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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "だけに is used when the result that appeared is contrary to the expectation. It's\ndifficult to give an exact meaning for the phrase in these contexts. だけ and\nだけに can also occur in other contexts as well that are not based on this\nmeaning.\n\nIt is often used incorrectly by young Japanese people to make what they are\nsaying seem more interesting.", "comment_count": 12, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-02T12:01:15.687", "id": "14692", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-02T13:09:22.887", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-02T13:09:22.887", "last_editor_user_id": "4091", "owner_user_id": "4804", "parent_id": "14678", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "I think the point of this _dake ni_ is to underline the apparent meaning, the\n\"double meaning\", by treating it as the real one. To give a really terrible\nEnglish example \"He put dents in my teeth - just as you'd expect of a\ndentist\". It isn't that you would really expect that of a dentist, but that in\nthe \"world\" of the joke dentist means \"person who makes dents\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2017-06-14T23:10:44.883", "id": "48399", "last_activity_date": "2017-06-14T23:37:11.593", "last_edit_date": "2017-06-14T23:37:11.593", "last_editor_user_id": "22554", "owner_user_id": "22554", "parent_id": "14678", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I will be honest but please do not feel discouraged. Hopefully, you can learn\nsomething from your mistakes. A spoken line by a teenager would not be the\neasiest thing for a language learner to handle.\n\nYour translation:\n\n> “To the extent of their family(just like their family), when I come home I’m\n> a mess.”\n\nis not even close to the original:\n\n> 「ああいう[奴]{やつ}らの[家庭]{かてい}ほど、[家]{うち}に[帰]{かえ}るとぐちゃぐちゃだったりすんのよ。」\n\nWhere do you get the first-person pronoun \"I\" from? The sentence is NOT about\nthe speaker (方2). It is about the families of those students that both 方1 and\n方2 hate so much from school.\n\nああいう奴ら = \"guys like that\", \"those types\", etc. (whom 方1 and 方2 dislike).\n\nThe subject of the predicate 「ぐちゃぐちゃだったりすんのよ」 is 「ああいう奴らの家庭」.\n\nThe 「ほど」 expresses \"inverse proportion\" here. The guys that 方1 and 方2 dislike\nso much are the happy guys at school, right? They are the ones that have a\ngreat time at school. 方2 is saying that the happier kids are at school, the\nmore ぐちゃぐちゃ (= \"f***ed-up\") their families would tend to be.\n\nMy own TL attempt: \"It is the families of those types that are likely to be\nf***ed-up (when they go home).\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-02T09:02:43.233", "id": "14683", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-02T09:16:01.343", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-02T09:16:01.343", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14680", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It is an expression of feeling used when something fits snugly and there is no\ndiscomfort.\n\nPlease feel free to correct my English", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-02T11:27:11.157", "id": "14687", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-03T01:12:41.550", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-03T01:12:41.550", "last_editor_user_id": "4804", "owner_user_id": "4804", "parent_id": "14685", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "その説明で 私は しっくり きました。That explanation made me assured. My doubt was evaporated.\n\nこの部品 と あの部品は しっくり はまります。This part and that part fits exactly. These parts fit\nto a T.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-02T11:32:42.960", "id": "14688", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-02T11:32:42.960", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14685", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "この部品 と あの部品は しっくり はまります。->この部品 と あの部品はピッタリはまります。", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-02T11:43:04.103", "id": "14689", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-02T11:43:04.103", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4804", "parent_id": "14685", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "「肉の焼き加減」is more appropriate. I am an IT engineer, we use 「火を入れる」when you boot\nup servers(machines)", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-02T13:28:00.190", "id": "14694", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-02T13:28:00.190", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4804", "parent_id": "14693", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "I think よく火を入れた[方]{ほう} / 火をよく入れた方 is understandable... but if they don't\nunderstand it probably you could try:\n\n> よく[焼]{や}いてある方 \n> よく焼いた方 \n> よく焼けてる方 etc.\n\nto say \"The one cooked longer (is mine)\" as a response to \"Which is yours?\"\n(Normally, you don't use the phrase よく火を入れる when ordering steaks/meat dishes.\nI think you're more likely to see/hear it in cookbooks or cooking TV shows.)", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-03T06:16:41.807", "id": "14707", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-05T13:13:18.140", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-05T13:13:18.140", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14693", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It's what she's saying and the translator's Japanese is little wordy. You're\ntranslation is OK.\n\nYou also need to translate the part where she mentions about\n「自分はこの商品のターゲットか」and all other things that goes with it.\n\nI think Ryan did very good job.\n\nMy english skill isn't good enough to come up with a definitive translation as\nRyan did.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-02T13:44:52.127", "id": "14696", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-02T14:08:42.327", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-02T14:08:42.327", "last_editor_user_id": "4804", "owner_user_id": "4804", "parent_id": "14695", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "This is how i understand it :\n\n> ただ、訳者の超私見ですが\n\nThis is merely the translator's personal opinion but,\n\n> 子供の遊ぶ力って、大人のメッセージ伝達力なんか軽々と圧倒してくれて\n\nchildren's \"playing power/force\" easily overwhelms something like adult's\nmessage transmission power, so\n\n> 本人が興味を持てば「自分はこの商品のターゲットか」とか関係なく遊びたがるんじゃないでしょうか\n\nif the person himself is interested, regardless of something like \"being the\ntarget of this merchandise\" wouldn't he want to play?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-02T13:58:31.790", "id": "14697", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-02T13:58:31.790", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4704", "parent_id": "14695", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "This is my attempt. I have taken some literary license so any comments are\nwelcome.\n\n>\n> ただ、訳者の超私見ですが、子供の遊ぶ力って、大人のメッセージ伝達力なんか軽々と圧倒してくれて、本人が興味を持てば「自分はこの商品のターゲットか」とか関係なく遊びたがるんじゃないでしょうか。\n>\n> This very much just my opinion as a translator but when it comes to a\n> child's capacity to play with a toy, you can rely on it to overcome any\n> built-in message from adults. If the child is interested in a product, won't\n> they want to enjoy experimenting with it, regardless of whether they were\n> its intended consumer?\n\nNotes:\n\n * I have translated くれる as 'you can rely on'\n\n * Not quite sure about the use of 超: considered over-interpreting?(-> clumsy) but settled on \"very much\" on advice from virmaior\n\n * I originally took 遊ぶ to have wider meaning of fool around in the sense of \"enjoy experimenting with it\". Possibly this is better expression?\n\n * Could not decide whether the writer was specifically referring to Lego or any toy. Both seem to work but I decided the generic sense was better in context of paragraph.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-03T01:15:52.287", "id": "14704", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-03T08:32:27.927", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-03T08:32:27.927", "last_editor_user_id": "1556", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "14695", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The しており in this particular sentence is certainly not 謙譲語 because the speaker\nis not talking about himself. Rather, he is talking about ロシア軍. One uses 謙譲語\nto indirectly show respect to the listener by speaking humbly about himself.\nIn news reporting, as you stated, there is no need or expectation of the use\nof any kind of 敬語.\n\nIn this case, しており is simply the more formal form of していて (not of してあり as you\nsaid) and therefore, it is in the continuative form. \"are occupying ~~ and\n~~\". しており could not be translated by itself but it would help you to remember\nthat it functions as the continuative or conjunctive form of a verb phrase\ndescribing a state or situation.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-02T19:19:44.113", "id": "14703", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-12T03:44:59.443", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-12T03:44:59.443", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14698", "post_type": "answer", "score": 17 }, { "body": "For a more formal (not to be confused with polite or respectful) tone,\nespecially in writing or speeches, etc. Japanese often use the masu-stem form\nto link sentences, instead of the te-form.\n\nHowever, the masu-stem form of ている（て居る）would be てい which looks and sounds\nplain weird, so an alternate verb おる is substituted in, and becomes ており.\n\nOr at least that's how my teacher explained it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2016-07-26T09:25:23.463", "id": "36986", "last_activity_date": "2016-07-26T09:25:23.463", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5262", "parent_id": "14698", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "While characters can be broken down into individual elements in a wide variety\nof ways, the Ideographic Description Characters in Unicode represent the most\ncommon, and in fact provide a substantial amount of coverage if one views\ndeconstruction as a matter of recursion.\n\nFor example, 森 is 木+林 in a stacked configuration: ⿱. 林 is 木+木 side-by-side: ⿰.\nNested within each other you effectively get your long box over two short\nboxes, but semantically that's not how the character works.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-17T18:03:05.423", "id": "14911", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-17T18:03:05.423", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4914", "parent_id": "14702", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "The intended purpose of the Ideographic Description Characters is for\ndescribing characters that are _not_ encoded in Unicode (see [page 423 of the\nstandard](http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.2.0/ch12.pdf)) in an\nIdeographic Description Sequence (IDS)---combinations of these characters and\nexisting CJK characters.\n\nAt the time they were first introduced (Unicode 3.0) there were \"only\" ~27,000\nCJK characters encoded (now there's over 75,000), and an IDS could be used to\ntalk about CJK characters that did not exist in Unicode as compositions of\nthose that did (which is why there is no marker for \"indecomposable\" and they\nare printable characters). That is, they are not intended to contain any\nparticular semantic of etymological content (although they certainly can be\nused in that way). They are also not intended to be comprehensive---there are\ncharacters that cannot be decomposed because the required components do not\nexist (for example: 㣲, 莵, ...).\n\nAs far as Unicode is concerned, there is no canonical way of decomposing a\ncharacter. The group behind them (the Ideographic Rapporteur Group) [have made\nsome\nsuggestions](https://drive.google.com/uc?id=1CkJLIcX8ktcJbbUChqZ31qLFGkfXPcoB&export=download)\nabout how to do so, and [CHISE project has come up\nwith](http://www.kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/projects/chise/ids/index.html) a\ndecomposition almost all of the existing CJK blocks in Unicode---but these are\nnot rules or an established standard. So 森 could be ⿱木林 or ⿱木⿰木木 (but I think\nshorter sequences are preferred).\n\nThere are also some \"missing\" combinations. For example, there are surrounds\nfor the top-right (⿺), bottom-left (⿹), and bottom-right (⿸), but not top-\nleft. And similarly for surrounds above (⿵), below (⿶), and left (⿷), but not\nright.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-18T14:20:23.137", "id": "14928", "last_activity_date": "2018-10-16T12:24:44.677", "last_edit_date": "2018-10-16T12:24:44.677", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "104", "parent_id": "14702", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "**尊敬語** is when the subject of the sentence is shown respect.\n\n**謙譲語** is when the subject of the sentence is being humbled.\n\n**丁寧語** is when the addressee is being shown respect.\n\n(Note that the subject is often not explicitly in the sentence.)\n\nFrom the definitions, it should be clear that it is possible to combine 尊敬語\nand 丁寧語, or 謙譲語 and 丁寧語, but not 尊敬語 and 謙譲語 (in a single clause). So, to\nanswer one of your questions regarding なさる & なさいます, the former is 尊敬語, while\nthe latter is both 尊敬語 and 丁寧語.\n\nRegarding how to classify 丁寧語, most people consider it to be a kind of 敬語 (for\nexample, [大辞林](http://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%B8%81%E5%AF%A7%E8%AA%9E)), but\nthere are some linguists who do not consider it to be 敬語. In normal discussion\nI think that it is safe to assume that 敬語 contains 丁寧語.\n\n_Formality_ (e.g., である) is yet another dimension unrelated to showing respect.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-03T02:55:17.503", "id": "14706", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-03T02:55:17.503", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "14705", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I go by the definitions & examples below which I based on the explanations in\n日本語能力試験 完全マスター N3文法.\n\nAs Darius says, formality is another neutral form which would used to write\nacademic papers for example which focus on being both concise and precise.\n\n**Definitions**\n\n尊敬語 : Respectful language: refers to the actions of superiors\n\n謙譲語１: Humble language1: Verb forms to describe one's own action when it\naffects a superior\n\n謙譲語２: Humble language2: Verb forms to politely/modestly describes one's\n(group's) own actions (not affecting a superior)\n\n丁寧語 : Polite language: Verbs forms to be polite w/o reference to hierarchy\n\n**Examples**\n\n_尊敬語：_\n\n> どうぞご自由にパンフレットを **お取り** ください。\n>\n> では、次に、こちらのグラフを **ご覧** ください。\n\n_謙譲語１：_\n\n> 荷物を **お持ちしましょうか** 。\n\n_謙譲語２_\n\n> 来月国から両親が **参ります** 。\n\n_丁寧語：_\n\n> 客：「すみません。牛乳はどこですか」\n>\n> 店員：「あ、牛乳ですか。牛乳はあそこのパン売り場の隣に **ございます** 。」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-03T09:18:22.217", "id": "14711", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-03T13:20:11.273", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "14705", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "First, が is a subject marker, を is an object marker. One cannot replace one\nwith the other but, if you changed the tense from active to passive, the\nparticle used would appear to change from を to が ie from your first example to\nご飯がたべられました. (Although it does not feel very common way to describe dinner.)\n\nActually I would say that the first sentence is not really placing strong\nemphasis on the object or the verb but definitely when you replace を with は\nyou are making dinner the topic and the emphasis is what comes after は.\nPerhaps the following is more natural:\n\n> 「ご飯は、もう食べた」\n>\n> \"As for dinner, we already have eaten.\"\n\nFWIW が can be used to place emphasis on the subject that comes before it so if\nyou want to stress that dinner has been eaten you might say ご飯がたべられました\n(Although as indicated above, I can't imagine many occasions when one would\nsay this)\n\nThe change in emphasis between は＆が is covered better in the second to last\ncomment on the answers to this question: [What is the difference between\nでなくand ではなく？](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/8280/what-is-the-\ndifference-between-)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-03T06:51:47.910", "id": "14709", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-09T00:49:58.103", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "14708", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "「[出向]{しゅっこう}する」 is the plain active voice form.\n\n「出向させられる」 is the causative passive voice form.\n\nAs far as what these two forms not only imply but explicitly express to the\nnative speakers, there is a world of difference between them and therefore,\nthey are rarely, if ever, interchangeable. That they might appear\ninterchangeable in their English translations is of little to no significance\n(as usual).\n\n**「出向する」 expresses no feelings** about getting seconded to another place to\nwork. It simply describes the physical and objective fact. **It expresses a\nneutral viewpoint.**\n\n**「出向させられる」** is all subjective and it **expresses the negative feelings that\none has** about getting seconded to another place to work. One was \"forced\" to\nmake the move and one is \"suffering\". I am pretty sure you have heard the term\n\"the suffering passive voice\" used in Japanese because even I have heard it\nwhen I have never studied Japanese using English as a medium language.\n\nSo, if you are happy or you need to sound happy about your 出向, you say\n「出向しています」. When you can be honest about your negative feelings regarding your\n出向, like when talking to a friend, you would say 「出向させられた～（泣）」.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-03T10:42:34.570", "id": "14712", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-03T11:14:15.307", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-03T11:14:15.307", "last_editor_user_id": "1556", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14710", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It is read さんじゅうよんにち.\n\nIf you read it さんじゅうよっか, it would sound as if there were a month in which\nthere was a 34th day.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-03T11:05:18.853", "id": "14714", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-03T11:05:18.853", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14713", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "「くれて」 is the te-form of the verb 「くれる」.\n\n「くれる」 can be used by itself to mean \"to give\" or \"to let one have\" as in\n\n> 「ケンちゃんがあめをくれた。」 = \"Ken-chan gave me candies.\"\n\nThe other usage of 「くれる」, which is what you are clearly referring to, is to\nexpress that you, the speaker, are the receiver of an action by another\nperson. For this, 「くれる」 needs to be attached to another verb to form a \"Verb +\nて + くれる\"\n\n> 「ヘレンさんはいつも（ボクに）英語{えいご}を教{おし}えてくれる。」 = \"Helen always teaches me English.\"\n>\n> 「お[母]{かあ}さんがクッキーを[焼]{や}いてくれた。」 = \"Mom baked cookies for me.\"\n\nFinally, the continuative form of that is \"Verb + て + くれて\" and here is how it\nis used. You need to use the 「て」 **twice**.\n\n> 「[来]{き} **て** くれ **て** ありがとう。」 = \"Thanks for coming!\"\n>\n> 「[君]{きみ}がここにい **て** くれ **て** [嬉]{うれ}しい。」 = \"I am happy that you are here\n> (for me).\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-03T21:14:39.720", "id": "14716", "last_activity_date": "2021-11-02T13:52:24.027", "last_edit_date": "2021-11-02T13:52:24.027", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14715", "post_type": "answer", "score": 12 } ]

