little-known species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Harpidiaceae. It is found in the Northern Cape Province in South Africa.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as new to science in 2011 by Guillermo Amo de Paz, Sergio Pérez-Ortega, and Ana Crespo. The type collection was collected 57 km (35 mi) east of Springbok in Namaqualand (Northern Cape province) at an elevation of 1,036 m (3,400 ft). There it was found growing on quartzite in vertical furrows that are seasonally inundated with water. The species epithet honours the Spanish botanist Rosario Gavilán, who accompanied the authors during their fieldwork in South Africa.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The lichen species Harpidium gavilaniae has a crustose, effigurate thallus that can be rounded or ellipsoid and spans up to 2.5 cm in diameter. The areoles, which are the small, distinct patches of the thallus, are independent and vary in shape from flat to bullate (blister-like) or nearly stalk-like. These areoles are typically adhered to the substrate over most of their lower surface, with the peripheral zone often free and with a maroon-purple to copper-red colour. The peripheral areoles extend outwards, forming lobes that are about 0.4–0.9 mm wide, sometimes reaching up to 1.3 mm. In contrast, the central areoles are more rounded and typically bear immersed apothecia, measuring 0.3–0.6 mm in diameter.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Structurally, the areoles are layered, with heights ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 mm. The tissue of the upper cortex is paraplectenchymatous (made of hyphae are oriented in all directions) and is approximately 25 μm high. Below this, the photobiont layer, consisting of Trebouxia-like chlorococcoid (spherical green algae) cells measuring 6–15 μm in diameter, is continuous and spans 90–200 μm in height.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The apothecia of Harpidium gavilaniae are irregularly rounded, typically one per areole, and immersed in the thallus, resembling those found in Aspicilia species. The apothecial discs are blackish, with diameters ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mm. Surrounding the discs, the thalline exciple is up to 20 μm thick. The epihymenium is reddish, does not react to potassium hydroxide (K–), and is about 10 μm thick. The hymenium stands 50–70 μm tall and turns blue when exposed to iodine (KI+). The paraphyses are moniliform (resembling a string of beads), measuring 4–6 μm wide and slightly wider at the apex.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The asci are unitunicate-rostrate and clavate in shape, each containing eight spores and measuring 24–27 by 11–14 μm. The ascus walls are thick. ascospores are hyaline and simple, with a crescent form where the two apices are rotated at a 90-degree angle, measuring 9–13 by 6–7 μm with thick walls (approximately 0.8 μm).", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Pycnidia are frequently present, laminal, and immersed, measuring 70–120 μm in diameter. The conidia are cylindrical to ellipsoidal, sized at 3 by 1 μm. No secondary metabolites were detected in Harpidium gavilaniae through thin-layer chromatography analysis.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Hypotrachyna constictovexans is a little-known species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Known only from a single specimen collected in 1976, it is found in the highlands of Peru. Its thallus can grow over 5 cm wide, featuring long, straight, and separate lobes that are highly convex and tube-like, with a pale grey, slightly shiny upper surface adorned with cylindrical isidia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was described as new to science in 2011 by the Dutch lichenologist Harrie Sipman, who classified it in the genus Everniastrum. The type specimen was collected in 1976 along the Cusco-Pilcopata-Paucartambo Road in Cusco Province, Peru. The species epithet combines consticto, which refers to the presence of the substance constictic acid, and vexans, which alludes to the lichen's resemblances to Everniastrum vexans. It was transferred to the genus Hypotrachyna in 2013 by Pradeep Divakar and colleagues.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Hypotrachyna constictovexans has a foliose to somewhat fruticose thallus that is typically over 5 cm wide and is not coriaceous (leathery). Its lobes are long, straight, and separate, measuring 0.6–1.5 mm in width. These lobes are characteristically very convex, almost tube-like in shape over most of their length. The upper surface of the thallus is pale grey, slightly shiny, without a powdery coating (epruinose), and shows weak spotting. It is covered with cylindrical isidia, which are the same colour as the thallus but may have a brown cap when young and often develop an erect, black bristle-like structure (cilium) at the top when older. The thallus lacks soredia, pustules, finger-like projections (dactyls), or small lobes (lobules). The interior medulla of the thallus is white, whereas the lower surface is black, turning to brown towards the tips of the lobes. Black, slender cilia measuring 1–4 mm in length are present on the lower surface; these can be simple or occasionally once dichotomously branched. Apothecia (spore-producing structures) and pycnidia (conidia-producing structures) have not been observed to occur in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In terms of chemical reactions, the upper cortex of Hypotrachyna constictovexans is K+ (yellow), while the medulla is K+ (orange) and Pd+ (orange-red). The lichen does not show any colour change with C or KC reagents and shows no fluorescence under UV light. The thallus contains atranorin in the upper cortex and constictic and protolichesterinic acids in the medulla, as confirmed by thin-layer chromatography.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "At the time of its original publication, the lichen was known only from a single specimen collected at the type locality.", "title": "Distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lecidea lygommella is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Lecideaceae. It spreads up to 7 cm wide with a thin thallus varying in colour from whitish and pale grey to rusty red-brown, featuring areolate surfaces with irregularly shaped areoles. Its fruiting bodies range from slightly embedded to sitting atop the thallus and black, flat to slightly convex apothecial discs. Unlike its lookalike Lecidea lygomma, L. lygommella does not produce any secondary chemicals. It is found in New South Wales and Victoria, Australia, where it grows on rocks in alpine areas.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lecidea lygommella was described as new to science in 2011 by the lichenologist John Alan Elix. The type specimen was collected from Basalt Hill in the Bogong High Plains in Alpine National Park (Victoria at an elevation of 1,659 m (5,443 ft); there, in an area of exposed alpine grassland with basalt outcrops, it was found growing on basalt. The species epithet alludes to its similarity to Lecidea lygomma.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Lecidea lygommella forms a crust-like thallus that can spread up to 7 cm wide and is relatively thin, ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 mm in thickness. The upper surface of the thallus varies in colour from whitish and pale grey to a rusty red-brown. This surface is areolate, with irregular to angular areoles measuring 0.5–1.0 mm across. These areoles can be flat and have a roughened or smooth texture. The cortex, or outer layer, of the thallus is 20–50 μm thick, with its upper cell layer varying from unpigmented to grey-brown.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Below the cortex lies a photobiont layer, about 70–100 μm thick, comprising green algal cells each about 9–16 μm wide. The medulla, a deeper layer of the thallus, does not react to staining with iodine (I−). The hypothallus, which is the base of the lichen, can be dark grey and sometimes visible at the thallus margin, but often it is not developed.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The apothecia, or fruiting bodies of the lichen, are scattered or crowded. They are rounded to angular in shape, and range from being slightly embedded in the thallus to sitting on top of it, spanning 0.5–2.3 mm in width. The apothecial discs are black, flat to slightly convex, and either matte or coated with a rusty, red-brown pruina (powdery coating). The margins of these discs are the same colour as the discs and are initially distinct, but may become less so as the lichen ages, sometimes acquiring a shiny appearance.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The hypothecium, the tissue layer beneath the hymenium, is dark brown to black-brown at the base and turns violet-brown when treated with potassium hydroxide (K+). It is 120–250 μm thick. The hymenium itself is colourless, measuring 60–85 μm in height, and turns blue when exposed to iodine (I+). The epihymenium is brownish green, about 10–15 μm high, and turns red-violet when treated with nitric acid (N+). Paraphyses (filament-like structures in the hymenium) may occasionally branch and fuse together. They are roughly 2 μm wide, with their tips thickening to 3–4 μm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The asci, which are the spore-bearing cells, typically contain 8 spores each and measure 50–65 by 11–13 μm. The ascospores themselves are simple, ellipsoidal, colourless, and measure 10–17 by 5–8 μm. Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) are immersed in the thallus, with black, punctiform (point-like) ostioles. The conidia (asexual spores) are bacilliform (rod-shaped) and measure 9–12 by 1 μm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Lecidea lygommella does not produce any secondary chemicals. Its lookalike Lecidea lygomma, in contrast, contains norstictic acid as a major lichen product and connorstictic acid as a minor product.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Lecidea lygommella grows on rocks in alpine areas in New South Wales and Victoria.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Vinay Kumar is an Indian politician, social worker, incumbent Member of Legislative Assembly for Sri Renukaji Assembly constituency and ongoing deputy speaker of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly and Former Chief Parliamentary Secretary of the Government of Himachal Pradesh. Vinay Kumar also serving as Working president of Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Megalospora austropacifica is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Megalosporaceae. It is found on the islands of Taveuni and Viti Levu in Fiji. It has a yellowish grey to whitish grey, glossy thallus that is thick and may appear slightly wrinkled or smooth, often with irregular cracks and small papillae containing conidiomata, but lacking isidia and soredia. Its apothecia (fruiting bodies) are circular, up to 4.5 mm in diameter, with the disc evolving from concave to slightly convex and coloured from orange-brown to red-brown, surrounded by a thick, prominent margin.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was described as new to science in 2011 by the lichenologists Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, Alifereti Naikatini, and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected in Fiji, specifically along the access road to the summit of Devo Peak on Taveuni. The specimen was found in a mountainous relict forest adjacent to the roadside. The species epithet alludes to its South Pacific distribution.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Megalospora austropacifica is distinguished by its yellowish grey to whitish grey thallus, which has a glossy surface. The thallus is thick and may have a slightly wrinkled (rugulose) appearance or be smooth and continuous. Often, it shows irregular cracks and may have small papillae, which contain conidiomata (asexual reproductive structures). Unlike some lichens, it lacks isidia and soredia, which are vegetative propagules related to reproduction.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The apothecia (fruiting bodies) of Megalospora austropacifica are a common feature and are circular in shape. They can reach up to 4.5 mm in diameter and up to 1 mm in height. When young, the disc of the apothecium is concave, but as it matures, it flattens or becomes slightly convex. The colour of the disc ranges from orange-brown to red-brown, turning blackish near the margins. These discs are glossy and lack a powdery coating (epruinose).", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The margin of the apothecium is thick and prominent. Its inner part, known as the proper exciple, is yellowish brown to pale brown and has a matte, non-powdery appearance. The outer part, the thalline margin, matches the colour of the thallus and is glossy and epruinose. The exciple itself has an orange-brown inner part and a translucent ectal part that is unreactive to potassium hydroxide (K–).", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The epihymenium, the topmost layer of the apothecium, is orange-brown and measures 20–35 μm in thickness. The hypothecium, the tissue layer beneath the hymenium, varies from clear to orange in colour. The hymenium is 200–250 μm high, clear (hyaline), inspersed with particles, and has an amyloid reaction. The asci typically contain eight spores each. Individual ascospores of Megalospora austropacifica are clear and two-celled, with a slight curve reminiscent of the sulphurata-type spores. They measure 60–85 by 22–26 μm, with spore walls that are 2–3 μm thick and have a thin, smooth outer layer (epispore). In terms of chemistry, this lichen produces usnic acid and zeorin.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Megalospora austropacifica is part of the Megalospora sulphurata species complex, a group known for asci containing multiple two-celled, usually curved ascospores. Initially, Megalospora sulphurata was broadly defined by Sipman in 1983, but subsequent studies by Ludmilla Untari in 2006 led to the differentiation of additional species within this complex.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Megalospora austropacifica sets itself apart from other species in this group through several distinct features. Unlike M. flavoexcipulata and M. sulphurata, it has a hypothecium that ranges from hyaline (clear) to orange in colour. Compared to M. javanica, M. austropacifica is identified by its lighter apothecial margins, consistently zeorine apothecia (with the apothecial margin not incorporated into the thallus), a paler hypothecium, a hyaline ectal exciple, and ascospores that are longer and narrower. These characteristics help in distinguishing Megalospora austropacifica from closely related species within the complex.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "At the time of its original publication, Megalospora austropacifica had been identified exclusively on the Fijian islands of Taveuni and Viti Levu. In these locations, it typically grows in montane forests, both relict and secondary, where it is found on tree bark.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Wirragulla is a small country town located between Dungog and Maitland in the Hunter Region of Australia. Wirragulla had a population of 25 people in the 2021 Census.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Wirragulla railway station is located on the North Coast Line in New South Wales, Australia. It is served by NSW TrainLink Hunter line services travelling between Newcastle and Dungog. There are approximately 62 local services to Wirragulla each week.", "title": "Transport" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dale-Elizabeth Pehrsson is an American academic administrator who was the founding president of Pennsylvania Western University from 2022 to 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Pehrsson earned master's degrees in counseling and education and a doctorate in counselor education and counseling from Idaho State University.", "title": "Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Pehrsson was an associate dean of the college of education at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. She worked as dean of the college of education and human services at Central Michigan University. In 2018, she joined the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education as the president of Clarion University. She became the interim president of Edinboro University in December 2020 and of California University of Pennsylvania in July 2021. She served as president of the merger of three universities which unified as Pennsylvania Western University on July 1, 2022. On July 1, 2023, she resigned to serve as the president-in-resident and CEO of PennWest Investment with the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education.", "title": "Life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Megalospora galapagoensis is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Megalosporaceae. It is endemic to the Galápagos Islands. The lichen has a yellowish grey to whitish grey, glossy, and thick thallus that can grow up to 20 cm in diameter and has soredia evolving from coarse, corticated granules into confluent formations. Its apothecia (fruiting bodies) are round, grey-black to black, and glossy.