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379_11 | Lyßmann, Johann Ludolf, gewesenen Predigers zu Closter Meding, und nachherigen Superintendenten zu Fallersleben: Historische Nachricht von dem Ursprunge, Anwachs und Schicksalen des im Lüneburgischen Herzogthum belegenen Closters Meding, dessen Pröbsten, Priorinnen und Abbatißinnen, auch fürnehmsten Gebräuchen und Lutherischen Predigern &c. nebst darzu gehörigen Urkunden und Anmerkungen bis auf das Jahr 1769 fortgesetzt. Mit Kupfern. Halle, 1772. (Digital version)
Stork, Hans-Walter: Die mittelalterlichen Handschriften des ehemaligen Zisterzienserinnenklosters Medingen zur Zeit der Klosterreform im 15. Jahrhundert und in nachreformatorischer Zeit., in: Otte, Hans (ed.): Evangelisches Klosterleben. Studien zur Geschichte der evangelischen Klöster und Stifte in Niedersachsen, Göttingen 2013, pp. 337 – 360. |
379_12 | Vogtherr, Thomas: Medingen, in: Dolle, Josef (ed.): Niedersächsisches Klosterbuch. Verzeichnis der Klöster, Stifte, Kommenden und Beginenhäuser in Niedersachsen und Bremen von den Anfängen bis 1810. Marienthal bis Zeven (Vol. 3), Bielefeld 2012, pp. 1044–1050.
Wehking, Sabine: Die Inschriften der Lüneburger Klöster. Ebstorf, Isenhagen, Lüne, Medingen, Walsrode, Wienhausen (Die Deutschen Inschriften 76 = Die deutschen Inschriften: Göttinger Reihe 13) Wiesbaden 2009. |
379_13 | External links
Website of the Convent
Article on Medingen on the Bad Bevensen website
Article on Medingen on the Historisches Bevensen e.V. website (Historical Bevensen Association)
Artikle on Medingen on the Lüneburg Heath website
Article on Medingen on the NDR website
on the Medingen Manuscripts and extensive bibliography
Blog entry on a Medingen manuscript now in the Bodleian Library of the University of Oxford
Brick Gothic
Christian monasteries established in the 13th century
Cistercian monasteries in Germany
Lüneburg Heath
Lutheran women's convents
Monasteries in Lower Saxony
Neoclassicism
de:Medingen (Bad Bevensen) |
380_0 | Mutiny Within is an American heavy metal band from Edison, New Jersey. The band was formed in 2002 by bassist Andrew Jacobs.
Background
Formation, Signing to Roadrunner and debut album (2009–2010)
They would go through a number of lineup changes and a name change before finally solidifying into the band they would eventually become. Jacobs recruited his younger brother, Brandon Jacobs, to play guitar, as well as drummer Bill Fore and keyboardist Drew Stavola. While searching for a singer, the band contacted Chris Clancy in England, based on a performance he posted on YouTube. Clancy moved to the United States and dedicated himself to the band. The final member, Daniel Bage, also came over from England when Clancy invited him to join the band in the studio to record some guitar solos. In 2010, Mutiny Within released their self-titled debut on Roadrunner Records. |
380_1 | Their song "Born to Win" was the theme song to the WWE wrestler Evan Bourne for his entire WWE career (2008–2014). Roadrunner Records released a demo of their song "Awake" on their downloadable compilation album Annual Assault (2009). The song "Awake" was later released to Roadrunner subscribers and on iTunes for purchase.
They also recorded another song called The End for the Roadrunner Records EP God of War: Blood & Metal. |
380_2 | Their tours lined up included a North American summer tour supporting Soilwork with Death Angel running from July 14 through August 15, 2010. The band parted ways with drummer Bill Fore months after their self-titled debut album release. Bill Fore went on to play with former Black Market Hero guitarist and solo guitar instrumentalist Angel Vivaldi. Wishing him the best of luck on moving forward, he was temporarily replaced with 25-year-old Chad Anthony, who is also from New Jersey. Anthony learned all of the songs in only two weeks to be ready in time for the 2010 North American tour with Soilwork and Death Angel. They announced on September 20, 2010, that they needed to cancel their touring with Nevermore to do take the time to properly audition and rehearse for a new drummer. On October 5, 2010, they announced that they also cancelled their tour with Scar Symmetry and Epica, to concentrate on their new material for their second album and find a new permanent drummer instead of using |
380_3 | yet another fill in drummer. |
380_4 | Departure of Chris Clancy, Planned Second Album and hiatus (2011)
On February 23, it was announced that the band had parted ways with Roadrunner Records.
The band released a thirty-second trailer for a second album on YouTube. Although no official announcement has been made, Chad Anthony was listed on the band's MySpace as their drummer. Chris Clancy announced his departure from the band due to financial reasons on June 20, 2011, while Drew Stavola had apparently left the band earlier. The band is currently making a process on these changes. They also said that they will start the search for a new vocalist and new information of the upcoming album will be available soon.
On October 11 the band announced via their Facebook that the band would take an indefinite hiatus due to the difficulties of finding a new vocalist. |
380_5 | The statement was made by Bassist Andrew Jacobs:
It saddens us to announce today that we are taking an indefinite hiatus. We've been searching the globe for a replacement vocalist for most of the year, and we've come to a point where we simply can't afford to pass up other opportunities any longer. We want our fans to know that we tried to avoid this any way we could. To reach you all around the world with our music has truly been a dream come true, know that we would continue this journey right now in a heartbeat if we could.
We will be updating the MW pages and our personal pages as we start to announce new projects, touring work, etc. Also, we are still on great terms with Chris and have discussed releasing some 2nd album material in the future. Thank you for all of your support throughout the years. MW fans are still the best out there, we will be keeping in touch with you guys. |
380_6 | During the hiatus, Andrew Jacobs started the band Vext with ex-Snot/Divine Heresy singer Tommy Vext, as well as Bill Fore and guitar virtuoso Angel Vivaldi.
Album revival and Synchronicity (2012)
On January 31, 2012, the band posted YouTube links via Facebook for two unreleased demo tracks that were supposed to be on the second record, they are called In My Veins and Falls to Pieces. After a very good response the band said that they will probably put out more unreleased songs in the future.
On July 5, 2012, Chris Clancy announced on his personal Facebook page that he would record vocals for several unfinished Mutiny Within tracks:
Next week I'm tracking vocals for the unreleased Mutiny Within tracks. Quite excited about it after over a year of being sat on my hard drive doing nothing! I've been working on making the instrumental versions for the last week and they sound epic. |
380_7 | Even though the band members remained quiet during most of 2012, members Chris Clancy and guitarist Brandon Jacobs worked together with Frederic Riverin with his solo work entitled I, Legion. This project also featured Björn Strid & Peter Wichers (Soilwork), Jon Howard (Threat Signal), and Angel Vivaldi. The album Beyond Darkness, was released in September 2012.
On September 29, 2012, the band posted the following on Facebook.
It's great to finally show you what we've been working on since our first album.
Share this with everybody you know,
Chris, AJ, Brandon, Bill & Dan.
Although no official announcement was made, this post confirmed that Bill Fore had re-joined the band. |
380_8 | The title of the new album was announced as "Mutiny Within II: Synchronicity", with a release date of January 12, 2013. Clancy also set up a project called Industry Embers, an organisation dedicated to spread the word about music piracy. He revealed that music piracy had been the downfall of Mutiny Within, with the debut album only selling around 10,000 copies since released, and the album being shared and pirated at least 100,000 times.
"When Tommy Jones put to me the idea of Industry Embers, it was just a concept. Now it is becoming a reality and it feels good to be involved in something that will have a positive impact on the industry. Whether it be a small impact or something bigger, it doesn't matter. Personally, I have shown many people how piracy is killing the music they love and this gives me a platform to continue spreading that message." - Chris Clancy |
380_9 | The single "Embers" off the album was released on December 15, 2012. On December 25, the band released another song "Machines" for streaming.
