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Machine Reading for Question Answering Workshop 2

{ "tokens": [ "In", "1368", ",", "a", "Han", "Chinese", "revolt", "known", "as", "the", "Red", "Turban", "Rebellion", "toppled", "the", "Mongol", "Yuan", "dynasty", "in", "China", ".", "Zhu", "Yuanzhang", "then", "established", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", ",", "ruling", "as", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "(", "r.", "1368–1398", ")", ".", "It", "is", "not", "clear", "how", "much", "the", "early", "Ming", "court", "understood", "the", "civil", "war", "going", "on", "in", "Tibet", "between", "rival", "religious", "sects", ",", "but", "the", "first", "emperor", "was", "anxious", "to", "avoid", "the", "same", "trouble", "that", "Tibet", "had", "caused", "for", "the", "Tang", "dynasty", ".", "Instead", "of", "recognizing", "the", "Phagmodru", "ruler", ",", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "sided", "with", "the", "Karmapa", "of", "the", "nearer", "Kham", "region", "and", "southeastern", "Tibet", ",", "sending", "envoys", "out", "in", "the", "winter", "of", "1372–1373", "to", "ask", "the", "Yuan", "officeholders", "to", "renew", "their", "titles", "for", "the", "new", "Ming", "court", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 7, 9, 11, 15, 23, 30, 36, 39, 43, 47, 54, 64, 72, 76, 83, 88, 96, 99, 104, 106, 110, 120, 125, 137, 141, 146, 153, 155, 162, 165, 169, 176, 184, 185, 188, 197, 198, 200, 203, 206, 210, 216, 220, 225, 229, 235, 240, 246, 257, 261, 267, 271, 277, 280, 283, 289, 297, 303, 313, 318, 320, 324, 328, 334, 342, 346, 354, 357, 363, 367, 372, 380, 385, 391, 395, 402, 406, 410, 415, 422, 424, 432, 435, 447, 451, 461, 466, 468, 472, 479, 487, 493, 498, 502, 510, 513, 517, 524, 529, 536, 540, 553, 558, 560, 568, 575, 579, 582, 586, 593, 596, 606, 609, 613, 617, 622, 636, 639, 645, 651, 658, 662, 666, 670, 675, 680 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "years", "did", "Zhu", "Yuanzhang", "rule", "as", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 11, 15, 19, 29, 34, 37, 41, 48, 55 ] }

{ "text": [ "1368–1398" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 188 ], "end": [ 196 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ] }

[ "1368–1398" ]

{ "tokens": [ "In", "1368", ",", "a", "Han", "Chinese", "revolt", "known", "as", "the", "Red", "Turban", "Rebellion", "toppled", "the", "Mongol", "Yuan", "dynasty", "in", "China", ".", "Zhu", "Yuanzhang", "then", "established", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", ",", "ruling", "as", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "(", "r.", "1368–1398", ")", ".", "It", "is", "not", "clear", "how", "much", "the", "early", "Ming", "court", "understood", "the", "civil", "war", "going", "on", "in", "Tibet", "between", "rival", "religious", "sects", ",", "but", "the", "first", "emperor", "was", "anxious", "to", "avoid", "the", "same", "trouble", "that", "Tibet", "had", "caused", "for", "the", "Tang", "dynasty", ".", "Instead", "of", "recognizing", "the", "Phagmodru", "ruler", ",", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "sided", "with", "the", "Karmapa", "of", "the", "nearer", "Kham", "region", "and", "southeastern", "Tibet", ",", "sending", "envoys", "out", "in", "the", "winter", "of", "1372–1373", "to", "ask", "the", "Yuan", "officeholders", "to", "renew", "their", "titles", "for", "the", "new", "Ming", "court", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 7, 9, 11, 15, 23, 30, 36, 39, 43, 47, 54, 64, 72, 76, 83, 88, 96, 99, 104, 106, 110, 120, 125, 137, 141, 146, 153, 155, 162, 165, 169, 176, 184, 185, 188, 197, 198, 200, 203, 206, 210, 216, 220, 225, 229, 235, 240, 246, 257, 261, 267, 271, 277, 280, 283, 289, 297, 303, 313, 318, 320, 324, 328, 334, 342, 346, 354, 357, 363, 367, 372, 380, 385, 391, 395, 402, 406, 410, 415, 422, 424, 432, 435, 447, 451, 461, 466, 468, 472, 479, 487, 493, 498, 502, 510, 513, 517, 524, 529, 536, 540, 553, 558, 560, 568, 575, 579, 582, 586, 593, 596, 606, 609, 613, 617, 622, 636, 639, 645, 651, 658, 662, 666, 670, 675, 680 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "did", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "send", "convoys", "to", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 12, 19, 27, 32, 40, 42 ] }