[ { "body": "From the context, the correct word should be 「[手伝]{てつだ}う」. 「手会う」 makes no\nsense.\n\n「[自分]{じぶん}も手伝うようにしている。」 = \"He has been trying to help (her cook).\"\n\n「[自分]{じぶん}」 refers to the husband here (and it is a key word in Japanese, in\nwhich pronouns are rarely used).\n\nYour 3rd line looks off as well. It literally means \"Without letting only his\nwife do the cooking\". More naturally, \"without letting his wife do all the\ncooking\", perhaps? I dunno. Don't trust my English.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-03T21:46:15.697", "id": "14718", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-03T21:46:15.697", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14717", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Assuming that the phrase was taken from [this\npage](http://cache.yahoofs.jp/search/cache?c=mOMhYyfiGQ0J&p=%E5%93%81%E8%A9%9E%E3%81%A8%E7%84%A1%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82%E3%81%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E4%B8%80%E6%8B%AC%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E6%89%B1%E3%81%86%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%9A%84%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99%E3%80%82&u=hi.baidu.com%2Fpanpanpart%2Farchive%2Ftag%2F%25E6%2597%25A5%25E6%259C%25AC%25E8%25AF%25AD%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%25B3%2595),\nthe use of 「として」 is 100% correct and natural.\n\nYou cannot use 「を」 in place of 「として」 because the direct object of that\nsentence is NOT 「コソアド」. It is 「[指示詞]{しじし}と[疑問詞]{ぎもんし}」 or more formally and\nappropriately in this context, 「指示詞[及]{およ}び疑問詞」, which was omitted.\n\nThus, it is talking about \"treating 指示詞及び疑問詞 (demonstratives and\ninterrogatives) by lumping them together as コソアド independently of parts of\nspeech.\"\n\nYou were correct in sensing that a word was being omitted.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-04T01:38:47.677", "id": "14722", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-04T01:38:47.677", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14719", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "You are confusing the structure in your sentence with the structure when the\nsubject is marked as the topic ie:\n\nB は Aに ある\n\nAs mentioned in a previous question ([What's the difference between には and\nでは](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/9391/whats-the-difference-\nbetween-)),\n\n> \"は is used to highlight a noun as a topic, and when が or を follows the noun,\n> it is replaced by は. When other particles (e.g. で、に、へ、etc.) follow the noun,\n> は is placed after them.\"\n\nLet's start with the normal structure, with no topic marker:\n\n> Aに Bが ある\n\nIf the writer adds は to mark the subject's location as the topic then we get:\n\n> Aに は Bが ある\n>\n> が marks that subject (ie what exists)\n>\n> に marks the location where it exists\n\n(-> Based on this logic your sentence would be stranger without に rather than\nwithout は)\n\nAs for which particle is taken by 始まる (if I may rephrase the question\nslightly), it depends what you want to say. I think this is illustrated by the\nfollowing sentences which I have taken from the Apple dictionary and SpaceALC\n(with some modification to the English to make the point clearer):\n\n> 学校は4月8日9時 **から** 始まる｜School begins on April 8 at nine. (literally: **starts\n> from** )\n>\n> 礼拝は祈祷 {きとう} **で** 始まった｜The service began **with** a prayer.\n>\n> 展覧会は来週月曜日 **に** 始まる｜The exhibition opens **on** Monday next week.\n>\n> 個人的な実験 **として** 始まる | begin **as** a personal experiment\n\nNote: This is not an exhaustive list of particles that go with 始まる, just some\nof the more common examples. Japanese does not always translate directly into\nEnglish consistently (see first example). As shown in the comments by\nChocolate below, there are other particles (and compound particles）which may\ntranslate into \"with\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-04T00:33:12.687", "id": "14721", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-04T10:41:24.850", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "14720", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "に doesn't have to represent a physical location. The literal meaning would be\n`X exists in Y` but as English speakers we will tend to take this too\nliterally. In this case the meaning is closer to `X has Y` and it is a\ncommonly used pattern. Think of it as existing figuratively (`This property\n(Y) exists in X`).\n\nAs a beginner I remember learning the `AはBがある` pattern, but actually the\n`AにはBがある` is more common (or simply `AにBがある`). The first one means more like A\nis holding onto B, or owns B, while the second means more like B is something\nthat A has permanently (or at least practically permanently). The reality is\nnot quite as black and white as that. To me there are many cases where either\none would sound natural (but your example is not one, since the grammatical\nrule is obviously permanent).\n\nTo answer the other question: Yes, in the meaning of \"(The word) starts with\nX\" the Japanese will always be `Xで始まる`", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-04T02:30:43.870", "id": "14723", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-04T02:30:43.870", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1243", "parent_id": "14720", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You can use この前 to express the most recent occurrence relative to now.\n\nSome examples :\n\n> この前の試験はどうでしたか\n>\n> How were your last exams?\n>\n> この前の授業に出たかい\n>\n> Did you go to the last class?\n>\n> 彼はこの前の日曜日にゴルフをしました\n>\n> He played golf last Sunday.\n>\n> この前はどこで終わりましたか\n>\n> Where did we leave off last time?\n\nTo simply express something that occurred just recently you can use さっき\n\n> 彼はついさっき出かけた\n>\n> He went out just now.\n>\n> さっきの話はなかったことにしてくれ\n>\n> Please forget what we talked about earlier.\n\nTo express something that happened lately you can use この間\n\n> この間はカンガルーの皮の財布を土産に買ってきてくれた。\n>\n> The other day he bought a wallet made of kangaroo leather for me.\n\n最後に can also be used to express the last time something happened\n\n> 彼女を最後に見たのはいつですか。\n>\n> When did you see her last?\n\nThese are just expressions from the top of my head there are probably others\nused for different situations, the examples used are from Tangorin online\ndictionary.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-04T03:24:37.543", "id": "14726", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-04T07:45:52.953", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-04T07:45:52.953", "last_editor_user_id": "4704", "owner_user_id": "4704", "parent_id": "14724", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "I located another version of the poem as follows:\n\nぬすびと\n\n青じろい骸骨星座のよあけがた\n\n凍えた泥の乱(らん)反射をわたり\n\n店さきにひとつ置かれた\n\n青磁のかめをぬすんだもの\n\nにはかにもその長く黒い脚をやめ\n\n二つの耳に二つの手をあて\n\n電線のオルゴールを聴く\n\nHere 青磁のかめ = celadon pot. Thus 提婆のかめ may mean \"the pot isolated like\nAryadeva.\"\n\nAnyway, the poem is enigmatic with plenty of room for speculation including\nthis -> <http://kdiary1.fc2.com/cgi-bin/d.cgi/giton/?dt=20121006>.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2015-06-20T06:40:28.947", "id": "25173", "last_activity_date": "2015-06-20T06:40:28.947", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10402", "parent_id": "14725", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The inside-outside relationship trumps and the speaker is still humbling\nthemselves relative to the listener by using 致します. Even if you are talking\nabout your boss to a customer for example, you would not add ～さん to you bosses\nname as the inside-outside relationship trumps the internal relationship in\nthe organisation.\n\nI've seen a lot of Japanese people (and many that really should know better)\nget this wrong as well when they speak in business situations.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-05T03:39:54.757", "id": "14741", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-06T03:47:04.840", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-06T03:47:04.840", "last_editor_user_id": "1805", "owner_user_id": "1805", "parent_id": "14727", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "If you look at the site you linked, you'll see that it explains that the first\nsentence you mentioned is actually incorrect, because the assumption is that\n山田 is your coworker and you would not be elevating him with 謙譲語Ⅰ.\n\nSo, yes, if you're assuming 山田 is not your coworker but in fact someone\nimportant, resulting in it making sense to use 謙譲語Ⅰ, then you would likely\nalso want at least さん on his name for it to be a proper sentence.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-05T04:10:42.327", "id": "14742", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-05T04:18:03.533", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-05T04:18:03.533", "last_editor_user_id": "3097", "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "14727", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I would say:\n\n> [私は]ご主人にいつもお世話になっております。 \n> 〜\"I'm always in your husband's care\" \n> (I am sure you can come up with an appropriate English equivalent. The [ ]=\n> unspoken.)\n\nThe following examples from the Apple dictionary illustrate the grammar for\nthe expression 世話になる\n\n> 息子はその婦人にたいへんお世話になった｜My son owes that woman a great deal.\n>\n> 伯父には金銭上の世話になった｜I had financial help from my uncle.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-04T12:58:19.897", "id": "14729", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-05T08:55:04.373", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "14728", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "You could say to her:\n\n> 「いつもご[主人]{しゅじん}[に]お[世話]{せわ}になっております。」= \"I'm always in your husband's care\".\n\nDo not forget the honorific ご. The に can be replaced with には without changing\nthe meaning.\n\nShe would say to you:\n\n> 「いつも主人[が]お世話になっております。」= \"My husband is always in your care.\"\n\nShe will not use the ご because it is her own husband.\n\nFinally, it is always the particle that can change the meaning of the sentence\nentirely. In this case, it is に vs. が.\n\n(If you usually did not speak all that politely or humbly, you could replace\nthe おります part with います, but you could never omit that ご.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-04T13:04:31.063", "id": "14730", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-04T13:04:31.063", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14728", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Your intuition is correct. It is intentionally done for the purpose of double-\nchecking and triple-checking the date.\n\nFor \"tomorrow\", we just have three different readings and we take full\nadvantage of it by using at least two of them in confirming something that is\nscheduled for the next day. The same is done with \"day after tomorrow\" as well\nby using both 「あさって」 and 「みょうごにち」. Point is this practice allows you to\nutilize both kun-reading and on-reading words in order to avoid any\nmisunderstanding even if someone has an unusual pronunciation.\n\nBTW,「みょうにち」for \"tomorrow\" and「みょうごにち」for \"day after tomorrow\" are used\nexclusively in business conversations. Use them with your friends and you will\nsound more than just weird.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-04T22:12:06.480", "id": "14736", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-04T22:12:06.480", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14731", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "Though this seems already answered, I decided to make it more complete.\n\n\"えらく\" is a kind of adverb(副詞） that is used to emphasize on something.\n\nSome examples I came up with... \nあの人は、えらく美人だ。 \nえらく大きな会社だ。 \n\nBut overall i don't think i hear this very often. If you just want to\nemphasize, \"すごく” or \"とても” would be a better choice.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-05T00:26:57.050", "id": "14738", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-06T01:40:48.843", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-06T01:40:48.843", "last_editor_user_id": "4827", "owner_user_id": "4827", "parent_id": "14732", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> * Chronologically (This is the third time this happens) → **3度目, 3回目**\n> * Ranked (I am the third best player in the world) → **(第)3位**\n> * Other? Maybe other context I haven't thought of that has meaning in\n> Japanese but less in other languages? → **３つ目, 3番目, 第3番**\n>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-04T21:46:10.943", "id": "14734", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-04T21:46:10.943", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "14733", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "You might know that every time numbers appear in Japanese, they are usually\naccompanied by a counter word, e.g. つ, 個, 回, 番, ...\n\nTo say \"three items\" you can say 3つ, \"3 pieces\" is 3個, \"three times\" is 3回,\n\"number three\" is 3番.\n\nTo make the number into an ordinal, e.g. \"three\" into \"third\", you simply add\n目 as so\n\n> 3つ目 third item \n> 3個目 third piece \n> 3番目 third [number] \n> 3回目 third time\n\nSo, you example first example sentence become\n\n> これで3回目です。 \n> This is the third time.\n\nAlas, being _n_ th place (e.g., in a tournament) already has its own counter.\nIn Japanese, you don't need an ordinal, but just the counter 位{い}, so your\nsecond example becomes\n\n> 私は世界3位の選手です。 \n> I am the third best player in the world.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-04T22:00:32.840", "id": "14735", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-04T23:51:36.747", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-04T23:51:36.747", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14733", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "To summarize, the nasalized glides w̃ and ȷ̃ are cases where ん or N (the\nJapanese syllable-final moraic nasal sound/uvular nasal) comes before /w/ and\n/j/ approximants, or in other words, the w or y-sounds. Observe these: (koNya\nwith ȷ̃) こ **ん** や, (yaNwari with w̃) や **ん** わり, (kaNyo with ȷ̃) か **ん** よ.\n\nIn general, where the ん or N comes before /j/ and /w/, the N nasalizes stuff.\nThis answer's pretty simple though. Please add on or correct as needed!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2015-04-11T11:51:48.693", "id": "23723", "last_activity_date": "2015-04-11T11:51:48.693", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9822", "parent_id": "14737", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> わたしの父は中国語も英語も話せます。 \n> My father can speak both Chinese and English.\n\n～も～も is how you say \"both ... and ...\" in Japanese. It works with all\nparticles, as も does by itself, i.e. usually replaces は, が, を and follows へ,\nに, etc.\n\nIt also works with more than two も's, e.g.\n\n> わたしの父は中国語も英語もドイツ語も話せます。 \n> My father can speak (all of) Chinese, English and German.\n\nThe point is that everything in the list is marked by も. If you said\n\n> わたしの父は中国語も英語を話せます。\n\nit just sounds wrong, but if it means anything, one would have to assume that\nも replaces が, which would give\n\n> As for my father, his Chinese can also speak English.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-05T00:45:09.140", "id": "14740", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-05T00:45:09.140", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14739", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "> I don't know if my brother will be able to go to work tomorrow, \n> but if possible \n> I would like him to rest(ゆっくり休む) a little longer(もう少し).\n\nThe もう少し doesn't refer to him resting \"more slowly\", it's resting for a longer\nperiod of time.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-05T04:50:11.430", "id": "14744", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-05T04:57:13.673", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-05T04:57:13.673", "last_editor_user_id": "3010", "owner_user_id": "3010", "parent_id": "14743", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "It's true that ゆっくり means \"slowly\", but it can also mean leisurely (like のんびり)\nor being at comfort or at ease (like 楽に). If you go to a restaurant in Japan,\nyou'll often hear ゆっくりどうぞ, which doesn't mean \"Eat slowly\", but rather \"Take\nyour time\".\n\nSo when paired with 休む, ゆっくり indicates taking the time necessary to be\ncomfortable.\n\nEdit: And like Ash said, it's very common to hear ゆっくり used in conjunction\nwith 休む.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-05T05:04:48.337", "id": "14746", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-05T05:11:03.060", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-05T05:11:03.060", "last_editor_user_id": "4039", "owner_user_id": "4039", "parent_id": "14743", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "ちょっと質問文が分かりにくいのですが、要するに「壁際の前と同じ場所」の意味が知りたいということですよね？？\n\n質問者様が挙げられた文を英語に訳すと、\n\n> He was standing in **the same place by the wall as before**\n\nになると思います。\n\n壁際 = by the wall, next to the wall \n前と同じ場所 = same place as before \nよって、「壁際の前と同じ場所」 = same place by the wall as before\n\n以上、ご参考までに。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-05T14:44:06.777", "id": "14749", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-05T14:57:32.603", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-05T14:57:32.603", "last_editor_user_id": "3010", "owner_user_id": "3010", "parent_id": "14748", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "言えよう = 言えるだろう\n\nThe よう part is the same as the ろう part of だろう, both originated from\n[む](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/214421/m0u/%E3%82%80/). In modern\nJapanese, you will use だろう for all verbs, nouns and adjectives for this\nmeaning. But in classic Japanese, you use different forms for them. Although\nslightly archaic, they are still used in academic writings.\n\n```\n\n よい → よかろう = よいだろう\n 神だ → 神であろう = 神だろう\n 言える → 言えよう = 言えるだろう\n \n```\n\nBut volitional verbs can't be used in this way.\n\n```\n\n 行こう ≠ 行くだろう\n \n```", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-05T21:52:21.740", "id": "14753", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-05T22:13:11.520", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-05T22:13:11.520", "last_editor_user_id": "4833", "owner_user_id": "4833", "parent_id": "14751", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "言う means to say. 言える means can say. 言えよう is the volitional form of 言える.\n\nTherefore 言えよう means something along the lines of \"It can be said\" or \"It\ncould probably be said\" and expresses a little bit of uncertainty in the\nstatement. It may also be that the speaker doesn't want to express absolute\nagreement with the statement by using 言える in this way.\n\nIn context, 問題があると言えよう means something like \"It can be said that there is a\nproblem.\" or \"It could probably be said that a problem exists\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-05T22:37:22.040", "id": "14754", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-05T23:06:03.593", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-05T23:06:03.593", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "4836", "parent_id": "14751", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "1: see the @istrasci's comment. In short, Bを伴うA: A B comes at the same time;\nBに伴うA, A comes after B.\n\n2: 後接する literally means \"to be connected after\".\n\n```\n\n 「も」が格助に後接する -- mo comes after case markers\n 格助詞に「も」を後接させる -- put mo after case markers\n \n```\n\n疑問詞 belongs to the first clause.\n\n```\n\n 疑問詞が「が」「を」以外の格助詞を伴う時は\n When question words are followed by case markers other than ga or wo,\n その格助詞の後にそのまま「も」を後接させます。\n one simply puts mo after the case marker.\n \n```\n\n3: I don't know if there is any _offical_ translation, but I think _place\ndeixis_ and _discourse deixis_ would be fine.\n\nI saw some people use \"spatial demonstratives\", \"anaphoric references\" for the\nEnglish titles of their Japanese papers as well.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-06T01:06:59.547", "id": "14756", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-06T14:53:52.527", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-06T14:53:52.527", "last_editor_user_id": "4833", "owner_user_id": "4833", "parent_id": "14755", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I've heard of ありがとう being written with Kanji, i.e. 有難う. This is used either in\na more formal context or when typing on a computer/cell phone. Often when\nwords are written in Katakana, even though they are of Japanese origin, are\nwhen these words are used by someone who isn't Japanese or to make the word\nstand out amongst the thick of the text. Even names of Japanese origin are\nsometimes written in Katakana, which usually suggests that this person is\nsomeone who was not born/doesn't live in Japan (日本人じゃないです).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-06T03:25:40.390", "id": "14758", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-06T03:25:40.390", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4836", "parent_id": "14757", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "There is no real reason why one can't write it in Katakana.\n\nFor example, around the office on one of the group chats a co-worker and I\nhave an ongoing gag where we split the words into Hiragana and Katakana\n\ne.g. ありがとうゴザイマス！ ドウいたしまして！", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-06T03:48:51.737", "id": "14759", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-06T03:48:51.737", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1805", "parent_id": "14757", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "First of all both ている and てある can refer to a resultant state, the difference\nis that てある can only be used with transitive verbs and thus refers to the\nobject's change of state.\n\n昼ごはんを作ってある refers to the new state of 昼ごはん rather than the action itself.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-06T05:26:19.857", "id": "14762", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-06T05:26:19.857", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4704", "parent_id": "14760", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "ている and てある _both_ have one possible meaning of resultant state, but the past\nform of a verb on its own doesn't. In your example with 作った and 作ってある, 作った\nonly means that food was made. The action took place, and the details of what\nhappened after the completion of that action are not explained. Furthermore,\nthe subject of this will be the person or whatever entity that made the food.\nThe food itself is secondary to the situation.\n\nWith 作ってある, on the other hand, is more so about the food itself. If we were to\nsay ご飯はもう作ってある, then we mean to say that the food has already been prepared,\nand it's _still_ in its state of preparedness.\n\nTo give a more concrete example:\n\n * 帰ってきてご飯を作った。 (When I got home I made food.)\n * 帰ってきたらご飯が作ってあった。 (When I got home dinner was already made (and ready to be eaten))\n\nNote the particles as well. When we're talking about _only resultant state_\nand not the \"preparation\" meaning of てある, you cannot use を with it, so\nご飯を作ってある will not be the resultant state of having made dinner like you\nsuggest in your example. The pattern ～を～てあるonly means that something was done\nin preparation.\n\nFor example:\n\n * レストランの予約をしてある。 (The reservation for the party is made (in preparation for said party).\n\nCompare this to パーティーの予約をした。 You made the reservation, but that's \"it\" in\nterms of the information being emphasized.\n\nPlease read [this article](http://home.alc.co.jp/db/owa/jpn_npa?sn=67) if you\ncan for more explanation about the particles.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-06T06:42:24.617", "id": "14765", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-06T07:02:54.477", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-06T07:02:54.477", "last_editor_user_id": "1797", "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "14760", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "> 1)「昼ごはんを作った/作りました。」= \"I/Someone cooked lunch.\"\n\n↑ Plain past.\n\n> 2)「昼ごはんを作っていた/作っていました。」= \"I/Someone was cooking lunch.\"\n\n↑ Past progressive.\n\n> 3)「昼ごはんを作っている/作っています。」 = \"I/Someone is cooking lunch.\"\n\n↑ Present progressive.\n\n> 4)「昼ごはんを作ってある/作ってあります。」 = \"I/Someone cooked lunch (some time ago and it is\n> ready to eat.) \"\n\n↑ Resultant state. Lunch has already been cooked but it has not been eaten.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-06T06:51:03.043", "id": "14766", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-06T06:51:03.043", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14760", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "I seem to remember you said you were relatively new learner. So, before giving\nan answer and addressing the example you give, perhaps I should say that your\nquestion touches some of the most difficult but ultimately unavoidable parts\nof Japanese grammar to grasp if, like me, you are not a linguist and studying\nJapanese is the first time you have had to understand the difference between\nsay a transitive and intransitive verb.