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[ { "title": "Joan of Arc", "text": "The young Charles of Orléans succeeded his father as duke and was placed in the custody of his father - in - law , the Count of Armagnac . Their faction became known as the `` Armagnac '' faction , and the opposing party led by the Duke of Burgundy was called the `` Burgundian faction '' . Henry V of England took advantage of these internal divisions when he invaded the kingdom in 1415 , winning a dramatic victory at Agincourt on 25 October and subsequently capturing many northern French towns . In 1418 Paris was taken by the Burgundians , who massacred the Count of Armagnac and about 2,500 of his followers . The future French king , Charles VII , assumed the title of Dauphin -- the heir to the throne -- at the age of fourteen , after all four of his older brothers had died in succession . His first significant official act was to conclude a peace treaty with the Duke of Burgundy in 1419 . This ended in disaster when Armagnac partisans assassinated John the Fearless during a meeting under Charles 's guarantee of protection . The new duke of Burgundy , Philip the Good , blamed Charles for the murder and entered into an alliance with the English . The allied forces conquered large sections of France .", "sentences": [ "The young Charles of Orléans succeeded his father as duke and was placed in the custody of his father - in - law , the Count of Armagnac .", "Their faction became known as the `` Armagnac '' faction , and the opposing party led by the Duke of Burgundy was called the `` Burgundian faction '' .", "Henry V of England took advantage of these internal divisions when he invaded the kingdom in 1415 , winning a dramatic victory at Agincourt on 25 October and subsequently capturing many northern French towns .", "In 1418 Paris was taken by the Burgundians , who massacred the Count of Armagnac and about 2,500 of his followers .", "The future French king , Charles VII , assumed the title of Dauphin -- the heir to the throne -- at the age of fourteen , after all four of his older brothers had died in succession .", "His first significant official act was to conclude a peace treaty with the Duke of Burgundy in 1419 .", "This ended in disaster when Armagnac partisans assassinated John the Fearless during a meeting under Charles 's guarantee of protection .", "The new duke of Burgundy , Philip the Good , blamed Charles for the murder and entered into an alliance with the English .", "The allied forces conquered large sections of France ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Waiting for Godot", "text": "It is a game , everything is a game . When all four of them are lying on the ground , that can not be handled naturalistically . That has got to be done artificially , balletically . Otherwise everything becomes an imitation , an imitation of reality ( ... ) . It should become clear and transparent , not dry . It is a game in order to survive . ''", "sentences": [ "It is a game , everything is a game .", "When all four of them are lying on the ground , that can not be handled naturalistically .", "That has got to be done artificially , balletically .", "Otherwise everything becomes an imitation , an imitation of reality ( ... ) .", "It should become clear and transparent , not dry .", "It is a game in order to survive . ''" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Spark plug", "text": "hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Spark", "sentences": [ "hide This article has multiple issues .", "Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page .", "( Learn how and when to remove these template messages )", "This article possibly contains original research .", "Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations .", "Statements consisting only of original research should be removed .", "( July 2013 )", "( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification .", "Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources .", "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "( May 2015 )", "( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Spark" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Tu Sooraj, Main Saanjh Piyaji", "text": "Saras ( Uma 's sister ) meanwhile suffers an unfortunate miscarriage , and seeing Uma 's grief over the matter Kanak with the help of Aditya launches a Bike Ambulance so that every emergency patient gets admitted to the hospital as quickly as possible . But this noble idea creates many enemies for Uma and Kanak from the very outset and Dr. Parag , Dean of Pratistha Medical College joins hands with Maasi Saa to cancel Uma 's license so that he can use the idea to flourish his own Medical College and take the credit wholly upon himself . Kanak decides to study Paramedicals and become a doctor herself to save the license from being cancelled and that no one can label her as amateur when she treats any patient . After facing several hurdles and hindrances in the college set up by Dr. Parag himself , she at last succeeds in removing the mask out of Dr. Parag 's face , unveiling his true nature in front of the public and gets him behind bars . It is revealed at this point that Maasi Saa was ill - treated by Dr. Parag while in jail , and she was planning for revenge ever since she got out of jail . She later stops plotting against Uma and Kanak and becomes kind towards them .", "sentences": [ "Saras ( Uma 's sister ) meanwhile suffers an unfortunate miscarriage , and seeing Uma 's grief over the matter Kanak with the help of Aditya launches a Bike Ambulance so that every emergency patient gets admitted to the hospital as quickly as possible .", "But this noble idea creates many enemies for Uma and Kanak from the very outset and Dr. Parag , Dean of Pratistha Medical College joins hands with Maasi Saa to cancel Uma 's license so that he can use the idea to flourish his own Medical College and take the credit wholly upon himself .", "Kanak decides to study Paramedicals and become a doctor herself to save the license from being cancelled and that no one can label her as amateur when she treats any patient .", "After facing several hurdles and hindrances in the college set up by Dr. Parag himself , she at last succeeds in removing the mask out of Dr. Parag 's face , unveiling his true nature in front of the public and gets him behind bars .", "It is revealed at this point that Maasi Saa was ill - treated by Dr. Parag while in jail , and she was planning for revenge ever since she got out of jail .", "She later stops plotting against Uma and Kanak and becomes kind towards them ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales", "text": "Since its inception , the Stanford -- Binet has been revised several times . Currently , the test is in its fifth edition , which is called the Stanford -- Binet Intelligence Scales , Fifth Edition , or SB5 . According to the publisher 's website , `` The SB5 was normed on a stratified random sample of 4,800 individuals that matches the 2000 U.S. Census '' . By administering the Stanford -- Binet test to large numbers of individuals selected at random from different parts of the United States , it has been found that the scores approximate a normal distribution . The revised edition of the Stanford -- Binet over time has devised substantial changes in the way the tests are presented . The test has improved when looking at the introduction of a more parallel form and more demonstrative standards . For one , a non-verbal IQ component is included in the present day tests whereas in the past , there was only a verbal component . In fact , it now has equal balance of verbal and non-verbal content in the tests . It is also more animated than the other tests , providing the test - takers with more colourful artwork , toys and manipulatives . This allows the test to have a higher range in the age of the test takers . This test is purportedly useful in assessing the intellectual capabilities of people ranging from young children all the way to young adults . However , the test has come under criticism for not being able to compare people of different age categories , since each category gets a different set of tests . Furthermore , very young children tend to do poorly on the test due to the fact that they lack the ability to concentrate long enough to finish it .", "sentences": [ "Since its inception , the Stanford -- Binet has been revised several times .", "Currently , the test is in its fifth edition , which is called the Stanford -- Binet Intelligence Scales , Fifth Edition , or SB5 .", "According to the publisher 's website , `` The SB5 was normed on a stratified random sample of 4,800 individuals that matches the 2000 U.S. Census '' .", "By administering the Stanford -- Binet test to large numbers of individuals selected at random from different parts of the United States , it has been found that the scores approximate a normal distribution .", "The revised edition of the Stanford -- Binet over time has devised substantial changes in the way the tests are presented .", "The test has improved when looking at the introduction of a more parallel form and more demonstrative standards .", "For one , a non-verbal IQ component is included in the present day tests whereas in the past , there was only a verbal component .", "In fact , it now has equal balance of verbal and non-verbal content in the tests .", "It is also more animated than the other tests , providing the test - takers with more colourful artwork , toys and manipulatives .", "This allows the test to have a higher range in the age of the test takers .", "This test is purportedly useful in assessing the intellectual capabilities of people ranging from young children all the way to young adults .", "However , the test has come under criticism for not being able to compare people of different age categories , since each category gets a different set of tests .", "Furthermore , very young children tend to do poorly on the test due to the fact that they lack the ability to concentrate long enough to finish it ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Our Gang", "text": "The franchise began in 1922 as a series of silent short subjects produced by the Roach studio and released by Pathé Exchange . Roach changed distributors from Pathé to Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( MGM ) in 1927 , and the series entered its most popular period after converting to sound in 1929 . Production continued at the Roach studio until 1938 , when the series was sold to MGM , which produced the comedies until 1944 . In total , the Our Gang series includes 220 shorts and one feature film , General Spanky , and featured over 41 child actors . As MGM retained the rights to the Our Gang trademark following their purchase of the production rights , the 80 Roach - produced `` talkies '' were syndicated for television under the title The Little Rascals beginning in 1955 . Roach 's The Little Rascals package ( now owned by CBS Television Distribution ) and MGM 's Our Gang package ( now owned by Turner Entertainment and distributed by Warner Bros. Television ) have since remained in syndication . New productions based on the shorts have been made over the years , including a 1994 feature film , Little Rascals , released by Universal Pictures .", "sentences": [ "The franchise began in 1922 as a series of silent short subjects produced by the Roach studio and released by Pathé Exchange .", "Roach changed distributors from Pathé to Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( MGM ) in 1927 , and the series entered its most popular period after converting to sound in 1929 .", "Production continued at the Roach studio until 1938 , when the series was sold to MGM , which produced the comedies until 1944 .", "In total , the Our Gang series includes 220 shorts and one feature film , General Spanky , and featured over 41 child actors .", "As MGM retained the rights to the Our Gang trademark following their purchase of the production rights , the 80 Roach - produced `` talkies '' were syndicated for television under the title The Little Rascals beginning in 1955 .", "Roach 's The Little Rascals package ( now owned by CBS Television Distribution ) and MGM 's Our Gang package ( now owned by Turner Entertainment and distributed by Warner Bros. Television ) have since remained in syndication .", "New productions based on the shorts have been made over the years , including a 1994 feature film , Little Rascals , released by Universal Pictures ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Jefferson Airplane", "text": "The first single from the album , Spence 's `` My Best Friend '' , failed to chart , but the next two singles rocketed the group to prominence . Both `` Somebody to Love '' and `` White Rabbit '' became major U.S. hits , the former reaching No. 5 and the latter No. 8 on the Billboard singles chart . By late 1967 the Airplane were national and international stars and had become one of the hottest groups in America . Grace Slick biographer Barbara Rowes called the album `` a declaration of independence from the establishment ( - ) What Airplane originated was a romanticism for the electronic age . Unlike the highly homogenized harmonies of the Beach Boys , Airplane never strived for a synthesis of its divergent sensibilities . Through ( - ) each song , there remain strains of the individual styles of the musicians ( creating ) unusual breadth and original interplay within each structure '' .", "sentences": [ "The first single from the album , Spence 's `` My Best Friend '' , failed to chart , but the next two singles rocketed the group to prominence .", "Both `` Somebody to Love '' and `` White Rabbit '' became major U.S. hits , the former reaching No. 5 and the latter No. 8 on the Billboard singles chart .", "By late 1967 the Airplane were national and international stars and had become one of the hottest groups in America .", "Grace Slick biographer Barbara Rowes called the album `` a declaration of independence from the establishment ( - ) What Airplane originated was a romanticism for the electronic age .", "Unlike the highly homogenized harmonies of the Beach Boys , Airplane never strived for a synthesis of its divergent sensibilities .", "Through ( - ) each song , there remain strains of the individual styles of the musicians ( creating ) unusual breadth and original interplay within each structure '' ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Mesolithic", "text": "The inhabitants of a small Mesolithic 1 site in the Levant left little more than their chipped stone tools behind . The industry was of small tools made of bladelets struck off single - platform cores . Besides bladelets , burins and end - scrapers were found . A few bone tools and some ground stone have also been found . These so - called Mesolithic sites of Asia are far less numerous than those of the Neolithic and the archeological remains are very poor . Mesolithic", "sentences": [ "The inhabitants of a small Mesolithic 1 site in the Levant left little more than their chipped stone tools behind .", "The industry was of small tools made of bladelets struck off single - platform cores .", "Besides bladelets , burins and end - scrapers were found .", "A few bone tools and some ground stone have also been found .", "These so - called Mesolithic sites of Asia are far less numerous than those of the Neolithic and the archeological remains are very poor .", "Mesolithic" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "R-410A", "text": "In accordance with terms and agreement reached in the Montreal Protocol ( The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ) the United States Environmental Protection Agency has mandated that production or import of R - 22 along with other hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs ) be phased - out in the United States . In the EU and the USA , virgin R22 can not be used for manufacture of new air conditioning or similar units from 1 January 2010 . In other parts of the world the phase - out date varies from country to country . Today , all newly manufactured window unit air conditioners and mini split air conditioners in the United States come with R - 410A . As of Jan. 1 , 2020 , production and importing R22 will be banned . It will be available to what is stockpiled or recovered from old units .", "sentences": [ "In accordance with terms and agreement reached in the Montreal Protocol ( The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ) the United States Environmental Protection Agency has mandated that production or import of R - 22 along with other hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs ) be phased - out in the United States .", "In the EU and the USA , virgin R22 can not be used for manufacture of new air conditioning or similar units from 1 January 2010 .", "In other parts of the world the phase - out date varies from country to country .", "Today , all newly manufactured window unit air conditioners and mini split air conditioners in the United States come with R - 410A .", "As of Jan. 1 , 2020 , production and importing R22 will be banned .", "It will be available to what is stockpiled or recovered from old units ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Monday Night Football", "text": "ESPN Monday Night Football Genre NFL game telecasts Created by Roone Arledge Directed by Chet Forte ( 1970 -- 1986 ) Larry Kamm ( 1987 ) Craig Janoff ( 1988 -- 1999 ) Drew Esocoff ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Chip Dean ( 2006 -- present ) Presented by Commentators : Sean McDonough Jon Gruden Lisa Salters Studio hosts : Suzy Kolber Steve Young Randy Moss Matt Hasselbeck Charles Woodson Opening theme `` Score '' by Bob 's Band ( 1970 -- 1975 ) `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' by Hank Williams , Jr. ( 1989 -- 2011 ; 2017 -- present ) `` Heavy Action '' by Johnny Pearson ( 1976 -- 1989 ; 2011 -- 2016 ) ( used as secondary theme from 1989 to 2011 and again from 2017 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 47 ( NFL seasons ) No. of episodes 718 ( games ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Norby Williamson ( 2006 -- present ) Producer ( s ) Roger Lewin Jay Rothman Suzy Kolber ( uncredited ; 2006 -- present ) Location ( s ) Various NFL stadiums ( game telecasts ) ESPN Center , Bristol , Connecticut ( studio segments ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 3 - 4 hours Production company ( s ) National Football League ABC Sports ( 1970 -- 2005 ) ESPN ( 2006 -- present ) Release Original network ABC ( 1970 -- 2005 ) ESPN ( 2006 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1970 -- 2010 ) , 480i ( 16 : 9 SDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) , 720p ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) Original release September 21 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 21 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Monday Night Countdown External links Website espn.go.com/nfl/mnf", "sentences": [ "ESPN Monday Night Football Genre NFL game telecasts Created by Roone Arledge Directed by Chet Forte ( 1970 -- 1986 )", "Larry Kamm ( 1987 ) Craig Janoff ( 1988 -- 1999 )", "Drew Esocoff ( 2000 -- 2005 )", "Chip Dean ( 2006 -- present ) Presented by Commentators : Sean McDonough Jon Gruden Lisa Salters Studio hosts : Suzy Kolber Steve Young Randy Moss Matt Hasselbeck Charles Woodson Opening theme `` Score '' by Bob 's Band ( 1970 -- 1975 )", "`` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' by Hank Williams , Jr.", "( 1989 -- 2011 ; 2017 -- present ) `` Heavy Action '' by Johnny Pearson ( 1976 -- 1989 ; 2011 -- 2016 ) ( used as secondary theme from 1989 to 2011 and again from 2017 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 47 ( NFL seasons )", "No. of episodes 718 ( games ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Norby Williamson ( 2006 -- present ) Producer ( s )", "Roger Lewin Jay Rothman Suzy Kolber ( uncredited ; 2006 -- present ) Location ( s ) Various NFL stadiums ( game telecasts )", "ESPN Center , Bristol , Connecticut ( studio segments )", "Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 3 - 4 hours Production company ( s ) National Football League ABC Sports ( 1970 -- 2005 )", "ESPN ( 2006 -- present )", "Release Original network ABC ( 1970 -- 2005 )", "ESPN ( 2006 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1970 -- 2010 ) , 480i ( 16 : 9 SDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) , 720p ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) Original release September 21 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 21 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Monday Night Countdown External links Website espn.go.com/nfl/mnf" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Jack Whitehall: Travels with My Father", "text": "The pair travel to the holiday island of Phuket , where Jack has arranged to stay at a straw beach hut . Jack takes Michael on a sea kayak , but Michael throws his oar away so that Jack has to do all the paddling . While Jack gets a massage at the beach , Michael is dissatisfied with the restrooms by the beach , so he rents a room . Jack takes Michael to a Full Moon Party . The following day , they travel by boat to Ko Panyi , where a hungover Jack participates in a football match on a floating pitch with the Panyee FC youth team . Jack meets Steven Seagal at the hotel before they head to the Thailand - Cambodia border .", "sentences": [ "The pair travel to the holiday island of Phuket , where Jack has arranged to stay at a straw beach hut .", "Jack takes Michael on a sea kayak , but Michael throws his oar away so that Jack has to do all the paddling .", "While Jack gets a massage at the beach , Michael is dissatisfied with the restrooms by the beach , so he rents a room .", "Jack takes Michael to a Full Moon Party .", "The following day , they travel by boat to Ko Panyi , where a hungover Jack participates in a football match on a floating pitch with the Panyee FC youth team .", "Jack meets Steven Seagal at the hotel before they head to the Thailand - Cambodia border ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Mato Grosso", "text": "This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese . ( June 2014 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the Portuguese article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated pt Mato Grosso ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation .", "sentences": [ "This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese .", "( June 2014 )", "Click ( show ) for important translation instructions .", "View a machine - translated version of the Portuguese article .", "Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia .", "Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality .", "If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article .", "You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation .", "A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution .", "You should also add the template ( ( Translated pt Mato Grosso ) ) to the talk page .", "For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Rollover (key)", "text": "During normal typing on a conventional computer keyboard , only one key is usually pressed at any given time , then released before the next key is pressed . However , this is not always the case . When using modifier keys such as Shift or Control , the user intentionally holds the modifier key ( s ) while pressing and releasing another key . Rapid typists may also sometimes inadvertently press a key before releasing the previous one . Certain unusual forms of keyboarding require multiple keys to be pressed or held down simultaneously ; for example , Braille2000 keying requires as many as six keys to be pressed at once analogous to the six dot keys of a Braille typewriter . Some computer games require keys ( other than the usual modifier keys ) to be held down while others are pressed and released .", "sentences": [ "During normal typing on a conventional computer keyboard , only one key is usually pressed at any given time , then released before the next key is pressed .", "However , this is not always the case .", "When using modifier keys such as Shift or Control , the user intentionally holds the modifier key ( s ) while pressing and releasing another key .", "Rapid typists may also sometimes inadvertently press a key before releasing the previous one .", "Certain unusual forms of keyboarding require multiple keys to be pressed or held down simultaneously ; for example , Braille2000 keying requires as many as six keys to be pressed at once analogous to the six dot keys of a Braille typewriter .", "Some computer games require keys ( other than the usual modifier keys ) to be held down while others are pressed and released ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "2019 AFC Asian Cup", "text": "The draw of the final tournament was held on 4 May 2018 , 19 : 30 GST , at the Armani Hotel in the Burj Khalifa in Dubai . The FIFA rankings of April 2018 were used as basis for the seeding . The 12 teams that secured their place in the final tournament by the end of the second round of the qualification process were placed in Pots 1 and 2 while the remaining teams which qualified during the third round were allocated to the remaining pots . As hosts , the United Arab Emirates were seeded into Pot 1 . The 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four teams , with the hosts placed in