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391_4 | 1960s-1990s
In the mid-1960s, a few months after ascending to the public relations executive job, Steckline began broadcasting the uncompensated agriculture ("ag") report on Wichita's television channel 12 KTVH-TV, suddenly filling in for a reporter who had quit, soon becoming the station's "farm director." Steckline continued the airing the report over the next 45 years.
Starting in 1968, Steckline worked with KFRM (AM) (Clay Center, Kansas) for several years, broadcasting agricultural news.
In 1974, Steckline built KJLS (FM) in Hays, Kansas, a country-western station that, according to Steckline, was the first FM radio station to survive west of U.S. Highway 81 (the north–south highway bisecting the nation). It would be the first of many radio stations he would acquire, several with call letters that included his initials: "LS". |
391_5 | By 1977, Steckline—still broadcasting—was also operating his own farm. In 1977, following an abrupt dismissal from KFRM, he created the "Mid America Ag Network" (Wichita, Kansas), syndicating his ag shows state-wide, and beyond.
By 1988, Steckline owned six radio stations in Kansas, and one in Oklahoma, jointly labeled as the "LS Network"—including KSLS (FM) and KYUU (AM), both in Liberal, Kansas; KXXX (AM) and KQLS (FM) in Colby, Kansas; and KXLS (FM) in Enid, Oklahoma. The network's flagship station, at the time, was KGLS (FM), near the center of the state in Hutchinson and Pratt—a "modern" country music station, whose 1,000-foot tower was estimated to boost the station's reach to 75 miles—the strongest signal of any commercial radio station in centrally located Hutchinson, Kansas. (Steckline estimated it had 125,000 potential listeners—not counting Sedgwick County, Kansas, also in range, home to the state's largest city, Wichita—population 300,000 at the time.) |
391_6 | Since 2000
In 2001, Steckline's Mid-America Ag Network—at that time with 40 affiliate radio stations—acquired radio broadcast rights to the games of Kansas State Athletics (of Kansas State University). The five-year contract, beginning in July 2002, cost $6 million—nearly quadrupling the rights fee paid to K-State by the previous contractor.
In 2004, Steckline was broadcasting a weekly evening agribusiness segment on KWCH-TV (Wichita/Hutchinson; the former KTVH-TV where his broadcast career began), while also operating his Ag News Network.
In 2007, the "Rocking M" radio group—reportedly comprising more broadcast properties than anyone else in Kansas—was assembled from 17 former Steckline stations: one AM and three FMs in Dodge City; one AM and two FMs in Great Bend (two licensed to Larned); one AM and two FMs in Goodland; two FMs in Salina, one AM and one FM in Colby; one AM and one FM in Liberal; and one AM in Pratt. |
391_7 | In 2010, after 30 years broadcasting his daily "ag report" on the Kansas State Network ("KSN") and its forerunner (KARD-TV), Steckline's contract was abruptly terminated in a one-sentence notice from KSN's general manager, with no explanation or comment
In 2011, Steckline began appearing in an online news format, Steckline Ag Report, with ag news in 3-5 minute segments, produced for the website of the Farm Credit cooperative American AgCredit By 2015, he owned only one remaining radio station -- KWLS (FM) (Winfield, Kansas),on which he continued to broadcast his agri-business program daily,. The syndicated program was also airing on 40 radio stations across Kansas and Nebraska.
In 2020, Steckline resumed his ag program on KSN's and KWCH's Wichita rival, KAKE-TV.
Other business and personal affairs
With his first wife, Wah-leeta, by 1977 Steckline had three children. |
391_8 | Over the following years, as his show grew in popularity, Steckline and his wife took Kansas farmers on tours to China, Russia, Australia, and South America. He made several trade-mission trips to Russia. He traveled internationally with U.S. Agriculture Secretaries John Block, Ed Madigan, Clayton Yeutter and Dan Glickman.
Wah-leeta, at age 59, died September 30, 2000, in a farming accident, just a few months before their 40th wedding anniversary.
By 2001—while still the owner and president of his Mid America Ag Network—Steckline, with his son Greg, were operating their 2,500-acre farm and ranch, "The Ponderosa," outside Garden Plain, Kansas, near Wichita. |
391_9 | In early 2002, Steckline interviewed Kansas Attorney General Carla Stovall—then a Republican candidate for Governor, who had served as President of the National Association of Attorneys General. A romance ensued. Despite being regarded as a front-runner, and confident she would win, Stovall abandoned her 2002 gubernatorial run in April, before the primary election, saying she no longer desired the job, and promptly announced plans to marry Steckline (whom she married Aug. 31, 2002, at St. Elizabeth's Catholic Church in Grove, Oklahoma)—withdrawing from politics, and throwing the Kansas Republican Party into chaos; Democrat Kathleen Sebelius won the subsequent general election. |
391_10 | Wife Carla became legal "counsel to a lot of Larry's companies." In 2015, she published a biography of Steckline — Larry Steckline: A Half-century as the Voice of Kansas Agriculture—and the couple committed the proceeds to local chapters of the National Association of FFA (Future Farmers of America), an agricultural-education program for young people (Steckline had been an FFA member as a youth).
The couple acquired and renovated a 30-year-old sightseeing cruise ship, the Cherokee Queen and began offering scenic cruises of the Grand Lake Waterways area, starting in 2019.
In 2004, Steckline had three adult children and nine grandchildren. Son Greg was "in the business," daughter Anita Cochran was a TV news anchor for the Kansas State Network, and daughter Shasta was a school librarian. |
391_11 | Other roles
Manager, Wichita Livestock Market Foundation, 1965
Director, Kansas National Junior Livestock show, 1973
Board Member, Kansas State Fair, appointed 2003
Fundraiser, Newman University, 1997, 2009
Trustee, Kansas FFA Foundation, (Future Farmers of America affiliate), appointed 2016
Recognition and awards
1980 Communications Service Award, Kansas Agribusiness Retailers Association
2000 Award of "recognition for years of service, accomplishments, and contributions to the farming industry" from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA)
2003 NFU Milton Hakel Award for Agricultural Communications, National Farmers Union
2009 "Oscar in Agriculture" award for career contributions: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
References |
391_12 | External links
Official website
Larry Steckline: A Half-century as the Voice of Kansas Agriculture, biography, by Carla Stovall Steckline, 2015, ADR, , 9780990848837, on Google Books.
One-on-One with Victor Hogstrom, Season 2 Episode 8: Larry Steckline, interview program, aired January 4, 2019, KPTS-TV
1941 births
Living people
Kansas television personalities |
392_0 | Fanshawe Pioneer Village is an open-air museum established in 1959 and located in the Fanshawe Conservation Area in London, Ontario. The village uses historical re-enactments to communicate the history of rural communities in the former townships of Westminster, London, North Dorchester, Delaware, West Nissouri and Lobo in Middlesex County from 1820 to 1920 and the founding and development of the City of London up to 1840.
The pioneer village is owned and operated by the London and Middlesex Heritage Museum, a not-for-profit charity, with the support of the City of London, the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority, the Municipality of Thames Centre and the Municipality of Middlesex Centre.
The intended purpose of the pioneer village is to involve the community in the preservation of history and tradition through living history experiences. |
392_1 | History
Fanshawe Pioneer Village was first conceived in 1955 under the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority's responsibility to conserve historic structures in the Upper Thames watershed. The Village officially opened on June 26, 1959 with support from Dr. Wilfrid Jury, Director of the University of Western Ontario's Museum of Indian Archaeology and Pioneer Life.
In 1961, the site was enlarged to 2.2 acres and in 1963, the Authority set aside an additional 22 acres for future development. Wilfrid Jury had accumulated a large collection of pioneer artefacts which were exhibited at Middlesex College, University of Western Ontario. This collection was brought to the Village and formally donated to the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority in 1978. By 1980, the Village consisted of 23 buildings placed throughout the original 22 acres. Today the village consists of 33 original and replica historic structures on 46 acres.
Museum and programmes |
392_2 | Collection
Fanshawe Pioneer Village contains a collection of material culture significant to the history of the city of London and Middlesex County. The collection includes over 25,000 artefacts representing furniture, decorative arts, costumes and textiles, archival materials, domestic tools, vehicles as well as agricultural and industrial tools and equipment. The collection has been assembled through donations from residents of London and Middlesex County who have donated their artefacts.
