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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "For a bathroom in a school, college or university, I think we use 男子/女子トイレ. I\ndon't think we normally say 男性/女性トイレ to refer to a school bathroom. I think\nboth 男子/女子トイレ and 男性/女性トイレ are used for a bathroom in other places like a\ntrain station, company, department store etc...", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-09T07:48:45.970", "id": "14113", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-09T07:48:45.970", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14110", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "Come to think of it, I used to live near a train station where, in front of\nthe washrooms in the station, there was an announcement on repeat to help\nblind people find the washroom, and it used 男子・女子 トイレ, rather than 男性・女性. So,\nI guess that's a data point for you, perhaps 男性・女性 are just not commonly used?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2016-12-27T15:50:01.290", "id": "42042", "last_activity_date": "2016-12-27T16:39:34.373", "last_edit_date": "2016-12-27T16:39:34.373", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "11449", "parent_id": "14110", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "It basically means bullS**t but it is not very rude to use it in a formal\nconversation.\n\nIn fact this is what it translate to when you type it in the Google Translator\n<http://translate.google.com/#ja/en/%E3%81%A7%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89%E3%82%81>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-27T18:15:19.290", "id": "14319", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-27T18:15:19.290", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4566", "parent_id": "14115", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "There are few theories about its etymology, but one prominent one is that it\ncomes from \"出たら目\", which approximately means サイコロを振って、出たらその目に従う i.e. \"roll a\ndice and behave according to that\".\n\nWhether or not this theory is correct, I think it explains the nuance well.\nI.e. it means \"To behave random\", \"Do something without thought\", \"saying\nsomething without basis that just came through one's mind\" etc. Note however,\nthat it's exclusively used for negative description.\n\nHere are some examples:\n\n> A:「この壷を買えば、宇宙人と交信して株で勝てますよ」 \n> B:「何でたらめなこと言ってるんだこいつ」\n>\n> A:「ピカソの絵、俺にはどう見てもでたらめにしか見えない」\n>\n> A:「うちの会社の戦略はでたらめだ」\n>\n> A:「でたらめに馬券を勝ったら、100万円当たった」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-01T10:26:57.083", "id": "14677", "last_activity_date": "2021-11-24T21:19:44.717", "last_edit_date": "2021-11-24T21:19:44.717", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "14115", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Here, まで is an intensifier and \"even\" is a valid translation.\n\n[彼]{かれ}まで[過敏]{かびん}になってる ＝ 彼さえ過敏になってる", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-20T09:45:28.227", "id": "14249", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-20T09:45:28.227", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14116", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "`まで` has several meanings, but always includes some notion of range. Here it\nmeans that the range of people becoming over-sensible due to the narrator's\nfears extends **up to** 「彼」.\n\nAs the dictionary says, the word `まで` suffixes represents the boundary of the\nrange, emphasizing its extent (thus `even` seems like a proper translation\nsince it conveys the same nuance of emphasize):\n\n> 事態の及ぶ範囲がある限界にまで達することを表す。[1](http://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7)\n\nNote that this is different from for example `彼も`, which too would work here\nbut would only state another person affected (`he too`) without giving the\nnotion of other people of things included in the range between the narrator\nand 「彼」.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-20T12:14:42.933", "id": "14251", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-20T12:14:42.933", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4533", "parent_id": "14116", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "On a per-character basis, generally not. Calligraphic styles are relatively\nstandardized across the Sinosphere. The only real exceptions to this are where\ndistinctly nationalistic elements appear when looking at the broader text as a\nwhole:\n\n * Simplified Characters, in the case of Chinese\n * Hangul, in the case of Korea\n * Kana and certain Japanese simplifications of characters, in the case of Japan\n\nIt's customary in both styles of calligraphy to use the traditional forms of\ncharacters, so simplified forms don't always provide an indication. That said,\nmany simplified characters are derived from calligraphic forms (e.g. 门 vs. 門),\nso these are a weak indicator at best.\n\nThe other distinguishing meta-factor is the signature on the piece, as naming\nconventions are different across each country.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-17T17:30:16.860", "id": "14908", "last_activity_date": "2014-05-22T02:15:03.293", "last_edit_date": "2014-05-22T02:15:03.293", "last_editor_user_id": "4914", "owner_user_id": "4914", "parent_id": "14117", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "もんごん is the 呉音 reading, and ぶんげん is the 漢音 reading. Although kanji compounds\n(熟語) can in principle have both readings (in addition to any number of\ncustomary ones), it seems it is more common to have only one.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-10T11:12:49.463", "id": "14125", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-10T11:12:49.463", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "578", "parent_id": "14118", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Think about how the 一緒に part is involved. If you made it `b`, the 一緒に would\nonly apply to the first part leaving 食べませんか by itself and making it not clear\nthat that part is also supposed to be 一緒に.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-10T03:58:37.820", "id": "14120", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-10T03:58:37.820", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1217", "parent_id": "14119", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "AしてBしませんか sounds to me like \"Let's do A and B\", whereas AしてからBしませんか sounds to\nme like \"How about doing A before doing B?\" \nCompare:\n\n> 映画に行って食事しませんか。・・・asking out to the movies and dinner \n> 映画に行ってから食事しませんか。・・・asking out to the movies (going out to dinner has been\n> agreed). OR, suggesting going to the movies BEFORE dinner, rather than\n> AFTER. \n>\n\nLikewise,\n\n> 一緒に料理を作って食べませんか。・・・Both cooking and eating are suggested. \n> 一緒に料理を作ってから食べませんか。・・・sounds strange because you can't just eat without\n> cooking or eat before you cook.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-10T05:37:46.853", "id": "14124", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-10T06:36:50.620", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-10T06:36:50.620", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14119", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "I think we say\n[したいと思います](http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%22%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84%E3%81%A8%E6%80%9D%E3%81%84%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99%22)\nto mean \"would like to do (now)\", and\n[したいと思っています](http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%22%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84%E3%81%A8%E6%80%9D%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99%22)\nto mean \"would like to/hope to do (in the future)\". I think したいと思います/と思っています\nsounds politer (and humbler?) than したいです.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-10T04:57:20.040", "id": "14123", "last_activity_date": "2016-09-27T08:18:49.500", "last_edit_date": "2016-09-27T08:18:49.500", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14121", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "I think it's meant to say 計算して買えっつってっだろうが (「計算して買え」って言ってるだろうが). \nっつってっだろう＜っつってるだろう＜って言ってるだろう", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-10T22:40:42.927", "id": "14129", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-10T22:40:42.927", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14126", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The textbook translation is correct, but kind of roundabout. It's more like,\n\"We have some time, so **_why don't we_** grab a bite to eat and then go?\" The\n\"ikanai\" would be pronounced with a rising intonation that affords a\nsuggestion: `[行かない？]{LLLH}`\n\nIt does make sense if you do some \"logical shifts\" of the **not** part of the\nmeaning and some semantic substitution.\n\n> ...昼ごはんを食べて行かない \n> → Will we eat and then **not** go? \n> → Will we **not** eat and then go? \n> → Will **not** we eat and then go? (ungrammatical and/or strange in\n> English, but added for visual reference) \n> → Wo ** _n't_** we eat and then go? \n> → \"Wo ** _n't_** we eat and then go?\" + rising-intonation = \"Why do **\n> _n't_** we eat and then go?\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-10T20:15:15.227", "id": "14128", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-10T20:15:15.227", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "14127", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't see much difference between [床]{ゆか}に置きます and 床の上に置きます. (I think I\nnormally say 床に置く or [下]{した}に置く in daily conversation.) \nI don't think you say [床上]{ゆかうえ}に置きます. I think I hear/see [床上]{ゆかうえ} in\n[床上浸水]{ゆかうえしんすい} or 床上まで水に[浸]{つ}かる etc. (often on TV or in the newspaper) \n \nI think [床]{とこ/しょう} as \"bed\" is normally used in (a set phrase? like)\n[床]{とこ}に[就]{つ}く, [床]{とこ}に[入]{はい}る, [病床]{びょうしょう}, or [病]{やまい}の[床]{とこ}...", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-12T16:12:09.517", "id": "14153", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-12T16:35:34.853", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-12T16:35:34.853", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14131", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "As pointed out in the comments, ～も～も (with a positive verb) corresponds\nusually to the construction \"both ... and ...\" in English. The Japanese\nconstruction is not limited to two nouns, but one has ～も～も～も (which might be\n\"all of ..., ... and ...\" in English).\n\nI understand the construction to be \"not restrictive\" in the sense that ～も～も\ncan mean \"both ... and ... and a bunch of other ...\". On the other hand ～と～\nsuggest \"exactly ... and ...\". So here\n\n> 学生がいませんから、パブもシティーセンターも静かになります。 \n> Because there are no students, pubs, the city centre _and everything else_\n> become quiet.\n>\n> 学生がいませんから、パブとシティーセンターが静かになります。 \n> Because there are no students, particularly pubs and the city centre become\n> quiet _although everywhere else business is as usual_.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-11T18:52:41.830", "id": "14134", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-11T20:09:38.893", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14132", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "すげえまずい <= すごいまずい <= すごくまずい i.e. gross/really awful tasting.\n\nAs for the change すごい => すげえ, you might be aware of, for example, いらない =>\nいらねえ, both of which are very informal.\n\nP.S. Since you provide no context, I assumed that まずい refers to food. まずい is\nused in other contexts, so you may have to adjust the translation accordingly.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-11T20:00:55.360", "id": "14136", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-11T20:06:00.363", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-11T20:06:00.363", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14135", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "One of the meanings of `差し入れ` is \"food/provisions provided for someone (who is\nbusy with some task)\". So, the sentence could be translated as:\n\n> Well, let's drink this together. The manager brought it earlier for us\n> [while we were working].\n\nAnother sign that `マネージャー` is a person here is the verb `もらう`, which can be\napplied only to people (though I guess personification is possible).\n\nIf you're not familiar with usage of `もらう`, here's a pretty detailed post on\nthe four verbs to express giving and receiving:\n\n<http://lang-8.com/90163/journals/417636>\n\nIn your sentence, the speaker received something from the manager and is\nexpressing gratitude for it.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-12T02:31:14.187", "id": "14144", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-12T02:31:14.187", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3295", "parent_id": "14137", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "They're borrowings of monosyllabic morphemes from Chinese. But when sounds are\nborrowed from one language into another, they typically have to conform to the\nphonology of the target language. At some point between their initial\nborrowings and now, these morphemes have had to adapt to the rules of how\nsounds are put together in modern Japanese.\n\nAnd in modern Japanese, the only permissible syllable codas are:\n\n 1. The moraic nasal (as in 漢字 `/kaN.zi/`).\n 2. The first consonant of a geminate pair (as in 日光 `/nik.koː/`).\n\nSo any coda that didn't fit these rules had to bend: either it had to be\ndropped, or it had to become part of a separate syllable. Of course, this\nseparate syllable needed its own nucleus, so a vowel had to be inserted, often\neither `/u/` or `/i/`.\n\nFor example, according to [the Baxter-Sagart\nreconstructions](http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix%3aBaxter-\nSagart_Old_Chinese_reconstruction) the Old Chinese reading of 息 was `*sək`,\nwhich is quite similar to the modern Japanese _on'yomi_ `/soku/`--except, of\ncourse, for the added vowel at the end, which makes it not one but two\nsyllables long!\n\nAs a result of this sort of adaptation, not every _on'yomi_ in Japanese is one\nsyllable. Many are two syllables instead. (While this isn't the only change\nthat _on'yomi_ have undergone over the years, discussing this change alone is\nsufficient to demonstrate that they're not all monosyllabic. We can gloss over\nthe exact set of historical changes and still make our point.)\n\nHere's one possible way to classify the current set of _on'yomi_ :\n\n### Monomoraic, monosyllabic on'yomi\n\n> ア イ ウ エ オ カ ガ キ ギ キャ ギャ キョ ギョ ク グ ケ ゲ コ ゴ サ ザ シ ジ シャ ジャ シュ ジュ ショ ジョ ス ズ セ ゼ\n> ソ タ ダ チ チュ チョ ツ テ デ ト ド ナ ニ ニャ ニュ ニョ ヌ ノ ハ バ ヒ ビ フ ブ ベ ホ ボ マ ミ ム メ モ ヤ ユ ヨ ラ\n> リ リュ リョ ル ロ ワ\n\n### Bimoraic, monosyllabic on'yomi\n\n> アン イン ウン エイ エン オウ オン カン ガン キュウ ギュウ キョウ ギョウ キン ギン クウ グウ クン グン ケイ ゲイ ケン ゲン コウ\n> ゴウ コン ゴン シイ サン ザン シュウ ジュウ シュン ジュン ショウ ジョウ シン ジン スウ スン セイ ゼイ セン ゼン ソウ ゾウ ソン\n> タン ダン チャン チュウ チュン チョウ チン ツウ テイ テン デイ デン トウ ドウ トン ドン ナン ニュウ ニョウ ニン ネイ ネン ノウ\n> ノン ハン バン ヒュウ ビュウ ヒョウ ビョウ ヒン ビン フウ フン ブン ヘイ ベイ ヘン ベン ホウ ボウ ホン ボン マン ミュウ ミョウ\n> ミン メイ メン モウ モン ユウ ヨウ ラン リュウ リョウ リン レイ レン ロウ ロン ワン\n\n### Bimoraic, bisyllabic on'yomi\n\n> アイ アク アツ イウ イキ イク イシ イチ イツ ウツ エキ エツ オク オツ カイ ガイ カク ガク カチ ガチ カツ ガツ キク キケ キチ\n> キツ キャク ギャク キョク ギョク クツ ケキ ゲキ ケチ ケツ ゲツ コク ゴク コツ コチ サイ ザイ サク サツ ザツ ジカ シキ ジキ ジク\n> シチ シツ ジツ シャク ジャク シュク ジュク シュツ ジュツ ショク ジョク スイ ズイ スク セキ セク セチ セツ ゼツ ソク ソチ ソツ ゾク\n> タイ ダイ タク ダク タチ タツ ダツ チキ チク チツ チャク チュツ チョク ツイ ツク テキ デキ テツ デツ トク ドク トツ ナイ ナツ\n> ニク ニチ ニャク ネツ ハイ ハク ハチ ハツ バイ バク バチ バツ ヒキ ヒチ ヒツ ヒャク ヒョク ビャク フキ フク フツ ブツ ヘキ ベキ\n> ヘツ ベツ ホク ボク ボチ ホツ ボツ マイ マク マチ マツ ミツ ミャク メツ モク モチ モツ ヤク ユイ ヨク ライ ラク ラチ ラツ リキ\n> リク リツ リャク リュク リョク ルイ レキ レツ ロク ワイ ワク ワツ\n\nOf course, if you reject this definition of syllable and instead use syllable\nas a synonym for mora, then you can relabel the middle category \"Bimoraic,\nbisyllabic on'yomi\", but either way the result is the same: all _on'yomi_ are\neither one or two syllables long.\n\nThe above chart isn't the only possible way to classify the modern set of\n_on'yomi_ --see comments for some discussion. But no matter how you do it,\nunless you reject the notion of syllable entirely, you're going to end up with\nsome _on'yomi_ being bisyllabic.\n\nSo in short, you're correct: they aren't all monosyllabic.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-11T23:12:48.517", "id": "14142", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-13T15:26:33.067", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-13T15:26:33.067", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14138", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "It is, to make sure of something or to confirm with no doubt\n\n> 刑事は、最後にこう言った。もう一度、確認というか念を押しておきたいのですが、あなたは、事件のあった当日は、勤務先を、午後5時半ごろに、退社したのですね？\n>\n> The detective said. 'I want to make sure that you left your employer's\n> office at 5:30pm that day. Is that correct?'", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2015-03-10T00:23:45.703", "id": "23151", "last_activity_date": "2015-03-10T00:23:45.703", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4162", "parent_id": "14139", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "\"and by the way, to confirm or should I say make extra sure\"", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2015-03-10T01:25:38.267", "id": "23152", "last_activity_date": "2015-03-10T01:25:38.267", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9558", "parent_id": "14139", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "そう言えば **確認というか** 念を押しとくが\n\n\"Now that [you] mention it/that, **To confirm or should I say** , stamp out\n[my] concern..