position A1 . Four renowned Asian players : Ali Daei , Sun Jihai , Sunil Chhetri and Phil Younghusband were chosen for the seeds .", "sentences": [ "The draw of the final tournament was held on 4 May 2018 , 19 : 30 GST , at the Armani Hotel in the Burj Khalifa in Dubai .", "The FIFA rankings of April 2018 were used as basis for the seeding .", "The 12 teams that secured their place in the final tournament by the end of the second round of the qualification process were placed in Pots 1 and 2 while the remaining teams which qualified during the third round were allocated to the remaining pots .", "As hosts , the United Arab Emirates were seeded into Pot 1 .", "The 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four teams , with the hosts placed in position A1 .", "Four renowned Asian players : Ali Daei , Sun Jihai , Sunil Chhetri and Phil Younghusband were chosen for the seeds ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Germination", "text": "Water is required for germination . Mature seeds are often extremely dry and need to take in significant amounts of water , relative to the dry weight of the seed , before cellular metabolism and growth can resume . Most seeds need enough water to moisten the seeds but not enough to soak them . The uptake of water by seeds is called imbibition , which leads to the swelling and the breaking of the seed coat . When seeds are formed , most plants store a food reserve with the seed , such as starch , proteins , or oils . This food reserve provides nourishment to the growing embryo . When the seed imbibes water , hydrolytic enzymes are activated which break down these stored food resources into metabolically useful chemicals . After the seedling emerges from the seed coat and starts growing roots and leaves , the seedling 's food reserves are typically exhausted ; at this point photosynthesis provides the energy needed for continued growth and the seedling now requires a continuous supply of water , nutrients , and light .", "sentences": [ "Water is required for germination .", "Mature seeds are often extremely dry and need to take in significant amounts of water , relative to the dry weight of the seed , before cellular metabolism and growth can resume .", "Most seeds need enough water to moisten the seeds but not enough to soak them .", "The uptake of water by seeds is called imbibition , which leads to the swelling and the breaking of the seed coat .", "When seeds are formed , most plants store a food reserve with the seed , such as starch , proteins , or oils .", "This food reserve provides nourishment to the growing embryo .", "When the seed imbibes water , hydrolytic enzymes are activated which break down these stored food resources into metabolically useful chemicals .", "After the seedling emerges from the seed coat and starts growing roots and leaves , the seedling 's food reserves are typically exhausted ; at this point photosynthesis provides the energy needed for continued growth and the seedling now requires a continuous supply of water , nutrients , and light ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "United States free speech exceptions", "text": "The Supreme Court has established a complex framework in determining which types of false statements are unprotected . There are four such areas which the Court has been explicit about . First , false statements of fact that are said with a `` sufficiently culpable mental state '' can be subject to civil or criminal liability . Secondly , knowingly making a false statement of fact can almost always be punished . For example , libel and slander law are permitted under this category . Third , negligently false statements of fact may lead to civil liability in some instances . Additionally , some implicit statements of fact -- those that may just have a `` false factual connotation '' -- still could fall under this exception .", "sentences": [ "The Supreme Court has established a complex framework in determining which types of false statements are unprotected .", "There are four such areas which the Court has been explicit about .", "First , false statements of fact that are said with a `` sufficiently culpable mental state '' can be subject to civil or criminal liability .", "Secondly , knowingly making a false statement of fact can almost always be punished .", "For example , libel and slander law are permitted under this category .", "Third , negligently false statements of fact may lead to civil liability in some instances .", "Additionally , some implicit statements of fact -- those that may just have a `` false factual connotation '' -- still could fall under this exception ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "French colonization of the Americas", "text": "France Antarctique ( formerly also spelled France antartique ) was a French colony south of the Equator , in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , which existed between 1555 and 1567 , and had control over the coast from Rio de Janeiro to Cabo Frio . The colony quickly became a haven for the Huguenots , and was ultimately destroyed by the Portuguese in 1567 . On November 1 , 1555 , French vice-admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon ( 1510 -- 1575 ) , a Catholic knight of the Order of Malta , who later would help the Huguenots to find a refuge against persecution , led a small fleet of two ships and 600 soldiers and colonists , and took possession of the small island of Serigipe in the Guanabara Bay , in front of present - day Rio de Janeiro , where they built a fort named Fort Coligny . The fort was named in honor of Gaspard de Coligny ( then a Catholic statesman , who about a year later would become a Huguenot ) , an admiral who supported the expedition and would use the colony in order to protect his co-religionists . To the still largely undeveloped mainland village , Villegaignon gave the name of Henriville , in honour of Henry II , the King of France , who also knew of and approved the expedition , and had provided the fleet for the trip . Villegaignon secured his position by making an alliance with the Tamoio and Tupinambá Indians of the region , who were fighting the Portuguese . 1557", "sentences": [ "France Antarctique ( formerly also spelled France antartique ) was a French colony south of the Equator , in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , which existed between 1555 and 1567 , and had control over the coast from Rio de Janeiro to Cabo Frio .", "The colony quickly became a haven for the Huguenots , and was ultimately destroyed by the Portuguese in 1567 .", "On November 1 , 1555 , French vice-admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon ( 1510 -- 1575 ) , a Catholic knight of the Order of Malta , who later would help the Huguenots to find a refuge against persecution , led a small fleet of two ships and 600 soldiers and colonists , and took possession of the small island of Serigipe in the Guanabara Bay , in front of present - day Rio de Janeiro , where they built a fort named Fort Coligny .", "The fort was named in honor of Gaspard de Coligny ( then a Catholic statesman , who about a year later would become a Huguenot ) , an admiral who supported the expedition and would use the colony in order to protect his co-religionists .", "To the still largely undeveloped mainland village , Villegaignon gave the name of Henriville , in honour of Henry II , the King of France , who also knew of and approved the expedition , and had provided the fleet for the trip .", "Villegaignon secured his position by making an alliance with the Tamoio and Tupinambá Indians of the region , who were fighting the Portuguese . 1557" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Rover's Morning Glory", "text": "Week 1 - Drinking a blender concoction of disgusting items including chewed bubble gum , live earth worms , tobacco juice , clam juice , anchovies , sardines , wet dog food , dry dog food , live crickets , apple cider vinegar , poached fish testicles , hot sauce , curdled milk , raw eggs , cigarette butts , and tomato juice strained through used panties . Who ever could drink the concoction quickest without puking , won . Week 2 - Targets were painted on the bare chest of each competitor . The opponent would then shoot paintballs at the target of the opponent to garner points . Highest point total won . Week 3 - Only two competitors competed in barefoot cactus soccer . The winner was determined by who scored the most goals in a finite time period . Finals Week 1 - Dieter and Dumb competed in a tackle football game , where the ground was littered with thumb tacks . The competition was named `` The Field of Screams . ''", "sentences": [ "Week 1 - Drinking a blender concoction of disgusting items including chewed bubble gum , live earth worms , tobacco juice , clam juice , anchovies , sardines , wet dog food , dry dog food , live crickets , apple cider vinegar , poached fish testicles , hot sauce , curdled milk , raw eggs , cigarette butts , and tomato juice strained through used panties .", "Who ever could drink the concoction quickest without puking , won .", "Week 2 - Targets were painted on the bare chest of each competitor .", "The opponent would then shoot paintballs at the target of the opponent to garner points .", "Highest point total won .", "Week 3 - Only two competitors competed in barefoot cactus soccer .", "The winner was determined by who scored the most goals in a finite time period .", "Finals Week 1 - Dieter and Dumb competed in a tackle football game , where the ground was littered with thumb tacks .", "The competition was named `` The Field of Screams . ''" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "The Miller's Tale", "text": "The general prologue to The Canterbury Tales describes the Miller , Robin , as a stout and evil churl fond of wrestling . In the Miller 's Prologue , the pilgrims have just heard and enjoyed `` The Knight 's Tale '' , a classical story of courtly love , and the host asks the Monk to `` quite '' ( `` follow '' or `` repay '' ) with a tale of his own . However , the Miller insists on going next . He claims that his tale is `` noble '' , but reminds the other pilgrims that he is quite drunk and can not be held accountable for what he says . He explains that his story is about a carpenter and his wife , and how a clerk `` hath set the wrightes cappe '' ( that is , fooled the carpenter ) . Osewold the Reeve , who had originally been a carpenter himself , protests that the tale will insult carpenters and wives , but the Miller carries on anyway .", "sentences": [ "The general prologue to The Canterbury Tales describes the Miller , Robin , as a stout and evil churl fond of wrestling .", "In the Miller 's Prologue , the pilgrims have just heard and enjoyed `` The Knight 's Tale '' , a classical story of courtly love , and the host asks the Monk to `` quite '' ( `` follow '' or `` repay '' ) with a tale of his own .", "However , the Miller insists on going next .", "He claims that his tale is `` noble '' , but reminds the other pilgrims that he is quite drunk and can not be held accountable for what he says .", "He explains that his story is about a carpenter and his wife , and how a clerk `` hath set the wrightes cappe '' ( that is , fooled the carpenter ) .", "Osewold the Reeve , who had originally been a carpenter himself , protests that the tale will insult carpenters and wives , but the Miller carries on anyway ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Facial hair in the military", "text": "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "sentences": [ "( hide )", "This article has multiple issues .", "Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page .", "( Learn how and when to remove these template messages )", "This article needs additional citations for verification .", "Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources .", "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "( October 2010 )", "( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents .", "Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article .", "Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page .", "( April 2011 )", "( Learn how and when to remove this template message )" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Daenerys Targaryen", "text": "Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 43 : Daenerys '' . A Dance with Dragons . p. 633 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 90565 - 6 .", "sentences": [ "Jump up ^", "Martin , George R.R. ( 2011 ) .", "`` Chapter 43 : Daenerys '' .", "A Dance with Dragons .", "p. 633 .", "ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 90565 - 6 ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "The Time Machine", "text": "In the new narrative , the Time Traveller tests his device . At first he thinks nothing has happened but soon finds out he went five hours into the future . He continues forward and sees his house disappear and turn into a lush garden . The Time Traveller stops in A.D. 802,701 , where he meets the Eloi , a society of small , elegant , childlike adults . They live in small communities within large and futuristic yet slowly deteriorating buildings , and having a fruit - based diet . His efforts to communicate with them are hampered by their lack of curiosity or discipline . They appear happy and carefree , but fear the dark and in particular fear moonless nights . Observing them , he finds that they give no response to mysterious nocturnal disappearances . ( Perhaps they had become traumatized and would not discuss it . ) He speculates that they are a peaceful society .", "sentences": [ "In the new narrative , the Time Traveller tests his device .", "At first he thinks nothing has happened but soon finds out he went five hours into the future .", "He continues forward and sees his house disappear and turn into a lush garden .", "The Time Traveller stops in A.D. 802,701 , where he meets the Eloi , a society of small , elegant , childlike adults .", "They live in small communities within large and futuristic yet slowly deteriorating buildings , and having a fruit - based diet .", "His efforts to communicate with them are hampered by their lack of curiosity or discipline .", "They appear happy and carefree , but fear the dark and in particular fear moonless nights .", "Observing them , he finds that they give no response to mysterious nocturnal disappearances .", "( Perhaps they had become traumatized and would not discuss it . )", "He speculates that they are a peaceful society ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "List of Sabrina the Teenage Witch characters", "text": "She is mischievous and typically causes trouble with her magic . In her first appearance , she is shown to have the habit of shrinking people she does not like into jars . In another appearance , she turns Sabrina into a doll before being outsmarted and changed into a doll herself . In another appearance , she develops a crush on Harvey , before being shown that she does not want to grow up . In another appearance , she was visited by Sabrina in Witchright Hall , a school for maladjusted young witches . This episode was a pilot for a spin - off featuring Amanda , although the series was not picked up . Amanda 's character slowly grew into a slightly more caring and respectable person , often helping Sabrina when possible . Such was the case when she appeared in the series finale `` Soul Mates '' , where she gives Harvey his soul stone , which matches Sabrina 's . Amanda eventually became taller than Sabrina . Amanda is actually Sabrina 's second cousin as her mother , Marigold Wiccan Nee Spellman , is Hilda and Zelda 's first cousin .", "sentences": [ "She is mischievous and typically causes trouble with her magic .", "In her first appearance , she is shown to have the habit of shrinking people she does not like into jars .", "In another appearance , she turns Sabrina into a doll before being outsmarted and changed into a doll herself .", "In another appearance , she develops a crush on Harvey , before being shown that she does not want to grow up .", "In another appearance , she was visited by Sabrina in Witchright Hall , a school for maladjusted young witches .", "This episode was a pilot for a spin - off featuring Amanda , although the series was not picked up .", "Amanda 's character slowly grew into a slightly more caring and respectable person , often helping Sabrina when possible .", "Such was the case when she appeared in the series finale `` Soul Mates '' , where she gives Harvey his soul stone , which matches Sabrina 's .", "Amanda eventually became taller than Sabrina .", "Amanda is actually Sabrina 's second cousin as her mother , Marigold Wiccan Nee Spellman , is Hilda and Zelda 's first cousin ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Hearing range", "text": "The auditory system of a land mammal typically works via the transfer of sound waves through the ear canals . Ear canals in seals , sea lions , and walruses are similar to those of land mammals and may function the same way . In whales and dolphins , it is not entirely clear how sound is propagated to the ear , but some studies strongly suggest that sound is channeled to the ear by tissues in the area of the lower jaw . One group of whales , the Odontocetes ( toothed whales ) , use echolocation to determine the position of objects such as prey . The toothed whales are also unusual in that the ears are separated from the skull and placed well apart , which assists them with localizing sounds , an important element for echolocation . Dolphins", "sentences": [ "The auditory system of a land mammal typically works via the transfer of sound waves through the ear canals .", "Ear canals in seals , sea lions , and walruses are similar to those of land mammals and may function the same way .", "In whales and dolphins , it is not entirely clear how sound is propagated to the ear , but some studies strongly suggest that sound is channeled to the ear by tissues in the area of the lower jaw .", "One group of whales , the Odontocetes ( toothed whales ) , use echolocation to determine the position of objects such as prey .", "The toothed whales are also unusual in that the ears are separated from the skull and placed well apart , which assists them with localizing sounds , an important element for echolocation .", "Dolphins" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Psychiatric hospital", "text": "A crisis stabilization unit is in effect an emergency room for psychiatry , frequently dealing with suicidal , violent , or otherwise critical individuals . Open units are psychiatric units that are not as secure as crisis stabilization units . Another type of psychiatric hospital is medium term , which provides care lasting several weeks . In the United Kingdom , both crisis admissions and medium term care is usually provided on acute admissions wards . Juvenile or adolescent wards are sections of psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric wards set aside for children or adolescents with mental illness . Long - term care facilities have the goal of treatment and rehabilitation back into society within a short time - frame ( two or three years ) . Another institution for the mentally ill is a community - based halfway house .", "sentences": [ "A crisis stabilization unit is in effect an emergency room for psychiatry , frequently dealing with suicidal , violent , or otherwise critical individuals .", "Open units are psychiatric units that are not as secure as crisis stabilization units .", "Another type of psychiatric hospital is medium term , which provides care lasting several weeks .", "In the United Kingdom , both crisis admissions and medium term care is usually provided on acute admissions wards .", "Juvenile or adolescent wards are sections of psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric wards set aside for children or adolescents with mental illness .", "Long - term care facilities have the goal of treatment and rehabilitation back into society within a short time - frame ( two or three years ) .", "Another institution for the mentally ill is a community - based halfway house ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "text": "Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary state actions , but some rights are enforceable against individuals . For instance , the Constitution abolishes untouchability and also prohibits begar . These provisions act as a check both on state action as well as the action of private individuals . However , these rights are not absolute or uncontrolled and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of general welfare . They can also be selectively curtailed . The Supreme Court has ruled that all provisions of the Constitution , including fundamental rights can be amended . However , the Parliament can not alter the basic structure of the constitution . Since the fundamental rights can be altered only by a constitutional amendment , their inclusion is a check not only on the executive branch but also on the Parliament and state legislatures .", "sentences": [ "Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary state actions , but some rights are enforceable against individuals .", "For instance , the Constitution abolishes untouchability and also prohibits begar .", "These provisions act as a check both on state action as well as the action of private individuals .", "However , these rights are not absolute or uncontrolled and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of general welfare .", "They can also be selectively curtailed .", "The Supreme Court has ruled that all provisions of the Constitution , including fundamental rights can be amended .", "However , the Parliament can not alter the basic structure of the constitution .", "Since the fundamental rights can be altered only by a constitutional amendment , their inclusion is a check not only on the executive branch but also on the Parliament and state legislatures ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "The Orville", "text": "When Doctor Finn refuses Bortus and Klyden 's request to have their daughter undergo sex reassignment surgery , which is standard practice for Moclans on the very rare occasions when a female is born , the parents petition Mercer to order the procedure . Mercer refuses , as he ( and the rest of the crew ) object to performing such a procedure on a healthy infant , so Bortus and Klyden arrange to have the procedure performed on a Moclan vessel . Gordon and John change Bortus ' mind by showing him Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , but Klyden still wants to proceed , revealing that he was born female . The case is arbitrated on the Moclan planet , Moclus , where Grayson represents Bortus ; she casts doubt on the idea of male superiority by demonstrating that Alara is physically strong and Gordon is stupid . Ed locates a female Moclan of advanced years , Heveena , who testifies that she lived a happy and fulfilling life in seclusion , and reveals that under the pseudonym `` Gondus Elden , '' she has become an esteemed novelist on Moclus . But Klyden and the tribunal are unconvinced , and the baby undergoes the surgery . Despite their disagreement , Bortus and Klyden are committed to one another and to giving their son , Topa , a good life .", "sentences": [ "When Doctor Finn refuses Bortus and Klyden 's request to have their daughter undergo sex reassignment surgery , which is standard practice for Moclans on the very rare occasions when a female is born , the parents petition Mercer to order the procedure .", "Mercer refuses , as he ( and the rest of the crew ) object to performing such a procedure on a healthy infant , so Bortus and Klyden arrange to have the procedure performed on a Moclan vessel .", "Gordon and John change Bortus ' mind by showing him Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , but Klyden still wants to proceed , revealing that he was born female .", "The case is arbitrated on the Moclan planet , Moclus , where Grayson represents Bortus ; she casts doubt on the idea of male superiority by demonstrating that Alara is physically strong and Gordon is stupid .", "Ed locates a female Moclan of advanced years , Heveena , who testifies that she lived a happy and fulfilling life in seclusion , and reveals that under the pseudonym `` Gondus Elden , '' she has become an esteemed novelist on Moclus .", "But Klyden and the tribunal are unconvinced , and the baby undergoes the surgery .", "Despite their disagreement , Bortus and Klyden are committed to one another and to giving their son , Topa , a good life ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Origin of the domestic dog", "text": "14,200 Bonn - Oberkassel , Germany The `` Bonn - Oberkassel dog '' . Undisputed dog skeleton buried with a man and woman . All three skeletal remains were found sprayed with red hematite powder . The consensus is that a dog was buried along with two humans . Analysis of mDNA indicates that this dog was a direct ancestor of modern dogs .", "sentences": [ "14,200 Bonn - Oberkassel , Germany", "The `` Bonn - Oberkassel dog '' .", "Undisputed dog skeleton buried with a man and woman .", "All three skeletal remains were found sprayed with red hematite powder .", "The consensus is that a dog was buried along with two humans .", "Analysis of mDNA indicates that this dog was a direct ancestor of modern dogs ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Italian nationalism", "text": "The initial