Educational events
As part of their attempt to encourage community involvement, Fanshawe Pioneer Village hosts a number of historically based events every year.
Buildings
Fanshawe Pioneer Village is the site of 33 historic buildings with origins spanning one hundred years. The Village is separated into four historical clusters to depict the development of the community.
Fanshawe Settlement 1820-1850 |
392_3 | Fanshawe Settlement 1820-1850 is intended to be representative of the impact upon the land and aboriginal people by settlers who immigrated from Europe and other parts of North America to the London area in the first half of the 19th century.
Log School – A replica building reminiscent of the first log schools built by the Talbot settlers on their concession after homes were established. Circa 1830s.
Elgie Log House -Representative of the first home of the Talbot settlers in London Township, circa 1820.
Colbert Log Barn - 1840s drive through barn built with rock elm logs.
Fanshawe Corners 1850-1880
Representative of the first stage of urban development at a transportation crossroads. |
392_4 | Blacksmith Shop-Entrepreneurs, like blacksmiths, chose transportation crossroads to establish off-farm businesses.
Corbett Tavern - An 1840s tavern that provided accommodation, food and stabling for horses to the traveling public and served as the community meeting place.
Lochaber Church - This Free Presbyterian Church was constructed in 1884.
Mount Moriah Lodge - Masonic orders held their first meetings in local taverns until purpose built halls like this one could be constructed. The interior is representative of an early 19th-century London Masonic Hall. |
392_5 | Purple Hill Lodge - Established by the Protestant Irish immigrants who brought Orangeism with them when they came to Canada. Many settled areas in the region of what is now southwestern Ontario built meeting halls for the orange order, including townships in the London district. These buildings were also a focal point for the community, providing a place where settlers could get to know their neighbors through dances, dinners, recitals and concerts. |
392_6 | Fanshawe Township 1880-1910
Tells the story of farming, as it becomes the economic engine that drives development in London and Middlesex County.
The Caverhill Farmstead - The Caverhill Farm represents the established farm of a first generation family after several decades of settlement.
Fanshawe School - Schools for children of the second generation were formalized by the Province with established curricula and required attendance. Even the architecture was standardized, and this 1871 example of a one-room school house is typical of many in Middlesex County.
Jury Farmstead - Boyhood home of Wilfrid Jury, the founder of Fanshawe Pioneer Village. The Jury Farmstead is representative of a second generation farm at the turn of the 20th century.
The Town of Fanshawe 1910-1920
Tells the story of the rapid changes that marks the 20th century. |
392_7 | Alder's Weaving Shed- Thomas Alder's original weaving shed dating from the 1850s.
Denfield General Store - Here customers could purchase or order any supplies they could not grow or raise themselves, obtain needed credit or communicate with the world through the telegraph, telephone or mail.
Peel House- Boyhood home of London artist Paul Peel. The building is representative of an urban home at the turn of the 19th century.
Harmer Sawmill- Sawmills milled lumber for local construction. Frame construction quickly overtook log as the dominant architecture style because of the availability of local mills.
Dr. Jones House and Barn– This homestead is located on the edge of the Town. While the barns are still in use, the farm land is rented to others, indicating that the owner has another income, that of a rural doctor.
The Print Shop- Typical turn of the century print shop which produces the London Free Press and Farmers Advocate as well as printed materials made to order. |
392_8 | Trinity Anglican Church- 1887 Anglican church designated by the Province as an excellent example of carpenter Gothic church architecture. |
392_9 | See also
Black Creek Pioneer Village
Kings Landing Historical Settlement
Upper Canada Village
Village Québécois d'Antan
Village Historique Acadien
References
History museums in Ontario
Living museums in Canada
Museums in London, Ontario
Open-air museums in Canada
Rural history museums in Canada |
393_0 | Michael Kevin Paré (born October 9, 1958) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in the films Eddie and the Cruisers (1983), Streets of Fire (1984), and The Philadelphia Experiment (1984).
Early life
Paré was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Joan and Francis Paré, who owned print shops. He has six sisters and three brothers. Paré's father was of French-Canadian ancestry. His father died from leukemia when Paré was five, leaving his mother to raise the large family of children.
Growing up Paré was a fan of James Dean, Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift, Paul Newman, and Robert Mitchum, and felt he was "a kindred spirit" to them. He was working as a chef in New York City when he met talent agent Yvette Bikoff, who convinced him to try acting. In the early 1980s, he studied acting under Uta Hagen. He shot a series of television commercials in Japan. |
393_1 | He also worked as a model. In August 1987, he appeared on the cover of the first issue of Men's Fitness. In 2017, it was ranked among Men's Journal'''s thirty best magazine covers.
Career
His first starring role was as Tony Villicana on the television series The Greatest American Hero. His best-known film roles were as Eddie Wilson in Eddie and the Cruisers (1983) and its sequel Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives! (1989), as well as Streets of Fire (1984) and The Philadelphia Experiment (1984). Paré also appeared in the 2012 remake of The Philadelphia Experiment. He starred as a tortured soldier named Brad Cartowski in the 1993 action film Deadly Heroes, directed by Menahem Golan. Other films included Moon 44 (1990), Village of the Damned (1995), Bad Moon (1996), Hope Floats (1998), and The Virgin Suicides (1999). |
393_2 | Paré is best known for his deep, raspy voice, muscular physique, rugged screen presence, and classic action hero demeanour. In his 2017 interview for Men's Journal he revealed that as a young actor he wasn't sure if he wants to made a career as a "the muscular leading guy", and tried to follow in the footsteps of his idols — Marlon Brando and James Dean.
Paré won the Best Actor award at PollyGrind Film Festival for the film Road to Hell, playing again the role of Tom Cody.
On television, Paré starred with Michael Beck in the drama Houston Knights in 1987–1988 as well as the 2001 television series Starhunter. The actor frequently appears in Uwe Boll's works. |
393_3 | Personal life
He has married three times. His first wife (1980–1984) was film producer Lisa Katselas; his second wife, Marisa Roebuck (1986–1988); his present wife (since 1992) is Marjolein Booy, a former fashion model, with whom he has one child. Paré stated that he lives "a good, clean life", and trains frequently. He lives in California.