\"\n\nThe form A というか B is very common. It means, roughly \"A, or that is to say, B\"\n\nという is very important, it is a construction that \"colloquially quotes\" the\npreceding text. Adding か adds a sense of questioning or variability. It's like\na verbal approximation. \"A... or more like... B\"\n\nExample in English: Brandon: Are you shivering because you're cold? Lisa: Not\nso much that I'm cold, I'm still shakey from that roller coaster ride! = I'm\ncold というか still shivering from the roller coaster!\n\nさむいと言うか, ジェットコ一スタ一 の影響で,まだブルブルしてる\n\n* * *\n\nYou can also see this as というより or と言うより\n\nA と言うより B : A, rather B.\n\nExample (in English): Cindy: You want to go to japan to learn clothing design?\nDestiny: To learn clothing design と言うより, I want to satisfy my curiosity about\nJapanese culture.\n\n* * *\n\nAt the end of this sentence is also the construction 念を押しとく\n\nしとく is a contraction of しておく, which is a suffix used to say \"in preparation\nfor something\" or \"in anticipation of something i'll/we'll prepare this~\" in\nthis case it means something like \"get rid of my concern (for sake of the\nfuture)\" or \"to just get it off my mind\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2015-03-10T02:26:28.537", "id": "23155", "last_activity_date": "2015-03-10T02:26:28.537", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9542", "parent_id": "14139", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "It's an indirect negative imperative. A stereotypical example:\n\n> A: いや、やっぱりいりません。\n>\n> B: そんな固いこと言わずに。もうちびっとわしが負けたらどうです?\n>\n> A: Nah, actually I don't need it.\n>\n> B: Aw, don't be like that. How about I cut the price a little bit more?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-12T02:55:25.030", "id": "14145", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-12T02:55:25.030", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "3131", "parent_id": "14140", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The kanji 容 carries the meaning \"to accept\", \"to allow\". Similar constructs\ninclude 許容 容認 容赦 etc. The 容 here is used for the same meaning. I.e. 耐容 does\nimply how much it can tolerate **harm** being done. 耐性 on the other hand is\nneutral.\n\nTo recap, 耐性 can be used to refer resistance against both benefit and harm,\nwhile 許容 can only be used for resistance against harm:\n\n```\n\n Benefit: インスリン耐性 -> ok\n Harm: 病原菌耐性 -> ok\n \n Benefit: インスリン耐容 -> bad (unless you mean how much insulin one can take)\n Harm: 耐容線量 -> ok\n \n```", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-02-26T11:14:33.310", "id": "14629", "last_activity_date": "2014-02-26T11:14:33.310", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "14141", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The meaning of these two sentences is likely to be different.\n\n_Plain negative:_\n\n> (1) いいえ、まだしない。 \n> \"No, (I) do not do it (habitually) yet.\" _(yet: habitual)_ \n> \"No, (I) will not do it yet.\" _(yet: habitual)_ \n> \"No, (I) still do not do it (habitually).\" _(still: habitual)_ \n> \"No, (I) still will not do it.\" _(still: future)_\n\n_Negative ている:_\n\n> (2) いいえ、まだしていない。 \n> \"No, (I) have not done it yet.\" _(yet: stative)_ \n> \"No, (I) am not doing it yet.\" _(yet: progressive)_ \n> \"No, (I) am not doing (habitually) it yet.\" _(yet: habitual)_ \n> \"No, (I) still have not done it.\" _(still: stative)_ \n> \"No, (I) am still not doing it.\" _(still: progressive)_ \n> \"No, (I) am still not doing it (habitually).\" _(still: habitual)_\n\n**Examples:**\n\n> 「宿題は終わった？」 \"Did you finish your homework?\" \n> 「いいえ、まだしていません。」 \"No, I haven't done it yet.\" _(yet: stative)_\n\n`まだしません` would be wrong here, because that would mean \"I am not doing my\nhomework (regularly/habitually) yet.\", or \"No, I am still not going to do my\nhomework (regularly/habitually).\" or \"No (I) am still not going to do it.\"\nnone of which are an answer to the question.\n\n> 息子はまだ（毎日）歩かない。 \n> \"My son does not walk (every day) yet.\" _(yet: habitual)_ \n> \"My son still does not walk (every day).\" _(still: habitual)_\n>\n> （昨日から）息子はまだ歩いていない。 \n> \"My son has not walked yet (since yesterday).\" _(yet: stative)_ \n> \"My son still hasn't walked (since yesterday).\" _(still: stative)_\n>\n> （立ち上がったばかりなので）息子はまだ歩いていない。 \n> \"(My son just stood up a second ago,) so he is not walking yet.\" _(yet:\n> progressive)_ \n> \"(My son just stood up a second ago,) so he still is not walking.\" _(still:\n> progressive)_\n>\n> 息子はまだ（毎日）歩いていない。 \n> \"My son is not walking (every day) yet.\" _(yet: habitual)_ \n> \"My son is still not walking (every day).\" _(still: habitual)_\n\nHere is an example sentence which allows all the different interpretations. I\nuse some extra pieces of text to help disambiguate the ていない sentences\nsemantically. (I couldn't think of a nice example for する that allows all\ninterpretations, so I went with 歩く instead -- I hope this isn't confusing.)", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-12T07:40:16.227", "id": "14146", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-13T01:31:43.947", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "14143", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "By replacing _de_ by _hodo_ , I suppose, the author of the website is\nreferring to a similar (as he thinks) construct of an utterly different\nmeaning. It is explained in his web page explaining _hodo_.\n\nAs for the expression with _de_ , it means something similar to its former\nhalf only. The repetitious construction is often used, for example, to\ndescribe an undesired consequence (e.g., having lots of things to do) of a\ncondition that is seemingly preferable (e.g., taking a rest).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-13T12:40:09.307", "id": "14163", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-14T03:58:21.997", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-14T03:58:21.997", "last_editor_user_id": "3843", "owner_user_id": "3843", "parent_id": "14147", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "No, it means that they look similar in form, not that they have any similar\nmeaning. The OP, I believe, is confused about the fact that this construction\nexists. And, it just so happens to starkly resemble the conditional + ほど\npattern. Because of this, when students mess this up, they tend to conflate\nthem. It's not that they have any similarity in meaning.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-13T14:42:01.967", "id": "14165", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-13T14:42:01.967", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4484", "parent_id": "14147", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "An excerpt from 広辞苑's definition for 鉄拳:\n\n> 堅く握りかためたこぶし。にぎりこぶし。げんこつ。\n\nIn short, こぶし means fist, while 鉄拳 means more specifically a _tightly\nclenched_ fist. This should come as no surprise to you, as you've already\nlooked it up in dictionaries which say so.\n\nIt's true that it literally means \"iron fist\", but it isn't generally used for\nits literal meaning. Instead, it's figurative: when you tightly clench your\nfist, it's strong and unyielding like a fist of iron.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-12T11:17:37.137", "id": "14149", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-12T13:14:43.527", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-12T13:14:43.527", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14148", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "遊びに来る just means 'come to visit' or 'come to see someone'. It's a common\nphrase. Don't be too focused on 遊ぶ, it doesn't really mean 'play' or 'hang\nout' per se. I would translate it as: \"I showed my friend, who came to visit\nfrom Japan, around London.\" or some variation of that.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-12T12:48:34.640", "id": "14151", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-12T12:48:34.640", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4075", "parent_id": "14150", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "I think here あそびに means something like \"for fun\" or \"for leisure\". In other\nwords, they came on a pleasure trip, not for business or studying.\n\nWhat may be confusing is that it's natural to express this in Japanese\ndirectly when you'd express it only indirectly in English. Phrases like \"came\nto visit\" or \"went to see\" generally _imply_ that it's for pleasure and not\nfor business. You don't need to say \"My friend came to visit me **for\npleasure** \" because it's implied by the phrase \"came to visit\".\n\nAs a result, the most natural translation here doesn't include words like \"for\npleasure\":\n\n> 私は [ 日本から **あそびに来た** 友達 ] にロンドンをあんないしてあげた。\n>\n> [ my friend who **came to visit** from Japan ]\n\nBut it's natural to express it explicitly in Japanese with 遊びに. Phrases like\n遊びに行く and 遊びに来る are very common.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-12T14:17:18.550", "id": "14152", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-12T14:17:18.550", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14150", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 }, { "body": "As mentioned above, the あそびに来た clarifies that the friend is not here on\nbusiness. So I'd go for \"on holiday\" / \"visiting on holiday\":\n\n\"I showed my friend, (visiting) on holiday from Japan, around London.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2019-03-18T13:32:45.933", "id": "66077", "last_activity_date": "2019-03-18T13:32:45.933", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "33335", "parent_id": "14150", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "って ＝ というのは in meaning.\n\n「って」 is an **informal topic-introducing marker** that is frequently used in\ncasual conversations.\n\n「24[時間]{じかん}[行動]{こうどう}（を）[共]{とも}にするって、こういうこと（だ）。」\n\n「Aって、こういうこと（だ）。」 = _**\" This is what A means.\"**_\n\nA = Spending 24 hours with someone / Being with someone at all times", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-19T13:22:58.090", "id": "14246", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-06T13:29:29.093", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-06T13:29:29.093", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14155", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "No, [持]{も}つ cannot mean 'to wait', your translation is incorrect. Are you\nconfusing it with [待]{ま}つ?\n\n> パーティーに何か[持]{も}って行きましょうか。 \n> \"Shall we go ahead and bring something along to the party?\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-12T19:45:14.433", "id": "14157", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-13T06:09:10.783", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-13T06:09:10.783", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "14156", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "ほど is a word used to express degree. On the other hand, 読める is almost binary,\nif not otherwise qualified (either you can read, or you can't). Your answer\nseems to fall into this--either you can read the newspaper, or you can't. A\nnewspaper is kind of a baseline thing (restricted character usage, style), and\nit feels like it would be all-or-nothing in English or Japanese. I agree with\nyour teacher that something feels wrong.\n\nHow about these?\n\n> A: 漢字って、難しいね。\n>\n> B: たしかに。でも、勉強すればするほど、漢字の奥深さが見えてくるよ？\n\n-\n\n> A: お茶って、苦いね。\n>\n> B: まあ、そうだけど、飲めば飲むほど、お茶の独特な味がわかるようになると思う。\n\n-\n\n> A: 茶道って、つまらないね。\n>\n> B: よく言われる。でも、練習すればするほど、なんだか、落ち着いていくんだ。", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-13T07:52:21.417", "id": "14162", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-13T07:52:21.417", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3131", "parent_id": "14160", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "@rintaun and I determined that this quote is from the finale of a drama called\nお天気お姉さん, around 8 minutes 26 seconds in. We both listened to it and heard the\n/g/, though I'd describe it as \"swallowed\", while rintaun described it as\n\"slightly elided, but it's there\".\n\nWe both thought it sounded like the velar nasal allophone of /g/ which is\npronounced [ŋ], very much like the <ng> sound in English _sing_. What might\nmake it hard to catch is that unlike the other Japanese pronunciation of /g/,\nthis one doesn't actually stop the airflow, it just makes it go briefly\nthrough the nose.\n\nThe nasal /g/ appears more often in Eastern dialects, not Western. The actor\nwho plays 天川 is named 北村 有起哉 (きたむら ゆきや) and according to [his official\nwebsite](http://www.yukiyakitamura.com/profile/index.html) is from Tokyo, so\nit makes sense that he'd have that pronunciation of /g/.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-13T14:19:02.963", "id": "14164", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-13T14:19:02.963", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14161", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "To add to the previous answer, I was thinking we might be imagining sounds\nsometimes that may no be there to fit our concept of the word. So I took a\nlook at the [spectrum](http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~robh/howto.html) of 一ヶ月前:\n\n\nI have included the spectrum of the velar nasal _ng_ (ŋ) for comparison.\nObserve that you can see this pattern in the middle of the _age_ sound. It is\nshort and faint, but the sound is there.\n\nWe can also see devoicing for the つ syllable. Note that the _u_ quite faint.\n(Blue represents low, red higher and white the highest intensity in the\nspectrogram above.)\n\n(Anybody who has got more experience at analyzing spectrograms, feel free to\nedit this post.)", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-05-22T08:30:45.600", "id": "16086", "last_activity_date": "2014-05-22T10:30:45.003", "last_edit_date": "2014-05-22T10:30:45.003", "last_editor_user_id": "3275", "owner_user_id": "3275", "parent_id": "14161", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "There is no difference in meaning.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-14T00:56:17.317", "id": "14167", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-14T00:56:17.317", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1065", "parent_id": "14166", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "> 大学で勉強をしたいです。\n\nHere, `勉強{べんきょう}` is a noun, and `したい` is the verb being acted on it, so you\nhave something like, \"At university I want to _do_ study.\" However, this\ndirect English translation is a little ungrammatical, and the original\nJapanese isn't. So, with a little flexibility, perhaps we can capture the\nJapanese meaning with something like, \"At university I really want to _do some\nstudy_!\" By acting **on** the noun with a separate verb, it holds it up for\nemphasis.\n\n> 大学で勉強したいです。\n\nHere, `勉強{べんきょう}` is made into a verb by attaching `したい` directly to it\nwithout the `を` particle. It becomes, \"At university I want to study.\" This\nwould most likely be the preferred way of expressing the idea.\n\nDepending on the context in which you were speaking, `勉強をしたい` could work, but\nif all you want to express is your desire to study at university, `大学で勉強したいです`\nis the more natural of the two.", "comment_count": 10, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-14T01:22:56.303", "id": "14168", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-14T03:36:58.077", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-14T03:36:58.077", "last_editor_user_id": "119", "owner_user_id": "119", "parent_id": "14166", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "The difference is mainly that when you include the を, it emphasizes 勉強 a\nlittle, which is odd for this sentence.\n\n> 学校で勉強をしたいです \n> \"I want to _study_ in school.\" (As opposed to doing something else in\n> school.)\n>\n> 学校で勉強したいです \n> \"I want to study in school.\"\n\nWith the right context, perhaps the former could be more natural, like if\nsomeone was annoying you to play a game or something, you could response\n「学校で勉強をしたいですけど」 and it would be perfectly natural.\n\nAll that said, this nuance is very faint, I do not think anyone would look at\nyou weird if you said the first thing even if you didn't want that extra\nimplication.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-14T03:02:34.657", "id": "14169", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-14T03:49:36.580", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "14166", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 } ]