In a Facebook update on January 21, 2013, the band released the following statement:
"The response for our new album has been completely overwhelming, we are really speechless. We want to say thank you, and also say that because of you, Mutiny Within has decided to continue making music. We are already making plans to write, and perform again. ... thank you all so much, you have kept our dream alive."
Origins (2017)
Mutiny Within released their third album, Origins, on February 10, 2017. They released a single called "Archetype of Destruction" on December 21, 2016.
Band members
Current Lineup
Chris Clancy – vocals
Andrew Jacobs – bass guitar
Daniel Bage – guitars, keyboard
Bill Fore – drums |
380_10 | Former members
Drew Stavola – keyboards
Chad Anthony – drums
Jeff Stewart – guitars
Luis Obregon – guitars
Brandon Jacobs – guitars
Samus – drums
Discography
Studio album
Mutiny Within (2010)
Synchronicity (2013)
Origins (2017)
Demos
Mutiny (Demo) (2006)
Audition (Demo) (2006)
Other contributions
God of War: Blood & Metal - "The End" (2010)
WWE The Music: A New Day, Vol. 10 - "Born to Win" (Evan Bourne's Theme) (2010)
Metal Hammer Presents... A Tribute to AC/DC - "Highway to Hell" (2010)
Roadrunner Records: Annual Assault - "Awake (Demo)" (2009)
References
External links
Mutiny Within at Roadrunner Records
Heavy metal musical groups from New Jersey
Musical groups established in 2002
American progressive metal musical groups
American melodic death metal musical groups
Roadrunner Records artists
2002 establishments in New Jersey |
381_0 | Yohanan Friedmann (born 1936) is an Israeli scholar of Islamic studies.
Biography
Friedmann was born in Zákamenné, Czechoslovakia and immigrated to Israel with his parents in 1949. He attended high school at the Reali School in Haifa (1945-1950). In 1956 he began his undergraduate studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, receiving his BA in 1959. In 1962 he finished a master's degree in Arabic literature; his thesis was on the Arab poet Al-Ma'arri. After this, Friedman went to McGill University in Montreal to study for his doctorate. He learned Urdu and focused on the history of Islam in India. His dissertation on Muslim religious thinker Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi was approved in 1966. In the same year, Friedman joined the Hebrew University and was appointed lecturer in Islamic studies. |
381_1 | He is now Max Schloessinger Professor Emeritus of Islamic Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and, since 1999, a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. He held several offices with the university: Chair of the Institute of Asian Studies and African Studies from 1975 to 1978; Chair of the Graduate School from 1980 to 1983; Dean of Humanities from 1985 to 1988; Chair of the Department of Arabic language and literature from 2002 to 2004. In 2003 he was the Sternberg Distinguished Lecturer. In 2007 he has been elected Chair of the Humanities Division of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. |
381_2 | In 2002 Friedmann was member at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. In 2003 he received the Landau Prize in the Humanities. Since 1993, he has been the editor of Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. Friedmann served several times as visiting Professor at New York University and the University of Pennsylvania. In 1997 he was scholar in residence with the Rockefeller Foundation.
Research interests
Friedmann's studies center on Islamic religious thought, mainly in the Indian subcontinent. He assays the historical record for evidence of both tolerance and intolerance of other religious faiths in the Islamic tradition in his most recent work, "Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition". |
381_3 | Works
"Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi. An outline of his thought and a study of his image in the eyes of posterity." McGill-Queens University Press, 1971. Reprint Oxford University Press, 2000.
Prophecy Continuous. Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1989
The Naqshbandis and Awrangzeb: A reconsideration in: Naqshbandis: Historical Developments And Present Situation, 1990
Husain Ahmad Madani in: Dictionnaire biographique des savants et grandes figures du monde musulman périphérique, 1992
The History of al-Tabari: The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine (The History of Messengers and Kings), 1992
Jam`iyyat al-`ulama-'i Hind, in: The Oxford Encyclopaedia Of The Modern Islamic World, 1995
Ahmadiyya, in: The Oxford Encyclopaedia Of The Modern Islamic World, 1995
The messianic claim of Ghulam Ahmad, in: Messianism, eds. M.R. Cohen and P. Schaefer, Leiden, E.J., 1998 |
381_4 | Classification of unbelievers in Sunni Muslim law and tradition in: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 1998
Conditions of conversion in early Islam. In: Ritual and Ethics: Patterns of Repentance, eds. A. Destro, 2000
Dissension in: Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, vol. 1, p. 538-540, 2001
Ahmadiyya in: Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, vol. 1, p. 50-51, 2001
Messianismus im Islam in: Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, vol. 5, 2003
Chiliasmus im Islam in: Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, vol. 2, 2003
Ahmadiyya in: Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, vol. 1, 2003
Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition'', Cambridge University Press, 2003 |
381_5 | Notes
External links
Speech held in Oslo by Y. Friedmann, June 20, 2005 (.rtf)
1936 births
Living people
Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Czech emigrants to Israel
People from Námestovo District
Jewish scholars of Islam
Historians of Kerala
Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty |
382_0 | Francesco I (25 March 1541 – 19 October 1587) was the second Grand Duke of Tuscany, ruling from 1574 until his death in 1587, he was a member of the House of Medici.
Biography
Born in Florence, he was the son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Eleanor of Toledo. He served as regent for his father Cosimo after he retired from his governing duties in 1564.
Marriage to Joanna of Austria
On 18 December 1565, he married Joanna of Austria, youngest daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I and his wife Anne of Bohemia and Hungary, after Princess Elizabeth of Sweden, among others, had been considered. By all reports, it was not a happy marriage. Joanna was homesick for her native Austria, and Francesco was neither charming nor faithful. Joanna died at the age of thirty-one in 1578. |
382_1 | Bianca Cappello
Soon after Grand Duchess Joanna had died, Francesco went on to marry his Venetian mistress, Bianca Cappello, after aptly disposing of her husband, a Florentine bureaucrat. Because of the quick remarriage and similar occurrences among the Medici (Francesco's younger brother Pietro had reportedly killed his wife), rumours spread that Francesco and Bianca had conspired to poison Joanna. Francesco reportedly built and decorated the Villa di Pratolino for Bianca. She was, however, not always popular among Florentines. They had no legitimate children, but Bianca had borne him a son, Antonio (29 August 1576 – 2 May 1621), in his first wife's lifetime. Following the death of Francesco's legitimate son Filippo in 1582, Antonio was proclaimed heir. Francesco also adopted Bianca's daughter by her first marriage, Pellegrina (1564–?). |
382_2 | Like his father, Francesco was often despotic, but while Cosimo had known how to maintain Florentine independence, Francesco acted more like a vassal of the Habsburgs of Austria and Spain. He continued the heavy taxation of his subjects to pay large sums to the empire.
He had an avid interest in manufacturing and sciences. He founded porcelain and stoneware manufacture, but these did not thrive until after his death. He continued his father's patronage of the arts, supporting artists and building the Medici Theater as well as founding the Accademia della Crusca. He was also passionately interested in chemistry and alchemy and spent many hours in his private laboratory and curio collection, the Studiolo in the Palazzo Vecchio, which held his collections of natural items and stones and allowed him to dabble in chemistry and alchemical schemes. |
382_3 | Francesco and Bianca died on 19 and 20 October, both at the Medici Villa in Poggio a Caiano. Although the original death certificates mention malaria, it has been widely speculated that the couple was poisoned, possibly by Francesco's brother Ferdinando. While some early forensic research supported the latter theory, forensic evidence from a study in 2010 found the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which causes malaria, in the skeletal remains of Francesco I, which strongly bolstered the infection theory and the credibility of the official documents. Francesco was succeeded by his younger brother Ferdinando. |
382_4 | In 1857, all members of the Medici family were exhumed and reburied in the place where they still lie today, the Basilica of St. Lawrence in Florence. The painter Giuseppe Moricci attended the ceremony and depicted Francesco with a facial droop, a right claw hand appearance, the right shoulder internally rotated, the right calf muscle wasted and a right clubfoot confirmed by orthopaedic footwear within the coffin. These are the signs of a right-sided stroke possibly within the internal capsule. The presence of the orthopaedic footwear suggests that this stroke happened significantly before his death. During life, in his official portraits, the grand duke was always depicted as being in perfect physical condition. The cause of his stroke is not known, but malaria is known to cause this condition. |
382_5 | There is a famous portrait of Francesco as a child by Bronzino that hangs in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Francesco's marriage to Bianca and the couple's death was exploited by Thomas Middleton for his tragedy Women Beware Women, published in 1658.