Filmography |
393_4 | Crazy Times (1981) as Harry
The Greatest American Hero (1981–1983) as Tony Villicana
Eddie and the Cruisers (1983) as Eddie Wilson
Undercover (1983) as Max
Streets of Fire (1984) as Tom Cody
The Philadelphia Experiment (1984) as David Herdeg
Space Rage (1985) as Grange
Instant Justice (1986) as Scott Youngblood
The Women's Club (1987) as Patrick
World Gone Wild (1988) as George Landon
Houston Knights (1987–1988) as Sergeant Joey La Fiamma
Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives! (1989) as Eddie Wilson / Joe West
Dragonfight (1990) as Moorpark
Moon 44 (1990) as Felix Stone
Il sole buio (1990) as Ruggero Brickman
The Closer (1990) as Larry Freed
Empire City (1991) as Joey Andre
Killing Streets (1991) as Chris Brandt / Craig Brandt
The Last Hour (1991) as Jeff
Into the Sun (1992) as Captain Paul Watkins
Blink of an Eye (1992) as Sam Browning
Sunset Heat (1992) as Eric Wright
Point of Impact (1993) as Jack Davis
Deadly Heroes (1993) as Brad Cartowski |
393_5 | Warriors (1994) as Colin Neal
Carver's Gate (1995) as Carver
Lunarcop (1995) as Joe Brody
Village of the Damned (1995) as Frank McGowan
Triplecross (1995) as Teddy "T.C." Cooper
The Dangerous (1995) as Random
Raging Angels (1995) as Colin
The Colony (1996) as Alec Harken
Coyote Run (1996) as Pershing Quinn
Bad Moon (1996) as Ted Harrison
Merchant of Death (1997) as Jim Randell
2103: The Deadly Wake (1997) as Tarkis
Strip Search (1997) as Robby Durrell
Falling Fire (1997) as Daryl Boden
Hope Floats (1998) as Bill Pruitt
Back to Even (1998) as Boyle
October 22 (1998) as Gary
The Virgin Suicides (1999) as Adult Trip Fontaine
Men of Means (1999) as Rico "Bullet" Burke
Peril (2000) as Vincent
Sanctimony (2000) as Jim Renart
Space Fury (2000) as Konrad
A Month of Sundays (2001) as Tomas McCabe
Blackwoods (2002) as Sheriff Harding
Heart of America (2002) as Will Prat
Red Serpent (2003) as Steve Nichols
Fate (2003) as Detective Cody Martin |
393_6 | Starhunter (2000–2003) as Dante Montana
Cold Case (2004) as Randy Price
Gargoyle (2004) as Ty "Griff" Griffin
Crash Landing (2005) as Captain Williams
Komodo vs. Cobra (2005) as Mike A. Stoddard
BloodRayne (2005) as Iancu
Furnace (2006) as Detective Michael Turner
Saurian (2006) as Jace Randall
South Beach (2006) as Charlie Evans
Seed (2007) as Detective Matt Bishop
Polycarp (2007) as Detective Barry Harper
Postal (2007) as Panhandler
BloodRayne II: Deliverance (2007) as Pat Garrett
Dark World (2008) as Harry
Ninja Cheerleaders (2008) as Victor Lazzaro
1968 Tunnel Rats (2008) as Sergeant Vic Hollowborn
100 Feet (2008) as Mike Watson
Road to Hell (2008) as Tom Cody
Alone in the Dark II (2008) as Willson
Far Cry (2008) as Paul Summers
The Perfect Sleep (2009) as Officer Pavlovich
1968: Tunnel Rats - Behind the Scenes (2009) as Sergeant Vic Hollowborn
Direct Contact (2009) as Clive Connelly
Rampage (2009) as Sheriff Melvoy
Cool Dog (2009) as Dean Warner |
393_7 | Job (2010) as Detective Remar
Tales of an Ancient Empire (2010) as Oda
Amphibious Creature of the Deep (original title: Amphibious 3D) (2010) as Jack Bowman
Room and Board Blubberella (2011) as Commandant
Bloodrayne: The Third Reich (2011) as Commander Ekart Brand
The Lincoln Lawyer (2011) as Detective Kurlen
House (2011 TV show)
The Philadelphia Experiment (2012) as Hagan
Gone (2012) as Lieutenant Ray Bozeman
Leverage (2012) as FBI Special Agent Dennis Powell (Season 4: Episode 17)
Maximum Conviction (2012) as Chris Blake
Assault on Wall Street (2013)
Suddenly (2013)
Real Gangsters (2013)
How Sweet It Is (2013)
The Big Fat Stone (2014)
Bone Tomahawk (2015) as Mr. Wallington
No Deposit (2015) as Mickey Ryan
Sicilian Vampire (2015) as Sammy
The Good, the Bad and the Dead (2015) as Sheriff Olson
The Infiltrator (2016) as Barry Seal
Traded (2016) as Clay Travis
The Red Maple Leaf (2016)
Nessie & Me (2016)
Jason's Letter (2017)
The Neighborhood (2017) |
393_8 | Global Meltdown (2017)
Battle of the Drones (2017) as Karl Kess
Reborn (2018)
A Christmas in Royal Fashion (2018)
City of Lies (2018) as Varney
Mayday (2019)
Once Upon a Time in Deadwood (2019)
Shark Island (2021) as Charlie
Painkiller (2021) as Dr Alan Rhodes
The Penthouse (2021)
South of Heaven (2021) as Joey
Supersonic'' (TBA) |
393_9 | Awards and nominations
Awards
PollyGrind Film Festival
Best Actor: 2012
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
Male actors from New York City
American male film actors
American people of French-Canadian descent
American male television actors
People from Brooklyn
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors |
394_0 | My Lady Boss is a Filipino romantic comedy film directed by Jade Castro, and starring Richard Gutierrez and Marian Rivera. It is produced by GMA Films together with Regal Films. The film was supposed to have premiered on 8 April 2013, but after a series of postponed showings, it was released nationwide on 3 July 2013. |
394_1 | Plot
Zach (Gutierrez) is a rich boy forced to find and keep a job after a major blunder in a company he set up. He ends up working for Evelyn, whom he discovers to be the boss from hell. In the long run, he sees her for who and what she really is. Meanwhile, Evelyn (Rivera) is an uptight and tough Brand Manager who hires an assistant Brand Manager. When she finds herself dumped by her boyfriend, Evelyn seeks comfort in Zach, her assistant who shows a different side of him. As they get to know each other more and as their encounters become more intimate, they begin to ask themselves if what they feel for each other is for real. The problem is romance between boss and subordinate in a company is not allowed. Things get complicated when an office romance develops between the unlikely pair. |
394_2 | Cast
Marian Rivera as Evelyn "EVL" Vallejo Lontoc
Richard Gutierrez as Zach Rhys Strella
Rocco Nacino as Henry "HPE" Posadas Enrile
Tom Rodriguez as Timothy "Tim" Espalto
Sandy Andolong as Myrna Lontoc
Sef Cadayona as Nonoy
Ronaldo Valdez as Carlos Strella
Matet De Leon as Ruby
Jace Flores as Leo
Ruru Madrid as Elvin Lontoc
Betong Sumaya as Sponky
Dion Ignacio as Eugene Lontoc
Kathleen Hermosa as Edna Lontoc
Patricia Ysmael as Aya
Jackielou Blanco as Diana
Pinky Amador as Liza
Regine Tolentino as Lydia
Andrea Torres as Ana Soriano-Espalto
Mikey Bustos as Norman
Chloe McCully as Chancy
Benjie Paras as Rammy
Victor Aliwalas as Jay
Gerard Pizzaras as Andres
Petra Mahalimuyak as Kai
Maricel Laxa as Lorna "LOV" Ongpauco-Villega |
394_3 | Background and development
The film was first announced by the lead actress, Marian Rivera on 3 December 2012 during an interview with Philippine Entertainment Portal. It is going to be the second film which stars Rivera and actor Richard Gutierrez together following the My Best Friend's Girlfriend produced by the same film outfit in 2008. On a set visit by Samantha Portillo of GMA Network, Gutierrez states that "..after 5 years, finally, we get to do a movie", while Rivera says that her working relationship with Richard is better than ever. On an interview on The Philippine Star, Gutierrez talked about the film saying "..It's entertaining and light. It feels good doing a movie of this type again. I was looking forward to this movie after Seduction. We enjoy doing the movie. Although the acting is serious, it is lighter." He further added that the film, though still a romantic-comedy, is more mature than BFGF(My Besftriend's Girlfriend). |
394_4 | Originally, it is slated for 13 February 2013 film date but was pushed back because of scheduling issues. According to an article published by "Filipinas in Showbiz", the film is very much alike with Hollywood film, The Proposal(2009) produced by Mandeville Films. An assumption which proved to be inaccurate because the story of My Lady Boss is not similar to the Proposal, other than the leading actress is the boss of the leading actor. The Proposal is a film about a Canadian lady Executive working in the United States who is forced to pretend to be engaged to her American assistant so that she will not be deported back to Canada. My Lady Boss, on the other hand is about a failed young businessman who is forced to seek employment to get back to the good graces of his disappointed rich grandfather. In January 2013, two short teasers were shown on television, but it was removed on-air after its playdate pushback. The full trailer was first released on the #PPSummerShake episode of |
394_5 | Sunday variety show, Party Pilipinas. The theme song for the movie is a new rendition by Aicelle Santos and Gian Magdangal to "I'll Never Go" originally sung by Nexxus. An acoustic version by Rita Iringan and a band version by Kristofer Martin will also be used on the film. |
394_6 | Filming
The film is set on various locations in the Philippines, with majority of sets in Fairlane, West Fairview, Quezon City.
Release and box office status
The film was originally slated for a 14 February 2013 release date but it was postponed to 10 April 2013 because production failed to finish shooting the movie on time. But GMA Films moved it again because it would conflict with several Hollywood Summer Blockbuster releases. The movie was finally shown on 3 July 2013.
The film grossed P19.45 million after its two weeks of showing.