{ "text": [ "Yuan officeholders" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 617 ], "end": [ 634 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 116 ], "end": [ 117 ] } ] }

[ "Yuan officeholders" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Laird", "writes", "that", "the", "Ming", "appointed", "titles", "to", "eastern", "Tibetan", "princes", ",", "and", "that", "\"", "these", "alliances", "with", "eastern", "Tibetan", "principalities", "are", "the", "evidence", "China", "now", "produces", "for", "its", "assertion", "that", "the", "Ming", "ruled", "Tibet", ",", "\"", "despite", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "Ming", "did", "not", "send", "an", "army", "to", "replace", "the", "Mongols", "after", "they", "left", "Tibet", ".", "Yiu", "Yung", "-", "chin", "states", "that", "the", "furthest", "western", "extent", "of", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", "'s", "territory", "was", "Gansu", ",", "Sichuan", ",", "and", "Yunnan", "while", "\"", "the", "Ming", "did", "not", "possess", "Tibet", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 13, 18, 22, 27, 37, 44, 47, 55, 63, 70, 72, 76, 81, 82, 88, 98, 103, 111, 119, 134, 138, 142, 151, 157, 161, 170, 174, 178, 188, 193, 197, 202, 208, 213, 214, 216, 224, 228, 233, 238, 242, 247, 251, 255, 260, 263, 268, 271, 279, 283, 291, 297, 302, 307, 312, 314, 318, 322, 323, 328, 335, 340, 344, 353, 361, 368, 371, 375, 380, 387, 390, 400, 404, 409, 411, 418, 420, 424, 431, 437, 438, 442, 447, 451, 455, 463, 468, 469 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "did", "the", "Ming", "appoint", "titles", "to", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 12, 17, 25, 32, 34 ] }

{ "text": [ "eastern Tibetan princes" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 69 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 8 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }

[ "eastern Tibetan princes" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Laird", "writes", "that", "the", "Ming", "appointed", "titles", "to", "eastern", "Tibetan", "princes", ",", "and", "that", "\"", "these", "alliances", "with", "eastern", "Tibetan", "principalities", "are", "the", "evidence", "China", "now", "produces", "for", "its", "assertion", "that", "the", "Ming", "ruled", "Tibet", ",", "\"", "despite", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "Ming", "did", "not", "send", "an", "army", "to", "replace", "the", "Mongols", "after", "they", "left", "Tibet", ".", "Yiu", "Yung", "-", "chin", "states", "that", "the", "furthest", "western", "extent", "of", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", "'s", "territory", "was", "Gansu", ",", "Sichuan", ",", "and", "Yunnan", "while", "\"", "the", "Ming", "did", "not", "possess", "Tibet", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 13, 18, 22, 27, 37, 44, 47, 55, 63, 70, 72, 76, 81, 82, 88, 98, 103, 111, 119, 134, 138, 142, 151, 157, 161, 170, 174, 178, 188, 193, 197, 202, 208, 213, 214, 216, 224, 228, 233, 238, 242, 247, 251, 255, 260, 263, 268, 271, 279, 283, 291, 297, 302, 307, 312, 314, 318, 322, 323, 328, 335, 340, 344, 353, 361, 368, 371, 375, 380, 387, 390, 400, 404, 409, 411, 418, 420, 424, 431, 437, 438, 442, 447, 451, 455, 463, 468, 469 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "did", "n't", "the", "Ming", "send", "to", "replace", "the", "Mongols", "when", "they", "left", "Tibet", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 8, 12, 16, 21, 26, 29, 37, 41, 49, 54, 59, 64, 69 ] }