Children
Francesco and Joanna had seven children:
Eleonora (28 February 1567 – 9 September 1611), who married Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (1562–1612).
Romola (20 November 1568 – 2 December 1568)
Anna (31 December 1569 – 19 February 1584)
Isabella (30 September 1571 – 8 August 1572)
Lucrezia (7 November 1572 – 14 August 1574)
Marie (1575–1642), who became Queen of France by her marriage to Henry IV in 1600.
Filippo (20 May 1577 – 29 March 1582)
Ancestry
In fiction
Francesco de' Medici is a secondary character in John Webster's 1612 play The White Devil
References
Further reading
External links |
382_6 | "The Medici Archive Project", from the Medici Archive Project
"The Medici Archive Project Bio Page"
"Toledo-de' Medici, Leonor de (Eleonora)", from The Medici Archive Project
"Osorio Pimentel, María", from The Medici Archive Project
, from Medieval Lands Project''
1541 births
1587 deaths
Nobility from Florence
Francesco 1
Francesco 1
16th-century Italian nobility
Francesco
Regents of Tuscany
Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
Italian art patrons
Deaths from malaria |
383_0 | The University of Altamura () was a former university located in Altamura, Apulia, Kingdom of Naples. It was established in Altamura in 1747 by Charles III of Bourbon, following the idea of the archpriest of Altamura Cathedral Marcello Papiniano Cusani. It was officially closed in 1812, mainly due to the lack of funds, even though some documents kept inside library Archivio capitolare in Altamura show that professors continued to teach until 1821.
Based on the statements of notable scholars, such as Bernardo Tanucci and Vitangelo Bisceglia, it can be concluded that the university had an excellent reputation at that time. Because of the university, Tanucci described Altamura as Appula Atene ("Apulia's Athens"). |
383_1 | The subjects taught underwent considerable change over the history of the university. In total, the following subjects were taught: Law, ecclesiastical law, Latin, Ancient Greek, Hebrew, mathematics, geometry, physics, chemistry, botany, agronomy, mineralogy, medicine and theology.
The main sources about the history of the university are the documents stored in Altamura's libraries, mainly Archivio capitolare and Archivio Biblioteca Museo Civico (A.B.M.C.). The University of Altamura undoubtedly helped to spread scientific knowledge inside Altamura and the Kingdom of Naples. Prior to the founding of the university, there was very little or no interest at all in science. |
383_2 | History
The University of Altamura was established in 1747 by the king Charles III of Spain. The idea was from the archpriest of Altamura Cathedral, Marcello Papiniano Cusani, who, a few months earlier, suggested using the money saved inside a fund called Monte a Moltiplicoin order to establish a university. The funds had already started to be collected as early as the XVII century but for a different purpose, i.e. converting Altamura Cathedral in a bishopric. It can be stated that, without Marcello Papiniano Cusani, there wouldn't have been any university in Altamura.
Moreover, Charles III liked the idea, since it was compatible with his reform policy, aimed at providing a secular education, by opening royal schools and universities. |
383_3 | Anyway, the funds of Monte a Moltiplico were insufficient to maintain a university, and, since the beginning, the rectors had to solve financial difficulties, which compromised the variety of the courses provided by the university. Cusani, determined, managed to finance the university with the offers from four religious institutions of the city (). The idea of a university in Altamura was well received by Altamurans, but most people thought that it would be a Jesuit seminary. Jesuits weren't in a good relationship with many ministers of the Kingdom of Naples; therefore, the initial idea of a Jesuit seminary was abandoned.
The Rectorship of Msgr. Gioacchino de Gemmis
In 1782, Gioacchino de Gemmis became archpriest and rector, and he managed to renovate the University of Altamura. De Gemmis wanted to reform the University of Altamura, by providing more scientific and technical courses. |
383_4 | Gioacchino de Gemmis was the author of a university reform program and he started courses of experimental physics, botany, mineralogy and it made it forbidden to write notes during the lessons. Previously, the students had to take notes during the lessons; in order to avoid distracting the students from the lessons because of the notes, it was decided that the teaching material should be printed instead. A library was also established which, over time, grew bigger thanks to the donations of de Gemmis himself and of private citizens. He also asked Vitangelo Bisceglia to come to teach botany to Altamura and to become his vicar.
Gioacchino de Gemmis promoted among teachers the habit of meeting in the evening in his living room to discuss teaching. Later on, those evening meetings were extended also to lawyers, doctors, nobles and traders of the city, and in his living room discussions also embraced economics, politics, philosophy and social themes. |
383_5 | Year 1799
In 1799, the overthrow of the Bournons dynasty, the birth of the Parthenopean Republic, the so-called Altamuran Revolution and the return of the Bourbons after a few months halted the courses as well as any other activity of the university. Inside the city of Altamura, there was widespread fear. The harassment occurred on a daily basis, citizens "every day were stopped and spoiled". Many former professors of the university, such as Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi were accused of having joined the riots and they had to flee. Gioacchino de Gemmis also had to leave the city and he was replaced by rector Maffione di Bisceglie. |
383_6 | Closure
In 1806, with the new king Joseph Bonaparte, determined to end feudalism, Gioacchino de Gemmis was appointed again as rector of the University of Altamura, but the lack of funds still was a big issue. In the period 1809-1812, the number of students fell from 100 to 70 and in 1812 courses were officially closed, even though some documents stored in library Archivio capitolare of Altamura show that professors continued to teach until 1821. |
383_7 | After the closure |
383_8 | After the university was closed, somebody considered reopening it but, after the European Restoration and the return of the Bourbon dynasty, things became more complicated. In the 1840s, Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi and Gioacchiono Grimaldi talked to the mayor of Altamura and proposed using the funds of- Monte a Moltiplico in order to open a science experiment room (). After their project was approved, both of them collected the instruments needed and in a short time they managed to create an experiment room for physics and mineralogy "gabinetto fisico mineralogico". The collection of instruments and devices comprised over 115 instruments. Even the experiment room risked being closed and, in 1865, it was given to a high school lyceum of Altamura, (Istituto Tecnico Ginnasiale) and since then it was used by the school as teaching materials. Today the collection belongs to the same high school, located in piazza Zanardelli, called liceo classico "Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi". Over the years, |
383_9 | the collection grew bigger, while some old and worn out tools disappeared; nevertheless, the collection of ancient instruments is still big, various and rich. |
383_10 | In 2013, the classical lyceum of Altamura started an auction in order to sell 989 scientific instruments "broken, obsolete or unusable". A few local politicians expressed fears and contacted the principal of the high school. The principal explained that the scientific instruments being auctioned were modern and they had no historical value; he also added that the ancient instruments of the collection are and will always be "absolutely untouchable".
