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Once this is achieved, the next goal is to work on removing or minimizing the phobia made by traumatic memories, which is causing the patient to dissociate.
The final step of treatment includes helping patients work through their grief in order to move forward and be able to engage in their own lives.
This is done with the use of new coping skills attained through treatment.
Jesse M. Unruh
Jesse Marvin Unruh (September 30, 1922 – August 4, 1987), also known as Big Daddy Unruh, was an American Democratic politician and the California State Treasurer.
Born 1922 in Newton, Kansas, Unruh served in the U.S. Navy during World War II.
After the war, he enrolled at the University of Southern California, receiving a B.A.
in political science and journalism during 1948.
Unruh's political career began as an unsuccessful candidate for the California State Assembly during 1950 and 1952.
He was elected as a member of the Assembly on his third attempt during 1954.
During 1956, he was an unsuccessful candidate for Presidential elector for California as a Democrat.
During 1959, he wrote California's Unruh Civil Rights Act, which outlawed discrimination by businesses that offer services to the public and was a model for later reforms enacted nationally during the 1960s and 1970s.
Unruh was Speaker of the California State Assembly from 1961 to 1969 and a delegate to Democratic National Convention from California in 1960 and 1968.
As a national official of the Democratic Party, he often feuded with Governor of California Pat Brown (1959–67), a fellow Democrat, and was a case-study of James Q. Wilson's treatise on machine politics, "The Amateur Democrat".
Unruh was California campaign manager for John F. Kennedy in 1960 and a close Kennedy associate throughout his Presidency.
He helped convince Senator Robert F. Kennedy to enter the 1968 presidential race and managed his California campaign.
Kennedy won the California primary, but was assassinated shortly after his victory speech at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles.
US President Lyndon Johnson once described Unruh as "probably one of the most selfish men" he had met in politics.
After an unsuccessful effort, managed by Unruh and Mayor Richard J. Daley of Chicago, to draft Senator Edward M. Kennedy, Unruh released California delegates to vote their conscience and announced that he would support Eugene McCarthy at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago.
Unruh left the legislature to campaign unsuccessfully for governor against Ronald Reagan during 1970.
One of his campaign workers was Timothy Kraft, who a decade later was the campaign manager for the unsuccessful reelection bid of President Jimmy Carter.
In 1973, Unruh ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of Los Angeles.
When he campaigned for state treasurer during 1974, the post was considered insignificant.
Unruh's radio advertisements assured voters, "Make no mistake about it, I really want this job."
Once elected, Unruh politicized the office.
"The Wall Street Journal" noted he became "the most politically powerful public finance officer outside the U.S. Treasury".
California pension funds were a major source of revenue for Wall Street underwriting companies, and Unruh secured campaign contributions in exchange for doing business with them.
"The New York Times" said he had gained control of "an obscure post whose duties had long emphasized bookkeeping.
In characteristic fashion, he soon transformed the job into a source of financial and political power that reached from California to Wall Street."
Because as Treasurer he was "ex officio" member of many California boards and commissions, Unruh supervised "the raising and expenditure of virtually all the state's money and consolidated his influence over billions of dollars in public investments and pension funds".
He served as state treasurer from 1975 until his death from prostate cancer on August 4, 1987, 8 months into his 4th term as treasurer.
Unruh remains the second longest-serving California State Treasurer behind only Charles G. Johnson (who served 33 years between 1923 and 1956).
The University of Southern California Department of Political Science includes the Jesse M. Unruh Institute of Politics.
Unruh's nickname "Big Daddy" apparently derives from a character in the Tennessee Williams play, "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof".
Former Senate pro Tempore Jim Mills in his book "A Disorderly House" insists it was given to Unruh by then-Assemblyman Don Allen.
Unruh was a Protestant and belonged to the American Legion.
He married twice, and had five children.
Unruh died of prostate cancer at his home in Marina Del Rey, California on August 4, 1987.
He is buried in Santa Monica, California.
The California State Treasurer’s Building was rededicated and renamed the Jesse M. Unruh State Office Building by Gov.
George Deukmejian on August 19, 1987.
The California State Assembly Fellowship Program was renamed the Jesse Marvin Unruh Assembly Fellowship Program to honor the former Assembly Speaker and State Treasurer.
Act of God
In legal usage throughout the English-speaking world, an act of God is a natural hazard outside human control, such as an earthquake or tsunami, for which no person can be held responsible.
An act of God may amount to an exception to liability in contracts (as under the Hague–Visby Rules) or it may be an "insured peril" in an insurance policy.
By contrast, other extraordinary man-made or political events are deemed "force majeure".
In the law of contracts, an act of God may be interpreted as an implied defense under the rule of impossibility or impracticability.
If so, the promise is discharged because of unforeseen occurrences, which were unavoidable and would result in insurmountable delay, expense, or other material breach.
Under the English common law, contractual obligations were deemed sacrosanct, so failure to honour a contract could lead to an order for specific performance or internment in a debtor's prison.
In 1863, this harsh rule was softened by the case of "Taylor v Caldwell" which introduced the doctrine of frustration of contract, which provided that "where a contract becomes impossible to perform and neither party is at fault, both parties may be excused their obligations".
In this case, a music hall was burned down by act of God before a contract of hire could be fulfilled, and the court deemed the contract frustrated.
In other contracts, such as indemnification, an act of God may be no excuse, and in fact may be the central risk assumed by the promisor—"e.g.," flood insurance or crop insurance—the only variables being the timing and extent of the damage.
In many cases, failure by way of ignoring obvious risks due to "natural phenomena" will not be sufficient to excuse performance of the obligation, even if the events are relatively rare: "e.g.," the year 2000 problem in computers.
