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[ [ "Tommie Mabry" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Tommie Mabry, PhD''' (born 1987) is an American author, scholar and advocate for impoverished youth, particularly in his home city of Jackson, Mississippi." ], [ "Career", "Mabry was born into poverty in 1987 in Jackson, Mississippi, having a rough childhood, and being expelled from numerous schools by age 11.He joined an AAU basketball but was shot in the foot during his senior year.He received a BA in education at Tougaloo College, where he was also elected Mister Tougaloo College in 2011.In 2017 he achieved MA in child development.", "He was hired at Tougaloo College as the Director of Enrollment in 2016.He received his Doctorate Degree – an Executive Ph.D. from Jackson State University in 2020 where he majored in Urban Higher Education.", "He has written and published four books that target all age groups.", "." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Thomas M. Carney" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Thomas M. Carney''' (April 19, 1929 – September 12, 1964) was an American politician.", "He served as a Republican member of the Florida House of Representatives." ], [ "Life and career", "Carney was born in White Plains, New York.", "He attended the University of Florida.Carney served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1957 to 1959.Carney died on September 12, 1964, at the age of 35." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Jessica Domangue" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jessica Domangue''' is an American politician serving as a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from the 53rd district.", "A member of the Republican Party, Domangue has been in office since January 8, 2024." ], [ "Career", "Jessica Domangue was previously the Chairwoman of the Terrebone Parish Council.", "She first ran to represent District 53 in 2023 and advanced to the runoff after the October 14, 2023 Jungle primary.", "In the November 18, 2023 runoff election, she won with 64% against Dirk Guidry's 20%.", "Domangue has announced her support of term limits." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official House Profile* Ballotpedia entry for Jessica Domangue" ] ]