{ "text": [ "an army" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 260 ], "end": [ 266 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 47 ] } ] }

[ "an army" ]

{ "tokens": [ "According", "to", "Tibetologist", "John", "Powers", ",", "Tibetan", "sources", "counter", "this", "narrative", "of", "titles", "granted", "by", "the", "Chinese", "to", "Tibetans", "with", "various", "titles", "which", "the", "Tibetans", "gave", "to", "the", "Chinese", "emperors", "and", "their", "officials", ".", "Tribute", "missions", "from", "Tibetan", "monasteries", "to", "the", "Chinese", "court", "brought", "back", "not", "only", "titles", ",", "but", "large", ",", "commercially", "valuable", "gifts", "which", "could", "subsequently", "be", "sold", ".", "The", "Ming", "emperors", "sent", "invitations", "to", "ruling", "lamas", ",", "but", "the", "lamas", "sent", "subordinates", "rather", "than", "coming", "themselves", ",", "and", "no", "Tibetan", "ruler", "ever", "explicitly", "accepted", "the", "role", "of", "being", "a", "vassal", "of", "the", "Ming", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 10, 13, 26, 31, 37, 39, 47, 55, 63, 68, 78, 81, 88, 96, 99, 103, 111, 114, 123, 128, 136, 143, 149, 153, 162, 167, 170, 174, 182, 191, 195, 201, 210, 212, 220, 229, 234, 242, 254, 257, 261, 269, 275, 283, 288, 292, 297, 303, 305, 309, 314, 316, 329, 338, 344, 350, 356, 369, 372, 376, 378, 382, 387, 396, 401, 413, 416, 423, 428, 430, 434, 438, 444, 449, 462, 469, 474, 481, 491, 493, 497, 500, 508, 514, 519, 530, 539, 543, 548, 551, 557, 559, 566, 569, 573, 577 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "was", "the", "name", "of", "the", "Tibetologist", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 13, 18, 21, 25, 37 ] }

{ "text": [ "John Powers" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ] }

[ "John Powers" ]

{ "tokens": [ "According", "to", "Tibetologist", "John", "Powers", ",", "Tibetan", "sources", "counter", "this", "narrative", "of", "titles", "granted", "by", "the", "Chinese", "to", "Tibetans", "with", "various", "titles", "which", "the", "Tibetans", "gave", "to", "the", "Chinese", "emperors", "and", "their", "officials", ".", "Tribute", "missions", "from", "Tibetan", "monasteries", "to", "the", "Chinese", "court", "brought", "back", "not", "only", "titles", ",", "but", "large", ",", "commercially", "valuable", "gifts", "which", "could", "subsequently", "be", "sold", ".", "The", "Ming", "emperors", "sent", "invitations", "to", "ruling", "lamas", ",", "but", "the", "lamas", "sent", "subordinates", "rather", "than", "coming", "themselves", ",", "and", "no", "Tibetan", "ruler", "ever", "explicitly", "accepted", "the", "role", "of", "being", "a", "vassal", "of", "the", "Ming", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 10, 13, 26, 31, 37, 39, 47, 55, 63, 68, 78, 81, 88, 96, 99, 103, 111, 114, 123, 128, 136, 143, 149, 153, 162, 167, 170, 174, 182, 191, 195, 201, 210, 212, 220, 229, 234, 242, 254, 257, 261, 269, 275, 283, 288, 292, 297, 303, 305, 309, 314, 316, 329, 338, 344, 350, 356, 369, 372, 376, 378, 382, 387, 396, 401, 413, 416, 423, 428, 430, 434, 438, 444, 449, 462, 469, 474, 481, 491, 493, 497, 500, 508, 514, 519, 530, 539, 543, 548, 551, 557, 559, 566, 569, 573, 577 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "did", "the", "Ming", "emperors", "send", "invitations", "to", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 12, 17, 26, 31, 43, 45 ] }