References
External links
2013 films
Philippine films
2013 romantic comedy films
GMA Pictures films
Regal Entertainment films
Tagalog-language films
English-language films
Philippine romantic comedy films |
395_0 | Broca's area, or the Broca area (, also , ), is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, usually the left, of the brain with functions linked to speech production.
Language processing has been linked to Broca's area since Pierre Paul Broca reported impairments in two patients. They had lost the ability to speak after injury to the posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pars triangularis) (BA45) of the brain. Since then, the approximate region he identified has become known as Broca's area, and the deficit in language production as Broca's aphasia, also called expressive aphasia. Broca's area is now typically defined in terms of the pars opercularis and pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus, represented in Brodmann's cytoarchitectonic map as Brodmann area 44 and Brodmann area 45 of the dominant hemisphere. |
395_1 | Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has shown language processing to also involve the third part of the inferior frontal gyrus the pars orbitalis, as well as the ventral part of BA6 and these are now often included in a larger area called Broca's region.
Studies of chronic aphasia have implicated an essential role of Broca's area in various speech and language functions. Further, fMRI studies have also identified activation patterns in Broca's area associated with various language tasks. However, slow destruction of Broca's area by brain tumors can leave speech relatively intact, suggesting its functions can shift to nearby areas in the brain.
Structure |
395_2 | Broca's area is often identified by visual inspection of the topography of the brain either by macrostructural landmarks such as sulci or by the specification of coordinates in a particular reference space. The currently used Talairach and Tournoux atlas projects Brodmann's cytoarchitectonic map onto a template brain. Because Brodmann's parcelation was based on subjective visual inspection of cytoarchitectonic borders and also Brodmann analyzed only one hemisphere of one brain, the result is imprecise. Further, because of considerable variability across brains in terms of shape, size, and position relative to sulcal and gyral structure, a resulting localization precision is limited. |
395_3 | Nevertheless, Broca's area in the left hemisphere and its homologue in the right hemisphere are designations usually used to refer to the triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus (PTr) and the opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus (POp). The PTr and POp are defined by structural landmarks that only probabilistically divide the inferior frontal gyrus into anterior and posterior cytoarchitectonic areas of 45 and 44, respectively, by Brodmann's classification scheme.
Area 45 receives more afferent connections from the prefrontal cortex, the superior temporal gyrus, and the superior temporal sulcus, compared to area 44, which tends to receive more afferent connections from motor, somatosensory, and inferior parietal regions. |
395_4 | The differences between area 45 and 44 in cytoarchitecture and in connectivity suggest that these areas might perform different functions. Indeed, recent neuroimaging studies have shown that the PTr and Pop, corresponding to areas 45 and 44, respectively, play different functional roles in the human with respect to language comprehension and action recognition/understanding.
In women, Broca's area is about 20% larger than in men.
Functions
Language comprehension |
395_5 | For a long time, it was assumed that the role of Broca's area was more devoted to language production than language comprehension. However, there is evidence to demonstrate that Broca's area also plays a significant role in language comprehension. Patients with lesions in Broca's area who exhibit agrammatical speech production also show inability to use syntactic information to determine the meaning of sentences. Also, a number of neuroimaging studies have implicated an involvement of Broca's area, particularly of the pars opercularis of the left inferior frontal gyrus, during the processing of complex sentences. Further, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments have shown that highly ambiguous sentences result in a more activated inferior frontal gyrus. Therefore, the activity level in the inferior frontal gyrus and the level of lexical ambiguity are directly proportional to each other, because of the increased retrieval demands associated with highly ambiguous |
395_6 | content. |
395_7 | There is also specialisation for particular aspects of comprehension within Broca's area. Work by Devlin et al. (2003) showed in a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) study that there was an increase in reaction times when performing a semantic task under rTMS aimed at the pars triangularis (situated in the anterior part of Broca's area). The increase in reaction times is indicative that that particular area is responsible for processing that cognitive function. Disrupting these areas via TMS disrupts computations performed in the areas leading to an increase in time needed to perform the computations (reflected in reaction times). Later work by Nixon et al. (2004) showed that when the pars opercularis (situated in the posterior part of Broca's area) was stimulated under rTMS there was an increase in reaction times in a phonological task. Gough et al. (2005) performed an experiment combining elements of these previous works in which both phonological and semantic tasks |
395_8 | were performed with rTMS stimulation directed at either the anterior or the posterior part of Broca's area. The results from this experiment conclusively distinguished anatomical specialisation within Broca's area for different components of language comprehension. Here the results showed that under rTMS stimulation: |
395_9 | Semantic tasks only showed a decrease in reaction times when stimulation was aimed at the anterior part of Broca's area (where a decrease of 10% (50 ms) was seen compared to a no-TMS control group)
Phonological tasks showed a decrease in reaction times when stimulation was aimed at the posterior part of Broca's area (where a decrease of 6% (30 ms) was seen compared to control)
To summarise, the work above shows anatomical specialisation in Broca's area for language comprehension, with the anterior part of Broca's area responsible for understanding the meaning of words (semantics) and the posterior part of Broca's area responsible for understanding how words sound (phonology). |
395_10 | Action recognition and production
Recent experiments have indicated that Broca's area is involved in various cognitive and perceptual tasks. One important contribution of Brodmann's area 44 is also found in the motor-related processes. Observation of meaningful hand shadows resembling moving animals activates frontal language area, demonstrating that Broca's area indeed plays a role in interpreting action of others. An activation of BA 44 was also reported during execution of grasping and manipulation.
Speech-associated gestures
It has been speculated that because speech-associated gestures could possibly reduce lexical or sentential ambiguity, comprehension should improve in the presence of speech-associated gestures. As a result of improved comprehension, the involvement of Broca's area should be reduced. |
395_11 | Many neuroimaging studies have also shown activation of Broca's area when representing meaningful arm gestures. A recent study has shown evidence that word and gesture are related at the level of translation of particular gesture aspects such as its motor goal and intention. This finding helps explain why, when this area is defective, those who use sign language also suffer from language deficits. This finding, that aspects of gestures are translated in words within Broca's area, also explains language development in terms of evolution. Indeed, many authors have proposed that speech evolved from a primitive communication that arose from gestures. (See below.)
Speaking without Broca's area |
395_12 | Damage to Broca's area is commonly associated with telegraphic speech made up of content vocabulary. For example, a person with Broca's aphasia may say something like, "Drive, store. Mom." meaning to say, "My mom drove me to the store today." Therefore, the content of the information is correct, but the grammar and fluidity of the sentence is missing. |
395_13 | The essential role of the Broca's area in speech production has been questioned since it can be destroyed while leaving language nearly intact. In one case of a computer engineer, a slow-growing glioma tumor was removed. The tumor and the surgery destroyed the left inferior and middle frontal gyrus, the head of the caudate nucleus, the anterior limb of the internal capsule, and the anterior insula. However, there were minimal language problems three months after removal and the individual returned to his professional work. These minor problems include the inability to create syntactically complex sentences including more than two subjects, multiple causal conjunctions, or reported speech. These were explained by researchers as due to working memory problems. They also attributed his lack of problems to extensive compensatory mechanisms enabled by neural plasticity in the nearby cerebral cortex and a shift of some functions to the homologous area in the right hemisphere. |
395_14 | Clinical significance
Stuttering
A speech disorder known as stuttering is seen to be associated with underactivity in Broca's area.
Aphasia
Aphasia is an acquired language disorder affecting all modalities such as writing, reading, speaking, and listening and results from brain damage. It is often a chronic condition that creates changes in all areas of one's life.