[ [ "Nykirke Church (Vestfold)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Nykirke Church''' () is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Horten Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway.", "It is located in the village of Nykirke.", "It is the church for the Nykirke parish which is part of the Nord-Jarlsberg prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Tunsberg.", "The white, stone church was built in a long church design around the year 1100 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect.", "The church seats about 140 people." ], [ "History", "The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1331, but the church was not built that year.", "The Romanesque stone church was likely built during the 12th century.", "The old church originally consisted of a rectangular nave and choir.", "The walls were made of stone and the gables were made of wood.", "In 1686, there was an extensive renovation of the building.", "In 1848, a wooden bell tower was built on the west end of the nave with a church porch on the main level.", "In 1881, the church was renovated again.", "This time a new sacristy was built on the east end of the choir and two levels of seating galleries were built along the west and north walls of the nave.", "In 1952–1953, the church was renovated again.", "This time the upper seating gallery was removed, leaving just one level of upper seating.", "Also in 1953, new pews were installed, parapets were made along all the walls, and the church got its current interior colours, which were retained during the next repainting in 1985.The church was restored again in 2003." ], [ "Media gallery", "Middelalderkirken på Nykirke i Horten.jpgNYKIRKE KIRKE - an10071112073010.jpgDøpefont fra Nykirke 1645 NF.1992-1318AB.jpg" ], [ "See also", "*List of churches in Tunsberg" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "The Philadelphia School (Architecture and City Planning)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''The Philadelphia School''' was a movement in architecture, city planning, and landscape architecture from 1951 to 1965 centered around the Graduate School of Fine Arts (GSFA) at the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "The Philadelphia School was a unique convergence of city, practice, and education, all in renewal, under the leadership of Dean G. Holmes Perkins.The University of Pennsylvania is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, PA.", "It is not to be confused with Pennsylvania State University, a public, state-related, land-grant research university with campuses and facilities throughout the state of Pennsylvania, which also has an architecture school.", "Both are often called “Penn.” Thus the use of “UPenn” here.", "During the period under discussion the architecture school at UPenn was known as the Graduate School of Fine Arts (“GSFA”).", "It later became the School of Design of the University of Pennsylvania (shortened to PennDesign), and in 2019 it was renamed the University of Pennsylvania Stuart Weitzman School of Design.", "It essentially comprised architecture, city and regional planning, and landscape architecture, with only some painting and sculpture.", "During the period under discussion and subsequently it added numerous urban related research initiatives.The city of Philadelphia has numerous architectural traditions, including Federal and Georgian brick townhouses and Greek Revival public buildings of the 1700s in the area now known as Society Hill; the muscular mannerist architecture of Frank Furness; the Benjamin Franklin Parkway and the Philadelphia Museum of Art; and the PSFS Building, the first International Style skyscraper.", "But the term the Philadelphia School is usually used to refer to the period and movement under discussion here.During that time at the GSFA and in the architectural profession Louis Kahn was transforming modern architecture, Robert Venturi was pioneering post modernism, Romaldo Giurgola was applying continental philosophy to architectural theory, Robert Geddes was exploring social and psychological issues, Robert Le Ricolais was building experimental structures, August Komendant was pioneering pre-stressed, pre-cast and post tensioned concrete, Ian McHarg was questioning Western civilization and advancing urban and regional ecology, Herbert Gans was moving into Levittown, and Denise Scott Brown was bringing together European and American planning theory and discovering popular culture.", "And in the city of Philadelphia, Edmund Bacon was directing the most active city planning commission in the country.By the 1950s American architecture was dominated by the International Style (identified for the United States in 1932 by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson in their Modern Architecture: International Exhibition at New York's Museum of Modern Art and the accompanying book, The International Style) that was characterized by the glass and steel architecture of Mies van der Rohe and the white boxes of Le Corbusier.", "By the mid-1950s there was a feeling that this approach was inadequate.", "(The feeling was later expressed in a series of books on “the failure of modern architecture.”) While the Philadelphia School was fully modern (even Venturi insisted that he was a modern, not a postmodern architect), the Philadelphia School was in large part a corrective to the limitations of the International Style and a furthering of thinking about modern architecture.Philadelphia School architectural theory included a renewed interest in history, a strong commitment to urbanism and the urban context, engagement with cultural and social issues, looking at popular culture, and understanding and serving the building's institution.Philadelphia School buildings were varied, but were generally characterized by a clarity of construction, structure as a giver of order, expression of mechanical equipment (HVAC), a preference for masonry and concrete over steel, an emphasis on plan rather than section, and an interest in geometries.Some key Philadelphia School buildings and projects include the Trenton Bath House, Trenton NJ, 1959 by Louis Kahn; the Richards Medical Research Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA, 1957–60, by Kahn; the Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, 1962, by Kahn; the Pender Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA, 1958, by Geddes Brecher Qualls Cunningham; the Boston City Hall Competition Entry, 1962, by Romaldo Giurgola with Ehrman B. Mitchell and Thomas R. Vreeland Jr.; and the Vanna Venturi House, Chestnut Hill, PA, by Venturi and Rauch, 1962.The first outside recognition came in an article by Jan Rowan in the April 1961 issue of the magazine Progressive Architecture titled “Wanting to Be The Philadelphia School.” It was followed by numerous publications.", "Philadelphia School architecture had a wide influence.", "We see Kahn's strong forms in Philip Johnson's 1972 addition to the Boston Public Library, and his articulation in the towers of I. M. Pei's 1967 National Center for Atmospheric Research, among many other examples.", "Kahn's exposed concrete and expression of construction both influenced and paralleled Brutalist architecture.", "Venturi's use of historical (particularly classical) ornament can be seen in much postmodern architecture, including in the work of Robert A. M. Stern, Philip Johnson, Charles Moore, and Michael Graves among others.", "Influence also came from the fact that many GSFA graduates went on to teach as well as to practice." ], [ "Backgrounds", "=== Philadelphia ===The Philadelphia School saw strong relationships between city of Philadelphia, the GSFA, and the architectural profession.", "Edmund Bacon, Director of the City Planning Commission, was part of the GSFA faculty; the dean of the GSFA, G. Holmes Perkins, was chairman of the City Planning Commission; several architects with practices in the city were teaching at the school and doing research and design projects for the Planning Commission; and most of the projects students did at the school were sited in the city.", "And the city, the school, and the profession were all undergoing renewal.Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape (Delaware) Indians.", "The first European settlers were Dutch, but in 1681 the Quaker leader William Penn received a charter from the English king to establish the colony of Pennsylvania, although he also bought land from the local Lenape to ensure peace.", "He established Philadelphia as its capital, laying it out with five squares, and although settlement was initially along the banks of the Delaware River, the plan was respected as the city expanded, and Penn's five squares are still part of the city's identity.Philadelphia was the meeting place for the nation's founders and became an industrial center and railroad hub in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.", "After World War II, populations and affluence in Philadelphia and other old northeastern and mid-western cities peaked and then declined.", "A series of federal programs provided funding and legal powers for various forms of urban renewal.The end of the war found Philadelphia in decay, both physically and politically with elevated railroad tracks penetrating the center of the city.", "A group of young Philadelphia civic leaders began to meet, including politicians Joseph Clark and Richardson Dilworth; lawyers Wendell Phillips and Henry Sawyer; and architects Edmund Bacon, Oscar Stonorov, and Louis Kahn, to envision a better future for the city, including the ouster of Philadelphia's corrupt machine politicians.", "In 1952, the reformers won, Joseph Clark became the reform mayor and the City Planning Commission was given a new role.Today the attractiveness of Philadelphia's Center City, Edmund Bacon's creation, makes it one of our more livable cities, a tourist destination, and a desirable location for service industries.", "Its many universities, colleges, research institutions, and museums make it an educational center.=== The University of Pennsylvania and the Graduate School of Fine Arts ===The predecessor of UPenn was founded by Benjamin Franklin in the mid-1700s and in 1791 it became the University of Pennsylvania.", "In 1765 it founded America's first medical school, the first of its many professional and graduate programs.", "In the 1870s it moved to its current location in West Philadelphia.", "Its Department of Architecture was established in 1890 and came to wide attention under dean Warren Laird (serving from 1891 to 1930) and Professor of Design, the Beaux-Arts master, Paul Philippe Cret (serving from 1903 to 1929).", "Today UPenn is ranked by US News among the top fifteen universities in the world.=== The architectural profession ===During the period under discussion, Philadelphia also saw a renewal in the architectural profession.", "The city had had figures of architectural importance in the past: Frank Furness, Paul Philippe Cret, George Howe, Oscar Stonorov, and Vincent Kling, among many others.But in the 1960s, the city blossomed with new offices, some of which were to become major forces in American architecture and some headed by architects teaching at the GSFA: Louis Kahn; Geddes Brecher Qualls Cunningham; Mitchell/Giurgola; Venturi and various partners; Wallace, McHarg, Roberts, and Todd; etc.", "These offices put into practice the theories being developed at the school." ], [ "The renewal of Philadelphia", "=== Bacon’s approach ===The physical renewal of Philadelphia began with the 1947 Better Philadelphia Exhibition in Gimbels department store created by Edmund Bacon, Oscar Stonorov, Robert Mitchell, and Louis Kahn.", "The exhibit was huge, filled with maps, models, films, and light shows and was publicized throughout the country.Bacon, in his role as executive director of the City Planning Commission (from 1949 to 1970), had no power and only a tiny budget, so throughout his tenure, he used the power of ideas, including what he called “structuring the dialogue.” He retained architects to produce images of what could be and used those images to stimulate discussion.", "Thus projects would take on lives of their own, and some were competed years after they were initially proposed.=== Penn Center ===Bacon's first Center City project was Penn Center, a large area cleared when the Pennsylvania Railroad removed a section of tracks elevated on a massive stone structure designed by Frank Furness and known as the Chinese wall.", "Bacon initially hired Louis Kahn to develop images for the project, but they had a falling out and Bacon then retained Vincent Kling.", "The project aspired to be something like New York's Rockefeller Center.", "Eventually, some uninspired office slabs were built.", "The Pennsylvania Railroad, not the city, owned the property, and the project provided Bacon with good training on how to persuade others.=== Market East ===The area to the east of City Hall was dominated by Philadelphia's department stores, which were closing as the affluent moved to the suburbs.", "Bacon believed that Philadelphia could compete with its suburbs as a desirable place to shop and hired Romaldo Giurgola to produce an image of a new kind of urban shopping mall that eventually became Market East, a multilevel shopping mall stretching along Market Street east of City Hall.", "In 1977 the Rouse Company opened Gallery at Market Street, which was initially highly successful, but shopping eventually declined.=== Society Hill ===Philadelphia was initially settled in its southeast quadrant, an area known as Society Hill that by the 1940s was a decaying slum.", "Under federal, state, and city programs old houses were restored and William Zeckendorf’s firm Webb and Knapp created modern high-rise towers designed by I. M. Pei that harmonized with the old architecture.", "Society Hill is a huge success; it is one of the nation's more desirable (and therefore expensive) urban residential neighborhoods.", "The narrow streets lined with brick Federal and Georgian style houses are charming, green walkways cut through blocks, and small squares frame Greek revival churches and public buildings.=== Delaware Riverfront ===The Delaware Riverfront was also in need of renewal.", "Bacon chose Robert Geddes to produce an image of what it could become.", "Geddes's design included a tree-lined promenade and parking along the river bank, a boardwalk embarcadero and a tower at the end of Market Street marking the edge of the city." ], [ "The Graduate School of Fine Arts", "=== Paul Philippe Cret ===Paul Philippe Cret (October 23, 1876 – September 8, 1945) was a French-born Philadelphia architect and industrial designer educated at the École des Beaux-Arts.", "From 1903 to 1929 he taught a studio in the Department of Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania.Cret was a charismatic teacher.", "His success at UPenn can be measured objectively, as New York's Beaux-Arts Institute of Design sponsored competitions to which students in schools across the country submitted entries.", "During Cret's tenure, UPenn students won numerous prizes.The Philadelphia School approach was a rejection of the Beaux-Arts, but there was one holdover.", "The Beaux-Arts went beyond the use of Greek and Roman orders to also include a comprehensive approach to urbanism known as the City Beautiful Movement, focused on bringing modern sanitation, light, and air; vast parks; tree-lined boulevards; monumental buildings for cultural institutions; and grand railroad stations to American cities.", "The Philadelphia School's comprehensive approach to urbanism owes much to the City Beautiful Movement and to its prime document, Daniel Burnham and Edward H. Bennett's 1909 Plan of Chicago.After Cret retired in 1929 the GSFA's new dean, George Koyl (dean from 1932 to 1950), chose continue in the Beaux-Arts tradition despite the rise of modern architecture.", "(Frank Lloyd Wright’s Robie House was in 1909 and his Fallingwater was in 1936.Mies van Der Rohe's Barcelona Pavilion was in 1929.Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye was in 1931.)", "In 1950 a group of former GSFA students met with UPenn's president to ask for a change, leading to G. Holmes Perkins's appointment as the new dean.=== Hudnut at Harvard ===Perkins's approach in introducing a modern architectural education was influenced by what Joseph Hudnut (1886–1968, dean of the Harvard's Graduate School of Architecture (GSA) from 1936 to 1953), had done at Harvard.", "Hudnut attended Harvard and the University of Michigan, and after bringing modern architecture to Columbia University, he was invited to do the same at Harvard.", "At Harvard he had departments of architecture, city planning, and landscape architecture, an approach Perkins brought to the GSFA.", "Perkins had served as Hudnut's chair of the city planning department at Harvard, while Walter Gropius, founder of the Bauhaus, served as his chair of architecture.Hudnut disliked Gropius's approach of beginning architectural education with basic design and Gropius's approach to housing which produced slabs that negated the street, a point Jane Jacobs later made in her book,The Death and Life of Great American Cities.", "Reacting to the sterility of modern architecture, Hudnut advocated for a richer postmodern architecture, although he never specified what that might be.", "The Philadelphia School might be seen as the architecture Hudnut was looking for.=== G. Holmes Perkins’s vision ===Perkins came to the GSFA with several intensions.", "First was to convert the school from a Beaux-Arts curriculum to a modern curriculum (as Hudnut had done at Harvard).", "Next was to establish landscape architecture and city planning departments and create a strong relationship between them and architecture.", "And finally to treat the city of Philadelphia as a laboratory for the testing and implementation of new ideas.", "Geddes remarked, “He actually saw the possibility of the city being the laboratory for architectural and planning education.", "In this case, it was Philadelphia.", "If he had been asked to be a dean in Chicago, he would have done it there.", "He saw the city as the laboratory.", "In fact, he saw it as the equivalent of a scientific laboratory for his fields.”=== Programs ====== The unity of design ===Perkins envisioned architecture, city planning, and landscape architecture as ideally becoming one discipline, although he realized that was unlikely.", "Martin Meyerson (on the faculty at the GSFA and later president of UPenn) remarked, “I’d say that Holmes’s aim was to do better than Hudnut to make the ties between architecture, planning, and landscape real, to do it without the acrimony between Hudnut and Gropius.", "I think he pretty much succeeded.”=== Professional architecture program ===When Perkins arrived in 1951, the architecture program at the GSFA was entered from high school, was five years, and offered a Bachelor of Architecture degree.", "By 1959 it had been converted to a three-year program requiring a college degree for entry and eventually offering a Master of Architecture degree.The curriculum was conventional: Studio courses designing buildings culminating in an independently executed thesis project, supported by technical, history, and architecture and city planning theory courses.", "What was exceptional was the content of these courses and the faculty teaching them.", "The approach was comprehensive, looking at all aspects of architecture from pragmatic rather than ideological points of view, emphasizing the urban contexts within which buildings typically exist.In the 1960s the four choices for studio were often Robert Geddes, Romaldo Giurgola, George Qualls, and Robert Venturi, each of whom taught with a junior, visiting, or rotating critic.", "Geddes was the most orthodox modern architect on the faculty, Giurgola explored artistic and philosophical ideas, Qualls explored large urban complexes, and Venturi explored many of the issues of developed in his book, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture.The history theory courses included a history of art survey and a course in modern architecture taught by the art history department; an architecture and city planning course taught by Denise Scott Brown which looked at American and European planning theory; an architecture theory course taught by Robert Venturi which looked non-chronologically at various issues in architecture and contained some of the material which would appear in his book; and an architecture theory course taught by Romaldo Giurgola, that looked at theories of modernism in architecture and culture.", "The courses available as electives included art and architecture history courses taught by the art history department, Man Environment Systems by Ian McHarg, Experimental Structures by Robert le Ricolais, Advanced Structure by August Komendant, and History of Landscape Architecture by George Patton.=== Kahn’s studio ===In addition to its three-year professional architectural degree program, the GSFA had a non-professional one-year Master of Architecture program that featured a studio course taught by Louis Kahn with two colleagues, Norman Rice and Robert Le Ricolais.", "The program attracted students from around the world.The studio was an important vehicle for Kahn to develop and express his architectural and philosophical ideas.", "In his 2015 book, Kahn at Penn, James Williamson wrote: ''He was worshipped by some of his students as a prophet, or like “Merlin .", ".", ".", "a little old man with a thatch of winnowed hair and wistful blue eyes.", ".", ".", ".", "His world was the world of the fairies, gnomes and goblins whom he loved, and of magic.", ".", ".", ".” For these students the Master’s Class was enveloped in a “general sense of awe; the belief that we were witnessing something truly amazing, meaningful, in the total scheme of things''.Many of Kahn’s students went on to have flourishing careers, and many also taught.", "Williamson feels that one of Kahn’s greatest influences was as a teacher of teachers.=== Land and City Planning ===Both landscape architecture and city planning had been part of the GSFA in the 1920s, but were dropped due to lack of enrollment during the Great Depression.", "At Harvard, Hudnut had sought (with limited success) to integrate architecture, landscape architecture, and city planning, and when Perkins came from Harvard to UPenn, he brought that vision with him, hiring Robert Mitchell to build a new city planning department.", "The department focused on housing, transportation, modeling, land use, and theory; encouraged collaborations between the planners and architects; and built ties between the school and the city.Ian McHarg recalled, “with Lewis Mumford, Chester Rapkin, Herbert Gans, John Dyckman, Martin Meyerson who later became UPenn’s president, Perkins, Bacon, Charles Abrams, and then ultimately Erwin R. Gutkind, dear God, there was nobody else.", "Mitchell and William Wheaton had preempted effectively the entire leadership of the planning movement.” Other faculty included Britton Harris, Denise Scott Brown, Paul Davidoff, and David Wallace.=== Landscape Architecture ===Perkins hired Ian McHarg (1920 – 2001), who had studied with him at Harvard, to create the GSFA’s landscape architecture program.", "McHarg challenged the domination of nature in Western culture, stating in 1957: “One of the most conspicuous failures of 20th century western society has been the environment created.", "Squalor and anarchy are more accurate descriptions than are efficiency and delight.", "This should cause no surprise when we consider that prevailing values esteem the ephemeral consumer product over landscape and townscape.", "Indeed the new yet obsolescent automobile or refrigerator are much more highly prized than the enduring social and physical environment.", "Despoliation of landscape and the accretion of ugliness are inevitable consequences of such prevailing values.”The department’s faculty included John Fogg, George Patton, George Tatum, and Anthony Walmsley.", "Guest critics included Douglass Bayliss, Garrett Eckbo, Lawrence Halprin, and Philip Johnson.", "One of McHarg’s later appointments was Peter Shepheard, who succeeded Perkins as dean.=== Civic Design ===Architects typically focus on individual buildings, while city planners focus on social policy.", "Between the two are complexes of buildings, addressed by what is today usually called urban design, and what was called civic design at the GSFA.", "Perkins retained Clarence Stein to do a proposal for the department Civic Design, which Robert Geddes eventually headed.=== Fine arts ===When Perkins arrived in 1951, UPenn’s Graduate School of Fine Arts had little fine arts.", "Perkins hired Piero Dorazio from Rome to build a department.", "Dorazio brought in David Smith, Robert Motherwell, Barnett Newman, and others for crits.", "In addition, Perkins launched the Institute of Contemporary Art at UPenn to feature the work of major artists." ], [ "Philadelphia School Philosophy", "Philadelphia School architectural philosophy included a renewed interest in history, a strong commitment to urbanism and the urban context, engagement with cultural and social issues, engagement with popular culture, and understanding and serving the building’s institution (found in the question Kahn would ask at the beginning of a new project, “What does this building want to be?” ).Robert Geddes described this concern for cultural and urban context as “civic,” stating: “… it was a school that was learning from where it was.", "The key was that we agreed on the possibility of civic design.", "Instead of urban design which had been Josep Sert’s idea at Harvard—he invented the idea of urban design—we worked toward civic design.", "Civic design has many many layers of meaning.", "You can have a civic design of a single building.", "You can have a civic design of objects.", "It all has to do with the sharing of career.", "It’s civic, it’s civil.", "And one of the joys of my life was that, by the time I got to be a full professor in this university, I could be a professor of architecture and civic design.”" ], [ "Philadelphia School Buildings", "Philadelphia School buildings were varied, but were generally characterized by a clarity of construction, structure as a giver of order, expression of mechanical equipment (HVAC), a preference for masonry and concrete over steel, an emphasis on plan rather than section, and an interest in geometries.Some key Philadelphia School buildings and projects include the Trenton Bath House, Trenton NJ, 1959 by Louis Kahn; the Richards Medical Research Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA, 1957–60, by Kahn; the Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, 1962, by Kahn, the Pender Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA, 1958, by Geddes Brecher Qualls Cunningham; the Boston City Hall Competition Entry, 1962, by Romaldo Giurgola with Ehrman B. Mitchell and Thomas R. Vreeland, Jr.; and the Vanna Venturi House, Chestnut Hill, PA, by Venturi and Rauch, 1962." ], [ "Key Philadelphia School Figures", "=== Edmund Bacon ===Edmund Bacon (May 2, 1910 – October 14, 2005) was born in Philadelphia and studied architecture in the Beaux-Arts tradition at Cornell University.", "After working in Shanghai, China, studying with Eliel Saarinen at Cranbrook Academy of Art, and a stint as a city planner in Flint, Michigan, Bacon returned to Philadelphia in 1939 where he held several planning roles, culminating as Executive Director of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission from 1949 to 1970.In the 1940s Bacon was part of a reform movement in the city and in 1952 they succeeded with the election of Joseph Clark as a reform mayor and the adoption of a new city charter providing a leadership role for the City Planning Commission and rationalizing the city’s operating and capital budgets.As the City Planning Commission did not have real powers, Bacon used a strategy of creating proposals with strong images for a series of interrelated projects.", "These included Penn Center, with images by Vincent Kling; Market East, with images by Romaldo Giurgola; and the Delaware Riverfront with images by Robert Geddes.", "All of these were eventually realized, as was the renewal of Society Hill to become one of the most desirable urban residential areas in the country.Besides his role as Executive Director of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission, Bacon also taught a course on city planning at the GSFA which formed the basis of his book, Design of Cities (1967, revised 1976).", "The book is divided into a survey of the physical development of cities throughout history and a description of his approach to planning in Philadelphia.=== Some of Bacon’s key ideas include:====* Commitment to one place: Bacon served in various planning roles in Philadelphia from 1939 until his retirement in 1970, after which he remained a gadfly regarding urban issues.", "* Structuring the dialogue: a planner should neither impose a completed plan, nor survey users as to what they want (as they are not planners, they don’t know what is possible); rather a planner should put forward an image to which constituents can react and provide feedback.", "To explain this approach Bacon referred to Pope Sixtus V who created an image of connecting boulevards in Rome and placed a series of obelisks in key spots, leading to the completing of the connecting boulevards long after his death.", "Using this approach Bacon was able to initiate projects that were realized even after his retirement.", "* The urban whole: What is important in architecture is not single buildings but how buildings work together to create an urban whole.", "* The second man: Bacon presents the example of how Antonio da Sangallo the Elder and Baccio d’Agnolo subsumed their opportunity to be original and imitated Brunelleschi’s arcade for the Foundling Hospital in Florence to create one of the great urban spaces.", "In Design of Cities, Bacon writes: “This design set the form of Piazza della Santissima Annunziata and established, in the Renaissance train of thought, the concept of a space created by several buildings designed in relation to one another.", "From this, the principle of the ‘second man’ can be formulated: it is the second who determines whether the creation of the first man will be carried forward or destroyed.”=== Robert Geddes ===Robert Geddes (December 7, 1923 – February 13, 2023) was born in Philadelphia and grew up in New Jersey.", "He attended the University of California, Berkeley, Yale University, and the Harvard Graduate School of Design.", "He served in the Army Air Forces during World War II.", "He taught at the GSFA from 1951 to 1965, when he left to become Dean of the School of Architecture at Princeton University.Geddes described Philadelphia School architecture as civic design, stating: “Civic design has many many layers of meaning.", "You can have a civic design of a single building.", "You can have a civic design of objects.", "It all has to do with the sharing of career.", "It’s civic, it’s civil.", "And one of the joys of my life was that, by the time I got to be a full professor in this university, I could be a professor of architecture and civic design.”Geddes’s interest in collaborating beyond architecture can be seen in a report he did in 1967 with Bernard Spring for the American Institute of Architects titled “A Study of Education for Environmental Design.” They write: “Emerging from the study was a process for planning and evaluating the unprecedented diversity of new programs that are needed if teams of well-educated individuals are to develop who can work together and effectively design a more humane environment.”In 1953 Geddes co-founded the firm Geddes Brecher Qualls Cunningham: Architects, which designed the first Philadelphia School building to be completed on the UPenn campus, the Pender Laboratories, an addition to the Moore School of Electrical Engineering.", "The building’s exposed pre-cast and cast-in-place concrete and brick typified Philadelphia School architecture.In the mid 1960s Geddes collaborated with Dr. Humphry Osmond who advocated that the arrangement of spaces in architecture could enhance mental health, an approached Geddes’s students used in a project in his studio and Geddes used in the plan of his Residence Hall Group for the University of Delaware that recall the plan of Aldo van Eyck’s Amsterdam Orphanage.=== Romaldo Giurgola ===Romaldo “Aldo” Giurgola (2 September 1920 – 16 May 2016) was born in Rome, served in the Italian armed forces during World War II, and was educated at the Sapienza University of Rome, the University of Rome, and Columbia University.", "In 1954 Dean Perkins recruited Giurgola from Cornell University to teach a studio and a theory course at the GSFA.Giurgola’s theory course focused on the development of architectural theory from 1750 until today.", "The course addressed schools (the École des Beaux-Arts and the École Polytechnique); movements (Beaux-Arts, Art Nouveau, Bauhaus, etc.", "); utopian visions, the industrial city, and new towns (Fourier, Owen, Garnier, Howard, Le Corbusier, Wright); the impact of developments in other fields, including Einstein’s theory of relativity, Cubism, Futurism, phenomenology; and cultural, psychological, symbolic, functionalist, linguistic, and spatial approaches to architecture.", "The course was early to apply phenomenology and linguistics to architecture.In 1958 Giurgola formed the firm Mitchell/Giurgola Architects with Ehrman B. Mitchell.", "Their 1963 Walnut 32 Parking Garage near the UPenn campus featured massive Y-shaped concrete members and exemplifies the Philadelphia School emphasis on structure.The Boston City Hall Competition Entry, 1962, by Romaldo Giurgola with Ehrman B. Mitchell and Thomas R. Vreeland, Jr. would have been one of the most important Philadelphia School buildings, but it did not win and was not built.", "The April 1963 issue of the magazine Progressive Architecture featured it along with the winner, stating: “No one can deny, however, that this design team has succeeded, as they set out to do, in making their new City Hall ‘an intimate part of the restructurization of the area, and not an isolated monument.’ In this, many believe, the design surpasses the winner.”Giurgola left the GSFA in 1965 to become chair of architecture at Columbia, and moved to Australia after winning a competition to do a new Australian parliament building in Canberra.Giurgola’s concern with the deep search can be seen in his remark, “People are born in, live in, and die in our buildings.”=== Louis Kahn ===Louis Kahn (March 5 O.S.", "February 20 1901 – March 17, 1974) was born in Estonia and was brought to Philadelphia at the age of five.", "He studied architecture at UPenn from 1920 to 1924 under the Beaux-Arts master, Paul Philip Cret.", "After some years of lack of focus in his architecture, in 1959 Kahn designed the Trenton Bath House about which he later said: “From this came a generative force which is recognizable in every building which I have done since.” The building exhibited a strong geometry and rather than hiding the structure, used it to define the architectural order.", "Geddes remarked, “The evening Lou presented the Trenton Community Center, there was a feeling of being at the absolute frontier of architecture.”In 1957 Kahn moved his teaching from Yale University to UPenn, and from 1957 to 1965 his Richards Medical Research Laboratories was constructed on the UPenn campus.", "The buildings attracted world-wide attention including a one-building-exhibit at New York’s Museum of Modern Art.", "It separated the pavilions for the laboratories from the service spaces, exposed its precast, prestressed, post tensioned concrete structure, and pulled its HVAC ducts to the exterior of the building in brick clad concrete towers.", "Thus the building was highly articulate in contrast to the smooth surfaces of the International Style typical of the time and exemplified by Mies van der Rohe’s Seagram building of 1958, about which Kahn remarked: “Take the beautiful tower made of bronze that was erected in New York.", "It is a bronze lady, incomparable in beauty, but you know she has corsets for fifteen stories because the wind bracing is not seen.”Jonas Salk saw a presentation of Richards and commissioned Kahn to do his Salk Institute in La Jolla, California (1959–1965) which drew much positive attention.", "The Salk Institute corrected key limitations of Richards, including making the laboratory spaces more contiguous, providing overhangs for protection from the sun, giving mechanical equipment in the ceiling its own spaces, and providing clearly separate spaces for the scientists’ studies.Kahn described his architecture in spiritual and poetic terms, often using “Silence” and “Light” as metaphors, stating: ''Inspiration is the feeling of beginning at the threshold where Silence and Light meet.", "Silence, the unmeasurable, desire to be, desire to express, the source of new need, meets Light, the measurable, giver of all presence, by will, by law, the measure of things already made, at a threshold which is inspiration, the sanctuary of art, the Treasury of Shadow.", "I likened the emergence of Light to a manifestation of two brothers, knowing quite well that there are not two brothers, nor even one''.Kahn would famously begin a project by asking, “What does this building want to be?” By attributing “wanting” to something that is inanimate and does not exist, Kahn is asserting that there is a realm of potential (Kahn's Silence) and that there is an “existence will.”The GSFA had a non-professional one-year Master of Architecture program that featured a studio course taught by Louis Kahn accompanied by two of his colleagues, Norman Rice and Robert le Ricolais.Kahn was regarded as the spiritual head of the GSFA and it was assumed that when it got a new building (which was needed because the school had outgrown its long-time home), he would design it.", "However, the UPenn administration vetoed that possibility due to what it regarded as less than professional performance by Kahn's office in the design of Richards.", "Another architect was chosen for the new building, leading to a dispiriting in the school and contributing to the ending of the Philadelphia School.=== August Komendant ===August Komendant (October 2, 1906 – September 14, 1992) was an Estonian and American structural engineer who attended the Technical Institute in Dresden, Germany.", "He was a pioneer of pre-cast, pre-stressed, and post-tensioned concrete and was Louis Kahn's engineer on Richards and many of his subsequent buildings.", "He was also the engineer for the 1962 Philadelphia Police Administration Building by Geddes Brecher Qualls Cunningham and two parking garages near the UPenn campus by Giurgola.", "Komendant was also the engineer for Moshe Safdie's 1967 Habitat 67 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.", "Komendant taught a course in advanced structures at the GSFA and was usually present on Kahn's juries.=== Robert le Ricolais ====Robert le Ricolais (1894–1977) was born in western France.", "His formal studies in mathematics and physics were interrupted by World War I and were never completed.", "Le Ricolais had a widely ranging mind exploring structures in nature and pursuing a range of engineering issues.", "At the GSFA he taught the Masters Studio with Louis Kahn and Norman Rice and Experimental Structures, a course exploring bone structure, radiolaria, the topology of surfaces, and structures that combined tension and compression using non-quantitative mathematical analysis, always reaching for “zero weight, infinite span.”=== Ian McHarg ===Ian L. McHarg (20 November 1920 – 5 March 2001) was born in Scotland and served as a parachute combat commander during World War II.", "He attended the Graduate School of Design at Harvard where he was a student of Perkins and where he received degrees in landscape architecture and city planning in 1949.Perkins invited McHarg to create a landscape architecture department at the GSFA.McHarg's notion of landscape architecture went beyond gardens, stating in 1957: “One of the most conspicuous failures of 20th century western society has been the environment created.", "Squalor and anarchy are more accurate descriptions than are efficiency and delight.", "This should cause no surprise when we consider that prevailing values esteem the ephemeral consumer product over landscape and townscape.", "Indeed the new yet obsolescent automobile or refrigerator are much more highly prized than the enduring social and physical environment.", "Despoliation of landscape and the accretion of ugliness are inevitable consequences of such prevailing values.” Thus McHarg announced that his program would be questioning Western civilization and advancing urban and regional ecology.One of McHarg's courses was Man and Environment, which had weekly guests including Ray Birdwhistell, Ed Deevey, Julian Huxley, Robert MacArthur, Jack McCormick, Margaret Mead, Lewis Mumford, Paul Sears, Paul Tillich, and Alan Watts, among many others.Two of his courses, History of Landscape Architecture and Urban Ecology became the basis of his 1969 book Design with Nature in which he presents nature as process and advocates that we need not just clean up the environment, but that we need to develop a totally new mode of living, thus anticipating deep ecology.", "He writes: “Clearly the problem of man and nature is not one of providing a decorative background for the human play, or even ameliorating the grim city: it is the necessity of sustaining nature as source of life, milieu, teacher, sanctum, challenge and, most of all, of rediscovering nature’s corollary of the unknown in the self, the source meaning.” Lewis Mumford compared its importance for the environment to the works of Thoreau and Rachel Carson.", "Today Design with Nature is on Amazon's lists of the top 100 books on landscape architecture, urban and land use planning, and architecture.", "McHarg's advocacy for the environment extended beyond the school and included numerous media appearances, including his own television show on CBS in 1960.He was a co-founder of Earth Day.McHarg co-founded the firm Wallace McHarg Roberts & Todd (WMRT) which produced major urban design and environmental projects.=== Stanislawa Nowicki ===Stanislawa (Sasha) Nowicki (c. 1915– 2018) was born in Poland, studied at Warsaw Polytechnic Institute, and worked for Le Corbusier.", "She taught at North Carolina State University and was recruited to the GSFA by Dean Perkins in 1951.Perkins remarked, “Lewis Mumford told me that Sasha was someone I must have.", "Getting her was a coup; she could well have been the best teacher we had.” Nowicki's approach was rigorous, intended to train a disciplined hand and a critical eye and to instill design judgment.=== Holmes Perkins ===G.", "(George) Holmes Perkins (1904–2004) was born in Cambridge, MA, attended Phillips Exeter Academy and Harvard where he studied chemistry and then architecture.", "He taught architecture at the University of Michigan and returned to Harvard to chair the city planning department while Walter Gropius chaired architecture under dean Joseph Hudnut.", "In 1951 he became dean of the GSFA with a mandate to convert it from a Beaux-Arts to a modern curriculum and the ability to fully replace the faculty, enabling him to make twenty-two new faculty appointments in his first two years.Perkins's brilliance was his ability to pick young faculty who would develop into strong figures.", "Peter Shepard, who followed Perkins as dean, observed: “Holmes’s virtue was not to try and find people whom he agreed with.", "He didn’t care what they were talking about as long as they had what I call steerage-way; they had full sail, they had their hand on the tiller, and they knew where they were going.", "They had their own direction.", "What Holmes seemed to enjoy, actually—strange because he was such a pacific man—he seemed to enjoy the lovely arguments.”Besides his role as dean of the GSFA, Perkins was also Chairman of the City Planning Commission, and he served in numerous other civic roles, helping cement the relationship between the school, the city, and the profession.", "He saw the city as a laboratory for implementing the ideas under development in the school.", "Geddes stated: “... the intention to have ... the Philadelphia School, was due to one person, G. Holmes Perkins.", "When Holmes Perkins came here to the University of Pennsylvania, he came with this intention.... Holmes Perkins did one more thing that was remarkable.", "He actually saw the possibility of the city being the laboratory for architectural and planning education.", "In this case, it was Philadelphia.", "If he had been asked to be a dean in Chicago, he would have done it there.”Perkins's envisioned a strong relationship between architecture, city and regional planning, and landscape architecture, even hoping that they might become one profession, and he arranged for students in the three disciples to share the same first year studio, although that arrangement did not last.Perkins was both dean of the GSFA and chair of undergraduate architecture and controlled the curriculum, encouraging philosophical discussion among the faculty.", "Robert Geddes states: “There was sense that a new architecture and a new urban design was evolving.", "It was unselfconscious and was not looking elsewhere, except, to Corbu and Mies.", "We didn’t go elsewhere to see what was happening; people came to Philadelphia, including Smithson, van Eyck, and Bakema.”=== Denise Scott Brown ===Denise Scott Brown was born Denise Lakofski in Rhodesia in 1931 and studied in South Africa before going to England where she studied at the Architectural Association and where she met Robert Scott Brown whom she married in 1955.They both went to Philadelphia to study at the GSFA where Robert Scott Brown was killed in an automobile accident in 1959.Denise continued her studies at the GSFA, began to teach there, and became friends with Robert Venturi, also on the faculty.", "She sought to serve the GSFA's goal of relating architecture and city planning by teaching basic design to city planning students and city planning to architecture students.", "She joined European and American planning theory and began an interest in popular culture.", "Her theory course addressed “Contemporary theories with special attention to their relevance to current professional problems in the design of the urban environment.”Scott Brown explored popular culture, publishing “On Pop Art, Permissiveness and Planning” in 1969 in which she identified popular culture as a source of contemporary meaning.", "While Venturi's references to pop art were to Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns, Scott Brown's was to Edward Ruscha's paintings of gas stations and photographs of Los Angeles parking lots.Scott Brown left the GSFA in 1965 and taught at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of California, Los Angeles.", "During this time she photographed the Southwest, particularly Los Angeles and Las Vegas, a project that eventually lead to the book Learning From Las Vegas which she coauthored with Robert Venturi and Steven Izenour.", "Denise Scott Brown and Robert Venturi married in 1967 and she joined his firm in 1969.In 1989 the firm became Venturi, Scott Brown, and Associates.Scott Brown and her husband and partner, Robert Venturi, are regarded as among the most influential architects of the twentieth century, both through their architecture and planning, and theoretical writing and teaching.=== Anne Tyng ===Anne Griswold Tyng (July 14, 1920 – December 27, 2011) studied at Radcliffe and Harvard.", "She worked with Louis Kahn and contributed to the geometric forms of some of his projects, including his Trenton Bath House, early versions of his Bryn Mawr Dorm, and particularly their City Tower of 1952-’57.Tyng brought together Carl Jung and geometry in a theory of the evolution of culture and conscious and played a major role in the Philadelphia School’s interest in geometries.=== Robert Venturi ===Robert Venturi (June 25, 1925 – September 18, 2018) was born in Philadelphia into a family with an Italian background and was raised as a Quaker.", "He studied architecture at Princeton University in the Beaux-Arts tradition under Jean Labatut.", "He worked briefly for Eero Saarinen and Louis Kahn and was awarded the Rome Prize Fellowship at the American Academy in Rome in 1954, where he studied and toured Europe for two years photographing and gathering some of the material that later appeared in his book, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture and in his course at the GSFA, Theories of Architecture.He taught at the GSFA from 1959 to 1965, primarily a design studio and a lecture course, Theories of Architecture, which consisted of: … architectural analysis and historical comparison employed as tools of criticism and techniques in the architect’s design process.", "Its method is the breaking up of architecture into Vitruvian elements, and further, into alternating considerations, concrete and abstract, conceptual and perceptual; of the juxtaposition of the ideas of site and background, structure and form, material and texture, use and space-movement-light-scale, and the elements of composition—for the purpose of analysis.", "Fragmented elements are evolved from specific examples: contemporary and historical examples are compared non-chronologically.Venturi’s 1966 book, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, was one of the first challenges to modern architecture, arousing a storm of controversy.", "In it he advocates for “the difficult whole,” and champions then forgotten figures such as Frank Furness, Edwin Lutyens, and John Soane.", "Venturi also referred to Italian mannerism and to pop art.", "And he advocated for the messy vitality of the American landscape, writing: “... is not Main Street almost all right?", "Indeed, is not the commercial strip of a Route 66 almost all right?” Venturi later develop this thought in Learning From Las Vegas which he coauthored with Denise School Brown and Steven Izenour.His design of a house for his mother, the Vanna Venturi House of 1964 in Philadelphia, was another assault on modern architecture with its sloped roof, broken pediment, applied ornament, and mannerist perversities.Venturi's other work during this period include renovations of the James B. Duke House, The Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, Robert Venturi, Cope and Lippincott, Associated Architects in 1959.Here, he leaves intact all of the original interiors, an approach now referred to as historic preservation.", "A project for a Beach House in 1959, reaching back to the Shingle Style, Low House rather than to European modernism.", "Renovations for Grands restaurant in West Philadelphia with William Short in 1962.The giant coffee cup on the façade reintroduced signs into modern architecture.", "The long narrow space is mannerist, the sides of the booths are minimalist sculptures, the repeated sugar shakers and catsup bottles on each table celebrate boring repetition, and the giant lettering on the wall introduced supergraphics.Venturi felt himself to be the “black sheep” of the faculty and left the GSFA in 1965 due to what he felt was a lack of support." ], [ "End of the Philadelphia School", "There were three contributors to the ending of the Philadelphia School: faculty leaving, Kahn not designing the school's new building, and campus unrest.", "Robert Geddes dates the ending of the Philadelphia School as 1965 with the departure of numerous faculty to take leadership roles at other architecture schools.", "Geddes left to become dean of architecture at Princeton University, Timothy Vreeland to become dean at the University of New Mexico, Gerald A. P. Carrothers became dean at York University, and David Crane dean at Rice University.", "Romaldo Giurgola became chair of architecture at Columbia University.", "Rapkin and Gans also went to Columbia.", "Venturi left because of what he felt was a lack of support and Scott Brown left to teach in California.", "Perkins later observed that he could have responded better to this loss if he had been younger and more in touch with architects across the country.The school had outgrown its building and it was assumed the Kahn would design a new building, but he was blocked from any more buildings on the campus due to what the university administration felt was less than professional work on the Richards Medical Research Laboratories.", "The rejection led to a wide feeling of bitterness in the school.The late 1960s brought upheavals on college campuses, including at UPenn.", "The Book of the School remarks, “There was excitement, anger, resentment, challenge, innovation—in sum, a time of stimulating turbulence, though it may not have seemed so to all of the faculty.”" ], [ "Recognition and Influence", "Recognition of the Philadelphia School and some of its key figures was uneven, perhaps in part because it was in Philadelphia rather than in New York which was at the time the center for architectural practice and publications.The first outside recognition came in an article by Jan Rowan in the April 1961 issue of the magazine Progressive Architecture titled “Wanting to Be The Philadelphia School.” (“Wanting to be” came from Louis Kahn's asking, “What does this building want to be?” at the start of a project.)", "Also in 1961 New York's Museum of Modern Art presented an exhibit of Kahn's Richards Laboratories.In 1962 the prominent architectural historian, Vincent Scully, published Louis I. Kahn, the first survey of Kahn's work.", "It has been followed by dozens of books on his architecture, and several books on his drawings, his structural technology, and his philosophy.In 1965 several Philadelphia School figures, including Kahn, Venturi, and Giurgola, were covered in the Yale Architectural Journal, Perspecta 9/10, edited by Robert A. M. Stern.In 1966 Stern included Venturi and Giurgola in 40 Under 40, an exhibit at the Architectural League of New York.Also in 1966 the Museum of Modern Art published Robert Venturi's book, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, with an introduction by Arthur Drexler, Curator of Architecture at the Museum of Modern Art, and an extensive introduction by Vincent Scully.Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture was hugely controversial, drawing numerous negative reviews, including one by the architectural editor, Peter Blake, in Architectural Forum.", "Venturi followed up with Learning from Las Vegas, coauthored with Denise Scott Brown and Steven Izenour, and with several collections of his essays.", "There have been dozens of books about his firms’ architecture.Philadelphia School architecture had a wide influence.", "We see Kahn's strong forms in Philip Johnson's 1972 addition to the Boston Public Library, and his articulation in the towers of I. M. Pei's 1967 National Center for Atmospheric Research, among many other examples.", "Kahn's exposed concrete and expression of construction both influenced and paralleled Brutalist architecture.", "Venturi's use of historical (particularly classical) ornament can be seen in much postmodern architecture, including in the work of Robert A. M. Stern, Philip Johnson, Charles Moore, and Michael Graves among others.", "Influence also came from the fact that many GSFA graduates went on to teach as well as to practice." ], [ "See also", "* Philadelphia* Center City, Philadelphia* Architecture of Philadelphia* City Planning Commission (Philadelphia)" ], [ "Futher Reading", "* The Architectural Forum, Volume 87, Number 6, December 1947.", "* Bacon, Edmund N. Design of Cities (Viking Press, January 1, 1967) ASIN: B001NBO6YG (Revised Edition: New York, NY: Penguin Publishing Group 1976.", ")* Bacon, Edmund N. Form, Design, and the city (1962) A film presented by the Reynolds Metals Company in cooperation with the American Institute of Architects.", "* Burnham, Daniel and Bennett, Edward H., Plan of Chicago (New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 1993, reprint of the 1909 original).", "* \"G. Holmes Perkins, Dean & Architect,\" in the University of Pennsylvania Almanac, September 7, 2004, Volume 51 Number 2.", "* Geddes, Robert L. and Spring, Bernard P., “A Study of Education for Environmental Design” (Sponsored by the American Institute of Architects, 1967).", "* Geddes, Robert L., “The Philadelphia School,” talk given at the University of Pennsylvania, 2017.Transcript Lobell, John, The Philadelphia School and the Future of Architecture* Heller, Gregory L., Ed Bacon: Planning, Politics, and the Building of Modern Philadelphia, (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013).", "* Lobell, John and Kahn, Louis, Between Silence and Light: Spirit in the Architecture of Louis I. Kahn (Boston, MA.", "Shambhala, September 9, 2008; 2nd edition (September 9, 2008) * Lobell, John, Louis Kahn: Architecture as Philosophy (New York, NY: 2020), * Lobell, John, The Philadelphia School and the Future of Architecture (Routledge Research in Architecture, August 5, 2022) * McHarg, Ian L., Design with Nature (Garden City, NY: Natural History Press, 1969.)", "* Pearlman, Jill, Inventing American Modernism: Joseph Hudnut, Walter Gropius, and the Bauhaus Legacy at Harvard (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2007).", "* Rowan, Jan, “Wanting to Be the Philadelphia School,” in Progressive Architecture (April 1961).", "* “Runner-Up in the Boston City Hall Competition: Romaldo Giurgola, Elirinan B. Mitchell, and Thomas R. Vreeland, Jr.,” in Progressive Architecture (April 1963).", "* Scully, Vincent, The Shingle Style Today: Or The Historian's Revenge (New York, NY: George Braziller Inc., 1974) * Strong, Ann L. and Thomas, George E., eds., The Book of the School: 100 Years, The Graduate School of Fine Arts the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, 1990) * Venturi, Robert, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art, 1966, 1977).", "* Venturi, Robert, Scott Brown, Denise, and Izenour, Steven, Learning from Las Vegas (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1977).", "* Williamson, James F., Kahn at Penn: Transformative Teacher of Architecture (London and New York, NY: Routledge, 2015)." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Atlas Roofing Co. v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Atlas Roofing Company, Inc. v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission''''', , was a United States Supreme Court decision in administrative law.", "The decision held that the Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution did not require a jury trial to enforce civil violations of a federal \"public rights\" statute, and that such violations could instead be enforced by a Congressionally created administrative agency." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]