[ { "body": "I am going to give an answer based on the web site you are using. If you want\nmore detail please ask. (FYI: There is book on the difference b/w は & が but I\nwould suggest looking at a few of the Q&A on this website first and make a\nnote of the comment from Tokyo Nagoya for future reference.)\n\nThe website you are looking at explains (quote):\n\n\"We ..use the topic particle [は]to explain the current topic of conversation.\nSample: 誰？ （Topic: アリス） ＝ アリスは誰？\"\n\nAnd later:\n\n\"the 「が」 particle is only used when you want to identify something out of many\nother possibilities”\n\nIf we apply these to the task given:\n\nLine 1: \"ジム） アリス_ ___ _誰？\" simply requires us to to refer to the example taken\nfrom the previous section to illustrate how to the topic particle is used. I\nassume this is clear but, just in case, Alice is the topic of the conversation\nbecause Jim is asking about her.\n\nLine2: ボブ） \"友達だ。彼女____アリスだ\" is the application of the explanation quoted\nabove:\n\nWe can infer from line one that there are several candidates who could be\nAlice, Jim is asking Bob, which one.\n\nAs per the explanation given, が is used to identify Alice from the\npossibilities given. I would guess from the information available that of the\npossibilities, at least one of these, but not all, is a friend. Bob's first\nstatement (\"友達だ”) is intended to help narrow down the possibilities. It does\nnot say but perhaps they are looking at a photograph of several people.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-14T15:33:22.877", "id": "14172", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-16T00:15:12.590", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-16T00:15:12.590", "last_editor_user_id": "1556", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "14171", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, ように means \"as/like\" here, among a few possibilities. This is a minor\nissue, but I would interpret お父さんに愛されていると信じて疑わない is what happened in the past:\nso the sentence translates like \"... like I believed that Dad loved me.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-15T13:48:05.483", "id": "14187", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-15T13:48:05.483", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3843", "parent_id": "14173", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The issue is that if you write \"onyomi\" or \"kunyomi\" it's technically not\nclear if you want to write おんよみ or おにょみ. The arises generally with ん when\nfollowed by a vowel or y sound, so \"technically\" with names like Kenichi you\nshould say Ken'ichi to clarify that it's けんいち and not けにち. @Snailplane's\nanswer details the revised Hepburn system, however in my experience usually\npeople don't use this mark outside of style guides. This could change however.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-15T01:36:40.240", "id": "14175", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-15T08:04:16.850", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-15T08:04:16.850", "last_editor_user_id": "1797", "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "14174", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 }, { "body": "As I'm sure you're aware, there are a number of different systems of\nromanization in use. One system is \"modified Hepburn\", a revised version of\nHepburn's original system which first appeared in _Kenkyusha's New Japanese-\nEnglish Dictionary_ , 3rd and 4th editions, which used romanization for its\nheadwords. (The revised 5th edition in 2003 switched to kana.)\n\nThis modified Hepburn system is in fairly widespread use, and it's been\nadopted by the Library of Congress (of the United States). You can get a PDF\ndescribing the system from\n[loc.gov](http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman_japanese_revision_Mar2012.pdf),\nwhich says:\n\n> Transcribe the apostrophe ( ' ) between syllables when the first syllable\n> ends with the letter n and the following syllable begins with the letter a,\n> i, u, e, o, and y and when it is necessary to separate romanization.\n\nThe apostrophe is also prescribed in an [official Japanese cabinet\nannouncement](http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19541209001/k19541209001.html)\n(thank you Pteromys for the information!):\n\n> はねる音を表わすnと次にくる母音字またはyとを切り離す必要がある場合には、nの次に’を入れる。\n\nFor example, the name しんいち would be written Shin'ichi in this system. This\nprevents anyone from misreading the romanization as しにち. And the same goes for\n_on'yomi_ , which prevents people from misreading it as おにょみ. It's not a\nrequirement that you use this system (and you'll notice many people in Japan\ndo not), but it is helpful to prevent confusion.\n\nIt has nothing to do with 重箱読み or whether the readings are _on_ or _kun_.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-15T01:41:21.300", "id": "14176", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-15T14:12:00.880", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-15T14:12:00.880", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14174", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "Strictly speaking, I think it should be\n\n> 「忙しい」の対義語に当たる形容詞は何でしょうか。\n\nbut the person wrote it as\n\n> 忙しい、の対義語に当たる形容詞は何でしょうか。\n\nprobably because s/he thought it wouldn't cause any confusion (and maybe\nbecause s/he was just being lazy; I might do that too when I want to save the\ntrouble of typing the brackets :p). If it was like\n\n> 味でなく、考え方などについていうときの「甘い」の対義語に当たる形容詞は何でしょうか。\n\nthen...\n\n> 味でなく、考え方などについていうときの(、)甘い、の対義語に当たる形容詞は何でしょうか。\n\nmight look a bit confusing and it might be a bit harder to realize how it's\nparsed at first glance.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-15T08:40:31.517", "id": "14184", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-15T08:50:14.493", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-15T08:50:14.493", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14177", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "There are actually three sentences worth discussing\n\n> **(1)** あなたはやさしい人です\n>\n> **(2)** あなたはやさしい人だ\n>\n> **(3)** あなたはやさしい人\n\nFor each sentence, we should consider three dimensions: **grammaticality** ,\n**softness** , and **politeness**.\n\n(1) is **soft** (doesn't sound too direct), **polite** (shows respect for\naddressee). \n(2) is **rough** (sounds like a point's trying to be made), **not polite**\n(doesn't show respect for addressee). \n(3) is **soft** (doesn't sound too direct), **not polite** (doesn't show\nrespect for addressee).\n\n_All three_ are **grammatical**.\n\n(Note: \"Not polite\" doesn't necessarily mean \"rude\". There is no need to use\nthe polite form with your friends, close family, or people much younger than\nyou, for example -- in these cases the polite form would be overly distant or\nodd.)\n\n(Note 2: It's probably worth pointing out that the presence of あなた makes all\nof these sentences sound a little jarring.)", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-15T04:13:24.727", "id": "14180", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-15T05:28:55.063", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "14178", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "I believe Darius hit all the points on how it differs in spoken Japanese.\n\nI'd like to add that **tone** and **context** also play a huge role when it\ncomes to spoken Japanese, or any other spoken language for that matter.\n\nGenerally speaking, `です` at the end of sentence has a high likelihood of\nsignifying politeness, but it also depends on context and tone (which I will\nonly discuss context since I can't show you tone). For example, you see your\nfriend picking up trash for a stranger who dropped it intentionally, and you\nreply:\n\n`あなたはやさしい人（です）。`\n\nIt could imply a number of things, such as:\n\n 1. statement: \"You are a nice person.\" (especially if you don't know this person very well)\n 2. re-affirmation: \"You are indeed a nice person\"\n 3. surprise, \"Wow, you sure are nice.\"\n\ncould also be any combination of the inferred meanings depending on the\nsituation. If sarcasm was intended though, `です` at the end would actually make\nit more informal and in some ways \"rude.\" Plus, if you use `あなた` altogether,\nit could sound more impolite than polite.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-15T05:52:00.463", "id": "14182", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-16T15:30:22.817", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-16T15:30:22.817", "last_editor_user_id": "4499", "owner_user_id": "4499", "parent_id": "14178", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "講義 is a lecture in the sense of academia. Your college classes, etc. are 講義.\n\n講演 is more generally the act of speaking before an audience on a certain\ntopic, or even just _a speech_ or an _address_. Note the difference in kanji.\nThis one uses the more theatrical sense of 演 from 演じる, 演劇, 演技 etc. whereas 講義\nuses the more cerebral, scholarly 義.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-15T04:19:08.037", "id": "14181", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-15T06:41:55.050", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-15T06:41:55.050", "last_editor_user_id": "1797", "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "14179", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't quite understand the question, but ガム means in all contexts some type\nof chewing gum (which includes bubble gum).\n\nThe word バブルガム is used sometimes, but not necessarily understood to mean\n\"bubble gum\"; it may refer to a particular branded chewing gum (e.g. Xylitol\nTrident Bubblegum).\n\nThere is the word 風船ガム which means \"inflatable gum\", so I guess, this would be\nthe default choice to distinguish blowable gum from unblowable gum.\n\nFor other conceivable contexts where \"gum\" might be used (e.g. a water seal,\nanything rubbery), there is the etymologically related word ゴム.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-15T13:18:29.833", "id": "14186", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-15T13:18:29.833", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14185", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Sure, ガム can be used to refer to bubble gum.\n\nガム is short for チューインガム, and according to 広辞苑, 風船ガム is a type of チューインガム:\n\n> **ふうせん-ガム【風船ガム】** \n> 息を吹き入れて風船のようにふくらますことのできる **チューインガム** 。\n\nAnd if you look online, you can find people saying ガムを膨{ふく}らます. Sure,\nsometimes they write 風船ガム, but sometimes it's just ガム. For example, take a\nlook at [this question on OKWave](http://okwave.jp/qa/q2696097.html):\n\n> **ガムを膨らます** ことが出来ますか？\n>\n> ...\n>\n> そこで質問なんですが、あなたは **ガムを膨らます** ことが出来ますか？ \n> 私の回答は「 **風船ガム** ならいつでも可、 **普通のガム** なら二個以上なら可」です。\n\nHere, they talk about how they can always manage to blow bubbles with 風船ガム\n\"bubble gum\", which they compare to 普通のガム \"regular gum\". And the question\ntitle simply says ガム, which appears to be a hypernym of both 風船ガム and 普通のガム.\nIf ガム really didn't include 風船ガム, the question title would be confusing, and\nthey wouldn't have had to specify 「普通の」 in the question body—just saying ガム\nwould be enough. Obviously, that isn't the case!\n\nThe same goes for the top answer on the question. Here's an excerpt:\n\n> **ガムを膨らます** ことは出来ました。 \n> **どんなガムでも** OKです。\n\nYou can find plenty more examples like these. As you can see, people don't\nhave trouble understanding 風船ガム (or バブルガム) as a type of ガム.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-15T15:12:32.137", "id": "14188", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-15T15:12:32.137", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14185", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "The verb すわる \"to sit down\" is a _punctual verb_ (瞬間動詞). The word _punctual_\ncomes from the word _point_ , as in **a single point in time**. These verbs\n**have no duration** —they take place in an instant, representing a transition\nfrom an old state to a new resultative state. In the case of すわる, the\nresulting state is being seated. (You can read more about these verbs [on\nTaeko Tomioka's\nwebsite](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304170436/http://homepage3.nifty.com/park/aspect.htm)\nand elsewhere).\n\nHere's the problem: when you combine a punctual verb with 〜ながら, it's\nimpossible to interpret it as \"while\" because **the action has no duration**.\nInstead, the only interpretation available is ながら's other meaning, which is a\n\"counter to expectation\" interpretation (similar to English \"although\").\n\nTo illustrate this, I'll borrow an example from _Tense and Aspect in Modern\nColloquial Japanese_ , p.108:\n\n> 大学を **出ながら** 職に就けない。 \n> _**Although (he) graduated** from college, (he) can't get a job._\n\nHere, ながら attaches to the punctual verb 出る. Since this verb has no duration,\nit can't mean \"while\", leaving only the \"counter to expectation\" meaning. The\nexpectation set up by 大学を出る is that the subject should be able to get a job,\nbut in spite of that (as we see in 職に就けない) he cannot.\n\nUnfortunately, **neither** interpretation makes sense in your example:\n\n> ×いすに **すわりながら** 、音楽を聞いている人はウィリアムさんです。\n\nSince すわる is punctual, it has no duration and ながら here cannot mean \"while\".\nAnd there's no expectation set up by いすにすわる that is contrary to 音楽を聞いている, so\nthe \"counter to expectation\" meaning doesn't make sense, either. For this\nreason, I've marked the sentence with a × and declined to translate it.\n\nYou don't have this problem with the simple connective 〜て:\n\n> いすに **すわって** 、音楽を聞いて **いる** 人はウィリアムさんです。 \n> The person who **'s sitting** in a chair and listening to music is William.\n\nLast, let's look at your example with 聞く. This verb is a _durative verb_\n(継続動詞), meaning that it has duration—it lasts longer than an instant. That\nmeans the \"while\" interpretation is available:\n\n> ヘンリーさんは音楽を **聞きながら** 、ダンスをしている。 \n> _Henry is dancing **while listening** to music._\n\nThat's why this sentence works, but the other one doesn't. I think your book\nis right.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-15T21:01:15.563", "id": "14192", "last_activity_date": "2021-11-26T07:21:21.893", "last_edit_date": "2021-11-26T07:21:21.893", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14189", "post_type": "answer", "score": 12 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, I think you can say の here:\n\n> 人口の１０％ \n> _10% of the population_\n\nI think it would be more common to write ％ than パーセント, but either way.\n\nAs an aside, for even tenths I think you can use 割 instead:\n\n> 人口の一割 \n> _a tenth of the population_\n\nEach 割 is one tenth.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-15T21:08:37.077", "id": "14193", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-15T21:08:37.077", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14190", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, but there are multiple ways to say it. Just off the top of my head, I can\nthink of at least these:\n\n * 聴衆の前に立ち、新製品の発表を行った\n * 聴衆の前に立って、新製品の発表を行った\n * 聴衆の前に立ちつつ、新製品の発表を行った\n * 聴衆の前に立ちながら、新製品の発表を行った\n\nSome of them has subtle nuances that others don't have, but I think all of\nthem are more or less interchangeable.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-16T01:55:00.477", "id": "14194", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-16T01:55:00.477", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3059", "parent_id": "14191", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "沸く refers to the simplest act of a liquid boiling. It is an _intransitive_\nverb and just means that something (water) is heated up and usually boils\n(note the kanji in 沸騰{ふっとう}). Its transitive form is 沸かす. You can see it\nadditionally in words like 湯沸{ゆわ}かし器{き}, or water heater. For example: お湯が沸く,\n湯を沸かす. 沸く has an additional nuance of heightened emotion.\n\n茹でる is a _transitive_ verb that refers to boiling something (as in food, _not_\nthe liquid itself), like in 野菜を茹でる. It doesn't seem to indicate the addition\nof any flavor. Its intransitive form is 茹だる. So while 沸く refers to the boiling\nof water, 茹でる refers to the act of putting the food in the water and boiling\nit.\n\n煮る is also a transitive verb to boil something, but this is in more of a\ncooking sense where you prepare a dish by boiling it, adding spices, different\ningredients, etc. to imbue it with flavor. You might call it \"stewing\" in\nEnglish. Many foods contain the kanji 煮 and can be classified as 煮物{にもの}.\n\n炊く is an older form of 煮る but now mostly refers to the act of cooking rice.\nNote the kanji in 炊飯器{すいはんき}, or rice cooker.\n\n蒸す is for steaming something. Often used in compounds, like 蒸しご飯 or 蒸し菓子", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-16T05:15:14.107", "id": "14196", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-17T05:30:34.743", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-17T05:30:34.743", "last_editor_user_id": "1797", "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "14195", "post_type": "answer", "score": 19 } ]