important figure in the development of Italian nationalism was Giuseppe Mazzini , who became a nationalist in the 1820s . In his political career , Mazzini held as objectives the liberation of Italy from the Austrian occupation , indirect control by Austria , princely despotism , aristocratic privilege , and clerical authority . Mazzini was captivated by ancient Rome that he considered the `` temple of humanity '' and sought to establish a united Italy as a `` Third Rome '' that emphasized Roman spiritual values that Italian nationalists claimed were preserved by the Catholic Church . Mazzini and Italian nationalists in general promoted the concept of Romanità ( the Roman - ness ) , which claimed that Roman culture made invaluable contributions to the Italian and Western civilization . Since the 1820s , Mazzini supported a revolution to create a utopy of an ideal Italian republic based in Rome . Mazzini formed revolutionary patriotic Young Italy society in 1832 . Upon Young Italy breaking apart in the 1830s , Mazzini reconstituted it in 1839 with the intention to gain the support of workers ' groups . However , at the time Mazzini was hostile to socialism due to his belief that all classes needed to be united in the cause of creating a united Italy rather than divided against each other . Giuseppe", "sentences": [ "The initial important figure in the development of Italian nationalism was Giuseppe Mazzini , who became a nationalist in the 1820s .", "In his political career , Mazzini held as objectives the liberation of Italy from the Austrian occupation , indirect control by Austria , princely despotism , aristocratic privilege , and clerical authority .", "Mazzini was captivated by ancient Rome that he considered the `` temple of humanity '' and sought to establish a united Italy as a `` Third Rome '' that emphasized Roman spiritual values that Italian nationalists claimed were preserved by the Catholic Church .", "Mazzini and Italian nationalists in general promoted the concept of Romanità ( the Roman - ness ) , which claimed that Roman culture made invaluable contributions to the Italian and Western civilization .", "Since the 1820s , Mazzini supported a revolution to create a utopy of an ideal Italian republic based in Rome .", "Mazzini formed revolutionary patriotic Young Italy society in 1832 .", "Upon Young Italy breaking apart in the 1830s , Mazzini reconstituted it in 1839 with the intention to gain the support of workers ' groups .", "However , at the time Mazzini was hostile to socialism due to his belief that all classes needed to be united in the cause of creating a united Italy rather than divided against each other .", "Giuseppe" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Grunge", "text": "`` Grunge ... became an anti-consumerist movement where the less you spent on clothes , the more ' coolness ' you had . '' The style did not evolve out of a conscious attempt to create an appealing fashion ; music journalist Charles R. Cross said , `` ( Nirvana frontman ) Kurt Cobain was just too lazy to shampoo '' , and Sub Pop 's Jonathan Poneman said , `` This ( clothing ) is cheap , it 's durable , and it 's kind of timeless . It also runs against the grain of the whole flashy aesthetic that existed in the 80s . '' The flannel and `` ... cracked leatherette coats '' in the grunge scene were part `` ... of the Pacific Northwest 's thrift - shop esthetic . Grunge fashion was very much an anti-fashion response and a non-conformist move against the `` manufactured image '' , often pushing musicians to dress in authentic ways and to not glamorize themselves . At the same time , Sub-Pop utilized the ' grunge look ' in their marketing of their bands . In an interview with VH1 , photographer Charles Peterson commented that members from grunge band Tad `` were given blue collar identities that were n't entirely earned . Bruce ( Pavitt ) really got him to dress up in flannel and a real chain saw and really play up this image of a mountain man and it worked . '' Courtney", "sentences": [ "`` Grunge ... became an anti-consumerist movement where the less you spent on clothes , the more ' coolness ' you had . ''", "The style did not evolve out of a conscious attempt to create an appealing fashion ; music journalist Charles R. Cross said , `` ( Nirvana frontman )", "Kurt Cobain was just too lazy to shampoo '' , and Sub Pop 's Jonathan Poneman said , `` This ( clothing ) is cheap , it 's durable , and it 's kind of timeless .", "It also runs against the grain of the whole flashy aesthetic that existed in the 80s . ''", "The flannel and `` ... cracked leatherette coats '' in the grunge scene were part `` ... of the Pacific Northwest 's thrift - shop esthetic .", "Grunge fashion was very much an anti-fashion response and a non-conformist move against the `` manufactured image '' , often pushing musicians to dress in authentic ways and to not glamorize themselves .", "At the same time , Sub-Pop utilized the ' grunge look ' in their marketing of their bands .", "In an interview with VH1 , photographer Charles Peterson commented that members from grunge band Tad `` were given blue collar identities that were n't entirely earned .", "Bruce ( Pavitt ) really got him to dress up in flannel and a real chain saw and really play up this image of a mountain man and it worked . ''", "Courtney" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies", "text": "Food was eaten from wooden or pewter trenchers with two - tined forks , large spoons , and hunting knives . Dishware was not popular since it was easily breakable and tended to dull knives quickly . Unlike the Quakers and Puritans , feasting with an abundance of food and drink was never discouraged and practiced as often as was feasible . Generally , backcountry cuisine did not share the religious austerity of the North nor the refinement of the South and was therefore denigrated by outsiders . An apparent lack of fastidiousness in preparing the food provoked further criticism from many sources . The Anglican Woodmason characterized backcountry cooking as `` exceedingly filthy and most execrable '' . Others told of matrons washing their feet in the cook pot , that it was considered unlucky to wash a milk churn and that human hairs in butter were considered a sign of quality . These descriptions seem to be confirmed by an old saying attributed to Appalachian housewives : `` The mair ( more ) dirt the less hurt '' . Another expression of backcountry hardiness was the lack of appreciation of coffee and tea . Both were described as mere `` slops '' and were deemed appropriate only for those who were sick or unfit for labor .", "sentences": [ "Food was eaten from wooden or pewter trenchers with two - tined forks , large spoons , and hunting knives .", "Dishware was not popular since it was easily breakable and tended to dull knives quickly .", "Unlike the Quakers and Puritans , feasting with an abundance of food and drink was never discouraged and practiced as often as was feasible .", "Generally , backcountry cuisine did not share the religious austerity of the North nor the refinement of the South and was therefore denigrated by outsiders .", "An apparent lack of fastidiousness in preparing the food provoked further criticism from many sources .", "The Anglican Woodmason characterized backcountry cooking as `` exceedingly filthy and most execrable '' .", "Others told of matrons washing their feet in the cook pot , that it was considered unlucky to wash a milk churn and that human hairs in butter were considered a sign of quality .", "These descriptions seem to be confirmed by an old saying attributed to Appalachian housewives : `` The mair ( more ) dirt the less hurt '' .", "Another expression of backcountry hardiness was the lack of appreciation of coffee and tea .", "Both were described as mere `` slops '' and were deemed appropriate only for those who were sick or unfit for labor ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church", "text": "Abstinence laws consider that meat comes only from animals such as chickens , cows , sheep or pigs -- - all of which live on land . Birds are also considered meat . Abstinence does not include meat juices and liquid foods made from meat . Thus , such foods as chicken broth , consomme , soups cooked or flavored with meat , meat gravies or sauces , as well as seasonings or condiments made from animal fat are technically not forbidden . However , moral theologians have traditionally taught that we should abstain from all animal - derived products ( except foods such as gelatin , butter , cheese and eggs , which do not have any meat taste ) . Fish are a different category of animal . Salt and freshwater species of fish , amphibians , reptiles , ( cold - blooded animals ) and shellfish are permitted .", "sentences": [ "Abstinence laws consider that meat comes only from animals such as chickens , cows , sheep or pigs -- - all of which live on land .", "Birds are also considered meat .", "Abstinence does not include meat juices and liquid foods made from meat .", "Thus , such foods as chicken broth , consomme , soups cooked or flavored with meat , meat gravies or sauces , as well as seasonings or condiments made from animal fat are technically not forbidden .", "However , moral theologians have traditionally taught that we should abstain from all animal - derived products ( except foods such as gelatin , butter , cheese and eggs , which do not have any meat taste ) .", "Fish are a different category of animal .", "Salt and freshwater species of fish , amphibians , reptiles , ( cold - blooded animals ) and shellfish are permitted ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Anthony Eden", "text": "On his return to the House of Commons ( 17 December ) , he slipped into the Chamber largely unacknowledged by his own party . One Conservative MP rose to wave his Order Paper , only to have to sit down in embarrassment whilst Labour MPs laughed . On 18 December he addressed the 1922 committee ( Conservative backbenchers ) , declaring `` as long as I live , I shall never apologise for what we did '' , but was unable to answer a question about the validity of the Tripartite Declaration of 1950 ( which he had in fact reaffirmed in April 1955 , two days before becoming Prime Minister ) . In his final statement to the House of Commons as Prime Minister ( 20 December 1956 ) he performed well in a difficult debate , but told MPs that `` there was not foreknowledge that Israel would attack Egypt '' . Victor Rothwell writes that the knowledge of his having misled the House of Commons in this way must have hung over him thereafter , as was the concern that the US Administration might demand that Britain pay reparations to Egypt . Papers released in January 1987 showed the entire Cabinet had been informed of the plan on 23 October 1956 .", "sentences": [ "On his return to the House of Commons ( 17 December ) , he slipped into the Chamber largely unacknowledged by his own party .", "One Conservative MP rose to wave his Order Paper , only to have to sit down in embarrassment whilst Labour MPs laughed .", "On 18 December he addressed the 1922 committee ( Conservative backbenchers ) , declaring `` as long as I live , I shall never apologise for what we did '' , but was unable to answer a question about the validity of the Tripartite Declaration of 1950 ( which he had in fact reaffirmed in April 1955 , two days before becoming Prime Minister ) .", "In his final statement to the House of Commons as Prime Minister ( 20 December 1956 )", "he performed well in a difficult debate , but told MPs that `` there was not foreknowledge that Israel would attack Egypt '' .", "Victor Rothwell writes that the knowledge of his having misled the House of Commons in this way must have hung over him thereafter , as was the concern that the US Administration might demand that Britain pay reparations to Egypt .", "Papers released in January 1987 showed the entire Cabinet had been informed of the plan on 23 October 1956 ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Bobby Singer", "text": "Though Bobby is `` fairly content , at least on the surface , to be alone in the world , '' he slowly comes to be a surrogate father for Sam and Dean . On this relationship , Beaver feels that `` Bobby 's concerned about them both , with Dean 's sense of self , but there 's a sort of undercurrent of worry about Sam . Sam seems to have more of the heart of darkness about him than Dean does ... I just sense that there 's this ongoing watchful eye that Bobby 's got on Sam . '' Although he loves each of them `` like a son , '' Bobby is willing to allow the brothers to put themselves in harm 's way if it is absolutely necessary . For example , when Dean wants to detoxify Sam from his addiction to demon blood in `` When the Levee Breaks , '' Bobby instead points out that Sam giving in to his demonic abilities could help him to prevent Lucifer 's return , even though the amount of blood required to kill Lilith would `` change ( him ) forever . '' Beaver noted , `` Bobby is old enough that he 's fairly clear - headed about what the priorities ought to be . Bobby 's position is , more or less , ' if you have a family member with a drinking problem and you want to stage an intervention , you might not want to do it in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina . ' ''", "sentences": [ "Though Bobby is `` fairly content , at least on the surface , to be alone in the world , '' he slowly comes to be a surrogate father for Sam and Dean .", "On this relationship , Beaver feels that `` Bobby 's concerned about them both , with Dean 's sense of self , but there 's a sort of undercurrent of worry about Sam .", "Sam seems to have more of the heart of darkness about him than Dean does ...", "I just sense that there 's this ongoing watchful eye that Bobby 's got on Sam . ''", "Although he loves each of them `` like a son , '' Bobby is willing to allow the brothers to put themselves in harm 's way if it is absolutely necessary .", "For example , when Dean wants to detoxify Sam from his addiction to demon blood in `` When the Levee Breaks , '' Bobby instead points out that Sam giving in to his demonic abilities could help him to prevent Lucifer 's return , even though the amount of blood required to kill Lilith would `` change ( him ) forever . ''", "Beaver noted , `` Bobby is old enough that he 's fairly clear - headed about what the priorities ought to be .", "Bobby 's position is , more or less , ' if you have a family member with a drinking problem and you want to stage an intervention , you might not want to do it in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina . ' ''" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Blue Lagoon Island", "text": "In 1875 , Charles King - Harman , an Englishman who was later knighted and became Governor of Cyprus , bought the island from the British Crown for £ 35 . He owned it for 11 years , until he sold it to a Bahamian , Sir Augustus John Adderley , for £ 105 . Adderley kept it for six years . Two Americans who wanted to cultivate corn and vegetables offered him £ 145 . The farming effort failed and in 1902 they sold it to Abraham Van Winkle for a £ 10 loss ( £ 135 ) . Van Winkle hired hundreds of laborers to dredge out the salt marsh and blasted a cut into the lagoon from the sea , planted 5,000 palm trees and built over a mile of meandering concrete paths . He later imported a zoo of monkeys , peacocks , turkeys , pheasants , parrots , and iguanas to populate the paradise garden . He shared the island with the public by bringing guests over on his boat at a rate of $1 per person .", "sentences": [ "In 1875 , Charles King - Harman , an Englishman who was later knighted and became Governor of Cyprus , bought the island from the British Crown for £ 35 .", "He owned it for 11 years , until he sold it to a Bahamian , Sir Augustus John Adderley , for £ 105 .", "Adderley kept it for six years .", "Two Americans who wanted to cultivate corn and vegetables offered him £ 145 .", "The farming effort failed and in 1902 they sold it to Abraham Van Winkle for a £ 10 loss ( £ 135 ) .", "Van Winkle hired hundreds of laborers to dredge out the salt marsh and blasted a cut into the lagoon from the sea , planted 5,000 palm trees and built over a mile of meandering concrete paths .", "He later imported a zoo of monkeys , peacocks , turkeys , pheasants , parrots , and iguanas to populate the paradise garden .", "He shared the island with the public by bringing guests over on his boat at a rate of $1 per person ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Wales", "text": "Part of a series on the Culture of Wales History People Languages ( show ) Welsh ( Y Fro Gymraeg History Welsh placenames Welsh surnames Welsh medium education ) Welsh English Traditions ( show ) Traditional Welsh costume Welsh law Land division ( Commote Cantref Historic counties ) Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology Cuisine ( show ) Bara brith Bara Lafwr Cawl Cawl Cennin Crempog Gower cuisine Selsig Morgannwg Tatws Pum Munud Welsh breakfast Welsh cake Welsh rarebit List of Welsh dishes List of restaurants in Wales Festivals ( show ) Calennig Dydd Santes Dwynwen Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau Saint David 's Day Calan Mai Calan Awst Calan Gaeaf Gŵyl Mabsant Gŵyl San Steffan Eisteddfod Religion Art Literature ( show ) in Welsh in English Medieval Authors Poets Theatre Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Media ( show ) Radio Television Cinema Sport ( show ) Bando Boxing Cnapan Cricket Soccer Golf Horse racing Pêl - Law Rugby league Rugby union Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Flag of Saint David Other flags Welsh Dragon Welsh heraldry Celtic cross Celtic knot Wales portal", "sentences": [ "Part of a series on the Culture of Wales History People Languages ( show )", "Welsh ( Y Fro Gymraeg History Welsh placenames Welsh surnames Welsh medium education )", "Welsh English Traditions ( show ) Traditional Welsh costume Welsh law Land division ( Commote Cantref Historic counties )", "Mythology and folklore ( show )", "Mythology Cuisine ( show )", "Bara brith Bara Lafwr Cawl Cawl Cennin Crempog Gower cuisine Selsig Morgannwg Tatws Pum Munud Welsh breakfast Welsh cake Welsh rarebit List of Welsh dishes List of restaurants in Wales Festivals ( show ) Calennig Dydd Santes Dwynwen Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau Saint David 's Day Calan Mai Calan Awst Calan Gaeaf Gŵyl Mabsant Gŵyl San Steffan Eisteddfod Religion Art Literature ( show ) in Welsh in English Medieval Authors Poets Theatre Music and performing arts ( show )", "Music Media ( show )", "Radio Television Cinema Sport ( show )", "Bando Boxing Cnapan Cricket Soccer Golf Horse racing Pêl - Law Rugby league Rugby union Monuments ( show )", "World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show )", "Flag Coat of arms Flag of Saint David Other flags Welsh Dragon Welsh heraldry Celtic cross Celtic knot Wales portal" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Acts of the Apostles", "text": "Acts agrees with Paul 's letters on the major outline of Paul 's career : as Saul he is converted and becomes Paul the Christian missionary and apostle , establishing new churches in Asia Minor and the Aegean and struggling to free Gentile Christians from the Jewish Law . There are also agreements on many incidents , such as Paul 's escape from Damascus , where he is lowered down the walls in a basket . But details of these same incidents are frequently contradictory : for example , according to Paul it was a pagan king who was trying to arrest him in Damascus , but according to Luke it was , characteristically , the Jews ( 2 Corinthians 11 : 33 and Acts 9 : 24 ) . Many of the disagreements are not so immediately obvious : Acts speaks of `` Christians '' and `` disciples '' , but Paul never uses either term , and it is striking that Acts never brings Paul into conflict with the Jerusalem church and places Paul under the authority of the Jerusalem church and its leaders , especially James and Peter ( Acts 15 vs. Galatians 2 ) . Acts omits much from the letters , notably Paul 's problems with his congregations ( internal difficulties are said to be the fault of the Jews instead ) , and his apparent final rejection by the church leaders in Jerusalem ( Acts has Paul and Barnabas deliver an offering that is accepted , a trip that has no mention in the letters ) . There are also major differences between Acts and Paul on Christology ( the understanding of Christ 's nature ) , eschatology ( understanding of the `` last things '' ) , and apostleship .", "sentences": [ "Acts agrees with Paul 's letters on the major outline of Paul 's career : as Saul he is converted and becomes Paul the Christian missionary and apostle , establishing new churches in Asia Minor and the Aegean and struggling to free Gentile Christians from the Jewish Law .", "There are also agreements on many incidents , such as Paul 's escape from Damascus , where he is lowered down the walls in a basket .", "But details of these same incidents are frequently contradictory : for example , according to Paul it was a pagan king who was trying to arrest him in Damascus , but according to Luke it was , characteristically , the Jews ( 2 Corinthians 11 : 33 and Acts 9 : 24 ) .", "Many of the disagreements are not so immediately obvious : Acts speaks of `` Christians '' and `` disciples '' , but Paul never uses either term , and it is striking that Acts never brings Paul into conflict with the Jerusalem church and places Paul under the authority of the Jerusalem church and its leaders , especially James and Peter ( Acts 15 vs. Galatians 2 ) .", "Acts omits much from the letters , notably Paul 's problems with his congregations ( internal difficulties are said to be the fault of the Jews instead ) , and his apparent final rejection by the church leaders in Jerusalem ( Acts has Paul and Barnabas deliver an offering that is accepted , a trip that has no mention in the letters ) .", "There are also major differences between Acts and Paul on Christology ( the understanding of Christ 's nature ) , eschatology ( understanding of the `` last things '' ) , and apostleship ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Great Expectations", "text": "1917 -- Great Expectations , a silent film , starring Jack Pickford , directed by Robert G. Vignola . 1922 -- a silent film , made in Denmark , starring Martin Herzberg , directed by A.W. Sandberg . 1934 -- Great Expectations film starring Phillips Holmes and Jane Wyatt , directed by Stuart Walker . 1946 -- Great Expectations , the most celebrated film version , starring John Mills as Pip , Bernard Miles as Joe , Alec Guinness as Herbert , Finlay Currie as Magwitch , Martita Hunt as Miss Havisham , Anthony Wager as Young Pip , Jean Simmons as Young Estella and Valerie Hobson as the adult Estella , directed by David Lean . It came fifth in a 1999 BFI poll of the top 100 British films . 1954 -- a two - part television version starring Roddy McDowall as Pip and Estelle Winwood as Miss Havisham . It aired as an episode of the show Robert Montgomery Presents . 1955 -- An Orphan 's Tragedy , a Hong Kong film adaptation starring a teenage Bruce Lee . Filmed in Cantonese , the setting was moved to early 20th century Hong Kong and characters were renamed , where Pip was renamed as Frank who was portrayed by Lee . 1959 -- a BBC television version starring Dinsdale Landen as Pip , Helen Lindsay as Estella , Colin Jeavons as Herbert Pocket , Marjorie Hawtrey as Miss Havisham and Derek Benfield as Landlord . 1960 -- `` The Tom Tuckett Story '' , a Wagon Train episode that borrows the principal themes and characters . The end credits explicitly reference it as an adaptation of Great Expectations . 1967 -- a television serial starring Gary Bond and Francesca Annis . 1974 -- Great Expectations -- a film starring Michael York as Pip and Simon Gipps - Kent as Young Pip , Sarah Miles and James Mason , directed by Joseph Hardy . 1981 -- Great Expectations -- a BBC serial starring Stratford Johns , Gerry Sundquist , Joan Hickson , Patsy Kensit and Sarah - Jane Varley . Produced by Barry Letts , and directed by Julian Amyes . 1983 -- an animated children 's version , starring Phillip Hinton , Liz Horne , Robin Stewart and Bill Kerr . 1986 -- Great Expectations : The Untold Story , starring John Stanton , directed by Tim Burstall is a spin - off film depicting the adventures of Magwitch in Australia . 1989 -- Great Expectations , a Disney Channel two - part film starring Anthony Hopkins as Magwitch , John Rhys - Davies as Joe Gargery , and Jean Simmons as Miss Havisham , directed by Kevin Connor . 1998 -- Great Expectations , a film starring Ethan Hawke and Gwyneth Paltrow , directed by Alfonso Cuarón . This adaptation is set in contemporary New York , and renames Pip to Finn and Miss Havisham to Nora Dinsmoor . The film 's score was composed by Patrick Doyle . 1999 -- Great Expectations , a film starring Ioan Gruffudd as Pip , Justine Waddell as Estella , and Charlotte Rampling as Miss Havisham ( Masterpiece Theatre -- TV ) 2000 -- `` Pip '' , a South Park episode that parodies and retells the Charles Dickens novel , and stars the South Park character Pip . 2011 -- Great Expectations , a three - part BBC serial . Starring Ray Winstone as Magwitch , Gillian Anderson as Miss Havisham and Douglas Booth as Pip . 2012 -- Great Expectations , a film directed by Mike Newell , starring Ralph Fiennes as Magwitch , Helena Bonham Carter as Miss Havisham and Jeremy Irvine as Pip . 