[ [ "Nutbrown" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Nutbrown''' is an English and Welsh surname.", "It may be derived from complexion of hair.", "Notable people with the surname include:*Cathy Nutbrown, British academic*Dave Nutbrown, Canadian basketball coach*Jamie Nutbrown (born 1981), New Zealand rugby union player" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Qayyum Papa Stadium" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Qayyum Papa Stadium''', also known as '''Qayyum Ali Changezi Stadium''', is a football stadium in Mari Abad, Quetta, Pakistan.", "It has the capacity to accommodate up to 10,000 spectators.", "It has also been used in occasions to celebrate the Hazara culture day." ], [ "History", "Qayyum Changezi in 1958The stadium was initially built by MPA minister Syed Muhammad Agha Raza in 2014, named after footballer Qayyum Ali Changezi who played for the Pakistan national team in the 1950s and 1960s.", "It was initially intended to engage local youth in sports and providing a safe environment to deter them from harmful activities like drug use.", "In 2019, a Ramazan tournament was held at the stadium where the teams from Quetta and specifically from the Hazara community would play in the venue.", "In 2020, the stadium also was one of the three venues in the 'All Pakistan Chief Minister Balochistan Gold Cup Football Tournament', which was held after 17 years in province by the provincial minister Abdul Khaliq Hazara, featuring 21 teams.=== Renovation ===Over time, neglect, mismanagement, and funding issues led to the stadium falling into disrepair.", "The stadium started the renovation in February 2023, led by the provincial minister Abdul Khaliq Hazara.In May 2023, the venue was used to hold football matches in the 34th 2023 National Games of Pakistan, which were held after almost 19 years in the province of Balochistan.", "In July 2023, the stadium became the first-ever synthetic turf football ground in the province of Balochistan, after transitioning from natural grass to artificial turf." ], [ "See also", "* List of football stadiums in Pakistan" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Phlebotomy licensure" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Phlebotomy licensure''' is the process by which various regulatory bodies regulate the practice of phlebotomy within its jurisdiction through licensure." ], [ "United States", "In the United States, four states require licensure for phlebotomy: California, Louisiana, Nevada, Washington.", "There are no federal phlebotomy training or certification requirements, though several states have imposed their own requirements.California introduced phlebotomy licensure after an on-the-job trained phlebotomist at a Palo Alto phlebotomy draw station for SmithKline Beecham Clinical Laboratory (SBCL) was found to be re-using needles, sometimes after washing them with diluted hydrogen peroxide, in an effort to save supplies and run a cost-efficient lab.", "The phlebotomist was also accused of mislabeling blood to cover-up mistakes, of reusing the same pipette for both blood and urine samples and of rarely wearing rubber gloves while working.", "The laboratory conducted an internal review of its phlebotomy practices at its 800 sites across the United States and found no deficiencies.", "The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) advised the approximately 3600 impacted patients whom had their blood drawn at the clinic to get HIV and Hepatitis testing as well as counseling.A subsequent study found a low risk of infection from the re-used needles due to the low infection prevalence in Palo Alto.Following California, a several states including Massachusetts and Missouri attempted to introduce either licensure or training/educational requirements, but the bills died.Phlebotomy licensure advocates claim that the licensure would enhance the quality of personnel, while the laboratory industry opposes phlebotomy licensure as an unnecessary cost.=== Certifications ===There are several national phlebotomy certifications in the US.", "Abbr Phlebotomy Certifying Agency Certification Designation Notes AAH American Allied Health CPT (AAH) ACA American Certification Agency for Healthcare Professionals CPT(ACA) AMCA American Medical Certification Association PTC (AMCA) AMT American Medical Technologists RPT(AMT) ASCP American Society for Clinical Pathology PBT(ASCP) ASPT American Society of Phlebotomy Technicians CPT(ASPT) IAPA NCA National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel CLPlb(NCA) NCCT/MMCI National Center for Competency Testing NCPT(NCCT) NHA National Healthcareer Association CPT(NHA) NAHP National Association for Health Professionals NRCPT(NAHP) NPA National Phlebotomy Association CPT(NPA) ===States=======California====In 2001, California enacted phlebotomy licensure following a public health outcry about an on-the-job trained phlebotomist that re-used needles.====Illinois====Phlebotomists are not licensed in Illinois but must have a high school diploma and have completed a training program in order to practice.", "Certification is not required and phlebotomists do not fall under the Illinois Clinical Laboratory Act.In 2020, Illinois passed a bill requiring the Illinois Department of Public Health to triannually develop training materials for drawing blood from children and adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities and for facilities to ensure the training is incorporated for phlebotomists.There have been bills to introduce phlebotomy licensure in Illinois, but have been unsuccessful.====Louisiana========Nevada========Washington====" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Devaughn Vele" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Devaughn Vele''' (born December 15, 1997) is an American football wide receiver for the Utah Utes." ], [ "Early life and high school", "Vele attended high school at Rancho Bernardo.", "Coming out of high school, Vele decided to walk-on to play college football for the Utah Utes." ], [ "College career", "During the 2019 season, Vele decided to use the season to redshirt.", "During the 2020 season, Vele played in five games making two catches for 12 yards.", "Heading into the 2021 season, Vele earned a scholarship from Utah.", "In week six of the 2021 season, Vele pulled down a 37 yard touchdown reception, as he would help the Utes take down USC.", "In the 2021 season, Vele had a breakout year bringing in 23 receptions for 389 yards and a touchdown.", "In the 2022 season, Vele tallied 50 receptions for 595 yards and five touchdowns.", "After the conclusion of the 2022 season, Vele planned to head to the NFL, however he decided to return to Utah for the 2023 season.", "In week ten of the 2023 season, Vele notched seven receptions for 80 yards in a loss to the Oregon Ducks.", "In week eleven in a blowout win over Arizona State, Vele hauled in seven receptions for 56 yards and two touchdowns.", "In the 2023 season, Vele notched 43 receptions for 593 yards and three touchdowns.", "After the conclusion of the 2023 season, Vele decided to declare for the 2024 NFL Draft." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Utah Utes bio" ] ]