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was scientifically described as new to science in 2011 by the lichenologists Frank Bungartz, Frauke Ziemmeck, and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected in the Galápagos Islands, on San Cristóbal Island, along the trail from Cerro Pelado to El Ripioso, at an elevation of 392 m (1,286 ft). This area is a transition zone and has a forest predominantly comprising Psidium guajava, with some ancient Manchineel (Hippomane mancinella) trees. The understory of the forest is dense, populated with species like Rubus niveus, Tournefortia rufosericea, and Zanthoxylum fagara. The specimen was gathered from the bark on the south-exposed side of an inclined manchineel trunk, approximately 20 cm in diameter. The collection site was semi-shaded, sheltered from wind and rain, and the specimen was collected in August 2008.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Megalospora galapagoensis has a thallus with a yellowish grey to whitish grey colouration, with a glossy and thick texture. It displays an uneven to slightly rugose surface, expanding up to 20 cm in diameter. The species is characterised by the presence of soredia, which initially appear as coarse, corticated granules before merging into confluent and maculate (spotted) formations.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The species' apothecia are round, measuring 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter and reaching up to 0.6 mm in height. The apothecial discs start as concave in young specimens, flattening or becoming slightly convex as they mature. These discs are grey-black to black, glossy, and lack any pruina. The margins of the apothecia are prominent and thick, with a black colouration. The excipulum is brownish, with the epihymenium having a reddish-brown colour and a thickness of 10–20 μm. The brown hypothecium stands at a height of 100–130 μm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The hymenium of the species reaches a height of 200–250 μm, is hyaline (translucent), strongly inspersed, and has an amyloid reaction. As for the ascospores, they are singular, hyaline, contain from 3 to 5 septa (internal partitions), and measure 45–75 by 15–25 μm. The secondary chemistry of Megalospora galapagoensis includes usnic acid and zeorin.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "At the time of its original publication, Megalospora galapagoensis had only been identified in the Galápagos Islands, specifically on both Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal Islands. It is typically found in areas transitioning to, and within, the humid zones of these islands. Before its description as a new species, it had been recorded as Megalospora tuberculosa in checklists of Galápagos lichens.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 SAFF U-16 Championship is the 9th edition of the SAFF U-16 Championship, an international football competition for men's under-17 national teams organized by South Asian Football Federation (SAFF). Its schedule to played from September 2024 in Thimphu, Bhutan.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "India are the defending champions, who won their fifth title in 2023 by defeating Bangladesh in the final.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "UIH may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bibio imitator, common name garden maggot, is a species of fly from the genus Bibio . First described by Francis Walker in The Entomological Magazine vol 2, 1835. It occurs in Australia and New Zealand", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Grows to length of 6. 5-7. 5 mm, with wings measuring 6.5 mm. Has an all-black coloring, with brown smokey wings. Features a dense yellow pile on the body of the males. A rufous head, thorax, and abdomen. Dark reddish-brown to black legs (excluding the coxae) of the females", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kongbo is a village situated in Basse-Kotto Prefecture, Central African Republic.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "A clash between armed groups occurred in Kongbo on 24 and 25 August 2017, causing the residents to flee to the MINUSCA base in the village. Two days later, some returned to their homes. Anti-balaka attacked Kongbo on 2 September 2017 and MINUSCA forces repelled it. In June 2018, there was a clash between ex-Séléka and Anti-balaka in Kongbo.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The village has a market.", "title": "Economy" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "There are two schools in Kongbo.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Kongbo has one health center.", "title": "Healthcare" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Menegazzia endocrocea is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Australia. The lichen forms irregular rosettes up to 10 cm wide with hollow, cylindrical lobes that branch dichotomously, featuring a pale grey to cream-grey upper surface with roundish holes and a wrinkled, black lower surface. It has scattered apothecia (fruiting bodies) with a reddish-brown disc, two-spored asci, and abundant pycnidia, identified chemically by compounds like atranorin and stictic acid.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was described as new to science in 2011 by the Australian lichenologist Gintaras Kantvilas. The type specimen was collected from Mount Cameron in Tasmania, at an elevation of 550 m (1,800 ft). The specimen was gathered from granite outcrops within heathland in July 1995 by Kantvilas and Peter Crittenden, and it is preserved as the holotype in the herbarium of the University of Tasmania with an isotype at the British Museum. The species epithet endocrocea alludes to the distinctive orange colouration found in the medullary cavity of the younger lobes.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Menegazzia endocrocea typically forms irregularly shaped rosettes up to 100 mm wide or smaller, scattered clumps of lobes. These lobes are hollow, cylindrical, and range from 1 to 4 mm in width, branching dichotomously and slightly constricted at the junctions. The central lobes are densely overlapping and generally free of secondary lobules, while the marginal lobes radiate outward, lying almost flat. The upper surface of the thallus is pale grey to cream-grey, sometimes discoloured black in older areas, and is perforated with many roundish holes ranging from 0.5 to 1.7 mm in width. The lower surface is wrinkled and black, turning brownish towards the tips of the lobes. The medullary cavity is black with a cobweb of whitish hyphae in older lobes and pale orange in younger ones.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Apothecia are scattered, measuring 1–4 mm wide, with a thalline margin that is initially thick and later becomes narrow. The reddish-brown disc of the apothecia is often undulate and eroded. The hymenium is colourless in the lower part and topped with a reddish-brown epithecial layer. Asci are two-spored and broad, often deeply nested within a network of paraphyses with brown capitate tips. Ascospores are hyaline, sometimes brownish when over-mature, and broadly ellipsoidal. Pycnidia are abundant, appearing as black specks on the upper surface, with fusiform conidia.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This species is identified by its chemical composition, including small amounts of atranorin and chloroatranorin, stictic acid, constictic acid, cryptostictic acid, peristictic acid, and the pigment isopigmentosin A. Its cortex reacts K+ (yellow), and its medulla reacts P+ (orange), and shows orange fluorescence under ultraviolet light. According to Kantvilas' classification of medullary chemosyndromes (i.e., sets of lichen products produced by a species}} found in Tasmanian Menegazzia, it fits in the stictic acid \"1d\" chemosyndrome, which includes M. elongata and M. subbullata.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Menegazzia endocrocea is found only along the eastern coast of Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands. This lichen prefers the sheltered, fire-protected crevices of Devonian granite located in heathy summits near the sea. It tends to occur in small, fragmented colonies, indicating a possible decline and a relict distribution. The species is vulnerable to fires, which are a significant threat in the heathy, sclerophyllous vegetation of its habitat. The granite areas along Tasmania's eastern coast are known for supporting a diverse range of flora, including numerous unique and endemic species of both lichens and vascular plants.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "UKH may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "ULH may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Zwackhiomacromyces is a genus of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi in the family Xanthopyreniaceae. It has two species. The genus is distinguished by its black, pear-shaped fruiting bodies (perithecia) with large, nipple-shaped ostioles that have a granular surface, and a dark, multi-layered wall made up of hyphal cells forming a pseudoparenchymatous structure. The genus is closely related to the similarly named genus Zwackhiomyces.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The genus was circumscribed in 2014 by the lichenologists Javier Etayo and Pieter van den Boom, with Zwackhiomacromyces constrictocarpus assigned as the type species. A second species, Z. hyalosporus, was transferred to the genus from Pyrenidium in 2016.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Zwackhiomacromyces has black, pear-shaped ascomata (perithecia), which are fungal reproductive structures. These ascomata have relatively large, papilliform (nipple-shaped) ostioles—openings through which spores are released. The surface of these ostioles is granular and opens radially. The wall of the ascomata is dark and multi-layered, made up of hyphal cells that form a pseudoparenchymatous structure, with the outermost layer sometimes having granulose extracellular pigment.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The internal structure of the hymenium (the hamathecium) of these fungi is characterised by branching and interconnected pseudoparaphyses, which are filamentous structures within the ascomata. However, they lack periphyses and periphysoids, which are other types of filaments found in some fungi. The central part of the ascomata does not react to staining with iodine.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The asci (spore-producing cells) of Zwackhiomacromyces are elongated and club-shaped, with a thickened wall on the side and at the tip, where an ocular chamber is present. The ascospores are ellipsoid and typically have three septa (internal partitions), though they can range from having two to three. These spores are hyaline (translucent) and smooth-walled, lacking any subapical germ pore-like spot.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Zwackhiomacromyces is closely related to and often compared with Zwackhiomyces, a genus established in 1990 that comprises around 32 species. The species in this latter genus are characterised by their perithecioid ascomata, branched and interconnected filaments between the asci, fissitunicate asci (having a two-layered wall that splits to release spores), and ascospores usually with a single septum. While the genus is generally uniform in terms of its hamathecial structures, asci, and ascospores, variations do exist in some species, such as Zwackhiomyces lecanorae with its simple spores and Zwackhiomyces cervinae, which features spores with a perispore and a tendency to turn brown.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "vx-underground is a website about malware.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Kim Crawley compared the site to VirusTotal and states that vx-underground is more susceptible to suspicion for law enforcement.", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "In March 2023, Deakin University, recognized as a top 1% university globally, announced the inauguration of its new campus in India. Positioned strategically in GIFT City, a leading hub for global business and technology, this campus marks a significant development in international education. It aims to provide a seamless blend of academic rigor and practical industry engagement.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Location: Deakin University's GIFT City Campus is located in the heart of GIFT City, an area renowned for its prominence in global business and technology.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Facilities: The campus is outfitted with state-of-the-art facilities, designed to support innovative learning and research.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Academic Programs and Standards: The GIFT City Campus offers globally recognized programs, maintaining the same educational standards as Deakin University in Australia. It adheres to the guidelines of the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA), Australia's national regulator of higher education.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This program is tailored to impart advanced skills in analytics and business strategy.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Curriculum: The course features an industry-aligned curriculum, emphasizing data-driven decision-making.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Duration: 2 years, with an option to fast-track to 18 months.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Accreditation and Recognition: The program is recognized by the Australian Computer Society (ACS) and holds AACSB and EQUIS accreditations.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Entry Requirements: Applicants require a Bachelor's degree, English proficiency, and scores from CAT, GMAT, GATE, or GRE.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "This course is designed to address contemporary challenges in cyber security.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Curriculum: It offers practical exposure to real-world cyber security issues.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Accreditation: Recognized by the Australian Computer Society (ACS).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Entry Requirements: A Bachelor's degree in IT or a related field and English proficiency are mandatory.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Malmidea cineracea is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Nicaragua.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2015 by the lichenologists Othmar Breuss and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected by the first author from a Caribbean lowland rainforest in the Indio Maíz Biological Reserve (San Juan River). The name of the species, cineracea, translates to \"ash-greyish\", and alludes to the colour of the margins of its apothecia.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Malmidea cineracea grows on bark and has a granulose-isidiate texture with a greenish-grey colour, appearing dull on a whitish, fibrous base layer, and is about 150–200 μm thick. The individual granules range from 70 to 150 μm in diameter, and their cortex, which is colourless, measures 10 to 15 μm thick. The photobiont is chlorococcoid, forming spherical or flattened groups of 30 to 60 μm in diameter, and consists of cells 6 to 8 μm in diameter. The medulla of the lichen has a yellowish hue and does not react to a solution of potassium hydroxide (K−).", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The apothecia, or fruiting bodies, are sessile and range from 0.5 to 1.1 mm in diameter and 0.20 to 0.35 mm in height. They are typically rounded but can be slightly irregular, with a flat disc that is grey-brown to brown. The margin is smooth, pale brownish grey, distinct but not prominently raised, and about 0.1 mm wide. The excipulum is compact, with a hyaline outer layer (10–30 μm) and an inner layer densely encrusted with yellowish-brown granules, which turn pale greenish-yellow when treated with potassium hydroxide. The subhymenium is 10–20 μm high and brownish, while the hypothecium is dark brown to brownish black, 100–150 μm deep, and does not react to potassium hydroxide. The hymenium is approximately 80 μm high, hyaline, and turns blue when stained with iodine; it contains simple paraphyses that are not thickened at the tips. The asci are narrowly clavate (club-shaped), measuring 60–70 by 12–16 μm, with a thickened apical wall but no visible internal structure. There are typically 6 to 8 ascospores per ascus, measuring 12–15 by 6–8 μm, ellipsoidal with somewhat pointed ends, and surrounded by a halo that is 0.5–1.0 μm thick.