\n\nI have given a set of sentences below which illustrate the difference between\nてある、ている、〜た and the past forms but it sounds like the most important thing is\nto understand てある, which is hopefully illustrated but the following two\nsentences:\n\n> ビールを冷やしてある | The beer has been chilled. \n> ビールが冷えている | The beer is chilled.\n\nThe important point to grasp is that although both sentences accurately\ndescribe the current state of the same bottle of beer,\n\nthe first sentence, which uses the transitive verb + てある, tells us that the\nbeer was at one time \"warm\" (which is not unusual in my country, the UK, where\nwe are famous for drinking our beer warm) but, someone took action and chilled\nit.\n\nIn the second sentence the intransitive verb is used and we are told the beer\nis chilled but we are not told if it was ever warm or if somebody took steps\nto chill it.\n\nAlso, as pointed out by someone else, the 〜てある form is not used with\nintransitive verbs.\n\nNow, if you understand the difference between transitive and intransitive\nverbs and everything covered so far in this answer then I would say we've\ncovered 90% of your question and only the hardest 10%, which requires you\nunderstand the nuances of the 〜ている form, remains.\n\nThis is explained very well in the paper recently cited by Snailplane, **[\"A\nStudy of \"V-te iru\" in Japanese by Taeko\nTomioka\"](http://homepage3.nifty.com/park/aspect.htm)** but as this can take\nsometime and I think you said you were a beginner, it might be tactically\nsensible to;\n\n(1) learn and practice using the examples of transitive/intransitive pairs &\n〜てある given in your text book and \n(2) go through the examples below and when you have time return to the paper\nor take a look at some of the other related questions on this site.\n\n**Example sentences to illustrate the difference between てある、ている、〜た etc** \n_[explanatory comments are in sq. parentheses]_\n\n> ビールを冷やす | I (will) chill the beer. [plain / future] \n> ビールを冷やした | I chilled the beer. [past, perfect] \n> ビールを冷やしてある | The beer has been chilled. [by me or another undisclosed\n> person] \n> ビールが冷えている | The beer is chilled. [subject has changed (= Resultative\n> state)]\n>\n> And then, (そして);\n>\n> ビールを暖める | I (will) warm up the beer. [plain / future] \n> ビールを暖めている | I am warming up the beer. [Progressive / Continuative state] \n> ビールを暖めた | I warmed up the beer. [past, perfect] \n> ビールが暖めてある | The beer has been warmed up [by me / someone]\n>\n> ＝＞ As a result (その結果)\n>\n> ビールが冷えたが 今、 | The was chilled but now, \n> もう冷えていない。 | it is not chilled anymore.\n\n**Your example** \nFinally, let's apply this to the example you give:\n\n> 昼ごはんを作ってある | My dinner has been prepared (~made) \n> 昼ごはんを作った | I prepared (~made) my dinner.\n\nIn the first sentence we are told somebody prepared your dinner but not who\n(although you may be able to infer this from the context). In the second\nsentence we are told that you prepared your dinner (past).\n\nIf you have grasped the nuances of the 〜ている then you might infer from the\nfirst sentence that your dinner was ready and waiting to be eaten but not from\nthe second sentence which just states somebody prepared it (past tense).\n\n(Note: If you wanted to emphasize to somebody that you had prepared your\ndinner and it was now ready and waiting to be eaten and for some reason you\ndid not want to use the 〜てある form, then you might say 「僕が昼ごはんを作っているけど・・」but\nbefore going there it might be better to study the 〜ている further.)\n\n**Additional note** : \nI have just noticed my first two sentences are also used by Hanaoka McGloin in\n\"A students' guide to Jse Gmmr\". She tells us that:\n\n\"[The first sentence] could be used when one is having a party and tells a\nfriend that beer has been chilled and is ready to go. A wife, on her husband's\nreturn, on the other hand, could utter either [sentence]. In such a case, the\ndifference is a matter of focus. The [first sentence] would imply that the\nbeer was especially done for him. [The second] on the other hand, states the\nfact matter-of-factly.\"", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-06T07:58:35.127", "id": "14770", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-09T02:17:04.413", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-09T02:17:04.413", "last_editor_user_id": "1556", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "14760", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I am afraid that neither 二回後システム nor システム第2回 makes any sense in my native ears\neven though I could feel you tried hard.\n\nTo use as much as possible from one of those two, one could take the latter\nand alter it to 「システム[第二版]{だいにばん}」, but the more natural way of saying \"System\nVersion 2\" nowadays would be 「システム・バージョン[2]{ツー}」.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-06T07:29:42.833", "id": "14769", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-06T07:29:42.833", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14763", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "You question is more about the difference between ～と言った and ～と言っていた than the\ndifference between します and しています. いう is a special word because all the four\nforms 言う, 言った, 言っている and 言っていた are used differently.\n\nIt seems to me that you will normally use ～と言っている or ～と言っていた to report\nsomeone's speech. Perhaps it is helpful to think of them as stative verbs\nmeaning “to think”. The difference is just that ～と言っている suggests the one who\nsaid that still thinks so, whereas ～と言っていた is neutral.\n\nWhat you will find in front of と言っている is often things like requests, commands,\nfeelings, decisions, conclusions, or judgement. Many of them, like たい, ほしい,\nなさい, しよう, etc., are normally restricted to first or second person subjects.\nBut in Japanese, you can easily extend them to third person subjects by\nattaching と言っている to the end. In this sense, I think と言っている may not refer to\nany specific action, but is more related to how one thinks or what one\nsuggests.\n\nOn the other hand, と言った usually refers to a specific action in the past. It is\nperfectly suitable when you are telling a story. I do not know why Japanese\ngenerally prefer と言っている over と言った for reporting other people's words. Perhaps\nit is just because people say something all the time where the focus is not on\nwhether someone has said something or done something, but on what he says.\n\nと言う generally means “people say” or “I heard”. Using と言う instead of と言った is\nusually seen in novels.\n\nI think verbs like ～と思っている, ～と言っている, ～と考えている all more or less work in this\nway.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-06T07:15:12.707", "id": "14767", "last_activity_date": "2016-09-20T00:08:57.273", "last_edit_date": "2016-09-20T00:08:57.273", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "4833", "parent_id": "14764", "post_type": "answer", "score": 14 }, { "body": "彼は...と言いました states the simple fact as \"He said ...\", so it fits in academic\nreport or formal letter. 彼は...と言っていました evokes some vividness as \"He was saying\n...\". と言っていました is a more polite expression than と言っていた ( います is more polite\nthan いる ). 言っていた is the past tense of 言っている.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-06T13:12:08.140", "id": "14771", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-06T13:12:08.140", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14764", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Those nuances exist in any language, not just Japanese. It's all about\nimplication. If I tell you a number is not negative, mathematically that not\ndoes imply it is positive, because it could be 0, and 0 is neither positive\nnor negative. It's the same (at least it should be) with language. If I say\nsomething is not easy, that does not necessarily imply that it is difficult.\n\nIf someone asks you if something is むずかしい, answer with either むずかしい or\nむずかしくない. Changing to the \"opposite\" word is just awkward and confusing (in the\nsense of \"what the heck just happened!?\", not in understanding what they\nmean).\n\nI wouldn't switch to another word without first negating what they are asking\nyou and then following it up with some kind of explanation.\n\n> * A: ギターはむずかしいですか？ → Is (playing) guitar difficult?\n> * B1: やさしくないです。 → It's not easy\n> * A: (@-@) (なんでやねん、それ！） → NG!!\n> * B2: むずかしくはないけど、やさしくもない。 → It's not difficult, but it's not easy\n> either.\n> * A: (^-^) → オッケー！\n> * B3: むずかしいというより、うまくなるのは[時間]{じ・かん}がかかる → It's not so much difficult as\n> it just requires a lot of time to get good.\n> * A: (^-^) → オッケー！\n>", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-06T20:50:47.330", "id": "14773", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-07T04:59:40.137", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-07T04:59:40.137", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "14772", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "As someone who has been learning for sometime I would say that, as a broad\nrule of thumb for a pair such as this, both mean the same thing in your\nexamples but 詳細 is more formal and more likely to used in written Japanese,\nespecially on technical matters.\n\n_Additional comment:_\n\nI think it is also fair to say the \"pure Japanese adjectives\" such as 詳しい are\nmore likely to have several meanings. The \"compound words\" such as 詳細 are more\nlikely to have just one meaning, with one character complimenting the other,\nhelping to refine the meaning。\n\nIn this case both 詳しい and 細かい{こまかい} can mean detailed but:\n\n詳しい can also be used to mean familiar as in\n\n「Danielくん、銀座に詳しいね」｜\"Gosh, Daniel you know a lot about Ginza, don't you?\"\n\n細かい has several meanings (I'll leave it to you look in the dictionary) and one\nother pronunciation, 細い{ほそい}, also with multiple meanings, of which\nslender/narrow (as in 細い指｜slender finger) is probably the one cited most often\nin textbooks.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-07T01:14:28.810", "id": "14775", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-07T16:45:49.717", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-07T16:45:49.717", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "14774", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "As (I hope) you could tell from the pronunciations of the two words,\n「[詳]{くわ}しい」 is a [大和言葉]{やまとことば} (an originally Japanese word) and\n「[詳細]{しょうさい}」 is a Sino loanword.\n\nAs with most other pairs of the two classes of words, 「詳しい」 and 「詳細な」\nbasically have the same meaning and the 大和言葉 sounds more informal and less\ntechnical than its Sino lowanword counterpart. Perhaps I should write the\nformer as \"kuwashii\" in romaji for this discussion because we are talking\nabout a spoken language whenever we are talking about 大和言葉. Japanese was only\na spoken language before the Japanese encountered the Chinese. You will keep\nwitnessing this important fact about the \"ranks\" of the words used in Japanese\nfor as long as you study Japanese.\n\nThus, there is virtually no difference in nuance, let alone in meaning,\nbetween the two words when they are used either adjectivally or adverbially.\nNeedless to say, only 「詳細」 can be used as a noun in one word. The Yamato\ncounterpart of that would be two-word-long ---「詳しいこと」.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-07T01:26:56.927", "id": "14776", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-07T01:26:56.927", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14774", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "You're on the right track with\n\n> Thus 欲しいものはない would be \"There a thing you want?\" whereas 何か欲しいものはない? would\n> be \"There isn't ANY thing you want?\"\n\n何か (and all related words, like どこか, だれか, etc.) can add a feeling of\ngenerality to a question. It's akin to the \"any-\" we use in English. \"Is there\nanything you want?\" (何か欲しいものはある？) \"Are there any questions?\" (何か質問はある？)\n\nIf you don't use such words, there's probably an implication that you have a\nspecific object/question/etc. in mind.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-07T05:54:13.260", "id": "14778", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-07T06:03:07.017", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-07T06:03:07.017", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4039", "parent_id": "14777", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "The general rule is that if the word is of Chinese origin (e.g. uses\n[音読]{おんよ}み), it uses ご:\n\n * ご[家族]{かぞく}\n * ご[飯]{はん}\n * ご[本]{ほん} (as in a book, not the counter)\n\nIf it is a native Japanese word, it uses お:\n\n * お[盆]{ぼん}\n * お[手洗い]{てあらい}\n\nKatakana words officially are not supposed to use the prefix at all, however\nwhen it is applied it's customary to use お:\n\n * おビール\n * おトイレ", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-17T17:23:34.800", "id": "14906", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-17T18:44:54.210", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-17T18:44:54.210", "last_editor_user_id": "4914", "owner_user_id": "4914", "parent_id": "14779", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "Just based on a feeling,\n\nNative Japanese speakers seem to differentiate お and ご usage based on whether\nor not they feel that that word is \"formal\" or not and whether they feel it's\n\"Chinese\" or not.\n\nTwo examples:\n\n1) Even though everyone knows that 電話 is a Chinese word, ご電話 would sound silly\nbecause noone feels that the phone is a formal thing. In this case...\n\n```\n\n Chinese + Not Formal = お \n \n```\n\n2) お返事・ご返事 - When you use お to make a native verb honorific, it often turns\ninto a noun that ends with an い sound, like お書きになる. 返事 also ends in an い\nsound, so maybe it's one of those verb-noun-honorific thingies, or was it\nChinese? Aw, crap I gotta type this email real fast or I won't get to go home\non Sunday...\n\n```\n\n Formal / Was that Chinese again? = wtf?\n \n```\n\nJust from my experience, I would also say that Japanese honorifics vary in\nboth \"formality\" and \"Chinese-yness\".\n\n> 1. お is medium well formality hold the Chinesey （お宝・お電話・お返事・お髭・お世話）\n> 2. ご is well done formality with a big side of Chinesey （ご注文・ご連絡・ご返事）\n> 3. 御（おん） is very well done formality with some Chinesey （御嶽山・御中・御礼）\n> 4. 御（み） is maximum formality, hold the Chinesey with a divine respect\n> remoulade （み位・巫女）\n> 5. 御（ギョ） is a melted Chinesey sandwich on toasted Imperial rye （御意・御感）\n>\n\n * ご and ギョ are both 音読み of the Chinese word 御\n * お・み・おん are some form of a very old honorific word called おおむ which may be a verb meaning \"I respect you big-time\"\n\nBut the answer to your question, \"why we can't use one with the other\" is\nprobably just because that would be going against the consensus decision of\nhow formal or Chinesey a word is considered to be.\n\n9 times out of 10 though, native speakers (of any language!) are just copying\nwhat they've heard or seen before.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2016-06-14T06:52:10.963", "id": "35906", "last_activity_date": "2016-06-14T06:52:10.963", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7055", "parent_id": "14779", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "料理 and 絵 aren't verbs. They're nouns. Your dictionary should say so.\n\nIn the case of 料理, you can add する to make 料理する, which means \"to prepare food\".\n(It doesn't necessarily mean to heat it up, though, so it might not be exactly\nthe same as English \"cook\".)\n\nIn the case of 絵, you can use the phrase 絵を描{か}く. (Although this is one way to\nsay \"to paint a picture\", more generally it can mean \"to draw a picture\", not\njust with paints.)\n\nYou might consider picking up an English-Japanese dictionary designed for\nbeginners. For example, Kodansha's _Basic English-Japanese Dictionary_ has\nonly a fairly basic set of vocabulary, but it describes how to use it and\ngives examples for every entry.\n\nAs for forming basic sentences like \"Do you cook?\" and \"Are you cooking?\", you\nwould probably be better served by taking a class, working through a textbook\nor going through an online introduction to Japanese. You won't learn the\nbasics you need to know from dictionaries.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-07T13:31:19.767", "id": "14781", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-07T13:31:19.767", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14780", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "There is a class of verbs, sometimes called suru-verbs, which are formed from\na noun + the verb する, e.g.\n\n> [料理]{りょうり}する = to cook\n\nSo,\n\n> 料理しますか。 \n> Do you cook?\n>\n> 料理していますか。 \n> Are you cooking?\n\nTo learn how to form simple sentences like this, you need to know how to form\nquestions and how to look up word in a dictionary:\n\nThe second word you looked up is the gerund \"painting\" of the verb \"to paint\",\nbut \"painting\" is not really a verb anymore. 絵 doesn't mean \"to paint\" (not\neven with する appended), but means a _picture_ (or painting).\n\n\"to draw a picture\" is in fact 絵{え}を描{か}く.\n\nTo look up verbs in a dictionary, I suggest not to look for the gerund (e.g.\ncooking, painting, ...), but for the infinitive (e.g. to cook, to paint, ...)\nto avoid confusion.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-07T13:33:14.213", "id": "14782", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-07T14:49:54.697", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14780", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't think there are any call-and-response jokes in Japanese, which is sort\nof an important feature of knock-knock jokes. As for jokes, which follow a\nparticular pattern, there are simple plays on words, which everyone knows and\nwhich involve two words or phrases, which are (at least quasi-)homophones,\nusually at the beginning and at the end of a sentence, which when read without\ndistinguishing the homophones are preferably some sort of tautology (e.g.\nいぬがいぬ) or simply unintelligible (e.g. でんわにだれもでんわ). Some all-time favourites\n\n> * [布団]{ふ・とん}が吹っ飛んだ。\n> * ゴキブリの動きぶり。\n> * 電話に誰もでんわ。\n> * この鶏肉取りにくい。\n> * [生姜]{しょう・が}ないからしょうがない。\n> * 犬がいぬ。\n> * イルカはいるか。\n>\n\nThey are of a similar standard and similar to knock-knock jokes in that\neveryone gets the joke (or what's left of it) and everyone knows at least a\ncouple of them. Also, everyone is free to make up their own.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-08T01:30:07.863", "id": "14785", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-08T16:35:43.240", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-08T16:35:43.240", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14784", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "Husband can use all of these like 私の家内, 私の嫁, うちの嫁, 私の妻, うちの奥さん, かみさん, うちのかみさん.\nIn these words, かみさん is friendly and colloquial. Other persons cannot use 家内,\n嫁, 妻, because it's not polite. Others can say あなたの奥さん, おたくの奥さん, おかみさん.\n\nWife says 私の主人, うちの主人, 私の夫, うちの旦那. In these words, 旦那 indicates the wife is\nnot respectful of her husband. If others use 夫, it's not polite. Others say\nご主人, あなたのご主人, おたくのご主人, あなたの旦那さま.\n\n家内/主人 is a polite humble word. 嫁/旦那 is an item which is taken into the family\nclan, so it has a shade of oldie heritage. 妻/夫 is a legal neutral word.\n\nThe maid would say 奥さま, ご主人さま.\n\n細君 is a little bit classical word, often seen in old Japanese novels. 宿六 yado\nroku is another little bit classical word for a husband. 宿六 is funny and\ndisrespectful, 細君 is decent.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-08T08:31:29.493", "id": "14787", "last_activity_date": "2019-01-31T06:13:00.503", "last_edit_date": "2019-01-31T06:13:00.503", "last_editor_user_id": "107", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14786", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 }, { "body": "家内 literally translates to \"in the house,\" so even Japanese people feel it's a\nbit old fashioned (a bit like something an old-fashioned boomer might say).\n\nThe most neutral term is probably 妻 which nuance-wise most directly translates\nto \"wife\" (vs husband), and you'd only use it to refer to your own wife. I'm\nJapanese American and I'd feel most natural using this term.\n\nLike others have said, 奥さん is the polite/slightly-casual way to refer to other\npeople's wives. 奥 means \"inside\" or something similarly withdrawn though, so\ndoesn't feel the most ideal to me, but not sure about other commonly accepted\nalternatives.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2019-11-25T17:09:52.447", "id": "73235", "last_activity_date": "2019-11-25T17:09:52.447", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "36116", "parent_id": "14786", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "> ご飯を食べてから一緒に公園で/をさんぽしましょ。 \n> ご飯を食べてから公園で/を一緒にさんぽしましょ。 \n>\n\n... both sound natural to me and I don't see much difference between them. \nYou can also say \n\n> ご飯の後で～～ \n> ご飯を食べたら～～ \n> ～～～一緒に公園にさんぽに行きましょ。 \n> etc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-09T06:15:33.373", "id": "14795", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-09T06:15:33.373", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14789", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I think the 2nd is natural also. 1st is [一緒に]->[公園で散歩], 2nd is [公園で]->[一緒に散歩].\n\n1st strengthens \"in the park\", 2nd strengthens \"with me\".\n\nThe pattern is \"to place the word _near_ a verb, if you want to make the word\nstrongly connected with the verb.\"\n\n映画を見た後で私と食事をしましょう proposes \"to eat\" or \"to take a lunch\", not to go to a park,\netc.\n\n映画を見た後で食事を私としましょう proposes \"with me\", not with other persons.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-09T12:31:09.587", "id": "14809", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-09T12:31:09.587", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14789", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "* アイマッド (Ai-maddo)\n\nor\n\n * アイマード(Ai-Maado)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-12-28T09:28:01.620", "id": "21053", "last_activity_date": "2014-12-28T09:28:01.620", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "8012", "parent_id": "14790", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "アイマド, since there is no other possible consonant ending besides \"n.