2016 -- Fitoor , an Indian adaptation directed by Abhishek Kapoor , starring Katrina Kaif , Aditya Roy Kapur and Tabu .", "sentences": [ "1917 -- Great Expectations , a silent film , starring Jack Pickford , directed by Robert G. Vignola .", "1922 -- a silent film , made in Denmark , starring Martin Herzberg , directed by A.W. Sandberg .", "1934 --", "Great Expectations film starring Phillips Holmes and Jane Wyatt , directed by Stuart Walker .", "1946 --", "Great Expectations , the most celebrated film version , starring John Mills as Pip , Bernard Miles as Joe , Alec Guinness as Herbert , Finlay Currie as Magwitch , Martita Hunt as Miss Havisham , Anthony Wager as Young Pip , Jean Simmons as Young Estella and Valerie Hobson as the adult Estella , directed by David Lean .", "It came fifth in a 1999 BFI poll of the top 100 British films .", "1954 -- a two - part television version starring Roddy McDowall as Pip and Estelle Winwood as Miss Havisham .", "It aired as an episode of the show Robert Montgomery Presents .", "1955 --", "An Orphan 's Tragedy , a Hong Kong film adaptation starring a teenage Bruce Lee .", "Filmed in Cantonese , the setting was moved to early 20th century Hong Kong and characters were renamed , where Pip was renamed as Frank who was portrayed by Lee .", "1959 -- a BBC television version starring Dinsdale Landen as Pip , Helen Lindsay as Estella , Colin Jeavons as Herbert Pocket , Marjorie Hawtrey as Miss Havisham and Derek Benfield as Landlord .", "1960 -- `` The Tom Tuckett Story '' , a Wagon Train episode that borrows the principal themes and characters .", "The end credits explicitly reference it as an adaptation of Great Expectations .", "1967 -- a television serial starring Gary Bond and Francesca Annis .", "1974 --", "Great Expectations -- a film starring Michael York as Pip and Simon Gipps - Kent as Young Pip , Sarah Miles and James Mason , directed by Joseph Hardy .", "1981 --", "Great Expectations -- a BBC serial starring Stratford Johns , Gerry Sundquist , Joan Hickson , Patsy Kensit and Sarah - Jane Varley .", "Produced by Barry Letts , and directed by Julian Amyes .", "1983 -- an animated children 's version , starring Phillip Hinton , Liz Horne , Robin Stewart and Bill Kerr .", "1986 -- Great Expectations : The Untold Story , starring John Stanton , directed by Tim Burstall is a spin - off film depicting the adventures of Magwitch in Australia .", "1989 --", "Great Expectations , a Disney Channel two - part film starring Anthony Hopkins as Magwitch , John Rhys - Davies as Joe Gargery , and Jean Simmons as Miss Havisham , directed by Kevin Connor .", "1998 --", "Great Expectations , a film starring Ethan Hawke and Gwyneth Paltrow , directed by Alfonso Cuarón .", "This adaptation is set in contemporary New York , and renames Pip to Finn and Miss Havisham to Nora Dinsmoor .", "The film 's score was composed by Patrick Doyle .", "1999 --", "Great Expectations , a film starring Ioan Gruffudd as Pip , Justine Waddell as Estella , and Charlotte Rampling as Miss Havisham ( Masterpiece Theatre -- TV ) 2000 -- `` Pip '' , a South Park episode that parodies and retells the Charles Dickens novel , and stars the South Park character Pip .", "2011 --", "Great Expectations , a three - part BBC serial .", "Starring Ray Winstone as Magwitch , Gillian Anderson as Miss Havisham and Douglas Booth as Pip .", "2012 --", "Great Expectations , a film directed by Mike Newell , starring Ralph Fiennes as Magwitch , Helena Bonham Carter as Miss Havisham and Jeremy Irvine as Pip .", "2016 --", "Fitoor , an Indian adaptation directed by Abhishek Kapoor , starring Katrina Kaif , Aditya Roy Kapur and Tabu ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "National identification number", "text": "( For example , a male citizen who was born on 27 May 2001 is assigned the number 010527 ‒ 3 * * * * * * , and a female citizen which was born on 24 March 1975 is assigned the number 750324 ‒ 2 * * * * * * . )", "sentences": [ "( For example , a male citizen who was born on 27 May 2001 is assigned the number 010527 ‒", "3 * *", "*", "* * * , and a female citizen which was born on 24 March 1975 is assigned the number 750324 ‒", "2 * *", "*", "* * * . )" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "One man, one vote", "text": "Some states redrew their U.S. House districts every ten years to reflect changes in population patterns ; many did not . Some never redrew them , except when it was mandated by a change in the number of seats to which that state was entitled in the House of Representatives . In many states , this led to a skewing of influence for voters in some districts over those in others . For example , if the 2nd congressional district eventually had a population of 1.5 million , but the 3rd had only 500,000 , then , in effect -- since each district elected the same number of representatives -- a voter in the 3rd district had three times the voting `` power '' of a 2nd - district voter . Alabama 's state legislature resisted redistricting from 1910 to 1972 ( when forced by federal court order ) . As a result , rural residents retained a wildly disproportionate amount of power in a time when other areas of the state became urbanized and industrialized , attracting greater populations . Such urban areas were under - represented in the state legislature and underserved ; their residents had difficulty getting needed funding for infrastructure and services . They paid far more in taxes to the state than they received in benefits in relation to the population .", "sentences": [ "Some states redrew their U.S. House districts every ten years to reflect changes in population patterns ; many did not .", "Some never redrew them , except when it was mandated by a change in the number of seats to which that state was entitled in the House of Representatives .", "In many states , this led to a skewing of influence for voters in some districts over those in others .", "For example , if the 2nd congressional district eventually had a population of 1.5 million , but the 3rd had only 500,000 , then , in effect -- since each district elected the same number of representatives -- a voter in the 3rd district had three times the voting `` power '' of a 2nd - district voter .", "Alabama 's state legislature resisted redistricting from 1910 to 1972 ( when forced by federal court order ) .", "As a result , rural residents retained a wildly disproportionate amount of power in a time when other areas of the state became urbanized and industrialized , attracting greater populations .", "Such urban areas were under - represented in the state legislature and underserved ; their residents had difficulty getting needed funding for infrastructure and services .", "They paid far more in taxes to the state than they received in benefits in relation to the population ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Brute-force attack", "text": "As commercial successors of governmental ASIC solutions have become available , also known as custom hardware attacks , two emerging technologies have proven their capability in the brute - force attack of certain ciphers . One is modern graphics processing unit ( GPU ) technology , the other is the field - programmable gate array ( FPGA ) technology . GPUs benefit from their wide availability and price - performance benefit , FPGAs from their energy efficiency per cryptographic operation . Both technologies try to transport the benefits of parallel processing to brute - force attacks . In case of GPUs some hundreds , in the case of FPGA some thousand processing units making them much better suited to cracking passwords than conventional processors . Various publications in the fields of cryptographic analysis have proved the energy efficiency of today 's FPGA technology , for example , the COPACOBANA FPGA Cluster computer consumes the same energy as a single PC ( 600 W ) , but performs like 2,500 PCs for certain algorithms . A number of firms provide hardware - based FPGA cryptographic analysis solutions from a single FPGA PCI Express card up to dedicated FPGA computers . WPA and WPA2 encryption have successfully been brute - force attacked by reducing the workload by a factor of 50 in comparison to conventional CPUs and some hundred in case of FPGAs . A", "sentences": [ "As commercial successors of governmental ASIC solutions have become available , also known as custom hardware attacks , two emerging technologies have proven their capability in the brute - force attack of certain ciphers .", "One is modern graphics processing unit ( GPU ) technology , the other is the field - programmable gate array ( FPGA ) technology .", "GPUs benefit from their wide availability and price - performance benefit , FPGAs from their energy efficiency per cryptographic operation .", "Both technologies try to transport the benefits of parallel processing to brute - force attacks .", "In case of GPUs some hundreds , in the case of FPGA some thousand processing units making them much better suited to cracking passwords than conventional processors .", "Various publications in the fields of cryptographic analysis have proved the energy efficiency of today 's FPGA technology , for example , the COPACOBANA FPGA Cluster computer consumes the same energy as a single PC ( 600 W ) , but performs like 2,500 PCs for certain algorithms .", "A number of firms provide hardware - based FPGA cryptographic analysis solutions from a single FPGA PCI Express card up to dedicated FPGA computers .", "WPA and WPA2 encryption have successfully been brute - force attacked by reducing the workload by a factor of 50 in comparison to conventional CPUs and some hundred in case of FPGAs .", "A" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "One-child policy", "text": "Some 30 delegates called on the government in the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference in March 2007 to abolish the one - child rule , citing `` social problems and personality disorders in young people '' . One statement read , `` It is not healthy for children to play only with their parents and be spoiled by them : it is not right to limit the number to two children per family , either . '' The proposal was prepared by Ye Tingfang , a professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , who suggested that the government at least restore the previous rule that allowed couples to have up to two children . According to a scholar , `` The one - child limit is too extreme . It violates nature 's law . And in the long run , this will lead to mother nature 's revenge . ''", "sentences": [ "Some 30 delegates called on the government in the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference in March 2007 to abolish the one - child rule , citing `` social problems and personality disorders in young people '' .", "One statement read , `` It is not healthy for children to play only with their parents and be spoiled by them : it is not right to limit the number to two children per family , either . ''", "The proposal was prepared by Ye Tingfang , a professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , who suggested that the government at least restore the previous rule that allowed couples to have up to two children .", "According to a scholar , `` The one - child limit is too extreme .", "It violates nature 's law .", "And in the long run , this will lead to mother nature 's revenge . ''" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Cremation", "text": "The cost of pet cremation depends on location , where the cremation is done , and time of cremation . The American Humane Society 's cost for cremation of 22.5 kg ( 50 lb ) . or less pet is $110 while 23 kg ( 51 lb ) . or more is $145 . The cremated remains are available for the owner to pick up in seven to ten business days . Urns for the companion animal range from $50 to $150 .", "sentences": [ "The cost of pet cremation depends on location , where the cremation is done , and time of cremation .", "The American Humane Society 's cost for cremation of 22.5 kg ( 50 lb ) .", "or less pet is $110 while 23 kg ( 51 lb ) .", "or more is $145 .", "The cremated remains are available for the owner to pick up in seven to ten business days .", "Urns for the companion animal range from $50 to $150 ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Crocodile (Black Mirror)", "text": "Fifteen years later , Mia is happily married with a son and successful career . When she goes on a business trip , Rob meets her at her hotel . He shows her a news article about the dead cyclist , whose wife believes he is alive and is still looking for him . A newly sober Rob wants to make amends by writing an anonymous letter telling the truth , but Mia is afraid the letter will be traced . An argument ensues and she kills Rob . She is further shaken upon seeing a road accident outside , where a self - driving pizza delivery truck hits a pedestrian . Mia rents a pay per view porn movie to provide herself with an alibi , then disposes of Rob 's body .", "sentences": [ "Fifteen years later , Mia is happily married with a son and successful career .", "When she goes on a business trip , Rob meets her at her hotel .", "He shows her a news article about the dead cyclist , whose wife believes he is alive and is still looking for him .", "A newly sober Rob wants to make amends by writing an anonymous letter telling the truth , but Mia is afraid the letter will be traced .", "An argument ensues and she kills Rob .", "She is further shaken upon seeing a road accident outside , where a self - driving pizza delivery truck hits a pedestrian .", "Mia rents a pay per view porn movie to provide herself with an alibi , then disposes of Rob 's body ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Telephone exchange", "text": "Digital switches encode the speech going on , in 8,000 time slices per second . At each time slice , a digital PCM representation of the tone is made . The digits are then sent to the receiving end of the line , where the reverse process occurs , to produce the sound for the receiving phone . In other words , when someone uses a telephone , the speaker 's voice is `` encoded '' then reconstructed for the person on the other end . The speaker 's voice is delayed in the process by a small fraction of one second -- it is not `` live '' , it is reconstructed -- delayed only minutely . ( See below for more info . )", "sentences": [ "Digital switches encode the speech going on , in 8,000 time slices per second .", "At each time slice , a digital PCM representation of the tone is made .", "The digits are then sent to the receiving end of the line , where the reverse process occurs , to produce the sound for the receiving phone .", "In other words , when someone uses a telephone , the speaker 's voice is `` encoded '' then reconstructed for the person on the other end .", "The speaker 's voice is delayed in the process by a small fraction of one second -- it is not `` live '' , it is reconstructed -- delayed only minutely .", "( See below for more info . )" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "United States Congress", "text": "Committees write legislation . While procedures such as the House discharge petition process can introduce bills to the House floor and effectively bypass committee input , they are exceedingly difficult to implement without committee action . Committees have power and have been called independent fiefdoms . Legislative , oversight , and internal administrative tasks are divided among about two hundred committees and subcommittees which gather information , evaluate alternatives , and identify problems . They propose solutions for consideration by the full chamber . In addition , they perform the function of oversight by monitoring the executive branch and investigating wrongdoing . Officer", "sentences": [ "Committees write legislation .", "While procedures such as the House discharge petition process can introduce bills to the House floor and effectively bypass committee input , they are exceedingly difficult to implement without committee action .", "Committees have power and have been called independent fiefdoms .", "Legislative , oversight , and internal administrative tasks are divided among about two hundred committees and subcommittees which gather information , evaluate alternatives , and identify problems .", "They propose solutions for consideration by the full chamber .", "In addition , they perform the function of oversight by monitoring the executive branch and investigating wrongdoing .", "Officer" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "La traviata", "text": "From the next room , the sound of the orchestra is heard and the guests move there to dance . After a series of severe coughs and almost fainting , Violetta begins to feel dizzy and asks her guests to go ahead and to leave her to rest until she recovers . While the guests dance in the next room , Violetta looks at her pale face in her mirror . Alfredo enters and expresses his concern for her fragile health , later declaring his love for her ( Alfredo , Violetta : Un dì , felice , eterea -- `` One day , happy and ethereal '' ) . At first , she rejects him because his love means nothing to her , but there is something about Alfredo that touches her heart . He is about to leave when she gives him a flower , telling him to return it when it has wilted , which will be the very next day .", "sentences": [ "From the next room , the sound of the orchestra is heard and the guests move there to dance .", "After a series of severe coughs and almost fainting , Violetta begins to feel dizzy and asks her guests to go ahead and to leave her to rest until she recovers .", "While the guests dance in the next room , Violetta looks at her pale face in her mirror .", "Alfredo enters and expresses his concern for her fragile health , later declaring his love for her ( Alfredo , Violetta : Un dì , felice , eterea -- `` One day , happy and ethereal '' ) .", "At first , she rejects him because his love means nothing to her , but there is something about Alfredo that touches her heart .", "He is about to leave when she gives him a flower , telling him to return it when it has wilted , which will be the very next day ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Gene", "text": "Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organism 's survival . This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress . Only a small portion of an organism 's genes are essential . In bacteria , an estimated 250 -- 400 genes are essential for Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis , which is less than 10 % of their genes . Half of these genes are orthologs in both organisms and are largely involved in protein synthesis . In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the number of essential genes is slightly higher , at 1000 genes ( ~ 20 % of their genes ) . Although the number is more difficult to measure in higher eukaryotes , mice and humans are estimated to have around 2000 essential genes ( ~ 10 % of their genes ) . The synthetic organism , Syn 3 , has a minimal genome of 473 essential genes and quasi-essential genes ( necessary for fast growth ) , although 149 have unknown function .", "sentences": [ "Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organism 's survival .", "This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress .", "Only a small portion of an organism 's genes are essential .", "In bacteria , an estimated 250 -- 400 genes are essential for Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis , which is less than 10 % of their genes .", "Half of these genes are orthologs in both organisms and are largely involved in protein synthesis .", "In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the number of essential genes is slightly higher , at 1000 genes ( ~ 20 % of their genes ) .", "Although the number is more difficult to measure in higher eukaryotes , mice and humans are estimated to have around 2000 essential genes ( ~ 10 % of their genes ) .", "The synthetic organism , Syn 3 , has a minimal genome of 473 essential genes and quasi-essential genes ( necessary for fast growth ) , although 149 have unknown function ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "List of One Piece episodes (season 19)", "text": "Brook successfully destroys the picture of Carmel . Even though Big Mom is having a mental crisis , she does not start screaming as Bege had planned . Luffy and Jinbe defend themselves against the attacking Big Mom Pirates . Pudding attempts to shoot Sanji but fails , prompting Daifuku to attack him with his genie . As Bege 's plan goes awry , Perospero traps the Vinsmokes in candy and they are held at gunpoint . Brook notices that Big Mom is not screaming because she is confused on what to be angry about . He then tells Luffy to show her the broken picture again , which Luffy prepares to do .", "sentences": [ "Brook successfully destroys the picture of Carmel .", "Even though Big Mom is having a mental crisis , she does not start screaming as Bege had planned .", "Luffy and Jinbe defend themselves against the attacking Big Mom Pirates .", "Pudding attempts to shoot Sanji but fails , prompting Daifuku to attack him with his genie .", "As Bege 's plan goes awry , Perospero traps the Vinsmokes in candy and they are held at gunpoint .", "Brook notices that Big Mom is not screaming because she is confused on what to be angry about .", "He then tells Luffy to show her the broken picture again , which Luffy prepares to do ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "History of childhood", "text": "Much of contemporary western perceptions of children and childhood still stems from the idea of the `` Nuclear family '' , which gained significance in the 1950s . In western culture and society it is important for children to be socialized into acceptable adults , and this means passing on social values that cater to a national narrative . One of the main ways that children are socialized is by gender . Children are expected to behave in particular ways and hold particular values based on their gender - male or female . Gender is assigned at birth based on sex , which is determined by genitalia . And with that , children are expected to take on gender roles in society , and the associated characteristics based on this determined sex . Today the gender roles are divided into two spaces , referred to as the ' separation of spheres ' ; the reproductive sphere is reserved for women and the productive sphere is reserved for men : This began in the 1950s with the rise and normalizing of the ' nuclear family ' . Kimmel and Hollar ( 2011 ) claim that `` family life was wrenched apart from the world of work ... men ( 's ) work shifted from home to farm to mill and factory , shop and office ... ( which ) became ... paid labour ... gradually ( becoming ) industrialized and eliminated as such tasks ... shifted to the external world ... libererat ( ing ) men to exit their homes and leave the rearing of their sons and daughters to their wives '' ( p. 144 ) . While family life has changed today the expectations of men and women , and thus boys and girls , remains and mimics that of the idealized nuclear family . And so girls are still socialized by society to enter the private sphere of home and family , while boys are still socialized to enter the public sphere of work .", "sentences": [ "Much of contemporary western perceptions of children and childhood still stems from the idea of the `` Nuclear family '' , which gained significance in the 1950s .", "In western culture and society it is important for children to be socialized into acceptable adults , and this means passing on social values that cater to a national narrative .", "One of the main ways that children are socialized is by gender .", "Children are expected to behave in particular ways and hold particular values based on their gender - male or female .", "Gender is assigned at birth based on sex , which is determined by genitalia .", "And with that , children are expected to take on gender roles in society , and the associated characteristics based on this determined sex .", "Today the gender roles are divided into two spaces , referred to as the ' separation of spheres ' ; the reproductive sphere is reserved for women and the productive sphere is reserved for men : This began in the 1950s with the rise and normalizing of the ' nuclear family ' .", "Kimmel and Hollar ( 2011 ) claim that `` family life was wrenched apart from the world of work ...", "men ( 's ) work shifted from home to farm to mill and factory , shop and office ... ( which ) became ... paid labour ...", "gradually ( becoming ) industrialized and eliminated as such tasks ... shifted to the external world ...", "libererat ( ing ) men to exit their homes and leave the rearing of their sons and daughters to their wives '' ( p. 144 ) .", "While family life has changed today the expectations of men and women , and thus boys and girls , remains and mimics that of the idealized nuclear family .", "And so girls are still socialized by society to enter the private sphere of home and family , while boys are still socialized to enter the public sphere of work ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Alice Springs", "text": "Australian rules football is a particularly popular sport in Alice Springs in terms of both participation and as a spectator sport . The Central Australian Football League formed in 1947 has several teams . The