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "No conidiomata have been observed to occur in this species, and thin-layer chromatography reveals no substances except for thin bands of terpenoids, likely originating from the bark. Standard chemical spot tests on the thallus and excipulum are all negative.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Malmidea cineracea is similar to Malmidea furfurosa, but can be distinguished by its pale apothecial margins (as opposed to black in M. furfurosa), an excipulum that contains crystals but no medullary tissue, and a yellowish medulla.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Malmidea attenboroughii, which also has a granulose-isidiate thallus, bears a morphological resemblance to Malmidea cineracea. The former species, found in the Amazon rainforest of Bolivia, can be distinguished by its abraded margin, which internally contains yellowish-brown granules that are unreactive when treated with potassium hydroxide (K−).", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Malmidea cineracea has been exclusively observed growing on the bark of trees in a lowland rainforest, with its presence limited to Nicaragua. It is one of five Malmidea species that occur in that country.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Eilifdahlia sergeyana is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is endemic to Kangaroo Island in South Australia. The lichen thallus has an uneven and scaly texture, forming patches up to 40 mm wide in dull greenish-grey or brownish-grey. Its fruiting bodies (apothecia) are orange to yellow, with a biatorine structure, and range from 0.5 to 1 mm wide. These apothecia have a matte surface and a cup-shaped margin containing golden-yellow crystals. The paraphyses within are slender and branched, and the asci contain ellipsoid spores.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was first formally described as a new species in 2016 by the Australian lichenologist Gintaras Kantvilas, who classified it in the genus Caloplaca. The type specimen was collected by the author in 2013 at Creek Bay Farm on Kangaroo Island, at an elevation of 85 m (279 ft). It was found growing on rocks within a mallee woodland. The species name honours the Ukrainian lichenologist Sergey Kondratyuk, \"in acknowledgement of his enormous contributions to the taxonomy of the genus Caloplaca in Australia\". In 2017, Sergey Kondratyuk and colleagues transferred the taxon to the genus Eilifdahlia.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Eilifdahlia sergeyana has an uneven and rough texture that mimics the coarse nature of its growing surface. It forms irregular patches, typically 30–40 mm in width, with a dull greenish-grey to brownish-grey colour. The thickness of the thallus varies, reaching up to 250 µm in some areas but is generally much thinner. The photobiont cells within the lichen are roughly spherical, measuring 5–15 µm across.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The apothecia of Eilifdahlia sergeyana, the lichen's fruiting bodies, are scattered and range in colour from orange to orange-yellow. Each apothecium measures 0.5–0.8 mm, occasionally up to 1 mm wide. They are strictly biatorine, meaning they have a clearly defined thalline margin, and are sessile with a base that narrows. Initially, the discs of these apothecia are concave but become flat or slightly undulating over time. They have a matte, non-pruinose (non-powdery) surface. The proper margin of the apothecia is initially somewhat rolled inward and glossy, becoming slightly flexible with age. In cross-section, the margin is cup-shaped, measuring 60–80 µm thick at the sides and 70–120 µm thick in the centre. This outer layer contains dense, golden-yellow crystals that turn crimson and dissolve in a solution of potassium hydroxide. The margin is made up of radiating, parallel, interconnected hyphae, which are 3–5 µm thick with lumina (cell gaps) of 2–3 µm, and does not contain any photobiont cells.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Beneath the apothecia, the subhymenium is mostly hyaline (translucent) with a yellowish band at the lower part, measuring 30–40 µm thick. The hymenium above is 70–80 µm thick, also hyaline and not inspersed with oil droplets, and covered by a dense band of golden-yellow crystals similar to the apothecial margin. The paraphyses (filamentous structures within the hymenium) are 1.5–2 µm thick. They become more richly branched towards the top, with their tips slightly expanding to 3–5 µm. The asci (spore-bearing cells) typically contain eight spores and measure 40–55 by 15–20 µm. The ascospores are polaribilocular (having two compartments at the poles) and broadly ellipsoid, measuring 11–17 by 5–8.5 µm. The septum (internal partition in the spore), is 3–9 µm thick.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "No pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) have been found in this species. Chemically, Eilifdahlia sergeyana contains only parietin as a secondary metabolite (lichen product).", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Eilifdahlia sergeyana closely resembles the common corticolous (bark-dwelling) species Eilifdahlia dahlii, particularly in its biatorine, orange to orange-yellow apothecia. It is distinct primarily in its substrate preferences and by its scurfy, underdeveloped thallus, which does not contain lichexanthone.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Eilifdahlia sergeyana is known to occur only at the type locality on the Dudley Peninsula of Kangaroo Island, where it grows on sandstone boulders.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Johor Bahru Conurbation, also known as the Southern Conurbation (Malay: Konurbasi Selatan) in the National Physical Plan, is the built-up urban or metropolitan area within and around Johor Bahru. Encompassing all of Johor Bahru District, Kulai District, and parts of Pontian District and Kota Tinggi District, the conurbation was home to over 2.4 million people as of 2020, the third largest in the country.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Introduced in the 4th edition of Malaysia's National Physical Plan, the conurbation encompasses Johor Bahru, Senai, Skudai, Kulai, Pasir Gudang, Tanjung Pelepas, Pontian, Kota Tinggi, Desaru, Pengerang and Bandar Tenggara.", "title": "Definition" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The population table is based on the official census of 2020 for the local government areas within the Johor Bahru Conurbation.", "title": "Population by local government area" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The conurbation has three railway stations, which are Johor Bahru Sentral and Kempas Baru and Kulai.", "title": "Transportation" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway, Pasir Gudang Highway, Johor Bahru East Coast Highway, Iskandar Coastal Highway, Skudai–Pontian Highway, Skudai Highway, Johor Bahru–Kota Tinggi Highway and Senai–Desaru Expressway links most of the cities and towns in Johor Bahru Conurbation. It is linked to other districts in Johor and other states in Peninsular Malaysia via the North–South Expressway.", "title": "Transportation" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The conurbation is also linked to Singapore via Johor–Singapore Causeway and Malaysia–Singapore Second Link.", "title": "Transportation" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Ports in the conurbation includes Johor Port, Tanjung Langsat Port and Port of Tanjung Pelepas.", "title": "Transportation" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The conurbation houses the Senai International Airport which is located in Senai.", "title": "Transportation" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "URG may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mohammad Aziyan bin Abdullah is a Brunei diplomat who became the high commissioner to the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2014, and non-resident ambassador to Greece.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Aziyan was given his credentials by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah at Istana Nurul Iman on 19 October 2010. On 10 December, Queen Elizabeth II meets with Aziyan at the presenting of his credentials at Buckingham Palace in London. During his time in office, he saw Brunei's donation £1,000,000 to the Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust Fund in 2012, with the goal of eliminating preventable cataracts and empowering the next generation of leaders.", "title": "Diplomatic career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He received the Commonwealth Charter from Kamalesh Sharma during the Commonwealth Day Reception on 11 March 2013. The Commonwealth Charter that was passed in December of 2012, was approved that same year. Nikos Dendias met with Aziyan to discuss bilateral ties, shared commitment to international law and freedom of navigation, and Greece's candidacy for the UN Security Council. He would leave his position as high commissioner in 2014.", "title": "Diplomatic career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Aziyan is married to Nur Fadhlina binti Abdullah.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Throughout his career, she has received the following honours;", "title": "Honours" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pyrenodesmia micromontana is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in the Orenburg region of Russia, this species prefers to grow on lime-rich schist and sandstone boulders and pebbles in scrubs and steppes.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was first formally described as a new species in 2016 by the lichenologists Ivan Frolov, Karina Wilk, and Jan Vondrák, who initially classified it in the genus Caloplaca. The type specimen was collected in Russia, specifically in the Orenburg region, within the Sakmara district near the village of Grebeni. This location features a shrubby steppe on the southeast slope of the Grebeni hill, west of the village. The specimen was found at an elevation ranging from 120 to 160 m (390 to 520 ft) above sea level, where it was found growing on lime-rich schist and sandstone boulders and pebbles within a scree. Josef Hafellner and Roman Türk transferred the taxon to genus Pyrenodesmia later that year.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Pyrenodesmia micromontana is epilithic (growing on the rock surface), typically less than 150 µm thick, and shows no distinct cortex. It is ochre or grey in colour, forming small, roundish spots up to 1 cm in diameter or irregular spots spread over several centimetres. The thallus consists of tightly arranged, angular to rounded, flat areoles. The medulla is inconspicuous, with cells containing extracellular crystals that dissolve and recrystallize in sulfuric acid. The algal layer, composed of spherical cells measuring 11.3–15.0 µm in diameter, is usually about 56–68 µm wide.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Apothecia in Pyrenodesmia micromontana are small, usually less than 0.4 mm in diameter, with a brown to black disc and exciple, and a thalline exciple matching the thallus colour. The hymenium is colourless, occasionally containing crystals. The epihymenium is grey, sometimes with a weak brown tinge.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Chemical spot tests show that the thallus and apothecia are K−, C−, and P−. The uppermost cells in the alveolate cortex of the thallus contain the pigment Sedifolia-grey.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Pyrenodesmia micromontana is found in various European and Asian inland territories, usually in mountainous regions. It grows on limestone, lime-rich schist, and sandstone, often accompanied by lichen species such as Acarospora moenium, Polyozosia dispersa, and Sarcogyne regularis. It does not occur in coastal areas where Pyrenodesmia micromarina is found.", "title": "Distribution and ecology" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "UUI may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 9th Artillery Regiment \"Pistoia\" (Italian: 9° Reggimento Artiglieria \"Brennero\") is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Vercelli in Piedmont. The regiment was formed in 1861 by the Royal Italian Army and fought in 1866 in the Third Italian War of Independence. During World War I the regiment served on the on the Italian front. In 1935 the regiment was assigned to the 11th Infantry Division \"Brennero\". In December 1940 the division was transferred to Albania for the Greco-Italian War. After the German invasion of Greece in April 1941 the division remained in Greece on occupation duty until February 1943, when it moved to Albania to be reorganized as a motorized division. The division and its regiments dissolved after the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The regiment was reformed in 1947 and assigned to the Infantry Division \"Friuli\". In 1956 the regiment was transferred to the V Army Corps and in 1963 the regiment was disbanded. In 1975 the unit was reformed in Vercelli as 9th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group \"Brennero\" and assigned to the 31st Armored Brigade \"Curtatone\". With the end of the Cold War the group was disbanded in 1992. The regimental anniversary falls, as for all artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Viridothelium leptoseptatum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first described in 2016. Found in Brazil, it resembles Astrothelium aeneum but differs in several key aspects, including the absence of pigment on the thallus and specific features of its ascospores.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Viridothelium leptoseptatum was formally described by the lichenologists André Aptroot and Marcela Cáceres in 2016. The type specimen was collected on the southern slope of the Serra de Itabaiana National Park, Sergipe, Brazil, at an elevation of approximately 400 m (1,300 ft), on the bark of a tree.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Viridothelium leptoseptatum is corticate, smooth, somewhat shiny, and continuous, covering areas up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter and approximately 0.2 mm thick. Pale olive-green in colour, the thallus is surrounded by a black prothallus approximately 1 mm wide. The presense of the lichen does not induce gall formation on the host bark. Ascomata (fruiting bodies) are spherical, measuring 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter. They are mostly aggregated in groups of 3–20, and are emergent from the thallus; they do not form distinct pseudostromata. The surface is not different from the thallus, covered by the thallus or not, and fully or partly free with visible carbonisation, and always at least partly covered by yellow pigment. The wall is black and up to 50 μm thick. Ostioles (openings) are apical, not fused, flat, and white. The hamathecium does not contain oil globules. Asci contain eight ascospores each. Ascospores are hyaline, 3-septate, fusiform, measuring 23–25 by 7–8 μm, and have rounded ends. The lumina are of similar shape to the ascospore cell walls, septa are thin, constricted at the septa, and are not surrounded by a gelatinous layer. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The thallus surface of Viridothelium leptoseptatum is UV negative, and the thallus medulla does not react to a solution of potassium hydroxide (K−); the pseudostroma surface is UV+ (pink to orange), with pigmented parts reacting K+ (blood red) Thin-layer chromatography analysis indicates the presence of an anthraquinone substance, probably parietin.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "This species is found on the smooth bark of trees in the Atlantic Forest and, at the time of its initial publication, was known only to occur in Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "VCG may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tabbil Creek is a small country town located between Dungog and Maitland in the Hunter Region of Australia. Tabbil Creek had a population of 53 people in the 2021 Census. Tabbil Creek includes a cemetery and a golf club.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023 Salvatierra Massacre was a mass shooting at a Christmas Party on December 17, 2023, that left approximately 11 people dead and 24 people injured in the outskirts of the town of Salvatierra, Guanajuato, Mexico.