{ "text": [ "ruling lamas" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 416 ], "end": [ 427 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 67 ], "end": [ 68 ] } ] }

[ "ruling lamas" ]

{ "tokens": [ "According", "to", "Tibetologist", "John", "Powers", ",", "Tibetan", "sources", "counter", "this", "narrative", "of", "titles", "granted", "by", "the", "Chinese", "to", "Tibetans", "with", "various", "titles", "which", "the", "Tibetans", "gave", "to", "the", "Chinese", "emperors", "and", "their", "officials", ".", "Tribute", "missions", "from", "Tibetan", "monasteries", "to", "the", "Chinese", "court", "brought", "back", "not", "only", "titles", ",", "but", "large", ",", "commercially", "valuable", "gifts", "which", "could", "subsequently", "be", "sold", ".", "The", "Ming", "emperors", "sent", "invitations", "to", "ruling", "lamas", ",", "but", "the", "lamas", "sent", "subordinates", "rather", "than", "coming", "themselves", ",", "and", "no", "Tibetan", "ruler", "ever", "explicitly", "accepted", "the", "role", "of", "being", "a", "vassal", "of", "the", "Ming", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 10, 13, 26, 31, 37, 39, 47, 55, 63, 68, 78, 81, 88, 96, 99, 103, 111, 114, 123, 128, 136, 143, 149, 153, 162, 167, 170, 174, 182, 191, 195, 201, 210, 212, 220, 229, 234, 242, 254, 257, 261, 269, 275, 283, 288, 292, 297, 303, 305, 309, 314, 316, 329, 338, 344, 350, 356, 369, 372, 376, 378, 382, 387, 396, 401, 413, 416, 423, 428, 430, 434, 438, 444, 449, 462, 469, 474, 481, 491, 493, 497, 500, 508, 514, 519, 530, 539, 543, 548, 551, 557, 559, 566, 569, 573, 577 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "When", "the", "lamas", "received", "an", "invite", "from", "the", "emperors", ",", "who", "did", "they", "send", "instead", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 15, 24, 27, 34, 39, 43, 51, 53, 57, 61, 66, 71, 78 ] }

{ "text": [ "subordinates" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 449 ], "end": [ 460 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 74 ], "end": [ 74 ] } ] }