sport is particularly popular in Indigenous communities . The local stadium , Traeger Park , has a 10,000 seat capacity and was designed to host ( pre-season ) AFL and is currently home to the Northern Territory Thunder . In 2004 , an AFL pre-season Regional Challenge match between Collingwood Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club attracted a capacity sell - out crowd .", "sentences": [ "Australian rules football is a particularly popular sport in Alice Springs in terms of both participation and as a spectator sport .", "The Central Australian Football League formed in 1947 has several teams .", "The sport is particularly popular in Indigenous communities .", "The local stadium , Traeger Park , has a 10,000 seat capacity and was designed to host ( pre-season )", "AFL and is currently home to the Northern Territory Thunder .", "In 2004 , an AFL pre-season Regional Challenge match between Collingwood Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club attracted a capacity sell - out crowd ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Hibachi", "text": "The traditional Japanese hibachi is a heating device and not usually used for cooking . In English , however , `` hibachi '' often refers to small cooking grills typically made of aluminium or cast iron , with the latter generally being of higher quality . Owing to their small size , hibachi grills are popular as a form of portable barbecue . They resemble traditional , Japanese , charcoal - heated cooking utensils called shichirin . It has been suggested that these grills were confusingly marketed as `` hibachi '' when they were introduced to North America because that word was easier than `` shichirin '' for English speakers to pronounce . Click here to listen to the pronunciation of `` shichirin '' ( help info )", "sentences": [ "The traditional Japanese hibachi is a heating device and not usually used for cooking .", "In English , however , `` hibachi '' often refers to small cooking grills typically made of aluminium or cast iron , with the latter generally being of higher quality .", "Owing to their small size , hibachi grills are popular as a form of portable barbecue .", "They resemble traditional , Japanese , charcoal - heated cooking utensils called shichirin .", "It has been suggested that these grills were confusingly marketed as `` hibachi '' when they were introduced to North America because that word was easier than `` shichirin '' for English speakers to pronounce .", "Click here to listen to the pronunciation of `` shichirin '' ( help info )" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "The Time Is Now (John Cena song)", "text": "`` The Time Is Now '' Single by John Cena and Tha Trademarc from the album You Ca n't See Me Released April 9 , 2005 Format CD single digital download Recorded 2005 Genre Pop - rap G - funk Length 2 : 57 Label WWE Songwriter ( s ) John Cena Marc Predka Amanda Star Robert L. Russell J. Grinnage E. Murry D. Pittman Julian `` Jay '' Alphonso Williams Producer ( s ) Jake Onek John Cena and Tha Trademarc singles chronology `` Basic Thuganomics '' ( 2005 ) `` The Time Is Now '' ( 2005 ) `` Bad Bad Man '' ( 2005 ) `` Basic Thuganomics '' ( 2005 ) `` The Time is Now '' ( 2005 ) `` Bad Bad Man '' ( 2005 ) You Ca n't See Me track listing `` The Time is Now '' ( 1 ) `` Do n't Fuck with Us '' ( 2 ) Audio sample file help", "sentences": [ "`` The Time Is Now '' Single by John Cena and Tha Trademarc from the album You Ca n't See Me Released April 9 , 2005 Format CD single digital download Recorded 2005", "Genre Pop - rap G - funk Length 2 : 57 Label WWE Songwriter ( s ) John Cena Marc Predka Amanda Star Robert L. Russell J. Grinnage E. Murry D. Pittman Julian `` Jay '' Alphonso Williams Producer ( s ) Jake Onek John Cena and Tha Trademarc singles chronology `` Basic Thuganomics '' ( 2005 )", "`` The Time Is Now '' ( 2005 ) `` Bad Bad Man '' ( 2005 )", "`` Basic Thuganomics '' ( 2005 )", "`` The Time is Now '' ( 2005 ) `` Bad Bad Man '' ( 2005 )", "You Ca n't See Me track listing `` The Time is Now '' ( 1 ) `` Do n't Fuck with Us '' ( 2 ) Audio sample file help" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Hilda group", "text": "The Hilda or Hildian asteroids are a dynamical group of asteroids in a 3 : 2 orbital resonance with Jupiter . The namesake is the asteroid 153 Hilda . Hildas move in their elliptical orbits so that their aphelia put them opposite Jupiter ( at L ) , or 60 degrees ahead of or behind Jupiter at the L and L Lagrangian points . Over three successive orbits each Hilda asteroid approaches all of these three points in sequence . A Hilda 's orbit has a semi-major axis between 3.7 AU and 4.2 AU ( the average over a long time span is 3.97 ) , an eccentricity less than 0.3 , and an inclination less than 20 ° . Two collisional families exist within the Hilda group : the Hilda family and the Schubart family . The namesake for the latter family is 1911 Schubart . There are more than 1,100 known Hilda asteroids including unnumbered objects .", "sentences": [ "The Hilda or Hildian asteroids are a dynamical group of asteroids in a 3 : 2 orbital resonance with Jupiter .", "The namesake is the asteroid 153 Hilda .", "Hildas move in their elliptical orbits so that their aphelia put them opposite Jupiter ( at L ) , or 60 degrees ahead of or behind Jupiter at the L and L Lagrangian points .", "Over three successive orbits each Hilda asteroid approaches all of these three points in sequence .", "A Hilda 's orbit has a semi-major axis between 3.7 AU and 4.2 AU ( the average over a long time span is 3.97 ) , an eccentricity less than 0.3 , and an inclination less than 20 ° .", "Two collisional families exist within the Hilda group : the Hilda family and the Schubart family .", "The namesake for the latter family is 1911 Schubart .", "There are more than 1,100 known Hilda asteroids including unnumbered objects ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Leopard", "text": "The leopard has the largest distribution of all wild cats , occurring widely in Africa as well as eastern and southern Asia , although populations have shown a declining trend , and are fragmented outside of sub-Saharan Africa . Within sub-Saharan Africa , the species is still numerous and even thriving in marginal habitats where other large cats have disappeared , although there is considerable potential for human - leopard conflict due to leopards predating livestock . Populations in North Africa may be extinct . Data on their distribution in Asia are not consistent . Populations in southwest and central Asia are small and fragmented ; in the northeast , they are critically endangered . In the Indian subcontinent , Southeast Asia , and China , leopards are still relatively abundant . Of the species as a whole , its numbers are greater than those of other Panthera species , all of which face more acute conservation concerns .", "sentences": [ "The leopard has the largest distribution of all wild cats , occurring widely in Africa as well as eastern and southern Asia , although populations have shown a declining trend , and are fragmented outside of sub-Saharan Africa .", "Within sub-Saharan Africa , the species is still numerous and even thriving in marginal habitats where other large cats have disappeared , although there is considerable potential for human - leopard conflict due to leopards predating livestock .", "Populations in North Africa may be extinct .", "Data on their distribution in Asia are not consistent .", "Populations in southwest and central Asia are small and fragmented ; in the northeast , they are critically endangered .", "In the Indian subcontinent , Southeast Asia , and China , leopards are still relatively abundant .", "Of the species as a whole , its numbers are greater than those of other Panthera species , all of which face more acute conservation concerns ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Nutella", "text": "The process of making this spread begins with the extraction of cocoa powder from the cocoa bean . These cocoa beans are harvested from cocoa trees and are left to dry for about ten days before being shipped for processing . Typically cocoa beans contain approximately 50 percent of cocoa butter ; therefore , they must be roasted to reduce the cocoa bean into a liquid form . This step is not sufficient for turning cocoa bean into a chocolate paste because it solidifies at room temperature , and would not be spreadable . After the initial roast , the liquid paste is sent to presses , which are used to squeeze the butter out of the cocoa bean . The final products are round discs of chocolate made of pure compressed cocoa . The cocoa butter is transferred elsewhere so it can be used in other products .", "sentences": [ "The process of making this spread begins with the extraction of cocoa powder from the cocoa bean .", "These cocoa beans are harvested from cocoa trees and are left to dry for about ten days before being shipped for processing .", "Typically cocoa beans contain approximately 50 percent of cocoa butter ; therefore , they must be roasted to reduce the cocoa bean into a liquid form .", "This step is not sufficient for turning cocoa bean into a chocolate paste because it solidifies at room temperature , and would not be spreadable .", "After the initial roast , the liquid paste is sent to presses , which are used to squeeze the butter out of the cocoa bean .", "The final products are round discs of chocolate made of pure compressed cocoa .", "The cocoa butter is transferred elsewhere so it can be used in other products ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Written Chinese", "text": "Chinese characters do not reliably indicate their pronunciation , even for one dialect . It is therefore useful to be able to transliterate a dialect of Chinese into the Latin alphabet or the Perso - Arabic script Xiao'erjing for those who can not read Chinese characters . However , transliteration was not always considered merely a way to record the sounds of any particular dialect of Chinese ; it was once also considered a potential replacement for the Chinese characters . This was first prominently proposed during the May Fourth Movement , and it gained further support with the victory of the Communists in 1949 . Immediately afterward , the mainland government began two parallel programs relating to written Chinese . One was the development of an alphabetic script for Mandarin , which was spoken by about two - thirds of the Chinese population ; the other was the simplification of the traditional characters -- a process that would eventually lead to simplified Chinese . The latter was not viewed as an impediment to the former ; rather , it would ease the transition toward the exclusive use of an alphabetic ( or at least phonetic ) script .", "sentences": [ "Chinese characters do not reliably indicate their pronunciation , even for one dialect .", "It is therefore useful to be able to transliterate a dialect of Chinese into the Latin alphabet or the Perso - Arabic script Xiao'erjing for those who can not read Chinese characters .", "However , transliteration was not always considered merely a way to record the sounds of any particular dialect of Chinese ; it was once also considered a potential replacement for the Chinese characters .", "This was first prominently proposed during the May Fourth Movement , and it gained further support with the victory of the Communists in 1949 .", "Immediately afterward , the mainland government began two parallel programs relating to written Chinese .", "One was the development of an alphabetic script for Mandarin , which was spoken by about two - thirds of the Chinese population ; the other was the simplification of the traditional characters -- a process that would eventually lead to simplified Chinese .", "The latter was not viewed as an impediment to the former ; rather , it would ease the transition toward the exclusive use of an alphabetic ( or at least phonetic ) script ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Exhalation", "text": "Asthma , COPD , and smokers have reduced airflow ability . People who suffer from asthma and COPD show decreases in exhaled air due to inflammation of the airways . This inflammation causes narrowing of the airways which allows less air to be exhaled . Numerous things cause inflammation some examples are cigarette smoke and environmental interactions such as allergies , weather , and exercise . In smokers the inability to exhale fully is due to the loss of elasticity in the lungs . Smoke in the lungs causes them to harden and become less elastic , which prevents the lungs from expanding or shrinking as they normally would .", "sentences": [ "Asthma , COPD , and smokers have reduced airflow ability .", "People who suffer from asthma and COPD show decreases in exhaled air due to inflammation of the airways .", "This inflammation causes narrowing of the airways which allows less air to be exhaled .", "Numerous things cause inflammation some examples are cigarette smoke and environmental interactions such as allergies , weather , and exercise .", "In smokers the inability to exhale fully is due to the loss of elasticity in the lungs .", "Smoke in the lungs causes them to harden and become less elastic , which prevents the lungs from expanding or shrinking as they normally would ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Rory McIlroy", "text": "After a disappointing 2017 season , which was plagued by a rib injury first sustained at the 2017 BMW SA Open in January , McIlroy returned after more than 100 days away at the Abu Dhabi HSBC Championship in late January . Prior to the tournament , McIlroy revealed he has a slight heart irregularity but played down the impact on his golf. . McIlroy finished runner - up to Li Haotong in the Omega Dubai Desert Classic . He lost out by one stroke , having lead by two with five holes to play . It was his 16th runner - up finish on the European Tour and the 22nd runner - up finish of his career . On 18 March 2018 , he won the Arnold Palmer Invitational with a final - round 64 , his first win since winning the Tour Championship ( and FedEx Cup ) in 2016 .", "sentences": [ "After a disappointing 2017 season , which was plagued by a rib injury first sustained at the 2017 BMW SA Open in January , McIlroy returned after more than 100 days away at the Abu Dhabi HSBC Championship in late January .", "Prior to the tournament , McIlroy revealed he has a slight heart irregularity but played down the impact on his golf. .", "McIlroy finished runner - up to Li Haotong in the Omega Dubai Desert Classic .", "He lost out by one stroke , having lead by two with five holes to play .", "It was his 16th runner - up finish on the European Tour and the 22nd runner - up finish of his career .", "On 18 March 2018 , he won the Arnold Palmer Invitational with a final - round 64 , his first win since winning the Tour Championship ( and FedEx Cup ) in 2016 ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Texas Declaration of Independence", "text": "Sixty men signed the Texas Declaration of Independence . Three of them were born in Mexico . Fifty - seven of the sixty moved to Texas from the United States . Ten of them had lived in Texas for more than six years , while one - quarter of them had been in the province for less than a year . This is significant , because it indicates that the majority of signatories had moved to Texas after the Law of April 6 , 1830 , banning immigration , had taken effect , meaning that the majority were legally citizens of the United States , occupying Texas illegally . Fifty - nine of these men were delegates to the Convention , and one was the Convention Secretary , Herbert S. Kimble , who was not a delegate .", "sentences": [ "Sixty men signed the Texas Declaration of Independence .", "Three of them were born in Mexico .", "Fifty - seven of the sixty moved to Texas from the United States .", "Ten of them had lived in Texas for more than six years , while one - quarter of them had been in the province for less than a year .", "This is significant , because it indicates that the majority of signatories had moved to Texas after the Law of April 6 , 1830 , banning immigration , had taken effect , meaning that the majority were legally citizens of the United States , occupying Texas illegally .", "Fifty - nine of these men were delegates to the Convention , and one was the Convention Secretary , Herbert S. Kimble , who was not a delegate ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Liverpool F.C.", "text": "He ( Shankly ) thought the colour scheme would carry psychological impact -- red for danger , red for power . He came into the dressing room one day and threw a pair of red shorts to Ronnie Yeats . `` Get into those shorts and let 's see how you look '' , he said . `` Christ , Ronnie , you look awesome , terrifying . You look 7 ft tall . '' `` Why not go the whole hog , boss ? '' I suggested . `` Why not wear red socks ? Let 's go out all in red . '' Shankly approved and an iconic kit was born .", "sentences": [ "He ( Shankly ) thought the colour scheme would carry psychological impact -- red for danger , red for power .", "He came into the dressing room one day and threw a pair of red shorts to Ronnie Yeats .", "`` Get into those shorts and let 's see how you look '' , he said .", "`` Christ , Ronnie , you look awesome , terrifying .", "You look 7 ft tall . ''", "`` Why not go the whole hog , boss ? ''", "I suggested .", "`` Why not wear red socks ?", "Let 's go out all in red . ''", "Shankly approved and an iconic kit was born ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Great Britain in the Seven Years' War", "text": "Alarmed by the sudden switch in the European Balance of Power the British made a similar agreement with Prussia at the Westminster Convention . By doing this Newcastle hoped to rebalance the two sides in central Europe - and thereby make a war potentially mutually destructive to all . This he hoped would stop either Austria or Prussia making an attack on the other and would prevent an all - out war in Europe . This would allow Britain and France to continue their colonial skirmishes without formal war being declared in Europe . Frederick the Great had a number of supporters in London , including William Pitt who welcomed the rapprochement between Britain and Prussia . The Dutch Republic , a long - standing ally of Britain , declared its neutrality in the wake of the Westminster Convention and had no active participation in the coming conflict .", "sentences": [ "Alarmed by the sudden switch in the European Balance of Power the British made a similar agreement with Prussia at the Westminster Convention .", "By doing this Newcastle hoped to rebalance the two sides in central Europe - and thereby make a war potentially mutually destructive to all .", "This he hoped would stop either Austria or Prussia making an attack on the other and would prevent an all - out war in Europe .", "This would allow Britain and France to continue their colonial skirmishes without formal war being declared in Europe .", "Frederick the Great had a number of supporters in London , including William Pitt who welcomed the rapprochement between Britain and Prussia .", "The Dutch Republic , a long - standing ally of Britain , declared its neutrality in the wake of the Westminster Convention and had no active participation in the coming conflict ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Letter of credit", "text": "It might also be feasible to typify letters of credit as a collateral contract for a third - party beneficiary , because three different entities participate in the transaction : the seller , the buyer , and the banker . Jean Domat suggests that because letters of credit are prompted by the buyer 's necessity , the cause of a LC is to release the buyer of his obligation to pay directly to the seller . Therefore , a LC theoretically fits as a collateral contract accepted by conduct or in other words , an implied - in - fact contract where the buyer participates as the third party beneficiary with the bank acting as the stipulator and the seller as the promisor . The term `` beneficiary '' is not used properly in the scheme of an LC because a beneficiary ( also , in trust law , cestui que use ) in the broadest sense is a natural person or other legal entity who receives money or other benefits from a benefactor . Note that under the scheme of letters of credit , banks are neither benefactors of sellers nor benefactors of buyers and the seller receives no money in gratuity mode . Thus is possible that a `` letter of credit '' was one of those contracts that needed to be masked to disguise the `` consideration or privity requirement '' . As a result , this kind of arrangement would make letter of credit to be enforceable under the action assumpsit because of its promissory connotation .", "sentences": [ "It might also be feasible to typify letters of credit as a collateral contract for a third - party beneficiary , because three different entities participate in the transaction : the seller , the buyer , and the banker .", "Jean Domat suggests that because letters of credit are prompted by the buyer 's necessity , the cause of a LC is to release the buyer of his obligation to pay directly to the seller .", "Therefore , a LC theoretically fits as a collateral contract accepted by conduct or in other words , an implied - in - fact contract where the buyer participates as the third party beneficiary with the bank acting as the stipulator and the seller as the promisor .", "The term `` beneficiary '' is not used properly in the scheme of an LC because a beneficiary ( also , in trust law , cestui que use ) in the broadest sense is a natural person or other legal entity who receives money or other benefits from a benefactor .", "Note that under the scheme of letters of credit , banks are neither benefactors of sellers nor benefactors of buyers and the seller receives no money in gratuity mode .", "Thus is possible that a `` letter of credit '' was one of those contracts that needed to be masked to disguise the `` consideration or privity requirement '' .", "As a result , this kind of arrangement would make letter of credit to be enforceable under the action assumpsit because of its promissory connotation ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Elsa (Frozen)", "text": "The character of Elsa was widely praised by reviewers for her multifaceted , evolving personality . Matt Goldberg of Collider.com commented that she was `` an incredibly sympathetic character '' , while Deepanjana Pal of First Post ( India ) praised the decision to rewrite her as a protagonist and said , `` Elsa is no evil , frosty vision of twisted and toxic maternity like the original Snow Queen . She 's a young woman in difficult circumstances , frightened , trying to understand her abilities and burdened by expectation and convention . It 's easy to sympathise with her and marvel at her ability when she builds her spectacular palace in the mountains . Next to her , Anna is very much a child who needs to grow up and she does in the course of the film . '' Stuff.co.nz 's James Croot compared her `` humiliation and exile '' to that of Simba in The Lion King . Katherine Webb , a reviewer for Wall St. Cheat Sheet , said that the scenes depicting Elsa gaining confidence and individuality delivered `` an exciting message to send to young girls looking for a new princess role model '' . Gary Wright of Rotoscopers state `` Her mental anguish and uncontrollable powers define modern feminism . Elsa represents the boundless female spirit - strong and graceful , with the power to change the world . ''", "sentences": [ "The character of Elsa was widely praised by reviewers for her multifaceted , evolving personality .", "Matt Goldberg of Collider.com commented that she was `` an incredibly sympathetic character '' , while Deepanjana Pal of First Post ( India ) praised the decision to rewrite her as a protagonist and said , `` Elsa is no evil , frosty vision of twisted and toxic maternity like the original Snow Queen .", "She 's a young woman in difficult circumstances , frightened , trying to understand her abilities and burdened by expectation and convention .", "It 's easy to sympathise with her and marvel at her ability when she builds her spectacular palace in the mountains .", "Next to her , Anna is very much a child who needs to grow up and she does in the course of the film . ''", "Stuff.co.nz 's James Croot compared her `` humiliation and exile '' to that of Simba in The Lion King .", "Katherine Webb , a reviewer for Wall St. Cheat Sheet , said that the scenes depicting Elsa gaining confidence and individuality delivered `` an exciting message to send to young girls looking for a new princess role model '' .", "Gary Wright of Rotoscopers state `` Her mental anguish and uncontrollable powers define modern feminism .", "Elsa represents the boundless female spirit - strong and graceful , with the power to change the world . ''" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Delocalized electron", "text": "In diamond all four outer electrons of each carbon atom are ' localized ' between the atoms in covalent bonding . The movement of electrons is restricted and diamond does not conduct an electric current . In graphite , each carbon atom uses only 3 of its 4 outer energy level electrons in covalently bonding to three other carbon atoms in a plane . Each carbon atom contributes one electron to a delocalized system of