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The town of Salvatierra is located on the southern portion of the state of Guanajuato. This area has seen an increase in Drug related violence due in part to its proximity with the neighboring state of Michoacan which is controlled by the CJNG and actively seeks to expand for territory against Local drug cartels in the area which are backed by the Sinaloa Cartel.", "title": "Background" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Guanajuato Attorney General’s Office condemned the attack and said that a “multidisciplinary” team would carry out an investigation aimed at detaining the culprits. No arrests were immediately reported.", "title": "Reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, called for the resignation of the District Attorney of Guanajuato citing that \"For that reason too, my respectful insistence in that they change the state prosecutor, who has been there 13 years and has colossal political power.\"", "title": "Reactions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Gintarasiella is a single-species genus in the fungal family Teloschistaceae. It contains the species Gintarasiella aggregata, a saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen that is found in Australia. The lichen forms uneven, pillow-like patches up to 30 mm across, distinguished by its yellow-orange areoles that are tightly packed or spread out and soon covered by many apothecia. These fruiting bodies start as zeorine in form (with a thalline margin) and later become biatorine (lacking a thalline margin), ranging from 0.3 to 1 mm wide and often appearing distorted due to their dense clustering.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was first formally described as new to science in 2016 by the lichenologists Gintaras Kantvilas and Sergey Kondratyuk; they classified it in the genus Caloplaca. The type specimen was collected in September, 2012, by the first author from South Australia, specifically at Windmill Bay on Kangaroo Island. This specimen was found growing on outcropping limestone situated within a coastal pasture. The species epithet refers to the tight clustering of the apothecia (fruiting bodies) on the thallus. In 2017, Kondratyuk transferred the taxon to the newly proposed genus Gintarasiella. The genus name honours Kantvilas, \"in acknowledgement of his enormous contributions to the taxonomy of the Tasmanian and Australian lichens\".", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Based on molecular phylogenetics analyses, both independent and combined, Gintarasiella was placed within the subfamily Teloschistoideae of the family Teloschistaceae. Within this subfamily, it establishes a distinct and robust branch in the clade containing Sirenophila-Teloschistopsis-Halophila, positioning itself as the most distinct outgroup to this particular subgroup. Kondratyuk's reclassification of the species was not followed in a later paper by Kantvilas.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The genus Gintarasiella is distinguished within the subfamily Teloschistoideae by its cushion-like form, apothecia (fruiting bodies) densely packed to the extent they almost hide the thallus, and both the hymenium and subhymenium being densely filled with inclusions, along with relatively small ascospores.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Gintarasiella aggregata is a crustose lichen that forms irregular, cushion-like patches up to 30 mm wide, characterised by areoles that are yellow-orange and range from 0.2 to 0.5 mm wide. The areoles are either scattered or contiguous, quickly becoming covered by numerous apothecia (fruiting bodies), which are initially zeorine but become more biatorine as they mature. The apothecia, measuring 0.3 to 1 mm in diameter, are tightly clustered and range in shape from round to distorted-rhomboid due to crowding. The disc of the apothecia is a deeper orange than the thallus, matte, and epruinose (without a powdery coating).", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The proper margin of the apothecia is glossy and similar in colour to the disc, becoming less noticeable in older specimens. The subhymenium is hyaline (translucent) and heavily inspersed with oil droplets, while the hymenium, also hyaline, contains oil droplets and a band of golden-yellow crystals. Paraphyses in the hymenium are slender and sparsely branched, widening at the tips. The asci contain eight spores, with the ascospores being polaribilocular and ellipsoid. No pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) have been found in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Dijigiella subaggregata closely resembles Gintarasiella aggregata, yet it is distinguishable by several key features. It has a thinner thallus and smaller, flatter apothecia. Unlike G. aggregata, the hymenium and subhymenium of D. subaggregata lack oil droplets. Additionally, its ascospores are smaller with wider septa. Another significant difference is its corticolous habit, growing on bark, as opposed to G. aggregata, which grows on rocks.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Gintarasiella aggregata is known to occur only at the type locality on Kangaroo Island. Other lichen species it often associates with include Buellia albula, B. xantholeuca, Caloplaca johnwhinrayi, Cerothallia yorkensis, Flavoplaca kantvilasii, F. mereschkowskiana, and Lecania turicensis.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Prem Singh (23 September 1948 - 23 September 2011) was an Indian politician, social worker and six-time MLA from Sri Renukaji Assembly constituency as a member of the Indian National Congress party and former Chief Parliamentary Secretary of the Government of Himachal Pradesh. Prem Singh was the father of Deputy Speaker Vinay Kumar who is the incumbent MLA for same constituency.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Singh had a heart attack during his birthday celebration at his parents house on 23 September 2011.", "title": "Death" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Political career", "title": "Political career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "William T. Fulton (February 27, 1835 – November 9, 1912) was an American politician from Pennsylvania. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Chester County from 1877 to 1880.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "William T. Fulton was born on February 27, 1835, in West Nottingham Township, Pennsylvania, to Nancy A. (née Ramsey) and James J. Fulton. He attended Jordan Bank Academy. He read law with Thaddeus Stevens and J. Smith Futhey. He was admitted to the bar on May 13, 1861.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In August and September 1861, Fulton helped form Company E of the Purnell Legion of the Maryland Infantry in the Civil War. He was also affiliated with Companies F and G of the Purnell Legion. He was promoted to captain and later major of the regiment due to his gallantry at Battle of Harpers Ferry and Battle of Antietam. In 1863, he became ill and was honorably discharged. He volunteered again and became first lieutenant of Company A of the 29th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment in 1863. He was a farmer and blacksmith. He practiced law in Oxford from 1861 to 1912.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Fulton served as a justice of the peace of Oxford from 1863 to 1876. He was a Republican. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Chester County from 1877 to 1880.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Fulton was director of the Oxford National Bank.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 1865, Fulton married Hannah A. Kirk, daughter of Joseph Kirk of West Nottingham Township. They had a son and daughter, Kirk and Annie E. His wife predeceased him. He married Annie E. Neeper in 1875. They had one daughter, Eleanor J. She predeceased him. He was a member and elder of the Oxford Presbyterian Church.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Fulton died of heart failure on November 9, 1912, at his home office in Oxford. He was interred at Oxford Cemetery.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Allographa anguilliradians is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It has been found in Trinidad and Tobago and Central-West Brazil. Its thallus covers an area of 3 to 7 cm in diameter with a slim profile and a variable surface texture, with a distinct metallic pale grey-olive colour without a prothallus. Its reproductive structures, known as lirellae, form a star-like pattern with black, carbonised outer layers and clear, colourless hymenium (fertile spore-bearing tissue), while its ascospores are oblong and segmented, reacting violet-blue to iodine-based stains.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Allographa anguilliradians was initially described as Graphis anguilliradians by Robert Lücking in 2009. However, this was a nomen invalidum designation, meaning the taxon was not validly published. The species was formally described and validly published in the genus Allographa by Lücking in 2018.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Allographa anguilliradians has a corticolous (tree-bark dwelling) and crustose (crust-like) form. It extends over an area measuring between 3 and 7 cm (1.2 and 2.8 in) in diameter and maintains a slim profile with a thickness ranging from 50 to 100 μm. The surface texture of the thallus is variable, ranging from smooth to slightly irregular, and it has a distinct metallic pale grey-olive colouration. This lichen lacks a prothallus, which is a characteristic growth edge found in some lichen species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Upon examining a cross-section of the thallus, several key features are observable. The uppermost layer, known as the cortex, is cartilaginous, providing a somewhat tough and rubbery texture. Beneath this layer lies an irregularly distributed algal layer, essential for the lichen's photosynthetic activity. Additionally, the thallus contains clusters of calcium oxalate crystals.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The reproductive structures, known as lirellae, are flexuose (wavy) and show radial branching, creating a star-like pattern. These lirellae are conspicuous and characterised by their thin yet complete thalline margins at the apex. They vary in size, measuring 3 to 10 mm in length and 0.15 to 0.25 mm in width. The reproductive disc of the lirellae is concealed, and the surrounding labia (edge structures) are entirely black. However, due to the thin overlying thallus cover, they may appear dark grey. The excipulum, or the outermost layer of the lirellae, is completely carbonised and measures 50 to 100 μm in width. It is enveloped laterally by a corticate, algae-containing thallus layer, which also includes crystal clusters.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The hymenium, the spore-bearing layer within the lirellae, is clear and colourless, with a height ranging between 130 and 170 μm. The paraphyses within the hymenium are simple and unbranched. The asci, the spore-containing structures, are fusiform (spindle-shaped) and vary in size from 120 to 150 μm in length and 20 to 25 μm in width. The ascospores produced by Allographa anguilliradians are oblong and segmented, having 9 to 13 septa. These spores measure 50 to 70 by 8 to 11 μm and are colourless. They have a violet-blue reaction when subjected to an iodine-based stain. Thin-layer chromatography, a technique used to identify chemical substances, did not detect any lichen products in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The type locality of Allographa anguilliradians is in Trinidad and Tobago, specifically in Trinidad, Tunapuna–Piarco, on the ridge from the summit of Morne Bleu to Lalaja-Paria Trail in the Northern Range, between Arima and Blanchisseuse. The holotype was collected in October 1963 by Henry Imshaug. It was recorded from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in 2022.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Persatuan Sepakbola Satria Wakumoro (simply known as PS Satria Wakumoro) is an Indonesian football club based in Muna Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. This team competes in Liga 3 Southeast Sulawesi zone.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "George F. Hieber II (December 28, 1942 – November 23, 1996) was an American politician. He served as a Republican member for the 58th district of the Florida House of Representatives.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Hieber was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He attended Florida State University, Stetson Law School, Cumberland Law School and the University of South Florida.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1974, Hieber was elected to represent the 58th district of the Florida House of Representatives, succeeding Jim Robinson. He served until 1982, when he was succeeded by T. M. Woodruff.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Hieber died in November 1996, at the age of 53.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lecanactis malmideoides is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Roccellaceae. First described in 2018, it is found in Brazil. Characteristics of the lichen include its pruinose discs, thin and glossy black margins, and ascospore structure.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Lecanactis malmideoides was formally described by lichenologists Klaus Kalb and André Aptroot in 2018. The type specimen was collected in the Serra do Mar, Serra do Garraozinho between Mogi das Cruzes and Bertioga, São Paulo, Brazil, on tree bark in a primary rainforest at an elevation of 850 m (2,790 ft). The specimen was collected in March 1979 by the first author. The specific epithet malmideoides refers to the similarity of this species with members of the genus Malmidea.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Lecanactis malmideoides is continuous, minutely granular, dull, thin, and locally abraded. It is typically ochraceous but often appears darker due to the visible underlying brown bark. The thallus is surrounded by a dark brown hyphal hypothallus line about 0.3 mm wide. Apothecia are sessile with a constricted base, round to somewhat crenate (scalloped) or lobate, measuring 0.3–1.1 mm in diameter and 0.2–0.3 mm high. The disc is brown, flat, and sparingly to thickly yellowish-green with pruina, with a glossy black margin about 0.05 mm wide. The hamathecium is about 75 μm high with a brown epihymenium, and both the excipulum and hypothecium are black. Ascospores are hyaline (translucent), and filiform (thread-like). They have between 7 and 11 septa (internal partitions), measure 30–45 by 3.0–4.0 μm, are not or slightly curved, and lack a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Chemical spot tests on the thallus show it to be UV−, C−, and K−. No thin-layer chromatography was performed in the analysis of the species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Lecanactis malmideoides is found on tree bark in a primary rainforest and at the time of its publication was known to occur only in Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rinodina densisidiata is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Physciaceae, first described in 2018. Found in Brazil, it is characterised its dense layer of cylindrical isidia and unique ascospore characteristics.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Rinodina densisidiata was formally described by lichenologists Klaus Kalb and André Aptroot in 2018. The type specimen was collected between Jaciara and São Vicente [pt], Mato Grosso, Brazil, on tree bark in Cerrado at an altitude of 750 m (2,460 ft). The specimen was collected on 2 July 1980 by the first author. The specific epithet densisidiata refers to the thick layer of isidia that covers the thallus.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Rinodina densisidiata originates as glossy brown, thin areoles that coalesce and become densely covered by a 0.4–0.9 mm thick-layer of isidia. Isidia are cylindrical, corticate, irregularly sparingly branched, completely dark brown, glossy, approximately 30–50 μm thick and up to 0.9 mm long. The photobiont is chlorococcoid (i.e., spherical green algae), about 5–8 μm in diameter. Apothecia (fruiting bodies) are stipitate, 0.4–0.7 mm in diameter, with a dark brown, flat to convex, dull disc. The disc margin is dark brown at the inner rim and pale brown outside, usually somewhat higher than the disc, and measures about 0.1 mm wide. The hymenium is hyaline (translucent) and measures 100–120 μm high. The epithecium is brown, and the hypothecium is hyaline. Ascospores number eight per ascus, and are dark brown with a single septum. They measure 15–17 by 6.5–7.5 μm, and have rounded ends, thick walls, and angular lumina. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Chemical spot tests on the thallus show it to be UV−, C−, and K−. No thin-layer chromatography was performed.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Rinodina densisidiata is found on tree bark in the Cerrado biome, and at the time of its original publication was known to occur only in Brazil.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Rinodina maronisidiata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Physciaceae, first described in 2018. Found at high altitudes in the Venezuelan Andes, it is characterised by its unique isidia-covered thallus and specific ascospore morphology.