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Machine Reading for Question Answering Workshop 2

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{ "text": [ "well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 279 ], "end": [ 338 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 59 ] } ] }

[ "well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "common", "features", "of", "passive", "solar", "architecture", "are", "orientation", "relative", "to", "the", "Sun", ",", "compact", "proportion", "(", "a", "low", "surface", "area", "to", "volume", "ratio", ")", ",", "selective", "shading", "(", "overhangs", ")", "and", "thermal", "mass", ".", "When", "these", "features", "are", "tailored", "to", "the", "local", "climate", "and", "environment", "they", "can", "produce", "well", "-", "lit", "spaces", "that", "stay", "in", "a", "comfortable", "temperature", "range", ".", "Socrates", "'", "Megaron", "House", "is", "a", "classic", "example", "of", "passive", "solar", "design", ".", "The", "most", "recent", "approaches", "to", "solar", "design", "use", "computer", "modeling", "tying", "together", "solar", "lighting", ",", "heating", "and", "ventilation", "systems", "in", "an", "integrated", "solar", "design", "package", ".", "Active", "solar", "equipment", "such", "as", "pumps", ",", "fans", "and", "switchable", "windows", "can", "complement", "passive", "design", "and", "improve", "system", "performance", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 11, 20, 23, 31, 37, 50, 54, 66, 75, 78, 82, 85, 87, 95, 106, 107, 109, 113, 121, 126, 129, 136, 141, 142, 144, 154, 162, 163, 172, 174, 178, 186, 190, 192, 197, 203, 212, 216, 225, 228, 232, 238, 246, 250, 262, 267, 271, 279, 283, 284, 288, 295, 300, 305, 308, 310, 322, 334, 339, 341, 349, 351, 359, 365, 368, 370, 378, 386, 389, 397, 403, 409, 411, 415, 420, 427, 438, 441, 447, 454, 458, 467, 476, 482, 491, 497, 505, 507, 515, 519, 531, 539, 542, 545, 556, 562, 569, 576, 578, 585, 591, 601, 606, 609, 614, 616, 621, 625, 636, 644, 648, 659, 667, 674, 678, 686, 693, 704 ] }

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{ "text": [ "Socrates' Megaron House" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 341 ], "end": [ 363 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 61 ], "end": [ 64 ] } ] }

[ "Socrates' Megaron House" ]

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{ "tokens": [ "What", "kind", "of", "equipment", "can", "improve", "system", "performance", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 13, 23, 27, 35, 42, 53 ] }

{ "text": [ "pumps, fans and switchable windows" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 609 ], "end": [ 642 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 105 ], "end": [ 110 ] } ] }

[ "pumps, fans and switchable windows" ]

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{ "tokens": [ "ISO", "9050", "relates", "to", "standards", "for", "what", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 17, 20, 30, 34, 38 ] }

{ "text": [ "glass in building" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 158 ], "end": [ 174 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }

[ "glass in building" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "International", "Organization", "for", "Standardization", "has", "established", "a", "number", "of", "standards", "relating", "to", "solar", "energy", "equipment", ".", "For", "example", ",", "ISO", "9050", "relates", "to", "glass", "in", "building", "while", "ISO", "10217", "relates", "to", "the", "materials", "used", "in", "solar", "water", "heaters", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 18, 31, 35, 51, 55, 67, 69, 76, 79, 89, 98, 101, 107, 114, 123, 125, 129, 136, 138, 142, 147, 155, 158, 164, 167, 176, 182, 186, 192, 200, 203, 207, 217, 222, 225, 231, 237, 244 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "ISO", "10217", "relates", "to", "standards", "for", "what", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 10, 18, 21, 31, 35, 39 ] }

{ "text": [ "materials used in solar water heaters" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 207 ], "end": [ 243 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 38 ] } ] }

[ "materials used in solar water heaters" ]

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{ "text": [ "ISO 9050" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 138 ], "end": [ 145 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }

[ "ISO 9050" ]

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{ "text": [ "ISO 10217" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 182 ], "end": [ 190 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }

[ "ISO 10217" ]

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{ "text": [ "insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 252 ], "end": [ 313 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ] }

[ "insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans" ]

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{ "text": [ "1,575–49,837 EJ per year" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 379 ], "end": [ 402 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 69 ], "end": [ 72 ] } ] }

[ "1,575–49,837 EJ per year" ]

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{ "text": [ "solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 88 ], "end": [ 172 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }

[ "solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels" ]

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{ "text": [ "many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 240 ], "end": [ 330 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 61 ] } ] }

[ "many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way" ]

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{ "text": [ "geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 159 ], "end": [ 230 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 41 ] } ] }

[ "geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans" ]

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[ "Charles Fritts" ]

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[ "passive solar or active solar" ]

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[ "photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating" ]

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[ "orienting a building to the Sun" ]

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[ "The World Solar Challenge" ]

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[ "90.87" ]

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[ "a biannual solar-powered car race" ]

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[ "1987" ]

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[ "67 kilometres per hour (42 mph)" ]

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[ "90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph)" ]

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[ "The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge" ]

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[ "Urban heat islands" ]

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[ "3" ]

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[ "Urban heat islands" ]

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[ "asphalt and concrete" ]

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[ "paint buildings and roads white and plant trees" ]

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[ "1973" ]

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[ "The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis" ]

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[ "the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan" ]

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[ "SERI, now NREL" ]

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[ "Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE" ]

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[ "acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm" ]

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[ "60%" ]

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[ "uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures" ]

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[ "The \"Dover House\"" ]

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[ "64 °C or 147 °F" ]

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[ "Dover House" ]

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[ "they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems" ]

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[ "1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh)" ]

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[ "conversion of sunlight into electricity" ]

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{ "text": [ "either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 151 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }

[ "either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)" ]

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[ "lenses or mirrors and tracking systems" ]

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[ "focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam" ]

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[ "photoelectric effect" ]

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[ "driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce" ]

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[ "increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum" ]

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[ "Solar chemical processes" ]

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[ "the 1920s" ]

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[ "20% per year" ]

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[ "in the 1890s" ]

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[ "20%" ]

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[ "154 GW" ]

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[ "a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air" ]

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[ "the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force" ]

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[ "the toy market" ]

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[ "the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high" ]

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[ "through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource" ]

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[ "the costs of mitigating global warming" ]

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{ "text": [ "learning investments" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 557 ], "end": [ 576 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 91 ], "end": [ 92 ] } ] }

[ "learning investments" ]

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{ "text": [ "keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 395 ], "end": [ 438 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 65 ], "end": [ 71 ] } ] }

[ "keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise" ]

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{ "text": [ "2060" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 205 ], "end": [ 208 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ] }

[ "2060" ]

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{ "text": [ "could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 284 ], "end": [ 431 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 73 ] } ] }

[ "could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters" ]

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{ "text": [ "areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 125 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 6 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }

[ "areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation" ]

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{ "text": [ "photovoltaics" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 148 ], "end": [ 160 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }

[ "photovoltaics" ]

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{ "text": [ "during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 361 ], "end": [ 467 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 78 ] } ] }

[ "during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb" ]

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[ "clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells" ]

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[ "Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks" ]

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[ "1939" ]