[ { "body": "In spoken language, strange as it may sound, there is really no shorter way to\nsay [下]{した}の[名前]{なまえ} to refer to one's given name. As a native speaker, I\nwould surely know if there were such a word.\n\nThere are a couple of ways to ask for one's given name in spoken Japanese.\n\n1) Direct: 「下のお名前を[教]{おし}えていただけますか。」\n\n2) Indirect: 「[田中]{たなか}なに[様]{さま} (or [田中]{たなか}なにさん)とおっしゃいますか。」\n\nIn both cases, you already know the person's family name but not his given\nname.\n\nIn written language, however, a short word for \"given name\" exists, which is\n名. On official forms, you often see two separate spaces for [姓]{せい} and\n[名]{めい}.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-18T09:28:29.090", "id": "14225", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-18T09:28:29.090", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14197", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "When you say 兄弟いますか, it normally means \"Do you have siblings?\" (You'd say like\nお兄さんか弟(さん)いますか/いる？ to mean \"Do you have brothers?\") I think\n兄弟(は)いますか？/兄弟(は)いる(の)？ will normally be responded with\n\n> はい、姉/兄/妹/弟が(X人)います。 \n> うん、お姉ちゃん/お兄ちゃん/妹/弟が(X人)いるよ。 \n> はい、姉と弟がいます。 \n>\n\netc...\n\nYou'll say \"No\" when you're the only child:\n\n> いいえ、一人っ子です。 \n> ううん、一人っ子。 \n>", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-16T08:11:59.177", "id": "14199", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-16T08:17:37.167", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-16T08:17:37.167", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14198", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "Your question is a little vague, but the correct sentence would be\n\n> 毎朝、何時にうち **を** 出ますか。 → What time do you leave your house every morning?\n\nRefer to [Making sense of transitive usage of 行く and 来る - 「を行く」 and\n「を来る」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3243/78) for reasoning on why `を`\nis the correct particle in this case. The `に` and `か` (and the lack of one\nafter `毎朝`) are all correct as is.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-16T16:08:27.830", "id": "14202", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-16T16:08:27.830", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "14200", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": ">\n> ただ視界に映るのは、蹴｛け｝り脚｛あし｝でフロアを陥没させた跳躍の爪痕と、斑｛まだら｝に乱舞｛らんぶ｝する血塗られたミラーボールの原色｛げんしょく｝光｛ひかり｝－－。\n\nYou have more or less the right idea with 蹴り足 - a leg that hits. Now, when one\njumps (跳躍), what must one's leg do? It must push off of (i.e. hit) the floor,\nof course. Depending on context, it might even be reasonable to say that one\n\"kicks\" off the floor, depending on the exact way in which one jumps.\n\nI see that Weblio apparently gives \"primary lights\" as a translation for\n[原色光](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E5%8E%9F%E8%89%B2%E5%85%89). This doesn't\nmean anything in English, of course. When presented by a seemingly nonsensical\ntranslation for a kanji compound, it often helps to try breaking the kanji\ncompound down into smaller pieces and seeing if you can assemble any meaning\nfor them. As it happens,\n[原色](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E5%8E%9F%E8%89%B2) means \"primary colors\"\n(e.g. red, yellow, blue), and so it follows that 原色光 means \"lights in primary\ncolors\". Note that I am not entirely sure what the reading of 原色光 is actually\nsupposed to be, though げんしょくひかり is my best guess. Other possibilities:\nげんしょっこう, げんしょくびかり.\n\n[斑](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E6%96%91) (lots of other readings, but I\nthink this one is まだら) means \"spots or speckles\", and so 斑に means \"in spots or\nspeckles\".\n[乱舞](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E4%B9%B1%E8%88%9E%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B)する\nmeans \"to dance wildly\". So, 斑に乱舞する gives us \"to dance wildly in a spotted or\nspeckled manner\".\n\nSo now, we can translate the first sentence (somewhat woodily, and with some\nannotations).\n\n> [All]{ただ} [that I could see]{視界に映る} was the [damage]{爪痕} done to [the\n> floor]{フロア} when (someone) [jumped off]{跳躍} it, [the strength of whose\n> leg]{蹴り脚} [caused it to collapse]{陥没させた}, as well as the [speckles]{斑} of\n> [primary-colored light]{原色光} emanating from the [bloodstained]{血塗られた} [disco\n> ball]{ミラーボール}, [dancing wildly]{乱舞する}.\n\nHere, I've interpolated \"the strength of whose leg\" for 蹴り脚, though you could\nalternately do something woodier, like \"the floor which was caused to collapse\nwhen [someone] pushed off from it as part of a jump\" or something.\n\n* * *\n\nOn to the second sentence.\n\n> その中にあって尚昏く、闇を抉り抜いて凝縮｛ぎょうしゅく｝したのごとき漆黒ロングコートが翻る。\n\nYou have this pretty much under control. I'll just offer my own take on it for\ncomparison.\n\n> [And amongst all that]{その中にあって}, [darker still]{尚昏く}, [flapped]{翻る} a [long\n> coat]{ロングコート} that [cut through]{抉り抜いて} the [darkness]{闇}, a coat which was\n> [like]{ごとき} [condensed]{凝縮した} [blackness]{漆黒}.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-17T02:44:59.660", "id": "14210", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-17T02:44:59.660", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3437", "parent_id": "14201", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "しつもん（質問） means question, so the sentence would be わたしは しつもんが あります。\nInterestingly the counter for question is もん（問） which is the last syllable of\nしつもん [source](http://www.romajidesu.com/dictionary/meaning-of-%E5%95%8F.html)。\n\nI don't know how to say you have three questions, as you can probably tell I'm\nnot a native speaker, but I think you can say I have some questions, using\nいくつか（幾つか） which means some, a few or several\n[source](http://www.romajidesu.com/dictionary/meaning-\nof-%E5%B9%BE%E3%81%A4%E3%81%8B.html). So the sentence would be like this\nわたしは幾つかの質問があります or わたしは質問がいくつかあります。", "comment_count": 12, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-16T20:10:01.650", "id": "14204", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-16T20:32:44.303", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-16T20:32:44.303", "last_editor_user_id": "4287", "owner_user_id": "4287", "parent_id": "14203", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "あちら and あそこ have distinctly different meanings. あちら is a direction, and あそこ is\na location. あちら can be used in places where the English translation would be\n'there' rather than 'that way' (since Japanese seems to favor saying the\ndirection something's in over the location it's at), but that doesn't in any\nway make it equivalent to あそこ.\n\nIt is true that あちら is somewhat more formal, but the informal form is the\nsimple contraction あっち. This is probably what you've heard more often - it\ndoes seem that あちら is somewhat rare, but as far as I can tell this is purely\ndue to chance.\n\nI don't know about 'pleasantness', that's all pretty subjective. I have no\npreference between the two. (I also have no idea what a 'soft o' is - modern\nlinguistics rarely uses metaphorical terms like 'hard' and 'soft'. It is true\nthat あちら takes a tiny bit longer to say, but this is due to the fact that the\n[ʨ] there ('ch' romanised) is an affricate, which takes somewhat more time to\nsay; but the difference is on the scale of maybe tens of milliseconds.)", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-16T22:56:32.400", "id": "14207", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-16T23:03:00.167", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-16T23:03:00.167", "last_editor_user_id": "3639", "owner_user_id": "3639", "parent_id": "14205", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "You may be letting the \"translated\" English words get in the way of your\nunderstanding a little too much. Hard as you may stare at the words\n\"appearance/manner\", they will not magically turn into a \"so that\" in your\nEnglish-speaking mind. Point is that will not happen even in my Japanese-\nspeaking mind, either.\n\nJapanese is all about context. 「よう」 could mean \"appearance/manner\" all by\nitself without any context but it takes the right context, namely at least two\nmini-sentences, for 「よう」 or 「ように」 to mean \"so that\".\n\n「(A desired state/result) + ように + do A.」 means \"Do A so that (a desired\nstate/result) occurs.\"\n\nIn the sentence 「速く泳げるように、毎日練習しています」, 「速く泳げる」 is the desired state and\n「毎日練習しています」 is the \"do A\" part in my explanation above.\n\nMoving on to the negative, please remember that the structure is exactly the\nsame as the affirmative.\n\nIn the sentence 「忘れないように丸をつけてあります。」, 「忘れない」 is the desired state and 「丸をつける」\nis what you do so that the desired state of 「忘れない」 could be obtained.\n\nFinally, the sentence 「工場ができてから、この近くの海では泳げなくなりました。」 is another story because\nit does not contain 「ように」. 「なる」 is a magic verb in Japanese and we use it many\ntimes everyday or I would even say \"many times every hour\". It expresses a\nchange of state.\n\nFormer state: 「この近くの海では泳げた」\n\nPresent state: 「この近くの海では泳げない」\n\nWhat brought about the change? It is the building of the factory. And what is\nthe magic verb to describe a change of state? Yes, なる. So let's add it here.\n\n泳げない + なる = 泳げなくなる\n\nTo change it to the past tense, it is 泳げなくなった and to make it sound polite, you\nget 泳げなくなりました. Voila.\n\nTo answer your last question, it expresses a change of state/situation either\nas a result (as with the case of the \"swimming\" sentence) or as a desired\nimprovement (as with the \"marking/circling\" sentence).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-19T02:04:33.760", "id": "14244", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-19T02:04:33.760", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14209", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "如く only means 'similar to', while ように can mean either 'similar to' or 'I hope\nthat'. Also, both uses of ように are perfectly modern, while 如く is rarely ever\nused in Modern Japanese outside of intentional archaisms.\n\nAs mentioned in the comments, 如く can take a genitive phrase with either の or\nthe more archaic が, while ように can only take genitives with の. Also, I am not\nsure about the grammaticality of a 連体形＋如く, but ように is quite happy with them -\nindeed, the desiderative use of ように requires one, and is one of the few cases\nwhere you'll see -ます used as a 連体形.\n\nYou may also on occasion come across the even more archaic form of 如く, 如し.\nOriginally it was an adjective (though somewhat defective IIRC, I've only ever\nseen these two forms) - -し is the archaic 終止形 of adjectives (the modern form\nbeing -い, descended from the archaic 連体形 -き).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-18T04:08:51.120", "id": "14224", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-18T04:15:02.903", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-18T04:15:02.903", "last_editor_user_id": "3639", "owner_user_id": "3639", "parent_id": "14211", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I hate to say, but at this point in your study, what's gonna help the most is\njust learning vocabulary, and lots and lots of repetition.\n\nSo you know that `おんなのこ` is a word. But is `おなのこ` a word? At this point (to\nyou), it very well could be, so look it up in a dictionary (some online\ndictionaries are [listed\nhere](https://japanese.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/756/resources-for-\nlearning-japanese) if you don't have one). If it's not a real word, then you\nknow it must have been `おんなのこ`. If it is a real word, then you have to\ndistinguish which is correct by the context of the sentence/conversation.\n\nYou will have the same issue with the small `っ` as well.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-17T15:47:30.830", "id": "14215", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-17T15:47:30.830", "last_edit_date": "2017-03-16T15:48:25.793", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "14213", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "The difference is audible as Japanese pronunciation has a rhythm based on\n[morae](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_%28linguistics%29):\n\n * Every simple kana あ, ぬ, や, etc., is one mora long. (This includes ん!)\n\n * The contractions りゃ, ぴょ, etc. are one mora long.\n\n * The long vowel mark (長音符) ー (e.g. in アート) is one mora long.\n\n * The small つ (っ) counts one mora.\n\nSo こんにちは is five morae long and should be pronounced that way, i.e.\n/ko.ɴ.ni.tɕi.wa/ and not /ko.ni.tɕi.wa/. Similarly, おんな will be pronounced\n/o.ɴ.na/, not /o.na/.\n\nIf you listen closely, you should detect the difference.\n\nN.B. The difference between の and んの is clearly audible (the latter is\npronounced twice as long as the former). The difference between んの and んお is\nmuch subtler: [反応]{はんのう}, [銀杏]{ぎんなん} are examples, where the etymology is\nclearly んお/んあ, but the words are now written んの/んな instead.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-17T15:57:57.873", "id": "14216", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-17T16:08:33.250", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-17T16:08:33.250", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14213", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "`機` is for \"large\" machines; things with \"lots\" of likely \"large\" moving\nparts. What comes to mind are like automated machines of an assembly line\n(cars, packaging, etc.), printing press, etc. Also, aircraft (`飛行機`, `航空機`).\n\n`器` is used for \"smaller\" things. It is often used to mean `[器具]{き・ぐ}` -\ntools, instruments, appliances, etc.\n\nWhere the cutoff between \"small\" and \"large\" is, and who decides those things,\nI'm not sure. There may be some counterexamples, but if you stick with the\n\"small\" and \"large\" rule, you'll be right most of the time.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-17T16:05:09.197", "id": "14217", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-17T23:56:51.597", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-17T23:56:51.597", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "14214", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "The first の is the _pronoun_ の. \nThe second の is the _genitive_ の.\n\nThere are two possible sequences of these two のs:\n\n> 1. _genitive + pronoun:_ この本は花子の ~~の~~ だ。 \"This book is Hanako's.\"\n>\n> 2. _pronoun + genitive:_ 赤いのの表紙 \"the cover of the red one\"\n>\n>\n\nIn the former, the sequence of two のs is ungrammatical; you have to delete one\nof them. \nIn the latter, the sequence of two のs is okay.\n\n(Examples adapted from [a draft version of Hiraiwa's _Constraining\nDoubling_](http://www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/%7Ehiraiwa/PDF/Hiraiwa_Identity_Draft09292012.pdf),\nalthough there are a number of publications on this subject--see the\nreferences section of the linked paper for further discussion.)", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-17T19:32:01.120", "id": "14220", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-17T19:32:01.120", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14218", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "That is not the [尊敬]{そんけい} usage of にも for at least three reasons.\n\n1) 尊敬 (= \"respect\") is already expressed in the words [陛下]{へいか} and the お part\nof お[考]{かんが}え.\n\n2) 「～～にも考えがある」 is a frequently-used set phrase in which the subject (the ~~\npart) can be a first-person pronoun or even a murderer.\n\n3) にも is used for 尊敬 only in highly limited situations, such as formal letters\nand speeches as with the example in 大辞林 that you linked to. It is not used for\n尊敬 in a conversation that contains casual words like [僕]{ぼく} and お[前]{まえ} as\nin this case.\n\nSo, what is this も? I would have to say it is for \"emphasis\" but that does not\nmean that it means \"even\" or \"also\". As I always freely admit, English is my\nworst language but I still do not believe that there is a word that could\nexpress the nuance of this も in English.\n\nWe say 「～～にも考えがある」 when it appears that someone has an idea that is a little\nmore profound or unexpected or even surprising than what others might tend to\nthink it would be. It is this kind of subtle emphasis that も can often\nexpress, making it a killer for the learners.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-18T00:19:28.160", "id": "14221", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-18T00:19:28.160", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14219", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "It seems to be closest to\n[《接続助詞「に」＋係助詞「も」》](http://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%AB%E3%82%82?dic=daijisen),\nusing 大辞泉's [second meaning for も as a\n係助詞](http://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%82%82?dic=daijisen):\n\n> ② 他にも類似の事物が存在することを言外にほのめかす形で，ある事物を提示する。\n\nTo apply this definition here, I would say the も is emphasizing the otherness\nof His Majesty - intimating that it might not be the idea the speaker would\nhave, but His Majesty has his own ideas.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-08-29T01:18:49.997", "id": "18477", "last_activity_date": "2014-08-29T01:24:10.300", "last_edit_date": "2014-08-29T01:24:10.300", "last_editor_user_id": "7063", "owner_user_id": "7063", "parent_id": "14219", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "For ordinals, the general construction is ~[目]{め} -- in this case, not meaning\neye but rather *-th\n\nas in [一番目]{いちばんめ} = 1st\n\nas in [二番目]{にばんめ} = 2nd\n\netc.\n\nbut in the case of first love, [初恋]{はつこい} and the use of 初 with the\npronunciation はつ is common for several of these types of firsts.\n\n* * *\n\nMore generally for the first instance of something you can use [初]{はじ}めての\n\ne.g. \n初めての愛 = first love \n初めての車 = first car \n初めての英語レッスン = first English lesson\n\nif you use this pattern, then the second is [二]{ふた}つ[目]{め}. Third is\n[三]{みっ}つ[目]{め}", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-18T14:21:56.383", "id": "14228", "last_activity_date": "2016-12-22T00:06:45.940", "last_edit_date": "2016-12-22T00:06:45.940", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "4091", "parent_id": "14227", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Hmm?? Isn't it\n\n> 「[良]{い}いか？」と聞かれたら、「[良]{い}い[訳]{わけ}（が）ない。」と（私なら）答えるな。/答えるなあ。\n\nIf I was asked \"Is it okay?\", I would answer \"No way!\"\n\n(I mean, I think the な is not 禁止(negative command) but 軽い断定・主張(light\nassertion).)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-18T17:22:23.363", "id": "14237", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-19T12:49:40.043", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-19T12:49:40.043", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14229", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "You are comparing apples with oranges. Let me compare\n\n> サンドイッチを買ってきた。 \n> サンドイッチを買いにきた。\n\ninstead and hopefully this answers your question.\n\nThe first construction means that one action happens after the other. You\nbought a sandwich and came (home).\n\nThe second construction means that you performed the second action to achieve\nthe first. You came to buy a sandwich.\n\nBoth sentences can be stated in the polite form, without any change in\ncontent:\n\n> サンドイッチを買ってきました。 \n> サンドイッチを買いにきました。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-18T15:55:01.553", "id": "14233", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-18T15:55:01.553", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14230", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "> ユニオン(or [生協]{せいきょう}?/大学生協?)へサンドイッチを買いに行きました。\n\nsounds fine to me. It literally translates to \"I went to the union to buy a\nsandwich.\" Its casual version would be:\n\n> ユニオンへサンドイッチを買いに行った。\n\n* * *\n\nYour second sentence;\n\n> ユニオンへサンドイッチを買って行った。\n\nsounds a bit awkward to me. It sounds to me like \"I bought a sandwich and went\nto the union.\" (parsed as ユニオンへ（サンドイッチを買って）行った。>> サンドイッチを買って、ユニオンへ行った might\nsound more natural but it also means \"I bought a sandwich, and went to the\nunion\".)\n\n買いに行った is like \"went to buy\" whereas 買って行った is like \"bought and went\".\n\nAs a side note,\n\n> ユニオン **で** サンドイッチを買って行った。(へ-->で)\n\nwould be \"I bought a sandwich at the union and went (somewhere)\"; \"I bought a\nsandwich at the union on the way (to somewhere)\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-18T17:00:17.987", "id": "14236", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-18T17:00:17.987", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14230", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "見な is a shortened form of 見なさい, which, as you probably know, is form from the\nます-stem + なさい.\n\nThese shortened forms (見な, 食べな, 帰りな, ...) are only used in spoken language.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-18T16:11:18.447", "id": "14234", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-18T16:11:18.447", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14231", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "This な, expressing an order, can be thought of as coming from a shortened\nversion of なさい:\n\n> 見なさい！ → 見な！\n\nIt attaches to the 連用形 of a verb, which is the same form 〜ます attaches to:\n\n> 見 + ます ＝ 見ます \n> 見 + な ＝ 見な\n>\n> 動き + ます ＝ 動きます \n> 動き + な ＝ 動きな\n\nIt is easily confused with another な, which expresses an order _not_ to do\nsomething; this other な attaches to the 終止形, which is the plain form of a verb\nyou find in a dictionary:\n\n> 動く _to move_ \n> 動くな！ Don't move!\n\nLook at the difference between the two な forms:\n\n> 見な！ Look! \n> 見るな！ Don't look!\n>\n> 動きな！ Move! \n> 動くな！ Don't move!\n\nIf you don't understand why these verbs conjugate differently, you'll need to\nread in your textbook about the basic two types of verbs. (These are called by\nvarious names, including \"Type 1 and 2\", \"vowel and consonant stem\" and\n一段動詞・五段動詞.)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-18T16:12:29.410", "id": "14235", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-18T16:25:20.260", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14231", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, it is. However, it is not that we refer to any magazine as マガ. Instead,\nwe use it to shorten an existing magazine name or a compound katakana word if\nit contains マガジン in it.\n\nヤングマガジン (name of popular comic magazine) is shortened to ヤンマガ.\n\nメールマガジン (= \"e-newsletter\" in English) is shortened to メルマガ.\n\nWe never say something like 「[電車]{でんしゃ}に[乗]{の}る[前]{まえ}にマガを[買]{か}おう。」 = \"Let's\ngrab some magazines before hopping on the train!\" In this case, we will use\nthe word [雑誌]{ざっし}, not マガジン or let alone マガ.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-18T21:47:38.703", "id": "14241", "last_activity_date": "2019-09-16T15:16:24.990", "last_edit_date": "2019-09-16T15:16:24.990", "last_editor_user_id": "18435", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14240", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "There are a few simple ways to express this.\n\n> 「～～と（or に）+ [似]{に}ている」 = \"similar to ~~\" \n> 「～～の + よう + です/だ/である」 = \"(sort of) like ~~\" \n> 「～～みたい + です/だ/である」 = \"(just) like ~~\" \n>\n\nTo use a slightly bigger word, one could say:\n\n> 「～～と + [同様]{どうよう} + です/だ/である」 = \"(very) similar to ~~\"\n\nFor the negative forms of the phrases above, make the following changes:\n\n> 似ている ⇒ 似ていない \n> です/だ/である ⇒ ではない/ではありません \n>\n\nThus, \"In this way, the English are like the Japanese\" can be said as:\n\n> 「これに[関]{かん}しては、イギリス人 **は** 日本人 **に** 似ている。」 \n> 「この[点]{てん}では、イギリス人は日本人みたいである。（or 日本人と同様である）」 \n>\n\nFinally, if I am allowed to introduce a colloquial word that we use **_very_**\noften, I will mention 「そっくり」. It means \"just like\" and you can say something\nlike:\n\n> 「その点では、イギリス人 **は** 日本人 **に** （or **と** ）そっくりです。」 or \n> 「その点では、イギリス人 **と** 日本人 **は** そっくりです。」 \n>", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-19T00:07:20.460", "id": "14243", "last_activity_date": "2017-08-29T15:16:43.260", "last_edit_date": "2017-08-29T15:16:43.260", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14242", "post_type": "answer", "score": 17 } ]

[ { "body": "It's just a currency made up for the story. I don't think it has any special\nmeaning.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-20T07:06:14.067", "id": "14248", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-20T07:06:14.067", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "14247", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Yes, it seems to be the currency the woodpecker is selling its sounds for.\n\nIt seems other people where wondering the same thing, including native\nspeakers so this is definitely a word made up for the story, and it isn't made\nvery clear in the story either.\n\nSee [this Q&A](http://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/qa/1212795.html) where someone asked\nthe same question (and how to read `野ねずみ`).\n\n> 「リル」と言うお金の単位を[聞]いたことはありませんので、きっとこのお話の中でのみ使われる、作者が作った単位でしょうね。\n\n[This blogpost](http://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/chi9677/diary/200909270000/) also\ntalks about this story, and if you do a quick search for リル on the page you'll\nfind several people in the comments wondering what this currency may actually\nbe, how much it's worth...", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-20T10:30:46.340", "id": "14250", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-20T17:09:45.017", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-20T17:09:45.017", "last_editor_user_id": "4533", "owner_user_id": "4533", "parent_id": "14247", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I think you are looking for [名乗]{なの}り", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-20T15:58:45.383", "id": "14253", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-20T15:58:45.383", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "542", "parent_id": "14252", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Will definitely need examples here, but in the mean time this may answer your\nquestion: both `謙譲語`(kenjougo) and `尊敬語`(sonkeigo) can be used to \"elevate\"\n(「立てる」) the interlocutor. The difference is in whether the object of the\n\"elevation\" is the subject of the action described (the \"actioner\" I'd say -\n「行為者」), in which case `尊敬語` is used, or the subject of the action (the\n\"receiver\" - 「向かう先」) in which case it is `謙譲語` to be used.\n\nThis is explained in great lengths in\n[敬語の指針](http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkashingikai/soukai/pdf/keigo_tousin.pdf):\n\n>\n> これは，先の尊敬語における「立てる」と同じ性質のものである。ただ，尊敬語と謙譲語Ⅰとでは，＜行為者＞などを立てるのか，＜向かう先＞を立てるのかという点で，違いがあるわけである。\n\nBut this seems to match your understanding of both forms, so without examples,\ncan't be really sure about what you mean by \"requesting that people do things\"\nwith kenjougo, sorry.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-21T03:40:49.357", "id": "14256", "last_activity_date": "2014-02-20T10:44:21.423", "last_edit_date": "2014-02-20T10:44:21.423", "last_editor_user_id": "4533", "owner_user_id": "4533", "parent_id": "14255", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "There certainly is a difference in nuance between the intransitive and passive\nvoice in Japanese.\n\nIntransitive: 「テレビが[壊]{こわ}れた。」 = \"(My) TV broke down.\"\n\nPassive Voice: 「テレビが[壊]{こわ}された。」 = \"(My) TV was broken down.\"\n\n「テレビが壊れた。」 would usually be said when there is no one to blame for the\nincident. The TV just went out of order by itself.\n\n「テレビが壊された。」 （Please note that we also say 「テレビ[を]壊された。」 though I will not\nexplain the difference here.） would be said only when there is a person or\nphenomenon that is responsible for the breakdown.\n\nWhen Japanese-speakers use the passive voice describing a negative event or\nsituation, there is almost always a sense of damage or nuisance expressed (or\nat least implied) with it. When using the intransitive verb, in comparison, we\nare usually just stating a cold fact without expressing or implying any\nfeelings.\n\nThe exact same can be said about [汚]{よご}される and 汚れる. I naturally have not\nconsidered all verbs but I would say that what I have stated should be valid\nwith at least most verbs.", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-22T10:48:38.717", "id": "14268", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-22T10:48:38.717", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14257", "post_type": "answer", "score": 16 } ]

[ { "body": "> イラクで戦争がある。≒ イラクで戦争が起こる。\n\nThe ある means [起]{お}こる, [発生]{はっせい}する, [行]{おこな}われる (meaning #12 in\n[goo辞書](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/7643/m0u/)) \nCompare:\n\n> イラクにXXがある。(= There's XX in Iraq.) \n> イラクでXXがある。(= XX occurs/takes place/will be held in Iraq.)\n\n* * *\n\nEdit \n\n戦争はイラクである。doesn't sound very natural but would mean \"The war will take place\nin Iraq\" as a response to 戦争はどこであるんだ？(Where will the war take place?). It\ncan't be interpreted as \"The war is Iraq\" nor rewritten as 戦争はイラクです. \n\n\"how would you differentiate the である that shows what something is and the である\nthat shows where something is\" \n＞＞＞ \nI think it's all up to the context.\n\n> XXが/はYYである。\n\nIf you said 僕の故郷は京都である, then I'd interpret it as \"My hometown is Kyoto\". If\nyou said 今度の会議は京都である, then I'd interpret it as \"We'll have the next meeting in\nKyoto\".", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-21T08:34:55.910", "id": "14259", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-31T15:13:55.143", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-31T15:13:55.143", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14258", "post_type": "answer", "score": 15 } ]

[ { "body": "「はね」is what I always hear it referred to as. \nA web search finds lots of sources to back this up: \n<http://www.bunkei.co.jp/bunkei-app/soragaki/common/images/function.jpg> \n<http://www.y-adagio.com/public/standards/tr_fnttrm/fig7_7.gif> \n<http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AD%86%E7%94%BB> \netc", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-21T13:21:47.610", "id": "14261", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-21T13:21:47.610", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3010", "parent_id": "14260", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "According to みんなの日本語初級I Lessons 14 and 23 曲がる means to turn (around the\ncorner):\n\n> すみません。 あの信号を右へ曲がってください。\n>\n> Excuse me. Please turn to the right on that traffic light.\n\nand 回す means to turn something (like a leaver or knob):\n\n> 音が小さいですね。\n>\n> …このつまみを右へ回すと、大きくなります。\n>\n> The volume is low.\n>\n> ...If you turn this knob to the right it will go up.\n\nOn the other hand, according to the [電子辞書](http://www.jisho.org/) 曲げる\n(Transitive) means to bend something, like a steel bar or your finger.\n\nAlso 回る (Intransitive) refers to something that rotates on it's own, right now\nI can think of a plane's propeller or some other mechanical part, like:\n\n飛行機のプロペラが回っています。\n\nPlane's propeller is rotating.\n\nI hope this was helpful to you.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-02-01T12:58:10.993", "id": "14370", "last_activity_date": "2014-02-01T12:58:10.993", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "4604", "parent_id": "14262", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "As in English, `５つ星` gives a feeling of a more objective assessment (as in\nawarded by an independent and normalized entity), while `一流` is as subjective\nas \"high-end\" can be. Said otherwise, `５つ星` sounds more \"it is said that / TV\nor magazine / everybody around me said that it is that good\", while `一流`\nsounds more \"I think / feel / had the experience that it is that good\".\n\nAs for the stars though, I'm no expert but there are several (private)\nentities delivering stars on their own criteria, and it seems everything\ncalled \"5-star\" hasn't necessarily been awarded them by one such entity...\n\nAs a general rule though, only the very best hotels are likely to be referred\nto as `５つ星`, while pretty much anything could be referred to as `一流`,\nespecially `一流` is also more likely to be used by the institution itself.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-21T23:55:50.453", "id": "14264", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-21T23:55:50.453", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4533", "parent_id": "14263", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Google Translate uses a statistical model based on documents humans have\ntranslated to guess what the most likely translation is. All translations are\nmachine generated and there is little to no human review; though you can mark\na translation as inaccurate and it (might) have some effect on future\ntranslations of that phrase.\n\nAs pointed out in the comments, Google Translate can often have inaccurate\ntranslations or translations that change dramatically depending on what\npunctuation or particles are present. In my personal use, I see it perform\nokay on nouns but struggle with grammar, _especially_ if negation is involved.\nI've even seen it translate the exact same text differently on different days.\n\nFor words, I would recommend just using a dictionary. For sentences or\nphrases, try looking for example sentences that match or are similar to what\nyou have. Our [resource\nsection](https://japanese.meta.stackexchange.com/a/761/162) has some\nsuggestions.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-26T07:47:50.893", "id": "14293", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-26T07:47:50.893", "last_edit_date": "2017-03-16T15:48:25.793", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "162", "parent_id": "14265", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "From simplest to most complex:\n\n 1. ねー is a vulgar bend of ない.\n\n 2. The first も is that sort of emphatic 'even' you may know, like 今年の夏、雨は一滴も降らなかった (there was not even a single drop of rain this summer)\n\n 3. ~もクソも is an extreme comparator, indicating that whatever applies to the previous one, also applies to shit. I believe it comes from [「味噌も糞も一緒だ」](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E5%91%B3%E5%99%8C%E3%82%82%E7%B3%9E%E3%82%82%E4%B8%80%E7%B7%92) which means that between two things, one good and the other bad, there isn't very much difference at all.\n\nIt sounds like a continuation from the rival captain's first line. \"You even\ngot a dude mixed in there. Your girl power ain't _shit_.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-22T06:55:37.333", "id": "14267", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-22T06:55:37.333", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3131", "parent_id": "14266", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "There are several \"categories\" within keigo, depending on the type of meaning\nthat you want to convey: `尊敬語`, `謙譲語`, `丁寧語` and `美化語`.\n\nThe 2 forms you ask about here, `お(ご)〜になる` and `お(ご)〜なさる` both are `尊敬語`\nforms, so they serve the same purpose and have the same function in politeness\n(i.e. as `尊敬語` they serve to \"elevate\" the grammatical subject of the\nsentence). So, basically, no difference.\n\nThat being said, `お〜なさる`, especially used with a `連用形` (い-stem), may sound\nslightly more old-fashioned and is more likely to be used by older people,\nwhile `お(ご)〜になる` may be more common nowadays (besides some almost idiomatic\nusage cases such `お帰りなさい`), though both are correct and used.\n\nFrom the [大辞林](http://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%82%BA%E3%81%95%E3%82%8B):\n\n> 動詞の連用形に付くときは，命令の言い方以外はやや古風なひびきをもつ。「どこへ行き－・る」〕", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-22T23:34:14.917", "id": "14271", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-23T00:32:10.097", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-23T00:32:10.097", "last_editor_user_id": "4533", "owner_user_id": "4533", "parent_id": "14270", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "I think both...\n\n> 会話能力を持った初の人間型ロボットキロボが宇宙飛行士の若田幸一さんと国際宇宙ステーションで雑談した。 \n> 会話能力を持つ初の人間型ロボットキロボが宇宙飛行士の若田幸一さんと国際宇宙ステーションで雑談した。\n\n... would sound okay for the newspaper. These sound more formal/literary\nthan...\n\n> 会話能力を持っている初の人間型ロボットキロボが... \n>\n\n... to me. (I would use 持っている/持ってる/のある/がある if I was to say this in normal\nconversation.) Even if the sentence ended with 雑談している or 雑談していた, you'd use 持つ\nor 持った:\n\n> 会話能力を持った/持つ初の人間型ロボットキロボが宇宙飛行士の若田幸一さんと国際宇宙ステーションで雑談しています。(or 持っている, which\n> might sound a bit more colloquial) \n> 会話能力を持った/持つ初の人間型ロボットキロボが宇宙飛行士の若田幸一さんと国際宇宙ステーションで雑談していました。(or 持っている, but not\n> 持っていた)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-23T06:32:48.573", "id": "14273", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-23T15:29:00.850", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-23T15:29:00.850", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14272", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "あります in those sentences means something along the lines of \"There is ...