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Rinodina maronisidiata was formally described as a new species by the lichenologists Klaus Kalb and André Aptroot in 2018. The type specimen was collected in Libertador, Pico Espejo, Mérida, Venezuela, on tree bark in a mountain forest at an elevation of 4,200 m (13,800 ft). The specific epithet maronisidiata refers to the similarity of this species to an isidiate species of Maronina (family Lecanoraceae).", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Rinodina maronisidiata originates as ochraceous to brown corticated granules, soon covered by a thick layer of isidia and subsequently coalescing. Isidia are cylindrical, corticate (i.e., covered with a cortex), and irregularly densely and repeatedly branched. They are ochraceous to brown, often mottled, dull to partly glossy, and measure approximately 50–80 μm thick and up to 0.4 mm long. The photobiont is chlorococcoid (spherical green algae), about 5–8 μm in diameter. Apothecia are stipitate, 0.4–1.2 mm in diameter, with a medium to dark brown, mostly flat, dull disc. The margin, ochraceous with a yellowish tinge, is usually much higher than the disc. The hymenium is hyaline (translucent), measuring 200–250 μm high. The epithecium is brown, and the hypothecium is hyaline. Ascospores number four to eight per ascus, and are dark brown with a single septum. They measure 31–36 by 13–16 μm and have rounded ends, thick walls, and angular lumina. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Chemical analysis of the thallus medulla (in the form of standard chemical spot tests) shows it to be UV+ (greenish white), C+ (orange), and K−. Thin-layer chromatography reveals the presence of arthothelin as the major lichen product.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Rinodina maronisidiata is found on tree bark in mountain forests and at the time of its initial publication was known only to occur in Venezuela.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Vipin Das is an Indian film director, screenwriter in the Malayalam film industry.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Vipin Das debuted as a director with the Malayalam film Mudhugauv in the year 2016. His second film Antakshari was directly released on SonyLIV in April 2022..His third film Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey which was released on 11,November 2022 has become one of the biggest box office success among 2022 malayalam movies.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caloplaca fluviatilis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in the Republic of Tyva in Siberia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Caloplaca fluviatilis was formally described in 2019 by the lichenologists Jan Vondrák and Ivan Frolov. This species is distinct from related lineages in the genus Caloplaca due to its unique ecological and morphological characteristics. It belongs to the Caloplaca sensu stricto group, forming a clade within the larger group that includes Caloplaca stillicidiorum lineages. Caloplaca fluviatilis is ecologically distinct from all close lineages of C. stillicidiorum, which are confined to organic substrates. The type specimen of Caloplaca fluviatilis was collected by the authors in Russia, Republic of Tyva, near the village of Ak-Sug. It was found on siliceous rock in the river Mungash-Ak, occasionally inundated with water, at an elevation of 1,120 m (3,670 ft). The species name reflects its ecological preference, as it is found in rivers.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Caloplaca fluviatilis is thin, usually less than 100 μm thick, rimose areolate in the centre, and film-like and effuse at the margins, lacking vegetative diaspores. The thallus and lecanorine apothecial margin are typically pale grey, with a low content of Sedifolia-grey pigment. The apothecial disc is pale orange or pale yellow in damp, shady conditions. It is morphologically distinct from other epilithic species in the genus due to the absence of vegetative propagules, pale colouration of the thallus and apothecia, and its film-like effuse thallus.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The species shows a close relation to Caloplaca stillicidiorum, Caloplaca cerina, and Caloplaca chlorina, but differs in specific ecological and morphological traits.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Caloplaca fluviatilis is found on occasionally inundated siliceous boulders in rivers, particularly in damp and shaded sites. It has been found in two locations on the southern slopes of the Western Sayan in the Republic of Tyva, Russia, where it is abundant. It is presumed to be common in the rivers Ak-Sug and Kara-Sug at altitudes of 1,100–1,500 m (3,600–4,900 ft), in a forest steppe zone.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Placolecis kunmingensis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Catillariaceae. It is found in Yunnan, China. The lichen is characterised by a thallus that is areolate to squamulose in its centre, forming irregular patches or clumps 10–50 mm wide, as well as its ellipsoid or spherical ascospores with slightly thickened wall.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2019 by An-Cheng Yin and Li-Song Wang. The type specimen was collected in Baiyi village (Kunming, Yunnan province) at an elevation of 2,130 m (6,990 ft). This specimen, collected by Wang and colleagues on April 12, 2018, was found growing on rock.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Placolecis kunmingensis has a crustose (crust-like) to effigurate (radiating) thallus, forming irregular patches or clumps ranging from 10 to 50 mm wide. In the centre, it features areolate-squamulose (divided into small, scale-like sections) structures, with shorter lobules sometimes radiating at the margins. These lobes are typically 0.5 to 1 mm long and 0.2 to 0.3 mm wide in the middle, expanding to 0.35 to 0.5 mm at the tips, dark brown in colour, and swollen at the tip. They have equal dichotomous (evenly branching) patterns, with secondary lobules sometimes indistinct from the main lobes. The upper surface of the thallus is dark brownish and uneven.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The upper cortex is 25 to 30 µm thick and has a paraplectenchymatous (loosely interwoven) structure. The algal layer is uniform, 50 to 70 µm thick, with Trebouxia-like (a type of green algae) photobiont cells measuring 7 to 12.5 µm in diameter. The medulla (internal layer) is 180 to 250 µm thick, with a reddish-orange upper portion and a white lower portion. There is no lower cortex present.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Reproductive structures (apothecia) are 0.3 to 1.2 mm in diameter, sessile (attached directly without a stalk), lecideine, and range from scattered to crowded, with a well-developed, black margin. The exciple (the outer rim of the apothecium) is 40 to 60 µm thick at the sides and black in colour. The epihymenium (uppermost layer of the apothecium) is 7 to 15 µm thick and brown. The hymenium (spore-bearing layer) is hyaline (translucent), 50 to 75 µm thick. The hypothecium (layer beneath the hymenium) is 75 to 120 µm thick and brown. The asci (spore-producing structures) are clavate (club-shaped) to cylindrical, Catillaria-type with an amyloid tholus, and contain eight spores. The paraphyses (filament-like structures in the hymenium) are simple or sparsely branched, with a dark brown cap at the apex. Ascospores are hyaline (translucent), simple, spherical or ellipsoid, measuring 5 to 10 by 4 to 6 µm, with a smooth wall 0.5 to 1 µm thick. Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) are numerous, mostly immersed in the thallus about two-thirds of the way in. They are pear-shaped, measure 150 to 190 by 100 to 130 µm, and have a slightly black ostiole (opening). The conidia (asexual spores) are bacilliform (rod-shaped), measuring 3 to 5 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In terms of reactions to standard chemical spot tests, the medulla is K+ (violet) in its upper yellow portion, and P−, C−. The use of thin-layer chromatography shows the presence of fragilin and an anthraquinone substance.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Peter John Carson (born 10 March 1952) is an Australian former rugby union international.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Carson was born in Sydney and educated at Crows Nest Boys High School.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A scrum-half, Carson was capped twice for the Wallabies. He toured New Zealand in 1978 as an understudy to Rod Hauser and remained on the reserves scrum-half on Ireland's visit the following year. Hauser then retired from international rugby and Carson made his debut in the one-off 1979 Bledisloe Cup match at the SCG, which the Wallabies won. On the tour of Argentina later that year, Carson had to withdraw from the 1st Test with sunburn, handing a debut to Phillip Cox. He had to wait until 1980 to regain his place, featuring in another win over the All Blacks in Sydney, with his second half try helping to seal the match. The recall of veteran scrum-half John Hipwell prevent Carson from gaining further caps.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Placolecis sublaevis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Catillariaceae. It is found in Yunnan and Sichuan, China. The crust-like, radiating body of the lichen forms irregular patches or clumps and includes numerous false conidiomata, a type of asexual reproductive structure, within its thallus. Its lobes, dark brown and slightly flattened at the top, form larger groups at the edges and contain an upper layer composed of loosely interwoven cells and a lower inner tissue that varies from reddish-orange to white.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2019 by An-Cheng Yin and Li-Song Wang. The type specimen was collected by Wang and colleagues on the way from Lijiang to Ninglang (Lijiang City, Yunnan province) at an elevation of 1,902 m (6,240 ft). This specimen was found growing on limestone. The species name sublaevis alludes to the somewhat flattened shape of the lobes at their tips.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Placolecis sublaevis has a crustose (crust-like) to effigurate (radiating) thallus. In the centre, it has an areolate-squamulose (divided into small, scale-like sections) structure, forming irregular patches or clumps. The thallus incorporates numerous pseudopycnidia (false conidiomata, a type of asexual reproductive structure) that are immersed within it. The lobes of this lichen distinctively form larger aggregations at the margins, measuring 2–3 (occasionally up to 4) mm long and 0.1–0.3 mm wide in the middle, slightly widening towards the tips to 0.15–0.4 mm. These lobes are dark brown and slightly flattened at the apex, often with secondary lobules branching from the main lobes and reaching 1–2 mm in length.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The lichen's upper surface is dark brownish with an uneven texture. Its upper cortex, the outermost layer, is 12.5–20 µm thick with a paraplectenchymatous (loosely interwoven) structure. The algal layer is diffuse, spanning 25–40 µm in thickness, with Trebouxia-like photobiont (symbiotic green algae) cells measuring 6–12 µm in diameter. The medulla (the inner tissue of the thallus) varies in thickness from 60 to 140 µm and shows a reddish-orange colouration in the upper portion, transitioning to white in the lower portion. This species does not have a lower cortex, nor does it have apothecia (fruiting bodies).", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Reproductive structures, known as pycnidia, are numerous and immersed within the thallus. They measure 75–95 by 40–60 µm, are urceolate (jug-shaped), and have a black ostiole (opening). The conidia (asexual spores) of this species are bacilliform (rod-shaped) and measure 5–6 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In terms of reactions to standard chemical spot test, the medulla of Placolecis sublaevis is K+ (violet) in its upper yellow part, as well as P− and C−. Chemical analysis using thin-layer chromatography shows the presence of fragilin, solorinic acid, and anthraquinones.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "This species is found in the high mountain regions of Yunnan and Sichuan in southeast China, specifically on exposed steep slopes adorned with limestone boulders near streams.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "water level may refer:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Upretia squamulosa is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), squamulose (scaly) lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It was identified as a new species in 2019 from specimens collected in the arid valley of the Jinsha River in Yunnan, China.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was scientifically described as a new species in 2019 by Yan Yun Zhang and Li Song Wang. The species epithet refers to its squamulose (scaly) thallus. The type specimen of Upretia squamulosa was collected in Yunnan Province, China, specifically in Huize County, Zhehai Town, at an elevation of 1,720 m (5,640 ft).", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The genus Upretia is a recent classification within the subfamily Caloplacoideae of the family Teloschistaceae. Molecular phylogenetics placed Upretia squamulosa in a clade close to Upretia. This genus, initially proposed on the basis of specimens collected from India, is closely related to the monotypic genus Ioplaca, found in high elevations in the Himalayas.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Upretia squamulosa is characterised by its squamulose, epilithic thallus that ranges in colour from greyish green to brown. The squamules are convex, sometimes resembling a bullet shape, with their apex often free from the substrate. This species has lecanorine apothecia, which are pale brown to brown in colour, and polarilocular ascospores. The thallus and apothecia contain gyrophoric and lecanoric acids, but no anthraquinones are found in the apothecia.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The thallus of Upretia squamulosa is saxicolous and squamulose, without an effigurate margin, and can grow up to 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter. The upper surface is non-pruinose, smooth, and without cracks. The hymenium of the apothecia is colourless and the epihymenium is pale brown. The species does not form pycnidia.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Upretia squamulosa thrives in arid environments, particularly on rocky substrates, at elevations ranging from 1,240 to 3,160 m (4,070 to 10,370 ft). It has been found exclusively in China's Yunnan Province. The species is adapted to the hot and dry climate of the Jinsha-jiang River valley, which is dominated by shrubs and hosts a variety of crustose and squamulose lichens.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2023–24 La Salle Explorers women's basketball team represents La Salle University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Explorers, led by sixth-year head coach Mountain MacGillivray, play their home games at Tom Gola Arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Explorers finished the 2022–23 season 17–14, 8–7 in A–10 play to finish in eighth place. They were defeated by George Mason in the second round of the A–10 tournament.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Sources:", "title": "Schedule and results" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Vahid Rezaei (Persian: وحید رضایی) is an Iranian football manager who assistant manager Nassaji in Persian Gulf Pro League. He played as a player for Fajr Sepasi, Pegah, Persepolis and Esteghlal.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "On 20 December 2020, Vahid Rezaei became head coach of Nassaji in Persian Gulf Pro League, replacing Mehdi Rahmati.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caloplaca nothocitrina is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Its thallus is up to 8 mm in diameter and deep yellow in colour. It comprises small dispersed areoles, occasional concave soralia, and circular apothecia with a bright yellow margin and a dull dark yellowish or brownish disc.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Caloplaca nothocitrina was formally described by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Jae-Seoun Hur in 2020. The type specimens of Caloplaca nothocitrina were collected from Lake Balmaceda [es] and Lake Pinto, Patagonia, Chile. Its species name reflects its distribution in the Southern Hemisphere and its resemblance to the Northern Hemisphere species Flavoplaca citrina.