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2016-02-16T03:06:08.953", "id": "32195", "last_activity_date": "2016-02-16T03:36:40.450", "last_edit_date": "2016-02-16T03:36:40.450", "last_editor_user_id": "9749", "owner_user_id": "13572", "parent_id": "14790", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "It is more a comment than an answer but since I lack reputation so as to write\na comment I write it as an answer.\n\nIn fact, you can also use が in the second sentence but (as you guessed) は\nstresses the fact that there are land animals at the North Pole but at the\nSouthern Pole there are not.\n\nThe particle が in the first sentence is just the subject particle が used to\nintroduce your subject 陸上の動物 land animals, here が cannot be replaced by は\nbecause the subject has not been introduced yet.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-08T23:38:13.383", "id": "14792", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-08T23:38:13.383", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4216", "parent_id": "14791", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "As you say は is used for contrast. It also places emphasis on what comes after\nit. In this sentence the writer is placing emphasis on the absence of land\nanimals such as polar bears from the South Pole as opposed to their presence\nin the North.\n\nThe most highly voted question is very good summary of は and が but for a short\nexplanation relevant to your question I would refer you to the following\nanswer and comments to this question which cemented this for me: [What is the\ndifference between でなくand\nではなく？](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/8280/what-is-the-\ndifference-between-)\n\nThis question from yesterday might also be of interest: [Particle は replacing\nを - where does the stress\nlie?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/14708/particle-)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-09T01:15:14.387", "id": "14793", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-09T14:43:57.400", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "14791", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "In fact, this は, seldom mentioned in research works, (at least in the hundreds\nof papers and books I have read), is a little different.\n\nIn short, I think it is used to **show and show how the statement agrees or\ndisagrees with an existing proposition.**\n\nIn your example, it clear to see the two sentence are almost the same except\nthe parts before and after は.\n\n> **北極** にはシロクマなど陸上の動物が **いる** 。 \n> **南極** には 陸上の動物は **いない** 。\n\n* * *\n\nLet's see some more examples of the second は. (I think we don't normally use\nthe verbose form to answer, though.)\n\n> A: りんご **は** **好き** ですか \n> B: いいえ。りんご **は** **嫌い** です。\n>\n> A: 雨 **が** 降っていま **す** か \n> B: いいえ。雨 **は** 降っていま **せん** 。\n>\n> A: 酒 **を** 飲みま **す** か？ \n> B: いいえ。酒 **は** 飲みま **せん** 。\n>\n> A: 東京 **に** 止まりま **す** か？ \n> B: いいえ。東京 **には** 止まりま **せん** 。\n>\n> A: みんな **と** **同じで** すか？ \n> B: いいえ。みんな **とは** **違いま** す。\n>\n> A: 仕事だけが人生 **で** **す** か？ \n> B: いいえ。仕事だけが人生 **では** **ありません** ？ (actually, ではない is a little special)\n>\n> A: ここ **から** 見えま **す** か？ \n> B: いいえ。ここ **からは** 見えま **せん** 。\n\nYou may argue that the only contradictory part is the negation part, that is,\nthe ません, ない part. But normally, you don't split a verb(e.g. 行かない→行きはしない),\nunless you want to emphasize. It's common not to insert a は between a verb or\nan adjective and its auxiliary verb. In these case, は has to be moved the to\nthe last case particle before the verb, whenever it is possible.\n\n> A: 行き ま **す** か。 \n> B: 行き **は** しま **せん** 。 (expected form, sometimes used) \n> B: 行き ま **せん** 。(normally used form)\n>\n> A: 高い ですか。 \n> B: 高く **は** **ない** です。 (expected form, but may imply different meaning) \n> B: 高く **ない** です。(normally used form)\n>\n> A: 雨が 降ってい ま **す** か？ \n> B:* 降ってい **は** しま **せん** 。 (expected form, but I have never heard) \n> B: 降って **は** いま **せん** 。 (often used) \n> B: 降って いま **せん** 。 (normally used) \n> B: 雨 **は** 降って いま **せん** 。 (は is moved backward)\n>\n> 妹を お前 **には** 渡さない。(は is moved backward to に) \n> 行動しない者に、幸福 ** ~~が~~ は** 訪れない (は is moved backward to が)\n\nThe kind of は can be used in statements, questions, imperatives, and adnominal\nclauses,\n\n> 酒 **は** 飲みません。 \n> そう **は** 思いませんか？ \n> 冗談 **は** ほどほどにしなさい！ \n> 人 **とは** 違う道\n\nwhile it doesn't seem to get along with conditional clauses (ば, なら, etc.), but\nI'm not sure.\n\n* * *\n\nMany particles like など, なんか are sometimes used instead of or in front of は.\n\n> 嘘 **なんか** ついてねーよ。\n\nAs far as I know, it usually safe to use は in sentences containing verbs like\n～ない or 違う,etc. For other verbs, an explicit context is usually required to\nmake it natural.\n\n> A:異世界 **は** **ない** でしょ。 (Containing ない, so no context required. The\n> statement contradicts the common sense.) \n> B:異世界 **は** **ある** よ。 (context required. Contradicts to A's proposition.)\n\nSometimes は is lightly used to contrast with logically contradictory facts. In\nthis case, they are most like “whereas/but”.\n\n> 雨が・は降りましたが、傘は持って行きませんでした。 (We normally expect one to take an umbrella with\n> him if it rains, but it isn't.)\n\nLast word about ではない. It's often lightly used instead of でない, so the は may\ncarry little meaning. ではなく and でなく are somewhat interchangeable. The\ndifference is even neutralized if you use じゃない. So in the following example,\nyou see は is used twice.\n\n> A: あなたはりんご **が** 好き **で** **す** か？ \n> B: いいえ。りんご **は** 好き **では** ありま **せん** 。 \n> B: いいえ。りんご **は** 好き **じゃ** ありま **せん** 。\n\n* * *\n\nI examined the most common case particles like が, を, に, へ, から, と and で, and\nbelieve they are obligatorily followed by は in many situations. (see above)\n\nそう is a little different. そう思いません is used as well as そうは思いません. But そうはいかない\nseems more common than そういかない, but I'm not sure.\n\nBoth まで and までは often contain an semi-negative sense. Adverb suffix に, く and と\nare not used with this type of は, either, except when they are used with verbs\nlike なる, 見える, etc.\n\nFor other case-marker-like structures like について, において, にとって, ために, etc. I feel\nthis kind of は is not often used with them. But I haven't investigated on\nthem, so it's just a speculation.\n\nThis kind of は is not used with other adverbials.\n\n* * *\n\nDepending on your intent and where you put your stress, same は can often be\nused to introduce a semi-negative or reticent sense. e.g.\n\n```\n\n 高くはない（が低くもない)\n \n A: みんな行きますか\n B: 私は行きます。 (For others, I don't know.)\n \n```\n\nI think these two types of は are somewhat complementary.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-09T05:07:53.753", "id": "14794", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-09T12:24:40.807", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "4833", "parent_id": "14791", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "You have kind of answered your own first question but I would like to add a\nfew words.\n\n「Aだとばかり思っていた」 means and implies that the speaker made a premature judgement\nabout something to form an impression or opinion that is based only on\nfragmentary information. Later on, he realized that there was more to the\nstory and had to re-form his opinion.\n\n> 「Aだと **ばかり** 思って **いた** 」\n\nis virtually synonymous to:\n\n> 「Aだと **しか** 思って **いなかった** 」\n\nYour example #3 is cool because it shows that the 「思っていた」 part sometimes gets\nomitted. Verbs such as 「思う」、「言う」、「感じる」 often get omitted, which makes\nsentences end abruptly with the quotative particle 「と」.\n\nTo answer your last question, 「～～とばかり」 is a common phrase used to add emphasis\nto the ～～ part. The 「と」 is quotative. The speaker is implying that whoever had\nlaid out the tea set would have wanted to say \"Form is important.\" I myself\nwould have added a 「に」 after the 「ばかり」.\n\nSee meaning #6 in\n[http://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%A8%B1%E3%82%8A?dic=daijisen&oid=14657800](http://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%A8%B1%E3%82%8A?dic=daijisen&oid=14657800)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-04-09T00:45:26.897", "id": "15325", "last_activity_date": "2019-11-09T09:19:01.317", "last_edit_date": "2019-11-09T09:19:01.317", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14796", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Many hits for this word are from Australia and about people who share a\nroom/apartment. [For\nexample](http://yurikobessho.blogspot.be/2012_05_01_archive.html):\n\n> オウンキーは1人づつ持たせてもらっているのですが エレベーター操作ができるスワイプキーはシェア。\n\nSo, apparently `オウンキー` means that you don't have to share the key with someone\nelse living in the same place.\n\n**EDIT** : in fact, the term seems to have been borrowed from English\n([1](http://www.gumtree.com.au/s-ad/pyrmont/flatshare-houseshare/looking-\nfor-1-girl-pyrmont-own-key-available-now/1040790621),\n[2](http://www.gumtree.com.au/s-ad/sydney-city/roomshare/female-roomshare-\nwith-own-key-available-now-/1040880297)) and not invented by Japanese, so the\nwasei-eigo tag is probably wrong:\n\n> Hi, 1 female needed for living room $180/week only 2 people in the\n> appartment. [...] All bills included, Free Internet, **Own key** , Swimming\n> pool, Gym, Sauna and Spa!! Very Safe and Secure appartment and the area :) \n> ... \n> Only 3 people in the room, with **your OWN keys**. No need to share the\n> keys, so you can get full access 24/7,\n\n(P.S. You should always mention where you found the word and provide some\nsentences for context; don't assume it's something obvious...)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-09T08:56:11.973", "id": "14799", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-09T09:11:27.307", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-09T09:11:27.307", "last_editor_user_id": "3295", "owner_user_id": "3295", "parent_id": "14797", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Would it surprise you if I told you that you are likely to have been using\nJapanese words of the same structure as 「開け口」 for years already ---\n「[着物]{きもの}」,「[焼]{や}き[鳥]{とり}」, 「[食]{た}べ[物]{もの}」, etc.\n\nThe structure is \"[連用形]{れんようけい} of a verb + Noun\". It is as simple as that.\n\n「[開]{あ}け[口]{ぐち}」= The 連用形 of the verb [開]{あ}ける, which is [開]{あ}け + The noun\n[口]{くち} = \"opening mouth\"\n\n「[着物]{きもの}」= The 連用形 of the verb [着]{き}る, which is [着]{き} + The noun [物]{もの} =\n\"wearing things\"\n\nFor those unfamiliar with the consonant change occuring in くち⇒ぐち, it is called\n[連濁]{れんだく} : <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku>", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-09T10:25:11.870", "id": "14802", "last_activity_date": "2018-12-31T08:35:25.240", "last_edit_date": "2018-12-31T08:35:25.240", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14800", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "限り means limit/extent.\n\nIn the negative ~に限りない \"cannot be confined to; is not limited to; is not\nnecessarily so\"\n\nThe dictionary of Intermediate Japanese by Makino Sensei is an amazing\nresource (and believe it or not, he is really good at ping pong).\n\n> 年上だから卓球が上手じゃないとは限らない \n> (It is not fair/possible/correct to say that simply because he is an older\n> man he is unskilled at Ping Pong)\n\n正しいかどうか、日本語の母語の人におねがいしますね\n\nThe examples you posted are sound. There are better constructs to use for\nadjectives (like _uchi ni_ and _dattara_ , _nara_ )\n\n* * *\n\nsandra: Anybody who knows 限り grammar when meaning \"as long as\"\n\nYou can say \"aru kagiri ~~\" but that is a verb. Don't put adjectives in front\nof it. It's not the beautiful Japanese you are capable of ^_^", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2015-03-08T06:16:30.247", "id": "23117", "last_activity_date": "2016-04-25T06:17:51.743", "last_edit_date": "2016-04-25T06:17:51.743", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9542", "parent_id": "14801", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "Here are three examples of socially correct usage I found on the web:\n\n> * ああ、富士山、ただただ美しい限りだ。- Aaah, Fuji-san, just so supremely beautiful. \n> (used most frequently when referring to beautiful mountains or sweeping\n> views)\n>\n> * #お美しい限り - a hashtag (e.g. twitter, instagram) indicating \"beautiful\n> people\"\n>\n> * 「面白い限り、オリンピック・エンブレム問題」- \"???, the Olympic Emblem Problem\"\n>\n>\n\nThis last example is actually the title of a blog giving the blogger's\nimpression of designer Kenjiro Sano explaining why his Olympic symbol looks\nlike another designer's work. The title is obviously very cynical so it is\npossible there are multiple simultaneous meanings intended for the [面白い限り]\npart. Here are some candidates I can think of (I would appreciate feedback).\n\n 1. As long as it is interesting \n 2. As long as it is interesting (even though other qualities e.g. originality, are missing)\n 3. So very interesting\n 4. So very absurd\n\nIn summary, it seems like there are special situations where [形容詞]+限り is\nappropriate as a phrase, but it is not a general grammar pattern with a wide\nrange of usage.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2016-04-24T08:11:37.283", "id": "33762", "last_activity_date": "2016-04-24T09:43:17.703", "last_edit_date": "2016-04-24T09:43:17.703", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "14250", "parent_id": "14801", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This is a shortening of 待っていろ which is imperative for 待っている (いろ being the\nimperative of いる)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-09T11:27:52.513", "id": "14807", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-09T11:27:52.513", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4704", "parent_id": "14804", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "「[待]{ま}ってろよ」is a colloquial contraction of 「待っていろよ」. It is the \"tough guy\"\nspeech, so to speak.\n\nThere is a difference in meaning between 「待て/待って」and「待って（い）ろ」. The former is\nthe simple \"Wait (a second).\" while the latter means \"You wait (there for a\nperiod of time) for me (or someone/something to arrive).\" The latter is\nactually ordering one to \"stay\" there. I am sure that you can see two verbs in\n「待っていろ」, which is 「待つ = \"wait\"」and「いる = \"stay\"」.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-09T11:54:23.423", "id": "14808", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-09T11:54:23.423", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14804", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "As other people said, てろ is short for ていろ.\n\nI think there are mainly too ways to use it.\n\n 1. It means \"keep on doing/continue to do\". It's used when the listener is already doing something, and you ask him to continue. I feel this is somewhat used rhetorically. It means you don't really want to stop him.\n\n 2. It implies something might happen during (and might interrupt) the process, or you just try and see and may interrupt the process. I think 待っていろ generally carries this sense.\n\n~~(I have a meeting to attend, and will later post more examples when I come\nback.)~~\n\n* * *\n\nI just found a paper about the difference between しろ and していろ. I'm not sure if\nthe question is really asking about it, so I'm not going to add additional\nexplanations.\n\nFor those who want to learn more, click the following link.\n\n吉川武時(1979)「[『していて下さい』の意味――『待って下さい』と『待っていて下さい』の使い分け――](http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/20526/1/jls006004.pdf)」,『日本語学校論集』,6,\npp.62-91.\n\n(Actually his analysis is different from mine.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-10T02:51:13.027", "id": "14818", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-10T08:57:19.783", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-10T08:57:19.783", "last_editor_user_id": "4833", "owner_user_id": "4833", "parent_id": "14804", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "It would be「カリーサビラ」 or 「カリー」 for short.\n\n<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFyBfvjgpxk>\n\n<http://hougen.ajima.jp/hougen.php?lid=420>", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-09T12:57:52.820", "id": "14811", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-09T12:57:52.820", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14810", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "There is no difference in meaning between 「おいしい」 and 「うまい」 --- \"delicious\",\n\"tasty\", \"yummy\", etc. --- but there is a difference in usage and nuance.\n\n「おいしい」 sounds more refined and often more feminine than 「うまい」. 「うまい」 sounds\nmore down-to-earth and intuitive, and it could carry a small amount of light\nvulgarity.\n\nIf you were a Japanese-speaking parent, you would probably not want to hear\nyour little girl use 「うまい」. Even if your kid were a boy, you would still not\nwant him to use it too often until he was, like, out of elementary school. I\nam actually speaking from my own experience here. I am male so I usually\nsomehow got away with saying 「うまい」 as a kid, but my sister did not. Our mother\nbasically never used the word herself nor did she allow her daughter to use\nit.\n\nAfter a few decades, however, more women definitely use 「うまい」 like it was\nnothing. On TV shows about food, you might hear young women use 「うまい」 almost\nas often as they use 「おいしい」 these days.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-10T04:30:08.613", "id": "14820", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-10T04:30:08.613", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14812", "post_type": "answer", "score": 16 } ]

[ { "body": "It' a colloquial -ている.\n\nMaybe my ears deceive me but I often hear younger children producing it in\nthat way. It's also how I formed it for quite some time when I first started\nlearning Japanese.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-09T23:23:13.403", "id": "14817", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-09T23:23:13.403", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4091", "parent_id": "14813", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Yes, -てる is simply the colloquial form of -ている。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2015-06-11T07:22:34.333", "id": "24944", "last_activity_date": "2015-06-11T07:22:34.333", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10317", "parent_id": "14813", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "〜ている is very often shortened informally to 〜てる. It's not rude, but it is non-\nstandard. You actually also hear 〜てます rather than ています, though again this is\nnon-standard Japanese and isn't something you'd typically do when talking to\nyour boss, as it may come-off too casual.\n\nGrammatically, both these forms are identical to their alternative standard\nforms, though, and while 〜ている is common in written Japanese, 〜てる is often used\nin speech by all ages, though more so amongst children. 〜ている is often more\nused, but 〜てる is definitely not uncommon in speech (and writing designed to\nmirror speech)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2015-06-11T16:43:13.317", "id": "24950", "last_activity_date": "2015-06-11T16:43:13.317", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9185", "parent_id": "14813", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "There are many reasons that could explain why there are some differences of\nshape in different type-faces.\n\n * Japanese and Chinese type-faces are slightly different. See for example the compounds of 糸.\n * The stroke order of character may vary from Chinese to Japanese writing. See, for example [必](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_order#Stroke_order_per_polity)\n * The simplification of kanji over the time. See, for example [躇](http://jisho.org/kanji/details/%E8%BA%87), and [者](http://jisho.org/kanji/details/%E8%80%85).\n\nThis list is not exhaustive and if someone wants to add other reasons feel\nfree to edit.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-09T19:32:07.790", "id": "14815", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-09T19:51:42.230", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-09T19:51:42.230", "last_editor_user_id": "4216", "owner_user_id": "4216", "parent_id": "14814", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "In fact, the 者 character has the dot in the [Kangxi\ndictionary](http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/1210.gif). This variant is\ncoded in Unicode as 者 and is etymologically the older one.\n\nIt is worth pointing out that 賭 was only added to the Jōyō kanji list in 2010.\nComputer fonts usually use traditional (= Kangxi) shapes for characters not on\nthe list; cf [Asahi characters](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_characters)\nand [extended shinjitai](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_shinjitai).\nCuriously, if you look at the [official\nlist](http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/joho/kijun/naikaku/pdf/joyokanjihyo_20101130.pdf),\nthey explicitly say (p. 3) that this variation is permitted for 賭:\n\n> 付\n> 情報機器に搭載されている印刷文字字体の関係で、本表の通用字体とは異なる字体（通用字体の「頰・賭・剝」に対する「頬・賭・剥」など）を使用することは差し支えない。\n\nSee also p. 9.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-09T20:35:12.187", "id": "14816", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-09T20:35:12.187", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "578", "parent_id": "14814", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "The variation on「者」(without the dot) and「{{ko:者}}」(with the dot) doesn't mean\nanything.「者」is the older shape inherited from brush calligraphy,\nwhile「{{ko:者}}」is the product of introducing\n[_Shuowen_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi) [small seal\nscript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_seal_script) features into the\ncharacter.「{{ko:者}}」is now established as the Traditional print shape, and the\nprint forms of newly introduced _kanji_ into the\n[_Jōyō_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji) list will contain\nthe dot (making no further efforts to bring the print shapes closer to the\nhandwritten shape).\n\n「{{ko:者}}」is not _older_ than「者」! The bottom component of「者」was originally「口」,\nwhich then changed to「甘」[through the addition of a\nmark](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/3635/whats-the-deal-with-\norigin-of-the-character-%E6%9B%B0/61301#61301).