Expressive aphasia vs. other aphasias
Patients with expressive aphasia, also known as Broca's aphasia, are individuals who know "what they want to say, they just cannot get it out". They are typically able to comprehend words, and sentences with a simple syntactic structure (see above), but are more or less unable to generate fluent speech. Other symptoms that may be present include problems with fluency, articulation, word-finding, word repetition, and producing and comprehending complex grammatical sentences, both orally and in writing. |
395_15 | This specific group of symptoms distinguishes those who have expressive aphasia from individuals with other types of aphasia. There are several distinct "types" of aphasia, and each type is characterized by a different set of language deficits. Although those who have expressive aphasia tend to retain good spoken language comprehension, other types of aphasia can render patients completely unable to understand any language at all, unable to understand any spoken language (auditory verbal agnosia), whereas still other types preserve language comprehension, but with deficits. People with expressive aphasia may struggle less with reading and writing (see alexia) than those with other types of aphasia. Although individuals with expressive aphasia tend to have a good ability to self-monitor their language output (they "hear what they say" and make corrections), other types of aphasics can seem entirely unaware of their language deficits. |
395_16 | In the classical sense, expressive aphasia is the result of injury to Broca's area; it is often the case that lesions in specific brain areas cause specific, dissociable symptoms, although case studies show there is not always a one-to-one mapping between lesion location and aphasic symptoms. The correlation between damage to certain specific brain areas (usually in the left hemisphere) and the development of specific types of aphasia makes it possible to deduce (albeit very roughly) the location of a suspected brain lesion based only on the presence (and severity) of a certain type of aphasia, though this is complicated by the possibility that a patient may have damage to a number of brain areas and may exhibit symptoms of more than one type of aphasia. The examination of lesion data in order to deduce which brain areas are essential in the normal functioning of certain aspects of cognition is called the deficit-lesion method; this method is especially important in the branch of |
395_17 | neuroscience known as aphasiology. Cognitive science – to be specific, cognitive neuropsychology – are branches of neuroscience that also make extensive use of the deficit-lesion method. |
395_18 | Newer implications related to lesions in Broca's area
Since studies carried out in the late 1970s it has been understood that the relationship between Broca's area and Broca's aphasia is not as consistent as once thought. Lesions to Broca's area alone do not result in Broca's aphasia, nor do Broca's aphasic patients necessarily have lesions in Broca's area. Lesions to Broca's area alone are known to produce a transient mutism that resolves within 3–6 weeks. This discovery suggests that Broca's area may be included in some aspect of verbalization or articulation; however, this does not address its part in sentence comprehension. Still, Broca's area frequently emerges in functional imaging studies of sentence processing. However, it also becomes activated in word-level tasks. This suggests that Broca’s area is not dedicated to sentence processing alone, but supports a function common to both. In fact, Broca's area can show activation in such non-linguistic tasks as imagery of motion. |
395_19 | Considering the hypothesis that Broca's area may be most involved in articulation, its activation in all of these tasks may be due to subjects' covert articulation while formulating a response. Despite this caveat, a consensus seems to be forming that whatever role Broca's area may play, it may relate to known working memory functions of the frontal areas. (There is a wide distribution of Talairach coordinates reported in the functional imaging literature that are referred to as part of Broca's area.) The processing of a passive voice sentence, for example, may require working memory to assist in the temporary retention of information while other relevant parts of the sentence are being manipulated (i.e. to resolve the assignment of thematic roles to arguments). Miyake, Carpenter, and Just have proposed that sentence processing relies on such general verbal working memory mechanisms, while Caplan and Waters consider Broca’s area to be involved in working memory specifically for |
395_20 | syntactic processing. Friederici (2002) breaks Broca's area into its component regions and suggests that Brodmann's area 44 is involved in working memory for both phonological and syntactic structure. This area becomes active first for phonology and later for syntax as the time course for the comprehension process unfolds. Brodmann's area 45 and Brodmann's area 47 are viewed as being specifically involved in working memory for semantic features and thematic structure where processes of syntactic reanalysis and repair are required. These areas come online after Brodmann's area 44 has finished its processing role and are active when comprehension of complex sentences must rely on general memory resources. All of these theories indicate a move towards a view that syntactic comprehension problems arise from a computational rather than a conceptual deficit. Newer theories take a more dynamic view of how the brain integrates different linguistic and cognitive components and are examining |
395_21 | the time course of these operations. |
395_22 | Neurocognitive studies have already implicated frontal areas adjacent to Broca's area as important for working memory in non-linguistic as well as linguistic tasks. Cabeza and Nyberg's analysis of imaging studies of working memory supports the view that BA45/47 is recruited for selecting or comparing information, while BA9/46 might be more involved in the manipulation of information in working memory. Since large lesions are typically required to produce a Broca's aphasia, it is likely that these regions may also become compromised in some patients and may contribute to their comprehension deficits for complex morphosyntactic structures. |
395_23 | Broca's area as a key center in the linking of phonemic sequences |
395_24 | Broca's area has been previously associated with a variety of processes, including phonological segmentation, syntactic processing, and unification, all of which involve segmenting and linking different types of linguistic information. Although repeating and reading single words does not engage semantic and syntactic processing, it does require an operation linking phonemic sequences with motor gestures. Findings indicate that this linkage is coordinated by Broca's area through reciprocal interactions with temporal and frontal cortices responsible for phonemic and articulatory representations, respectively, including interactions with the motor cortex before the actual act of speech. Based on these unique findings, it has been proposed that Broca's area is not the seat of articulation, but rather is a key node in manipulating and forwarding neural information across large-scale cortical networks responsible for key components of speech production. |
395_25 | History
In a study published in 2007, the preserved brains of both Leborgne and Lelong (patients of Broca) were reinspected using high-resolution volumetric MRI. The purpose of this study was to scan the brains in three dimensions and to identify the extent of both cortical and subcortical lesions in more detail. The study also sought to locate the exact site of the lesion in the frontal lobe in relation to what is now called Broca's area with the extent of subcortical involvement.
Broca's patients
Louis Victor Leborgne (Tan)
Leborgne was a patient of Broca's. At 30 years old, he was almost completely unable to produce any words or phrases. He was able to repetitively produce only the word tan. After his death, a neurosyphilitic lesion was discovered on the surface of his left frontal lobe.
Lelong |
395_26 | Lelong was another patient of Broca's. He also exhibited reduced productive speech. He could only say five words, 'yes', 'no', 'three', 'always', and 'lelo' (a mispronunciation of his own name). A lesion within the lateral frontal lobe was discovered during Lelong's autopsy. Broca's previous patient, Leborgne, had this lesion in the same area of his frontal lobe. These two cases led Broca to believe that speech was localized to this particular area.
MRI findings |
395_27 | Examination of the brains of Broca's two historic patients with high-resolution MRI has produced several interesting findings. First, the MRI findings suggest that other areas besides Broca's area may also have contributed to the patients' reduced productive speech. This finding is significant because it has been found that, though lesions to Broca's area alone can possibly cause temporary speech disruption, they do not result in severe speech arrest. Therefore, there is a possibility that the aphasia denoted by Broca as an absence of productive speech also could have been influenced by the lesions in the other region. Another finding is that the region, which was once considered to be critical for speech by Broca, is not precisely the same region as what is now known as Broca's area. This study provides further evidence to support the claim that language and cognition are far more complicated than once thought and involve various networks of brain regions.
Evolution of language |
395_28 | The pursuit of a satisfying theory that addresses the origin of language in humans has led to the consideration of a number of evolutionary "models". These models attempt to show how modern language might have evolved, and a common feature of many of these theories is the idea that vocal communication was initially used to complement a far more dominant mode of communication through gesture. Human language might have evolved as the "evolutionary refinement of an implicit communication system already present in lower primates, based on a set of hand/mouth goal-directed action representations." |
395_29 | "Hand/mouth goal-directed action representations" is another way of saying "gestural communication", "gestural language", or "communication through body language". The recent finding that Broca's area is active when people are observing others engaged in meaningful action is evidence in support of this idea. It was hypothesized that a precursor to the modern Broca's area was involved in translating gestures into abstract ideas by interpreting the movements of others as meaningful action with an intelligent purpose. It is argued that over time the ability to predict the intended outcome and purpose of a set of movements eventually gave this area the capability to deal with truly abstract ideas, and therefore (eventually) became capable of associating sounds (words) with abstract meanings. The observation that frontal language areas are activated when people observe Hand Shadows is further evidence that human language may have evolved from existing neural substrates that evolved for the |
395_30 | purpose of gesture recognition. The study, therefore, claims that Broca's area is the "motor center for speech", which assembles and decodes speech sounds in the same way it interprets body language and gestures. Consistent with this idea is that the neural substrate that regulated motor control in the common ancestor of apes and humans was most likely modified to enhance cognitive and linguistic ability. Studies of speakers of American Sign Language and English suggest that the human brain recruited systems that had evolved to perform more basic functions much earlier; these various brain circuits, according to the authors, were tapped to work together in creating language. |
395_31 | Another recent finding has showed significant areas of activation in subcortical and neocortical areas during the production of communicative manual gestures and vocal signals in chimpanzees. Further, the data indicating that chimpanzees intentionally produce manual gestures as well as vocal signals to communicate with humans suggests that the precursors to human language are present at both the behavioral and neuronanatomical levels. More recently, the neocortical distribution of activity-dependent gene expression in marmosets provided direct evidence that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which comprises Broca's area in humans and has been associated with auditory processing of species-specific vocalizations and orofacial control in macaques, is engaged during vocal output in a New World monkey. These findings putatively set the origin of vocalization-related neocortical circuits to at least 35 million years ago, when the Old and New World monkey lineages split. |
395_32 | Additional images
See also
Lobes of the brain
Progressive nonfluent aphasia
Wernicke's area
Jerome of Sandy Cove
References
External links
"Paul Broca's discovery of the area of the brain governing articulated language", analysis of Broca's 1861 article, on BibNum [click 'à télécharger' for English version].