The environment
The university started with courses focused on history and ancient languages, but soon it changed its inherent structure. Rector Gioacchino de Gemmis was the main promoter of the reformation of the university, and he wanted it to also incorporate scientific and technical subjects. Students educated in those disciplines could modernize agriculture and production systems of the region. |
383_11 | In the 1780s, a scientific circle of students and professors devoted to math and science () developed. Those took care of obtaining scientific books and keeping up-to-date. At that time, scientific subjects weren't much appreciated in the city and in the whole kingdom. In one of his writings, Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi recounted how hard it was for his Altamuran friend - Paolo Ruggeri - to study math, which was his favorite subject. Ruggeri's father was an Altamuran doctor who wanted his father to study theology. When Ruggeri came back to his hometown Altamura, he brought some math books with him, that his father confiscated, ordering him to devote himself to theology. But Ruggeri, breaking his father's orders, often went to the house of Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi and his brother in order to study, borrowed math books from them and went to the nearby countryside of Altamura in order to study. It also occurred that Ruggeri lost some books or that his father had them confiscated, asking a |
383_12 | servant to give the books back to Cagnazzi and to not borrow them anymore. Rector Gioacchino de Gemmis esteemed him very much and asked him to become a math professor at the University of Altamura. He successfully taught for a few years, before becoming ill with pulmonary tuberculosis and dying very young. |
383_13 | Professors
Many professors taught in the University of Altamura, and one of those was the founder of the university himself, Marcello Papiniano Cusani, who taught law and canon law (at that time those were called i due diritti, "the two legal frameworks").
Giuseppe Carlucci
One of the first and most notable professors of the university was Giuseppe Carlucci. In 1749, he was given the teaching of philosophy and geometry. He was Altamuran and he was described as a professor of "supreme justice, probity and humanity". Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi, in his autobiography, remembers him as an open-minded person, who "hated the superstition that was promoted by silly priests". He also studied mathematics and philosophy, and he was largely self-taught since at that time there was "little love for these sciences" |
383_14 | In order to show his scientific skills, he wrote a treatise in which he demonstrated the certainty of the Earth's motion, dismissing the beliefs and oppositions of that period. The work earned him the admiration of many scholars of that period. In particular, Msgr. Celestino Galiani greatly appreciated his treatise in a letter dated 30 November 1748.
Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi
Another notable teacher was Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi, who was an ex-student of the same university selected to be the assistant of Professor Giuseppe Carlucci for the chair of philosophy and geometry. Following Carlucci's death, he took up his position.
The work of Cagnazzi was devoted to promoting scientific knowledge, which, at that time, was still at an early stage in the Kingdom of Naples. In particular, he provided the university library of scientific books and provided the students with scientific tools for experiments.
Vitangelo Bisceglia |
383_15 | In 1783, Vitangelo Bisceglia was invited to Altamura by rector Gioacchino de Gemmis, in order for him to teach and become his vicar. Inside the university, Bisceglia could teach, among other things, his favorite subject, i.e. botany, and he also managed the university. In that period, Bisceglia showed that he was also skilled in the field of history and law; he wrote a popular treatise entitled Difesa dei dritti e prerogative della real chiesa di Altamura contro le pretensioni del Vescovo di Gravina (written in Altamura on 7 maggio 1795), in which he proved that the privileges and tax exemptions enjoyed by Altamura Cathedral were legal, ending a long-lasting dispute with the bishop of nearby city Gravina in Puglia. This work granted him a great deal of popularity.
He also established a small botanic garden inside the university. |
383_16 | Other professors
Other noteworthy professors were Leopoldo Laudati, professor of Ancient Greek and Hebrew grammar, as well as Manfredi, Angelastri and Ruggiero.
Rectors
Marcello Papiniano Cusani (1748-1752)
Giuseppe Mastrilli (1753-)
Bruno Andrisani
Celestino Guidotti
Gioacchino de Gemmis (1782-)
Maffione di Bisceglie
Gioacchino de Gemmis (1806-1812)
See also
List of Italian universities
Altamura
Gioacchino de Gemmis
Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi
Vitangelo Bisceglia
References
Bibliography
Altamura
Buildings and structures in the Province of Bari
Education in Apulia |
384_0 | David Porter (born November 21, 1941) is an American record producer, songwriter, singer, entrepreneur and philanthropist.
Porter was a 2005 inductee into the Songwriters Hall of Fame, with catalog sales exceeding 400 million units. In 2015, Rolling Stone listed him among the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time. He is best known for songwriting, having written Sam & Dave's "Soul Man" (1968 Grammy winner), and "Hold On, I'm Comin'". His songs have been sampled in Mariah Carey's "Dreamlover" (1993 Grammy winner), and Will Smith's "Gettin' Jiggy wit It" (1999 Grammy winner).
He is also the founder of the Memphis-based Consortium MMT, a nonprofit organization seeking to develop the music industry in Memphis.
Porter has over 1700 songwriter and composer credits for a range of artists, including Aretha Franklin, James Brown, Celine Dion, Otis Redding, Drake, ZZ Top, Tom Jones, Ted Nugent, Bonnie Raitt, Wu-Tang Clan, Eminem, Patsy Cline, Albert King and Eurythmics.
Biography |
384_1 | Early life
Porter was the ninth of 12 children born to James and Corean Porter in Memphis, his second oldest brother was COGIC Bishop W. L. Porter (1925–2009). Porter's career began in music after singing in church, school, Memphis venues and competitions, often with close friend and classmate Maurice White, who later founded Earth, Wind and Fire. Porter graduated from Booker T. Washington High in 1961 and later attended LeMoyne College. While still a high-school student working at a grocery across from Satellite Records, he went over to find if the label would consider recording soul music.
After meetings with Chips Moman, Porter became active at Satellite as a songwriter. With this role, Porter arranged for his friends and classmates to record for the Satellite label, including Booker T. Jones, William Bell, and Andrew Love. Soon after, Satellite rebranded as Stax Records and redefined their focus to become a soul music label.
Stax career |
384_2 | Porter was the first staff songwriter at Stax Records and developed his skills in A&R and songwriting. In Porter's A&R capacity, he signed acts including The Emotions, Homer Banks, The Soul Children and was a catalyst for bringing in Isaac Hayes as a writing partner. As house composers for Stax Records, Porter and Hayes penned most of Sam & Dave's hits, including "Soul Man", "I Thank You", "When Something Is Wrong with My Baby" and "Hold On, I'm Comin'". They also wrote material for Carla Thomas ("B-A-B-Y"), Johnnie Taylor ("I Got to Love Somebody's Baby" and "I Had a Dream"), and The Soul Children. Starting in the late 1960s, Hayes became increasingly focused on his own recording career, eventually leading to the end of the songwriting partnership. The Hayes-Porter duo composed 200 songs during their collaboration. |
384_3 | Porter then began recording his own albums for Stax. He did a single for Stax itself in 1965, "Can't See You When I Want To", a remake of which became a Top 30 R&B hit for Porter. He cut several albums for Stax in the early 1970s, including a concept LP, Victim of the Joke? which includes an upbeat cover of The Beatles' "Help!". Also, he released on other labels under the pseudonyms Little David and Kenny Cain.
Porter began working with songwriting partner Ronnie Williams, and later went on to engineer the brief relaunch of the Stax label in 1978, after the bankrupt label's assets were acquired by Fantasy Records. He and Hayes received Pioneer Awards from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation in 1999.
Songwriters Hall of Fame
On June 9, 2005, Porter was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame alongside Bill Withers, Steve Cropper, Robert B. Sherman, Richard M. Sherman, John Fogerty, and his longtime writing partner Isaac Hayes. |
384_4 | The Consortium MMT
In 2012, Porter founded The Consortium MMT, a 501(c) non-profit with the goal of developing a viable music industry in Memphis through structured teaching, experience and mentorship. Porter was awarded the 2013 Governor's Arts Award for his achievements including the founding and success of The Consortium MMT venture.