\n\n# `[商](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty) \n[金](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jjMPt.png) \n者㚸爵 \n[集成9090](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/yzjwjc/?bh=9090&jgwfl=)``[楚](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_\\(state\\)) \n[帛](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/JTInr.png) \n[帛丙](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/ChuwenziReference)11.3 \n``[秦](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty) \n[簡](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/MnKSm.png) \n[睡](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuihudi_Qin_bamboo_texts)・[雜](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/QinwenziReference)32 \n``現代 \n[楷](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_script) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/irN2W.png) \n \n`\n\n_Shuowen_ erroneously says that「{{ko:者}}」contains「・白」(自), but「・白」is just a\ngraphical corruption of「甘」. The dot in「{{ko:者}}」comes from the first stroke\nof「白」.\n\n> 「白」is not _white_ in this context, but a variant of「自」with only one\n> horizontal line in the middle.\n\n# ` \n[篆](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_seal_script) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/RCU4s.png) \n[說文解字](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi) \n``[清](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty) \n[宋明](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_\\(typefaces\\)) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/6JGNS.png) \n[康熙字典](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary) \n`\n\n> For reference, the glyph evolution of「自」( _picture of a nose_ ):\n>\n> # `商 \n> [甲](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone_script) \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/aKlmR.png) \n> [甲](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference)392 \n>\n> [合集33314](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&bh=33314&jgwfl=)``[西周](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou) \n> 金 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/dE3EW.png) \n> 沈子它簋蓋 \n> [集成4330](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/yzjwjc/?bh=4330&jgwfl=)`` \n> 篆 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BTKHM.png) \n> 說文解字 \n> `` \n> 篆 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BfGVr.png) \n> 說文[異體](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant_Chinese_character) \n> ``現代 \n> 楷 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/RMory.png) \n> \n> `\n\n* * *\n\n**References:**\n\n * 季旭昇《說文新證》\n * [小學堂](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/)\n * [國學大師](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2018-11-20T15:46:39.130", "id": "62952", "last_activity_date": "2018-11-20T15:46:39.130", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "26510", "parent_id": "14814", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Your first example is 選{えら}んだ, which is from the verb 選ぶ. It's the Japanese-\norigin word for \"choose\" and differs mostly by its formality compared to\nChinese-origin words.\n\n選択 is a simple choice. Pick a card, pick your classes, choose an answer on a\ntest, or, as in your example, choose early retirement.\n\n選定 is a choice with _purpose_. You choose something to match a set of\ncriteria. You look at the choices, judge them each, and make the decision with\nregard to what you feel is the _most appropriate_ one. For example, 議員を選定する.\nAn example [here](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/thsrs/1975/m0u/) is\n\"購入機種の選定会議.\" It has more of an \"official\" flavor and is quite formal. It might\nbe helpful to think of it as something that goes through a selection process.\nOn the site I mentioned previously, a key distinction in the descriptions is\nin the choice of words for the actual verb: with 選択 it uses 選び出す, but with 選定,\nit uses 決める. This reinforces the idea of one being a mere choice while one is\nmore _elective_. I'm sorry if this explanation is hard to follow but I'm\nstraining to explain what is essentially in English the difference between\nchoose and choose.\n\nYou asked separately why you would not use 選定 for an answer on a test. Think\nof it this way. When you're choosing answers on a test, you may be weighing\neach choice against certain conditions, but ultimately you're not really\n\"deciding\" which one is best. You're deliberating which one seems like the\n_right answer_. But your choice could be wrong. Because of the\ncorrect/incorrect nature you're choosing an answer in the lightest sense of\nthe word, no matter how hard you think about it. With 選定 it's more about\nchoosing one of several valid options and making a decision about which is\n_most_ appropriate. For example, if you were to use 選定 on a test question, it\nwould sound to me like you were choosing a test question or answer to be used\nas a representative or some kind in some compendium of example test questions\nand answers, trying to decide which ones to include in the collection.\n\nIt should be clear, then, that 選択 and 選定 are _not_ interchangeable. 選ぶ on its\nown is not formal at all and can be kind of excluded on that basis, though you\ncan probably use it (with the right level of formality) to mean the same thing\nas the other two. 選択 is for things where the judgment and criteria aren't as\nimportant as the act of choosing in itself, while 選定 emphasizes the meaning\nand purpose behind a choice.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-10T05:13:02.963", "id": "14822", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-10T14:25:55.090", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-10T14:25:55.090", "last_editor_user_id": "1797", "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "14819", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "**釋:** The English wiktionary may be incorrect or incomplete. I suggest you\ncross-reference with a kanji dictionary. Here is a screenshot from my\nelectronic dictionary (新漢語林):\n\nAs you can see, 釋 is marked as a 旧字(体) of 釈. You may also try the glyphwiki:\n[釋 on glyphwiki](http://glyphwiki.org/wiki/u91cb). The google android IME\ntells you this as well when converting _しゃく_.\n\n**Luchuan:** Here is an instance of this word in an English book. [An\nhistorical grammar of Japanese, p.143,\nLuchuan](https://archive.org/stream/historicalgramma00sansuoft#page/142/mode/2up)\n\n> It is perhaps significant that the Luchuan conjugation does not include a\n> perfect form.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-10T14:40:35.377", "id": "14826", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-10T14:46:03.727", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-10T14:46:03.727", "last_editor_user_id": "3275", "owner_user_id": "3275", "parent_id": "14825", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "豆腐よう isn't so much a special kind of tofu, it's a dish made from tofu by\nadding a bunch of stuff (including 泡盛) and letting it grow a special mold. 島豆腐\nand ジーマーミ豆腐 are special kinds of Okinawan tofu. :-)\n\n豆腐よう is the Okinawan version of the Chinese dish 腐乳 that you can get at pretty\nmuch any Chinese supermarket.\n\n[Wikipedia says it came to Okinawa from the Ming\ndynasty](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90%E3%82%88%E3%81%86):\n\n> 交易国家として栄えていた琉球王朝時代に明から伝えられた「腐乳」が元になったと言われている。\n\nIt seems likely to me that the term is probably either:\n\n * derived from however their trading partners pronounced 腐乳\n * or -よう was a suffix in ウチナーグチ at the time that they used to describe the dish that overlaps enough with the meaning of 餻 that some folks opted to map that character to it whenever Chinese characters came into normal use for ウチナーグチ (like all the 漢字 for 和語 words).\n\nSadly the [沖縄口 wikipedia\nincubator](http://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/ryu/Main_Page) does not yet\nhave an entry for 豆腐よう. There is an entry on [this ウチナーグチ\ndictionary](http://hougen.ajima.jp/hougen.php?lid=434), but it doesn't tell us\nanything about etymology.\n\n**UPDATE:**\n\nI did find someone that put a bit of thought into the etymology. Nothing\nconclusive, but they seem to have arrived at a similar conclusion as my first\nchoice above (Cantonese pronunciation for 豆腐乳) and they explain the history of\nthe characters you found for the term. See\n<http://www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/fermented_tofu1.php>:\n\n> In Japan fermented tofu is largely unknown except in Okinawa and by a few\n> microbiologists. The latter generally call it nyufu (\"milk spoiled\"), or\n> funyu . In Okinawa there is a unique, mellow type of fermented tofu with a\n> unique name, tofu-yo , which first appeared in 1832 in the book Gozen Honzo\n> by Tokashiki. The origin of this term is unclear, but it is probably a local\n> pronunciation of the Cantonese tofu-yu . However Okinawan Japanese write the\n> character for yo using various rare characters not generaly used for\n> fermented tofu in China, and not even widely known in Japan. The character\n> for yo most widely used to day was first used in 1938 by SHOJUN Danshaku; in\n> other contexts it is usually pronounced ko and means \"flour mochi\" (\n> konamochi ). Nowadays writers often use hiragana to write the yo in tofu-yo\n> (Yasuda 1983).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-06-23T01:56:06.040", "id": "17535", "last_activity_date": "2014-06-23T13:02:40.110", "last_edit_date": "2014-06-23T13:02:40.110", "last_editor_user_id": "6645", "owner_user_id": "6645", "parent_id": "14827", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "I'm chinese and I did a little research on Japanese\n[豆腐よう](http://www.i-asahi.co.jp/tofuyo-guide.htm) By seeing this picture I\nwould tell that really is 豆腐乳([fermented bean\ncurd](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermented_bean_curd)) which is very common\nin China.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-06-25T08:45:42.780", "id": "17567", "last_activity_date": "2014-06-25T08:45:42.780", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "6662", "parent_id": "14827", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This is the `〜てもらう` form. It means to have/get someone to do something (often\nas a favour for you). The focus is on the speaker's action more than the\nperson doing the favour; Contrast this with `〜てくれる` (参考: [Is it ok to use\n～て下さりました instead of ～ていただきました?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/402/78)).\n\n> * 面白いのでたくさんの人に読んでもらいたい → This is very interesting, so I'd like (to get) a\n> lot of people to read it.\n>\n\nNote that here, without further context this is more of a neutral wish than\nfocusing on actually receiving a favour (roughly equivalent to `〜てほしい`).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-10T16:18:10.870", "id": "14829", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-10T16:36:10.380", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "14828", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "煮物 is a type of Japanese dish, which consists of food boiled in 出し (broth) and\nsoy sauce, often with 料理酒 (cooking rice wine) and sugar.\n\nThe name of all types of 煮物 usually end with ～煮, e.g. 筑前煮, 粗煮, etc.\n\n角煮 is a type of 煮物 with cubed meat or fish as main ingredient, similar in\nlooks to meat stew.\n\n刻む is one of the types of chopping food, which usually is done by chopping the\nfood into strips (千切り) and then into tiny cubes.\n\nきざみ角煮 is thus \"minced stew\". きざみ is the 連用形 form of the verb きざむ with joins to\n角煮 to form a new word, as in 入り口, 出口 and thousands of other words. What's\ndifferent is that this construction usually uses a 訓読み word, but here 角 is\n音読み. This should cause no confusion as ～煮 is clearly a 訓読み suffix and 角煮 feels\nmuch like a 訓読み word. Besides, there are no other options: [刻角]{こっかく}煮 would\nsound like the filling is a type of 煮物 called 刻角煮.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-11T01:05:51.343", "id": "14834", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-11T01:05:51.343", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14831", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "While it is true that as euphemistic expressions, 「桜咲く」 and 「桜散る」 are often\nused regarding entrance exam results, it is certainly not their only use. The\nsame phrases are sometimes used to talk about love in the spring time in terms\nof success and failure. The literal use of the phrases about cherry blossoms\nshould never be forgotten, either, as that is such a huge conversation topic.\n\nFrankly, important personal or family events probably occur in the spring in\nJapan more often than in many other countries because of our April-to-March\nacademic and fiscal year system. Spring is the time for parting, encountering,\nrelocations, graduation, new school, new employment, etc. and the cherry\nblossoms are there to witness it all and at the same time, serving as a giant\nsource of similes and metaphors for us.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-11T23:51:40.493", "id": "14841", "last_activity_date": "2019-04-08T04:08:33.457", "last_edit_date": "2019-04-08T04:08:33.457", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14836", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "They were euphemisms.\n\n> <http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E6%A1%9C%E5%92%B2%E3%81%8F>\n>\n> 桜咲く\n>\n> (1) 桜の花が咲くこと。桜の開花。めでたい事の象徴として用いられることがある。\n>\n> (2) 受験において志望校に合格すること。受験に成功すること。反対に受験失敗は「サクラチル」と表現する。\n\nThe link between 桜咲く and univ. entrance exams is much weaker than as described\nin the OP.\n\nFor most of Jp history, it had nothing to do with exams.\n\nOnly in the last 50-80 years or so, and i think largely related to use in\ntelegrams as : サクラサク\n\n * www.rsadd.com/rsadd/5998.html 2009年 「サクラサク」なんて言葉は死語に近い気がしますが・・・ \n\n * blog.goo.ne.jp/gsouwao/e/690eef18e1a83374bf8c349aa58455a7 -- 2015 - サクラサク」 受験シーズンにはこんな言葉で合格通知が届いたものですが、 これももう死語になっているのでしょうか。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2016-09-23T22:43:26.377", "id": "39431", "last_activity_date": "2016-09-23T22:43:26.377", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "16344", "parent_id": "14836", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "でもリトリートがどんなものかは、However as for what kind of thing the retreat is \nスケジュールをご覧になって頂くと、if you look at the schedule \n一番分かると思いましたので、I thought you would best understand so \n未完成ながらも while not complete \n送らせて頂きました。I sent\n\n> However I thought you would best understand what sort of retreat this is if\n> you took a look at the schedule, so I went ahead and sent it though it's not\n> finished yet.\n\nご覧になって頂く = ご覧になる (尊敬語 of 見る; listener's action) + 頂く(謙譲語 of もらう; speaker's\naction) \n= (Literally) I receive(頂く) your looking(ご覧になる) \n= Polite way of saying \"you look\" \n\n送らせて頂きました = 送らせる (causative form of 送る) + 頂く \n= (Literally) I received being allowed to send \n= Polite way of saying \"I sent it\". \n(This grammar is the topic of a question\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/3260/what-would-be-the-\nliteral-meaning-of-the-causative-form-\nhere-%E6%9A%B4%E9%A2%A8%E8%AD%A6%E5%A0%B1%E7%99%BA%E4%BB%A4%E4%B8%AD%E3%81%AE%E3%81%9F%E3%82%81%E6%9C%AC%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E5%96%B6%E6%A5%AD%E3%81%AF%E3%81%8A%E4%BC%91))", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-11T18:39:19.153", "id": "14839", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-11T18:39:19.153", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "3010", "parent_id": "14837", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "No 勇気な戦士 does not make sense, because 勇気 is not a na-adjective.\n\nIf you want to use 勇気 (you probably do), you have to say 勇気がある and when this\nmodifies a noun (like 戦士), you should use no-ga conversion to get\n\n> 侍という勇気のある戦士", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-11T19:19:06.237", "id": "14840", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-11T19:19:06.237", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14838", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Adding the く to an i-adjective in this particular usage makes it function as\nan adverb so that you can use 新しい to modify できる. 新しく出来た means \"newly\ncompleted.\"\n\nOther examples might be 速く走る、遅く起きる、赤くなる, etc. With na-adjectives you would add\nに to it instead of く, like 綺麗に書く or 丁寧に切る.\n\nNote that 新しく and its ilk are not what would be referred to as 副詞 in Japanese,\nwhich is the usual translation for an adverb. Using the く is a particular way\nof inflecting an adjective to make it function like an \"adverb\" in the sense\nthat it modifies the following verb. It should also be noted that this form\ndoes not _have_ to be used as an adverb. It can also be used as a form similar\nto the て form of a verb, for example.", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-12T01:20:47.750", "id": "14843", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-12T11:40:13.457", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-12T11:40:13.457", "last_editor_user_id": "1797", "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "14842", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "You are dividing the phrase at the wrong place.\n\nIt is 「お[客様]{きゃくさま}の[声]{こえ}」 + 「[室]{しつ}」, not 「お客様の」 + 「声室」\n\n「室」 is often used by Japanese companies and it refers to a \"section\" of a\ncompany offering a particular kind of service. There may or may not be an\nactual and physical \"room\" for the service. Unless it is a large-scale\ncompany, 「お客さまの声室」 is usually not staffed by a full-time team of employees.\nInstead, it is run by a few people who spend more time doing other things in\nthe company and when the phone rings at the designated 「お客さまの声室」 number, they\nanswer by saying 「Company name + お客さまの声室でございます。」\n\nFor translation, I might just use \"Customer Service\" without \"room\".", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-12T04:12:03.927", "id": "14846", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-12T04:12:03.927", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14844", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "[As Tokyo Nagoya pointed\nout](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/14846/4183), the phrase was parsed\nincorrectly. The correct division is:\n\n> 「お[客様]{きゃくさま}の[声]{こえ}」 + 「[室]{しつ}」\n\nHowever, regarding translation, it seems that \"Customer Service\" is a little\noff since 「お客様相談室」 is a more appropriate term for it, as [Chocolate\nmentioned.](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/14844/what-\ndoes-%E3%80%8C%E5%A3%B0%E5%AE%A4%E3%80%8Dmean-in-this-\ncontext#comment32064_14846) Recently, I realized that the phrase may actually\nbe a very literal translation of `「お客様の声」` from the business concept **[`Voice\nof the Customer`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_the_customer)**.\n\n> [From Wiki](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_the_customer)\n>\n> \"...a market research technique that produces a detailed set of customer\n> wants and needs...\"\n\nUsing this, I found a [localized\nsite](https://www.aigcustomervoice.co.za/Portal/default.aspx) from the same\ncompany that was used in the context of the question. The term **`Customer\nVoice`** was used.\n\nSo, to summarize, `「お客様の声室」` or Customer Voice is a service that serves as an\noutlet so that feedback— the customer's thoughts and opinions— may be heard.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-26T13:23:54.100", "id": "15065", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-27T09:36:43.027", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "4183", "parent_id": "14844", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I suppose 千億 is more abstract than the concrete number 一千億. As for your\nprogram, just follow the normal rule, that's enough. So,\n\n```\n\n 1000億: いっせんおく\n 1000兆: いっせんちょう\n 1万1000: いちまんいっせん \n \n```\n\nIt's clear that different speakers have different preference to read 千.\n([数字の読み方](http://okwave.jp/qa/q4743918.html))\n\n* * *\n\nBy the way, I really like your app. Can you add アクセント{HLLLL} and the\npronunciation the combination of numbers and [助数詞]{counters} as well? I wanted\nto create such an app many years ago, and gathered a lot of data. If you are\ninterested, I will share them with you.\n\nI saw you released the source under the MIT licence, are you hosting it on\nGit-hub?", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-12T12:12:00.860", "id": "14856", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-12T13:02:56.860", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-12T13:02:56.860", "last_editor_user_id": "4833", "owner_user_id": "4833", "parent_id": "14845", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "This is mostly about \"Names of Digits vs. Concrete Numbers\" with some\nexceptions.\n\nFor instance, \"10,000,000\", as a digit (which is an abstract concept in math),\nis read either 「せんまん」 or 「いっせんまん」. Both are correct but more native speakers\nwould say it 「せんまん」 for a digit at least in Tokyo and Nagoya. So we go like\nthis:\n\n> いち、じゅう、ひゃく、せん、まん、じゅうまん、ひゃくまん、（いっ）せんまん、（いち）おく\n\nAs a concrete number, however, \"10,000,000\" can only be read 「いっせんまん」. That\nmeans that whenever a counter word is added to this, the 「いっ」 part must always\nremain.\n\n> Correct:「[10,000,000円]{いっせんまんえん}」、「[10,000,000人]{いっせんまんにん}」\n>\n> Incorrect:「[10,000,000円]{せんまんえん}」、「[10,000,000人]{せんまんにん}」\n\nMoving on, \"1,1000\", even as a concrete number, unfortunately has two\nreadings. More formally, 「いちまんいっせん」 and less formally, 「いちまんせん」.\n\n> A store clerk or bank teller will say「いちまんいっせん円」 to a customer.\n>\n> You look inside your wallet to check how much money you have and you will\n> say to yourself 「いちまんせん円」. You say the same when telling your friend how\n> much you have.\n\nThus, the best way to pronounce a number depends on the context, purpose, etc.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-13T01:56:59.570", "id": "14864", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-13T01:56:59.570", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14845", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "I think it's short for [臨時徴収]{りんじちょうしゅう}... (I have never heard it, though...)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-12T08:08:45.850", "id": "14850", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-12T08:08:45.850", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14847", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "「[臨徴]{りんちょう}」 is the shortened form of 「[臨時徴収]{りんじちょうしゅう}」; therefore, it may\nnot be found in the dictionary. There should be enough information, context or\nbackground story in your book that would suggest that it stands for 臨時徴収.\nOtherwise, 臨徴 would not have been used.\n\n「臨時徴収」, needless to say, means \"temporary or special collection (of a fee)\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-12T08:09:13.180", "id": "14851", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-12T08:09:13.180", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14847", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, it's common to write in that way.\n\nWriting い **づ** み instead of い **ず** み and 買 **ひ** instead of 買 **い** are a\npart of the Historical Kana Orthography (歴史的仮名遣).\n\nWriting katakana instead of hiragana is considered more formal in old days.\n\nSee\n[歴史的仮名遣](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D%E9%81%A3)\nand [片仮名](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%87%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D)\n\n> 歴史的仮名遣とは ...\n> 明治から第二次世界大戦終結直後までの公文書や学校教育において用いられたものであり、平安時代初期までの発音を反映した表記であると仮想されたものを基点としている。\n> The Historical Kana Orthography was used in pre-World War II official\n> documents and schools.\n>\n> 平仮名に比べ学問的傾向が強いので、戦前の日本ではより正式な文字とみなされ、法令全書その他の公文書で用いられ、教育面でも平仮名に先行して教えられた。\n> Before World War II, Katakana was considered more formal and used in\n> official documents. It was taught before hiragana in schools.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-12T07:47:14.187", "id": "14849", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-12T08:21:20.830", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-12T08:21:20.830", "last_editor_user_id": "125", "owner_user_id": "4833", "parent_id": "14848", "post_type": "answer", "score": 15 } ]