Articles containing video clips
Cerebrum
Frontal lobe
Neurolinguistics |
396_0 | Remy de Gourmont (4 April 1858 – 27 September 1915) was a French symbolist poet, novelist, and influential critic. He was widely read in his era, and an important influence on Blaise Cendrars and Georges Bataille. The spelling Rémy de Gourmont is incorrect, albeit common.
Life
Gourmont was born at Bazoches-au-Houlme, Orne, into a publishing family from Cotentin. He was the son of Count Auguste-Marie de Gourmont and his countess, born Mathilde de Montfort. In 1866 he moved to a manor close to Villedieu near La Manche. He studied law at Caen, and was awarded a bachelor's degree in law in 1879; upon his graduation he moved to Paris. |
396_1 | In 1881, Gourmont was employed by the Bibliothèque nationale. He began to write for general circulation periodicals such as Le Monde and Le Contemporain. He took an interest in ancient literature, following the footsteps of Gustave Kahn. During this period, he also met Berthe Courrière, model for, and heir of, the sculptor Auguste Clésinger, with whom he formed a lifelong attachment, he and Berthe living together for the rest of their lives. |
396_2 | Gourmont also began a literary alliance with Joris-Karl Huysmans, to whom he dedicated his prose work Le Latin mystique (Mystical Latin). In 1889 Gourmont became one of the founders of the Mercure de France, which became a rallying point of the Symbolist movement. Between 1893 and 1894 he was the co-editor, along with Alfred Jarry, of L'Ymagier, a magazine dedicated to symbolist wood carvings. In 1891 he published a polemic called Le Joujou Patriotisme (Patriotism, a toy) in which he argued that France and Germany shared an aesthetic culture and urged a rapprochement between the two countries, contrary to the wishes of nationalists in the French government. This political essay led to his losing his job at the Bibliothèque Nationale, despite Octave Mirbeau's chronicles. |
396_3 | During this same period, Gourmont was stricken with lupus vulgaris. Disfigured by this illness, he largely retired from public view appearing only at the offices of the Mercure de France. In 1910, Gourmont met Natalie Clifford Barney, to whom he dedicated his Lettres à l'Amazone (Letters to the Amazon).
Gourmont's health continued to decline and he began to suffer from locomotor ataxia and be increasingly unable to walk. He was deeply depressed by the outbreak of World War I and died in Paris of cerebral congestion in 1915. Berthe Courrière was his sole heir, inheriting a substantial body of unpublished work which she sent to his brother Jean de Gourmont, and dying within the year. Gourmont and Courrière are buried Chopins tomb in Père-Lachaise Cemetery. |
396_4 | Works
Gourmont was a literary critic and essayist of great importance, most notably his Le Problème du Style. Created in response to Antoine Albalat's The Art of Writing in Twenty Lessons (1899), Le Problème du Style was a source book for many of the ideas that inspired the literary developments in both England and France and was also admired by T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound in that capacity.
His novels, in particular Sixtine, explore the theme of Schopenhauerian Idealism with its emphasis on individual subjectivity, as well as the Decadent relationship between sexuality and artistic creativity. In 1922 Aldous Huxley translated Gourmont's novel A Virgin Heart. |
396_5 | Gourmont's poetic works include Litanies de la Rose (1892), Les Saintes du Paradis (1898), and Divertissements (1912). His anthology Hieroglyphes (1894), contains his experiments with the possibilities of sound and rhythm. It plunges from perhaps ironic piety to equally ironic blasphemy, reflecting, more than anything else, his interest in medieval Latin literature, and his works led to a fad for late Latin literature among authors like Joris-Karl Huysmans. Pound observed in 1915 that the English Imagist poetic movement derived from the French Symbolistes, Eliot describing Gourmont as the "critical conscience of his generation".
Bibliography
Poetry
Litanies de la Rose (1892).
Fleurs de Jadis (1893).
Hiéroglyphes (1894).
Les Saintes du Paradis (1899).
Oraisons Mauvaises (1900).
Simone (1901).
Divertissements (1912).
Poésies Inédites (1921).
Rimes Retrouvées (1979).
L'Odeur des Jacynthes (1991). |
396_6 | Fiction
Merlette (novel, 1886).
Sixtine (novel, 1890).
Le Fantôme (1893).
Le Château Singulier (1894).
Proses Moroses (short stories, 1894).
Histoire Tragique de la Princesse Phénissa (1894).
Histoires Magiques (1884).
Le Pèlerin du Silence (1896).
Phocas (1895).
Les Chevaux de Diomède (novel, 1897).
D'un Pays Lointain. Miracles. Visages de Femmes (1898).
Le Songe d'une Femme (novel, 1899).
Une Nuit au Luxembourg (1906).
Un Cœur Virginal (1907).
Couleurs, Contes Nouveaux Suivi de Choses Anciennes (1908).
Lettres d'un Satyre (1913).
Lettres à l'Amazone (1914).
Monsieur Croquant (1918).
La Patience de Grisélidis (1920).
Lettres à Sixtine (1921).
Le Vase Magique (1923).
Fin de Promenade et Trois Autres Contes (short stories, 1925).
Le Désarroi (novel, 2006).
Theatre
Lilith (1892).
Théodat (1893).
Le Vieux Roi (1897).
L'Ombre d'une Femme (1923). |
396_7 | Nonfiction
Un Volcan en Éruption (1882).
Une Ville Ressuscitée (1883).
Bertrand Du Guesclin (1883).
Tempêtes et Naufrages (1883).
Les Derniers Jours de Pompéi (1884).
En Ballon (1884).
Les Français au Canada et en Acadie (1888).
Chez les Lapons, Mœurs, Coutumes et Légendes de la Laponie Norvégienne (1890).
Le Joujou Patriotisme (1891).
Le Latin Mystique. Les Poètes de l'Antiphonaire et la Symbolique au Moyen Âge (with a preface by J. K. Huysmans, 1892).
L'Idéalisme (1893).
L'Ymagier (with Alfred Jarry, 1896).
La Poésie Populaire (1896).
Le Livre des Masques (1896).
Almanach de "L'Ymagier", Zodiacal, Astrologique, Littéraire, Artistique, Magique, Cabalistique et Prophétique (1897).
Le Deuxième Livre des Masques (1898).
Esthétique de la Langue Française (1899).
La Culture des Idées (1900).
Preface to Les Petites Revues (1900).
Le Chemin de Velours (1902).
Le Problème du Style (1902).
Épilogues: Réflexions sur la Vie, 1895-1898 (1903). |
396_8 | Physique de l'Amour. Essai sur l'Instinct Sexuel (1903).
Promenades Littéraires (1904).
Judith Gautier (1904).
Promenades Philosophiques (1905).
Dante, Béatrice et la Poésie Amoureuse. Essai sur l'Idéal Féminin en Italie à la Fin du XIIIe Siècle (1908).
Le Chat de Misère. Idées et Images (1912).
La Petite Ville (1913).
Des pas sur le Sable (1914).
La Belgique Littéraire (1915).
Pendant l'Orage, Bois d'André Rouveyre (1915).