Awards, honors and positions
Awards and honors |
384_5 | Songwriters Hall of Fame Inductee
Rolling Stone 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time
Mr. David Porter Street honorary in Memphis, Tennessee
Grammy Awards and Nominations (various, over a 50-year span)
RIAA Certified One-Million Sales Award, Soul Man by Sam & Dave
Broadcast Music, Inc., Citation of Achievement 1969, Soul Man
Broadcast Music, Inc., Citation of Achievement, Dreamlover 1st Award
Broadcast Music, Inc., Citation of Achievement, Dreamlover 2nd Award
Broadcast Music, Inc., Citation of Achievement, Gettin' Jiggy Wit It
Broadcast Music, Inc., Pop Award
Rhythm and Blues "Pioneer Award" Winner, 1999
The University of Memphis "Distinguished Achievement Award" In the Creative and Performing Arts, 1992
The University of Memphis Board of Trustees Award, 2008
The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Award of Appreciation
2013 Governor's Arts Award (awarded on basis of arts achievements and work with the Consortium MMT)
Boards, commissions and entrepreneurship |
384_6 | Chapter President and National Trustee, The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences
Chairman, Memphis/Shelby County Film, Tape and Music Commission
Member of the Board, Youth Villages
Trustee, University of Memphis Board of Visitors
Member of the Board, State of Tennessee Film/Music Commission
Member of the Board, TPC annual PGA golf event benefiting St. Jude Hospital
Member of the Board, Orpheum Theatre (Memphis)
Member of the Board, Memphis State Music Advisory Board
Director, Bank of Bartlett
Owner, Da Blues (blues club) at Memphis International Airport
Owner, IPR Records
Owner, Robosac Music, LLC (music publishing company)
Investor, Xsite (Memphis, Little Rock)
Investor/Partner B.B. Kings Blues Club (Memphis, Los Angeles)
Stax-era discography (1965–74) |
384_7 | Songwriting and production with Isaac Hayes
1965: "Candy", by the Astors
1965: "You Don't Know Like I Know", by Sam & Dave
1966: "Let Me Be Good to You", by Carla Thomas
1966: "B-A-B-Y", by Carla Thomas
1966: "Your Good Thing (Is About to End)", by Mabel John
1966: "Hold On, I'm Comin'", by Sam & Dave
1967: "When Something is Wrong with My Baby", by Sam & Dave
1967: "Soul Man", by Sam & Dave
1968: "I Thank You", by Sam & Dave
1969: "So I Can Love You", by The Emotions (production only)
1969: "The Sweeter He Is", by The Soul Children
1969: "Soul Sister Brown Sugar", by Sam & Dave
Albums
All albums issued on Stax Records' Enterprise label.
1970: Gritty, Groovy, & Gettin' It
1971: ...Into a Real Thing
1973: Victim of the Joke? An Opera
1974: Sweat & Love |
384_8 | Singles
All singles issued on Stax Records' Enterprise label unless otherwise noted.
1965: "Can't See You When I Want To" b/w "Win You Over" (Stax)
1970: "One Part Love, Two Parts Pain" b/w "Can't See You When I Want To"
1971: "If I Give It Up, I Want It Back [Pt. I]" b/w "If I Give It Up, I Want It Back [Pt. II]"
1972: "Ain't That Loving You (for More Reasons Than One)" b/w "Baby I'm-a Want You" (with Isaac Hayes)
1972: "I'm Afraid the Masquerade Is Over" b/w "Hang On Sloopy"
1972: "When the Chips Are Down" b/w "I Wanna Be Your Somebody"
1973: "Long as You're the One Somebody in the World" b/w "When You Have to Sneak, You Have to Sneak"
1974: "I Got You and I'm Glad" b/w "Falling Out, Falling In"
References
External links
1941 births
Living people
American funk musicians
American soul musicians
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
Stax Records artists |
385_0 | Am Yisrael Foundation () is a Tel Aviv and New York-based foundation and umbrella nonprofit organization for a variety of initiatives that promote Zionist engagement among Jewish young adults residing in Israel, including providing leadership platforms for young Jews who have made Aliyah, or are contemplating immigration to Israel.
The Am Yisrael Foundation describes itself as “a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that launches, supports, and funds initiatives that empower modern Zionist pioneering amongst Jewish young adults." The Foundation serves as an incubator for social entrepreneurial activities that foster Jewish identity, community development, leadership, volunteerism, a culture of Tzedakah, grassroots civic engagement, Zionist action, and fundamental Jewish values. |
385_1 | History
The Am Yisrael Foundation's activities were launched in 2007 by Jay M. Shultz, a Fair Lawn, New Jersey-born entrepreneur. Shultz moved to Israel from New York City in 2006, and settled in Tel Aviv. Concerned about mounting assimilation among young Jews, he was convinced that Aliyah offered part of the solution. Yet he found Tel Aviv lacking in social and cultural frameworks for young English-speaking adults who took this step. To address this lacuna and further his idea of modern-day Zionist pioneering in Israel, he launched a series of social entrepreneurial initiatives focusing on the Tel Aviv area. The Am Yisrael Foundation as the umbrella organization under which these programs operate was formally established in 2013 as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. |
385_2 | One of the objectives of the organization is to leverage the backgrounds of Western immigrants in partnership with their native Israeli peers to cultivate a culture of pro-active “Observant Zionism” with the ultimate goal of developing networks critical for the vibrant survival of the Jewish People and Israel’s civil and economic positive development. |
385_3 | Vision and ideology
The work of the Am Yisrael Foundation is rooted in an ideology of “Observant Zionism,” which sees every Jew as responsible for building up the Jewish homeland and contributing to “Am Yisrael,” the Jewish People.
Observant Zionism
Observant Zionism is not a specifically religious or secular ideology, yet it is based on traditional Jewish thought and practice, and the belief that “God helps those who help themselves.” Acting on the idea that man was put on this earth to elevate the physical into the spiritual, "Observant Zionism" advocates a proactive “roll-up your sleeves” philosophy combined with continued respect for the traditions of old. The Am Yisrael Foundation believes that this form of pioneering Zionism can be translated into community work, educational initiatives, civil action, Aliyah, serving in the IDF and business entrepreneurship.
Emblem |
385_4 | The Am Yisrael Foundation logo shows twelve stalks of wheat. Wheat is a symbol of sustenance in Jewish tradition and one of the Seven Species of the Land of Israel. The stalks of wheat, also a reference to the biblical dream of Joseph and the Twelve Tribes of Israel, are arranged in four groupings of three, recalling the encampment of the Israelites around the Mishkan while they wandered in the desert. In contrast to the inequality between the brothers in Joseph’s dream, the stalks of wheat in the Am Yisrael Foundation logo stand together as one unified cohesive family. The four corners of the logo's square are empty referencing the "Ingathering of the Exiles" Gathering of Israel from the four corners of the world.
Affiliated organizations
The organizations that operate under Am Yisrael Foundation auspices include:
TLV Internationals |
385_5 | TLV Internationals, one of Israel’s largest organizations for young Olim, plans community events for English-speakers in Tel Aviv and helps newcomers over the hurdle of adjusting to life in Israel. TLV Internationals is run by young grassroots volunteers from a variety of backgrounds and nations, claiming over 50,000 followers. The organization serves as an advocate for the interests of the international community in Israel within the business sector, local municipalities, and the national government. TLV Internationals hosts large annual national holiday and special events for Jewish young adults including; Yom HaAtzmaut, Yom HaZikaron, Yom HaAliyah, and the "Batzir" grape harvest. |
385_6 | White City Shabbat
White City Shabbat organizes communal Shabbat and Jewish holiday meals in Tel Aviv for young adults. The organization also matches up people interested in attending a Friday night Shabbat dinner or Shabbat lunch with potential hosts for home hospitality. On June 21, 2014 in Tel Aviv, White City Shabbat set the Guinness World Record for the Largest Shabbat Dinner on Earth.