electrons that is also a part of the chemical bonding . The delocalized electrons are free to move throughout the plane . For this reason , graphite conducts electricity along the planes of carbon atoms , but does not conduct in a direction at right angles to the plane .", "sentences": [ "In diamond all four outer electrons of each carbon atom are ' localized ' between the atoms in covalent bonding .", "The movement of electrons is restricted and diamond does not conduct an electric current .", "In graphite , each carbon atom uses only 3 of its 4 outer energy level electrons in covalently bonding to three other carbon atoms in a plane .", "Each carbon atom contributes one electron to a delocalized system of electrons that is also a part of the chemical bonding .", "The delocalized electrons are free to move throughout the plane .", "For this reason , graphite conducts electricity along the planes of carbon atoms , but does not conduct in a direction at right angles to the plane ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Over-the-counter drug", "text": "Prescription Only Medication ( POM ) , which are legally available only with a valid prescription from a prescriber . A pharmacist has to be on the premises for POM medicines to be dispensed , required by law . The medicine has been specifically prescribed for the patient holding the prescription , so it is considered safe for only the recipient to take . Just a small example of these include most antibiotics and all antidepressants or antidiabetic medications . Drugs included as POM are high - strength painkillers such as oxycodone and tramadol , medications such as sildenafil ( Viagra ) and diazepam ( Valium ) , and certain topical preparations such as corticosteroids . These medicines are often sold by drug dealers , especially those marked as `` CD POM , '' which are controlled due to abuse risk such as dipipanone , temazepam , and methadone .", "sentences": [ "Prescription Only Medication ( POM ) , which are legally available only with a valid prescription from a prescriber .", "A pharmacist has to be on the premises for POM medicines to be dispensed , required by law .", "The medicine has been specifically prescribed for the patient holding the prescription , so it is considered safe for only the recipient to take .", "Just a small example of these include most antibiotics and all antidepressants or antidiabetic medications .", "Drugs included as POM are high - strength painkillers such as oxycodone and tramadol , medications such as sildenafil ( Viagra ) and diazepam ( Valium ) , and certain topical preparations such as corticosteroids .", "These medicines are often sold by drug dealers , especially those marked as `` CD POM , '' which are controlled due to abuse risk such as dipipanone , temazepam , and methadone ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Moth", "text": "Moths frequently appear to circle artificial lights , although the reason for this behavior remains unknown . One hypothesis to explain this behavior is that moths use a technique of celestial navigation called transverse orientation . By maintaining a constant angular relationship to a bright celestial light , such as the moon , they can fly in a straight line . Celestial objects are so far away that , even after travelling great distances , the change in angle between the moth and the light source is negligible ; further , the moon will always be in the upper part of the visual field , or on the horizon . When a moth encounters a much closer artificial light and uses it for navigation , the angle changes noticeably after only a short distance , in addition to being often below the horizon . The moth instinctively attempts to correct by turning toward the light , thereby causing airborne moths to come plummeting downward , and resulting in a spiral flight path that gets closer and closer to the light source .", "sentences": [ "Moths frequently appear to circle artificial lights , although the reason for this behavior remains unknown .", "One hypothesis to explain this behavior is that moths use a technique of celestial navigation called transverse orientation .", "By maintaining a constant angular relationship to a bright celestial light , such as the moon , they can fly in a straight line .", "Celestial objects are so far away that , even after travelling great distances , the change in angle between the moth and the light source is negligible ; further , the moon will always be in the upper part of the visual field , or on the horizon .", "When a moth encounters a much closer artificial light and uses it for navigation , the angle changes noticeably after only a short distance , in addition to being often below the horizon .", "The moth instinctively attempts to correct by turning toward the light , thereby causing airborne moths to come plummeting downward , and resulting in a spiral flight path that gets closer and closer to the light source ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Battle of Gettysburg", "text": "Gen . Robert E. Lee , ( Commanding ) CSA Lt. Gen . James Longstreet , CSA Lt ... Gen . Richard S. Ewell , CSA Lt. Gen . A.P. Hill , CSA Maj. Gen . J.E.B. Stuart , CSA", "sentences": [ "Gen .", "Robert E. Lee , ( Commanding ) CSA Lt. Gen .", "James Longstreet , CSA Lt ... Gen .", "Richard S. Ewell , CSA Lt. Gen .", "A.P. Hill , CSA Maj. Gen .", "J.E.B. Stuart , CSA" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Mercy rule", "text": "The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's mercy rule provides , `` Any time during the game , the playing time of any remaining period or periods and the intermission between halves may be shortened by mutual agreement of the opposing head coaches and the referee . '' ( NCAA Football Rule 3 - 2 - 2 - a ) NCAA Football Approved Ruling 3 - 2 - 2 - I cites an example : `` At halftime the score is 56 -- 0 . The coaches and the referee agree that the third and fourth quarters should be shortened to 12 minutes each . The coaches also request that the second half be played with a ' running clock ' i.e. , that the game clock not be stopped . '' The NCAA Football Rules Committee determined , `` The remaining quarters may be shortened to 12 minutes each . However , the ' running clock ' is not allowed ; normal clock rules apply for the entire game . ''", "sentences": [ "The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's mercy rule provides , `` Any time during the game , the playing time of any remaining period or periods and the intermission between halves may be shortened by mutual agreement of the opposing head coaches and the referee . ''", "( NCAA Football Rule 3 - 2 - 2 - a )", "NCAA Football Approved Ruling 3 - 2 - 2 - I cites an example : `` At halftime the score is 56 -- 0 .", "The coaches and the referee agree that the third and fourth quarters should be shortened to 12 minutes each .", "The coaches also request that the second half be played with a ' running clock ' i.e. , that the game clock not be stopped . ''", "The NCAA Football Rules Committee determined , `` The remaining quarters may be shortened to 12 minutes each .", "However , the ' running clock ' is not allowed ; normal clock rules apply for the entire game . ''" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Kaunakes", "text": "It is also believed that kaunakes , as a fashioned fleece , while not mentioned prior to 300 BC could be traced to the 400 -- 300 BC . During the Greek period of Aristophanes the garment was made from goat 's hair or wool in the style of a weighty mantle or cape . Coptic Egypt , not Mesopotamia , is credited with the original design of woven tapestry with projecting long locks or strands of wool . Its manufacture evolved into kaunakes when the woven fringe design began to mirror the original fleece and fur and was shaped as a mantle . These were worn during the winter season as a shawl over the shoulders , and during summer adapted as a skirt . Over the centuries many designs evolved with sleeves , then variants were made with cloth instead of fleece , and eventually , it evolved back to a cape sans sleeves . Kaunakes", "sentences": [ "It is also believed that kaunakes , as a fashioned fleece , while not mentioned prior to 300 BC could be traced to the 400 -- 300 BC .", "During the Greek period of Aristophanes the garment was made from goat 's hair or wool in the style of a weighty mantle or cape .", "Coptic Egypt , not Mesopotamia , is credited with the original design of woven tapestry with projecting long locks or strands of wool .", "Its manufacture evolved into kaunakes when the woven fringe design began to mirror the original fleece and fur and was shaped as a mantle .", "These were worn during the winter season as a shawl over the shoulders , and during summer adapted as a skirt .", "Over the centuries many designs evolved with sleeves , then variants were made with cloth instead of fleece , and eventually , it evolved back to a cape sans sleeves .", "Kaunakes" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Claire Temple", "text": "Luke Cage meets Dr. Claire Temple , who works with Dr. Noah Burstein at his 42nd Street storefront clinic . Cage has been shot by hitmen sent by the criminal Diamondback , and Claire is surprised to find him only bruised by the bullets . She is subsequently kidnapped by Diamondback , whom Cage discovers is his old friend Willis Stryker , the man who had framed Cage for the crime that sent him to prison . Cage frees Claire but Diamondback is killed by one of his own weapons . Claire corroborates Cage 's story with the police , and the two become romantically involved . In 1973 , Claire is surprised to see two grateful clients kissing Cage , but spending Christmas Eve together they are assaulted twice by the criminal Marley , whom Cage later subdues . As Claire and Cage continue dating , Dr. Burstein -- who is partially responsible for giving Cage his powers -- continues to keep the secret from Claire ( Daily Bugle reporter Phil Fox ) that Cage escaped from prison . Cage is tortured by his complicity in the death of the criminal Lionfang , but Claire helps him to realize that the villain brought it upon himself . Having discovered Cage 's secret but unable to publish it , Fox teams up with Cage 's prison guard nemesis Billy Bob Rackham to get revenge on Cage by kidnapping Claire . They kidnap the wrong woman , Fox is killed and the police find Claire holding the murder weapon . Cage creates a distraction to talk to Claire in custody , and she tells him that she now knows he is an escaped convict . Cage vows to find Fox 's real killer . Rackham is revealed as the murderer , exonerating Claire , who is reunited with Cage .", "sentences": [ "Luke Cage meets Dr. Claire Temple , who works with Dr. Noah Burstein at his 42nd Street storefront clinic .", "Cage has been shot by hitmen sent by the criminal Diamondback , and Claire is surprised to find him only bruised by the bullets .", "She is subsequently kidnapped by Diamondback , whom Cage discovers is his old friend Willis Stryker , the man who had framed Cage for the crime that sent him to prison .", "Cage frees Claire but Diamondback is killed by one of his own weapons .", "Claire corroborates Cage 's story with the police , and the two become romantically involved .", "In 1973 , Claire is surprised to see two grateful clients kissing Cage , but spending Christmas Eve together they are assaulted twice by the criminal Marley , whom Cage later subdues .", "As Claire and Cage continue dating , Dr. Burstein -- who is partially responsible for giving Cage his powers -- continues to keep the secret from Claire ( Daily Bugle reporter Phil Fox ) that Cage escaped from prison .", "Cage is tortured by his complicity in the death of the criminal Lionfang , but Claire helps him to realize that the villain brought it upon himself .", "Having discovered Cage 's secret but unable to publish it , Fox teams up with Cage 's prison guard nemesis Billy Bob Rackham to get revenge on Cage by kidnapping Claire .", "They kidnap the wrong woman , Fox is killed and the police find Claire holding the murder weapon .", "Cage creates a distraction to talk to Claire in custody , and she tells him that she now knows he is an escaped convict .", "Cage vows to find Fox 's real killer .", "Rackham is revealed as the murderer , exonerating Claire , who is reunited with Cage ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Will Turner", "text": "To save Elizabeth , Will hunts for Jack Sparrow and the Black Pearl . He finds the crew captive on Pelegosto , a cannibal - inhabited island . They escape , and are unexpectedly reunited with Pintel and Ragetti . Jack agrees to give Will his compass if he helps him find a key , though he has no idea what it unlocks . Jack seeks out Tia Dalma , a voodoo priestess who takes a particular interest in Will , proclaiming he has a `` touch of destiny . '' Dalma says the key is to the Dead Man 's Chest containing the heart of Davy Jones . Sparrow had once struck a bargain with Davy Jones to raise the Black Pearl from the ocean bottom and to make Jack captain for 13 years . Sparrow would then serve aboard the Dutchman for a century . When Jones attempts to collect on this deal , Jack reneges on the bargain .", "sentences": [ "To save Elizabeth , Will hunts for Jack Sparrow and the Black Pearl .", "He finds the crew captive on Pelegosto , a cannibal - inhabited island .", "They escape , and are unexpectedly reunited with Pintel and Ragetti .", "Jack agrees to give Will his compass if he helps him find a key , though he has no idea what it unlocks .", "Jack seeks out Tia Dalma , a voodoo priestess who takes a particular interest in Will , proclaiming he has a `` touch of destiny . ''", "Dalma says the key is to the Dead Man 's Chest containing the heart of Davy Jones .", "Sparrow had once struck a bargain with Davy Jones to raise the Black Pearl from the ocean bottom and to make Jack captain for 13 years .", "Sparrow would then serve aboard the Dutchman for a century .", "When Jones attempts to collect on this deal , Jack reneges on the bargain ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Pride & Prejudice (2005 film)", "text": "Citing the year Austen first wrote a draft of the novel , Wright and Moggach changed the period setting from 1813 ( the novel 's publication date ) to the late eighteenth century ; this decision was partly because Wright wanted to highlight the differences within an England influenced by the French Revolution , as he was fascinated that it had `` caused an atmosphere among the British aristocracy of fear '' . Additionally , Wright chose the earlier period because he hated dresses with an empire silhouette , which were popular in the later period . The decision helped make the film visually distinct from other recent Austen adaptations . In comparison to the popular 1995 BBC version , which featured Colin Firth and Jennifer Ehle , producer Paul Webster desired to make an adaptation that `` does n't conform to the television drama stereotypes of a perfect clean Regency world '' . Wright and Moggach opted for a `` muddy hem version '' of Longbourn , presenting a more rural setting than in previous adaptations out of a desire to depict the Bennets in `` very close proximity to their rural life '' and to emphasise their relative poverty . While the degree of poverty was criticised by some critics , Wright felt that the `` mess adds to the drama of the predicament that the family were in '' , and helps contrast the Bennets , Darcys , and Bingleys .", "sentences": [ "Citing the year Austen first wrote a draft of the novel , Wright and Moggach changed the period setting from 1813 ( the novel 's publication date ) to the late eighteenth century ; this decision was partly because Wright wanted to highlight the differences within an England influenced by the French Revolution , as he was fascinated that it had `` caused an atmosphere among the British aristocracy of fear '' .", "Additionally , Wright chose the earlier period because he hated dresses with an empire silhouette , which were popular in the later period .", "The decision helped make the film visually distinct from other recent Austen adaptations .", "In comparison to the popular 1995 BBC version , which featured Colin Firth and Jennifer Ehle , producer Paul Webster desired to make an adaptation that `` does n't conform to the television drama stereotypes of a perfect clean Regency world '' .", "Wright and Moggach opted for a `` muddy hem version '' of Longbourn , presenting a more rural setting than in previous adaptations out of a desire to depict the Bennets in `` very close proximity to their rural life '' and to emphasise their relative poverty .", "While the degree of poverty was criticised by some critics , Wright felt that the `` mess adds to the drama of the predicament that the family were in '' , and helps contrast the Bennets , Darcys , and Bingleys ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Rings of Power", "text": "The One Ring possessed something of a will of its own . Its only accepted master was Sauron himself , and it would seek to leave any other bearer when it would cause the greatest harm , or when it might return to Sauron . Bilbo warned Frodo of this , and Frodo kept it on a chain so that it would not slip off unnoticed . In the end , Gollum succumbs to the malevolent influence of the ring , defies Frodo , and takes the ring for himself . While dancing with joy over the recovery of the ring , Gollum falls into the Cracks of Doom in Orodruin , where the ring is destroyed . With the destruction of the Ring , Gandalf explains that Sauron is weakened to the point that he will never be able to materialize again .", "sentences": [ "The One Ring possessed something of a will of its own .", "Its only accepted master was Sauron himself , and it would seek to leave any other bearer when it would cause the greatest harm , or when it might return to Sauron .", "Bilbo warned Frodo of this , and Frodo kept it on a chain so that it would not slip off unnoticed .", "In the end , Gollum succumbs to the malevolent influence of the ring , defies Frodo , and takes the ring for himself .", "While dancing with joy over the recovery of the ring , Gollum falls into the Cracks of Doom in Orodruin , where the ring is destroyed .", "With the destruction of the Ring , Gandalf explains that Sauron is weakened to the point that he will never be able to materialize again ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "National Football League on television", "text": "Finally , sideline reporters are restricted as to whom they can speak to and when ( usually a head coach at halftime , and one or two players before and after the game ends ) . Information on injured players or rules interpretations are relayed from NFL off - field officials to the TV producers in the truck , who then pass it along to the sideline reporters or booth announcers . Thus , CBS opted in 2006 to no longer use sideline reporters except for some playoff games . ESPN followed suit by reducing the roles of their sideline reporters in 2008 . Fox hired former NFL officiating director Mike Pereira in 2010 , who relays rules interpretations from Los Angeles to the games that network covers , leaving their sideline reporters able to focus less on that role . Likewise , CBS hired retired referee Mike Carey in 2014 in the same role from New York on Sundays and the NFL Network in Culver City during Thursday Night Football games , though he departed the network after the 2015 season .", "sentences": [ "Finally , sideline reporters are restricted as to whom they can speak to and when ( usually a head coach at halftime , and one or two players before and after the game ends ) .", "Information on injured players or rules interpretations are relayed from NFL off - field officials to the TV producers in the truck , who then pass it along to the sideline reporters or booth announcers .", "Thus , CBS opted in 2006 to no longer use sideline reporters except for some playoff games .", "ESPN followed suit by reducing the roles of their sideline reporters in 2008 .", "Fox hired former NFL officiating director Mike Pereira in 2010 , who relays rules interpretations from Los Angeles to the games that network covers , leaving their sideline reporters able to focus less on that role .", "Likewise , CBS hired retired referee Mike Carey in 2014 in the same role from New York on Sundays and the NFL Network in Culver City during Thursday Night Football games , though he departed the network after the 2015 season ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Computer mouse", "text": "When holding a typical mouse , ulna and radius bones on the arm are crossed . Some designs attempt to place the palm more vertically , so the bones take more natural parallel position . Some limit wrist movement , encouraging to use arm instead that may be less precise but more optimal from the health point of view . A mouse may be angled from the thumb downward to the opposite side -- this is known to reduce wrist pronation . However such optimizations make the mouse right or left hand specific , making more problematic to change the tired hand . Time magazine has criticized manufacturers for offering few or no left - handed ergonomic mice : `` Oftentimes I felt like I was dealing with someone who 'd never actually met a left - handed person before . '' Keyboard", "sentences": [ "When holding a typical mouse , ulna and radius bones on the arm are crossed .", "Some designs attempt to place the palm more vertically , so the bones take more natural parallel position .", "Some limit wrist movement , encouraging to use arm instead that may be less precise but more optimal from the health point of view .", "A mouse may be angled from the thumb downward to the opposite side -- this is known to reduce wrist pronation .", "However such optimizations make the mouse right or left hand specific , making more problematic to change the tired hand .", "Time magazine has criticized manufacturers for offering few or no left - handed ergonomic mice : `` Oftentimes I felt like I was dealing with someone who 'd never actually met a left - handed person before . ''", "Keyboard" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Christmas traditions", "text": "The major day of celebration in Norway , as in most of Northern Europe , is December 24 . Although it is legally a regular workday until 16 : 00 , most stores close early . Church bells chime in the Christmas holiday between 17 : 00 and 18 : 00 . In some families the Christmas story from Luke 2 will be read from the old family Bible . The main Christmas meal is served in the evening . Common main dishes include pork rib , `` pinnekjøtt '' ( pieces of lamb rib steamed on a grid of birch wood ) . Many people also eat `` lutefisk '' or fresh , poached cod . Rice porridge is also popular ( but most commonly served as an early lunch rather than for the main Christmas dinner ) , an almond is often hidden in the porridge , and the person who finds it wins a treat or small gift . In some parts of Norway it is common to place porridge outside ( in a barn , outhouse or even in the forest ) to please `` Nissen '' . In many families , where the parents grew up with different traditions , two different main dishes are served to please everyone . If children are present ( and they have behaved well the last year ) , `` Julenissen '' ( Santa Claus ) pays a visit , otherwise gifts are stored under the Christmas tree .", "sentences": [ "The major day of celebration in Norway , as in most of Northern Europe , is December 24 .", "Although it is legally a regular workday until 16 : 00 , most stores close early .", "Church bells chime in the Christmas holiday between 17 : 00 and 18 : 00 .", "In some families the Christmas story from Luke 2 will be read from the old family Bible .", "The main Christmas meal is served in the evening .", "Common main dishes include pork rib , `` pinnekjøtt '' ( pieces of lamb rib steamed on a grid of birch wood ) .", "Many people also eat `` lutefisk '' or fresh , poached cod .", "Rice porridge is also popular ( but most commonly served as an early lunch rather than for the main Christmas dinner ) , an almond is often hidden in the porridge , and the person who finds it wins a treat or small gift .", "In some parts of Norway it is common to place porridge outside ( in a barn , outhouse or even in the forest ) to please `` Nissen '' .", "In many families , where the parents grew up with different traditions , two different main dishes are served to please everyone .", "If children are present ( and they have behaved well the last year ) , `` Julenissen '' ( Santa Claus ) pays a visit , otherwise gifts are stored under the Christmas tree ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Howard Stark", "text": "Howard Stark is shown in the live - action Marvel Cinematic Universe movie series produced by Marvel Studios , portrayed by Dominic Cooper and John Slattery . Gerard Sanders portrayed the character in a brief memorial slideshow presentation in the beginning of the 2008 film Iron Man . Slattery first portrayed the character in the 2010 film Iron Man 2 where it is revealed that he is one of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's co-founders . Having placed a message for Tony Stark in a film reel , Howard gives Tony closure in their strained relationship while providing his son a diorama of the 1974 Stark Expo to perfect the Arc Reactor . Cooper first portrayed a younger iteration in the 2011 film Captain America : The First Avenger that aided in the Super Soldier Project and then the Strategic Scientific Reserve . His contributions include providing Steve Rogers with both a costume and shield . After the Hydra battleship that Rogers raided crashed in the ocean , Stark made attempts to find Rogers before his expeditions led to the Tesseract . Cooper reprises his role of Howard Stark in Marvel One - Shot film Agent Carter , where Peggy Carter helps Stark during S.H.I.E.L.D. 