Dans la Tourmente (Avril-juillet 1915) (with a preface by , 1916).
Pendant la Guerre. Lettres pour l'Argentine (with a preface by Jean de Gourmont, 1917).
Les Idées du Jour (1918).
Vol. I: (Octobre 1914-avril 1915).
Vol. II: (Mai 1915-septembre 1915).
Trois Légendes du Moyen Âge (1919).
Pensées Inédites (with a Preface by Guillaume Apollinaire, 1920).
Le Livret de "L'Ymagier" (1921).
Petits Crayons (1921).
Le Puits de la Vérité (1922).
Dernières Pensées Inédites (1924).
Dissociations (1925).
Nouvelles Dissociations (1925). |
396_9 | La Fin de l'Art (1925).
Les Femmes et le Langage (1925).
Deux Poètes de la Nature: Bryant et Emerson (1925).
Le Joujou et Trois Autres Essais (1926).
Lettres Intimes à l’Amazone (1926).
Promenades Littéraires (1929). |
396_10 | In English translation
A Night in the Luxembourg (with preface by Arthur Ransome, 1912).
"A French View of 'Kultur'," The New Republic (1915).
Theodat, a Play (1916).
Philosophic Nights in Paris (1920).
"Dust for Sparrows," Part II, Part III, Part IV, The Dial, Vol. LXIX, 1920; Part V, Part VI, Part VII, Part VIII, Part IX, The Dial, Vol. LXX, 1921.
The Book of Masks (1921).
A Virgin Heart (1921).
Decadence, and Other Essays on the Culture of Ideas (1922).
The Natural Philosophy of Love (1922).
Mr. Antiphilos, Satyr (1922).
Very Woman: A Cerebral Novel (1922).
The Horses of Diomedes (1923).
Epigrams of Remy de Gourmont (1923).
Stories in Yellow, Black, White, Blue, Violet, and Red (1924).
Stories in Green, Zinzolin, Rose, Purple, Mauve, Lilac, and Orange (1924).
Dream of a Woman (1927).
The Prostituted Woman: The Sexless One in the Singular Château (1929).
Letters to the Amazon (1931).
Lilith, a Play (1946).
The Angels of Perversity (1992). |
396_11 | French Decadent Tales, by Stephen Romer (2013). |
396_12 | Quotation
Que tes mains soient bénies, car elles sont impures!
Elles ont des péchés cachés à toutes les jointures;
Leur peau blanche s'est trempée dans l'odeur âpre des caresses
Secrètes, parmi l'ombre blanche où rampent les caresses,
Et l'opale prisonnière qui se meurt à ton doigt,
C'est le dernier soupir de Jésus sur la croix.
---Oraisons mauvaises
References
Further reading |
396_13 | Aldington, Richard (1915). "Remy de Gourmont," The Little Review, Vol. II, No. 3, pp. 10–13.
Aldington, Richard (1919). "Remy de Gourmont," The Living Age, Vol. CCCIII, pp. 665–668.
Aldington, Richard (1919). "Remy de Gourmont, After the Interim," The Little Review, Vol. V, No. 10/11, pp. 32–34.
Aldington, Richard (1928). Remy de Gourmont: A Modern Man of Letters. Seattle: University of Washington Book Store.
Amalric, Jean-Claude (1984). "Shaw, Hamon, and Rémy de Gourmont," Shaw, Vol. 4, pp. 129–137.
Burke, Kenneth (1921). "Approaches to Remy de Gourmont," The Dial, Vol. LXX, pp. 125–138.
Clayton, T. T. (1919). "Le Latin Mystique," The Little Review, Vol. V, No. 10/11, pp. 27–29.
Cornetz, Victor (1922). "Remy de Gourmont, J.H. Fabre and the Ants," The Living Age, Vol. CCCXV, pp. 105–110.
Ellis, Havelock (1915). "Remy de Gourmont," The New Republic, Vol. V, No. 59, pp. 166–167. |
396_14 | Ellis, Havelock (1936). "Remy de Gourmont." In: From Rousseau to Proust. London: Constable & Company, pp. 307–327.
Gosse, Edmund (1922). "Two French Critics: Émile Faguet—Remy de Gourmont." In: Aspects and Impressions. London: Cassell & Company, pp. 203–223.
Greene, Henry Copley (1894). "French Prose Symbolism," The Harvard Monthly, Vol. XVIII, pp. 106–121.
Huneker, James Gibbons (1917). "Remy de Gourmont," The North American Review, Vol. CCV, No. 739, pp. 935–942.
Jacob, Paul Emile (1931). "Remy de Gourmont," Illinois Studies in Language and Literature, Vol. XVI, No. 2, pp. 7–176.
Krutch, Joseph Wood (1928). "The Nihilism of Remy de Gourmont," The Nation, pp. 357–359.
Lowell, Amy (1915). "Remy de Gourmont." In: Six French Poets. New York: The Macmillan Company, pp. 105–146.
Lewisohn, Ludwig (1916). The Poets of Modern France. New York: B.W. Huebsch.
Macy, John (1922). "Remy de Gourmont." In: The Critical Game. New York: Boni & Liveright, pp. 153–159. |
396_15 | Manning, Frederic (1919). "M. De Gourmont and the Problem of Beauty," The Little Review, Vol. V, No. 10/11, pp. 19–27.
Papini, Giovanni (1922). "Remy de Gourmont." In: Four and Twenty Minds. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, pp. 198–207.
Parker, Robert Allerton (1915). "Remy de Gourmont's Criticism of Morality," The Forum, Vol. LV, pp. 593–600.
Pound, Ezra (1916). "Remy de Gourmont," Poetry, Vol. VII, No. 4, pp. 197–202.
Pound, Ezra (1919). "De Gourmont: A Distinction," The Little Review, Vol. V, No. 10/11, pp. 1–19.
Powys, John Cowper (1916). "Remy de Gourmont." In: Suspended Judgements. New York: G. Arnold Shaw, pp. 225–254.
Ransome, Arthur (1913). "Remy de Gourmont." In: Portraits and Speculations. London: Macmillan & Co., pp. 161–186.
Rodker, John (1919). "De Gourmont―Yank," The Little Review, Vol. V, No. 10/11, pp. 29–32.
Symons, Arthur (1919). The Symbolist Movement in Literature. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company. |
396_16 | External links
Works by Remy de Gourmont, at JSTOR
Works by Remy de Gourmont, at Hathi Trust
Selected Poems by Remy de Gourmont (in French)
Les Amateurs de Remy de Gourmont (In French)
Selections (in English) from Le Probléme du Style
Ezra Pound on Remy de Gourmont
Richard Aldington on Remy de Gourmont
1858 births
1915 deaths
People from Orne
19th-century French novelists
20th-century French novelists
French poets
Symbolist novelists
Symbolist poets
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French male poets
French male novelists
19th-century French male writers
20th-century French male writers |
397_0 | Parkin is a 465-amino acid residue E3 ubiquitin ligase, a protein that in humans and mice is encoded by the PARK2 gene. Parkin plays a critical role in ubiquitination – the process whereby molecules are covalently labelled with ubiquitin (Ub) and directed towards degradation in proteasomes or lysosomes. Ubiquitination involves the sequential action of three enzymes. First, an E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme binds to inactive Ub in eukaryotic cells via a thioester bond and mobilises it in an ATP-dependent process. Ub is then transferred to an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme before being conjugated to the target protein via an E3 ubiquitin ligase. There exists a multitude of E3 ligases, which differ in structure and substrate specificity to allow selective targeting of proteins to intracellular degradation. |
397_1 | In particular, parkin recognises proteins on the outer membrane of mitochondria upon cellular insult and mediates the clearance of damaged mitochondria via autophagy and proteasomal mechanisms. Parkin also enhances cell survival by suppressing both mitochondria-dependent and -independent apoptosis. Mutations are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to neuronal death in Parkinson’s disease and aberrant metabolism in tumourigenesis.