[ [ "Carvin Malone" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Carvin Malone ''' was a British Virgin Islands politician, who served as a Member of the House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands from 2019 until 2023.Malone died at Dr. D Orlando Smith Hospital on 14 January 2024 aged 64.He was given an official funeral." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Andrei Kostin" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Andrei Nikolaievich Kostin''' (; born 31 July 2002) is a Russian footballer who plays as a defender for Torpedo Moscow." ], [ "Club career", "He made his debut in the Russian Second League for Znamya Noginsk on 29 August 2021 in a game against Rodina Moscow.On February 17, 2024, he signed contract with Torpedo Moscow." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Profile by Russian Second League Division B* Profile by Russian First League" ] ]

[ [ "Beth Anne Billings" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Beth Anne Billings''' is an American politician serving as a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from the 56th district.", "A member of the Republican Party, Billings has been in office since January 8, 2024 after running unopposed." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Nick Walker (scholar)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Nick Walker''' is a transdisciplinary scholar and writer, known for coining the term neuroqueer, as well as her contributions to the neurodiversity paradigm.", "Her research focuses on the intersections of somatic psychology, transpersonal psychology, queer theory, neurodiversity, and creativity.", "She is an associate professor at the California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS)." ], [ "Early life and education", "Walker received an Associate of Arts in liberal arts from Berkeley City College, after which she attended CIIS, where she received a Bachelor of Arts in interdisciplinary studies, a Master of Arts in counseling psychotherapy, and a Doctor of Philosophy in transformative studies." ], [ "Career", "Walker is an associate professor at the California Institute of Integral Studies.", "She is also a senior aikido instructor, managing editor of Autonomous Press, and a consulting editor for ''World Futures''.=== Neurodiversity paradigm ===Walker made significant contributions to theorizing the neurodiversity paradigm.", "According to Walker, the neurodiversity paradigm has three foundational principles: # \"Neurodiversity—the diversity among minds—is a natural, healthy, and valuable form of human diversity\" .# “There is no ‘normal’ or ‘right’ style of human mind”.# “The social dynamics that manifest in regard to neurodiversity are similar to the social dynamics that manifest in regard to other forms of human diversity\".She distinguishes this from what she calls the pathology paradigm, which is based upon the medical model of disability and presumes neurodivergence is an individual medical deficit.", "=== Neuroqueer theory ===Walker coined the term ''neuroqueer'' in 2008, though Athena Lynn Michaels-Dillon had also independently coined the phrase, and Remi Yergeau had been considering the concept, as well, referring to it as ''neurological queerness''.", "Walker used the term in relation to queer theory to \"examine how socially-imposed neuronormativity and socially-imposed heteronormativity were entwined with one another, and how the queering of either of those two forms of normativity entwined with and blended into the queering of the other one.\"", "The word ''neuroqueer'' first appeared in print on the back cover of Michaels-Dillon's novel ''Defiant'' (2015) and in Yergeau's ''Authoring Autism'' (2018).The use of ''neuroqueer'' has since grown to refer to a field of academic study, as well as an identity label.", "Those who claim \"a neuroqueer identity recognize that discourses of person-first language or celebrated differences do not shift ableist constructions of neurological functioning as they purport to do\", given that \"ableism systematically and systemically constructed what it means to be ‘normal’\", which excludes neurodivergent and queer individuals.", "As such, individuals who claim a neuroqueer identity \"deliberately dissociate with ableist assimilation practices by purposefully resisting conformity while finding pride in one’s selfhood.", "This act, in turn, queers what it means to exist, act, and perform in social spheres.\"" ], [ "Personal life", "Walker is queer, transgender, and autistic." ], [ "Publications", "=== Articles ===* Walker, Nick, and Alicia Danforth.", "Treating Social Anxiety in Autistic Adults with MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy.", "''MAPS Bulletin,'' vol.", "24, no.", "1, Spring 2014, pp.", "7–9.", "* Danforth, Alicia, Charles S. Grob, Christopher Struble, Allison A. Feduccia, Nick Walker, Lisa Jerome, Berra Yazar-Klosinski, and Amy Emerson.", "Reduction in Social Anxiety After MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy with Autistic Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study.", "''Psychopharmacology'', vol.", "235, no.", "11, June 2018, pp.", "3137–3148.", "* Walker, Nick, and Dora M. Raymaker.", "Toward a Neuroqueer Future.", "''Autism in Adulthood'', vol.", "3, no.", "1, March 2021, pp.", "5–10.", "* Pukki, Heta, et al.", "Autistic Perspectives on the Future of Clinical Autism Research.", "''Autism in Adulthood'', vol.", "4, no.", "2, June 2022, pp.", "93–101.=== Books edited ===* Walker, Nick, and Andrew M. Reichart, eds.", "''Spoon Knife 3: Incursions''.", "NeuroQueer Books, 2018.", "* Reichart, Andrew M., Dora M. Raymaker, and Nick Walker, eds.", "''Spoon Knife 5: Liminal.''", "NeuroQueer Books, 2021.", "* Walker, Nick, and Mike Jung, eds.", "''Spoon Knife 7: Transitions.''", "NeuroQueer Books, 2023.=== Books written ===* Walker, Nick.", "''Neuroqueer Heresies: Notes on the Neurodiversity Paradigm, Autistic Empowerment, and Postnormal Possibilities.''", "Autonomous Press, 2021.=== Book chapters ===* Walker, Nick.", "On Being Slippery.", "''Towards an Archeology of the Soul'', edited by Antero Alli.", "Vertical Pool, 2003.", "* Walker, Nick.", "Throw Away the Master’s Tools: Liberating Ourselves from the Pathology Paradigm.", "''Loud Hands: Autistic People, Speaking'', edited by Julia Bascom.", "Autistic Press, 2012.", "* Walker, Nick.", "Foreword.", "''Defiant'', by Michael Scott Monje.", "Autonomous Press, 2015.", "* Walker, Nick.", "This Is Autism.", "''The Real Experts: Readings for Parents of Autistic Children'', edited by Michelle Sutton.", "Autonomous Press, 2015.", "* Walker, Nick.", "What Is Autism?", "''The Real Experts: Readings for Parents of Autistic Children'', edited by Michelle Sutton.", "Autonomous Press, 2015.", "* Walker, Nick.", "Calvin and Clay, the Protective Manipulations of the Unconscious, and Friends of Ambiguous Ontological Status.", "Afterword.", "''Imaginary Friends'', by Michael Scott Monje.", "NeuroQueer Books, 2016.", "* Walker, Nick.", "Somatics and Autistic Embodiment.", "''Diverse Bodies, Diverse Practices: Toward an Inclusive Somatics'', edited by Don Hanlon Johnson.", "North Atlantic Books, 2018.", "* Walker, Nick, and Bonnie Burstow.", "Autistic and Mad.", "''The Revolt Against Psychiatry: A Counterhegemonic Dialogue'', edited by Bonnie Burstow.", "Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.", "* Walker, Nick.The Use of Transformative Somatic Practices in Processes of Collective Imagination and Collaborative Future-Shaping.", "''Routledge Handbook for Creative Futures'', edited by Gabrielle Donnelly and Alfonso Montuori.", "Routledge, 2023." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Google Scholar* Neuroqueer.com" ] ]

[ [ "Pauline Courtois" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Pauline Courtois''' (born 27 April 1989) is a French sailor competing in match racing.", "She won the Women's Match Racing World Championship three years running, from 2021 to 2023.Courtois began sailing at the age of seven in Optimist dinghies.She has competed in the Women's Match Racing World Championships, finishing second in 2018 and third in 2019 before her three consecutive wins in 2021, 2022 and 2023., her favourite match racing yacht is the Elliott 6m.In addition to inshore sailing, she competed in the two-handed 2023 Paprec Transat with Corentin Horeau, finishing in third place.When not sailing competitively, Courtois works as a sports teacher in Brest." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Ursula Booth" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ursula Agnes Booth''' (1740–1803) was a British stage actress of the eighteenth century.", "She first appeared at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London on 1 November 1775, but at the season switched to the rival Theatre Royal, Drury Lane and remained a part of the company for the next twenty years under the management of Richard Brinsley Sheridan.", "She specialised in character roles of older woman.", "She also appeared in the summers at the Haymarket.", "Her husband John Booth was the resident tailor at Drury Lane.", "She was the mother of the actress Elizabeth Field who married the actor William Wallack and was therefore the grandmother of James William Wallack and Henry John Wallack." ], [ "Selected roles", "* Mrs Goodison in ''The Jew'' by Richard Cumberland (1794)* Mrs Rigid in ''The Will'' by Frederick Reynolds (1797)" ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* Bratton, Jacqueline S. ''New Readings in Theatre History''.", "Cambridge University Press, 2003.", "* Highfill, Philip H, Burnim, Kalman A.", "& Langhans, Edward A.", "''A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers and Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660–1800, Volumes 1-2''.", "SIU Press, 1973." ] ]