Tel Aviv International Salon
Tel Aviv International Salon is a speakers forum that organizes nonpartisan lectures in Tel Aviv, and invites Israeli leaders and decision-makers to speak to audiences of young adults. Former speakers have included lawyer Alan Dershowitz, R. James Woolsey Jr., sex therapist Dr. Ruth Westheimer (Dr. Ruth), Isaac Herzog, politician Naftali Bennett, politician Yair Lapid, politician Tzipi Livni, Mossad director Meir Dagan, Natan Sharansky, Rav Yisrael Meir Lau, Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks, and Ambassador Michael Oren. |
385_7 | In the Great Debate Series, opposing experts are brought in to debate controversial issues. In the Business Leader Series, Israeli businessmen discuss Israeli financial and economic issues. The Ambassador Series is hosted at the private residences of foreign ambassadors in Israel, offering an inside look on international issues and Israeli relations.
Shomer Israel Fellowship
Shomer Israel Fellowship hosts monthly lectures for Jewish young adults on Zionism and organizes monthly night trips to the Negev and Galilee to help farmers and ranchers living on a Kibbutz or Moshav in outlying areas guard their property. |
385_8 | Tel Aviv Arts Council
Tel Aviv Arts Council brings together young patrons of the arts for events that focus on celebrating Israeli creative culture. The Tel Aviv Arts Council organizes performances, lectures on art history, and cultural events that combine art and social networking in an effort to promote Israeli art and convey the message that Israeli innovation goes beyond technology. The Tel Aviv Arts Council has sponsored an Israeli Cinema Series, a Gallery Series an Art Tour Series, and the Young International Artist Award in partnership with Outset Israel. The Tel Aviv Arts Council has had collaborations with major cultural institutions such as the Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, the Tel Aviv Cinematheque, and the Batsheva Dance Company. |
385_9 | Adopt-A-Safta
Adopt-A-Safta (“Adopt-A-Grandmother”) is an organization that pairs young volunteers with lonely Holocaust Survivors following the Big Brother/Big Sister model. The connection provides the Survivors with a “family” connection and personal warmth that may be missing from their lives as they age. According to the Foundation for the Benefit of Holocaust Victims, simple loneliness is the chief complaint of Holocaust Survivors in Israel, and that 35 Survivors die every day, so the efforts of Adopt-A-Safta are ultimately a race against time.
Each year, Adopt-A-Safta hosts a large Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Memorial Day) commemorative event for hundreds of Jewish young adults in Tel Aviv.
ProjecT.A. |
385_10 | ProjecT.A. organizes civic action drives such as substantive engagement with various departments of the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, volunteering to become trained emergency response medics, and a call to sign up as volunteer police officers with the Israel National Police. At a meeting held with the Tel Aviv Police’s Yarkon subdistrict civil guard in 2014, young immigrants from different backgrounds submitted their candidacy for police training, ultimately becoming the first young Olim volunteer police force in Israel.
Tel Aviv Center of Jewish Life |
385_11 | Tel Aviv Center of Jewish Life, has revitalized Judaism in the White City and holds Shabbat and Jewish holiday event that attract large numbers of young Olim and native-born Israelis under the leadership of Rabbi Shlomo Chayen. Although the center formally identifies as modern religious Zionist, Ashkenazi and Sephardi, it is a relaxed congregation that welcomes all Jews from any background. In addition to hosting Shabbat meals in partnership with White City Shabbat, the center offers prayer services, Torah classes, Jewish philosophy seminars and Talmud study groups.
Special projects and events
Events sponsored by the Am Yisrael Foundation are attended by young adults, Israeli and international, as well as tourists, embassy staff and members of the foreign press. |
385_12 | In 2015, the Am Yisrael Foundation raised funds for a Torah scroll written in honor of the 72 IDF soldiers killed in battle during Operation Protective Edge.
The Torah dedication ceremony at 86 Ben Yehuda - Ichud Olam Jewish Community Center in Tel Aviv. commenced with a procession of singing and dancing through the streets of Tel Aviv led by Israel’s Chief Rabbi, Yisrael Meir Lau.
Yom HaAliyah |
385_13 | Am Yisrael Foundation's President Jay M. Shultz was the driving force behind the creation of a new national Israeli holiday, Yom HaAliyah () (Aliyah Day). On June 21, 2016, the Knesset voted in favor of adding Aliyah Day to the calendar. Aliyah Day will be celebrated on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan , when according to the Bible in the Book of Joshua, Joshua and the Israelites crossed the Jordan River at Gilgal into the Promised Land. This was the first documented “mass Aliyah.” Yom HaAliyah was established to acknowledge Aliyah as a core value of the State of Israel and the Jewish People, and to honor the ongoing contributions of Olim to Israeli society. |
385_14 | As the tenth of Nisan occurs a few days before the Passover holiday, when schools are not in session, the school system will also mark the holiday on the seventh of the Hebrew month of Heshvan. That date is also symbolic as the Torah portion read out in synagogues that week, Lekh Lekha, relates the story of how the biblical patriarch Abraham is ordered by God to leave his home and his family and go up to the Land of Israel.
The Yom HaAliyah bill was presented to the Twentieth Knesset by Miki Zohar of Likud, Hilik Bar of Israeli Labor Party, and Michael Oren of Kulanu. |
385_15 | Awards and recognition
On June 13, 2014, Am Yisrael Foundation’s White City Shabbat set the Guinness World Record for the world's largest Shabbat dinner. Held at Hangar 11 at Tel Aviv Port, the event was attended by 2,226 people, including Alan Dershowitz, Tel Aviv mayor Ron Huldai, Israeli basketball star Tal Brody and former US Ambassador Michael Oren. The event took almost a year of preparation and involved “60 days of crowd-sourced fundraising, 800 bottles of Israeli wine, 80 bottles of vodka, 50 bottles of whiskey, 2,000 challah rolls, 80 long tables, 1,800 pieces of chicken, 1,000 portions of beef and 250 vegetarian meals.” A total of 2,300 diners signed up for the dinner and another 3,000 were placed on the waiting list. |
385_16 | Am Yisrael Foundation is an official member of the World Zionist Organization's American Zionist Movement, which consists of 39 U.S. national Jewish Zionist organizations and works across a broad ideological, political and religious spectrum linking the American Jewish community together in support of Israel, Zionism and the Jewish People. Am Yisrael Foundation stands by the Jerusalem Program, which is the official platform of the World Zionist Organization and the global Zionist movement, having been most recently amended and adopted in June 2004, as the successor statement to the “Basel Program” of 1897 adopted at the First Zionist Congress convened by Theodor Herzl. The Jerusalem Program states that: Zionism, the national liberation movement of the Jewish people, brought about the establishment of the State of Israel, and views a Jewish, Zionist, democratic and secure State of Israel to be the expression of the common responsibility of the Jewish people for its continuity and |
385_17 | future. |
385_18 | See also
Culture of Israel
Start-up Nation
Gathering of Israel
References
External links
Am Yisrael Foundation website
Am Yisrael Foundation Facebook page
TLV Internationals website
Tel Aviv International Salon website
Tel Aviv Arts Council website
Adopt-A-Safta website
White City Shabbat website
Jewish organizations based in Israel
Jewish organizations
Non-profit organizations based in Israel
Foundations based in Israel
Jewish charities based in the United States
Jewish organizations based in the United States
Charities based in Israel
International Jewish organizations
Jewish educational organizations
Jewish community organizations
Jewish charities
Volunteer organizations of Israel
501(c)(3) organizations
International organizations based in Israel
Zionist organizations
Aliyah
Zionism
Immigration to Israel |
386_0 | A diner is a small, inexpensive restaurant found all over the United States, as well as in Canada and parts of Western Europe. Diners offer a wide range of foods, mostly American cuisine, a casual atmosphere, and, characteristically, a combination of booths served by a waitstaff and a long sit-down counter with direct service, in the smallest simply by a cook. Many diners have extended hours, and some along highways and areas with significant shift work stay open for 24 hours. |
386_1 | Considered quintessentially American, many diners share an archetypal exterior form. Some of the earliest were converted rail cars, retaining their streamlined structure and interior fittings. From the 1920s to the 1940s, diners, by then commonly known as "lunch cars", were usually prefabricated in factories, like modern mobile homes, and delivered on site with only the utilities needing to be connected. As a result, many early diners were typically small and narrow to fit onto a rail car or truck. This small footprint also allowed them to be fitted into tiny and relatively inexpensive lots that otherwise were unable to support a larger enterprise. Diners were historically small businesses operated by the owner, with some presence of restaurant chains evolving over time. |
386_2 | Diners typically serve staples of American cuisine such as hamburgers, french fries, club sandwiches, and other simple, quickly cooked, and inexpensive fare, such as meatloaf or steak. Much of the food is grilled, as early diners were based around a gas-fueled flat-top. Coffee is a diner staple. Diners often serve milkshakes and desserts such as pies, cake or ice cream. Comfort food cuisine draws heavily from, and is deeply rooted in, traditional diner fare. Many diners will serve regional cuisine as well, such as clam chowder in New England and tacos in California.