Under the Uniform Commercial Code, 2-615, failure to deliver goods sold may be excused by an "act of God" if the absence of such act was a "basic assumption" of the contract, and the act has made the delivery "commercially impracticable".
Recently, human activities have been claimed to be the root causes of some events until now considered natural disasters.
In particular:
Such events are possibly threatening the legal status of acts of God and may establish liabilities where none existed until now.
An act of God is an unforeseeable natural phenomenon.
Explained by Lord Hobhouse in "Transco plc v Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council" as describing an event:
An act of God is described in "Tennant v. Earl of Glasgow" (1864 2 M (HL) 22) as: "Circumstances which no human foresight can provide against, and of which human prudence is not bound to recognize the possibility, and which when they do occur, therefore, are calamities that do not involve the obligation of paying for the consequences that may result from them."
In the law of torts, an "act of God" may be asserted as a type of intervening cause, the lack of which would have avoided the cause or diminished the result of liability (e.g., but for the earthquake, the old, poorly constructed building would be standing).
However, foreseeable results of unforeseeable causes may still raise liability.
For example, a bolt of lightning strikes a ship carrying volatile compressed gas, resulting in the expected explosion.
Liability may be found if the carrier did not use reasonable care to protect against sparks—regardless of their origins.
Similarly, strict liability could defeat a defense for an "act of God" where the defendant has created the conditions under which any accident would result in harm.
For example, a long-haul truck driver takes a shortcut on a back road and the load is lost when the road is destroyed in an unforeseen flood.
Other cases find that a common carrier is not liable for the unforeseeable forces of nature.
See e.g.
Memphis & Charlestown RR Co. v. Reeves, 77 U.S. 176 (1870).
A particularly interesting example is that of "rainmaker" Charles Hatfield, who was hired in 1915 by the city of San Diego to fill the Morena reservoir to capacity with rainwater for $10,000.
The region was soon flooded by heavy rains, nearly bursting the reservoir's dam, killing nearly 20 people, destroying 110 bridges (leaving 2), knocking out telephone and telegraph lines, and causing an estimated $3.5 million in damage in total.
When the city refused to pay him (he had forgotten to sign the contract), he sued the city.
The floods were ruled an act of God, excluding him from liability but also from payment.
The phrase "act of God" is sometimes used to attribute an event to divine intervention.
Often it is used in conjunction with a natural disaster or tragic event.
A miracle, by contrast, is often considered a fortuitous event attributed to divine intervention.
Some consider it separate from "acts of nature" and being related to fate or destiny.
Christian theologians differ on their views and interpretations of scripture.
R.C.
Sproul implies that God causes a disaster when he speaks of Divine Providence: "In a universe governed by God, there are no chance events."
Others indicate that God may allow a tragedy to occur.
Others accept unfortunate events as part of life and reference Matthew 5:45 (KJV): "for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust".
Carmen Laforet
Carmen Laforet (Barcelona 6 September 1921 – Madrid, 28 February 2004) was a Spanish author who wrote in the period after the Spanish Civil War.
An important European writer, her works contributed to the school of Existentialist Literature and her first novel "Nada" continued the Spanish "" literary style begun by Camilo José Cela with his novel, "La familia de Pascual Duarte".
Laforet was born in Barcelona, Spain, but at the age of 2 she moved with her family to the Canary Islands where she spent her childhood.
At age 12 she suffered the loss of her mother, and her father subsequently married a woman disliked by Laforet and her siblings (unsavory experiences portrayed in much of her literature).
In 1939 at the age of 18, Laforet left for Barcelona where she studied Philosophy at the University of Barcelona while living with relatives.
In 1942 she departed for Madrid where she studied Law at the Universidad Complutense.
During her second year, she withdrew from classes to devote herself completely to writing, and between January and September 1944 she penned her first novel, "Nada", which earned Editorial Destino's Nadal Prize in its first year of publication (1945).
A novel of female adolescent development, "Nada" is considered a classic in 20th century Spanish literature; in many respects, this novel is Spain's "The Catcher in the Rye" with regard to such universal themes as existentialism and the adolescent search for identity.
(See articles by Mark P. Del Mastro on the search for identity in Laforet's novels).
Like Salinger, Laforet maintained a very distrustful relationship with her critics, especially after she struggled to match the outstanding critical acclaim of her first novel.
However, she did publish a total of five novels: the 1952 publication of "La Isla y los demonios", which is essentially the prequel to "Nada"; her 1955 "La mujer nueva", motivated by her re-discovery of her Catholic faith and recipient of the Premio Menorca; her 1963 "La insolación", the initial installment of the trilogy "Tres pasos fuera del tiempo"; and finally her posthumous "Al volver la esquina", published in May 2004 and considered by many to be her most accomplished psychological novel.
Following her visit to the U.S. as a guest of the State Department in 1965, Laforet published her travel notes entitled "Parelelo 35" in 1967.
Her friendship with fellow Spanish author and U.S. resident Ramón J. Sender was revealed in a series of letters published in 2003 entitled "Puedo contar contigo".
She also authored short stories, the majority of which were published in a 1952 collection entitled "La muerta", as well as novelettes that were published in a 1954 collection entitled "La llamada".
Four additional short stories--"El infierno," "Recién casados," "El alivio," and "El secreto de la gata" —were published in the journals "Ínsula" (1944 & 1952), "Destino" (June 1953) and "Bazar" (March 1952) respectively.
During her later years Laforet suffered from Alzheimer's disease, eventually losing the ability to speak.
She died in Madrid on 28 February 2004.