\" or\n\"it has\". It's an extremely common verb in Japanese with no perfect parallel\nin English. It is not used for living things.\n\nいます is used similarly but for living things.\n\n> あなたの学校に何がありますか。\n\nWhat is in your school? / What does your school have?\n\n> デパートに何がありますか。\n\nWhat is in the department store? / What does the department store have?\n\n> 動物園に何がいますか。\n\nWhat lives in the zoo? / What does the zoo have [that is alive]?\n\n> あなたの国に何がありますか。\n\nWhat is there in your country? / What does your country have?\n\n> あなたの家に何がありますか。\n\nWhat is there in your house? / What does your house have?\n\n* * *\n\nAll of that to say that あります does not make a sentence a question. So then what\ndoes? The question is being generated by the か at the end and the 何 in the\nmiddle.\n\n何 roughly means \"what\" か transforms a sentence into a question (at least for\nthe sake of what you are asking).\n\n* * *\n\nThe form of the answers would be:\n\n> XにYがあります。\n\ne.g. 私の国に[砂漠]{さばく}があります。\n\nor for living things\n\n> XにYがいます。\n\ne.g. [動物園]{どうぶつえん}にりすがいます。There are squirrels in the zoo.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-23T12:59:22.757", "id": "14275", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-23T13:13:06.307", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-23T13:13:06.307", "last_editor_user_id": "4091", "owner_user_id": "4091", "parent_id": "14274", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, right. くそ・クソ・糞 is used in place here for what usually would be すごく, e.g.\n\n> くそかわ = すごく可愛い \n> くそうめぇ = すごくうまい (=すごくおいしい) \n> etc.\n\n(As slang is usually more versatile, there are more expressions with クソ, where\nすごく isn't a valid substitution, e.g. 糞美人. Also, note that くそ isn't\ntraditionally a positive interjection/prefix/etc., but traditionally used to\nembellish derogatory terms.)\n\nI'm not 100% on the precise ordering, but クソ is probably the most recent of a\nseries of similar expressions\n\n> めっちゃうまい (from むちゃくちゃ) \n> まじうまい (from 真面目) \n> 超{ちょう}うまい \n> 鬼{おに}うまい \n> くそうまい\n\nIn any case, as you guessed, it is a stronger expression, just as in English:\n\n> くそかわ \"damn cute\" \n> すごくかわいい \"really cute\"\n\nAs you say, かわ is just a short form of かわいい, as common with all\n\"i-adjectives\", うまい => うま(っ), すごい => すご etc.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-23T16:20:10.783", "id": "14278", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-11T21:59:02.900", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-11T21:59:02.900", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14277", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "It means F**king cute.\n\nIt is commonly used by gals, but it can be a little rude so I will not\nrecommend you to use it in public.\n\nIt is one of the gal language - for more informations on gal language visit\n<http://injapan.gaijinpot.com/featured-photo/2011/09/14/japanese-gal-language-\nwhat-is-%E2%80%9Cagepoyo%E2%80%9D/>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-27T18:10:03.600", "id": "14318", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-27T18:10:03.600", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4566", "parent_id": "14277", "post_type": "answer", "score": -2 } ]

[ { "body": "The only difference is in the degree of formality expressed, not in the\nmeaning as OP appears to have learned somewhere.\n\nIn the order of formality: 高くとも、高くても and 高くっても.\n\nTo speak of the meanings, there are TWO meanings in each form.\n\n1) \"Even though (something) is high, tall or expensive\"\n\n2) \"At the highest, tallest, most expensive\" It indicates the possible maximum\nheight or price.\n\nExample sentences:\n\n1) 「Aブランドのラーメンはおいしいので、[高]{たか}くてもつい[買]{か}ってしまうね。」 つい = without meaning to\n\n2) 「高くても[千円]{せんえん}[出]{だ}せばこの[町]{まち}のほとんどのレストランでお[昼]{ひる}が[食]{た}べられるよ。」 お昼 =\nlunch\n\nEDIT: I think I now know what OP means by \"fundamental difference in meaning\".\nAn older book or a strict grammarian might say that only とも should be used for\nmeaning #2 above. In the real Japanese-speaking world of the 21st century,\nhowever, ても is probably used more often than とも in informal speech for #2.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-24T06:59:47.997", "id": "14281", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-24T08:18:01.403", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-24T08:18:01.403", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14280", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Firstly, のりば is not limited to buses. It means essentially \"getting on point\".\n(Cf. タクシーのりば \"taxi stand\".) There's a word for \"getting off point\" as well:\nおりば (降り場).\n\nバスのりば is used in larger terminals for indicating where the bus stops are. The\nindividual platforms are sometimes numbered as 1番のりば, 2番のりば, etc., or 1番線,\n2番線, etc.\n\nA バス停 (short for バス停留所) is a \"conventional\" bus stop outside a terminal. I\nwould think of it as a sign at the side of a road, where a bus stops. Usually,\nfor most bus lines, the のりば and おりば are one and the same—some people get off\nthe bus, others get on. Calling a バス停 a のりば (or おりば) would only really make\nsense to disambiguate のりば from おりば for a particular (group of) bus lines. For\nexample, there may be a roadside bus stop outside a large bus/train terminal,\nwhich is the おりば for a bus line whose のりば is inside the terminal.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-25T10:54:56.683", "id": "14286", "last_activity_date": "2016-02-11T11:45:22.343", "last_edit_date": "2016-02-11T11:45:22.343", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14284", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 }, { "body": "I'm not a native speaker of English. So my English sentense would have many\nwrong term...\n\n\"乗り場\" is the word that means place to get on vehicles. \"バス停\" means a \"bus\nstop\". We use it for only the bus.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-25T12:08:06.613", "id": "14287", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-25T12:08:06.613", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4563", "parent_id": "14284", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "You want to ask your \"pen friend\" whether she wants to talk with you in\nJapanese or English, Don't you?\n\nIn this situation, I say \"日本語で はなしますか、それとも英語で はなしますか？\". This sentence means\n\"Which would you like to speak in? Japanese or English?\"", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-25T13:58:17.800", "id": "14289", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-26T08:29:28.410", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-26T08:29:28.410", "last_editor_user_id": "162", "owner_user_id": "4563", "parent_id": "14288", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 }, { "body": "A good structure you might want to look into is the\n[～ましょう](http://www.renshuu.org/index.php?page=grammar/individual&id=337) verb\nending. It means \"let's ___ _\" You attach ましょう to the verb stem, so for \"let's\nspeak\" it would be はなしましょう.\n\nTo make it \"shall we ___ _?\" you add \"か\" to the end. So for \"shall we speak?\"\nit would be はなしましょうか？", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-25T20:08:36.810", "id": "14290", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-25T20:08:36.810", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "921", "parent_id": "14288", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 }, { "body": "xxx xx _しょうか_\n\nxxx xx _syouKa_\n\ne.g. ご飯にしま _しょうか_ gohannishima _syouka_ (shall we have lunch)\n\ne.g. 日本語で話しま _しょうか_ nihongodehanashima _SyoUKa_ (should we talk in Japanese)", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-26T15:27:00.157", "id": "14298", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-26T15:38:44.743", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-26T15:38:44.743", "last_editor_user_id": "4566", "owner_user_id": "4566", "parent_id": "14288", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "How about... あたくしたち二人とも、運動?(>> physical fighting = [喧嘩]{けんか}? or\n[殴]{なぐ}り合い?)が得意でないことは、お互いに充分承知のはずですわ。あなただって、こんなに重い百科事典をその可愛らしいお顔に投げつけられるのはお嫌でしょう？それより、実力?(>>\nour actual skills = ??)で勝負いたしませんこと？", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-26T05:25:23.313", "id": "14292", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-26T05:25:23.313", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14291", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "I think you may misunderstand the meaning of \"よく\". In this sentence, \"よく\"\ndoesn't mean \"good\".\n\n\"あれでよく[改善]{かいぜん}したって[言]{い}えるよね\" means \"Why do they say that it was improved!\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-26T13:46:21.603", "id": "14296", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-26T14:02:18.930", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-26T14:02:18.930", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4563", "parent_id": "14295", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "A half literal, half free translation (in the sense of \"worst of both\nworlds\"):\n\n> 今日の食堂の定食、 **あれで** よく改善したって言えるよね。まるで豚のえさだよ。 \n> Regarding today's lunch special, **with that** they have some nerve to say\n> that they improved. It's quite simply pig food.\n\nあれで doesn't express pleasant surprise. よく言える is, I guess, where you got lost.\nIt doesn't mean \"being well able to say\", but rather \"how could you say\nthat?\".\n\nA sentence from ALC for comparison:\n\n> そんなこと、よく言えるわね？ \n> How can you ask me to do that?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-26T13:48:05.967", "id": "14297", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-26T13:58:21.360", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-26T13:58:21.360", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14295", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "使い doesn't mean angel in all contexts, but _does_ mean \"messenger/bearer/...\".\nIn particular, the usual word for \"angel\" is [天使]{てんし} or [天]{てん}の使い =\n\"messenger from heaven\". Here you don't have 天, but 主 \"Lord/God\".\n\nAs snailplane points out in the comments, the phrase \"Angel of the Lord\"\nshould appear frequently. Wikipedia\n[writes](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord):\n\n> The **Angel of the Lord** (or the **Angel of God** ) is one of many terms in\n> the Hebrew Bible (also: Old Testament) used for an angel. The Biblical name\n> for angel, מלאך _malak_ , which translates simply as \"messenger,\" obtained\n> the further signification of \"angel\" only through the addition of God's\n> name, as (\"angel of the Lord,\" or \"angel of God\", Zech. 12:8).\n\nThe same in Japanese. 使い translates simply as \"messenger\" and only obtains the\nfurther signification of \"angel\" only through the addition of God's name (or\nthrough the honorific prefix [御]{み}, as in ssb's answer). In that sense, the\nJapanese 主の使い seems to be faithful to the original Hebrew.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-27T00:00:36.043", "id": "14300", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-27T16:57:13.023", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-27T16:57:13.023", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14299", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 }, { "body": "使い refers to someone sent to a specific place to fulfill a certain objective\nfor someone else. In this purely semantic sense 主の使い would be an angel just\nbecause that's the role it is describing.\n\n[御{み}使い](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E4%BD%BF%E3%81%84) seems to be\nthe \"right\" (or at least most direct) translation for angels in a\nChristian/biblical sense:\n\n> 御使い（みつかい、 ヘブライ語: מלאך‎、ギリシア語: ἄγγελος）は、使者を意味する語であり、キリスト教で主の使いである\n\nNotice that the definition above uses the term 主の使い itself. It appears that it\nis also a standard way to phrase things in a Christian context.\n\n[天使{てんし}](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%BF) applies more\nbroadly to the concept of an angel in a faith-agnostic sort of way. 使い on its\nown also seems to have roots in Japanese traditional religions as a term for\nbeings/animals acting as representatives of gods.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-27T00:09:48.517", "id": "14301", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-27T01:39:39.987", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-27T01:39:39.987", "last_editor_user_id": "1797", "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "14299", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "This boils down to the question \"What is a radical?\"\n\nIn the loose sense, it's any part of a kanji, which occurs in a number of\ncharacters.\n\nIn some stricter sense, it's one of the 214 kanji radicals that have been used\nto index kanji characters ever since they appeared in the 1615 Zihui 1716\nKangxi Dictionary dictionaries.\n\nFor searching by applying a filter, having more radicals means more options to\nnarrow down the characters to find the one you are looking for.\n\nThe radicals in the latter, stricter sense have a Japanese name. In general,\nthe others don't.\n\nWhether you consider a part of a kanji a radical or not, you can often\ndescribe parts either in terms of other kanji or in terms of katakana\ncharacters. This is because katakana characters are derived from kanji in the\nsense that they are precisely only a small characteristic part of a full\ncharacter. Notably, ソ derives from the two dots on 曽. So any such dots can be\nsaid to \"be\" ソ.\n\nFor example, the 偕成社 6th year 漢字練習ノート says for 呼ぶ\n\n> くちへんに ノ ソ よこ一で たてまげはねる\n\nMost if not all occurrences of the ソ \"radical\" are derived from the 八 radical\n(which is a radical in the strict sense), so 曽 itself has 曾 as traditional\nvariant. In this sense ソ \"is\" also 八.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-27T02:43:44.417", "id": "14304", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-31T04:46:32.597", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-31T04:46:32.597", "last_editor_user_id": "125", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14303", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "In all three, the two dots are 八. As an element in other characters, 八 often\nappears upside-down; sometimes it depends on the particular font which way it\nfaces.\n\nAs for meaning, we can consult a variety of sources, but they all agree on the\nbasics: [Zhongwen.com](http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zipux2.cgi?b5=%A4K)\ndescribes 八 as \"an ideograph representing division\". Henshall says it\nsymbolizes \"splitting/dividing\", and is often found in compounds with a\nmeaning of \"divide/disperse/away/out\".\n[ChineseEtymology.org](http://www.chineseetymology.org/CharacterEtymology.aspx?characterInput=%E5%85%AB)\nsays that it's a primitive pictograph with two lines indicating \"separation\".\n\nBut note that strictly speaking each character has only one 部首, because 部首 are\na system for indexing characters in dictionaries, and each character appears\nunder only one 部首 in most dictionaries. So although 八 is a Kangxi radical, not\nall characters containing it are listed under 八.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-27T02:53:59.680", "id": "14306", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-27T02:53:59.680", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14303", "post_type": "answer", "score": 14 }, { "body": "[はちがしら / hachigashira](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_12)\n\nhowever, the 部首 of your examples are: \n前 = りっとう \n咲 = くちへん \n呼 = くちへん\n\nTrying to derive meaning from radicals can be a fool's errand in many cases.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-27T03:14:52.723", "id": "14307", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-27T03:14:52.723", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3962", "parent_id": "14303", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "The radical「丷」is a component form of「八」. As mentioned in the other answers,\nradicals are a way of indexing characters only - their presence does not imply\nthat the radical is part of the _Kanji_ 's history or provide any function to\nthe _Kanji_ at all, and there is no contribution of meaning\nof「丷」towards「前」,「咲」,「呼」. Note that their radicals (section headers in\ndictionaries) are:\n\n * 刀/刂 for 前;\n * 口 for 咲 and 呼\n\nHowever, calling all appearances of「丷」as component forms of「八」, especially in\nnon-radical contexts, is very dubious. Characters which originally\ncontained「丷」were almost universally turned into「八」in the Kangxi Dictionary\nprinted form of characters, possibly for aesthetic purposes, whereas before\nthey were kept separate. Since most modern Chinese character dictionaries\ninherit Kangxi radicals, the confusion continues to this day. As far as I can\nrecall, the only semantic contribution of the component「八」( _to split_ , now\nwritten「別」) is towards the common characters「半」( _half_ ) and「分」( _divide_ ).\n\nSo, where did「丷」come from in each of「前」,「咲」,「呼」?\n\n## 前\n\n> In「前」,「丷」is part of「䒑」, which was an abbreviation of「止」. See [Why does 前\n> mean \"past\" in terms of time, but \"forward\" in terms of\n> direction?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/58462/why-\n> does-%E5%89%8D-mean-past-in-terms-of-time-but-forward-in-terms-of-\n> direction/58553#58553) for an explanation for the glyph origin of「前」.