Classic American diners often have an exterior layer of stainless steel siding—a feature unique to diner architecture. In some cases, diners share nostalgic, retro-style features also found in some restored drive-ins and old movie theatres.
History |
386_3 | A crude precursor of the diner was created in 1872 by Walter Scott, who sold food out of a horse-pulled wagon to employees of the Providence Journal, in Providence, Rhode Island. Scott's diner can be considered the first diner with walk-up service, as it had windows on each side of the wagon. Commercial production of such "lunch wagons" began in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1887, by Thomas Buckley. Buckley was successful and became known for his "White House Cafe" wagons. Charles Palmer received the first patent (1893) for the diner, which he billed as a "Night-Lunch Wagon." He built his "fancy night cafes" and "night lunch wagons" in the Worcester area until 1901.
Prefabricated diners
As the number of seats increased, wagons gave way to pre-fabricated buildings made by many of the same manufacturers which had made the wagons. Like the lunch wagon, a stationary diner allowed one to set up a food service business quickly using pre-assembled constructs and equipment. |
386_4 | The Transfer Station neighborhood of Union City, New Jersey was the site, in 1912, of the first lunch wagon built by Jerry and Daniel O'Mahoney and John Hanf, which was bought for $800 and operated by restaurant entrepreneur Michael Griffin, who chose the location for its copious foot traffic. The wagon helped spark New Jersey's golden age of diner manufacturing, which in turn made the state the diner capital of the world. In the decades that followed, nearly all major U.S. diner manufacturers, including Jerry O'Mahoney Inc., started in New Jersey. Jerry O'Mahony (1890–1969), who hailed from Bayonne, New Jersey, is credited by some to have made the first such "diner". The O'Mahony Diner Company of Elizabeth, New Jersey, produced 2,000 diners from 1917 to 1952. Only approximately twenty remain throughout the United States and abroad. Others more credibly credit Philip H. Duprey and Grenville Stoddard, who established the Worcester Lunch Car and Carriage Manufacturing Company in |
386_5 | Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1906, when O'Mahony was still just 16. |
386_6 | Until the Great Depression, most diner manufacturers and their customers were located in the Northeast. Diner manufacturing suffered with other industries during the Depression, though not as much as many industries, and the diner offered a less expensive way of getting into the restaurant business as well as less expensive food than more formal establishments. After World War II, as the economy returned to civilian production and the suburbs boomed, diners were an attractive small business opportunity. During this period, diners spread beyond their original urban and small town market to highway strips in the suburbs, even reaching the Midwest, with manufacturers such as Valentine. After the Interstate Highway System was implemented in the U.S. in the 1960s, diners saw a boom in business as mobile travellers would stop for a meal. |
386_7 | In many areas, diners were superseded in the 1970s by fast food restaurants, but in parts of New Jersey, New York, the New England states, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, the independently owned diner remains relatively common. Since the 1970s, most newly constructed diners lack the original narrow, stainless steel, streamlined appearance, and are usually much bigger buildings, though some are still made of several prefabricated modules, assembled on site, and manufactured by the old line diner builders. A wide variety of architectural styles were now used for these later diners, including Cape Cod and Colonial styles. The old-style single module diners featuring a long counter and a few small booths sometimes now grew additional dining rooms, lavish wallpaper, fountains, crystal chandeliers and Greek statuary. The definition of the term "diner" began to blur as older, prefabricated diners received more conventional frame additions, sometimes leaving the original structure nearly |
386_8 | unrecognizable as it was surrounded by new construction or a renovated facade. Businesses that called themselves diners but which were built onsite and not prefabricated began to appear. These larger establishments were sometimes known as diner-restaurants. |
386_9 | Manufacturers
Bixler Manufacturing Company
DeRaffele Manufacturing Co. Inc
Fodero Dining Car Company
Jerry O'Mahony Diner Company
Kullman Dining Car Company
Mountain View Diners Company
Silk City Diners
Tierney Dining Cars
Worcester Lunch Car Company
Sterling Streamliner diners
Inspired by the streamlined trains, and especially the Burlington Zephyr, Roland Stickney designed a diner in the shape of a streamlined train called the Sterling Streamliner in 1939. Built by the J.B. Judkins coach company, which had built custom car bodies, the Sterling and other diner production ceased in 1942 at the beginning of American involvement in World War II. Two Sterling Streamliners remain in operation: the Salem Diner at its original location in Salem, Massachusetts and the Modern Diner in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
Architecture |
386_10 | Like a mobile home, the original style diner is narrow and elongated and allows roadway or railway transportation to the restaurant's site. In the traditional diner floorplan, a service counter dominates the interior, with a preparation area against the back wall and floor-mounted stools for the customers in front. Larger models may have a row of booths against the front wall and at the ends. The decor varied over time. Diners of the 1920s–1940s feature Art Deco or Streamline Moderne elements or copy the appearance of rail dining cars (though very few are, in fact, refurbished rail cars). They featured porcelain enamel exteriors, some with the name written on the front, others with bands of enamel, others in flutes. Many had a "barrel vault" roofline. Tile floors were common. Diners of the 1950s tended to use stainless steel panels, porcelain enamel, glass blocks, terrazzo floors, Formica, and neon sign trim. Diners built in the 2000s generally have a different type of architecture; |
386_11 | they are laid out more like restaurants, retaining some aspects of traditional diner architecture (stainless steel and Art Deco elements, usually) while discarding others (the small size, and emphasis on the counter). |
386_12 | Cuisine
Many diners serve casual food, such as hamburgers, french fries, club sandwiches, and other simple fare. Much of the food is grilled, as early diners were based around a grill. There is often an emphasis on breakfast foods such as eggs (including omelettes), waffles, pancakes, and French toast. Menus may somewhat resemble those from greasy spoon-style restaurants. Some diners serve these "breakfast foods" throughout the business day and others that focus on breakfast may close in the early afternoon. These are most commonly known as pancake houses. Coffee is ubiquitous at diners. Many diners do not serve alcoholic drinks, although some may serve beer and inexpensive wine, while others—particularly in New Jersey and on Long Island—carry a full drink menu, including mixed drinks. Many diners serve hand-blended milkshakes. The food is usually quite inexpensive. |
386_13 | There is regional variation among diners with traditional food. In the U.S., Michigan and the Ohio Valley at "Coney Island–style" restaurants, coney dogs are served, as are certain types of Greek cuisine like gyros influenced by Greek diner owners. In Indiana and Iowa, pork tenderloin sandwiches are often on the menu. The Northeast has more of a focus on seafood, with fried clams and fried shrimp commonly found in Maine and cheesesteak sandwiches and scrapple in Pennsylvania. Diners in the Southwest U.S. may serve tamales. In the southern U.S., typical breakfast dishes include grits, biscuits and gravy, and soul food such as fried chicken and collard greens. In New Jersey, the "Taylor Ham, Egg, and Cheese Sandwich" is a feature of many diners. Many diners have transparent display cases in or behind the counter for the desserts. It is common with new diners to have the desserts displayed in rotating pie cases. Typical desserts include a variety of pies and cheesecake. |
386_14 | Immigrant influences
Several international ethnic influences have been introduced into the diner industry in the U.S., because of generations of immigration. Many diners in the United States—especially in the Northeast—are owned or operated by first and second generation Americans. Greek-Americans, Eastern European Americans, as well as Polish, Ukrainian, Eastern European Jews, Italian-Americans, Mexicans and Cubans may have notable presences. These influences can be seen in certain frequent additions to diner menus, such as Greek moussaka, Slavic blintzes, and Jewish matzah ball soup, deli-style sandwiches (e.g., corned beef, pastrami, Reubens), and bagels and lox.