[ [ "Vienna Conference (August 1st, 1917)" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Vienna Conference of August 1, 1917''' was a German-Austrian-Hungarian governmental conference designed to regulate the sharing of the Quadruple Alliance's European conquests, in a context of growing rivalry and divergence between the Imperial Reich and the Dual Monarchy.", "Gathered at a time when the Dual Monarchy was sinking into a crisis from which it proved unable to emerge until the autumn of 1918, the Vienna meeting was a further opportunity for German delegates to reaffirm the Reich's weight in the direction of the German-Austrian-Hungarian alliance, on the one hand, and in Europe, on the other." ], [ "Context", "=== Crisis of July 1917 ===July 1917 saw a major institutional change in the Imperial Reich.", "The fall of Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg on July 13 created the conditions for the transformation of the chancellors who succeeded him into front men for the Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL, German High Command); the question of war aims became a spur for the Dioscuri Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff: Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg accepts the conclusions of the April 23rd Kreuznach conference, defining this program of war aims for the Reich as a \"chimera\", which constitutes the main reason for its downfall.However, the Chancellor saw opposition to his policy grow stronger with each passing week since the conferences of April and May 1917; an alliance of circumstance brought together parliamentarians, Kronprinz Wilhelm of Prussia and the Dioscuri.", "This alliance destabilized and then overwhelmed the Chancellor, who was finally disowned by the Emperor.At the end of this political crisis, Georg Michaelis, then supply commissioner in the Prussian cabinet and completely unknown to the population, but approached by Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg on the suggestion of Georg von Hertling, was appointed chancellor, after consultation by the emperor with Erich Ludendorff and Paul von Hindenburg, who appreciated his frankness; his first statements to parliament soon made him the two generals' right-hand man.=== Desire to get out of conflict ===The prolongation of the conflict exhausted Austria-Hungary.", "The gravity of the domestic situation created a feeling of \"panic\" among the Austro-Hungarian leaders, who were prepared to make numerous concessions in order to bring the Dual Monarchy out of the conflict.", "On April 13, 1917, Ottokar Czernin, the joint Minister of Foreign Affairs, presented the new Emperor Charles with a report on the economic and military exhaustion of the Danube monarchy, entitled \"Austrian Military Power on the Way to Disintegration.", "\"At the same time, Charles I attempted to conduct Track II diplomacy, supported by Empress Zita's family, notably her brothers and cousins; however, these initiatives failed due to the emperor's hesitant and indecisive policy, which \"''reste au milieu du gué''\" (remained midstream), in the words of a letter from Ottokar Czernin to István Tisza, former Hungarian prime minister.Faced with this worrying situation, the Germans multiplied their initiatives to impose the continuation of the conflict on their main ally: they sent unofficial missions, led in particular by Matthias Erzberger, and financed Austrian and Hungarian political parties in favor of maintaining the alliance between the Reich and the dual monarchy.", "Moreover, during an audience with the Austro-Hungarian ambassador in Berlin, Gottfried von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, on July 13, 1917, the German emperor spoke openly of German plans to invade the Dual Monarchy, in the event of the opening of peace negotiations with the Allies.At the same time as these desperate steps were being taken, initiatives were being taken within the Reich to open peace negotiations.", "However, these initiatives, the fruit of the reflections of certain political and economic leaders, were quickly countered by the maximalistic ambitions of the OHL military, hostile to the negotiation of a \"peace of understanding\" supported by the majority of the Reichstag since August 4, 1914.Finally, in the days leading up to the conference, pontifical diplomacy was busy trying to put an end to the conflict.", "On August 1, 1917, a note from Pope Benedict XV was officially published.", "Prepared for months by the Vatican in agreement with the Reich government, according to historian Annie Lacroix-Riz, it responded both to the Austro-Hungarian desire to put an end to the conflict and to the political and territorial aspirations of the Reich.", "The exact text of the Papal Note was known in Vienna on August 17, 1917, according to Jean-Paul Bled; however, its main provisions were known to the members of the Quadruple Alliance shortly before the meeting on August 1, 1917.=== The Kreuznach agreements ===Since Ottokar Czernin's acceptance of the final note summarizing the Kreuznach discussions on June 18, 1917, German officials have constantly stripped the May 18 agreement of its content: Central and Eastern Europe is thus divided into zones of German and Austro-Hungarian influence; however, this division does little to mask the reality of the balance of power between the two allies, with the Germans attempting to take the place of the Austro-Hungarians.At Kreuznach, Albania, Montenegro, most of Serbia and Wallachia were destined to join the Austro-Hungarian sphere of influence; however, this devolution masked the strong economic influence that the Reich reserved for itself in the regions destined to become the domain of the dual monarchy.The German negotiators reserved Poland for the Reich, promising strict political, economic and military control despite its formal independence, and eventually placing it under the scepter of Archduke Charles Stephen, cousin of the Kaiser-King; they also added control of certain strategic railways in Romania and the Austro-Hungarian Balkans." ], [ "Participants", "=== German negotiators ===The German delegation was led by the new Reich Chancellor, Georg Michaelis, a novice in foreign policy.He was accompanied by the experienced Arthur Zimmermann, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs.", "He was assisted by Under-Secretary of State Wilhelm von Stumm, in charge of his ministry's economic department.=== Austro-Hungarian negotiators ===Facing the Imperial Chancellor and his Secretary of State, the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, Ottokar Czernin, assisted by his closest collaborators, welcomed the new head of the German government.Czernin is assisted by his Chief of Cabinet, Alexander Hoyos, as well as Ladislas Müller von Szentgyörgyi and Ludwig von Flotow, two of his ministry's four section heads." ], [ "Bilateral discussions", "The Vienna discussions addressed three key issues in relations between the Reich and the Dual Monarchy, in a context marked by a certain frankness between participants and the advanced decay of the Habsburg Empire at this stage of the conflict.=== Political pessimism ===This German-Austro-Hungarian conference, the first to be attended by the inexperienced Georg Michaelis, provided an opportunity for an unvarnished analysis of the situation of the Central Powers, strangled by the Allied blockade, food restrictions, raw material restrictions and a slowly deteriorating military situation.Indeed, the Chancellor echoed the analyses of his predecessor, Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, on the slow exhaustion of the Reich and its allies, but refused to admit that prolonging the conflict could only accentuate the defeat of the Reich and the bloc of alliances organized around Germany.=== Topics discussed ===The August 1st conference provided an opportunity for the German Secretary of State and his Austro-Hungarian counterpart to address the three main points of disagreement between the Reich and the Dual Monarchy at this stage of the conflict: the question of a separate peace with France, the Polish question, and the division of the Balkans into a German and an Austro-Hungarian sphere of influence.France was the kingpin of the Allied coalition.", "Its role prompted the Austro-Germans to try to get it out of the conflict as quickly as possible.", "Thus, the Vienna meeting was the first opportunity to discuss the implementation of a compromise with France, in the form of transfers of territory in German Alsace and Lorraine.", "German officials, informed of Austro-Hungarian initiatives towards France, were vehemently opposed to any exchange of territory that would result in the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to France.The devolution of Poland, which both the Reich and Dual Monarchy had their eyes on, was the second subject of the August 1 conference; Indeed, since the 1915 offensives and the conquest of Russian Poland by the Central Powers, the question of its partition had proved to be a bone of contention between the two allies, the Dioscuri opposing the \"candidacy solution\", while Austro-Hungarian officials wished to maintain the Dual Monarchy's commercial, economic and political influence in the restored kingdom.Finally, the division of the Balkans into German and Austro-Hungarian zones of influence was the third and final point of disagreement between the leaders of the two empires.", "The Austro-Hungarian government was not indifferent to German policy in the Balkans: in Romania, the German occupiers requisitioned the pipelines through which Romanian oil was transported; to make these requisitions permanent and legal, the Reich government encouraged the creation of companies in which the Germans controlled the majority of the capital.", "Similarly, the occupation authorities attempted to impose a new body of law, aligned with that of the Reich.", "This systematic policy of taking control of the economy of a country then belonging to the Austro-Hungarian zone of influence created the conditions for friction between the two empires, as the Austro-Hungarians were reluctant to renounce their zone of influence to the benefit of the Reich.", "In Serbia, the presence of a German division enabled German companies not only to interfere in the management of the country's raw materials, shared between the Austro-Hungarians and the Bulgarians, but also to directly control the railroads of the occupied kingdom.=== Austro-Hungarian propositions ===Faced with an increasingly uncertain domestic situation, the Austro-Hungarian leadership multiplied its initiatives in an attempt to open peace negotiations with the Allies.Thus, Ottokar Czernin proposed, on behalf of his emperor, not only the cession of Galicia to the new Polish state, but also the abandonment of Austro-Hungarian positions in Poland in favor of the Reich.", "In exchange, the Reich would negotiate hypothetical concessions in Alsace-Lorraine with the French.The Austro-Hungarian minister also proposed the resumption of economic negotiations with the Reich in anticipation of concluding a trade agreement between the two empires, with exchanges on the nature of economic and commercial ties; thus, to counter German proposals for a customs union between the Reich and the Dual Monarchy, Czernin proposed the conclusion of an economic agreement including the implementation of the most-favored-nation clause.Finally, he proposed opening negotiations with France and the United Kingdom on the basis of a return to the status quo of 1914: aware of the importance of Belgium in the conclusion of peace, Ottokar Czernin advocated the evacuation of the kingdom and the re-establishment of its independence, just as he proposed a return to the French border line of July 1914, provoking a violent reaction from Kaiser Wilhelm and his advisors." ], [ "Outcome", "Following the exchanges between Czernin on the one hand, and Michaelis, Zimmermann and von Stumm on the other, the German and Austro-Hungarian meeting secretaries drew up minutes of the meeting.", "The minutes reflect the growing mistrust between the respective representatives of the two empires.", "Moreover, the Austro-Hungarians, aware of the impossibility of achieving a general peace, were content to propose partial agreements designed to secure the exit of France, the kingpin of the Allied coalition, from the conflict, which was now entering its fourth year.=== Mutual mistrust ===Since Charles I's accession to the throne, Dual Monarchy officials have been changing their attitude towards their German counterparts.", "They were less enthusiastic about the Reich and its policies.The spring and summer of 1917 were marked by the beginnings of this change in attitude: the multiplication of contacts in an attempt to iron out differences, often without success, the dispatch to the Germans of the report on the situation of the common army and the attempts at parallel diplomacy launched on the initiative of Emperor Charles were all symptoms of the Austro-Hungarian desire to alleviate the control of the Reich.The conference saw this as yet unformalized mistrust become palpable, as the arrival on the throne of a new monarch marked a break in relations between the Reich and the Dual Monarchy; indeed, the young emperor changed the policy of the Dual Monarchy, no longer aligning his policy as systematically as his predecessor with that of the Reich.=== Permanence of German war aims ===Discussions on August 1, 1917, confirmed the Reich's objectives, with German negotiators categorically rejecting Austro-Hungarian peacemaking proposals.In this context, the conference was a further opportunity for German officials to define and pursue Eastern policy in the Baltic states, Poland and the Ukraine.", "Thus, echoing the objectives formulated in Bingen the previous day, German representatives wished to encourage the emergence of separatist movements in the Ukraine and the Baltic states: destined to form independent governments, the members of these movements, financed by the Reich, were promised to bind their states to Germany through long-term agreements, giving German war aims a veneer of local support.Austro-Hungarian proposals, which openly opposed German war aims, were ruthlessly rejected, in particular the cession of Austrian Galicia to Poland, as these conflicted with German objectives to place Ukraine under control, as stated in September 1914 by Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, then Chancellor.Finally, Poland, Romania and the Ukraine were promised to become part of a vast economic entity under Reich control, according to Wilhelm von Stumm, then Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.", "These objectives were simply mentioned to Czernin and those close to him, who were not fooled by German intentions, but had no means of opposing them other than by negotiating the share of influence that the Dual Monarchy could retain in this vast entity, aggregated with the Mitteleuropa thus enlarged to the East.=== Strengthening the German-Austro-Hungarian alliance ===The mutual mistrust that had characterized relations between the Reich and the Dual Monarchy since Charles's accession to the Austro-Hungarian throne did not call into question the growing closeness between the two empires.True to his policy of aligning himself with Reich policy, Ottokar Czernin tried to put forward the Dual Monarchy's point of view in bilateral discussions, while at the same time displaying perfect concordance with German positions in public pronouncements; in practice, this positioning meant giving in to the Reich whenever his German interlocutors showed themselves determined to defend the Reich's views.On August 1, Czernin guaranteed the solidity of the German-Austro-Hungarian alliance, describing any attempt to negotiate with the Allies as \"felony\"; he also reminded his interlocutors, who were fully aware of Austria-Hungary's internal decay, of the situation of the Dual Monarchy, whose population had been suffering restrictions since the autumn of 1914, once again attempting to influence German policy with a view to opening peace negotiations with the Allies.Finally, the planning of a breakthrough offensive on the Italian front, impossible without substantial German support, prompted those in charge of the Common Army to accept a strengthening of the German-Austro-Hungarian alliance in the hope of succeeding in detaching Italy from the Allied side.", "Indeed, German intrusion into the management of the Alpine front increased the Dual Monarchy's dependence on the Reich, making the Reich ever more indispensable to the continuation of the Austro-Hungarian war effort." ], [ "See also", "* Ottokar Czernin* Georg Michaelis* ''Germany's Aims in the First World War''* History of Austria-Hungary during World War I" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References", "=== Bibliography ===* * * * * *" ] ]