[ "subordinates" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Kublai", "Khan", "did", "not", "conquer", "the", "Song", "dynasty", "in", "South", "China", "until", "1279", ",", "so", "Tibet", "was", "a", "component", "of", "the", "early", "Mongol", "Empire", "before", "it", "was", "combined", "into", "one", "of", "its", "descendant", "empires", "with", "the", "whole", "of", "China", "under", "the", "Yuan", "dynasty", "(", "1271–1368", ")", ".", "Van", "Praag", "writes", "that", "this", "conquest", "\"", "marked", "the", "end", "of", "independent", "China", ",", "\"", "which", "was", "then", "incorporated", "into", "the", "Yuan", "dynasty", "that", "ruled", "China", ",", "Tibet", ",", "Mongolia", ",", "Korea", ",", "parts", "of", "Siberia", "and", "Upper", "Burma", ".", "Morris", "Rossabi", ",", "a", "professor", "of", "Asian", "history", "at", "Queens", "College", ",", "City", "University", "of", "New", "York", ",", "writes", "that", "\"", "Khubilai", "wished", "to", "be", "perceived", "both", "as", "the", "legitimate", "Khan", "of", "Khans", "of", "the", "Mongols", "and", "as", "the", "Emperor", "of", "China", ".", "Though", "he", "had", ",", "by", "the", "early", "1260s", ",", "become", "closely", "identified", "with", "China", ",", "he", "still", ",", "for", "a", "time", ",", "claimed", "universal", "rule", "\"", ",", "and", "yet", "\"", "despite", "his", "successes", "in", "China", "and", "Korea", ",", "Khubilai", "was", "unable", "to", "have", "himself", "accepted", "as", "the", "Great", "Khan", "\"", ".", "Thus", ",", "with", "such", "limited", "acceptance", "of", "his", "position", "as", "Great", "Khan", ",", "Kublai", "Khan", "increasingly", "became", "identified", "with", "China", "and", "sought", "support", "as", "Emperor", "of", "China", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 12, 16, 20, 28, 32, 37, 45, 48, 54, 60, 66, 70, 72, 75, 81, 85, 87, 97, 100, 104, 110, 117, 124, 131, 134, 138, 147, 152, 156, 159, 163, 174, 182, 187, 191, 197, 200, 206, 212, 216, 221, 229, 230, 239, 240, 242, 246, 252, 259, 264, 269, 278, 279, 286, 290, 294, 297, 309, 314, 315, 317, 323, 327, 332, 345, 350, 354, 359, 367, 372, 378, 383, 385, 390, 392, 400, 402, 407, 409, 415, 418, 426, 430, 436, 441, 443, 450, 457, 459, 461, 471, 474, 480, 488, 491, 498, 505, 507, 512, 523, 526, 530, 534, 536, 543, 548, 549, 558, 565, 568, 571, 581, 586, 589, 593, 604, 609, 612, 618, 621, 625, 633, 637, 640, 644, 652, 655, 660, 662, 669, 672, 675, 677, 680, 684, 690, 695, 697, 704, 712, 723, 728, 733, 735, 738, 743, 745, 749, 751, 755, 757, 765, 775, 779, 780, 782, 786, 790, 791, 799, 803, 813, 816, 822, 826, 831, 833, 842, 846, 853, 856, 861, 869, 878, 881, 885, 891, 895, 896, 898, 902, 904, 909, 914, 922, 933, 936, 940, 949, 952, 958, 962, 964, 971, 976, 989, 996, 1007, 1012, 1018, 1022, 1029, 1037, 1040, 1048, 1051, 1056 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "When", "did", "Kublai", "Khan", "conquer", "the", "song", "dynasty", "?", " " ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 16, 21, 29, 33, 38, 45, 47 ] }

{ "text": [ "1279" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 69 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }

[ "1279" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Kublai", "Khan", "did", "not", "conquer", "the", "Song", "dynasty", "in", "South", "China", "until", "1279", ",", "so", "Tibet", "was", "a", "component", "of", "the", "early", "Mongol", "Empire", "before", "it", "was", "combined", "into", "one", "of", "its", "descendant", "empires", "with", "the", "whole", "of", "China", "under", "the", "Yuan", "dynasty", "(", "1271–1368", ")", ".", "Van", "Praag", "writes", "that", "this", "conquest", "\"", "marked", "the", "end", "of", "independent", "China", ",", "\"", "which", "was", "then", "incorporated", "into", "the", "Yuan", "dynasty", "that", "ruled", "China", ",", "Tibet", ",", "Mongolia", ",", "Korea", ",", "parts", "of", "Siberia", "and", "Upper", "Burma", ".", "Morris", "Rossabi", ",", "a", "professor", "of", "Asian", "history", "at", "Queens", "College", ",", "City", "University", "of", "New", "York", ",", "writes", "that", "\"", "Khubilai", "wished", "to", "be", "perceived", "both", "as", "the", "legitimate", "Khan", "of", "Khans", "of", "the", "Mongols", "and", "as", "the", "Emperor", "of", "China", ".", "Though", "he", "had", ",", "by", "the", "early", "1260s", ",", "become", "closely", "identified", "with", "China", ",", "he", "still", ",", "for", "a", "time", ",", "claimed", "universal", "rule", "\"", ",", "and", "yet", "\"", "despite", "his", "successes", "in", "China", "and", "Korea", ",", "Khubilai", "was", "unable", "to", "have", "himself", "accepted", "as", "the", "Great", "Khan", "\"", ".", "Thus", ",", "with", "such", "limited", "acceptance", "of", "his", "position", "as", "Great", "Khan", ",", "Kublai", "Khan", "increasingly", "became", "identified", "with", "China", "and", "sought", "support", "as", "Emperor", "of", "China", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 12, 16, 20, 28, 32, 37, 45, 48, 54, 60, 66, 70, 72, 75, 81, 85, 87, 97, 100, 104, 110, 117, 124, 131, 134, 138, 147, 152, 156, 159, 163, 174, 182, 187, 191, 197, 200, 206, 212, 216, 221, 229, 230, 239, 240, 242, 246, 252, 259, 264, 269, 278, 279, 286, 290, 294, 297, 309, 314, 315, 317, 323, 327, 332, 345, 350, 354, 359, 367, 372, 378, 383, 385, 390, 392, 400, 402, 407, 409, 415, 418, 426, 430, 436, 441, 443, 450, 457, 459, 461, 471, 474, 480, 488, 491, 498, 505, 507, 512, 523, 526, 530, 534, 536, 543, 548, 549, 558, 565, 568, 571, 581, 586, 589, 593, 604, 609, 612, 618, 621, 625, 633, 637, 640, 644, 652, 655, 660, 662, 669, 672, 675, 677, 680, 684, 690, 695, 697, 704, 712, 723, 728, 733, 735, 738, 743, 745, 749, 751, 755, 757, 765, 775, 779, 780, 782, 786, 790, 791, 799, 803, 813, 816, 822, 826, 831, 833, 842, 846, 853, 856, 861, 869, 878, 881, 885, 891, 895, 896, 898, 902, 904, 909, 914, 922, 933, 936, 940, 949, 952, 958, 962, 964, 971, 976, 989, 996, 1007, 1012, 1018, 1022, 1029, 1037, 1040, 1048, 1051, 1056 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "When", "did", "the", "Yuan", "dynasty", "rule", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 13, 18, 26, 30 ] }

{ "text": [ "1271–1368" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 230 ], "end": [ 238 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }

[ "1271–1368" ]

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{ "text": [ "the Yuan dynasty" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 212 ], "end": [ 227 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 40 ], "end": [ 42 ] } ] }

[ "the Yuan dynasty" ]

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[ "universal rule" ]

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{ "text": [ "China" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 54 ], "end": [ 58 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }

[ "China" ]

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[ "1644–1912" ]

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[ "1739" ]

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{ "text": [ "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 164 ], "end": [ 199 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 40 ] } ] }

[ "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" ]

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[ "seventeen Qianhu offices" ]

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[ "Morris Rossabi" ]

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[ "1642" ]

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[ "hegemonies" ]

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[ "the Karmapa Kargyu" ]

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[ "Mongol" ]

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[ "Je Tsongkhapa" ]

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{ "text": [ "the Ming Yongle Emperor" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 162 ], "end": [ 184 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }

[ "the Ming Yongle Emperor" ]

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[ "Tsongkhapa" ]

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[ "horse trade" ]

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{ "text": [ "1402–1424" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 739 ], "end": [ 747 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 125 ], "end": [ 125 ] } ] }

[ "1402–1424" ]

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[ "Deshin Shekpa" ]

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[ "the Karma Kagyu school" ]

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[ "Nepal" ]

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[ "the Ming" ]

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[ "the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office" ]