[ { "body": "「やっちまえ」 is the tough guy's colloquial way of saying 「やってしまえ」 and it can mean\nso many different things because the verb 「やる」 has quite a few meanings.\n\nIt can mean \"Beat him up!\", \"Get him/her/them!\", \"Kill'em!\", etc. It could\neven mean something I am not allowed to say on here.\n\nAnother possibility is when やる means \"to give something to someone\". In that\ncase, 「やっちまえ」 means \"Give it to (someone)! (Someone) needs it more than you\ndo!\", which is much more peaceful than the first set of possible meanings\nabove.\n\nSo, the best thing to do is to provide some context if none of the above seem\nto fit.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-12T09:03:56.077", "id": "14853", "last_activity_date": "2020-01-23T15:16:17.443", "last_edit_date": "2020-01-23T15:16:17.443", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14852", "post_type": "answer", "score": 12 } ]

[ { "body": "This is not exactly an answer to your question.\n[う](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/17145/m0u/%E3%81%86/) originated from\nむ, I think there should be no doubt. So 泳がむ→泳がう→泳ごう, the first form is used in\nold Japanese, the second form is used before World War II.\n\nI think the problem is actually not whether う is a real particle, suffix or\nauxiliary verb, but **whether 未然形 itself exists** , or if the name is\nreasonable.\n\nPersonally, I believe the 未然形 cannot exist as a standalone form. In fact, the\ncriteria used to classify the so-called “活用形” (namely 未然形, 連用形, 終止形, 連体形, 已然形,\n命令形) are controversial.\n\n連用形, 終止形, 連体形 are named after their functions. 未然形, 已然形 and 命令形 are named\nafter their shapes. The problem is that verbs often have more than one\n連用形/終止形/連体形's and their 未然形/已然形/命令形/連用形 may be the same.\n\nYou can see the chaos in this entry.\n[り](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/230313/m0u/%E3%82%8A/)\n\n> り\n> ［助動］［ら｜り｜り｜る｜れ｜れ］《四段・サ変動詞の連用形に「あり」の付いた語、例えば「行きあり」「しあり」の音変化形「行けり」「せり」の「り」から》四段動詞の\n> **已然形** 、サ変動詞の **未然形** に付く。ただし、上代では四段動詞には **命令形** に付く。\n\nThe rules in fact are unbelievably simple: 連用形(-i)+あり(-ari) becomes (-eri),\nthat's all.\n\nThe only situations involving 未然形 that I can recall are:\n\n```\n\n ク語法、り（助動詞）、\n られる（受身）、させる（使役）、\n む（助動詞）、う（助動詞）、\n ず（否定）、ぬ（否定）、ない（否定）、ざり\n まい（否定推量）、まじ、…\n べし（推量）、べき、...\n \n```\n\nIt seems that ク語法、り（助動詞） all look like the result of assimilation of two\nsyllables. ず（否定）、ぬ（否定）、ない（否定） share the same origin. The form used before\nる、す、まい, べし, etc. is not stable, there are often exceptions.\n\nIn fact, I have never seen 未然形 used without a suffix, nor is it separable.\nThat suggests that **未然形 along with the suffix** might be viewed as an\n**inflected form** , or a **derived verb**.\n\nBut there are many adjectives ending with the vowel /a/ or /ashi/ sharing the\nsame stem with a verb, which makes me think that the vowel /a/ might have been\nwidely used to express an kind of appearance. (maybe = 様{さま})\n\n```\n\n あか (said to be related to 明け{あけ} )\n 暖かい{あたたかい} -ai (said to be related to 熱い{あつい} )\n 明らか -aka\n いやらしい -rashi\n 願わしい -ashii\n 望ましい -ashii\n \n```\n\nIt seems that /a/ is often used to fill the gap between two consonants. As\nmodern Japanese people tend to perceive the unstressed, reduce vowel (/ə/\n[schwa](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwa) ) as /a/, is there any possibility\nthat these /a/s actually reflected the old neutral vowel /ə/?", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-12T10:50:04.923", "id": "14855", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-12T11:42:16.627", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-12T11:42:16.627", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "4833", "parent_id": "14854", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "I conjecture it is from ぬ <- の. Why?\n\nOkinawan actually has a regular sound change ぬ -> ん. For example, 犬{いぬ} -> いん.\nSo I presume that somehow the regular sound changes got applied twice, and you\nget ん <- ぬ <- の.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-04-05T22:55:35.600", "id": "15262", "last_activity_date": "2014-04-05T22:55:35.600", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "2960", "parent_id": "14857", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "> In Okinawan, what is the ン in ウチナーンチュ?\n\nUser ithisa conjectured that this ン is from ぬ, from の. Let's explore.\n\n> Japanese 日本人【にほんじん】 doesn't seem to have an equivalent [to Okinawan ン].\n\nYou're correct, but note that the Japanese _on'yomi_ term 日本人【にほんじん】 follows\n**Chinese** grammar, where \"a person from XYZ place\" can be expressed as\n`[PLACE]` + `person`. For a proper **Japanese** construction, you'd have to\ncompare a _wago_ phrase like 大和【やまと】の人【ひと】, where we do indeed find an\nequivalent with that の.\n\n> Could it be a reduced form of Okinawan ヌ, the equivalent of standard\n> Japanese の?\n\nYes, it is!\n\nThe Shuri-Naha Dialect Dictionary is one very useful online source for readers\nof Japanese who are interested in \"standard\" Okinawan.\n\n * <http://ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/srnh/index.html>\n\nThe site has easy lookup starting from either a Japanese word (click on the\nappropriate starting hiragana) or an Okinawan word (click on the appropriate\nstarting katakana).\n\nFor instance, we find that this site has [an entry for ンチュ](http://ryukyu-\nlang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/srnh/details.php?ID=SN48074), which explains that this\nmeans の人, and is a shift or abbreviation from fuller form ヌッチュ. We can also\nperuse their entries [for possessive particle ヌ](http://ryukyu-\nlang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/srnh/details.php?ID=SN40744), equivalent to Japanese\nの, and [for noun ッチュ](http://ryukyu-\nlang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/srnh/details.php?ID=SN25001), equivalent to Japanese\n人【ひと】.\n\n_(FWIW, there's also[JLect.com](https://www.jlect.com/). I've found their\ncoverage to be a bit spottier for some things, and the site is not as user-\nfriendly. That said, they do include resources for Okinawan, as well as other\nvarieties of Ryūkyūan like Amami or Miyako, which can be super useful.)_\n\n* * *\n\nPlease comment if the above does not fully address your question.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2019-11-25T16:52:48.340", "id": "73234", "last_activity_date": "2021-01-11T19:21:17.613", "last_edit_date": "2021-01-11T19:21:17.613", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "14857", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The use of は in your example for 好き is fine, but the nuance is slightly\ndifferent:\n\n> アイスクリームが好きです。 \n> I like ice cream. (The item \"ice cream\" is stressed in this sentence).\n\nversus\n\n> アイスクリームは好きです。 \n> I like ice cream, but .. (there are other things I don't like).\n\nMore generally, は can mark the topic of a sentence. But it can also be used in\na contrastive sense, which occurs in your example. Another example:\n\n> どちらがおいしい？ \n> 魚はおいしいけど、肉はぜんぜんおいしくない。 \n> Which one do you like to eat? I like fish, but I really don't like meat.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-12T18:15:26.840", "id": "14859", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-12T18:21:43.957", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-12T18:21:43.957", "last_editor_user_id": "4669", "owner_user_id": "4669", "parent_id": "14858", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "が sounds like you have a topic already, for example you're talking about\ndesserts at a particular restaurant:\n\n> アイスクリームが美味しいです。 \n> _Out of the desserts at this restaurant, the_ ice cream is delicious.\n\nThis is just how you express the comparative in Japanese:\n\n> アイスクリームのほうが美味しいです。 \n> Ice cream is more delicious.\n\nは sounds like you want to talk about ice cream \"out of the blue\":\n\n> アイスクリームは美味しいです。 \n> _Let's talk about ice cream._ Ice cream is delicious.\n\nThese \"adjectives\" are adjectives English, but in Japanese need a \"topic\"\n(marked by は) and a \"subject\" (marked by が), where the topic is usually\nsomeone (X). If X is not given, it is assumed to be you (私).\n\n> [Xは] アイスクリームが好きです。 \n> X likes ice cream.\n>\n> アイスクリームは [Xが] 好きです。 \n> Ice cream likes X.\n\nThere is a different は, used to mark contrast:\n\n> [Xは] アイスクリームは好きです。 \n> X likes ice cream. _But doesn't eat anything else._", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-12T18:15:55.633", "id": "14860", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-12T18:15:55.633", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14858", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Historically, Japanese has had several morphemes that change the transitivity\nof a verb. Most of these pairs involved lexicalised combinations of some verb\nwith one of these morphemes.\n\nThe morphemes are:\n\n-(a)su - causative. You can see it in words like ゆらす ('cause to shake', compare ゆれる 'shake').\n\n-(a)ru - passive, or rather, general agent deletion (English's passive implies an agent, this doesn't). Visible in your example とまる ('come to a stop on one's own', compare とめる 'cause something else to stop').\n\n-e(ru) - a kind of transitivity flipper, it can make transitives intransitive or intransitives transitive. An example of the first is さける ('split open', compare さく 'tear'), and an example of the second is つける ('attach', compare つく 'stick to').\n\nMany of these pairs, とめる~とまる included, seem to have had these morphemes added\nto both members.\n\nI'm not sure this is a grammatical process, at least any more; none of these\nmorphemes are still productive as far as I know. You're probably best off\nremembering each word as a single lexical unit, especially considering the\nfact that there's a good deal of variation among what pairs up with what. Just\nremembering that あげる is 'raise' and あがる is 'rise' prevents you from trying to\nmake non-words like *あがす or *あぐ.\n\n(The Middle Japanese -(a)su and -(a)ru were nidan verbs, and became the\nichidan -(a)seru and -(a)reru, which are still extremely productive in Modern\nJapanese. I don't have an explanation for why verb forms that incorporate them\nare godan.)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-12T18:58:14.313", "id": "14862", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-12T19:07:56.847", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-12T19:07:56.847", "last_editor_user_id": "3639", "owner_user_id": "3639", "parent_id": "14861", "post_type": "answer", "score": 12 }, { "body": "(My answer partly builds off of Siveru's answer.)\n\nThe Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar (DBJG) gives an appendix (number 3)\nof intransitive/transitive patterns which probably includes all the pairs you\nhave been given plus a few more. When I first began to study I was able to\nlearn the pairs in my text book but found the appendix a bit too much. Looking\nat that list now I would say that I picked up almost all those pairs\n\"organically\" have not regretted taking that approach because there are other\nmore important things to memorize.\n\n**However** ( **Updated in response to comments** ):\n\nThere were a couple of \"verb-families\" in the -eru (Intransitive)->\nu(Transitive)section which I still found sticky because they seem more like\ntriplets or \"pairs of pairs\" and I sometimes had to double check if I had not\nused them for a while! These included:\n\n> 破れるー＞破る (splitting/separating things like broken hearts and making holes) \n> 破けるー＞破く (tearing thin things)\n\nAn example of a \"triplet\", not in the appendix is\n\n> つかむ／つかまる／つかまえる\n\nFor these I try to remember:\n\n> ロープをつかむ ｜ grab a rope\n>\n> Aが〜につかまる ｜hang on to a rope\n>\n> 魚を捕まえる ｜catch a fish\n>\n> 〜が捕まる ｜be caught\n\nNeedless to say I do looking for patterns and today, Silverju's morphemes\nresolved this triplet for me:\n\n> a(ru); つかむ->つまる and the flipper e(ru); つかまるー＞つかまえる\n\nThe same also applies to my other hated triplet\n\n> つなく／つながる／つなげる.\n\nThis is how I currently remember it:\n\n> PCを インタネットにつなぐ (= アクセスする)\n>\n> 犬を門につないでおく =つなげる\n\nie:\n\n> 自＝ 〜がつながる （＝＞〜がつながっている） \n> 他＝ 〜をつなぐ＝つなげる\n\nBut, applying the morphemes given above:\n\n> -(a)ru:つなぐ ー＞ つながる; and the flipper-e(ru)ー＞つなげる\n>\n> ie Transitive -> intransitive - > Transitive\n\n(Thanks Silveru.)", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-13T00:06:13.790", "id": "14863", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-13T13:04:21.490", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "14861", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Like the site that helix pointed out, dummy text generators will just pick\nsome works and generate text from that. There's not one classic text that\nalmost every designer uses.\n\nThe work that [this dummy text\ngenerator](http://lipsum.sugutsukaeru.jp/index.cgi) uses by default is\n\"[私の個人主義](http://www.amazon.co.jp/%E7%A7%81%E3%81%AE%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9-%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE%E5%AD%A6%E8%A1%93%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB-271-%E5%A4%8F%E7%9B%AE-%E6%BC%B1%E7%9F%B3/dp/4061582712)\"\n(\"My Individualism\") by 夏目漱石 (Soseki Natsume)", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-13T07:00:21.353", "id": "14866", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-13T07:25:16.410", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-13T07:25:16.410", "last_editor_user_id": "271", "owner_user_id": "271", "parent_id": "14865", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "You are correct on `話` for \"episode\" and `章` for \"chapter\" (the Bible in\nJapanese uses `章` for chapter). I'm not sure about \"act\", but multiple\nsearches show `[幕]{まく}`. Also related is `[巻]{かん}` for \"volume\" and `[場]{ば}`\nfor \"scene\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-13T21:13:37.880", "id": "14868", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-13T21:13:37.880", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "14867", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "You cannot attach a 「だ」 directly to an i-adjective, either in its affirmative\nor negative form. (But believe me, many Japanese-learners make this mistake.)\n\n> Incorrect: 「[楽]{たの}しいだ」、「楽しくないだ」、「[大]{おお}きいだ」、「大きくないだ」, etc.\n\nAttaching a よ or ね is correct and very natural --- affirmative or negative.\n\n> Correct: 「楽しいね」、「大きくないよ」、「かわいいね」、「おいしくないよ」, etc.\n\nIf you absolutely MUST use a だ for some reason, you can do so by inserting a\n「の」 or informally, a 「ん」 between the i-adjective and the 「だ」 --- affirmative\nor negative.\n\n> Correct:\n> 「楽しいのだ」、「[小]{ちい}さいんだ」、「[高]{たか}いんだ」、「[赤]{あか}いのだ」、「かわいくないのだ」、「大きくないんだ」, etc.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-13T23:53:46.913", "id": "14870", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-14T00:16:34.533", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-14T00:16:34.533", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14869", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "When negating an i-adjective, you change い for くない. The ない part is an\nauxiliary i-adjective, so you should omit だ, just as you do for i-adjectives.\n\n> 新幹線は速い。 \n> A bullet train is fast.\n>\n> 壊れた新幹線は速くない。 \n> A broken bullet train is not fast.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-13T23:54:08.433", "id": "14871", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-13T23:54:08.433", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14869", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Though it's convenient to translate both わかる and 知る as \"to know\", they're a\nbit different.\n\nわかる is an intransitive verb, and it acts only indirectly on the thing being\nknown. Intransitive verbs tend to be paired with particle が.\n\n知る, on the other hand, is a transitive verb, and it acts directly on the thing\nbeing known. Transitive verbs mark direct objects with particle を.\n\nSo a more literal translation of your first sentence would be \"(As for me),\nthe way to use honorific language is not understood.\" The translation of your\nsecond sentence would basically remain unchanged.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-14T04:24:14.397", "id": "14874", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-14T04:24:14.397", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4039", "parent_id": "14873", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Mei, the main character in the movie, has a tendency to mispronounce words.\n\n**「トトロ」** is a mispronunciation of the word **「トロル」** or **「トロール」** , meaning\n**\"troll\"** — which _may_ refer to the antagonist of the classic children's\nstory \"The Three Billy Goats Gruff\".\n\nSources:\n\n[From Nausicaa](http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/totoro/faq.html#what)\n\n[From EN Wiki](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Neighbor_Totoro#cite_note-5)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-14T06:54:02.067", "id": "14876", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-14T07:45:00.347", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-14T07:45:00.347", "last_editor_user_id": "4183", "owner_user_id": "4183", "parent_id": "14875", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "> 時には自分を疑います\n\nwould mean something like \"From time to time, we find that we doubt\nourselves\". The intended meaning here, I think, is that we _should_ doubt\nourselves. Something like\n\n> 時には自分を疑おう \n> At times we should doubt ourselves\n\nwhich comes from \"let's doubt ourselves from time to time\", but \"let's\" sounds\nkind of strange in English.\n\nYou've told us nothing about the video game, so I don't know whether that\nmakes sense. Probably it doesn't make much sense for a car racing game.\n\nFor the Legend of Zelda games, this does make some sense. The start of the\nbody copy you added says that, even when you think you've figured it out, you\nmight try your idea and find that it doesn't work as well as you thought. So\n\"From time to time you should doubt yourself\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-14T10:14:01.093", "id": "14878", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-14T10:30:07.843", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-14T10:30:07.843", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14877", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "In nuance, 「[時]{とき}には[自分]{じぶん}を[疑]{うたが}おう」 is close to \"You should doubt\nyourself once in a while.\" The \"you\" is, of course, the impersonal \"you\". It\ncould be about anyone including the speaker himself.\n\nThe おう/よう ending in titles is quite common in Japanese. I am sure you have\nheard the song 「[上]{うえ}を[向]{む}いて[歩]{ある}こう」 by [坂本九]{さかもときゅう}. The song is\nknown outside of Japan by the ludicrous title \"Sukiyaki\". In this case, it is\nthe speaker himself that is saying to himself \"Let's walk (or \"I will walk\")\nlooking up (so that the tears will not fall).\"\n\nWhy is the title not 「時には自分を疑います」? Because (1) it sounds too unnatural and\nJapanese-as-a-foreign-language-esque with the bookish ます-ending and (2) It\ncould only mean \"I sometimes doubt myself.\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-14T10:21:46.563", "id": "14879", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-14T10:21:46.563", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14877", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Most definitely they do! (this pdf -\n<http://lingdy.aacore.jp/jp/material/An_introduction_to_Ryukyuan_languages.pdf>\n- is what I'm using as my source, it might be very helpful to you (^_^) )\n\nMost of Ryuukyuuan uses =ja as a topic marker (though with some contextual\nvariation in some languages).\n\nSouth Ryuukyuuan outside of Yaeyama uses =u for object marking (Yaeyama uses\njust word order). North Ryuukyuuan uses =ba, probably a descendant of the\ntopic/object combo marker =woba visible in Old Japanese.\n\nEquivalents for Japanese =ga and =no are actually a lot more interesting, as\nmost of Ryuukyuuan uses both =ga and =nu for both subject and genitive. That\npdf has a better description of this than I can give here.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-14T18:33:21.543", "id": "14881", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-14T18:33:21.543", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3639", "parent_id": "14880", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It is two words ---「ぶつ」 + 「まね/真似」\n\n\"Verb + まね\" = \"pretending to 'Verb'\"\n\nぶつ means \"to hit\", \"to punch\", etc.\n\nThus, 「ぶつまね」 means \"(giving) a mock punch\"\n\nIf, indeed, 「ぶつまね」 were one word as you claim, I would have no idea what that\ncould mean (and I am a native speaker.)