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Caloplaca nothocitrina can reach up to 8 mm in diameter and is deep yellow, often with brighter deep yellow apothecia. It has small, dispersed areoles (0.2–0.3 mm in diameter) that are sometimes distant from each other. Soralia (small reproductive propagules) are concave and typically not numerous. The apothecia are circular, measuring between 0.4 and 0.7 mm in diameter. Initially, they have a thick thalline margin that gradually becomes thinner. The margin is bright yellow, while the disc is dull dark yellowish or dull brownish yellow. In section, the apothecia are biatorine, meaning they have algae present only at the base. The exciple (the outermost layer) varies in thickness and colour. Paraphyses are slender structures in the hymenium (the spore-bearing layer) with oil cells and can be up to 5 μm in diameter. Ascospores are elongated and fusiform (threadlike) in shape with attenuated ends and widened at the septum. They measure between 13 and 18 μm in length and 7–9 μm in width.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Caloplaca nothocitrina shares morphological traits with several other species. It resembles Flavoplaca citrina in its yellowish thalli but differs in its dispersed areoles and biatorine apothecia with oil-containing paraphyses. Compared to Lazarenkoella polycarpoides, both have elongated ascospores, but Caloplaca nothocitrina features an areolate thallus with wider ascospore septa, while Lazarenkoella polycarpoides has a lobate, non-soredious thallus.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Similarly, Xanthocarpia crenulatella and Caloplaca nothocitrina both have yellowish-orange apothecia, yet they diverge in their thallus colours and the width of their ascospore septa, with C. nothocitrina having a white hypothallus and biatorine apothecia. Xanthocarpia jerramungupensis, while also possessing elongated ascospores, contrasts sharply with C. nothocitrina in its thallus development and apothecial colours.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Caloplaca cupulifera, sharing small soredia with C. nothocitrina, has a greenish-yellow thallus and closely packed areoles, unlike the widely distributed and more yellowish-orange areoles of C. nothocitrina.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Caloplaca cupulifera also shares some similarities with C. nothocitrina. Both species have small, almost indistinct soredia. Caloplaca nothocitrina has a thallus with a more yellowish-orange hue, whereas C. cupulifera typically has a thallus that is greenish yellow or citrine yellow. Furthermore, the areoles of C. nothocitrina are widely distributed and distant from each other, in contrast to C. cupulifera, where they tend to form a nearly continuous thallus. The soralia and soredia of C. nothocitrina are larger than those of C. cupulifera.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Caloplaca nothocitrina is known to grow on rocks in coastal areas, often alongside other lichen species such as Caloplaca nothoholocarpa and other Caloplaca species, Gondwania sublobulata, and Buellia species. It is native to Chile in South America and has been documented in the Patagonian region.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Clement Olusegun Kolawole (born August 6, 1957) is the Acting vice chancellor of trinity University and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Language Education", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Clement Olusegun Kolawole was born at Iyere-Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria, on August 6, 1957.. In 1980 was admitted into the Teachers Grade II program at the African Church Teachers College, Epinmi-Akoko, and completed the program in 1983 Following that, he enrolled for bachelor's degree program at Ondo State University, Ado-Ekiti (known as Ekiti State University), Ado-Ekiti. There, he studied English language and Education in1984 and finished in 1988", "title": "Early Life and Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1990, Clement Olusegun Kolawole obtained a Master of Education (M.Ed.) in Language Education from the University of Ibadan, Ibadan. In 1993, the same university awarded him a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Language Education Clement Olusegun Kolawole became a professor in October 2008", "title": "Early Life and Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Prior to moving to UI in 1998 as a Lecturer II in the Department of Teacher Education, he worked as a Class Teacher at the International School, University of Ibadan (UI) where he started his teaching career, and an Assistant Lecturer at the University of Ado-Ekiti from 1993 to 1996.", "title": "Academic career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "From 2011 to 2013, he served as the Dean of the Faculty of Education, making a significant contribution to the growth of the Faculty.", "title": "Academic career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In August 2023, he was appointed as the Acting Vice Chancellor of Trinity University, Yaba, Lagos to succeed the pioneer Vice Chancellor of the University, Professor Charles Korede Ayo.", "title": "Academic career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "He was appointed as a Professor by the University of Ibadan in 2008", "title": "Awards and Honours" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Clement Olusegun Kolawole is a member of the following", "title": "Membership" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "C19Orf81 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the gene C19Orf81. It is a rarely expressed protein found mainly in the testes, cerebellum and cerebral cortex.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Other names for C19Orf81 include chromosome 19 open reading frame 81 and C9J6K1.", "title": "Aliases" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The gene C19Orf81 is found on chromosome 19 at site 19q13.33 from and is 9862 base pairs in length. It runs in the positive direction. 5 exons compose the 761 base pair (bp) coding sequence of the gene. One isoform gene exists for C19Orf81 that is 951 bp in length (XM_054320844.1).", "title": "Gene" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Tissue expression of C19Orf81 mRNA is found in the testes. mRNA expression may be regulated by the KMT2D transcription factor, a histone methyltransferase, due to a decrease in C19Orf81 expression when KMT2D is down regulated.", "title": "Gene" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The protein, C19Orf81, is 198 amino acids in length and has a molecular weight of 22.4 kDa. It contains one domain of unknown function, DUF4732, that spans from Gly23 to Leu181. Using DeepLoc 2.0, C19Orf81 has cytoplasm and nuclear localization. Predicted post-translational modifications (PTMs) of the protein, shown below, could indicate intercellular location and activity.", "title": "Protein" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "PTMs predicted using Motif Scan and DTU Health Tec bioinformatic tools.", "title": "Protein" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Casein kinase 2 (CK2): Thr31, Thr86, Thr93", "title": "Protein" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Protein kinase C (PKC): Ser46, Ser111, Ser116, Ser154", "title": "Protein" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Casein kinases, specifically CK2, have been shown to play a role in major cell events such as survival metabolism, growth, protein synthesis, proliferation and DNA repair. In an oncogenic setting, CK2 promotes the cancer cell’s growth due to its interference with apoptotic pathways. CK2 also plays a role in spermatogenesis and germ cell growth.", "title": "Protein" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "An amidation site on C19Orf81 is positioned at Arg129 in the snippet ARGG. Amidation of a protein is and important modification necessary for signaling and protein interactions.", "title": "Protein" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Secondary structure prediction by CFSSP method displays multiple α-helices and a few β-sheets. A similar pattern seen in the tertiary structure of C19Orf81 by AlphaFold, is shown below", "title": "Protein" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Given C19Orf81’s appearance in early stage spermatogonia cells and lower levels in other stages of spermatogenesis, as shown by expression summaries from the Human Protein Atlas, phosphorylation by CK2 could indicate a role for C19Orf81 in spermatogonial stem cell differentiation and growth.", "title": "Protein" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Based on data found in the NCBI database and using NCBI BLAST, C19Orf81 has orthologs in all vertebrates except birds.", "title": "Phylogeny" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Below is a table of ortholog genes of the human C19Orf81 gene found by using NCBI Blast. Sequence similarities were calculated using Emboss Needle Alignment Tool and median date of divergence (million years ago) was retrieved from TimeTree", "title": "Phylogeny" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caloplaca patagoniensis is a species of lignicolous (wood-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in Chile. It forms small thallus patches, with distinctive areoles that change from whitish or greyish-yellow to deep orange or brownish-orange, often covered by a bright orange blastidious mass. Its fruiting bodies (apothecia) are dark reddish-orange and initially immersed in the substrate, while its spores are ellipsoid to elongated, and the species contains parietin, turning purple when exposed to a potassium hydroxide solution.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2020 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Jae-Seoun Hur. The type specimen of Caloplaca patagoniensis was collected from Cordillera Paine in Patagonia, Chile. This specimen, found at an altitude of about 120 m (390 ft), was found growing on a dead tree along with the lichen Massjukiella candelaria.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Caloplaca patagoniensis has a thallus that typically ranges from 2–9 mm across, often forming larger aggregations. This thallus is areolate, with areoles measuring up to 0.6 mm across. Initially, these areoles appear whitish to greyish-yellow, featuring blastidia on a few sides. These blastidia stand out in their deep orange to dark brownish-orange or dull brownish-yellow colour, with a vividly orange blastidious mass. The conidiomata and apothecia of the species are dark, dull reddish-orange.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Areoles in Caloplaca patagoniensis vary in size from 0.2 to 0.8 mm across and 0.1–0.6 mm in height/thickness, especially noticeable in the centre where they are almost entirely covered by blastidious mass. Soredia and blastidia, measuring 20–25 μm in diameter, have a brownish-orange surface. Conblastidia, comprising several blastidia, can reach up to 40–50 μm in diameter.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In cross-section, the thallus reveals a very narrow cortical layer, about 5–7 μm thick, with paraplectenchymatous cells elongated along the areole's surface. An epinecral layer, somewhat greyish, can be up to 10 μm thick.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The apothecia of Caloplaca patagoniensis range from 0.2 to 0.6 mm in diameter and 0.2–0.25 mm thick. Initially, these apothecia are immersed into the substrate, then into the sorediate-blastidiate mass, with a zeorine structure at first. The true exciple is slightly lighter than the disc, which is dark reddish-brownish-orange. The thalline exciple, when present and not dissolved into soredia/blastidia, can be up to 50–70 μm thick. The algal layer often contains oil cells, more apparent in potassium hydroxide (K) solution. The hymenium is 80–100 μm high, with paraphyses distinctly swollen towards the tips, and the subhymenium is up to 30 μm thick. The asci contain 8 spores with a mix of larger and smaller bipolar ascospores. The ascospores are widely ellipsoid to somewhat elongated, measuring 9–16 by 5–9 μm, with the septum ranging from 3–8 μm in width.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Conidiomata are common and numerous, with a dull reddish-orange hue. Conidia are narrowly bacilliform to widely ellipsoid, measuring 2.5–3 by 0.8–1.2 μm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Chemically, the thallus, apothecia, and conidiomata react to potassium hydroxide (K+) by turning purple; the epihymenium transitions from somewhat blackish-purple to crimson purple. Parietin is present in this species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Caloplaca patagoniensis has a distribution that, at the time of its original publication, was confined to its type collection in Chile, South America. This lichen species predominantly grows on dead wood. In its natural habitat, Caloplaca patagoniensis is often found in association with other lichen species such as Massjukiella candelaria and various Lecidella species, alongside a range of crustose lichens.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Caloplaca ulleungensis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in South Korea, particularly on Ulleungdo and Jeju Islands.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The lichen was first formally described in 2020 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, László Lőkös, and Jae-Seoun Hur. The type specimen was collected by the first two authors from Jeodong-ri (Ulleung County, North Gyeongsang Province) at an elevation of 285 m (935 ft), where it was found growing on a rock wall. The species is named after its type locality, Ulleungdo Island in the Republic of Korea.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus of Caloplaca ulleungensis is crustose, overgrowing rock surfaces and sometimes bryophyte thalli and plant remnants. It appears dull yellowish, greyish, or whitish-grey and is often cracked into very small portions, creating a rough granulated surface texture. The thallus lacks vegetative propagules and has a black prothallus line along its edge.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Apothecia (fruiting bodies) are 0.2–1.1 mm in diameter and up to 0.35 mm thick. They have a dark brown disc with a dull yellow or yellow-orange margin, resembling the types found in Brigantiaea or Letrouitia. The apothecia are biatorine, with the true exciple being paraplectenchymatous and the hymenium reaching 100–180 µm in height. The ascospores are fusiform (spindle-shaped) with attenuated ends, often becoming yellowish, orange, or brownish, and vary in size and septum width.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Pycnidia are immersed in the thallus, with bacilliform conidia measuring approximately 2.6–3.0 by 1.0–1.1 µm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Caloplaca ulleungensis resembles Caloplaca kedrovopadensis but differs in several aspects, including larger apothecia, a paraplectenchymatous true exciple, a higher hymenium, thicker subhymenium, and larger ascospores with a wider septum. It is also similar to C. fusanii known from Korea and Japan, but differs in ascospore dimensions and septum width. Its resemblance to Xanthocarpia jerramungupensis has been noted, but it differs in several anatomical aspects. In appearance, it resembles species of the genera Brigantiaea or Letrouiti but differs in its asci and bipolar ascospores.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Caloplaca ulleungensis is known from Ulleungdo and Jeju Islands in South Korea, where it grows on siliceous rock.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Neusa Maria da Silva Borges (born 8 March 1942) is a Brazilian actress. Known for her roles in television, she has won an APCA for Best Supporting Actress for her role in De Corpo e Alma, as well as an award by Contigo! for best supporting actress in A Indomada.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Florianópolis and raised in Piquete, São Paulo, Borges began her career in São Paulo as a crooner in an orchestra. She worked with such maestros as Clóvis Lima and Salgado Filho, always in a singing and dancing role.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Her transition to roles in television came with appearing in the Rede Record telenovela Venha ver o sol na estrada with Márcia de Windsor. At the beginning of her career, she acted in Beto Rockfeller on the now-defunct Rede Tupi, then went on to act in minor roles until she joined Rede Globo, where she landed major roles in telenovelas such as Escrava Isaura, Dona Xepa, Dancin' Days, and A Indomada. She has been a constant presence in Gloria Perez productions, namely Carmem, De Corpo e Alma, O Clone, Caminho das Índias, Amazônia, de Galvez a Chico Mendes, América, and Salve Jorge. During her career, she has won dozens of prizes. In 2009, she participated in the music video for the Maria Gadú song Dona Cila. In 2020, she starred as Bernadete in the series Auto Posto.