\n\n## 咲\n\n> In「咲」,「丷」is also part of「䒑」, but this time「䒑」is a cursive calligraphic\n> variant form of「艸/艹」, the _grass/plant_ component.\n>\n> 「咲」was originally a variant of「笑/㗛」( _smile/laughter/happy_ ; the Japanese\n> usage _bloom/blossom_ is a repurposed usage unrelated to the original).「笑」in\n> turn was originally「」, that is, a combination of _grass/plants_ 「艹」and _dog_\n> 「犬」.\n>\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/6V3Hf.png)\n>\n> For reference,「犬」around the same time period/state looked like:\n>\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/CtjOp.png)\n>\n> The forms「咲」and「笑/㗛」came from the oft-muddled component exchange\n> between「艹」and「竹/」(see [What is the character etymology of 着\n> ?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/42827/what-is-the-character-\n> etymology-of-%E7%9D%80) for a model case study) because「艹」and「」were so\n> similar in shape. In some script styles, they were almost just upside-down\n> versions of each other:\n>\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/kgbc9.png)[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xzqzR.png)\n\n## 呼\n\n> 「呼」( _to call out_ ) was originally「乎」, which was a picture of a tree branch\n> being blown around in strong winds. The wind was represented by several\n> strokes in an abstract manner.\n>\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zaTxu.png)\n>\n> The character invokes the meaning of _howling winds_ , extended to mean _to\n> yell/call out_ , and「口」was added to emphasise this meaning while the\n> original character「乎」became increasingly used as a Classical Chinese\n> particle. A decorative stroke was added to the top later, resulting in\n>\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/z1HfP.png)\n>\n> which leads on to the modern shape.\n\n* * *\n\n## References:\n\n * 杜忠誥《說文篆文訛形釋例》\n * 季旭昇《說文新證》\n * [小學堂](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2018-08-18T14:53:17.480", "id": "60941", "last_activity_date": "2018-08-18T14:53:17.480", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "26510", "parent_id": "14303", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "They are called\n[当{あ}て字{じ}](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%93%E3%81%A6%E5%AD%97).\n\nThere are two types of 当て字:\n\n 1. Ignoring the meaning of the Kanji and using them to create a sound (e.g. 珈{コー}琲{ヒー})\n 2. Ignoring the reading of the Kanji and using their meaning to demonstrate another sound (e.g. 衝{ショッ}撃{ク})\n\nIn this case, they are using the second type. The voices of the ghosts sound\nevoke 共鳴, so while you read 声, the point is that you are to imagine the sound\nof their actual voices as having the properties of 共鳴.\n\nThis is also used a lot for children's names today -- parents want to use\nparticular Kanji, but make the reading something totally different from what\nthe characters would normally read as. A search for\n[当て字名前ランキング](https://www.google.co.jp/#q=%E5%BD%93%E3%81%A6%E5%AD%97%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0)\nwill get you a bunch, but one example is a girl named 星{ティアラ}", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-27T05:11:46.010", "id": "14309", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-27T05:11:46.010", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3300", "parent_id": "14308", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "It is called ルビ but many of us native speakers just substitute ふりがな for it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-27T08:17:21.060", "id": "14310", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-27T08:17:21.060", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14308", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I do not claim to know the origin of this particular term [小便芸者]{しょんべんげいしゃ}\nbut I have reasons to doubt the male anatomy hypothesis.\n\nIn the most vulgar kind of Japanese, [小便]{しょんべん} is sometimes added to a noun\nlike a prefix to express the speaker's hatred or strong disrespect of the\nobject. The nuance it carries is much worse than \"good for nothing\". For this\npurpose, 小便 is pronounced しょ **ん** べん rather than the dictionary reading しょ\n**う** べん.\n\nExamples: 小便[議員]{ぎいん}(Diet member)、小便[役者]{やくしゃ}(actor)、小便[国家]{こっか}(nation)\n、小便[飲み屋]{のみや}(bar), etc.\n\nThus, I would tend to assume that the term 小便芸者 came by this route.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-28T00:57:03.793", "id": "14323", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-14T02:39:08.987", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-14T02:39:08.987", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14311", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "小便芸者 means a poor geisha. Because such geisha often excuses herself from\nplaying shamisen(三味線) or performing Mai(舞) to fudge on.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-28T08:03:59.113", "id": "14326", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-28T08:03:59.113", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4574", "parent_id": "14311", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "At some point far in the past (before Old Japanese, at least) these words\nprobably had a single form with a diphthong:\n\n上: *upai\n\n声: *kəpai\n\nThe diphthong turned into a single vowel differently in different contexts:\nword-finally it became /e/, and word-medially the /i/ was deleted. (The *p\nsubsequently turned to /ɸ/, which then became /w/ between vowels and later /h/\nelsewhere except before /u/ - this is why you have 原 /hara/ and 藤原\n/ɸuʥiwara/.)\n\nThe 終わる・終える question is a bit different, and has to do with some transitivity-\nflipping morphology that no one really understands well.", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-27T16:49:45.970", "id": "14315", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-27T16:49:45.970", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3639", "parent_id": "14313", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "There is a whole class of such nouns that exhibit vowel fronting when used as\nstandalone nouns, and not all of them end in _-e_ or _-wa_. Among other\nexamples, with in-compound forms followed by standalone:\n\n * 神: かむ vs. かみ\n * 天: あま vs. あめ (also for 雨)\n * 口: くつ vs. くち\n * 目: ま vs. め\n * 手: た vs. て\n * 月: つく vs. つき\n * 木: こ vs. き\n\nOne of the reasons for the theory that a certain class of nouns was followed\nby the now-obsolete [Old Japanese\nい](http://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%84), an emphatic nominalizing\nparticle, is that the term カムイ appears in Ainu as a likely borrowing from Old\nJapanese or slightly earlier, clearly manifesting a distinct む and a distinct\nい sound. These two over time could conceivably mush together into み, much as\nsimilar sound shifts have been observed in even modern Japanese (such as たかい\nbecoming たけえ, すごい becoming すげえ, etc.) and in other languages around the world.\n\nAs to why only certain nouns evince this particular phenomenon, it is not\nunknown in other languages for there to be specific noun classes. It's\npossible that these nouns in Japanese might be a vestige of an earlier stage\nof the language that had such a specific noun class. Notably, a lot of these\nnouns (at least, the ones I'm aware of) seem to describe parts of the body,\nspirits, and other concepts that would be personally important. Polynesian\nlanguages have a roughly analogous noun class covering so-called inseparables,\nand these nouns take a specific version of the possessive particle, \"no\",\ncontrasting with the \"na\" particle used for possessed nouns outside of this\nclass.\n\nRegarding transitivity / intransitivity and verb conjugation patterns, see\n[blutorange's extensive post about this\nsubject](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/12527/etymology-of-\ntransitive-intransitive-verb-pairs/12533#12533). There are several patterns,\nof which -わる / -える is just one.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-05-17T08:49:34.140", "id": "15993", "last_activity_date": "2014-05-17T08:49:34.140", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.260", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "14313", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "If you look at the classical spellings for your examples the answer becomes\nobvious rather quickly:\n\n * 上（うへ）\n * 声（こゑ）\n * 終わる（をはる）\n\nLet's take a closer look at them individually. I'll be using romaji in my\nexplanations because it'll make the relationships clearer as we go.\n\n * uhe -> uha -> uwa\n * kowe -> kowa\n\nIn the case of 終わる ←→ 終える, it's the ワ行 equivalent of a rather common\ntransitive/intransitive pair pattern (cf. 上がる・上げる):\n\n * woharu -> woheru -> oeru _(once modernized)_", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-05-22T03:50:06.383", "id": "16080", "last_activity_date": "2014-05-22T03:50:06.383", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4914", "parent_id": "14313", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "If it's strictly migatory (ie, it only shifts around, and not optionally\nignored/inserted), and cannot land on an illegal mora (e.g. がら ↛ から゛ or あざ ↛\nあ゛さ), then it _might_ be a specialized case of Letter Position Dyslexia (LPD).\nAlthough, I'm having trouble finding any evidence of LPD or general dyslexia\nthat only affects diacritics without also affecting the orientation and/or\nordering of letters.\n\nTo wit, [Friedmann & Rahamim\n(2012)](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2011.01525.x/abstract)\nnote that \"diacritic markers were either ignored or made reading even more\ndifficult.\" It should be noted that this study was for Hebrew, where vowel\ndiacritics are not normally written (and therefore do not provide a critical\ncontrast in regular writing).\n\nGerman also uses umlauts, but its use is also morphological instead of being\njust phonological (ie, it can mark plurals or verb conjugation). According to\n[Landerl et al\n(1997)](http://journals2.scholarsportal.info/details/00100277/v63i0003/315_tioocodagc.xml):\n\"Even if such complexities of vowel length representation are neglected by the\nbeginning reader, there is a good chance that phonological recoding will lead\nto the correct word pronunciation, because it is quite exceptional that two\nwords differ solely in vowel length.\" In other words, the effects of umlauts\non German dyslexics are negligible.\n\ntl;dr: I have found no evidence for dyslexia that is solely affected by\ndiacritics (using both my university's online library, and Google). Rather,\ninstead of a form of dyslexia, it's more likely to be a habituated reading\nerror.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-02-20T17:18:05.920", "id": "14556", "last_activity_date": "2014-02-20T17:18:05.920", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4229", "parent_id": "14314", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Words that are usually written in hiragana, when written in katakana, just\nmean it's being emphasized. You might see this in written works too, in which\ncase the English equivalent is a word being made bold. I hope this helps!", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-27T18:27:35.103", "id": "14321", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-27T18:42:09.287", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-27T18:42:09.287", "last_editor_user_id": "921", "owner_user_id": "4571", "parent_id": "14320", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "“だって” is a sentence-ending particle, coming from binding particle “だって”: a\nsound change of “だとて”, which is an auxiliary verb of assertion “だ” followed by\n~~an auxiliary verb~~ a binding particle “とて”, and it is used in a casual\nconversation.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-28T07:51:13.447", "id": "14325", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-29T10:56:04.977", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-29T10:56:04.977", "last_editor_user_id": "4574", "owner_user_id": "4574", "parent_id": "14322", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "I feel you are letting your own translated English words get in the way ---\n\"this kind of\". Even though, 「こんな[夢]{ゆめ}」 CAN mean \"this kind of dream\" if it\nwere used in another context, that is not what it means in this one.\n\nFor 「こんな夢」 to mean \"this kind of dream\", one generally needs to have already\nexplained to the readers what kind of dream it was in the context.\n\nIn this story, 「こんな夢を見た」 is the first sentence. My own translation would be\nsomething like:\n\n\"I had a dream that went like this.\"\n\nYou cannot use 「この夢」, either, unless you have already explained what the dream\nwas like. If you said 「この夢を見た。」 out of nowhere, Japanese-speakers would reply\n「どの夢？」、「何の夢？」、「どの夢のこと？」, 「えっ、何のこと？」 etc.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-29T14:03:12.537", "id": "14331", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-29T14:41:13.163", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-29T14:41:13.163", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14330", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "I think the construction works for adverbs as per the construction Chocolate\ngives in the comment.\n\nIn particular, the simple rule is:\n\n> _The adverb will go with a verb. Use the construction on the verb._\n\nThis gets you what you want, because ほど refers to the extent it does [V]\n[Adv]; here it refers to the extent it turns fast. Compare the rough\ntranslations:\n\n> 1. 回れば発電する。 \n> If it turns, it generates power.\n>\n> 2. 速く回れば回るほど発電する。 \n> If it turns fast, it generates power to the extent to which it turns\n> (fast). _or_ \n> If it turns fast, the extent to which it turns is reflected in the power it\n> generates. \n> _that is_ \n> **The faster it turns, the more power it generates.**\n>\n>", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-29T16:20:57.820", "id": "14333", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-29T16:20:57.820", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14332", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "In Japanese, 江 is read こう mostly in proper nouns --- in particular, Chinese\nriver names such as [長江]{ちょうこう}(Yangtze River) and [黒龍江]{こくりゅうこう}(Amur River)\nand Chinese restaurant names.\n\nIn non-proper nouns, however, 江 is rarely read こう. 「[江湖]{こうこ} (meaning \"rivers\nand lakes\" literally and \"this (real) world\" metaphorically)」 might be the\nonly exception but even that is not such a commonly-used word.\n\n江 is a special kanji for me personally because that is one of the only four\nkanji in the world that are used in my name (it is read え in my name, needless\nto say) but even I do not know of any common or \"everyday\" kind of word in\nwhich it is read こう.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-30T00:41:57.380", "id": "14336", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-30T00:41:57.380", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14335", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "This question is twofold or rather based on misunderstanding.\n\nYou wrote \"to express myself\" twice, so I could not be misreading it. You have\nbeen saying things like 「行きたがっている。」 and 「 食べたがっていた。」 about yourself, correct?\nIf so, you have been using「がる」 incorrectly or at least in a highly unnatural\nway.\n\n「がる」 is generally used to describe other people's desires, not your own. The\nexceptions are where you speak of your own wish from another person's\nviewpoint or in an objective way.\n\nIncorrect:「ボクはスイスに[行]{い}きたがっている。」\n\nCorrect:「ボクがスイスに行きたがっているのを[君]{きみ}は[知]{し}っている。」= \"You know that I have been\nwanting to go to Switzerland.\"\n\nCorrect:「ボクはスイスに行きたい。」= I want to go to Switzerland.\"\n\nCorrect:「[花子]{はなこ}さんはスイスに行きたがっている。」= \"Hanako wants to go to Switzerland.\"\n\nNow we could finally discuss the non-progressive (or non-continuous in your\nword). Chocolate gave good examples in her comment above. Note that the\nsubjects are all third persons in her example sentences as well. That is how\nnative speakers use がる.\n\nOther examples from me:\n\nGeneral/Present:「子どもがほしがるからって、アメばっかりあげないでよ！」= \"Don't keep giving the kids\ncandies just because they want them!\"\n\nFuture:「このTシャツ、[山田]{やまだ}に[見]{み}せたら[絶対]{ぜったい}ほしがるだろうな。」= If I show this T-shirt\nto Yamada, he will definitely want it.\n\nPast:「[東京]{とうきょう}の[写真]{しゃしん}をたくさんジョンに[見]{み}せたけど、あまり行きたがらなかった。」= \"I showed John\nmany photos of Tokyo but he did not seem to want to go (to Tokyo) much.\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-30T10:35:19.860", "id": "14342", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-30T10:35:19.860", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14337", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Given that the format 0x[0-9A-F] is baked into nearly every modern computer\nlanguage, there aren't any other options for representing them in text. But\nthere is still the question of pronouncing them.\n\nI suspect the answer will depend on the individual company culture to some\nextent.\n\nAt our company, the digits are pronounced in Japanese: ぜろ、いち、に... and the\nletters are pronounced similarly to the English: ええ、びい、しい、でぃい、いい、えふ. One\noddball case is zero, which is mixed between ぜろ and まる. It's not even unusual\nto have more than one pronunciation for zero used while reading off the same\nnumber.