[ [ "Peace efforts during World War I" ], [ "Introduction", "Benedict XV, one of the protagonists in the peace negotiations during World War I.", "'''Peace efforts during World War I''' were made mainly by Pope Benedict XV, US President Woodrow Wilson and, from 1916, the two main members of the Triple Alliance (Germany and Austria-Hungary) to bring the conflict to an end.", "European socialists, taking advantage of their relations on opposing sides through the Political International, also tried to open up the prospect of peace.Even though the various social groups in the belligerent countries grew tired of the war after 1916 (the Battle of Verdun, which claimed more than 300,000 lives, marked a turning point in the war), peace proposals were aimed more at protecting national interests than at securing a lasting peace between the belligerents.", "The historian Jean-Baptiste Duroselle uses the term \"secret negotiations\" rather than attempts at peace.None of the attempts at peace succeeded, such as those by Austrian Emperor Charles I and mediated by Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma and all triggered waves of controversy, demonstrating their ambivalent nature.", "The peace demonstrations of 1918 were the last signs of the general will to make peace.", "Peace efforts were most often led by politicians or private individuals who were not, or were no longer, in power: Aristide Briand, in 1917, was no longer President of the Council, or Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, then serving in the Belgian army, which enabled governments and leaders to avoid losing face in the event of failure.But it was indeed Belgian King Albert I who was pushing for peace, just as Aristide Briand was doing in France.", "The aim was to obtain from Germany the full restoration of Belgian independence and the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France.", "But German intransigence dashed all hopes, as the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Czernin, a German ally, sabotaged the peace attempt by publicly revealing the existence of a letter from French Prime Minister Clemenceau.", "Clemenceau strongly denied this, while the Belgian Foreign Minister, Charles de Broqueville, resigned.At the end of the war, Germany, judged by the Allies to be responsible for the war, was confronted with its responsibilities, including the failure of peace attempts, a confrontation that quickly turned into a nationalist revision.", "The study of peace efforts is a predominantly German field of research, within the broader scope of the war guilt question." ], [ "The first negotiations in 1916", "=== German peace proposals ===Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg.In 1916, Germany's domestic situation was becoming increasingly worrying due to supply difficulties caused by labor shortages.Faced with the indecision of the White House, Imperial German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg decided to make his own peace proposal, seeing it as the last chance for a just peace, as the outcome of the war was, in his view, unfavorable to Germany.", "On December 12, 1916, once Romania had been largely conquered, Bethmann Hollweg proposed peace negotiations in the Reichstag on behalf of the Central Powers.", "Wilhelm II supported his chancellor, whose proposal he saw as a \"moral act necessary to free the world from the burden that weighs on all.", "\"The haughty tone of the note, its content and the fact that Germany showed no willingness to evacuate the occupied territories made it unacceptable to the Allies.", "The Allies' reply of December 30, 1916 spoke of an unconditional suggestion that was not a peace proposal, but rather a war maneuver.In Berlin, it was thought that if the enemy refused the proposal, it would be they who would have to bear the consequences of continuing the war, especially the use of Unrestricted submarine warfare.", "In this way, Germany attempted to shirk its responsibilities, and after the failure of this peace action, the Reich considered justified the tougher conduct of the war.=== The rise of pacifism on the German left ===In 1916-1917, nineteen SPD deputies refused to vote for additional war funding, resulting in eighteen of them being expelled from the party.", "In 1917, they founded the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD).=== Wilson's proposal ===Wilson declares the rupture of diplomatic ties with Germany.In parallel with the action of the Triple Alliance, US President Wilson sent a note to all the belligerents on December 18, 1916.He asked them to specify their war aims and presented himself as an intermediary between the countries.", "But Germany, opposed to any American mediation, also refused to specify its war aims, and rejected the proposal on December 26.On January 7, 1917, Bethmann Hollweg threatens to introduce unrestricted submarine warfare.", "The warning was carried out two days later.", "On January 10, 1917, the Entente presented its peace terms to President Wilson.", "Wilson considered them overly ambitious.", "In addition to restoring the rights of Serbia, Montenegro and Belgium, the Allies demanded the evacuation of occupied or annexed territories such as Alsace-Lorraine.", "Wilson then turned his attention to the project of creating an international league after the war, advocating a \"peace without victory\" or \"compromise peace\".On January 31, 1917, the German Chancellor addressed a new note to President Wilson.", "For him, peace depended on accepting a policy of German annexation.=== Negotiations with Japan ===Hugo Stinnes.It was also during 1916 that Germany began negotiations with Japan.", "The aim of these negotiations was to secure a separate peace with Emperor Taishō, who had entered the war on the side of the Allies on August 23, 1914.As early as January 1915, however, Germany had tried to persuade Japan to join its cause through the German ambassador to Beijing, Paul von Hintze.", "Germany offered Japan freedom of action for its expansion in East Asia, even going so far as to offer financial support for the conquest of China.", "Between January 19 and mid-March 1916, the German ambassador to Sweden, Hellmuth von Lucius, was commissioned by Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg to hold secret talks with the Japanese ambassador Uchida.", "The negotiations, centered on cooperation between the two countries in China, took a favorable turn: Japan agreed not to send troops to Europe and hesitated to join the German side.", "At the same time, Germany tried to conduct negotiations with Russia, the latter in turn informing Japan.Negotiations in Stockholm came to a halt and resumed on March 25, 1916, between Uchida and German representatives, most notably the industrialist Hugo Stinnes.", "The State Secretary for the ''Reichsmarine'', Alfred von Capelle, and the Kronprinz supported these initiatives.", "Japan, as an intermediary, was to lead the negotiations to achieve peace between Germany, Russia and itself.", "Japan soon revealed the content of the secret discussions to the United Kingdom, but continued the talks.", "It wanted peace with Germany in exchange for the Chinese city of Qingdao, then under German domination, but offered to mediate a peace with Russia if the Japanese-German peace was not concluded.", "Germany agreed to transfer its sovereignty in the Pacific to Japan, but at the price of peace with Russia.By revealing the content of its discussions with Germany, Japan opened a bidding war with the Allies for even greater concessions.", "However, for the Allies, if Germany wished to make peace with Japan, it must also make proposals to the four great Entente powers: Great Britain, France, Russia and Japan.", "Negotiations between Japan and Germany continued, but failed.", "Lucius puts an end to negotiations on August 23rd.", "Japan signed a defense agreement with Russia in the person of Sazonov on July 3, 1916, and German suspicions, particularly those of Gottlieb von Jagow, that the Empire of the Rising Sun was playing a double game, proved justified." ], [ "The various negotiations and appeals of 1917", "=== Charles I and the Sixtus Affair ===Emperor-King Charles I of Austria in 1917.As soon as he took office on November 21, 1916, the young Emperor-King Charles I, who had experienced the reality of the front, tried to make peace proposals to the Triple Entente, establishing further dialogues through his brothers-in-law, Princes Sixtus and Xavier of Bourbon-Parme, then officers in the Belgian army.", "Although the publication of secret German documents later showed otherwise, in March 1917 German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg had asserted his readiness to renounce Alsace-Lorraine, then annexed to the German Empire.", "On March 24, Charles I wrote in a letter that he would \"support France's demands for restitution of Alsace-Lorraine by using all his personal influence on his allies.", "\"The two Princes of Bourbon-Parme took the letter to French President Raymond Poincaré, who informed King George V of the United Kingdom.", "A second letter followed on May 9.The Austrian Foreign Minister Ottokar Czernin was informed of the peace attempt, but did not know the content of the letters.", "In a new proposal, Charles I was ready to put pressure on Germany to return Alsace-Lorraine to France, and to put the world to rights about Serbia occupied by Austria-Hungary.", "However, he refused to lose any of his empire's territories.", "For example, he refused to cede South Tyrol or Trentino to Italy, even though the Allies had promised Rome their support on this territorial issueIn the months that followed, Charles I's negotiations were increasingly held up by his own Foreign Minister, Count Czernin, who believed in an Austro-German military victory.", "On April 2, 1918, Czernin delivered a speech to the Vienna City Council in which he accused France of having prevented any peace negotiations by demanding the return of Alsace-Lorraine.", "The speech appeared on the front page of the ''Fremden-Blatt'' newspaper the following day, but as Czernin's account of the facts was untrue, Georges Clemenceau had Charles I's first letter published on April 12, 1918.The latter was then obliged to deny the concessions made to France, in particular the passages on Alsace-Lorraine and Belgium, probably under pressure from Czernin.", "The latter denied any knowledge of the letter, leaving his sovereign to face his allies alone.", "On April 16, 1918, Czernin was dismissed.", "The negotiations became mired in blatant amateurism, with the American Foreign Secretary Robert Lansing describing Clemenceau's approach as \"''a piece of the most astounding stupidity''.", "\"Lansing deplored the mess made by Clemenceau, who truly believed that peace was possible.", "Charles I's actions were motivated by his Catholic convictions in favor of peace, both externally: to put an end to the war; and internally: to avoid a revolution, with all its implications for the suffering of the people.", "The fear of revolution is reflected in his letter to Wilhelm II: \"If the monarchs do not make peace, the people will.\"", "The Allies' recognition of the right of peoples to self-determination, in the fullest and most radical sense of the word, signaled the downfall of the multinational state of Austria-Hungary.==== The Neuchâtel negotiations in 1917 ====In early 1917, in a Europe at war, emissaries of the Austrian-Hungarian Emperor Charles I secretly negotiated a separate peace with the Triple Entente, particularly France, in Neuchâtel.", "The emissaries were Empress Zita's brothers, Sixtus and Xavier of Bourbon-Parme.", "They were welcomed, almost unexpectedly, by Maurice Boy de la Tour, in his sumptuous home on Rue du Pommier 7 in Neuchâtel, Switzerland.", "This home was the discreet place where news arrived from Paris (where Sixtus was negotiating with the French authorities) and Vienna (via Thomas Erdödy, private secretary to Charles I).", "During the summer, the Austro-Hungarian foreign minister, a Germanophile, would derail the negotiations.", "During the princes' six visits to Neuchâtel, Maurice Boy de la Tour remained friends with them until the end of his life in 1930.Neither the Confederation nor the State were informed of these secret dealings, so the documents relating to this affair are not to be found in the public archives, but in the private Boy de la Tour collection.=== The Reichstag peace resolution of 1917 ===With the outbreak of Unrestricted submarine warfare on February 1, 1917, the Imperial German Army's plan to force England to sign a peace treaty within six months failed.", "The peace resolution marked the Reichstag's first attempt to intervene in political events during the war, but was resolutely opposed by the Michaelis government.", "But on July 17, 1917, the German Reichstag proclaimed a peace resolution (Friedensresolution) calling for a conciliatory peace to end the war.", "The resolution tabled by MPs Erzberger, David, Ebert and Scheidemann was accepted by 216 votes (SPD, Zentrum and Progressive People's Party) to 126 (USPD, National Liberal Party and Conservatives).The peace resolution was not synonymous with renunciation of war aims.", "Raymond Poidevin points out that \"German leaders do not intend to renounce a victorious peace.\"", "Indeed, the deputies affirmed that the Germans would continue to fight as long as Germany and its allies were \"invaded and violated.", "\"=== The role of Benedict XV ===Benedict XV.In his inaugural encyclical ''Ad beatissimi Apostolorum principis'' of All Saints' Day 1914, Benedict XV called for an end to the war: \"We have therefore addressed heartfelt prayers to Princes and rulers, so that, considering how many tears and blood war has already shed, they may hasten to restore to their peoples the precious benefits of peace.\"", "In contrast to his humanitarian actions, the Pope's political initiatives remained unsuccessful.", "The Holy See had urged a guarantee that Belgium's rights would be restored, but Germany responded only by alluding to the Belgian question.", "On July 24, 1917, the Apostolic Nuncio in Munich, Eugenio Pacelli, the future Pius XII, made a peace proposal to Chancellor Georg Michaelis and Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann, providing for the restitution of the German colonies and the evacuation of Belgium and the occupied French territories.", "Pope Benedict XV was approached by Charles I in order to obtain his support, but he was not involved in the Sixtus Affair negotiations.Before Germany could respond, Pope Benedict XV sent a note of peace on August 1, 1917, which arrived officially a fortnight later and is known by its opening words: \"From the beginning\".", "It provides for the \"reciprocal restitution of all occupied territories, in particular the total evacuation of Belgium with the assurance of its complete political, military and economic independence from any power, as well as the restitution of the German colonies\", but also \"the examination of the remaining territorial questions as between Austria-Hungary and Italy, as between Germany and France, in a spirit of reconciliation and in the measure of what is just and possible.\"", "The Pope also called for disarmament and for an effective international court of justice to prevent future wars.", "Jean-Baptiste Duroselle considers that these proposals remain very vague, and no serious negotiations leading to peace have resulted from them.", "The official German reply of September 13, 1917 to the Curia avoided any concrete proposals or compromises on the specific issues, and confined itself to vague appeals for peace.The reasons for the failure of the Pope's peace policy are manifold.", "While the various appeals could not lead to concrete negotiations due to their vague nature, the Papacy had been isolated in Germany since 1870.In 1905, France had voted for the separation of Church and State, and it was only gradually that the \"French Pope\", as Ludendorff called him, was able to ease the situation.", "As part of the Italian demands for its rallying to the Entente in 1915, the Kingdom of Italy had requested the exclusion of the Pope from all future peace negotiations, even though the Pope wished to take part in future peace conferences.", "Each side suspected the Pope of secretly being on the other side.", "Georges Clemenceau, whose anti-Catholicism explains his rejection of peace proposals from the Pope and Emperor Charles of Austria, called Benedict XV \"the Boche Pope.\"", "The German episcopate countered the pontifical commitment in the person of the Archbishop of Cologne, Cardinal Felix von Hartmann, who considered that the Pope had spoken as an international sovereign and not as the supreme shepherd of Catholics.", "Similarly, in France, Father Antonin-Gilbert Sertillanges of the Order of Friars Preachers challenged the Pope's attempts at peace in front of the whole of Paris during a sermon in the Church La Madeleine.=== More secret negotiations ======= The Briand-Lancken affair ====Aristide Briand.The secret Briand-Lancken affair was one of the last attempts at peace, the beginnings of which can be traced back to January 1917.Baron Von Lancken, head of the General Government of Belgium under German authority, had the support of Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg to conduct negotiations with Aristide Briand, then President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs in France.Pauline de Mérode, wife of Belgian senator Werner de Mérode, acted as intermediary between Count de Broqueville, the Belgian Prime Minister exiled in Le Havre, and Von Lancken, for whom Belgium could be an intermediary in peace negotiations.", "Briand, cautious on the advice of Poincaré, asked for the promise of the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France as a precondition for such negotiations.The Barons Coppée, who had put Broqueville and Lancken in contact, announced that the Reich might consider returning the departments annexed in 1871 to France, which was clearly untrue, as the Germans declared themselves ready to cede only the tiny territory of Thann.", "Pauline de Mérode was then asked by King Albert I to prepare a meeting between Briand and Von Lancken.", "Briand was actually preparing to meet Lancken in September (the date was set for the 22nd), but he sensed opposition from his Finance Minister, Alexandre Ribot, and the Allies.", "Briand did not keep the appointment, and the negotiations were aborted before they could begin, even though they were bound to fail, given the irreconcilable positions of Belgium, France and Germany.==== Revertera-Armand and Smuts-Mensdorff ====Albert von Mensdorff.From June to July 1917, at the same time as those led by Sixtus of Bourbon-Parme, further peace negotiations took place between Counts Nikolaus Revertera and Abel Armand, then a captain in the 2nd Bureau of the French General Staff.", "Both men had the confidence of their camp: Revertera was appointed by Czernin and Armand was chosen by the army.", "Great Britain agreed to lead the negotiations, which Clemenceau used to sound out the opposing camp, casting doubt on their sincerity from the outset.", "Important territorial clauses were discussed.", "France offered the Austrians Bavaria, Silesia and a reunited Poland within its 1772 borders.", "Berlin's concerns led to the collapse of the negotiations, which, in France's view, would have preserved Austria-Hungary as a \"counterweight to Germany.", "\"These negotiations brought together Great Britain and Austria-Hungary, represented respectively by General Jan Smuts and the former Austrian ambassador to London, Albert von Mensdorff.", "Bethmann Hollweg and Czernin had consulted each other in mid-March 1917 and agreed on Mensdorff's mission.", "Great Britain was looking for a counterweight to Germany's expansionist policy, and Austria-Hungary proved interesting.Great Britain wanted a separate peace with Austria-Hungary to compensate for the Russian Empire's exit from the Entente.", "As for Mensdorff, there was no question of him broaching the subject of a separate peace, and territorial integrity had to be preserved.", "If Serbia and Montenegro were restored, Austria-Hungary demanded guarantees against unrest, and the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty must not be reinstalled in power.", "Moreover, Austria-Hungary did not want to be cut off from Germany." ], [ "1918 and the last attempts", "=== Separate peace from Russia ===As the war drew to a close, the weariness and exhaustion of the population became even more apparent.", "The workers' strikes of the previous years gained in momentum.", "From January 14 to 20, 1918, a major strike movement spread across Austria-Hungary, a country on the \"brink of collapse.\"", "Riots broke out throughout the Dual Monarchy.", "Strikes began in Germany on January 28, and in France in May.", "Some 500,000 German workers went on strike.Following the revolutions of 1917, which revealed the Russian population's war fatigue, the desire for peace was omnipresent in the country.", "As soon as they came to power, the Soviets ratified a peace decree on October 26, 1917 (November 8 in the Gregorian calendar), and Leon Trotsky proposed a general peace.", "The Bolsheviks wanted a \"peace without annexation or indemnity.\"", "Negotiations began on December 22, 1917, at a time when Germany controlled a large part of western Russia.", "Diplomatic relations between the two regimes deteriorated when Germany signed a peace agreement with Ukraine, which had seceded from Russia, on February 9, 1918.Military operations even resumed on February 18.Not wishing to lose the benefits of the revolution, the Russians were forced to sign a separate peace on March 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk, renouncing numerous territories.", "This put an end to the war on the Eastern Front, leaving Germany free to focus on a new offensive in the West.=== Final attempts ===At the same time, in the spring of 1918, discussions were taking place in The Hague between General von Haeften and representatives of the American embassy.", "The American conditions were too unfavorable to Germany for the negotiations to succeed.Some final negotiations are held.", "George D. Herron, an American observer based in Switzerland, maintained contacts with a large number of personalities.", "In 1918, with Wilson's agreement, he led negotiations with Bulgaria in the person of Teodor Šipkov with a view to signing a separate peace.", "Šipkov's sincerity was soon called into question by Herron and their discussions soon turned sour.", "After the war, Šipkov recounted that the Americans had promised unification of the country from Dobroudja to the mouth of the Danube, the whole of Thrace and Macedonia, as well as a corridor with Hungary and financial aid, which Herron refuted.", "Negotiations therefore failed.", "On September 15, 1918, following military operations in the Salonica region, the Allies opened the road to Bulgaria.", "Bulgarian Prime Minister Malinov tried to conclude an armistice, but in vain.", "On September 29, 1918, Bulgaria signed the armistice marking its defeat.In parallel with his negotiations with Bulgaria, Herron opened talks with Austrian minister Heinrich Lammasch, who had been a peace activist in the Austrian Reichsrat since 1917 and had opposed the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia in 1914.Lammasch was inclined to accept Wilson's Fourteen Points and, while not supporting independence for the Empire's minorities, proposed the federalization of Austria.", "Emperor Charles I was prepared to accept American intervention in the reshaping of the Empire, but Wilson eventually rejected the Austro-Hungarian proposal." ], [ "Attempts at peace and responsibility for the outbreak and continuation of the conflict", "Signing of the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors in 1919.By losing World War I and being held responsible, \"for having caused it, for all the losses and damage suffered by the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals as a consequence of the war imposed on them by the aggression of Germany and its Allies\", Germany had to confront the question of responsibility for the outbreak of the conflict.", "It used every means at its disposal to seek a revision of the Treaty of Versailles.", "On February 6, 1919, a second parliamentary commission was convened to examine its grievances.", "The opportunity to confront the failed peace negotiations arose when a controversy arose over the publication by Matthias Erzberger of a memoir written by Czernin, in which the latter spoke of Austria-Hungary's catastrophic military situation.", "Following this publication, the Triple Entente was said to have put an end to possible peace negotiations, to which Erzberger retorted that many peace attempts had failed because of the supreme command of the army and its political supporters.", "The various negotiations were examined, starting with Wilson's proposal of December 18, 1916.The resistance of the army was singled out as one of the reasons for the failure of the peace, and numerous political figures in office at the time were interviewed, including Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg and Generals Hindenburg and Ludendorff.", "The heated debates soon turned polemical, and the blame was placed squarely on the representatives of the Weimar Republic.The parliamentary commission also examined Pope Benedict XV's appeal for peace, while being warned by the Vatican ambassador to remain discreet about the Pope's action, or risk the withdrawal of the Holy See from future diplomatic actions on Germany's behalf.", "In order to avoid a confrontation, as in the case of the examination of Wilson's proposal, the witnesses were politicians or military men of lower rank than the generals.", "The commission considered the pontifical action unsafe, reinforced by the Allies' weak willingness to conduct peace negotiations, even though some deputies such as Karl Helfferich believed that the peace action had been undermined by the Reichstag peace resolution of July 1917.After examining the Pope's action, the commission set about analyzing the so-called Briand-Lancken affair, the failure of which, according to Lancken, fell to France.", "Here again, caution was the order of the day.", "Disavowing Briand's action would lead to a hardening of Raymond Poincaré's policy, which, for Germany, would have unwelcome economic and political consequences.", "The Sixtus Affair was blamed for the collapse of the negotiations.", "In 1923, Germany was still examining its responsibility for the failure of the peace attempts.", "With regard to the period preceding the signing of the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the commission noted a genuine German desire to sign a separate peace, a desire that Russia did not share.", "General von Haeften was also criticized for keeping quiet about his talks with the Americans in the spring of 1918, but was quickly excused despite the protests of some, such as the historian Hans Delbrück." ], [ "See also", "* Diplomatic history of World War I* Sacred Union* Woman's Peace Party" ], [ "References", "=== Bibliography ===* * * * * * * * * === Further reading ===* * * * * * **" ] ]

[ [ "Lesley Cohen" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Lesley Cohen''' may refer to:* Lesley Cohen (politician), member of the Nevada Assembly* Lesley Cohen (physicist), professor of solid-state physics" ], [ "See also", "* Leslie Cohen, American author of the novel This Love Story Will Self-Destruct" ] ]

[ [ "Treklyanska reka" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Treklyanska reka''' () is a river in western Bulgaria, a right tributary of the Struma.", "The river is situated in the Kraishte geographical region and is 50 km long.", "It drains the eastern slopes of the mountain ranges of Karvav Kamak, Milevska Planina and Kobilska Planina, the northern and eastern slopes of the Zemenska Planina, the western and southern slopes of the Penkyovska Planina and the western slopes of the Rudina Planina." ], [ "Geography", "The river takes its source under the name Melanshtitsa in Bohovska Planina at an altitude of 1,318 m, at 300 m southwest of the summit of Ogorelitsa (1,318 m) on the Bulgaria–Serbia border.", "Except for two stretches near the villages of Treklyano and Peshtera, it flows in a deep narrow valley.", "Until the village of Gabreshevtsi it flows southwards between the mountain ranges of Karvav Kamak, Milevska Planina and Kobilska Planina to the west and Penkyovska Planina and Elovishka Planina to the east.", "Downstream of Gabreshevtsi the river turns east and under the name Rayanska reka passes through the 8.5 m Rayanski Gorge between Penkyovska Planina to the north and Zemenska Planina to the south.", "After receiving its largest tributary the Yavor, the river turns in direction south–southeast and after 6 km flows into the Struma at an altitude of 595 m in the northern areas of the town of Zemen.The basin of the Treklyanska reka borders the basins of the rivers Dragovishtitsa to the south, southwest and west and the Svetlya to the east, both right tributaries of the Struma, as well as the drainage basin of the river Erma of the Danube drainage to the north and northwest.", "The Sovolyanska Bistritsa has predominantly rain feed with high water in March and low water in September." ], [ "Settlements and transport", "The river flows entirely in Pernik and Kyustendil Provinces.", "There are one town and ten villages along its course.", "In Pernik Province are situated the town of Zemen and the villages of Rayantsi, Kalotintsi, Vranya Stena and Peshtera in Zemen Municipality, as well as Gorna Melna, Dolna Melna and Dalga Luka in Tran Municipality.", "In Kyustendil Province are located the villages of Kosovo, Treklyano and Gabreshevtsi.There are two roads of the national network following the valley of the Treklyanska reka.", "Between Zemen and Gabreshevtsi passes a 15.8 km section of the third class III-623 road Dupnitsa–Bobov Dol–Zemen–Gabreshevtsi and between Treklyano and Gabreshevtsi there is a 5 km stretch of the third class III-637 road Tran–Treklyano–Dragovishtitsa." ], [ "Citations" ], [ "References", "*" ] ]