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2003, during a performance by the Unidos da Tijuca samba school, Borges fell from one of the parade floats and suffered a pelvic fracture. The float she had been on had several issues since the beginning of the performance, including a broken wheel. After the accident, she was lifted by firefighters and taken to Souza Aguiar hospital in downtown Rio de Janeiro. She underwent emergency surgery and had to have 22 bolts in her pelvis and a titanium plate on her knee. She sued the samba school and was compensated with 700,000 reais for her injuries.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Borges is known for being an extremely sincere and truthful person. She owned a thrift store in Salvador, where she lives, but ultimately sold the business in 2021.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Adams Gardens is an unincorporated community in Cameron County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 200 in 2000. It is located within the Rio Grande Valley and the Brownsville-Harlingen metropolitan area.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Adams Gardens was founded in 1972 and incorporated. The Harlingen water district and post office both served the community. Its population was 200 from 1978 through 2000. The community is a mobile home park that can accommodate up to 230 homes. Adams Gardens has a board of directors with nine members and a yearly-elected president.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Adams Gardens is located off U.S. Highway 83 on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 1 mile (1.6 km) north of La Feria in western Cameron County.", "title": "Geography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Today, the community is served by the La Feria Independent School District. Children in the community attend Sam Houston Elementary School, W B Green Junior High School, and La Feria High School.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cymbacha ocellata is a spider in the family Thomisidae. First described by L Koch in 1874. Common to most parts of Australia", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Allerton 39th Street House, now Pod 39, is a hotel at 145 East 39th Street between Lexington and Third avenues in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The building was designed for the Allerton Company by architect Arthur Loomis Harmon as a club hotel for men that opened in 1918. It subsequently served as a single room occupancy residence for women run by The Salvation Army from 1956 to 2007. Since 2012, the building has operated as the Pod 39 hotel. The Allerton 39th Street House is a New York City designated landmark.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The building is variously cited as 15 or 17 stories high and is designed in the Northern Italian Renaissance style. To keep the cost of the building economical, Harmon decided to use inexpensive red brick for the façade with architectural terracotta decorations. Harmon designed the upper stories of the structure as an exposed tower visible from all directions, which was topped by a roof garden and penthouse. The public areas in the building were also designed in the Italian Renaissance style and originally consisted of a two-story lounge, a small lobby, and an office. The upper stories have included bedrooms ever since the building's opening. Over the years, both the public and private areas have been redesigned.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Allerton 39th Street House is located at 145 East 39th Street, between Lexington and Third avenues on the north side of the street, in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The land lot has an area of 6,995 square feet (649.9 m), with a frontage of 70.83 feet (21.59 m) and a depth of 98.75 feet (30.10 m). Nearby buildings include the Jonathan W. Allen Stable on the same block to the northeast; the Socony–Mobil Building one block to the north; and the George S. Bowdoin Stable, 146 East 38th Street, and 152 East 38th Street one block south.", "title": "Site" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Allerton 39th Street House was one of six \"club hotels\" developed by the Allerton Company in New York City during the period from 1913 to 1924. With the exception of the Allerton Hotel for Women on East 57th Street, the company's chain of club hotels primarily catered to men. Allerton hotels were also opened in other cities, including the Allerton Hotel in Chicago and the Allerton Hotel in Cleveland. Co-founded by James Stewart Cushman and William Silk, the Allerton Company was named after Mary Allerton, a relative of Cushman that arrived to America on the Mayflower and eventually settled in Greenwich Village.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The club hotels operated by the company were a variation of apartment hotels that became popular for bachelors and young families during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but also included the types of social activities provided at private clubs and were aimed at providing affordable housing and social life to young men in the middle class. The club hotels provided an alternative to rooming houses and boarding houses for single professionals seeking economical living accommodations and also provided opportunities for social interactions for individuals, especially those that came from small towns and often did not have family connections in the city.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Allerton House on East 39th Street was the third hotel in the Allerton chain to open in New York City, following locations at 302 West 22nd Street in Chelsea and at 311 Lexington Avenue in Murray Hill. Plans for the new hotel on East 39th Street were filed with the Manhattan Bureau of Buildings in July 1916. A classified advertisement posted in The New York Times in October 1918 announced that management was now ready to take applications for its new residence at 145 East 39th Street, which rented furnished rooms exclusively for bachelors starting at $6.50 (equivalent to $126 in 2022) per week. At the time, the Allerton House was a men-only hotel.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "There were 400 rooms in the hotel, many of which shared a bathroom in between rooms. While each room contained a lavatory, the smaller rooms shared showers and toilets that were located down the hallway in convenient groups. The building's amenities for residents included dining rooms, a library, reading rooms, a lounge, billiard room, a reception room, a gymnasium, a swimming pool, and a roof garden with an adjoining solarium.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald rented a room at the Allerton House in February 1920, where he wrote the short stories \"The Jelly-Bean\" and \"May Day\". In 1934, the architect William F. Regan filed plans for $6,000 worth of alterations to the building.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "After the death of Florence Ten Eyck Troughton in 1948, the Salvation Army received a gift of $1.5 million from her will. She had left her entire estate to the to the charity with the stipulation that it be used as a residence for working women. With funds from Troughton's gift, the Salvation Army purchased the Allerton Hotel in 1954, renovated the structure, and converted it into the Ten Eyck-Troughton Memorial Residence. The renovated building was dedicated on February 7, 1956, and became the home to 350 middle-aged, middle-income women. Mrs. Frederick Elliott of the Salvation Army said she sought to attract those \"to whom we thought we could render service and those who like group living\". Within two years, there was a waiting list for the rooms, which cost $17 to $22 a week based on their size.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Each room was furnished and included a telephone. The residence had communal bathrooms, except for a few suites that had private baths and were used by visiting evangelists. Residents were provided with breakfast and dinner on weekdays and three meals a day on Sundays and holidays. Amenities for residents of the building included conference rooms, a guests' kitchenette with an adjoining clubroom, a hobby room, a library, lounges, two music studios, a television room, a roof garden, a sewing room, a solarium, and a typewriter room. The Allerton House's bar was replaced with a rose-and-green reception room.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The facility continued to be operated by the Salvation Army until 2007. At that time the Salvation Army indicated it would be selling the Ten Eyck-Troughton Memorial Residence along a similar women-only single room occupancy building it ran in Gramercy Park, the Parkside Evangeline, because they had become too costly for the charity to maintain. A group of evicted tenants filed suit against the Salvation Army in early 2007, but the court ruled that the buildings were operated for charitable purposes and were exempt from the city's rent stabilization laws. The building was designated as a New York City landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2008.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "BD Hotels purchased the property from the Salvation Army for $28 million in 2010. The group renovated the building into a 367-room hotel called Pod 39, which opened in June 2012 and was based off a similar hotel, Pod 51. The rooms range from 55 to 140 square feet (5.1 to 13.0 m); due to the small size of the rooms, they include features such as storage below the beds and power outlets next to the pillows. The rooms were designed to cater to value-oriented travelers, and some contain bunk beds. Approximately 4,500 square feet (420 m) of common areas are located in the hotel where guests can spend time outside of their rooms.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "A bar and lounge on the hotel's rooftop, in the space formerly occupied by the roof garden and solarium, opened in August 2012. The restaurant in the lobby was originally owned by April Bloomfield and Ken Friedman and named Salvation Taco as a nod to the former use of the building. Salvation Taco was replaced by Empellón Al Pastor in 2019. A bar operated by Freehold Hospitality opened on the 17th-floor roof in May 2023.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "The building was designed by architect Arthur Loomis Harmon. He had designed the other four hotels in the Allerton chain and later went on to design the Shelton Hotel on Lexington Avenue, which opened in 1923. The hotel has been cited as 15 stories or 17 stories high.", "title": "Architecture" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "To keep the cost of the building economical, Harmon decided to use inexpensive red brick for the façade, which led to his choice of using details in the Northern Italian Renaissance style. He desired varied brickwork with deep-raked and irregular joints to draw interest to the material, but had difficulty in communicating his design intent to the masons. The foreman reluctantly agreed to do so, but only with the understanding that his name would not be connected the job. In the February 1923 issue of Architecture, Harmon recounted he still had issues getting his desired effect, remarking \"the brick are laid as irregularly as the deadly mechanical perfection of the modern mason will permit.\" The structure was the earliest example of the Northern Italian Renaissance style applied to a tall building in New York City.", "title": "Architecture" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Recognizing that the restrictions from the 1916 Zoning Resolution would affect the setbacks of future developments in the area, Harmon chose to make the upper stories of the structure an exposed tower that would be visible from all directions. Using an H-plan design with open light courts facing the adjacent buildings to the east and west, the building has a center core that rises two stories above the north and south wings and contains a hipped roof. Harmon chose to emphasize the building's vertical lines by employing recessed window bays and also used vertical lines of projecting headers in the brickwork on the street façade.", "title": "Architecture" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "On the ground floor of the building, the façade has a raised granite base with stone-trimmed doorways and windows. The main entrance is topped by a lintel with a denticulated molding and has an eagle surrounded by a wreath and ribbons above the doorway as a tribute to the United States' entry into World War I. Arched windows and secondary doorways are located on either side of the main entrance, each of which has a molded lintel. The façade facing the street consists of three recessed window bays and is made of red brick highlighted by red terra cotta elements above the windows on the second floor that include cartouches, a blind arcade band on the center bay, and balconettes supported by decorative brackets on the outer bays. Other terra cotta elements include blind arcade bands and cartouches on some of the upper floors and a colonnade and arcade on the façade at the roof garden. The building's terra cotta elements were fabricated by the Atlantic Terra Cotta Company.", "title": "Architecture" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "The roof garden on the south wing is accessed via a short flight of steps leading down from the solarium in the center core. An arcade and colonnade around the perimeter of the roof garden provide a partial enclosure to the space while allowing for views of the city. The south side of the roof garden has a five-bay colonnade at the center with three arched openings on either side while the north and south sides of the roof garden have three arched openings topped with a gable roof line. A central penthouse enclosed by walls on all four sides was used to house the water tanks and elevator machinery. As other buildings in the Allerton chain also hid their water towers, Cushman's obituary in The New York Times recognized Harmon as \"a pioneer in improving the New York skyline.\"", "title": "Architecture" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "The public areas on the interior of the building were also designed in the Italian Renaissance style. The building's interior was intended to be more like a private club instead of a hotel and featured a large two-story lounge on the ground floor and first floor mezzanine at the rear that occupied the full width of the building. The lounge had wood paneling on the walls and beams and paneling on the ceiling. A small lobby was located on the ground floor at the front of the building, and the office was tucked away behind the elevators. Since 2012, the public areas have served as communal areas for guests.", "title": "Architecture" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Abul Hasan Quraishi (born 1 July 1908, date of death unknown) was a member of the ICS (Bengal cadre). He had a long and distinct career in the Civil Service by serving the governments in India and the newly born Pakistan government after the partition of India.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Abul Hasan Quraishi was born on 1 July 1908 at Rasra Ballia. He was born to parents ( father Abdul Hameed Rasra, Ballia Uttar Pradesh India ) who belonged to the historic local Muslim community Iraqi Biradari. He received early education at Government High School Ballia, Queen's Intermediate College, Benaras, and completed B.A. degree from Allahabad University (1927). Early in 1933, he went to London to research administrative skills at the School of Oriental Studies (now the School of Oriental and African Studies).", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In January 1933 Quraishi passed the ICS examination. After a probation period in London, as mentioned above, he joined the Indian civil service on 5th Oct 1933 and arrived in India on Nov. 1933. He was appointed at Murshidabad in Bengal, India as Assistant Magistrate and Collector. He was promoted as joint magistrate and sub-divisional officer, in July 1935. He became a special officer, in the finance department in Nov 1937. In Jan 1942 he became district magistrate and collector, Jan. 1942. Afterward, in Oct 1944, he was sent to the Government of India with a secretary position under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry/ or department under the aforementioned ministry, holding the office until 1946 By the end of 1946, 90-odd ICS officers were reported to have gone on to serve independent Pakistan. Many of them were from northern India or the Bengal cadre of the ICS (including the aforementioned Quraishi) and formed the core of a new central service called the Pakistan Administrative Service (PAS).", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Quraishi died in Karachi, Pakistan.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Singapura is a locality in the northwestern part of Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. The name Singapura is often confused with the famous country Singapore. However, within Bengaluru, there exists an ancient Singapura, situated approximately 17 km from Majestic and around 6 km from the Yelahanka Bus Stand.