Structure
The precise function of parkin is unknown; however, the protein is a component of a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex which in turn is part of the ubiquitin-proteasome system that mediates the targeting of proteins for degradation. Mutations in this gene are known to cause a familial form of Parkinson's disease known as autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson's disease (AR-JP). Moreover, parkin is described to be necessary for mitophagy (autophagy of mitochondria). |
397_2 | However, how loss of function of the parkin protein leads to dopaminergic cell death in this disease is unclear. The prevailing hypothesis is that parkin helps degrade one or more proteins toxic to dopaminergic neurons. Putative substrates of parkin include synphilin-1, CDC-rel1, cyclin E, p38 tRNA synthase, Pael-R, synaptotagmin XI, sp22 and parkin itself (see also ubiquitin ligase). Additionally, parkin contains a C-terminal motif that binds PDZ domains. Parkin has been shown to associate in a PDZ dependent manner with the PDZ domain containing proteins CASK and PICK1. |
397_3 | Like other members of the RING-between-RING (RBR) family of E3 ligases, parkin possesses two RING finger domains and an in-between-RING (IBR) region. RING1 forms the binding site for E2 Ub-conjugating enzyme while RING2 contains the catalytic cysteine residue (Cys431) that cleaves Ub off E2 and transiently binds it to E3 via a thioester bond. Ub transfer is aided by neighbouring residues histidine His433, which accepts a proton from Cys431 to activate it, and glutamate Glu444, which is involved in autoubiquitination. Together these form the catalytic triad, whose assembly is required for parkin activation. Parkin also contains an N-terminal Ub-like domain (Ubl) for specific substrate recognition, a unique RING0 domain and a repressor (REP) region that tonically suppresses ligase activity. |
397_4 | Under resting conditions, the tightly coiled conformation of parkin renders it inactive, as access to the catalytic RING2 residue is sterically blocked by RING0, while the E2 binding domain on RING1 is occluded by Ubl and REP. Activating stimuli disrupt these interdomain interactions and induce parkin to collapse along the RING1-RING0 interface. The active site of RING2 is drawn towards E2-Ub bound to RING1, facilitating formation of the Ub-thioester intermediate. Parkin activation requires phosphorylation of serine Ser65 in Ubl by serine/threonine kinase, PINK1. Addition of a charged phosphate destabilises hydrophobic interactions between Ubl and neighbouring subregions, reducing autoinhibitory effects of this N-terminus domain. Ser65Ala missense mutations were found to ablate Ub-parkin binding whilst inhibiting parkin recruitment to damaged mitochondria. PINK1 also phosphorylates Ub at Ser65, accelerating its discharge from E2 and enhancing its affinity for parkin. |
397_5 | Although structural changes following phosphorylation are uncertain, crystallisation of parkin revealed a cationic pocket in RING0 formed by lysine and arginine residues Lys161, Arg163 and Lys211 that forms a putative phosphate binding site. Considering that RING0 is unique to parkin and that its hydrophobic interface with RING1 buries Cys431 in inactive parkin, targeting of phosphorylated Ub and/or Ubl towards this binding niche might be critical in dismantling autoinhibitory complexes during parkin activation.
Function
Mitophagy |
397_6 | Parkin plays a crucial role in mitophagy and clearance of reactive oxygen species. Mitophagy is the elimination of damaged mitochondria in autophagosomes, and is dependent on a positive feedback cycle involving synergistic action of parkin and PINK1. Following severe cellular insult, rundown of mitochondrial membrane potential prevents import of PINK1 into the mitochondrial matrix and causes it to aggregate on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Parkin is recruited to mitochondria following depolarisation and phosphorylated by PINK1, which simultaneously phosphorylates Ub pre-conjugated to mitochondrial membrane proteins. PINK1 and Ub phosphorylation facilitate parkin activation and further assembly of mono- and poly-Ub chains. Considering the proximity of these chains to PINK1, further phosphorylation of Ub at Ser65 is likely, potentiating parkin mobilisation and substrate ubiquitination in a self-reinforcing cycle. |
397_7 | Parkin substrates include mitofusins Mfn1 and Mfn2, which are large GTPases that promote mitochondria fusion into dynamic, tubular complexes that maximise efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. However, upon mitochondrial damage, degradation of fusion proteins is necessary to separate them from the network via mitochondrial fission and prevent the corruption of healthy mitochondria. Parkin is therefore required before mitophagy as it ubiquinates Mfn1/2, labelling it for proteasomal degradation. Proteomic studies identified additional OMM proteins as parkin substrates, including fission protein FIS, its adaptor TBC1D15 and translocase TOMM20 and TOMM70 that facilitate movement of proteins such as PINK1 across OMM. Miro (or RHOT1/RHOT2) is an OMM protein critical for axonal transport, and may be ubiquitinated and targeted towards proteasomal degradation by parkin. Miro breakdown produced a marked decrease in migration of compromised mitochondria along axons of mouse hippocampal |
397_8 | neurons, reinforcing the importance of parkin in segregating defective mitochondria from their functioning counterparts and limiting the spatial spread of mitochondrial dysfunction, prior to autophagy. |
397_9 | During mitophagy, parkin targets VDAC1, a voltage-gated anion channel that undergoes a conformational change upon mitochondrial membrane depolarisation, exposing a cytosolic domain for ubiquitination. Silencing of VDAC1 expression in HeLa cells significantly reduced parkin recruitment to depolarised mitochondria and their subsequent clearance, highlighting the critical role of VDAC1 as a selective marker of mitochondrial damage and instigator of mitophagy. Following Ub conjugation, parkin recruits autophagy receptors such as p62, TAX1BP1 and CALCOCO2, facilitating assembly of autophagosomes that digest defective mitochondria.
Cell survival |
397_10 | Through activation of NF-κB signalling, parkin enhances survival and protects cells from stress-induced apoptosis. Upon cellular insult, parkin activates the catalytic HOIP subunit of another E3 ligase LUBAC. HOIP triggers assembly of linear Ub polymers on NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), potentiating transcription of mitochondrial GTPase OPA1. Increased OPA1 translation maintains cristae structure and reduces cytochrome C release from mitochondria, inhibiting caspase-mediated apoptosis. Importantly, parkin activates HOIP with greater potency than other LUBAC-associated factors HOIL-1 and sharpin, meaning that parkin mobilisation significantly enhances tolerance to moderate stressors. |
397_11 | Parkin possesses DNA binding affinity and produces a dose-dependent reduction in transcription and activity of pro-apoptotic factor p53. Transfection of p53 promoter with truncated versions of parkin into SH-SY5Y neurons revealed that parkin directly binds to the p53 promoter via its RING1 domain. Conversely, parkin may be a transcriptional target of p53 in H460 lung cells, where it mediates the tumour suppressor action of p53. Considering its role in mitochondrial homeostasis, parkin aids p53 in maintaining mitochondrial respiration while limiting glucose uptake and lactate production, thus preventing onset of the Warburg effect during tumourigenesis. Parkin further elevates cytosolic glutathione levels and protects against oxidative stress, characterising it as a critical tumour suppressor with anti-glycolytic and antioxidant capabilities.
Clinical significance |
397_12 | Parkinson’s disease
PARK2 (OMIM *602544) is the parkin gene that may cause a form of autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease (OMIM 600116) due to a mutation in the parkin protein. This form of genetic mutation may be one of the most common known genetic causes of early-onset Parkinson disease. In one study of patients with onset of Parkinson disease prior to age 40 (10% of all PD patients), 18% had parkin mutations, with 5% homozygous mutations. Patients with an autosomal recessive family history of parkinsonism are much more likely to carry parkin mutations if age at onset is less than 20 (80% vs. 28% with onset over age 40). |
397_13 | Patients with parkin mutations (PARK2) do not have Lewy bodies. Such patients develop a syndrome that closely resembles the sporadic form of PD; however, they tend to develop symptoms at a much younger age.
In humans, loss-of-function mutations in parkin PARK2 gene have been implicated in 50% of inherited and 15% of juvenile-onset sporadic forms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). While PD is traditionally regarded a late-onset neurodegenerative condition characterised by alpha-synuclein-enriched Lewy bodies, autosomal recessive PD due to parkin mutations is often early onset and lack the ubiquitinated protein deposits pathognomonic for sporadic PD. Parkin-mutant PD could also involve loss of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus alongside the hallmark degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). However, its symptoms resembles those of idiopathic PD, with patients presenting with resting tremors, postural instability and bradykinesia. |
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