[ [ "Fabien Lovett" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Fabien Abdual Lovett Sr.''' (born December 5, 1999) is an American football defensive tackle for the Florida State Seminoles.", "He previously played for the Mississippi State Bulldogs." ], [ "Early life and high school", "Lovett attended high school at Olive Branch High School.", "In Lovett's junior season, he amassed 86 tackles, 21 tackles for loss, three forced fumbles, and one sack.", "Coming out of high school, Lovett was rated as a three-star recruit and the number 32 defensive end.", "Lovett decided to commit to play college football for the Mississippi State Bulldogs." ], [ "College career", "=== Mississippi State ===In Lovett's first season in 2018, he would redshirt and not appear in any games.", "In 2019, Lovett played in 13 games where he notched 19 tackles with two and a half being for a loss and a sack.", "After the conclusion of the 2019 season, Lovett decided to enter the NCAA transfer portal.=== Florida State ===Lovett decided to transfer to play for the Florida State Seminoles.", "In Lovett's first two seasons with the Seminoles in 2020 and 2021 he notched 42 tackles with six going for a loss and three sacks.", "During the 2022 season, Lovett notched ten tackles, two being for a loss, a sack, a pass deflection, and a forced fumble.", "During the 2023 season, Lovett tallied 22 tackles with four going for a loss and a sack.", "After the conclusion of the 2023 season, Lovett decided to declare for the 2024 NFL Draft.In his career with the Seminoles, Lovett played in 39 games with 18 starts, totaling 74 tackles with 12 being for a loss, four pass deflections, and a forced fumble." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Mississippi State Bulldogs bio* Florida State Seminoles bio" ] ]

[ [ "1970 in Switzerland" ], [ "Introduction", "Events during the year '''1970 in Switzerland'''" ], [ "Incumbents", "*Federal Council:**Hans-Peter Tschudi (president)**Rudolf Gnägi**Roger Bonvin**Pierre Graber**Ernst Brugger**Ludwig von Moos**Nello Celio" ], [ "Events", "* 21 February – A plane crashes 15 minutes after leaving Zurich airport on route to Israel after a bomb planted by PLO members explodes, killing all 47 people on board." ], [ "Births", "* 6 October – Brigitte Albrecht-Loretan, cross-country skier* 22 December – Barbara Blatter, mountain biker" ], [ "Deaths", "* 23 May – Hans Streuli, politician (born 1892)" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Draped painting" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Draped paintings''' are paintings on unstretched canvas that are hung or tied from individual points and allowed to drape and fold with the weight of the canvas.", "The style was popularized in the late 1960s and 1970s by American artist Sam Gilliam, who developed a series of '''Drape paintings''' over the following decades, often as large-format installation pieces designed to fill a wall or space." ], [ "Origin of the name", "In the late 1960s, the idea of shaped canvases was expanding to include three-dimensional shapes and reliefs.", "Draped paintings extended this idea and might be tied from points in the middle of a room, and not hung on a wall.Gilliam called his early drape paintings \"suspended paintings\" and \"sculptural paintings\".", "In 1968–69, Nina Yankowitz had two exhibits of draped paintings named \"Draped Paintings\" and \"Pleated Paintings\".", "She continued to make paintings in this style for the next few years.", "Gilliam came to call his works \"Drape paintings\"." ], [ "Gilliam's ''Drape'' paintings", "Starting in late 1967, Gilliam experimented with draping his paintings after they had dried, a technique that developed into what became his ''Drape'' paintings.", "After painting his canvases he left them crumpled and folded to dry, and used rope, leather, wire, and other materials to suspend, drape, or knot the paintings from walls and ceilings of his workshop.", "He tested a range of fabrics for these paintings, including linens, silks, and cotton materials.Gilliam's first public exhibition of these paintings in late 1968 included works like ''Swing''.", "The following year, an exhibition at the Corcoran Gallery, ''Gilliam/Krebs/McGowin'' (with Rockne Krebs and Ed McGowin), included ten of Gilliam's largest and most immersive ''Drape'' works up to that point.", "These including ''Baroque Cascade'', a 150 ft long canvas suspended from the rafters in the Corcoran's two-story atrium gallery; and ''Carousel Form II'', ''Carousel Form III'', ''Horizontal Extension'', and ''Light Depth'', each 75 ft long and draped from the walls throughout the smaller side galleries.", "''Baroque Cascade'' in particular received acclaim for combining painting and architecture to explore space, color, and shape.In the 1970s, he created larger and more immersive ''Drapes'' including metal, rocks, wooden beams, ladders, and sawhorses in the environment, sometimes draping or piling canvases over the objects instead of suspending them from above.", "One of his largest and most well-known works, ''Seahorses'', was a draped installation created for the Philadelphia Museum of Art as part of a city-wide festival in 1975.Inspired by the large bronze rings that decorate the top of the museum's building, which Gilliam said had made him imagine Neptune using them to tie seahorses to his temple, the work consisted of six monumental painted canvases, two measuring 40 x 95 ft and four measuring 30 x 60 ft, hung from their respective top corners on the outside walls of the museum, attached via the rings and drooping down in upside-down arches of folds.", "In 1977 he reinstalled the work with five canvases instead of six, on the outside of the Brooklyn Museum.Gilliam continued to make draped paintings throughout his life.", "In 2017 he installed ''Yves Klein Blue'' outside the main building for the show ''Vive Arte Viva'' at the 57th Vennice Biennale, similar to the presentation of the earlier ''Seahorses''." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Leslie Shepherd" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Leslie Shepherd''' may refer to:* Leslie Shepherd (American football), American football player* Leslie Shepherd (physicist), Welsh nuclear physicist" ], [ "See also", "* Leslie Shepard, British author, archivist, and curator" ] ]

[ [ "Namespace security" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Namespace security''' is a digital security discipline that refers to the practices and technologies employed to protect the names and identifiers within a digital namespace from unauthorized access, manipulation, or misuse.", "It involves ensuring the integrity and security of domain names and other digital identifiers within networked environments, such as the Internet's Domain Name System (DNS), software development namespaces and containerization platforms.", "Effective namespace security is crucial for maintaining the reliability and trustworthiness of brands and their digital services and for preventing cyber threats including impersonation, domain name hijacking or spoofing of digital identifiers like domain names and social media handles." ], [ "Namespace security in the Domain Name System", "In the digital age, the significance of namespace security has been magnified as the internet is predominantly navigated through the use of the Domain Name System, which constitutes a collection of namespaces, which together comprise the Internet as defined by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) managed DNS root zone.", "This includes Top Level Domains (TLDs) such as .com and .net as well as domain names such as google.com and IBM.com.These digital namespaces and the identifiers they contain are fundamental to maintaining the integrity and security of the internet and its stakeholders.", "If these identifiers can not be trusted, it erodes the foundational trust in the internet itself.", "The DNS functions as the internet's phone book, translating human-friendly domain names into IP addresses that computers use to identify each other on the network.Given its role in internet architecture, securing digital namespaces and identifiers from domain name hijacking, DNS hijacking, DNS spoofing, and other forms of cyber attacks is imperative for the safety of users and the reliability of internet services.Good namespace security contributes to prevention of corporate identity theft and preserving the trust and confidence of stakeholders.", "The management and lifecycle oversight of these digital identifiers are essential for mitigating risks associated with cybersecurity vulnerabilities and operational disruptions.===Breach examples in DNS Namespace security===Namespace Security breaches within the DNS happen regularly on the Internet and can in some scenarios have catastrophic consequences.", "Examples of namespace breaches include:IdentifierType of breachDescriptionNotesforms.ferrari.comSub-domain hijackA genuine Ferrari subdomain was hijacked to promote a counterfeit Ferrari NFT collection, exposing vulnerabilities in digital asset security.charts.dft.gov.ukSub-domain hijackA genuine United Kingdom government transport domain name and website were compromised, inadvertently displaying pornographic content.", "galxe.comSupplier account compromiseThe Galxe.com domain was attacked on October 6, 6 AM PDT and re-routed to a phishing site.insights.wired.comSub-domain hijackHackers recently gained control of a subdomain belonging to the technology and science news outlet Wired, exploiting it with online casino content." ], [ "Namespace security in private namespaces", "Namespace security within private namespaces, such as those on social media platforms like Twitter (now X), Facebook, TikTok, play a critical role in safeguarding users' digital identities and the integrity of digital interactions.", "These platforms utilize unique identifiers, commonly known as usernames or handles, to distinguish between millions of users within their private namespaces.", "Ensuring the security of these namespaces involves preventing unauthorized access, impersonation, and other forms of cyber threats that could compromise user privacy, spread misinformation, or facilitate other malicious activities.Platforms such as Twitter/X and Facebook implement various security measures, including multi-factor authentication (MFA), rigorous password policies, and automated systems to detect suspicious activities.", "These measures help to protect users' accounts from being compromised and prevent unauthorized parties from hijacking or misusing identifiers within these private namespaces.===Breach examples in namespace security===An illustrative example of a breach in namespace security occurred with the hacking of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) X account.", "The account was compromised due to the apparent lack of two-factor authentication (2FA), a basic but critical layer of security that requires a second form of verification in addition to the password.", "This incident highlights the vulnerability of digital identifiers to cyber threats and underscores the importance of employing robust security measures to protect identifiers against unauthorized access.IdentifierType of breachDescriptionNotes@SECgov(Twitter/X)Account CompromiseThe @SECgov twitter/X account was hijacked to publish unauthorized information.", "@JoeBiden@elonmuskTotal of 130 accounts breached(Twitter/X)Service / Supply chain compromiseTwitter/X accounts were hijacked including for billionaires Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos and Bill Gates.", "These accounts are among many prominent US figures who have had their identity used for publishing unauthorized information.", "@BritishArmy(Twitter/X and YouTube)Account compromiseThe British army has confirmed a \"breach\" of its Twitter and YouTube accounts which were used to publish unauthorized information.The security of private namespaces is vital for protecting digital identities and the overall integrity of online platforms.", "As cyber threats continue to evolve, so too must the strategies and technologies employed to defend against them.", "The incident involving the SEC's Twitter account is a stark reminder of the ongoing need for vigilance and robust security practices in the digital age." ], [ "See also", "* Cyber-security regulation* Cyber security standards* Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act* List of data breaches" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "List of MPs for constituencies in Scotland (1955–1959)" ], [ "Introduction", "This is a list of the 71 members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom by Scottish constituencies for the Forty-first parliament of the United Kingdom (1955–1959) at the 1955 United Kingdom general election.As of 2024, this was the last election in which the Conservative and Unionist Party won the largest number of votes in Scotland and the most seats in the country." ], [ "Composition", "'''Affiliation''''''Members'''Unionist Party36Labour Party34National Liberal6 Liberal1" ], [ "List", "ConstituencyMPPartyNotesAberdeen NorthHector HughesLabour PartyAberdeen SouthPriscilla BuchanUnionist PartyAberdeenshire EastRobert BoothbyUnionist PartyElevated to a life peeragePatrick Wolrige-GordonUnionist PartyElected in the 1958 East Aberdeenshire by-electionAberdeenshire WestHenry SpenceUnionist PartyAngus North and MearnsColin Thornton-KemsleyNational LiberalAngus SouthSir James DuncanUnionist PartyArgyllDuncan McCallumUnionist PartyDied in 1958Michael NobleUnionist PartyElected in the 1958 Argyll by-electionAyrThomas MooreUnionist PartyAyrshire CentralDouglas Spencer-NairnUnionist PartyAyrshire North and ButeCharles MacAndrewUnionist PartyAyrshire SouthEmrys HughesLabour PartyBanffshireWilliam DuthieUnionist PartyBerwick and East LothianAntony LambtonUnionist PartyBothwellJohn TimmonsLabour PartyCaithness and SutherlandDavid RobertsonUnionist PartyCoatbridge and AirdrieJean MannLabour PartyDumfriesshireNiall MacphersonNational LiberalDunbartonshire EastCyril BenceLabour PartyDunbartonshire WestTom SteeleLabour PartyDundee EastGeorge ThomsonLabour PartyDundee WestJohn StracheyLabour PartyDunfermline BurghsJames ClunieLabour PartyEdinburgh CentralThomas OswaldLabour PartyEdinburgh EastGeorge WillisLabour PartyEdinburgh LeithJames HoyLabour PartyEdinburgh NorthWilliam Rankine MilliganUnionist PartyEdinburgh PentlandsJohn HopeUnionist PartyEdinburgh SouthWilliam DarlingUnionist PartyResigned in 1957Michael HutchisonUnionist Party1957 Edinburgh South by-electionEdinburgh WestIan Clark HutchisonUnionist PartyFife EastJames Henderson-StewartNational LiberalFife WestWillie HamiltonUnionist PartyGallowayJohn MackieUnionist PartyDied in 1959John BrewisUnionist PartyElected in the 1959 Galloway by-electionGlasgow BridgetonJames CarmichaelLabour PartyGlasgow CathcartJohn HendersonUnionist PartyGlasgow CentralJames McInnesLabour PartyGlasgow CraigtonJack BrowneUnionist PartyGlasgow GorbalsAlice CullenLabour PartyGlasgow GovanJohn RankinLabour PartyGlasgow HillheadTam GalbraithUnionist PartyGlasgow KelvingroveWalter ElliotUnionist PartyDied in 1958Mary McAlisterLabour PartyElected in the 1958 Glasgow Kelvingrove by-electionGlasgow MaryhillWilliam HannanLabour PartyGlasgow PollokJohn GeorgeUnionist PartyGlasgow ProvanWilliam ReidLabour PartyGlasgow ScotstounJames HutchisonUnionist PartyGlasgow ShettlestonJohn McGovernLabour PartyGlasgow SpringburnJohn FormanLabour PartyGlasgow WoodsideWilliam GrantUnionist PartyGreenockHector McNeilLabour PartyDied in 1955Dickson MabonLabour PartyElected in the 1955 Greenock by-electionHamiltonTom FraserLabour PartyInvernessNeil (Billy) McLeanUnionist PartyKilmarnockWilliam RossLabour PartyKinross and Western PerthshireGilmour LeburnUnionist PartyKirkcaldy BurghsThomas HubbardLabour PartyLanarkPatrick MaitlandUnionist PartyLanarkshire NorthPeggy HerbisonLabour PartyMidlothianDavid PrydeLabour PartyMoray and NairnJames StuartUnionist PartyMotherwellGeorge LawsonLabour PartyOrkney and ShetlandJo Grimond LiberalPaisleyDouglas JohnstonLabour PartyPerth and East PerthshireAlan Gomme-DuncanUnionist PartyRenfrewshire EastGuy LloydUnionist PartyRenfrewshire WestJohn MaclayNational LiberalRoss and CromartyJohn MacLeodNational LiberalRoxburgh, Selkirk and PeeblesCharles DonaldsonUnionist PartyRutherglenRichard Brooman-WhiteUnionist PartyStirling and FalkirkMalcolm MacPhersonLabour PartyStirlingshire East and ClackmannanArthur WoodburnLabour PartyStirlingshire WestAlfred BalfourLabour PartyWest LothianJohn TaylorLabour PartyWestern IslesMalcolm MacmillanLabour Party" ], [ "References" ], [ "See also", "* List of MPs for constituencies in Scotland (2019–present)" ] ]