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Varadarajaswamy Temple in Singapura is at least 500 years old, as revealed in Harohalli and Chikkabettahalli inscriptions related to the temple. The temple was referred to as the Tiruvengalanatha temple in inscriptions. The inscriptions also mention a grant given to Ramanuja Koota, a religious institution of Sri Vaishnavites, that flourished at the temple.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Three inscriptions relate to the Singapura Varadarajaswamy temple, two of which are described below.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Harohalli is located at GPS coordinates 13°07'50.7\"N 77°34'48.6\"E, is about 7 kilometers northeast of Singapura.", "title": "Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The first record of the inscription is found in B.L. Rice's 1905 CE Epigraphia Carnatica Vol 9, where it is recorded as inscription number 28 in Bangalore Taluk. Subsequently, the inscription was rediscovered around 2018 by local historians and conservationists.", "title": "Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The inscription mentions the date of installation as Saka 1452, Karthik, Su 12 in the luni-solar calendar which corresponds to November 2, 1530, CE (Julian). This was the day of the festival of Uthana Dwadashi (Tulsi festival). On this day, it is thought that Lord Sriman Narayana awakens from slumber and grants his followers darshan. Furthermore, it is considered to be more fortunate if that day's nakshatra, or the star of the lunar house, also happens to be Revathi, as it did in 1530 CE. Donations on that day are therefore expected to draw greater religious merit (Punya).", "title": "Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The inscription is inscribed in both Kannada language and script and is dated to the 1530CE. This inscription is carved on a granite stone found locally. Most of the inscriptions found in Bengaluru are carved on similar granite stones. The inscription stone measures 163 cm tall and 89 cm wide.", "title": "Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "This inscription is written in prominent characters and easily understood colloquial Kannada. However, considering its purpose as a record of a temple donation, the sculptor likely chose words and phrases which could be easily grasped by the local people. This inscription resembles very much another Singapura-related inscription at nearby Chikkabettahalli. The two stones may have come from the same local stone quarry because of their striking resemblance to one another. It's also quite likely that they were both sculpted by the same artist. Even though they were written six years apart, a few errors from the Chikkabettahalli inscription are absent from the later Harohalli inscription. That might be a result of the sculptor's skill development throughout those six years.", "title": "Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "This inscription documents the gift of Harohalli village to the Singapura Tiruvengalanatha temple for the anga-ranga-vaibhoga, amrutapadi-naivedya, and for the operations of the Ramanujakoota at the temple by Sivanasamudra (Hessaraghatta) chief Krishnappanayaka. The donation was intended for the religious merit of the Solur Basavappanayaka, the father of Krishnappanayaka, and Achyutaraya, the monarch of the Karnataka (Vijayanagara Kingdom) empire.", "title": "Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "This inscription has prominent characters & simple & colloquial Kannada. Nonetheless, the author might have purposefully used terms and phrases that were understandable to the locals because the inscription serves as a record of a donation to a temple.", "title": "Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "The top part of the Harohalli inscription stone is etched with the holy marks symbols of Sri Vaishnava, which are Shanka (Panchajanya), Chakra (Sudarshana), and Naama. Sri Vaishnava inscriptions, boundary stones, and Vishnu temples from the 14th to 16th centuries—often referred to as the Vijayanagara period—often have these symbols carved or painted on them. These are typically seen on mantapas, doorframes, and gopuras in temples. Similar symbols can be found on inscription stones in the Bengaluru rural district at Kadanur, Gantiganahalli, Kadiganahalli, Jodidasarahalli, Chikkajala, and Maranagere, and in the Bangalore Urban district at Chikkabettahalli, Thindlu, Allalasandra, Domlur, Kothnur, Bannerughatta, and Bommanahalli.", "title": "Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Notably, there are cases where place names are also derived from these markers. For example, the name Naamagondlu, in the district of Chikkaballapura, comes from the naama that is painted on a nearby mound.", "title": "Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "The inscription was later 3D scanned and Re-read by the Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project Team in the book \"Bengaluru Itihasa Vaibhava,\" November 2021, Issue 1.", "title": "Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "As this inscription mentions the Tiruvengalanatha temple at Singapura, we can infer that the temple now referred to as Varadaraja Swamy temple is at least 500 years old. We might infer from the inscription that Singapura served as a centre for Sri Vaishnavites.", "title": "Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "The fact that this inscription documents the donation of a whole hamlet to a temple makes it relatively unique. Generally, only kings had the power to give villages. As a result, gifts were typically limited to smaller land holdings. A whole village might also be donated by chiefs of provinces who were granted provincial governing authority by the monarch.", "title": "Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Thanks to local donations, the temples were granted ownership of all land inside the village's borders as well as village taxes. The temple would then designate tenant farmers on such donated grounds, determining how much of the harvest and money the tenants would be required to share back. Some of the grains, fruits, flowers, vegetables, and other produce would be used by the temple, extra would either be sold or preserved. Income from such sales would be used for temple activities. With such land ownership arrangements, temples served as religious centers and also played a decisive role in influencing life in other ways.", "title": "Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "We could conclude that the Singapura temple and Singapura village were significant religious centres in the area because a whole village was donated to support the Ramanujakoota at the Singapura Tiruvengalanatha temple. The king of the Karnataka samrajya (empire) at the time was Achyutraya. Karnataka Samrajya is more popularly called as the Vijayanagara Empire. However, in reality, Vijayanagara was the capital of the empire and not the empire itself. According to the inscription, the head of Harohalli was a Krishnappanayaka at the time, and the village was administratively a part of Sivanasamudra (Hessaraghatta) stala. The terms \"stala\" and \"Sthala\" denote various things—a region and a place, respectively. The inscription also helps us learn some roles were hereditary roles, passed on from generation to generation within families.", "title": "Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Chikkabettahalli is mentioned in its colloquial form Chigabetahali in the 1524CE Chikkabettahalli inscription. The name Chikkabettahalli is derived from chikkabetta (small hill) and halli (for village). Chikkabettahalli is about 2 km northeast of Singapura at GPS coordinates 13°05'22.9\"N 77°33'12.4\"E. Chikkabettahalli is of interest as it is home to a vital inscription related to Singapura.", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "While a majority of people often associate the word Singapura with the nation of Singapore, there is also an ancient Singapura in Bengaluru. This Singapura is situated at GPS coordinates 13°07'50.5\"N 77°34'48.5\"E and is 17 kilometers from Majestic and 3 km from Yelahanka bus terminal.", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "Local granite was used to create the two Singapura-related inscriptions at Harohalli and Chikkabettahalli. Given their striking similarities, it's possible that they came from the same local stone quarry. It's also quite likely that they were both sculpted by the same artist. Despite the six-year gap, a few little errors that can be found in the Chikkabettahalli inscription are absent from the later Harohalli inscription. In this six years, the sculptor might have developed his abilities.", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "The inscription helps us learn that Singapura was a hub for Sri Vaishnavites.", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "This 1524 CE inscription documents Singapanayaka's gift of Harohalli village to the god Tiruvengalanatha at the Tirumala in Singapura for amrutapadi-naivedya and the operation of Ramanujakoota. The recipient of the donation, Hiriya Vardarajaiah, son of Pattana Thimanayya, was the grantee.", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "This donation was made when Krishnaraya was king.", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "The inscription is written in a language that is easily understandable by all. Many terms are colloquial terms and not grammatically correct terms.", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "Examples: krsna is written as krisna, tappidavaru as tappidoru, hiriaya as hiriyaayya etc.", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "The Chikkabettahalli inscription is on a stone slab 170 cm tall and 74 cm wide.", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "This inscription was first documented in the magnum opus Epigraphia Carnatica Vol 9, published by B.L.Rice in 1905 CE as Bangalore taluk inscription number 19. But in the 115 years since it was first reported, less than five people have gone there and attempted to decipher the inscription!", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "As per the \"English/Roman\" calendar system,\" the inscription was made on 26-November-1524 CE (Julian). The date given in the inscription in the local luni-solar calendar system is Tarana Samvatsara, Margashira, Su 1. The inscription omits the year's number designation. Since that year was the only one during his reign to bear the name Tarana samvatsara, we can conclude that it was 1524 CE since Krishnaraya (Krishnadevaraya) is mentioned as the monarch at that time.", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "The inscription was put on the right side of the Hanumanta temple at Chikkabettahalli in 1905 CE, according to records. On the other hand, locals believe that the stone was in a sizable ditch at the back of the temple until it was moved and put in its present position twenty years ago. An information board is required to raise awareness even though the stone is currently under guard and the area is relatively safe.", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "As Singapura and Chikkabettahalli are mentioned in this 1524 CE inscription, we can infer that these two places are at least 500 years old. Given that the God of Tirumala and Tiruvengalanatha at Singapura is mentioned in this inscription, we can assume that the temple that is currently known as Varadaraja Swamy temple is at least 500 years old. The inscription speaks of Tirumala as something exceptional, referring to the hill in Singapura in 1524 CE. It is the earliest known \"chikka-tirupati\" (mini-Tirupati) in contemporary Bengaluru according to this citation.", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "This inscription is somewhat rare in that it is a record of an entire village being donated to a temple. The authority to donate villages usually only resided with a king. Therefore, donations were most often only smaller parcels of land. Chiefs of provinces who received provincial governing authority from the king could also donate an entire village", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "When a village was donated, the temple received ownership rights to all land inside the village's borders as well as all village taxes. The temple would then designate tenant farmers on such donated grounds, determining how much of the harvest and money the tenants would be required to share back. Part of the grains, fruits, flowers, vegetables, and so on would be used by the temple; any remaining produce would either be sold or kept. The proceeds from these sales would fund temple operations. Temples with such land ownership structures functioned as hubs of religion and also had a significant impact on other aspects of life. As an entire village was donated to fund the activities of the Ramanujakoota at the Tiruvengalanatha temple, we can conclude that the temple and village was an important religious hub in the region. Since the inscription mentions that Singappanayaka donated Chikkabettahalli village to the Tiruvengalanatha temple at Singapura, it is likely that it is his sculpture by the sukhanasi in the temple.", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "Krishnaraya was the reigning samrajya (empire) of Karnataka. The Vijayanagara empire is a more common term for the Karnataka Samrajya. But in actuality, Vijayanagara was the empire's capital rather than the empire itself. The final six lines contain shapashya, or warning curses. They safeguard the donation by drawing comparisons between the sins of robbing a holy cow on the banks of the Ganges and killing one's own parents.", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "The bearing face, or front face of the inscription stone, has been smoothed to accommodate the inscription text. The stone slab has rough, uncovered sides and a back face. The upper part is carved with a sun, moon, and the Sri Vaishnavite sacred marks of Shankha, Chakra, and Naama. The 18 lines of writing that make up the inscription are below this.", "title": "Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Macroconstrictolumina is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Trypetheliaceae. It has four species.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The genus was circumscribed in 2020 by lichenologists Robert Lücking, Ricardo Miranda-González, and André Aptroot. The genus name refers to its large ascospores. Three of the four species were previously in the genus Constrictolumina. Macroconstrictolumina is a sister taxon to Bogoriella, and all three genera are in the family Trypetheliaceae.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The thallus, which is the vegetative body of the lichen, is typically whitish and lacks a cortex. It forms a symbiotic relationship with the green algae Trentepohlia, which serves as its photobiont.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The ascomata, or spore-producing structures, of these fungi are usually singular but can sometimes be found in clusters. They are slightly raised or prominently emerging from the thallus, featuring a carbonised, hard outer layer. The opening of the ascomata, known as the ostiole, is typically at the top but occasionally found on the side. The involucrellum, a protective layer surrounding the ascomata, is also carbonised.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The excipulum, which is the outer tissue layer of the ascomata, is made up of tightly interwoven cells, appearing brownish to colourless beneath the surface. The hamathecium, which is the tissue filling the cavity of the ascomata, consists of very thin, hyaline (transparent), branched, and interconnecting filaments called pseudoparaphyses, all set in a gel-like substance.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The asci, or spore-bearing cells, are club-shaped, short-stalked, and open via a fissitunicate mechanism, meaning they have a double wall that splits to release spores. Each ascus typically contains two to eight spores and features a non-staining ocular chamber at its tip.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The ascospores are spindle-shaped to ellipsoid, colourless, and have one to three cross-walls (septa) with occasional secondary constrictions in each cell. They often have a granular surface texture, are slightly pinched at the septa, and surrounded by a gel-like sheath. The spores are medium-sized, generally measuring 30–50 µm in length and 10–16 (sometimes up to 24) µm in width. However, in one species, M. lyrata, the spores are somewhat smaller. The reproductive structures known as pycnidia have not been observed in this genus. Chemical analysis using thin-layer chromatography has not detected any lichen products in these species.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Macroconstrictolumina consists of lichen-forming fungi that predominantly inhabit terrestrial, lowland to lower montane tropical regions, often growing on bark.", "title": "Habitat and distribution" } ]

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