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-15T09:36:53.140", "id": "14884", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-15T09:36:53.140", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14883", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "`勝たす` is a rougher variant of `勝たせる` - the causative form of `勝つ`. So it would\nbe something like \"[Please] let me defeat Mihashi\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-16T20:03:47.877", "id": "14890", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-17T02:45:01.727", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-17T02:45:01.727", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3295", "parent_id": "14888", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "「[勝]{か}たしてくれ」 is only the colloquial form of 「勝たせてくれ」.\n\n「勝たせ」 is the [連用形]{れんようけい} (continuative form) of the causative verb 「勝たせる =\n\"to let win\" or \"to make win\"」. Needless to say, 「勝たせる」 consists of the verb\n「勝つ = \"to win\"」 and the auxiliary verb 「せる = \"to cause to\"」.\n\n「て」 is a connective particle.\n\n「くれ」 is the [命令形]{めいれいけい} (imperative form) of the verb 「くれる」\n\n「(Person) + に + 勝たしてくれ」 = \"Let me beat/defeat (Person).\"\n\nOther examples of the colloquial せ-to-し change:\n\n「見して = \"Show me.\"」、「行かして = \"Let me go.\"」、「やらして = \"Let me do it for ya\"」, etc.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-16T23:46:20.517", "id": "14894", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-17T00:08:32.270", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-17T00:08:32.270", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14888", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "[大]{だい}[好]{す}き and [大]{だい}[嫌]{きら}い are somewhat special in that sense. Both\n大{だい} and 大{おお} can be used with other words, but usually 大{おお} goes with\n訓{くん}読{よ}み words and 大{だい} with 音{おん}読{よ}み words:\n\n> [大]{だい}[問]{もん}[題]{だい} \n> serious problem\n>\n> 大{おお}急{いそ}ぎ \n> pressing, urgent\n\nOne exception would be 大{おお}掃{そう}除{じ}.\n\nPrefixing おお or だい, however, only works for specific words and I don't think\nthere's any rule to determine which words take おお or だい for emphasis. For\nexample, きれい is a na-adjective, but 大きれい (with either reading) doesn't work.\n\nWith i-adjectives and na-adjectives you can use other constructions for\nemphasis. Using すごく adverbially works in almost all situations and with all\ni-adjectives and all na-adjectives (e.g. すごく[楽]{たの}しい, すごくきれい). There are also\nmany informal/conversational ways (using 超{ちょう}, めっちゃ, すごい, etc.) of saying\nthe same thing. (See [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/14278/1628).)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-16T20:15:52.670", "id": "14891", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-16T22:22:14.590", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14889", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 }, { "body": "One usage of 「[大]{だい}」 that native speakers frequently use but Japanese-\nlearners do not is in the form of 「[大]{だい}の」.\n\nIt is treated like a compound word meaning \"huge\", \"full-fledged\", \"very\ngood\", etc.\n\n> 大の[宮崎]{みやざき}ファン = a huge (Hayao) Miyazaki fan\n>\n> 大のおとな = a full-fledged adult\n>\n> 大のなかよし = a very good friend\n>\n> 大のコーヒー[好]{ず}き = a real coffee-lover\n\nNote that in the last phrase, 「好き」 is pronounced 「ずき」, not 「すき」 and it is a\nsuffix meaning \"a person who likes ~~\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-17T01:38:17.423", "id": "14896", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-17T01:38:17.423", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14889", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "Let me see if I can address these one at a time:\n\n 1. > 私は成田空港で [ **外国でも使える 携帯電話** ] を 借りてきたから、問題がないよ。\n\nThe relative clause 外国でも使える is modifying 携帯電話, so 外国でも使える携帯電話 means \"a cell\nphone that can be used even overseas\".\n\n 2. > 私は成田空港で外国でも使える携帯電話を **借りてきた** から、問題がないよ。\n\n借りてきた means \"borrowed\", but since money was probably exchanged for the phone,\nI think \"rented\" is probably a better translation in this case.\n\n 3. > 私は成田空港で外国でも使える携帯電話を借りてきたから、 **問題がない** よ。\n\nDid you notice the negative in 問題がない? It means \"had no problem\", not \"had a\nproblem\".\n\nHere's my attempt at a loose translation:\n\n> I rented a phone that works overseas at Narita Airport, so there's no\n> problem.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-16T21:42:36.783", "id": "14893", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-16T21:42:36.783", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14892", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "You already have a great answer, but to clarify the points you asked about,\n外国でも should be interpreted as\n\n> 外国で + も\n\nwhere 外国で使える means \"able to use in a foreign country\", i.e. \"works abroad\". も\nis \"also\", so that 外国でも使える means \"also works abroad\".\n\nAs I wrote in my comment, ～てきた is used both metaphorically and literally. In\nthis case, it is used literally and 借りて来た means \"I borrowed and came\", i.e.\n\"borrowed before I came\", or here\n\n> (Before I came,) I rented a mobile phone, which also works abroad, at Narita\n> Airport, so there's no problem.\n\nThe English translation is a bit cumbersome, but such is the nature of literal\ntranslations.\n\n_Edit_. A different translation (partly due to snailboat) could be\n\n> I went and got a rental phone which also works abroad at Narita Airport, so\n> there is no problem.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-17T01:29:20.700", "id": "14895", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-17T01:54:01.387", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-17T01:54:01.387", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14892", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "How about やばかった? (Might not be exactly the same meaning but is it close\nenough?)\n\n<http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1075588535>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-17T05:24:26.080", "id": "14899", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-17T05:24:26.080", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1805", "parent_id": "14897", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "The expressions that I think would retain the sarcasm are :\n\n> 「[間一髪]{かんいっぱつ}。」 or 「間一髪だったね。」\n>\n> 「[危機一髪]{ききいっぱつ}。」 or 「危機一髪だったね。」\n\nA slightly less natural (and more literally translated) phrase would be :\n\n> 「[危機回避]{ききかいひ}したね。」", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-17T08:59:40.223", "id": "14904", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-17T13:09:15.120", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14897", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The structure of the sentence is :\n\n> \"Reason (1st half) + Action taken for that reason (2nd half).\"\n\nVocabulary:\n\n> [彼奴]{きゃつ}め : a most disdainful singular third-person pronoun\n>\n> [調子]{ちょうし}に[乗]{の}る : to press one's luck\n>\n> やがる : a verb suffix expressing contempt\n>\n> こらしめる : to teach one a lesson, to punish\n\nMy own TL attempt:\n\n> \"The bastard is really pressing his luck; Let's give him a lesson!\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-17T07:41:29.317", "id": "14901", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-17T07:41:29.317", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14898", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "「それが人生」, while everyone will understand it, does sound pretty \"translated\".\nYou will probably hear it more often in fiction than in real life.\n\nThing is 「人生」 is a bigger word for us than \"life\" is for you. When we talk\nabout an \"everyday\" kind of life, we use 「[生活]{せいかつ}」 or 「[暮]{く}らし」, not 「人生」.\n「人生」 sounds more long-term and philosophical, which is why 「それが人生」 sounds a\nlittle too dramatic and/or profound for everyday use.\n\nFor everyday use, 「しようがない」 or 「しかたがない」 would sound much more natural.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-17T08:00:11.790", "id": "14902", "last_activity_date": "2014-05-07T09:16:52.470", "last_edit_date": "2014-05-07T09:16:52.470", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14900", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "First, 無茶 wouldn't be interpreted as _bad_ tea. 無 means \"no\" as in\n\"nothingness,\" not bad. As such, one might be led to believe that this is\nsomething about not having any tea to give to guests or something, and that\nsituation being where the term came from. This is not true.\n\nThe kanji 無茶 are _ateji_. This means that the kanji were chosen arbitrarily\nbased on the pronunciation of the word. [This site](http://gogen-\nallguide.com/mu/muchakucha.html) suggests that the word itself is derived from\nan old Buddhist term, 無作{むさ}, though that appears to be ultimately\nspeculative. Regardless, though, the word is not connected to tea.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-17T09:26:27.783", "id": "14905", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-17T09:26:27.783", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "14903", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "General principle is that if there is a rule for how the simplification was\nperformed that stretches across several characters, it did not exist\nindependently prior to 1946. The cases where the character _did_ exist prior\nto 1946 tend to fall into the following categories:\n\n * One of several competing forms was chosen to be the official form\n * An older character (or several) was merged into a less complex existing character\n\nIn one case a character was both simplified and split out into a second\ndistinct character to allow for further expression of certain nuances. Lastly,\nin one case a character was actually reduced to its original historical form\nafter removing a component that had previously been added for phonetic\nreasons.\n\nThe kanji involved are listed below according to their grouping. A space\nseparates the 旧字体 form(s) on the left from their corresponding 新字体 on the\nright. Unless otherwise listed, all entries are sourced from the [Online Kanji\nEtymology Dictionary](http://www.kanjinetworks.com/eng/kanji-\ndictionary/online-kanji-etymology-dictionary.cfm).\n\n**Standardized on a preferred alternate form**\n\n * 艷 艶\n * 囘 回\n * 懷 懐\n * 卷 巻\n * 卻 却\n * 糺 糾\n * 堯 尭\n * 羣 群\n * 劵 券\n * 縣 県\n * 恆 恒 (Listed as alternates here, although the dictionary is adamant that 亙亘 are distinct characters by heritage)\n * 蠶 蚕\n * 穰 穣\n * 晉 晋\n * 刄 刃\n * 插 挿\n * 瘦 痩\n * 窗 窓\n * 聰 聡\n * 敕 勅\n * 鬪鬭 闘 (further simplified the preferred alternate chosen)\n * 貳 弐\n * 姙 妊\n * 黏 粘\n * 霸 覇\n * 祕 秘\n * 萠 萌\n * 襃 褒\n * 飜 翻\n * 槇 槙\n * 萬 万\n * 麵 麺\n * 餠 餅\n * 祐 祐\n * 遙 遥\n * 畧 略\n * 鄰 隣\n * 凛 凜\n\n旣 appears to have been an alternate to 既, which was simplified to 既.\n\nThere are also several which are not called out as explicit alternates by the\ndictionary, but which would logically appear to have been, including:\n\n * 壞 壊\n * 曉 暁\n * 圈 圏\n * 權 権\n * 壤 壌\n * 孃 嬢\n * 讓 譲\n * 釀 醸\n * 搜 捜\n * 麥 麦\n * 倂 併\n * 塀 塀\n\n**Originally existed as a separate character**\n\n> 罐 缶\n\n * 罐 カン、かま\n * 缶 カン\n\n> 藝 芸\n\n * 藝 ゲイ\n * 芸 ウン\n\n> 冱 冴\n\n * 冱 ゴ、こお・る\n * 冴 ゴ、さ・える\n\n> 絲 糸\n\n * 絲 シ、いと\n * 糸 present meanings were originally those of 絲\n\n> 牀 床\n\n * 牀 ショウ、ソウ\n * 床 ショウ、とこ、ゆか\n\n> 證 証\n\n * 證 ショウ to make a report; testify; evidence\n * 証 ショウ correct, admonish\n\n> 蹟 跡\n\n * 蹟 セキ、シャク footprints\n * 跡 セキ、あと footprint, remains, ruins\n\n> 卽 即\n\n * 卽 ショク、ソク (redirected to entry on 蝍, which provides these readings)\n * 即 ソク\n\n> 臺 台\n\n * 臺 (zh: tái)\n * 台 (zh: yí)\n\n> 擔 担\n\n * 擔 タン、かつ・ぐ、にな・う \n * 担 タン Originally meant \"to knock or beat down\"\n\n> 膽 胆\n\n * 膽 タン、い、きも\n * 胆 タン Originally referred to fat/grease, or to lip gloss made from such\n\n> 燈 灯\n\n * 燈 トウ、ひ Used to refer to a light held up high, such as a torch\n * 灯 トウ、ひ\n\n> 辨辧瓣辯 弁\n\n * 辨 ベン refers to discriminating or making distinctions\n * 辧 Considered by some sources to be a variant form of 辨\n * 瓣 ベン has to do with petals, valves\n * 辯 ベン fluency, speech, or dialect\n * 弁 ベン Online Kanji Etymology Dictionary says it \"now serves as a simplified form of distinct characters with the element 辡\", which strongly indicates previous existence as a separate character, however it does not detail the nature of such.\n\n辮 (braid) is included as another character that usually gets simplified to 弁\nin modern usage.\n\n> 豐 豊\n\n * 豐 レイ to prepare offerings for a festival _(祭事に供え物を盛る器)_\n * 豊 ホウ bountiful\n\nCredit to Zhen Lin and snailboat for this one. Information for these two\ncharacters sourced from\n[Wiktionary](http://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B1%8A#.E5.AD.97.E6.BA.90)\n\n> 豫 予\n\n * 豫 ヨ\n * 予 [uncertain about readings] Character formerly used to mean \"I\" in classical Japanese\n\n> 餘 余\n\n * 餘 ヨ、あま・す、あま・り、あま・る\n * 余 [uncertain about readings] Character formerly used to mean \"I\" in classical Japanese\n\n> 慾 欲\n\n * 慾 ヨク Similar to 欲, but contained shades of lust in its meaning as well\n * 欲 ヨク、ほ・しい\n\n> 亙 亘\n\n * 亙 ヨウ extend across, over\n * 亘 セン、コウ、とど・く、めぐ・る、わた・る cross over from one point to another\n\nThe Online Kanji Etymology Dictionary is adamant that these two are separate\ncharacters, in spite of what other sources may indicate.\n\n**Split to form a new character to allow for more nuanced usage**\n\n * 著 着著\n\nFrom the [Online Kanji Etymology\nDictionary](http://www.kanjinetworks.com/eng/kanji-dictionary/online-kanji-\netymology-dictionary.cfm):\n\n> Originally the same character as 著. When 著 came to refer to literary works,\n> 着, a variant of 著 in popular usage, took over the meanings it presently\n> expresses. As with 著, adhere and meet with are via the \"pile\" concept behind\n> 者. The many extended meanings include wear, put on and dress (← clothing\n> attached to the body), be seated/take up a position and arrive/reach (a\n> destination) → reach (to); counter (for clothes, or to enumerate the order\n> of finishers in a race ← wear clothing; arrive); cover and pin\n> responsibility on.\n\n**Returned to an earlier form**\n\n * 處 処\n\nThis one started out as 処, and later picked up 虍 as a phonetic marker. 新字体\nreduced this back to its original state.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-24T19:40:21.503", "id": "15030", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-25T11:17:27.983", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-25T11:17:27.983", "last_editor_user_id": "4914", "owner_user_id": "4914", "parent_id": "14913", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, it is and and it is always preceded by both a 「[第]{だい}」 and a number.\n\nIn my own words, 「第N[次]{じ}」 is used to describe the ordinality of an\nunpredictable event of the same kind like a war or a boom.\n\nWe use 「第N[回]{かい}」 to describe the ordinality of a planned event of the same\nkind, such as an annual event.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-17T21:59:48.887", "id": "14916", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-17T21:59:48.887", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14915", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "In your example, you would be talking about just you and Sawako. That said,\ndepending on context it's possible to use it to refer to everyone in the\nconversation, or all people on a given side of a conversation.\n\nBroadening the context of the question a bit, 〜[達]{たち} can be added to\npronouns or names to indicate a group of people associated with someone. For\nexample:\n\n> [武達]{たけしたち}は[最近]{さいきん}[暴走]{ぼうそう}していました。\"Takeshi [and his friends] have been\n> causing trouble recently.\"\n\nWe only name Takeshi in the sentence, but adding 〜[達]{たち} to his name includes\nanybody who would be naturally grouped with him in the context.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-17T23:27:41.483", "id": "14919", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-17T23:27:41.483", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4914", "parent_id": "14918", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "私たち almost always means \"we\".\n\n私 almost always means \"I\". It (and other Japanese words usually translated as\npersonal pronouns in English) can mean \"you\",\"him\",or \"her\" in cases where\nit's obvious from the context - though it's a bit unusual for the word 私 or\n私たち.\n\nA common example of this 1st to 2nd person pronoun switcheroo happens with the\nword 僕 （ぼく）. 僕 is usually translated into English as \"I\", but it's usually\nassociated with younger males.\n\nIt would be quite natural for my Japanese mother-in-law to say something like\n\n僕たちおやつ食べるの。\n\n(Are you guys going to eat a snack?)\n\nto my eight year old son and a visiting friend of his (of either gender).", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-18T03:14:51.190", "id": "14920", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-18T03:20:43.230", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-18T03:20:43.230", "last_editor_user_id": "4917", "owner_user_id": "4917", "parent_id": "14918", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "私たち refers to multiple people within the \"in group\" (people emotionally or\nhierarchically close to the speaker). \"In group\" in this context means \"you\nand your friends\" but it could be your family, your classmates, people within\nyour company, etc. They are people you would **not** consider as \"other.\"\n\nIn the case you described, it is clear that 私たち refers to you and Sawako, but\ncarries a slight implication that you are not necessarily friends with Shota.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-18T06:32:17.393", "id": "14921", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-18T06:32:17.393", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1165", "parent_id": "14918", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "filler. doesn't mean anything.\n\nIf you want to learn when it is appropriate to use it, you just have to copy\nnatives, and learn all the places where it tends to be used.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-18T09:20:38.343", "id": "14923", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-18T09:20:38.343", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4921", "parent_id": "14922", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "We are actually talking about two different words here.\n\nWhen used in phrases such as 「さあ、[忘]{わす}れましょう」 and「さあ、[行]{い}きましょう」, 「さあ」 is an\nexclamation/interjection expressing the speaker's intention to invite or press\nthe other person to perform an action. It has a meaning close to that of\n\"okay\", \"now\" and \"c'mon\".\n\nWhen 「さあ」 is used in phrases such as 「でもさあ」,「あのさあ」 and 「それでさあ」, it is just a\nfiller meaning nothing. Grammatically, it is a particle. It is used like \"um\",\n\"like\", \"ah\", etc. in English. Strictly speaking, the dictionary word is just\n「さ」 and 「さあ」 is only its variant pronunciation.\n\nFor a filler, each native speaker has his \"usual\" one that he uses repeatedly,\nwhich means that not everyone uses 「さ」 or 「さあ」 actively. Other choices include\n「ね」, 「ねえ」, 「よ」, 「よう」, etc.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-18T09:57:38.013", "id": "14924", "last_activity_date": "2020-01-11T10:01:34.867", "last_edit_date": "2020-01-11T10:01:34.867", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14922", "post_type": "answer", "score": 46 } ]

[ { "body": "There is a clear difference (no pun intended) between 日本酒 and 清酒. The clue is\nin the kanji 「清」 = \"clear\".\n\nTechnically speaking, 清酒 is one of the two main types of 日本酒 --- 1) 清酒 and 2)\nにごり[酒]{ざけ}. The former is refined and colorless and the latter, unrefined and\ncloudy.\n\nInformally, however, quite a few native speakers use 日本酒 and 清酒 fairly\ninterchangeably.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-18T11:37:56.883", "id": "14926", "last_activity_date": "2019-03-02T13:14:12.423", "last_edit_date": "2019-03-02T13:14:12.423", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14925", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "I'll take a stab at it... .: ba-dump ching :.\n\nIn the first sentence, the `人の手` is the direct object. \"Stab someone in the\nhand\".\n\nIn the second, the direct object is `短剣`, but here `刺す` more literally takes\nthe definition of \"thrust\" than \"stab\"; \"thrust (刺す) a (を) dagger (短剣) into\n(に) someone's hand (人の手)\" → \"stab someone in the hand with a dagger\".\n\nHere are a couple similar examples I found in the dictionary.\n\n> * 柄の長いフォークにウインナーを刺す → Put a hotdog/wiener onto a toasting fork\n> (バーベキューのときなど)\n> * 指にとげを刺した → \"I ran a thorn into my finger\" = \"I pricked my finger on a\n> thorn\"\n>", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-18T16:02:06.533", "id": "14930", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-18T16:02:06.533", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "14929", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "In your second example, the direct object is 短剣, not 人の手に短剣.\n\nThe direct object here can take on two different semantic roles:\n\n> 花子が [ 太郎の手 **を** 短剣 **で** ] 刺す _Hanako stabs Tarō's hand with a dagger._ \n> 花子が [ 短剣 **を** 太郎の手 **に** ] 刺す _Hanako stabs a dagger into Tarō's hand._\n\nIn either case, the direct object is the noun phrase marked by を. Your first\nexample is like the first sentence above, except without the instrumental で.\n\nIn linguistics, this is called **locative alternation**. Certain verbs exhibit\nthis alternation; others do not. 刺す is one of the verbs that does. See _The\nHandbook of Japanese Linguistics_ p.355 for an overview.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-18T20:28:12.233", "id": "14935", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-19T03:13:48.473", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-19T03:13:48.473", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14929", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "Technically, it exists, but as a Japanese-speaker, I would NOT recommend that\nyou actively use it --- at least not on a regular basis.\n\nAs @Chocolate stated in the comment above, 「～～させられうる」 is the form. Your\nsentence “It is possible that she may make you eat her cooking.” can be said\nin Japanese as:\n\n> 「ボクは[彼女]{かのじょ}に[自分]{じぶん}の[料理]{りょうり}を[食]{た}べ **させられうる** 。」\n\nThis is 100% grammatical with the 6 kana at the very end expressing exactly \"\n**causative, passive and potential** \" in that order.\n\nIs it something native speakers would say in a natural setting then? _**No,\nnot at all**_. It would not only sound very awkward but also lend itself to\nmisunderstanding by the listener or reader. \"Three different elements in just\n6 kana\" is too much cramming, leaving no room for mis-hearing or mis-reading\neven one of the six syllables.\n\nIt would look/sound much more natural if you said:\n\n> 「彼女に自分の料理を食べさせられるかも[知]{し}れない。」 or\n>\n> 「彼女に自分の料理を食べさせられる[可能性]{かのうせい}がある。」\n\nWhat I did was to use other words （かも知れない and 可能性がある） to express the\npotentiality without relying exclusively on the verb and auxiliary verb\nconjugations to express all three elements (causative, passive and potential).\nThe 「食べさせられる」 part only expresses causative and passive.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-19T10:10:11.140", "id": "14938", "last_activity_date": "2017-08-09T07:08:21.650", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14936", "post_type": "answer", "score": 12 } ]