's formation . A still photograph of Cooper as Stark appears in the 2014 film Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Slattery reprised his role in the 2015 film Ant - Man . In a flashback in the late - 1980s , he witnesses Hank Pym 's resignation from S.H.I.E.L.D. after the discovery of them trying to replicate the Pym Particles without consent . While objecting to Pym 's actions , Stark felt that Mitchell Carson did deserve Hank 's punch following Mitchell 's inappropriate comment about Janet van Dyne . Slattery again reprised the role in the 2016 film Captain America : Civil War . It shows that the car crash said to be the cause of the deaths of Howard and Maria Stark on December 16 , 1991 was caused by Bucky Barnes while under Hydra 's control . Barnes caused the car to crash , and then killed the Starks with his bare hands after they survived the initial impact .", "sentences": [ "Howard Stark is shown in the live - action Marvel Cinematic Universe movie series produced by Marvel Studios , portrayed by Dominic Cooper and John Slattery .", "Gerard Sanders portrayed the character in a brief memorial slideshow presentation in the beginning of the 2008 film Iron Man .", "Slattery first portrayed the character in the 2010 film Iron Man 2 where it is revealed that he is one of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's co-founders .", "Having placed a message for Tony Stark in a film reel , Howard gives Tony closure in their strained relationship while providing his son a diorama of the 1974 Stark Expo to perfect the Arc Reactor .", "Cooper first portrayed a younger iteration in the 2011 film Captain America : The First Avenger that aided in the Super Soldier Project and then the Strategic Scientific Reserve .", "His contributions include providing Steve Rogers with both a costume and shield .", "After the Hydra battleship that Rogers raided crashed in the ocean , Stark made attempts to find Rogers before his expeditions led to the Tesseract .", "Cooper reprises his role of Howard Stark in Marvel One - Shot film Agent Carter , where Peggy Carter helps Stark during S.H.I.E.L.D. 's formation .", "A still photograph of Cooper as Stark appears in the 2014 film Captain America : The Winter Soldier .", "Slattery reprised his role in the 2015 film Ant - Man .", "In a flashback in the late - 1980s , he witnesses Hank Pym 's resignation from S.H.I.E.L.D. after the discovery of them trying to replicate the Pym Particles without consent .", "While objecting to Pym 's actions , Stark felt that Mitchell Carson did deserve Hank 's punch following Mitchell 's inappropriate comment about Janet van Dyne .", "Slattery again reprised the role in the 2016 film Captain America : Civil War .", "It shows that the car crash said to be the cause of the deaths of Howard and Maria Stark on December 16 , 1991 was caused by Bucky Barnes while under Hydra 's control .", "Barnes caused the car to crash , and then killed the Starks with his bare hands after they survived the initial impact ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Unbiased estimation of standard deviation", "text": "c 4 ( n ) = 2 n − 1 Γ ( n 2 ) Γ ( n − 1 2 ) = 1 − 1 4 n − 7 32 n 2 − 19 128 n 3 + O ( n − 4 ) ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( 4 ) ( n ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( 2 ) ( n - 1 ) ) ) ( \\ frac ( \\ Gamma \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( n ) ( 2 ) ) \\ right ) ) ( \\ Gamma \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( n - 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ right ) ) ) = 1 - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 4n ) ) - ( \\ frac ( 7 ) ( 32n ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \\ frac ( 19 ) ( 128n ^ ( 3 ) ) ) + O ( n ^ ( - 4 ) ) )", "sentences": [ "c 4 ( n ) = 2 n − 1 Γ ( n 2 )", "Γ ( n − 1 2 ) = 1 − 1 4 n − 7 32 n 2 − 19 128 n 3 + O ( n − 4 ) ( \\ displaystyle c_", "( 4 ) ( n ) =", "( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( 2 ) ( n - 1 ) ) )", "( \\ frac ( \\ Gamma \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( n ) ( 2 ) )", "\\ right ) )", "( \\ Gamma \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( n - 1 ) ( 2 ) )", "\\ right ) ) )", "= 1 - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 4n ) ) -", "( \\ frac ( 7 ) ( 32n ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \\ frac ( 19 ) ( 128n ^ ( 3 ) ) )", "+", "O ( n ^ ( - 4 ) ) )" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner", "text": "Marvin Gaye gave a soul - influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All - Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 ( along with José Feliciano , the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . In 1993 , Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album , Alive III . Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix 's version , which was a set - list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970 , including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 . Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the `` rockets ' red glare '' , and `` bombs bursting in air '' , it became a late - 1960s emblem . Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25 , 1990 . The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song , and afterward she attempted a gesture of ball players by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup . The performance offended some , including the sitting U.S. President , George H.W. Bush . Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' in live sets , replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today . David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song , `` Yankee Rose '' on his 1986 solo album , Eat ' Em and Smile . Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 ( at the Indianapolis 500 , to which he later issued a public apology ) and again in 2012 ( at the AFC Championship Game ) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics . A version of Aerosmith 's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' on the Rockin ' the Joint album . The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album . The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel ( 2000 ) .", "sentences": [ "Marvin Gaye gave a soul - influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All - Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and", "number 6 in 2001 ( along with José Feliciano , the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard", "Hot 100 ) .", "In 1993 , Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album , Alive III .", "Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix 's version , which was a set - list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970 , including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 .", "Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the `` rockets ' red glare '' , and `` bombs bursting in air '' , it became a late - 1960s emblem .", "Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25 , 1990 .", "The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song , and afterward she attempted a gesture of ball players by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup .", "The performance offended some , including the sitting U.S. President , George H.W. Bush .", "Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' in live sets , replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today .", "David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song , `` Yankee Rose '' on his 1986 solo album , Eat ' Em and Smile .", "Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 ( at the Indianapolis 500 , to which he later issued a public apology ) and again in 2012 ( at the AFC Championship Game ) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics .", "A version of Aerosmith 's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' on the Rockin ' the Joint album .", "The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album .", "The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel ( 2000 ) ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "The Beguiled (1971 film)", "text": "As Union troops camp within sight of the school , Martha convinces the others -- aside from Edwina , who is not present -- that they need to kill him to prevent him from denouncing them to the Union troops . She asks Amy to pick mushrooms they can prepare `` especially for him '' and Amy says she knows just where to find some . At dinner , John apologizes for his actions , and Edwina reveals that she and John have made plans to leave the school and marry . John has been eating the mushrooms and the others pass the bowl without taking any except for Edwina . When she starts to eat some , Martha cries out for her to stop . John realizes he has been poisoned , and leaves the dining room disoriented , and collapses in the hallway . The following day , the women tie his corpse in a makeshift body bag and carry him out of the gate to bury . They agree he died of exhaustion , and Amy denies she could ever pick a poisonous mushroom by mistake .", "sentences": [ "As Union troops camp within sight of the school , Martha convinces the others -- aside from Edwina , who is not present -- that they need to kill him to prevent him from denouncing them to the Union troops .", "She asks Amy to pick mushrooms they can prepare `` especially for him '' and Amy says she knows just where to find some .", "At dinner , John apologizes for his actions , and Edwina reveals that she and John have made plans to leave the school and marry .", "John has been eating the mushrooms and the others pass the bowl without taking any except for Edwina .", "When she starts to eat some , Martha cries out for her to stop .", "John realizes he has been poisoned , and leaves the dining room disoriented , and collapses in the hallway .", "The following day , the women tie his corpse in a makeshift body bag and carry him out of the gate to bury .", "They agree he died of exhaustion , and Amy denies she could ever pick a poisonous mushroom by mistake ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Church of Ireland", "text": "Doctrine , canon law , church governance , church policy , and liturgical matters are decided by the church 's General Synod . The General Synod comprises two Houses , the House of Bishops and the House of Representatives . The House of Bishops includes the 10 diocesan bishops and two archbishops , forming one order . The House of Representatives is made up of two orders , clergy and laity . The order of clergy holds one third of the seats while the laity holds two thirds of the seats . As of 2017 , there are 216 clergy members and 432 lay members in the House of Representatives . The membership of the House of Representatives is made up of delegates from the dioceses , with seats allocated to each diocese 's clergy and laity in specific numbers ; these delegates are elected every three years .", "sentences": [ "Doctrine , canon law , church governance , church policy , and liturgical matters are decided by the church 's General Synod .", "The General Synod comprises two Houses , the House of Bishops and the House of Representatives .", "The House of Bishops includes the 10 diocesan bishops and two archbishops , forming one order .", "The House of Representatives is made up of two orders , clergy and laity .", "The order of clergy holds one third of the seats while the laity holds two thirds of the seats .", "As of 2017 , there are 216 clergy members and 432 lay members in the House of Representatives .", "The membership of the House of Representatives is made up of delegates from the dioceses , with seats allocated to each diocese 's clergy and laity in specific numbers ; these delegates are elected every three years ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Damon Salvatore", "text": "When the group goes to the mysterious island to find the Cure , Damon continues to be suspicious of Professor Shane . When Jeremy goes missing and Bonnie and Shane stay behind to try a locator spell , Damon stays to keep an eye on Shane . He later begins torturing Shane for information , but Shane starts analyzing Damon and telling him Elena will go back to Stefan once she 's cured . Elena interrupts the torture session and Damon storms out and Elena follows . She tells Damon that she 's sure her feelings for him are real and asks him to become human with her , however Damon tells her he has no desire to be human and that human / vampire relationships are doomed and stalks off . Afterward he is captured by Vaughn , another member of the Five , who tortures Damon and leads him around with a noose around his neck . Damon goes with Vaughn to the cavern close to where Silas is buried and eventually overpowers him , but not before Vaughn injures Rebekah . Elena and Stefan come across the injured Damon and Rebekah , Stefan stays while Elena rushes to find Jeremy . Damon urges Stefan to go get the cure for Elena , uncaring that there is only enough for one , because he wants it for the girl he loves . After Stefan leave Rebekah comments that Damon did something selfless and remarks that he will always love Elena . An exhausted Damon admits that he ca n't control everything and is tired .", "sentences": [ "When the group goes to the mysterious island to find the Cure , Damon continues to be suspicious of Professor Shane .", "When Jeremy goes missing and Bonnie and Shane stay behind to try a locator spell , Damon stays to keep an eye on Shane .", "He later begins torturing Shane for information , but Shane starts analyzing Damon and telling him Elena will go back to Stefan once she 's cured .", "Elena interrupts the torture session and Damon storms out and Elena follows .", "She tells Damon that she 's sure her feelings for him are real and asks him to become human with her , however Damon tells her he has no desire to be human and that human / vampire relationships are doomed and stalks off .", "Afterward he is captured by Vaughn , another member of the Five , who tortures Damon and leads him around with a noose around his neck .", "Damon goes with Vaughn to the cavern close to where Silas is buried and eventually overpowers him , but not before Vaughn injures Rebekah .", "Elena and Stefan come across the injured Damon and Rebekah , Stefan stays while Elena rushes to find Jeremy .", "Damon urges Stefan to go get the cure for Elena , uncaring that there is only enough for one , because he wants it for the girl he loves .", "After Stefan leave Rebekah comments that Damon did something selfless and remarks that he will always love Elena .", "An exhausted Damon admits that he ca n't control everything and is tired ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Sensitivity and specificity", "text": "N P V = T N / ( T N + F N ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathit ( NPV ) ) = ( \\ mathit ( TN ) ) / ( ( \\ mathit ( TN ) ) + ( \\ mathit ( FN ) ) ) )", "sentences": [ "N P V = T", "N / ( T N + F N )", "( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathit ( NPV ) )", "= ( \\ mathit ( TN ) ) /", "( ( \\ mathit ( TN ) )", "+ ( \\ mathit ( FN ) ) ) )" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "History of McDonald's", "text": "1963 : One of Kroc 's marketing insights is his decision to advertise McDonald 's hamburgers to families and children . Washington , D.C. franchisees John Gibson and Oscar Goldstein ( Gee Gee Distributing Corporation ) sponsor a children 's show on WRC - TV called Bozo the Clown , a franchised character played by Willard Scott from 1959 until 1962 . After the show was cancelled , Goldstein hires Scott to portray McDonald 's new mascot , named Ronald McDonald . According to Scott , they wanted to pay him in stock , but Scott decided to take the money . Scott , looking nothing like the familiar appearance of any McDonaldland character as is known today , appeared in the first three television advertisements featuring the character . After changing the character 's first name to `` Ronald '' and replacing Scott with a new actor , and giving him the more familiar red , white , and yellow clown features , the character eventually spreads to the rest of the country via an advertising campaign . Years later , an entire cast of `` McDonaldland '' characters is developed .", "sentences": [ "1963 :", "One of Kroc 's marketing insights is his decision to advertise McDonald 's hamburgers to families and children .", "Washington , D.C. franchisees John Gibson and Oscar Goldstein ( Gee Gee Distributing Corporation ) sponsor a children 's show on WRC - TV called Bozo the Clown , a franchised character played by Willard Scott from 1959 until 1962 .", "After the show was cancelled , Goldstein hires Scott to portray McDonald 's new mascot , named Ronald McDonald .", "According to Scott , they wanted to pay him in stock , but Scott decided to take the money .", "Scott , looking nothing like the familiar appearance of any McDonaldland character as is known today , appeared in the first three television advertisements featuring the character .", "After changing the character 's first name to `` Ronald '' and replacing Scott with a new actor , and giving him the more familiar red , white , and yellow clown features , the character eventually spreads to the rest of the country via an advertising campaign .", "Years later , an entire cast of `` McDonaldland '' characters is developed ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Double-entry bookkeeping system", "text": "Debits are recorded on the left side of a T account in a ledger . Debits increase balances in asset accounts and expense accounts and decrease balances in liability accounts , revenue accounts , and capital accounts . Credits are recorded on the right side of a T account in a ledger . Credits increase balances in liability accounts , revenue accounts , and capital accounts , and decrease balances in asset accounts and expense accounts . Debit accounts are asset and expense accounts that usually have debit balances , i.e. the total debits usually exceed the total credits in each debit account . Credit accounts are revenue ( income , gains ) accounts and liability accounts that usually have credit balances .", "sentences": [ "Debits are recorded on the left side of a T account in a ledger .", "Debits increase balances in asset accounts and expense accounts and decrease balances in liability accounts , revenue accounts , and capital accounts .", "Credits are recorded on the right side of a T account in a ledger .", "Credits increase balances in liability accounts , revenue accounts , and capital accounts , and decrease balances in asset accounts and expense accounts .", "Debit accounts are asset and expense accounts that usually have debit balances , i.e. the total debits usually exceed the total credits in each debit account .", "Credit accounts are revenue ( income , gains ) accounts and liability accounts that usually have credit balances ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Social media", "text": "Innovation can be defined simply as a `` new idea , device , or method '' or as the application of better solutions that meet new requirements , unarticulated needs , or existing market needs . This is accomplished through more - effective products , processes , services , technologies , or business models that are readily available to markets , governments and society . The term `` innovation '' can be defined as something original and more effective and , as a consequence , new , that `` breaks into '' the market or society. ( 3 ) It is related to , but not the same as , invention . Innovation is often manifested via the engineering process . Innovation is generally considered to be the result of a process that brings together various novel ideas in a way that affects society . In industrial economics , innovations are created and found empirically from services to meet growing consumer demand .", "sentences": [ "Innovation can be defined simply as a `` new idea , device , or method '' or as the application of better solutions that meet new requirements , unarticulated needs , or existing market needs .", "This is accomplished through more - effective products , processes , services , technologies , or business models that are readily available to markets , governments and society .", "The term `` innovation '' can be defined as something original and more effective and , as a consequence , new , that `` breaks into '' the market or society.", "( 3 ) It is related to , but not the same as , invention .", "Innovation is often manifested via the engineering process .", "Innovation is generally considered to be the result of a process that brings together various novel ideas in a way that affects society .", "In industrial economics , innovations are created and found empirically from services to meet growing consumer demand ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Orchestra", "text": "The conductor typically stands on a raised podium with a large music stand for the full score , which contains the musical notation for all the instruments and / or voices . Since the mid-18th century , most conductors have not played an instrument when conducting , although in earlier periods of classical music history , leading an ensemble while playing an instrument was common . In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s , the group would typically be led by the harpsichordist or first violinist ( see concertmaster ) , an approach that in modern times has been revived by several music directors for music from this period . Conducting while playing a piano or synthesizer may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras . Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance ( this is strictly the case in art music , but in jazz big bands or large pop ensembles , there may be occasional spoken instructions , such as a `` count in '' ) . However , in rehearsals , frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be played or sung .", "sentences": [ "The conductor typically stands on a raised podium with a large music stand for the full score , which contains the musical notation for all the instruments and / or voices .", "Since the mid-18th century , most conductors have not played an instrument when conducting , although in earlier periods of classical music history , leading an ensemble while playing an instrument was common .", "In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s , the group would typically be led by the harpsichordist or first violinist ( see concertmaster ) , an approach that in modern times has been revived by several music directors for music from this period .", "Conducting while playing a piano or synthesizer may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras .", "Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance ( this is strictly the case in art music , but in jazz big bands or large pop ensembles , there may be occasional spoken instructions , such as a `` count in '' ) .", "However , in rehearsals , frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be played or sung ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "French colonization of the Americas", "text": "From 1689 to 1713 , the French settlers were faced with almost incessant war during the French and Indian Wars . From 1689 to 1697 , they fought the British in the Nine Years ' War . The war against the Iroquois continued even after the Treaty of Rijswijk until 1701 , when the two parties agreed on peace . Then , the war against the English took over in the War of the Spanish Succession . In 1690 and 1711 , Quebec City had successfully resisted the attacks of the English navy and then British army . Nevertheless , the British took advantage of the second war . With the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 , France ceded to Britain Acadia ( with a population of 1700 people ) , Newfoundland and Hudson Bay . Under the Sovereign Council , the population of the colony grew faster . However , the population growth was far inferior to that of the British Thirteen Colonies to the south . In the middle of the 18th century , New France accounted for 60,000 people while the British colonies had more than one million people . This placed the colony at a great military disadvantage against the British . The war between the colonies resumed in 1744 , lasting until 1748 . A final and decisive war began in 1754 . The Canadiens and the French were helped by numerous alliances with Native Americans , but they were usually outnumbered on the battlefield .", "sentences": [ "From 1689 to 1713 , the French settlers were faced with almost incessant war during the French and Indian Wars .", "From 1689 to 1697 , they fought the British in the Nine Years ' War .", "The war against the Iroquois continued even after the Treaty of Rijswijk until 1701 , when the two parties agreed on peace .", "Then , the war against the English took over in the War of the Spanish Succession .", "In 1690 and 1711 , Quebec City had successfully resisted the attacks of the English navy and then British army .", "Nevertheless , the British took advantage of the second war .", "With the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 , France ceded to Britain Acadia ( with a population of 1700 people ) , Newfoundland and Hudson Bay .", "Under the Sovereign Council , the population of the colony grew faster .", "However , the population growth was far inferior to that of the British Thirteen Colonies to the south .", "In the middle of the 18th century , New France accounted for 60,000 people while the British colonies had more than one million people .", "This placed the colony at a great military disadvantage against the British .", "The war between the colonies resumed in 1744 , lasting until 1748 .", "A final and decisive war began in 1754 .", "The Canadiens and the French were helped by numerous alliances with Native Americans , but they were usually outnumbered on the battlefield ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Smooth muscle tissue", "text": "The phosphorylation of the light chains by MLCK is countered by a myosin light - chain phosphatase , which dephosphorylates the MLC myosin light chains and thereby inhibits contraction . Other signaling pathways have also been implicated in the regulation actin and myosin dynamics . In general , the relaxation of smooth muscle is by cell - signaling pathways that increase the myosin phosphatase activity , decrease the intracellular calcium levels , hyperpolarize the smooth muscle , and / or regulate actin and myosin muscle can be mediated by the endothelium - derived relaxing factor - nitric oxide , endothelial derived hyperpolarizing factor ( either an endogenous cannabinoid , cytochrome P450 metabolite , or hydrogen peroxide ) , or prostacyclin ( PGI2 ) . Nitric oxide and PGI2 stimulate soluble guanylate cyclase and membrane bound adenylate cyclase , respectively . The cyclic nucleotides ( cGMP and cAMP ) produced by these cyclases activate Protein Kinase G and Protein Kinase A and phosphorylate a number of proteins . The phosphorylation events lead to a decrease in intracellular calcium ( inhibit L type Calcium channels , inhibits IP3 receptor channels , stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium pump ATPase ) , a decrease in the 20kd myosin light chain phosphorylation by altering calcium sensitization and increasing myosin light chain phosphatase activity , a stimulation of calcium sensitive potassium channels which hyperpolarize the cell , and the phosphorylation of amino acid residue serine 16 on the small heat shock protein ( hsp20 ) by Protein Kinases A and G . The phosphorylation of hsp20 appears to alter actin and focal adhesion dynamics and actin - myosin interaction , and recent evidence indicates that hsp20 binding to 14 - 3 - 3 protein is involved in this process . An alternative hypothesis is that phosphorylated Hsp20 may also alter the affinity of phosphorylated myosin with actin and inhibit contractility by interfering with crossbridge formation . The endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor stimulates calcium sensitive potassium channels and / or ATP sensitive potassium channels and stimulate potassium efflux which hyperpolarizes the cell and produces relaxation .", "sentences": [ "The phosphorylation of the light chains by MLCK is countered by a myosin light - chain phosphatase , which dephosphorylates the MLC myosin light chains and thereby inhibits contraction .", "Other signaling pathways have also been implicated in the regulation actin and myosin dynamics .", "In general , the relaxation of smooth muscle is by cell - signaling pathways that increase the myosin phosphatase activity , decrease the intracellular calcium levels , hyperpolarize the smooth muscle , and / or regulate actin and myosin muscle can be mediated by the endothelium - derived relaxing factor - nitric oxide , endothelial derived hyperpolarizing factor ( either an endogenous cannabinoid , cytochrome P450 metabolite , or hydrogen peroxide ) , or prostacyclin ( PGI2 ) .", "Nitric oxide and PGI2 stimulate soluble guanylate cyclase and membrane bound adenylate cyclase , respectively .", "The cyclic nucleotides ( cGMP and cAMP ) produced by these cyclases activate Protein Kinase G and Protein Kinase A and phosphorylate a number of proteins .", "The phosphorylation events lead to a decrease in intracellular calcium ( inhibit L type Calcium channels , inhibits IP3 receptor channels , stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium pump ATPase ) , a decrease in the 20kd myosin light chain phosphorylation by altering calcium sensitization and increasing myosin light chain phosphatase activity , a stimulation of calcium sensitive potassium channels which hyperpolarize the cell , and the phosphorylation of amino acid residue serine 16 on the small heat shock protein ( hsp20 ) by Protein Kinases A and G .", "The phosphorylation of hsp20 appears to alter actin and focal adhesion dynamics and actin - myosin interaction , and recent evidence indicates that hsp20 binding to 14 - 3 - 3 protein is involved in this process .", "An alternative hypothesis is that phosphorylated Hsp20 may also alter the affinity of phosphorylated myosin with actin and inhibit contractility by interfering with crossbridge formation .", "The endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor stimulates calcium sensitive potassium channels and / or ATP sensitive potassium channels and stimulate potassium efflux which hyperpolarizes the cell and produces relaxation ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Colony of Virginia", "text": "For the Third Supply , the London Company had a new ship built . The Sea Venture was specifically designed for emigration of additional colonists and transporting supplies . It became the flagship of the Admiral of the convoy , Sir George Somers . The Third Supply was the largest to date , with eight other ships joining the Sea Venture . The new Captain of the Sea Venture was the mission 's Vice-Admiral , Christopher Newport . Hundreds of new colonists were aboard the ships . However , weather was to drastically affect the mission .", "sentences": [ "For the Third Supply , the London Company had a new ship built .", "The Sea Venture was specifically designed for emigration of additional colonists and transporting supplies .", "It became the flagship of the Admiral of the convoy , Sir George Somers .", "The Third Supply was the largest to date , with eight other ships joining the Sea Venture .", "The new Captain of the Sea Venture was the mission 's Vice-Admiral , Christopher Newport .", "Hundreds of new colonists were aboard the ships .", "However , weather was to drastically affect the mission ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Fox Sports 1", "text": "Fox Sports 1 Launched August 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 17 ) Network Fox Sports Owned by Fox Entertainment Group ( 21st Century Fox ) Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) ( HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SD feed ) Slogan The 1 Country United States Language English Broadcast area United States Puerto Rico Caribbean Headquarters Los Angeles , California Replaced Speed ( 2005 -- 2013 ) Sister channel ( s ) Fox Sports 2 Fox Soccer Plus Fox Deportes Fox Sports Networks Fox College Sports Big Ten Network Fox Sports Website www.foxsports.com/watch/fs1 www.foxsports.com Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 219 ( HD / SD ) Dish Network Channel 150 ( HD / SD ) Cable Available on most U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 1652 ( HD ) Channel 652 ( SD ) Verizon FiOS Channel 583 ( HD ) Channel 83 ( SD ) Google Fiber Channel 208 ( HD ) Streaming media Fox Sports Go Watch live ( U.S. cable internet subscribers only ; requires login to stream content ) DirecTV Now Internet Protocol television fuboTV Internet Protocol television Hulu Live TV Internet Protocol television PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television Sling TV Internet Protocol television YouTube TV Internet Protocol television", "sentences": [ "Fox Sports 1 Launched August 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 17 ) Network Fox Sports Owned by Fox Entertainment Group ( 21st Century Fox )", "Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) ( HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SD feed )", "Slogan The 1 Country United States Language English Broadcast area United States Puerto Rico Caribbean Headquarters Los Angeles , California Replaced Speed ( 2005 -- 2013 )", "Sister channel ( s ) Fox Sports 2 Fox Soccer Plus Fox Deportes Fox Sports Networks Fox College Sports Big Ten Network Fox Sports Website www.foxsports.com/watch/fs1 www.foxsports.com", "Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 219 ( HD / SD ) Dish Network Channel 150 ( HD / SD )", "Cable Available on most U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 1652 ( HD ) Channel 652 ( SD )", "Verizon FiOS Channel 583 ( HD ) Channel 83 ( SD )", "Google Fiber Channel 208 ( HD )", "Streaming media Fox Sports Go Watch live ( U.S. cable internet subscribers only ; requires login to stream content ) DirecTV", "Now Internet Protocol television fuboTV Internet Protocol television Hulu Live TV Internet Protocol television PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television Sling TV Internet Protocol television YouTube TV Internet Protocol television" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Cold War", "text": "In January 1977 , four years prior to becoming president , Ronald Reagan bluntly stated , in a conversation with Richard V. Allen , his basic expectation in relation to the Cold War . `` My idea of American policy toward the Soviet Union is simple , and some would say simplistic , '' he said . `` It is this : We win and they lose . What do you think of that ? '' In 1980 , Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election , vowing to increase military spending and confront the Soviets everywhere . Both Reagan and new British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher denounced the Soviet Union and its ideology . Reagan labeled the Soviet Union an `` evil empire '' and predicted that Communism would be left on the `` ash heap of history , '' while Thatcher inculpated the Soviets as `` bent on world dominance . ''", "sentences": [ "In January 1977 , four years prior to becoming president , Ronald Reagan bluntly stated , in a conversation with Richard V. Allen , his basic expectation in relation to the Cold War .", "`` My idea of American policy toward the Soviet Union is simple , and some would say simplistic , '' he said .", "`` It is this : We win and they lose .", "What do you think of that ? ''", "In 1980 , Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election , vowing to increase military spending and confront the Soviets everywhere .", "Both Reagan and new British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher denounced the Soviet Union and its ideology .", "Reagan labeled the Soviet Union an `` evil empire '' and predicted that Communism would be left on the `` ash heap of history , '' while Thatcher inculpated the Soviets as `` bent on world dominance . ''" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Summer Nights (Twice album)", "text": "Summer Nights Studio album ( reissue ) by Twice Released July 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 09 ) Studio JYPE Studios Genre K - pop dance ballad Length 29 : 44 Language Korean Label JYP Entertainment Iriver Producer J.Y. Park `` The Asiansoul '' Twice chronology What Is Love ? ( 2018 ) Summer Nights ( 2018 ) BDZ ( 2018 ) Singles from Summer Nights `` Dance the Night Away '' Released : July 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 09 )", "sentences": [ "Summer Nights Studio album ( reissue ) by Twice Released July 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 09 )", "Studio JYPE Studios Genre K - pop dance ballad Length 29 : 44", "Language Korean Label JYP Entertainment Iriver Producer J.Y. Park `` The Asiansoul '' Twice chronology What Is Love ?", "( 2018 )", "Summer Nights ( 2018 ) BDZ ( 2018 )", "Singles from Summer Nights `` Dance the Night Away '' Released : July 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 09 )" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Roanoke Colony", "text": "In 1998 , East Carolina University organized `` The Croatoan Project '' , an archaeological investigation into the events at Roanoke . The excavation team sent to Hatteras Island uncovered what they believed to be a 10 karat ( 42 % ) gold 16th - century English signet ring , gun flints , and two copper farthings ( produced sometime in the 1670s ) at the site of the ancient Croatan capital , 50 miles ( 80 km ) from the old Roanoke Colony . Genealogists were able to trace the lion crest on the signet ring to the Kendall coat of arms , and concluded that the ring most likely belonged to one Master Kendall who is recorded as having lived in the Roanoke Colony from 1585 to 1586 . If this is the case , the ring represents the first material connection between the Roanoke colonists and the Native Americans on Hatteras Island . However , archaeologist David Phelps did not have the ring tested , and Charles Ewen , who continued Phelps ' work after Phelps retired , had the ring tested and found the ring was brass . Ewen announced his findings in April 2017 . Mark Horton of the University of Bristol said he was not convinced that this news proved the ring did not date to the 16th century .", "sentences": [ "In 1998 , East Carolina University organized `` The Croatoan Project '' , an archaeological investigation into the events at Roanoke .", "The excavation team sent to Hatteras Island uncovered what they believed to be a 10 karat ( 42 % ) gold 16th - century English signet ring , gun flints , and two copper farthings ( produced sometime in the 1670s ) at the site of the ancient Croatan capital , 50 miles ( 80 km ) from the old Roanoke Colony .", "Genealogists were able to trace the lion crest on the signet ring to the Kendall coat of arms , and concluded that the ring most likely belonged to one Master Kendall who is recorded as having lived in the Roanoke Colony from 1585 to 1586 .", "If this is the case , the ring represents the first material connection between the Roanoke colonists and the Native Americans on Hatteras Island .", "However , archaeologist David Phelps did not have the ring tested , and Charles Ewen , who continued Phelps ' work after Phelps retired , had the ring tested and found the ring was brass .", "Ewen announced his findings in April 2017 .", "Mark Horton of the University of Bristol said he was not convinced that this news proved the ring did not date to the 16th century ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Indian Rebellion of 1857", "text": "Indian Rebellion of 1857 A 1912 map showing the centres of the rebellion Date 10 May 1857 ( 1857 - 05 - 10 ) -- 1 November 1858 ( 1858 - 11 - 01 ) ( 1 year and 6 months ) Location India Result British victory Suppression of the revolt Formal end of the Mughal empire End of Company rule in India Transfer of rule to the British Crown Territorial changes British Indian Empire created out of former East India Company territory ( some land returned to native rulers , other land confiscated by the British crown ) Belligerents Sepoy Mutineers Mughal Empire Gwalior Factions Forces of Rani Laxmi bai , the deposed ruler of Jhansi Forces of Nana Sahib Peshwa Followers of Birjis Qadra Oudh Followers of Babu Kunwar Singh Followers of Drig Narayan Singh British Empire Kingdom of Nepal Kingdom of Tibet East India Company 21 Princely States : Ajaigarh Alwar Bharathpur Bhopal Bijawar Bikaner Bundi Hyderabad Jaipur Jaora Jodhpur Kapurthala Jammu and Kashmir Kendujhar Nabha Patiala Rampur Rewa Sirmur Sirohi Udaipur Mysore Travancore Commanders and leaders Bakht Khan † Bahadur Shah II Mirza Mughal Nana Sahib Tantia Tope Rani Lakshmibai † Begum Hazrat Mahal Birjis Qadr Babu Kunwar Singh ( d. April 1858 ) George Anson ( d . May 1857 ) Patrick Grant Colin Campbell ( From August 1857 ) John Nicholson † Jung Bahadur Rana Casualties and losses at least 100,000 - nearly 806,000 and possibly more , both in the rebellion and in famines and epidemics of disease in its wake , by comparison of sketchy pre-existing population estimates with Indian Census of 1871 .", "sentences": [ "Indian Rebellion of 1857 A 1912 map showing the centres of the rebellion Date 10 May 1857 ( 1857 - 05 - 10 ) -- 1 November 1858 ( 1858 - 11 - 01 ) ( 1 year and 6 months )", "Location India Result British victory Suppression of the revolt Formal end of the Mughal empire End of Company rule in India Transfer of rule to the British Crown Territorial changes British Indian Empire created out of former East India Company territory ( some land returned to native rulers , other land confiscated by the British crown )", "Belligerents Sepoy Mutineers Mughal Empire Gwalior Factions Forces of Rani Laxmi bai , the deposed ruler of Jhansi Forces of Nana Sahib Peshwa Followers of Birjis Qadra Oudh Followers of Babu Kunwar Singh Followers of Drig Narayan Singh British Empire Kingdom of Nepal Kingdom of Tibet East India Company 21", "Princely States : Ajaigarh Alwar Bharathpur Bhopal Bijawar Bikaner Bundi Hyderabad Jaipur Jaora Jodhpur Kapurthala Jammu and Kashmir Kendujhar Nabha Patiala Rampur Rewa Sirmur Sirohi Udaipur Mysore Travancore Commanders and leaders Bakht Khan † Bahadur Shah II Mirza Mughal Nana Sahib Tantia Tope Rani Lakshmibai † Begum Hazrat Mahal Birjis Qadr Babu Kunwar Singh ( d. April 1858 )", "George Anson ( d .", "May 1857 )", "Patrick Grant Colin Campbell ( From August 1857 )", "John Nicholson † Jung Bahadur Rana Casualties and losses at least 100,000 - nearly 806,000 and possibly more , both in the rebellion and in famines and epidemics of disease in its wake , by comparison of sketchy pre-existing population estimates with Indian Census of 1871 ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "The Flash (season 4)", "text": "Barry and Ralph train to defeat DeVoe , with Barry becoming annoyed at Ralph 's apparent inability to be serious . The team manages to locate another bus meta , Janet Petty . When Barry and Ralph confront her , it is revealed that Petty can manipulate a person 's gravitational pull , which she demonstrates on Barry . Fearing once again that Ralph is not taking things seriously , Barry refuses to work with him . Ralph reveals his comedic attitude is due to a difficult childhood where his father abandoned him , causing him to make jokes whenever he is scared or under pressure . Barry relents and they go to stop Janet at a gala event . Janet uses her powers on Barry , causing him to float into the atmosphere . Barry tells the team to trust Ralph to improvise . Ralph detains Janet , then becomes a giant airbag to allow Barry to land safely . DeVoe 's wife discovers he has been drugging her , so she will continue to assist him . Breacher comes to Earth - 1 to ask Cisco for help as some of his powers have failed . Harry takes the thinking cap to Thawne 's time vault to recharge it and activates Gideon .", "sentences": [ "Barry and Ralph train to defeat DeVoe , with Barry becoming annoyed at Ralph 's apparent inability to be serious .", "The team manages to locate another bus meta , Janet Petty .", "When Barry and Ralph confront her , it is revealed that Petty can manipulate a person 's gravitational pull , which she demonstrates on Barry .", "Fearing once again that Ralph is not taking things seriously , Barry refuses to work with him .", "Ralph reveals his comedic attitude is due to a difficult childhood where his father abandoned him , causing him to make jokes whenever he is scared or under pressure .", "Barry relents and they go to stop Janet at a gala event .", "Janet uses her powers on Barry , causing him to float into the atmosphere .", "Barry tells the team to trust Ralph to improvise .", "Ralph detains Janet , then becomes a giant airbag to allow Barry to land safely .", "DeVoe 's wife discovers he has been drugging her , so she will continue to assist him .", "Breacher comes to Earth - 1 to ask Cisco for help as some of his powers have failed .", "Harry takes the thinking cap to Thawne 's time vault to recharge it and activates Gideon ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Absolute configuration", "text": "An optical isomer can be named by the spatial configuration of its atoms . The D / L system ( named after Latin dexter and laevus , right and left ) , not to be confused with the d - and l - system , see above , does this by relating the molecule to glyceraldehyde . Glyceraldehyde is chiral itself , and its two isomers are labeled D and L ( typically typeset in small caps in published work ) . Certain chemical manipulations can be performed on glyceraldehyde without affecting its configuration , and its historical use for this purpose ( possibly combined with its convenience as one of the smallest commonly used chiral molecules ) has resulted in its use for nomenclature . In this system , compounds are named by analogy to glyceraldehyde , which , in general , produces unambiguous designations , but is easiest to see in the small biomolecules similar to glyceraldehyde . One example is the chiral amino acid alanine , which has two optical isomers , and they are labeled according to which isomer of glyceraldehyde they come from . On the other hand , glycine , the amino acid derived from glyceraldehyde , has no optical activity , as it is not chiral ( achiral ) .", "sentences": [ "An optical isomer can be named by the spatial configuration of its atoms .", "The D / L system ( named after Latin dexter and laevus , right and left ) , not to be confused with the d - and l - system , see above , does this by relating the molecule to glyceraldehyde .", "Glyceraldehyde is chiral itself , and its two isomers are labeled D and L ( typically typeset in small caps in published work ) .", "Certain chemical manipulations can be performed on glyceraldehyde without affecting its configuration , and its historical use for this purpose ( possibly combined with its convenience as one of the smallest commonly used chiral molecules ) has resulted in its use for nomenclature .", "In this system , compounds are named by analogy to glyceraldehyde , which , in general , produces unambiguous designations , but is easiest to see in the small biomolecules similar to glyceraldehyde .", "One example is the chiral amino acid alanine , which has two optical isomers , and they are labeled according to which isomer of glyceraldehyde they come from .", "On the other hand , glycine , the amino acid derived from glyceraldehyde , has no optical activity , as it is not chiral ( achiral ) ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "North Africa", "text": "The diverse peoples of North Africa are usually categorized along ethno - linguistic lines . In the Maghreb , where Arab and Berber identities are often integrated , these lines can be blurred . Some Berber - speaking North Africans may identify as `` Arab '' depending on the social and political circumstances , although substantial numbers of Berbers ( or Amazighen ) have retained a distinct cultural identity which in the 20th century has been expressed as a clear ethnic identification with Berber history and language . Arabic - speaking Northwest Africans , regardless of ethnic background , often identify with Arab history and culture and may share a common vision with other Arabs . This , however , may or may not exclude pride in and identification with Berber and / or other parts of their heritage . Berber political and cultural activists for their part , often referred to as Berberists , may view all Northwest Africans as principally Berber , whether they are primarily Berber - or Arabic - speaking .", "sentences": [ "The diverse peoples of North Africa are usually categorized along ethno - linguistic lines .", "In the Maghreb , where Arab and Berber identities are often integrated , these lines can be blurred .", "Some Berber - speaking North Africans may identify as `` Arab '' depending on the social and political circumstances , although substantial numbers of Berbers ( or Amazighen ) have retained a distinct cultural identity which in the 20th century has been expressed as a clear ethnic identification with Berber history and language .", "Arabic - speaking Northwest Africans , regardless of ethnic background , often identify with Arab history and culture and may share a common vision with other Arabs .", "This , however , may or may not exclude pride in and identification with Berber and / or other parts of their heritage .", "Berber political and cultural activists for their part , often referred to as Berberists , may view all Northwest Africans as principally Berber , whether they are primarily Berber - or Arabic - speaking ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "The Young and the Restless cast members", "text": "Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Erika Girardi Is Returning to The Young and the Restless ! '' . E ! Online . United States : NBCUniversal . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 .", "sentences": [ "Jump up ^", "Bricker , Tierney ( May 2 , 2018 ) .", "`` Erika Girardi Is Returning to The Young and the Restless ! '' .", "E !", "Online .", "United States : NBCUniversal .", "Retrieved May 2 , 2018 ." ] } ]

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