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Many of them were designs to be shot down as target drones, or simply crash or explode at the end of their mission, so simplicity and low cost was as important as high-speed performance.
This made the ramjet ideally suited to these roles.
By 1952 Marquardt was involved in a number of projects, including the Navy's Rigel missile, and the Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc anti-aircraft missile.
To test the new engine design for the Bomarc, the Lockheed X-7 high-speed radio control test aircraft was built.
Over the next few years the X-7 missile broke many records, and led the Air Force to award Marquardt the contract for the BOMARC missile engines.
Originally they had intended to award the production to a larger company with better manufacturing abilities, as the Van Nuys plant wouldn't be able to build the 1,500 engines quickly enough.
Instead, the Air Force and Marquardt collaborated on a new plant on the shores of Great Salt Lake just outside Ogden, Utah.
The plant opened in June 1957, and delivered their first engines a month ahead of schedule.
By 1958 the engine was in full production, leading to an additional engine contract from the Air Force for an equally large run of a more advanced version for the IM-99B "Super BOMARC".
Meanwhile, the X-7 continued to break records, eventually setting the speed record for air-breathing vehicles at Mach 4.31.
By 1959 the company had sales of $70 million, and had purchased several smaller aerospace firms.
One of these purchases, Power Systems, led to a number of designs for small rocket motors used as positioning thrusters.
This would eventually become one of Marquardt biggest product lines in the 1960s.
Meanwhile, the main Van Nuys plant was also involved in research into new systems, including a nuclear-powered ramjet for Project Pluto and a liquid air cycle engine (LACE) for the Air Force's Aerospaceplane efforts.
Another new product line started with the introduction of their first ram-air turbine, small air-powered generators for providing aircraft with electric power if the main engine failed.
With this diversification came a name change, to Marquardt Corporation.
In 1962 North American Aviation selected Marquardt to provide the reaction control system engines for the Apollo program spacecraft.
By 1970 Marquardt was known primarily as "the" company for small rocket engines and thrusters.
Practically all US space vehicles and satellites used their designs, eventually including a major win for the Space Shuttle program.
The company developed and provided the 25 and 870 lb.
thrusters for the space shuttle.
The market for ramjet engines had largely disappeared by this point due to increased performance from turbojet engines, but Marquardt continued low-level development on advanced designs.
One system, developed in partnership with Morton Thiokol, placed a solid fuel booster inside the ramjet core.
When the solid fuel burned out the ramjet would ignite as normal.
The idea was to combine the booster and ramjet into a single airframe, thereby reducing cost, size, and range safety requirements, as nothing would be jettisoned in flight.
In 1983 the company was purchased by the ISC Defense and Space Group International Signal and Control.
In 1987, ISC was purchased by British-based Ferranti.
Ferranti declared bankruptcy in 1991.
In August 1991 one of the main Marquardt businesses, making parts for Rockeye cluster bombs and other weapons, was sold to a group of investors who formed a new company called Marquardt Manufacturing Inc.
In December 1991, the other main business, a rocket-propulsion division, was sold to Kaiser Aerospace & Electronics Corp.
The original Marquardt Co. became principally a landlord, retaining ownership of 56 acres and several buildings near Van Nuys Airport.
Kaiser reportedly picked up the Marquardt Jet Laboratory for a mere $1 million, with about $50 million in outstanding Space Shuttle contracts.
Kaiser sold the bipropellant rocket engine product line to Primex Technologies in 2000 (now Aerojet Rocketdyne) and closed the Van Nuys plant in 2001.
Brewster H. Shaw
Brewster Hopkinson Shaw Jr. (born May 16, 1945) is a former NASA astronaut, a retired U.S. Air Force Colonel and former executive at Boeing.
Shaw was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame on May 6, 2006.
Shaw is a veteran of three Space Shuttle missions and has logged 533 hours of space flight.
He was Pilot of Space Shuttle "Columbia" in November 1983, Commander of Space Shuttle "Atlantis" in November 1985 and Commander of "Columbia" in August 1989.
Following the Space Shuttle "Challenger" accident in 1986, he supported the Roger's Presidential Commission investigating the accident.
Shaw subsequently led the Space Shuttle Orbiter return-to-flight team chartered to enhance the safety of the vehicles’ operations.
Shaw worked as a manager at NASA until 1996 when he left the agency, retired from the Air Force and went to work in the private sector as an aerospace executive.
Shaw is the son of Mr. and Mrs. Brewster H. Shaw Sr.
He was born May 16, 1945, and grew up in Michigan.
He graduated from Cass City High School in Cass City, Michigan, in 1963.
Shaw received a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering Mechanics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1968.
He completed a Master of Science degree in Engineering Mechanics in 1969, also at UW-Madison.
Shaw joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity while attending UW-Madison.
While attending college Shaw was the member of a band called The Gentlemen.
He credits his flying career to a fellow band member: “Our drummer, Steve Schimming, had a private pilot’s license, and one day he took me up in his plane.
From that moment on, I wanted to be a pilot.”
Shaw entered the Air Force in 1969 after completing Officer Training School and attended undergraduate pilot training at Craig Air Force Base, Alabama.
He received his pilot wings in 1970 and was then assigned to the F-100 Replacement Training Unit at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona.
In April 1973 Shaw reported to George Air Force Base, California, for F-4 instructor duties.
Shaw attended the USAF Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, starting in July 1975.
Following completion of this training, he remained at Edwards as an operational test pilot.
He served as an instructor at the USAF Test Pilot School from August 1977 to July 1978.
Shaw was selected by NASA to be an astronaut in January 1978 where he served on loan from the Air Force.
Shaw's first trip to space was as pilot on STS-9 "Columbia" from November 28 to December 8, 1983.