\n\nThis actually causes a bit of confusion for those of us moving quickly between\nthe two systems, since the American side of the company uses a [phonetic\nalphabet](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_alphabet) when reading off\nthings like error codes. ie, the Japanese programmers will say \"びい、いい、いい、えふ\",\nthe Americans will say \"bravo, echo, echo, fox\".", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-30T10:27:55.277", "id": "14341", "last_activity_date": "2015-04-07T09:00:43.543", "last_edit_date": "2015-04-07T09:00:43.543", "last_editor_user_id": "29", "owner_user_id": "29", "parent_id": "14338", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "It needs to be 「その手」 because it is the narration, not [真琴]{まこと}'s line.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-30T10:51:20.550", "id": "14343", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-30T10:51:20.550", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14339", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I can't replicate that result using mozc, which is a Google-originated IME I\nuse on Linux, or on the standard Windows IME.\n\nIn both cases they give 芸子 and then 稽古{けいこ} - the latter probably because of\nwords like 朝稽古{あさげいこ}.\n\nI think the Google algorithm at some point has managed to confuse 妓 (芸妓) and\n姑, perhaps by using some badly OCRed text as input.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-30T15:22:05.843", "id": "14346", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-30T15:22:05.843", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "571", "parent_id": "14344", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "[The wikipedia article for\n芸妓](https://ja.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B8%E5%A6%93) says that, in Kyoto,\n芸妓 is pronounced げいこ and sometimes written as 芸姑:\n\n> 芸妓を「芸妓（げいこ）」（「芸姑」という表記もあり）、見習を「舞妓（まいこ）」と呼ぶ。\n\nSo yes, this seems to be a real but rare word/spelling.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-28T16:46:32.517", "id": "87657", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-28T16:46:32.517", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "14344", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Someone asked almost the same question in Japanese\n[here](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1074519650).\nThe people that answered it there couldn't come up with any any proverbs or\n四字熟語 that said that exactly, but the closest was 諦（あきら）めは心（こころ）の養生（ようせい）,\nwhich kind of means 'don't worry about the things you can't change'.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-30T22:43:12.200", "id": "14350", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-30T22:43:12.200", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1026", "parent_id": "14347", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "[相]{しょう} ＝ [大臣]{だいじん}\n\nIt refers to the head of each [省]{しょう}(Ministry) of the Japanese Government.\nThe U.S. counterpart of our 省 would be \"Department\". 大臣 is the \"official\" word\nand 相 is used like a nickname as 大臣 looks and sounds pretty heavy for everyday\nuse.\n\nTo take [文部科学省]{もんぶかがくしょう}(Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and\nTechnology) as an example, its head is officially named [文部科学大臣]{もんぶかがくだいじん}\nbut since that is long, it is very often shortened to [文科相]{もんかしょう}.\n\nAs for the Prime Minister, you will see/hear (therefore need to know) all of\n[内閣総理大臣]{ないかくそうりだいじん}、[総理大臣]{そうりだいじん}、[首相]{しゅしょう} and [総理]{そうり} in the order\nof formality. 総理, with or without a family name in front, would be like \"Mr.\nPresident\" in the U.S.\n\nFinally, unless you are planning to be like Donald Keene, you do not need to\nknow the word 丞相. It has much more to do with old China than old or current\nJapan.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-31T00:06:37.673", "id": "14351", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-31T00:06:37.673", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14349", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The proper word for self-study would be 独学。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-31T06:58:29.923", "id": "14356", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-31T06:58:29.923", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1065", "parent_id": "14352", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "To \"How did/do you study Japanese?\" you'd respond\n\n> [独学]{どくがく}です。 \n>\n\n(not [自習]{じしゅう}です, [自己勉強]{じこべんきょう}しました or [独習]{どくしゅう}です.) \n\nI think the word [自習]{じしゅう}(する) refers to \"(to) seatwork\" or \"study hall\".", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-31T08:21:19.173", "id": "14357", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-31T08:21:19.173", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14352", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 }, { "body": "The most proper word for self-study is 独学\n\n自己で勉強する <=> Study by my-self.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-31T10:06:25.783", "id": "14358", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-31T10:06:25.783", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4606", "parent_id": "14352", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "I believe the most proper wording is the one in the other answers\n[独学]{dokugaku}. This word means (at least to me as a non-native\nspeaker/learner of Japanese) self-study as in to learn something substantial\nby oneself.\n\nI think another phrase that one can use is [自分]{じぶん}で[勉強]{べんきょう}しました. This\nphrase also literally means \"I studied it by myself.\" I would take this one to\nbe less formal in use and meaning. But I could be wrong on this point (and I'm\nsure I'll get downvoted if that's the case).\n\nWhile [自己]{じこ} does mean self (actually each half of it means self in a\ndifferent sense in both Japanese and Chinese), it doesn't mean self as in \"by\noneself\" so it cannot produce a compound that would mean study by oneself. Cf.\n[自己紹介]{じこしょうかい} = to introduce oneself. So [自己勉強]{jikobenkyou} would mean the\nstudy of the self. The word [自我]{じが} also means self but refers to something\nlike the _ego_ in psychology -- not the self of self-study. ([Here's the\nJapanese wikiepdia on it](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91))\n\nConsequently, the newly added answer [自己]{じこ}で[勉強]{べんきょう}する is one that sounds\nextremely unnatural.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-02-02T22:34:08.860", "id": "14380", "last_activity_date": "2014-02-02T22:34:08.860", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4091", "parent_id": "14352", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Another option is the word 独得(どくとく). It means learning by oneself according to\nthe app Imiwa?. Denshi Jisho lists the same meaning and says it's a common\nword. I've used it in conversation and wasn't corrected but that doesn't mean\nmuch.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-10T07:03:43.857", "id": "14823", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-10T07:03:43.857", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4863", "parent_id": "14352", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "We don't have a perfect parallel structure in English. The deciding is not in\nthe future tense even though the action that follows is.\n\nI would go with:\n\n> I will go to Japan.\n\nAt least for me, the most common type of the present tense にする that I hear is\nfor ordering food.\n\n> らーめんにします。\n\n=\n\n> I will have the ramen.\n\nIn both cases, I take _will_ not to be the future tense but the volitional\nwill. You could replace with _choose_", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-31T05:50:56.847", "id": "14355", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-31T05:50:56.847", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4091", "parent_id": "14353", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "「する」is a generic verb. It's like \"do\" or \"execute\". Your second sentence is\nlike saying \"I do go to Japan\". As you probably already know, if the speaker\njust want to tell the plan, the speaker says 「私は日本へ行きます。」. If I hear someone\nsays 「私は日本へ行くことにします。」, I feel that the speaker want to tell listener(s) that\nhe/she gave thoughts on something before saying it. So, for example, it's\nweird if someone says it to a travel agent.\n\nConversation example:\n\nA (to B): 「それで、どうするの。」 \nB (to A): 「会社を辞めることにします。」 \n\nnext scene \nA (to C): 「Bは会社を辞めます。」 or 「Bは会社を辞めるそうです。」 \n(A unlikely to say「Bは会社を辞めることにするそうです。」) \nC (to A): 「分かりました。」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-10-23T07:54:41.670", "id": "19229", "last_activity_date": "2014-10-23T07:54:41.670", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7546", "parent_id": "14353", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The phoneme _me_ comes from Old Japanese and just like how _mi_ means fruit(実)\nand body(身), it had a couple related but not exactly same meanings. For mi,\nthere were straightforward translations in Chinese for the different uses so\nthey were able to select two different characters and nobody is confused about\nthem anymore, but for me they may have had trouble selecting characters for\nthe different uses and for whatever reason decided to keep them all as 目. So\nmy message here is that 勝ち目 might have as much to do with 'eyes' as 我が身 has to\ndo with fruits.\n\nAs for the actual answer to your question, I don't really know. I don't think\nthere is a great deal of consensus for the etymology of many words using 目.\nYour random guess for its etymology might as well be accepted because there is\nnot much evidence for anything else. However, _me_ might have had something to\ndo with spaced markings for counting things (think of its use as an ordinal\nmarker) and my random guess is that the number of marks could be related to a\nprobability.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-31T21:11:51.590", "id": "14366", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-31T21:11:51.590", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4611", "parent_id": "14354", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "`明鏡国語辞典` has this explanation:\n\n> さいころとばくで、勝ちとなる目の意から。\n\nI.e. `目` refers to the dots/pips on\n[dice](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-31T21:25:40.587", "id": "14368", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-31T21:57:53.377", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-31T21:57:53.377", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3295", "parent_id": "14354", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 }, { "body": "It's \"chance\" or \"clue\" of something.\n\nYou can think about 目 in 一番目 or 二番目, it represents a step of doing something.\n\nSo 勝ち目がない means that you don't have any \"chance\", \"clue\" or \"can do anything\"\nfor winning.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-02-03T00:29:32.197", "id": "14381", "last_activity_date": "2014-02-03T00:29:32.197", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4606", "parent_id": "14354", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Interesting question. I would say that there is little interchangeability\nbetween any two of those three words (even though a dictionary would probably\ntell you that they all mean \"truth\"). I am answering without using a\ndictionary.\n\nFrom a native speaker's prospective, [真理]{しんり} is by far the \"biggest\" word of\nthe three. It is mostly used in a religious or philosophical discussion to\nrefer to the \"ultimate\" kind of Truth with an uppercase T. It is far from\nbeing an \"everyday\" kind of word for most people. (However, when 真理 is read\nまり, it suddenly becomes an everyday kind of a girl's name.)\n\n[真実]{しんじつ} is the often-used word to refer to \"truth\" or \"fact\" for general\npurposes. It is in everyone's active vocabulary. Literally, anything that is\ntrue or is a fact can be called 真実. (I will not mention my ex-colleague\n[真実]{まみ}.)\n\n[真相]{しんそう} refers to a collection of little [真実]{しんじつ}'s. It is the bigger\n(and deeper) picture of an incident which it takes time and effort to arrive\nat. It is the whole \"story\" rather than a piece of information that has been\nproved to be true.\n\nSo, to say \"The truth is above all else.\", the usual word choice would be 真実,\nbut as I said above, one could use 真理 if it is said in the context of a highly\nreligious or philosophical discussion. Using 真相 there is out of the question.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-02-01T01:09:55.213", "id": "14369", "last_activity_date": "2014-02-01T01:09:55.213", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14359", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "1) 私は東京の田中です。\n\n2) 私は東京から田中です。\n\n1) is grammatical and natural-sounding except for the pronoun part. 「東京の田中です。」\nwould sound much better to us native speakers.\n\n2) is not grammatical so it makes little sense as is. To leave the 「から」, you\nneed to add a 「の」 because 田中 is a noun. 「東京からの田中です。」 is the grammatical\nsentence.\n\nBetween 「東京の田中です。」 and 「東京からの田中です。」, it is difficult to choose which one is\nbetter without more context, but the former would certainly be a little more\nversatile because there is an equal amount of emphasis placed on the name and\nthe city one came from. The latter could sound like the speaker is placing\nmore emphasis on the place s/he came from.\n\nIf you are willing to add a few more words, 「東京から[参]{まい}りました田中です。」 or\n「東京から参りました田中と[申]{もう}します。」 would be an excellent choice in case you are over\n18-20. 「参る」 is the humble version of 「来る」, and 「申す」 for 「いう」.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-31T15:32:42.593", "id": "14363", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-31T15:32:42.593", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14360", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "You're right that the sentence is Suffering Passive (迷惑の受身), a kind of\nIndirect Passive (間接受身).\n\nHere in [僕]{ぼく} **に** [文句]{もんく}言われても[困]{こま}る, 僕に doesn't mark the person who\ndoes 文句言う, but the indirect object of 言う.\n\n> 僕 **に** 文句(を)言う = (you) complain **to** me.\n\nIt's saying \"I will 困る if you 文句を言う to me.\"", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-31T14:29:28.513", "id": "14362", "last_activity_date": "2017-11-28T02:09:32.577", "last_edit_date": "2017-11-28T02:09:32.577", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14361", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "ペラペラと喋る is to talk fluently about something as if one has a very good\nunderstanding of the topic.\n\n聞いてもねえ事 means that he hasn't heard or asked about the topic, which implies\nthat he doesn't have a good understanding of the topic.\n\nThe sentence is saying the subject appears to have a good understanding\ndespite the speaker thinking that he shouldn't have a good understanding.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-31T20:57:34.997", "id": "14365", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-31T20:57:34.997", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4611", "parent_id": "14364", "post_type": "answer", "score": -3 }, { "body": "Part-by-part, it means\n\n> 聞いてもいないこと things I haven't even asked \n> をペラペラと喋る talking glibly about\n\ni.e. whoever is uttering this sentence is talking about a chatterbox, who\ntalks about things nobody wants to hear ( _lit._ about things nobody asked). A\nbetter translation might be\n\n> 聞いてもねえ事をペラペラと喋る \n> He's just talking non-stop about things nobody's interested in ( _lit._\n> about things I haven't even asked) .\n\nThere is a good chance that the speaker refers to someone, who talks a lot\nabout himself/herself, his/her great achievements (i.e. to someone who\nexpresses 自慢).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-31T21:16:06.873", "id": "14367", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-31T21:44:04.373", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-31T21:44:04.373", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "14364", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "> 「[私]{わたし}を[殺]{ころ}したあの[時]{とき}と（、）[何一]{なにひと}つ・・・」\n\nTo understand this, you need to have many natural expressions on your active\nvocabulary so that you can fill in what is missing or left unsaid. Japanese is\nNOT a language where saying everything is beautiful.\n\nThe only possible phrase that is left unsaid following\n[私]{わたし}を[殺]{ころ}したあの[時]{とき}と[何一]{なにひと}つ would be 「[変]{か}わっていない」 = \" ** _has\nnot changed_** \".\n\n「何一つ」 is always followd by a negative expression such as\nできない、[知]{し}らない、[言]{い}っていない、[考]{かんが}えていない、[持]{も}っていない, etc.\n\nIn this case, it would need to be 変わっていない from the context and if I may\nsurprise you, especially from the particle 「と」. 「～～ **と** 変わっていない」、「～～ **と**\n変わらない」、「～～ **と** 何一つ変わらない」, etc. would need to be remembered because these\nphrases will keep appearing (or keep getting left unsaid!).\n\nThis 「と」 is used to describe the standard for comparison and for that reason,\none could also say 「～～ **と** [同]{おな}じ」 = \"same **_as_** ~~\".\n\n\" ** _Nothing (whatsoever) has changed from that time/day when you killed\nme_**.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-02-01T23:07:19.483", "id": "14375", "last_activity_date": "2016-07-01T14:51:55.437", "last_edit_date": "2016-07-01T14:51:55.437", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "14371", "post_type": "answer", "score": 15 }, { "body": "Oftentimes, sentences ending in to と思います etc can have the portion after the と\nclipped and left unsaid. Is it possible that is what is happening in this\nsituation?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-05-07T08:32:49.603", "id": "15794", "last_activity_date": "2014-05-07T08:32:49.603", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1805", "parent_id": "14371", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 } ]