Cultural significance |
386_15 | Diners attract a wide spectrum of the local populations, and are generally small businesses. From the mid-twentieth century onwards, they have been seen as quintessentially American, reflecting the perceived cultural diversity and egalitarian nature of the country at large. Throughout much of the 20th century, diners, mostly in the Northeast, were often owned and operated by Greek-American immigrant families. The presence of Greek casual food, like gyros and souvlaki, on several northeastern diners' menus, testifies to this cultural link. |
386_16 | Diners frequently stay open 24 hours a day, especially in cities, and were once the most widespread 24-hour public establishments in the U.S., making them an essential part of urban culture, alongside bars and nightclubs; these two segments of nighttime urban culture often find themselves intertwined, as many diners get a good deal of late-night business from persons departing drinking establishments. Many diners were also historically placed near factories which operated 24 hours a day, with night shift workers providing a key part of the customer base. For this reason, diners sometimes served as symbols of loneliness and isolation. Edward Hopper's iconic 1942 painting Nighthawks depicts a diner and its occupants, late at night. The diner in the painting is based on a real location in Greenwich Village, but was chosen in part because diners were anonymous slices of Americana, meaning that the scene could have been taken from any city in the country-and also because a diner was a |
386_17 | place to which isolated individuals, awake long after bedtime, would naturally be drawn. The spread of the diner meant that by 1942 it was possible for Hopper to cast this institution in a role for which, fifteen years earlier, he had used an Automat all-night restaurant. The diner as an institution in this painting is a vignette mimicked by a movie lead-in aired nightly on the Turner Classic Movie Channel. |
386_18 | But as a rule, diners were always symbols of American optimism. Norman Rockwell made his 1958 painting, The Runaway, generically American by placing his subjects, a young boy and a protective highway patrolman, at the counter of an anonymous diner. In television and cinema (e.g. The Blob, Happy Days, Grease and Diner), diners and soda fountains have come to symbolize the period of prosperity and optimism in America in the 1950s. They are shown as the place where teenagers meet after school and as an essential part of a date. The television show Alice used a diner as the setting for the program, and one is often a regular feature in sitcoms such as Seinfeld. The diner's cultural influence continues today. Many non-prefab restaurants (including franchises like Denny's) have copied the look of 1950s diners for nostalgic appeal, while Waffle House uses an interior layout derived from the diner. |
386_19 | Manhattan was once known for its diners. The Moondance Diner was shipped to Wyoming to make room for development.
Diners provide a nationwide, recognizable, fairly uniform place to eat and assemble, desirable traits mirrored by fast food chains. The types of food served are likely to be consistent, especially within a region (exceptions being districts with large immigrant populations, in which diners and coffee shops will often cater their menus to those local cuisines), as are the prices charged. At the same time, diners have much more individuality than fast food chains; the structures, menus, and even owners and staff, while having a certain degree of similarity to each other, vary much more widely than the more rigidly standardized chain and franchise restaurants. The Poirier's Diner and Munson Diner, both manufactured by the Kullman Dining Car Company of Lebanon, New Jersey, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. |
386_20 | Diners have figured significantly in American films and television since the form developed. In I Love Lucy, the episode titled "The Diner" shows the perils, pitfalls, and difficulty in operating a diner, to much comedic effect. Archetypal appearances include significant scenes in classic films such as Sullivan's Travels and The Killers. The 1982 "rites of passage" film Diner was centered on an eatery shared by the protagonists. Waitress in 2007 was about a waitress in a diner. Television series include the Food Network show Diners, Drive-Ins, and Dives. Pennsylvania Diners and Other Roadside Restaurants, is a 1993 documentary. Diners are the focus of photorealist painter John Baeder who spent about 40 years painting diners across the US. In 1990, Williams Electronics Games introduced a pinball machine entitled Diner. The object of the game is to serve all customers to light-up Dine Time (the jackpot).
See also |
386_21 | List of diners, a list of notable diners in the US
Diner lingo, American verbal slang used by staff in diners
Lunch counter, a small diner-like restaurant located within another retail establishment
Greasy spoon, any small, cheap eatery including diners
Cha chaan teng, a diner-like café in Hong Kong
Dhaba, a roadside diner in India
Mamak stall, a diner-like restaurant in Malaysia
Warung, cheap eatery in Indonesia
References |
386_22 | Further reading
Baeder, John, Diners. Rev. and updated ed. New York: Abrams, 1995.
Butko, Brian, and Kevin Patrick. Diners of Pennsylvania. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1999.
Garbin, Randy. Diners of New England. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2005.
Gutman, Richard J. S. American Diner: Then and Now. New York: HarperPerennial, 1993.
Witzel, Michael Karl The American Diner. MBI Publishing Company, 1998.
"Greasin' up the Griddle, and Rollin' into History" The Journal of Antiques and Collectibles, August 2003, retrieved on December 29, 2007.
Charles Palmer's 1893 patent
External links
American culture
Canadian culture
Fast food
Nightlife
Northeastern United States
Restaurants by type |
387_0 | The following events occurred in June 1948: |
387_1 | June 1, 1948 (Tuesday)
Israeli planes bombed Amman in the first attack on an Arab capital city. Arab officials said six Arab civilians were killed.
Israel and the Arab League both announced that they were willing to accept the UN's request for a four-week ceasefire.
The Republican Party presidential primaries concluded.
Disappearance of Virginia Carpenter: 21-year old Mary Virginia Carpenter went missing in Denton, Texas in a much-publicized case that remains unsolved.
Mexico City's government-owned Hotel del Prado opened without the traditional blessing of Catholic Archbishop Luis María Martínez due to the inclusion of a controversial mural painted by Diego Rivera depicting 19th century atheist writer Ignacio Ramírez holding an open book with the words "God does not exist." Rivera suggested that the Archbishop "bless the hotel but condemn my mural."
Sports goods brand, Puma was founded in West Germany. (now Germany) |
387_2 | Born: Powers Boothe, actor, in Snyder, Texas (d. 2017); Tom Sneva. race car driver, in Spokane, Washington |
387_3 | June 2, 1948 (Wednesday)
The UN Security Council decided that both Israel and the Arab states had accepted unconditionally its demand for a four-week truce despite reservations by both sides, and asked the UN mediator Folke Bernadotte to set a time for the ceasefire order to go into effect.
The first Battle of Negba was fought. The Egyptian army attacked the kibbutz of Negba but was repulsed.
The British House of Lords voted 181–28 to reject the five-year moratorium on capital punishment that the House of Commons had approved.
About 3,500 people attended a rally at the Washington Monument organized by followers of Henry A. Wallace to urge enactment of civil rights legislation and protest the Mundt-Nixon Communist Control Bill.
Born: Jerry Mathers, actor, in Sioux City, Iowa
Died: hanged at Landsberg Prison for crimes against humanity:
Viktor Brack, 43, German Nazi;
Karl Brandt, 44, German Nazi SS officer;
Karl Gebhardt, 50, German doctor; |
387_4 | Waldemar Hoven, 45, German Nazi physician;
Joachim Mrugowsky, 42, German Nazi hygienist;
Wolfram Sievers, 42, German Nazi |
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