[ { "body": "「[思]{おも}ったとおりの[仕上]{しあ}がり」 is a noun phrase. Why? Because the last word\n「仕上がり」is a noun.\n\n「カンペキに」 is the [連用形]{れんようけい} and therefore, it cannot modify a noun or noun\nphrase. It can only modify a verb or adjective. To modify a noun, you will\nneed to form a [連体形]{れんたいけい}, which will be 「カンペキな」.\n\n「思ったとおりの」 is an adjectival phrase because of the last word 「の」 and it is\nwhat「カンペキに」 modifies here. 「思ったとおりの」 naturally modifies 「仕上がり」.\n\n> In the sentence, 「カンペキに思ったとおりの仕上がりなの。」, you could actually replace the 「に」\n> with 「な」 without changing the meaning much.\n\nIf you used 「カンペキな」, both 「カンペキな」 and 「思ったとおりの」 would modify 「仕上がり」.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-19T10:51:27.860", "id": "14940", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-19T10:51:27.860", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14937", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "完璧 doesn't \"modify\" 仕上がり here, it is used adverbially. The difference is a\nlittle hard to translate, because 仕上がり is usually not translated literally (at\nleast not for cakes). If we tried, we'd have something like\n\n> 思ったとおりの **完璧な** 仕上がりなの \n> _lit._ It's a **perfect** \"finish\", just as I thought. \n> It came out perfectly, just as I thought.\n>\n> **完璧な** 思ったとおりの仕上がりなの \n> _lit._ It's a **perfect** \"finish-I-imagined\". \n> It came out perfect in the way I imagined.\n>\n> **完璧に** 思ったとおりの仕上がりなの \n> _lit._ It's **exactly** the \"finish\" I imagined. \n> It came out exactly the way I imagined.\n\nFrom the translation you have, it looks like it should be 完璧 **な**. I think\nthe best way to think of it is that 完璧 **に** is used to mean \"exactly\".", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-19T11:02:11.737", "id": "14941", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-19T11:02:11.737", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14937", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "You're on the right track. 〜ている indicates an ongoing process, although in the\ncase of something like dying it's also used to indicate a state of being. For\nexample, in the rare cases that you hear [死]{し}ぬ used instead of [死亡]{しぼう} or\n[亡]{な}くなる to refer to dead people you'll often hear:\n\n> [彼]{かれ}は[死]{し}んでいる。 \"He is dead.\"\n\nas opposed to\n\n> [彼]{かれ}は[死]{し}んだ。 \"He has died.\"\n\nSo going along those lines, the most natural translation I can think of would\nbe \"I can't die in a place like this!\"", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-19T13:37:42.440", "id": "14943", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-19T13:49:40.223", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-19T13:49:40.223", "last_editor_user_id": "4914", "owner_user_id": "4914", "parent_id": "14942", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I'm going to venture another answer and claim that the perfective-progressive\ndiscussion is a bit of a red herring.\n\nUsually, since 死ぬ is a change-of-state verb, 死んでいる means \"is dead\" (perfective\naspect) and not \"is dying\" (progressive aspect).\n\nBut in this case, I claim that ～ていられない is really a fixed construction and the\ndifference between\n\n> 死ねない and \n> 死んでいられない\n\nis one of emphasis, not one of perfective aspect. The first one could have\nbeen used here to mean a relatively neutral \"I cannot die here\". The second\none adds emphasis and means something like:\n\n> Damned if I'll die here \n> I'm too busy to die yet \n> I'd feel like a fool dying here\n\nor some such.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-20T01:11:38.413", "id": "14947", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-20T01:11:38.413", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1073", "parent_id": "14942", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "First I think you have understood the sentence correctly. Your question is one\nthat can be (and has been) answered very briefly if we assume you understand\ncertain dynamics of Japanese grammar. Unfortunately explaining the dynamics\ntakes a bit longer but this is my attempt:\n\n1) When a sentence ends with a phrase such as 心配なく I would say there is an\n\"elipsis\" or unspoken phrase that is so clear it does not need to be said and,\nas a result, the phrase has become a set expression in itself. There are many\ncases of this in Japanese. For example 電車に乗らなくちゃ (I have to catch the train)\nis an abbreviation of 電車に乗らなくちゃいけない (ちゃ=ては)）\n\n2) なく is normally found in the middle of a sentence and introduces a pause\n(almost \"mini-climax\") before finishing with a definite statement (punchline?)\nsuch as the following example:\n\n> 外国へ行くとしたら、ただの旅行ではなく、勉強を 目的として 行きたい。 \n> If I ever go abroad, I don't want to travel for just pleasure, I would like\n> to go to study.\n\nWhen a sentence ends in 心配なく the speaker is typically saying something along\nthe lines of \"Don't worry...(it'll be alright, there is no problem)\" or \"Don't\nworry...(it'll be alright for the reasons just discussed). eg\n\n> 「〜心配なく、[もんだいない]」 \n> ~ don't worry, there is no problem\n\nWe also see this in polite set phrases:\n\n> 「どうぞ、ご遠慮なく[召し上がれ]」 \n> Please don't wait, start eating\n\n3) Before looking at your sentence it might be helpful remember that in spoken\nJapanese phrases are often given in reverse order, possibly because the\nspeaker wants to communicate key words first eg 「僕は行かない」 might become\n「行かない、僕は」.\n\nIn your sentence it should be easy to see there is no need to add anything to\nthe existing sentence because the important matters have already been said and\nif we reverse the order we get:\n\n> 「最初は慣れないかもしれないけれど、心配なくあっという間にリンクを思いどおりに操作できるようになる[ので(す)/んだ]」 \n> \"At first you might not be able to control Link but you should not worry\n> because you will soon get the hang of it\"\n\n**Honorifics** \nIn your comment you ask about honorifics. As you can see from your example\nsentence, I would say they are not required in casual conversation but the\npoint you raise is also illustrated in polite set phrases, when they certainly\nshould be used. Possibly a native speaker might clarify this for us but in\ncontext of your sentence, if I wanted to be less casual it might be sufficient\nto deliver the sentence in the \"normal order\", ending the sentence with です.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-20T01:03:42.740", "id": "14946", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-20T06:45:25.830", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-20T06:45:25.830", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "14944", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "お・ご～ある・ない is an honorific expression, but 心配ない clearly does not belongs to it.\n\n 1. I think “little” verbs like ～ない, ～ある, etc. are often somehow used as adjective suffixes. So you can consider 心配ない as an adjective, the が between 心配 and ない is not strictly required.\n\n 2. 心配 can actually act as a noun, which is different from the 連用形 of verbs. You may see phrases like “～の心配なく”. It does not require お or ご to be grammatical, either.\n\n 3. ～することなく is an classic way to say ～せず/～しないで, and still being used in modern Japanese. Phrases like 心配なく, 遠慮なく, etc. might be similar to them, because 心配 and 遠慮 basically means 心配すること and 遠慮すること. Nevertheless, the structure does seem very productive any longer.\n\n 4. Both ～く and ～ず form are often used as imperatives and adverbs.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-20T06:52:26.407", "id": "14951", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-20T06:52:26.407", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4833", "parent_id": "14944", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "There are a couple of reasons for this. One part is that [万]{まん} is the the\npoint in the scale where things start looping (much like how in English we\ngroup by sets of three 0s, Japanese does it by groups of 4). As such, it in\nmany ways behaves like a counter. Therefore, much like you wouldn't just say\n[匹]{ひき} to refer to a single dog, you don't say [万]{まん} without prefacing it\nwith [一]{いち} to indicate a single group of 10,000.\n\nThis becomes even more obvious when you get into numbers over 99,999, where it\nbecomes\n\n> * [十万]{じゅうまん} - 100,000\n> * [百万]{ひゃくまん} - 1,000,000\n> * [千万]{せんまん} - 10,000,000\n> * [一億]{いちおく} - 100,000,000\n>\n\nAs you can see, prefacing 十, 百, or 千 with 一 in these cases can get confusing\nrather quickly. Hence the reason it's left off.\n\nAlso, coincidentally, this behavior is part of the reason why you'll sometimes\nsee larger numbers written out as a mix of Arabic numbers and kanji, such as\n\n> * 1万7000\n> * 30万円\n>\n\netc.\n\nWhen you get above [一万]{いちまん}, there _can_ be places where it's appropriate to\nuse 一 before 千 (e.g. [一千万]{いっせんまん}), but I'm not as well versed in that. That\nsaid, we've got a very good explanation of it in this question here:\n[Confusion about 一千億 and\n一千兆](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/14845/confusion-\nabout-%E4%B8%80%E5%8D%83%E5%84%84-and-%E4%B8%80%E5%8D%83%E5%85%86)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-20T01:37:31.937", "id": "14949", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-20T02:07:07.657", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.260", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "4914", "parent_id": "14948", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "I edited the answer to make it clearer.\n\nI think む itself does not seem to have this functions (反語). But it is often\nused in rhetoric questions, which may make it sound like 反語. Such sentences\noften contain か or や. If you check the dictionary, you will find か and や is\nsaid to have this function too.\n\n* * *\n\nOne explanation is that it's misleading to say む has the function of 反語\nbecause itself does not have this function. It acquired the 反語 reading when it\nappears as a part of 係り結び, that is\n\n```\n\n NTか　笑はむ　(疑問) The 疑問 function of か requires む to be in 連体形\n NTかは笑はむ　(反語)　The 反語 function of かは requires む to be in 終止形\n \n```\n\nThe fact that む's 連体形 and 終止形 are the same leads to the misunderstanding.\n\nHowever, this explanation has two problems:\n\n 1. Both か and かは require 連体形 when used as 副助詞 and 終止形 when used as 終助詞.\n\n 2. Both か and かは have 疑問 and 疑問 functions.\n\nIn addition, む is not required to enable the 反語's reading in this\nconstructions. No matter む appeare or not, you always need the context to\ndecide if a sentence is 反語.\n\n**To conclude, it's hard to say that this type of む has the function of 反語.**\n\n* * *\n\nI think **the excessive use of む for 反語** might be an influence of 訓読. Chinese\ndefinitely has more rhetoric questions than Japanese does. When they are read\nin the Japanese way, except a few exceptions, **most of them are rendered as\nんや**. If you write an article in 漢文調 style, then it will be likely that you\nuse んや for 反語.\n\nChinese rhetoric questions often contains certain adverbs, such as 安, 敢, 豈,\netc. Just like 係り結び, when you see these adverbs, the sentence must be ended\nwith んや. When you see them, the sentence is almost 100% 反語.\n\n* * *\n\nExamples for your reference:\n\n> 觀百獸之見我 **敢** 不走 **乎** \n> 百獸の我を見て **敢て{あえて}** 走らざら **んや** を觀よ\n>\n> * * *\n>\n> 燕雀 **安** 知鴻鵠之志 **哉** \n> 燕雀 **安んぞ{いづくんぞ}** 鴻鵠の志を知ら **んや**\n>\n> * * *\n>\n> 臣以弑君、 **可** 謂仁 **呼** \n> 臣を以て君を弑す、仁と謂ふ **可{べ}け** **んや**\n>\n> * * *\n>\n> 子曰、其然。 **豈** 其然 **乎** \n> **豈{あに}** 其然しから **んや**", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-20T07:37:13.753", "id": "14955", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-21T13:59:34.207", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "4833", "parent_id": "14950", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "[This\nexample](http://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E3%81%AF%E3%81%9B%E3%82%80)\n\nいかが－は－せ－む 【如何はせむ】\n\nSearched with \"反語 む\".\n\nIf speaker thought there is any way to solve the problem, the usage is\nquestion.\n\nIf speaker thought there is no way to solve the problem, the usage is\nrhetorical emphasis.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-20T15:22:47.983", "id": "14964", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-20T15:22:47.983", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4938", "parent_id": "14950", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "The content below is an exact copy of [a deleted\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/14956/3437) by [user\nl'electeur](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/4032/l%C3%A9lecteur).\n\n* * *\n\nFirst, it is highly misleading to state that one of the meanings of 「む」 is\nthat of [反語]{はんご} because 「む」, all by itself, does not function as such.\n\nIt is when 「む」 is combined with particles 「やは」 or 「かは」 directly following the\nsubject of the sentence that the word combination can form a 反語 expression.\nFurthermore, in 反語, the final 「む」 is of the [連体形]{れんたいけい} even though the\n[終止形]{しゅうしけい} form is also 「む」. For the advanced learner, this phenomenon is\ncalled 「[係]{かか}り[結]{むす}び」 or 「係り結びの[法則]{ほうそく}」.\n\nActual examples off the top of my head:\n\n> 推量：「TNや笑はむ。」= \"TN would/might laugh.\" The 「む」 is the 終止形.\n>\n> 反語：「TNやは笑はむ。」= \"Would TN laugh? No, he would not.\" The 「む」 is the 連体形.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2015-01-22T15:53:35.150", "id": "21407", "last_activity_date": "2015-01-22T15:53:35.150", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "3437", "parent_id": "14950", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "と does, in fact, mean \"and\" in most cases (the only exception I can think of\noffhand would be when placed after verbs, which is _loosely_ similar to 〜ば or\n〜たら). Usually it's used when you're defining a group:\n\n> [俺]{おれ}は _[武]{たけし}と[夏美]{なつみ}と_ [東京]{とうきょう}へ[行]{い}った。 \"I went to Tokyo _with\n> Takeshi and Natsumi_.\"\n\nor giving an exhaustive list of something:\n\n> [八百屋]{やおや}で[林檎]{りんご}とニンジンとピーマンと[買]{か}うつもり。 \"I'm planning to buy _apples,\n> carrots, and peppers_ at the grocery store.\"\n\nIf you're not intending to give an exhaustive list, you can use や instead of と\nhere to imply that there's more you're not including.\n\nし, on the other hand, is for giving reasons. For example, take the following\nexchange:\n\n> A: どうして[学校]{がっこう}に[来]{こ}なかったの？ \"Why didn't you come to school?\"\n>\n> B: [熱]{ねつ}があったし、[咳]{せき}もあったし、[宿題]{しゅくだい}がまだやってなかったしもうムリだったんだ。 \"It wasn't\n> possible, what with having a fever _and_ a cough, and not having done my\n> homework yet, either.\"\n\nAs with when you're listing things with と, even the last reason in the list\nshould have し after it before going into the explanation, if presented. That\nsaid, し doesn't have to be for giving a long list of excuses; it's fine to use\nit to give just a single reason, like in the response below:\n\n> B: [行]{い}きたくなかったし・・・ \"Because I didn't want to...\"", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-20T11:18:50.247", "id": "14963", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-20T12:15:57.073", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-20T12:15:57.073", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4914", "parent_id": "14954", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "See\n[古代日本語の数体系](http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/ts/language/number/ancient_japanesej.html)\n\nはたち、みそじ is still for referring people's age.\n\nい、いそ、ち、や, よろず, etc are often seen in proper names, and fixed phrases.\n\n```\n\n \t1-9\t10-90\t100-900\t1k-9000\t10000\n 1\tひとつ\tとを\tもも\tち\tよろづ\n 2\tふたつ\tはたち\tふたほ\tふたち\tふたよろづ\n 3\tみつ\tみそぢ\tみほ\tみち\tみよろづ\n 4\tよつ\tよそぢ\tよほ\tよち\tよよろづ\n 5\tいつつ\tいそぢ\tいほ\tいち\tいよろづ\n 6\tむつ\tむそぢ\tむほ\tむち\tむよろづ\n 7\tななつ\tななそぢ\tななほ\tななち\tななよろづ\n 8\tやつ\tやそぢ\tやは\tやち\tやよろづ\n 9\tここのつ\tここのそぢ\tここのほ\tここのち\tここのよろづ\n \n```\n\nWhen reading large numbers, あまり is added before 1-9.\n\n```\n\n 41: よそぢ あまり ひとつ\n \n```", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-20T10:39:24.637", "id": "14960", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-20T13:07:25.263", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-20T13:07:25.263", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4833", "parent_id": "14959", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "As it turns out, there _are_ Japanese numbers greater than 10!\n\nGetting started, let's review the basics:\n\n1 through 9:\n\n>\n> [一つ]{ひとつ}、[二つ]{ふたつ}、[三つ]{みっつ}、[四つ]{よっつ}、[五つ]{いつつ}、[六つ]{むっつ}、[七つ]{ななつ}、[八つ]{やっつ}、[九つ]{ここのつ}\n\nGoing above 20, つ changes into そ. Here are the 10s through 90:\n\n>\n> [十]{とお}、[二十]{はた}、[三十]{みそ}、[四十]{よそ}、[五十]{いそ}、[六十]{むそ}、[七十]{ななそ}、[八十]{やそ}、[九十]{ここのそ}\n\nSimilarly, at the 100s it changes into ほ (which, due to the 1946\nsimplifications, would be pronounced as お). Here's 100-900:\n\n>\n> [百]{もも}、[二百]{ふたほ}、[三百]{みほ}、[四百]{よほ}、[五百]{いほ}、[六百]{むほ}、[七百]{ななほ}、[八百]{やほ}、[九百]{ここのほ}\n\nAt the 1000s it changes into ち. Here's 1,000 through 9,000:\n\n>\n> [千]{ち}、[二千]{ふたち}、[三千]{みち}、[四千]{よち}、[五千]{いち}、[六千]{むち}、[七千]{ななち}、[八千]{やち}、[九千]{ここのち}\n\nFinally, as with the Chinese number system, Japanese stops adding new units\nevery level at the 10,000 mark, where it becomes よろづ (which, as with ほ above,\nbecomes よろず in modern Japanese). Here's 10,000 through 90,000:\n\n>\n> [万]{よろづ}、[二万]{ふたよろづ}、[三万]{みよろづ}、[四万]{よよろづ}、[五万]{いよろづ}、[六万]{むよろづ}、[七万]{ななよろづ}、[八万]{やよろづ}、[九万]{ここのよろづ}\n\nLarger numbers recombine in a similar manner as [十万]{じゅうまん}, [百万]{ひゃくまん},\netc., but more on that in a moment. As it is, we still haven't figured out how\nto combine what we've already got into something more useful (e.g. 24 or 365).\n\nCombining numbers in the Japanese system involves choosing the appropriate\nword for each place's value and putting the word あまり (remainder, often\nshortened to まり) in between each. So, for example:\n\n> * 24 = 20 + 4 = [二十]{はた}まり[四つ]{よっつ}\n> * 365 = 300 + 60 + 5 = [三百]{みほ}まり[六十]{むそ}まり[五つ]{いつつ}\n> * 1024 = 1000 + 20 + 4 = [千]{ち}まり[二十]{はた}まり[四つ]{よっつ}\n> * 12,345 = 10,000 + 2,000 + 300 + 40 + 5 =\n> [万]{よろづ}まり[二千]{ふたち}まり[三百]{みほ}まり[四十]{よそ}まり[五つ]{いつつ}\n>\n\nAs you can see, this can get old rather quickly if you're trying to count\nthings. On that level, it's pretty plain to see why it's not in common use\nabove [十]{とお}. Having to say \"[hundreds] with a remainder of [tens] with a\nremainder of [ones]\" and so on can get tiresome. Thankfully, you get a slight\nreprieve from this once you hit 10,000 based on the few examples I've seen of\nnumbers this high:\n\n> * [百万]{ももよろづ} 1,000,000\n> * [八百万]{やおよろづ} 8,000,000\n>\n\nAs to their uses in modern Japanese, they mostly appear in set phrases or\npoetry. For example:\n\n * [二十歳]{はたち} - 20 years of age\n * [二十日]{はつか} - 20th of the month\n * [三十日]{みそか} - 30th of the month (c.f. last day of the month)\n * [大晦日]{おおみそか} - New Year's Eve (by extension of the above, last day of the year)\n * [八十島]{やそしま} - 80 islands (poetic way of referring to the entirety of Japan)\n * [八百屋]{やおや} - Grocery store\n * [万代]{よろづよ} - 10,000 years (poetic way of saying \"an eternity\")\n * [八百万]{やほよろづ} - 8,000,000 (used to refer to \"everything\" in a manner similar to 全ての)", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-20T10:55:07.150", "id": "14961", "last_activity_date": "2019-03-02T13:34:44.137", "last_edit_date": "2019-03-02T13:34:44.137", "last_editor_user_id": "7058", "owner_user_id": "4914", "parent_id": "14959", "post_type": "answer", "score": 26 }, { "body": "Here is a good list of numbers in [大和言葉]{やまとことば}.\n\n[http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanesej.html](http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/%7Ets/language/number/ancient_japanesej.html)\n\nBeginning and intermediate Japanese-learners may think that we only use 1-10\nfrom the list in Modern Japanese, but that is not true.\n\n> For instance, native speakers frequently use these to tell people's ages\n> euphemistically.\n>\n> はたち (20)、みそじ (30)、よそじ (40)、いそじ (50), etc.\n\nIt is like if you said \"@Chocolate is [50歳]{ごじゅっさい}\", it could sound like you\nare saying she is just an old frump, but if you chose to say that she was いそじ,\nit would be a win-win because she could now appear to be a sophisticated older\ndame AND you yourself would look smart for choosing the 大和言葉.\n\n> 「もも」 and 「ち」 are for 100 and 1,000 respectively, and some of you would know\n> that they are still the kun-readings of the kanji 百 and 千, respectively.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-20T11:02:34.583", "id": "14962", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-20T11:12:24.397", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14959", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "After looking at [this](http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%BF) and using\nrikaikun (Chrome Extension):\n\n\n\nLooking it up in Tagaini Jisho gives me the ろく entry, but the top-right\nradical is written differently, even though one of the listed components is\n\"彑\". (A variant of 彑 is 彐 or ⺕).\n\n\n\nIt appears to be a kanji character that's used sparingly in Japanese, probably\n人名用漢字 (JinmeiyouKanji) (Kanji used for names), but the image you gave shows an\nunsimplified version.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-22T00:34:59.867", "id": "14990", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-22T00:56:33.687", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-22T00:56:33.687", "last_editor_user_id": "4824", "owner_user_id": "4824", "parent_id": "14965", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]