His fellow crew included Commander John W. Young, mission specialists Owen Garriott and Robert Parker, and payload specialists, Byron Lichtenberg and Ulf Merbold.
This was the largest crew to fly aboard a single spacecraft, the first international Shuttle crew and the first to carry payload specialists.
The crew conducted more than seventy multi-disciplinary scientific and technical investigations in the fields of life sciences, atmospheric physics and earth observations, astronomy and solar physics, space plasma physics, and materials processing.
After ten days of spacelab hardware verification and around-the-clock scientific operations, "Columbia" and its laboratory cargo (the heaviest payload to be returned to earth in the shuttle's cargo bay) returned to land on the dry lake bed at Edwards Air Force Base, California.
Brewster Shaw first served as shuttle commander on STS-61B "Atlantis".
The mission launched at night on November 26 and returned on December 3, 1985.
The crew included spacecraft commander Brewster Shaw; pilot, Bryan O'Connor; mission specialists, Mary Cleave, Jerry Ross, and Woody Spring; as well as payload specialists Rodolfo Neri Vela (Mexico), and Charles Walker (McDonnell Douglas).
During the mission the crew deployed the communications satellites, conducted two six-hour spacewalks to demonstrate space station construction techniques with the EASE/ACCESS experiments, operated the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis (CRFES) experiment for McDonnell Douglas and a Getaway Special (GAS) container for Telesat, Canada, conducted several Mexican Payload Specialists Experiments for the Mexican Government and tested the Orbiter Experiments Digital Autopilot (OEX DAP).
This was the heaviest payload weight carried to orbit by the space shuttle to date.
After completing 108 orbits of the Earth in 165 hours, Shaw landed Atlantis on Runway 22 at Edwards Air Force Base, California.
Shaw was the commander of STS-28 "Columbia" (August 8–13, 1989).
The mission included pilot Dick Richards and three mission specialists: Jim Adamson, Dave Leestma and Mark Brown.
The shuttle carried classified Department of Defense payloads and a number of secondary payloads.
After 80 orbits of the earth, this five-day mission concluded with a dry lake bed landing on Runway 17 at Edwards Air Force Base, California.
Shaw left the Johnson Space Center in October 1989 to assume the NASA Headquarters senior executive position of Deputy Director, Space Shuttle Operations, located at the Kennedy Space Center.
As operations manager, Shaw was responsible for all operational aspects of the Space Shuttle Program and had Level II authority over the Space Shuttle elements from the time the Orbiters left the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF), were mated to the external tank and solid rocket boosters, transported to the launch pad, launched and recovered and returned to the Orbiter Processing Facility.
He was the final authority for the launch decision, and chaired the Mission Management Team.
Shaw moved on to serve as the Deputy Program Manager, Space Shuttle, as a NASA Headquarters employee located at the Kennedy Space Center.
In addition to the duties he previously held, he also shared with the Space Shuttle Program Manager, full authority and responsibility for the conduct of the Space Shuttle Program.
He then served as Director, Space Shuttle Operations, with responsibility for the development of all Space Shuttle elements, including the Orbiter, external tank, solid rocket boosters, Space Shuttle main engines, the facilities required to support mission operations and in the planning necessary to efficiently conduct Space Shuttle operations.
Shaw joined Rockwell in 1996 after 27 years with the U.S. Air Force and NASA.
The Boeing Company acquired Rockwell in December 1996.
Initially Shaw served as Director of Major Programs, Boeing Space and Defense Group.
Then he became Vice President and Program Manager of International Space Station (ISS) Electrical Power Systems at Rocketdyne Propulsion and Power.
The contract included the development, test, evaluation and production of the electrical power system to be assembled in space during multiple space shuttle launches.
Shaw's next role was to lead the consolidated Boeing teams at Huntsville, Alabama, Canoga Park and Huntington Beach, California, in the design, development, test, evaluation, production and flight preparation of ISS hardware and software.
Boeing was NASA's prime contractor and supplier for the ISS.
In mid-2003, Brewster Shaw left Boeing and became the Chief Operating Officer of United Space Alliance (USA).
In that position he had primary responsibility for the day-to-day operations and overall management of USA, the prime contractor for the Space Shuttle Program, and its 10,000 employees in Florida, Texas, Alabama and Russia.
In January 2006 he returned to the Boeing Company's Houston campus, and was then acting as the Vice President & General Manager of the Space Exploration division which controls Boeing's International Space Station and Space Shuttle programs.
He is married and is the father of three children.
His youngest son, Brandon (born in 1976), was murdered by carjackers in Austin, Texas in July 1997.
Shaw is a descendant of William Brewster of the Mayflower.
Shaw has earned numerous honors and awards including 28 medals in Vietnam.
He received the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Air Force Distinguished Flying Cross with 7 Oak Leaf Cluster and the Defense Meritorious Service Medal.
Owen Garriott
Owen Kay Garriott (November 22, 1930 – April 15, 2019) was an American electrical engineer and NASA astronaut, who spent 60 days aboard the Skylab space station in 1973 during the Skylab 3 mission, and 10 days aboard Spacelab-1 on a Space Shuttle mission in 1983.
After serving in the United States Navy, Garriott was an engineering professor at Stanford University before attending the United States Air Force Pilot Training Program and later joining NASA.
After his NASA career, he worked for various aerospace companies, consulted on NASA-related committees, taught as an adjunct professor, and conducted research on microbes found in extreme environments.
Owen Kay Garriott was born in Enid, Oklahoma, on November 22, 1930, to Owen and Mary Catherine Garriott ().
Owen's middle name was based on his mother's middle name.
He was a Boy Scout (earning the rank of Star Scout), and graduated from Enid High School in 1948, where he served as senior class president and was voted "Most Likely To Succeed."