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[ "Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office" ]

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[ "Education Minister" ]

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[ "Degsi" ]

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[ "Phagmodrupa Dynasty" ]

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[ "Wang and Nyima" ]

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[ "The Tai Situpa" ]

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[ "Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang" ]

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[ "to seek out the Karmapa" ]

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[ "through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan" ]

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[ "Journalist and author Thomas Laird" ]

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[ "the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China" ]

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[ "Dawa Norbu" ]

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[ "1398–1402" ]

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[ "the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao" ]

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[ "March 10, 1403" ]

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[ "Sagya Gyaincain" ]

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[ "the Ming officer of Hezhou" ]

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[ "the Ming officer of Hezhou" ]

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[ "to the Ming court" ]

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[ "Yang Sanbao" ]

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{ "text": [ "Tibet" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 85 ], "end": [ 89 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }

[ "Tibet" ]

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{ "text": [ "1413" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 94 ], "end": [ 97 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 18 ] } ] }

[ "1413" ]

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{ "text": [ "the allegiance of various Tibetan princes" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 107 ], "end": [ 147 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 21 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }

[ "the allegiance of various Tibetan princes" ]

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{ "text": [ "to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 234 ], "end": [ 285 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ] }

[ "to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states" ]

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{ "text": [ "the Mongols" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 113 ], "end": [ 123 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }

[ "the Mongols" ]

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{ "text": [ "religious purposes" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 560 ], "end": [ 577 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 98 ], "end": [ 99 ] } ] }

[ "religious purposes" ]

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{ "text": [ "to send a military force into Tibet" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 238 ], "end": [ 272 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 40 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }

[ "to send a military force into Tibet" ]

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{ "text": [ "to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 274 ], "end": [ 349 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 58 ] } ] }

[ "to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools" ]

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{ "text": [ "Deshin Shekpa" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ] }

[ "Deshin Shekpa" ]

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{ "tokens": [ "Where", "is", "the", "China", "Tibetology", "Research", "Center", "located", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 9, 13, 19, 30, 39, 46, 53 ] }

{ "text": [ "Beijing" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 128 ], "end": [ 134 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }

[ "Beijing" ]

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[ "Chen Qingying" ]

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[ "1,000 households" ]

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[ "10,000 households" ]

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[ "1435–1449" ]

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[ "The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC" ]

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[ "the Karmapa" ]

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[ "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma" ]

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[ "after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court" ]

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[ "rubato" ]

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[ "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time" ]

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[ "rubato" ]

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[ "mazurkas" ]

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[ "Jianwen Emperor" ]

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{ "text": [ "Deshin Shekpa" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }

[ "Deshin Shekpa" ]

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{ "text": [ "Deshin Shekpa's miracles" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ] }

[ "Deshin Shekpa's miracles" ]

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{ "text": [ "Chinese Communist historians" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 118 ], "end": [ 145 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 21 ], "end": [ 23 ] } ] }

[ "Chinese Communist historians" ]

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{ "text": [ "Buddhist artifacts" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 502 ], "end": [ 519 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 89 ], "end": [ 90 ] } ] }

[ "Buddhist artifacts" ]

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{ "text": [ "Josef Kolmaš" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 582 ], "end": [ 593 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 102 ], "end": [ 103 ] } ] }

[ "Josef Kolmaš" ]

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{ "text": [ "1311–1320" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 447 ], "end": [ 455 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 73 ], "end": [ 73 ] } ] }

[ "1311–1320" ]

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{ "text": [ "a licensed border market" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 1450 ], "end": [ 1473 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 255 ], "end": [ 258 ] } ] }

[ "a licensed border market" ]

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{ "text": [ "the Mongols and other ethnicities" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 92 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ] }

[ "the Mongols and other ethnicities" ]

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[ "Melvyn C. Goldstein" ]

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[ "Melvyn C. Goldstein" ]

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[ "Changchub Gyaltsen" ]