[ [ "Jacob van Ruisdael exhibition 2005-2006" ], [ "Introduction", "The following is the list of 58 paintings indexed as autograph by Jacob van Ruisdael, in a catalogue written by the art historian and Ruisdael specialist Seymour Slive in 2005 for the traveling exhibition ''Jacob van Ruisdael: master of landscape'' in Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and London.", "The list is by catalogue number and is more or less in order of creation, starting from around 1645 when Ruisdael began painting on his own.", "Cat.", "no.", "Image Title Year Collection Inventory no.", "1 128px Landscape with a Cottage and Trees 1646 Kunsthalle Hamburg 159 2 128px Landscape with a Windmill 1646 Cleveland Museum of Art 1967.19 3 128px Peasant Cottage in a Landscape 1646 Hermitage Museum ГЭ-939 4 128px Entrance to a Wood 1646 Academy of Fine Arts Vienna GG-1368 5 128px Blasted Oak near a Pond 1647 Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest 263 6 128px View of Naarden and the church of Muiderberg 1647 Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum 354 (1930.99) 7 128px Bridge with a Sluice 1648 J. Paul Getty Museum 86.PB.597 8 128px Old elm tree with view of Egmond aan Zee 1648 Currier Museum of Art 9 128px Dunes by the Sea 1648 private collection 10 128px A Bleaching Ground in a Hollow by a Cottage 1640–1649 National Gallery NG44 11 128px Landscape with river and cellar entrance 1649 Kunsthistorisches Museum GG_9807 12 128px The Banks of a River 1649 National Galleries of Scotland NGL 033.84 13 128px Landscape with a Windmill near a Town Moat 1650s private collection 14 128px The Castle at Bentheim 1651 private collection 15 128px Castle Bentheim 1651–1655 private collection 16 128px Castle Bentheim 1653 National Gallery of Ireland NGI.4531 17 128px Two Watermills and an Open Sluice 1650s J. Paul Getty Museum 82.PA.18 18 128px Landscape with the Ruins of the Castle of Egmond 1650–55 Art Institute of Chicago 1947.475 19 128px Hilly Wooded Landscape with Castle 1650s Duke of Buccleuch collection 20 128px The Great Oak 1652 Los Angeles County Museum of Art M.91.164.1 21 128px Hilly Landscape 1652–1655 Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum 376 22 128px The Jewish Cemetery 1650s Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister 1502 23 128px Edge of a Forest with a Grainfield 1655 Kimbell Art Museum 24 128px Rough Sea at a Jetty 1650s Kimbell Art Museum AP 1989.01 25 128px Wooded River Bank 1650s Gemäldegalerie 885H 26 128px View from the Dunes to the Sea 1650s Kunsthaus Zürich R 31 27 128px Dunes 1650s Philadelphia Museum of Art Cat.", "563 28 128px Dune Landscape with a Rabbit Hunt 1650s Frans Hals Museum os I-299 29 128px Ruins of Brederode 1655 Philadelphia Museum of Art Cat.", "564 30 128px Cottage under Trees near a Grainfield 1650–55 private collection 31 128px Kostverloren House on the Amstel 1660s Amsterdam Museum SA 38217 32 128px Forest Scene 1660 National Gallery of Art 1942.9.80 33 128px Waterfall with a Half-Timbered House and Castle 1665–1670 Fogg Museum 1953.2 34 128px Waterfall in a Mountainous Landscape with a Ruined Castle 1665–70 private collection 35 128px Landscape with Waterfall 1660s RijksmuseumAmsterdam Museum SK-C-210SA 8297 36 128px Grove of Large Oak Trees at the Edge of a Pond 1665 Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe 2565 37 128px A Wooded Marsh 1665 Hermitage Museum ГЭ-934 38 128px Stag Hunt in a Wood with a Marsh 1665–70 Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister 1492 39 128px The Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede 1660s RijksmuseumAmsterdam Museum SK-C-211SA 8296 40 128px Landscape with a Sluice Gate 1665–70 Toledo Museum of Art 1978.68 41 128px Sailing Vessels in a Choppy Sea 1665 private collection 42 128px A Village in Winter 1665 Alte Pinakothek 117 43 128px Winter Landscape 1660s Philadelphia Museum of Art Cat.", "569 44 128px View of Grainfields with a Distant Town 1665–1670 Los Angeles County Museum of Art M.2009.106.12 45 128px A Landscape with a Ruined Castle and a Church 1665 National Gallery NG990 46 128px View of the Plain of Haarlem with Bleaching Grounds 1660s private collection 47 128px View of the Dunes near Bloemendaal with Bleaching Fields 1660s private collection 48 128px View of bleaching fields and Haarlem 1670 Mauritshuis 155 49 128px View of Haarlem with Bleaching Fields 1670–75 Kunsthaus Zürich 50 128px View of the Ruins of Huis ter Kleef and Haarlem 1675–80 Musée Jacquemart-André 51 128px Rough Sea 1670 Museum of Fine Arts 57.4 52 128px The Zuiderzee Coast near Muiden 1675 Polesden Lacey 1246494 53 128px The Ray of Light 1665 Department of Paintings of the Louvre INV 1820 54 128px Mountainous Landscape 1670s Hermitage Museum ГЭ-932 55 128px Winter Landscape near Haarlem 1670s Städel 1109 56 128px Winter Landscape with Two Windmills 1675–80 Eijk and Rose-Marie van Otterloo Collection 57 128px The Dam Square in Amsterdam with the Weigh House 1675 Gemäldegalerie 885D 58 128px View on the Amstel Looking towards Amsterdam 1670s Fitzwilliam Museum 74" ], [ "See also", "* List of paintings by Jacob van Ruisdael* Haerlempjes" ], [ "Sources", "* Jacob van Ruisdael: Master of Landscape, exhibition catalogue for the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Philadelphia Museum of Art, and Royal Academy of Arts by Seymour Slive, London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2005, on archive.org, ISBN 9781903973745* Jacob van Ruisdael: master of landscape, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) press release from April 2005 on Codart.nl" ] ]

[ [ "Daposka Ahnkodapi Elementary School" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Daposka Ahnkodapi Elementary School''' (, meaning \"Our School\") is a private (from the perspective of the State of Oklahoma) elementary and middle school in Pawhuska, Oklahoma.", "it goes up to grade 7.It has a program of immersion in the Osage language, and the Osage Nation tribe governs the school.", "According to Alex RedCorn, the school is the first such primary and secondary school which is controlled by the tribe and uses Osage language education." ], [ "History", "It opened in 2015 and was accredited in 2021.Initially the school had only preschool levels, but additional grades were to be added as time passes.", "In 2019 it went up to grade 2.In early 2021 it had up to grade 4, and at the time the enrollment count was 40.The intention is to have the school go up to grade 12.During the COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma, the school had home visits so staff could help convey Osage language teaching to students, and the school implemented online programming to teach Osage." ], [ "Curriculum", "Osage language school instructions are incorporated in routines." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Daposka Ahnkodapi Elementary School - Osage Nation" ] ]

[ [ "Kellee Hennessy Dickerson" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Kellee Hennessy Dickerson''' is an American politician serving as a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from the 64th district.", "A member of the Republican Party, Dickerson represents parts of East Baton Rouge Parish and Livingston Parish and has been in office since January 8, 2024." ], [ "Career", "Kellee Hennessy Dickerson, who previously served on the Livingston Parish School Board, first ran to represent District 64 in 2023 and advanced to the runoff after the October 14, 2023 Jungle primary.", "In the November 18, 2023 runoff election with against Kellie Alford, Dickerson was declared the winner with 60.3%." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official House Profile* Ballotpedia entry for Kellee Hennessy Dickerson" ] ]

[ [ "Cindy Jacobs" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Cindy Jacobs''' (August, 1951) is an American prophet, speaker, author and teacher, member of the New Apostolic Reformation of C. Peter Wagner.", "With her husband, Mike Jacobs, she cofounded Generals International in 1985.The couple had two children, Daniel and Kyrin.She was called by The New York Times as \"one of the most influential American prophets\"." ], [ "Early live and education", "Jacobs was born in Texas; she says that when she was only 9 years old, she heard a call from God to read Psalm 2:8, and that this was decisive for her future as an international speaker.In 1975, she earned a B.A.", "in Music from Pepperdine University, Malibu, California." ], [ "Career", "Since 1999, Cindy Jacobs is a prophet at the C. Peter Wagner's Apostolic Council of Prophetic Elders.", "She is also part of other evangelical organizations and movements, as the Independent Network Charismatic Christianity, Global Prophetic Consultation and the Christ for the Nations Bible Institute." ], [ "Publications", "Jacobs wrote several books, including the bestsellers ''Possessing the Gates of the Enemy'', ''The Voice of God'' and ''Women Rise Up!", "'', and is the editor for the Women of Destiny Bible." ], [ "Controversies", "* In his book ''Hard-Core Idolatry: Facing the Facts'', C. Peter Wagner describes that the Holy Spirit came to Cindy Jacobs and \"told her that in the Argentinian city of Resistencia they must burn the idols, like the magicians did in Ephesus.", "Ed Silvoso, Cindy Jacobs and the Resistencia pastors agreed\".", "The list of itens to be burned:* In March, 2020, Jacobs led a global day of prayer \"to end coronavirus\".", "In November, 2019, she and other prophets held a meeting in Dallas, and no one of those predicted the coming of the pandemic.", "* In January 6, 2021, Cindy Jacobs was in front of the Capitol, \"where she and others prayed, prophesied and sang songs\" as the building was attacked." ], [ "References" ], [ "Further reading", "*" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]

[ [ "Augusto Góngora" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Augusto José Góngora Labbé''' (2 January 1952 – 19 May 2023) was a Chilean journalist, filmmaker and television presenter.", "After working in independent media during the military dictatorship in Chile, he went on to work for the country's national broadcaster, Televisión Nacional de Chile, from 1990 until 2010, primarily focusing on cultural programming.", "After leaving the channel, Góngora went on to serve on TVN's board of directors between 2016 and 2017." ], [ "Career", "After completing high school at the Liceo de Aplicación in Santiago, Góngora went on to study journalism at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile.", "During the military dictatorship under Augusto Pinochet, Góngora worked for independent media outlets that opposed the regime, including in 1976 serving as the editor of ''Solidaridad'', a magazine published by the Vicariate of Solidarity, a human rights organisation that offered support to victims of the Pinochet regime and their families.", "During this time, Góngora also hosted the alternative news programme ''Teleanálisis'', which aimed circumvent the military dictatorship's strict censorship laws.", "Góngora worked as an editor for ''Teleanálisis'' between 1984 and 1986, before becoming its director from 1986 until 1989.On 11 March 1990, Chile started its transition back to a democracy, and Góngora subsequently joined the state broadcaster, Televisión Nacional de Chile.", "On 12 and 13 October 1990, Góngora hosted two charity concerts, ''Desde Chile... un abrazo a la esperanza'', organised by Amnesty International to mark the end of the Pinochet regime and the transition to democracy, at the Estado Nacional in Santiago.Góngora subsequently started hosting and producing cultural content for TVN, including hosting the cultural programme ''Cine video'' (later rebanded as ''Cine video + teatro'') until 2002.In 1993, he became TVN's cultural editor, a position he held until he left the channel in 2010.He directed multiple programmes for the channel, including ''El mirador'' (1991–2004), which focused on social issues; and ''El show de los libros'' (1992–2002), which focused on Chilean literature.", "Góngora also hosted programmes, including ''Coyote'' (2003) and ''Hora 25'' (2006–2010), a cultural panel show.In 2007, Góngora served as an executive producer on the folklore-based miniseries ''La Recta Provincia'', created by Raúl Ruiz, as well as Ruiz's follow-up series, ''Litoral'' (2008); he also had a small acting role in the former.", "Góngora also hosted the radio programme ''Concert Enfoque'' on the radio station Radio Concierto.After leaving TVN in 2010, in August 2016 Góngora was nominated by Michelle Bachelet, the President of Chile, to serve as one of its directors.", "After being approved by the Senate, Góngora took up the role.", "He resigned from the board in 2017, citing health reasons.In addition to his media work, Góngora also worked in academia, including at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, the University of Chile, Andrés Bello National University, and Finis Terrae University." ], [ "Personal life", "Góngora's first marriage was to Patricia Neut, with whom he had two children, Javiera and Cristóbal.", "In 1997, he began a romantic relationship with actress Paulina Urrutia.", "On 17 June 2016, Góngora and Urrutia married." ], [ "Illness and death", "Góngora was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2014, when he was 62.His health declined during the subsequent years, and in September 2020 his wife announced that he was showing symptoms of dementia.", "Góngora was hospitalised for most of April 2022 due to his worsening health.On 17 May 2023, Góngora was reported to have entered into a state of sopor.", "He died on 19 May, at the age of 71, with his death being announced later that day by the Centro Cultural Gabriela Mistral.", "Following a funeral procession that passed the headquarters of TVN in Providencia, Góngora was buried at the Parque del Recuerdo in Santiago." ], [ "Legacy", "In 2023, the documentary ''The Eternal Memory'' premiered at the 2023 Sundance Film Festival.", "The film, directed by Maite Alberdi, followed Góngora and Urrutia's marriage following his diagnosis with Alzheimer's disease.", "''The Eternal Memory'' received critical acclaim, and was dedicated to Góngora's memory." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Pontes fort" ], [ "Introduction", "Forts on the Danube near DrobetaRemains of the Trajan's Bridge on the right bank of Danube'''Pontes fort''' was an ancient Roman fort situated on the river Danube in the Roman province of Moesia and forming a key part of the Limes Moesiae frontier system.", "It is near the modern town of Kladovo, Serbia.", "It was built in about 103-105 AD and is one of the most important Roman sites along the Danube as it protected the southern end of the strategic Trajan's Bridge over the river.It has been excavated and is now protected in an archaeological park.A bronze head of Emperor Trajan's father, or Trajan himself.", "was found in the 19th century by fishermen in the river Danube near a pillar of the bridge, part of a statue at the bridge entrance and now in the museum of Belgrade.Bust of Marcus Ulpius Traianus the Elder at the National Museum of Serbia" ], [ "History", "Trajan's bridge was built in only three years (103–105 AD) by the famous architect Apollodorus of Damascus, at the same time as the fort.", "The bridge was considered the most daring work in the Roman world.", "Large canals, still visible in the marshy ground even today, were dug to lower Danube level and make construction of the piers easier.", "This may be the origin of the name Pontes (Bridges) as several temporary bridges had to be built across these canals and the Danube.", "Repairs to the fort were done in the time of Marcus Aurelius and after being heavily damaged during the 2nd century a major reconstruction was done in the time of Septimius Severus at the beginning of the 3rd century.", "It suffered much destruction, like the Roman Empire and its frontiers in general, in conflicts with the Goths and the Huns in the 4th and the 5th centuries AD.", "The fort was restored during Justinian’s restoration of the Limes.When the bridge was destroyed the fort lost its significance and was mostly abandoned, but a settlement of ''limitanei'' continued." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "George Bland (actor)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''George Bland''' (c.1758–1807) was an Irish-stage actor and singer.", "He was the son of the actor Francis Bland and the actress Grace Phillips and the brother of Dorothea Jordan.", "Abandoning planned studies at Oxford University he appeared as an actor in the provinces, was on the payroll at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London in 1786 but appeared in no known roles.", "He continued to act at in the North of England at Leeds and Liverpool while his sister lobbied the Drury Lane management to give him permanent employment.", "He was at last hired in 1790 and became a member of the Drury Lane company until 1795, also appearing at the Haymarket in the summer.", "In 1790 he married the actress Maria Bland, but by 1796 she was carrying on an open affair with fellow actor Thomas Caulfield and this situation led to George Bland leaving the London stage.", "He appeared at the Richmond Theatre and received financial assistance from his sister towards his growing debts.", "He then accepted an offer to go to America to act, making his debut at the Park Theatre in New York in 1802.Although he now acted under the name Wilson this attempt to conceal his identity failed and a lengthy article in the ''New York Evening Post'' identified him as the brother of Dorothea Jordan.", "He received much better reviews in America than he had in London and also appeared at the Federal Street Theatre in Boston where he died in 1807." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* Highfill, Philip H, Burnim, Kalman A.", "& Langhans, Edward A.", "''A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers and Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800, Volumes 1-2''.", "SIU Press, 1973." ] ]

[ [ "Red, White and Blue (2023 film)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Red, White and Blue''''' is a 2023 American drama short film written, directed, and produced by Nazrin Choudhury.", "Starring Brittany Snow and Juliet Donenfeld, it tells the story of a single mother traveling with her daughter in search of an abortion.", "''Red, White and Blue'' premiered at the Edmonton International Film Festival on September 30, 2023, where it won the Grand Jury Award for Best Live Action Short.", "It is nominated for Best Live Action Short Film at the 96th Academy Awards." ], [ "Synopsis", "Rachel, a single mother working as a waitress, urgently searches for an abortion.", "Because she lives in Arkansas, where abortion is effectively illegal, she travels with her daughter Maddy to an abortion clinic in Illinois." ], [ "Cast", "* Brittany Snow as Rachel* Juliet Donenfeld as Maddy* Redding Munsell as Jake" ], [ "Production", "Written, directed, and produced by British filmmaker Nazrin Choudhury, ''Red, White and Blue'' was informed by Choudhury's own experience seeking an abortion when she lived in the United Kingdom.", "On December 7, 2023, it was announced that the film would be executive produced by Samantha Bee, who described the film as \"storytelling at its best; sharp, gutting, and I pray, impactful." ], [ "Reception", "''Red, White and Blue'' received largely positive reviews from critics.", "In a review for ''The New York Times'', Jeannette Catsoulis named the film the \"clear standout\" of the year's Academy Award nominees for Best Live Action Short Film, writing, \"Painstakingly constructed from small, telling details, the movie ends with the kind of sting that lingers longer than any news report.\"", "Cathy Newman of ''Channel 4 News'' described the film as \"a punch to the gut\".Collin Souter of ''RogerEbert.com'' praised Snow and Donenfeld's performances, but also wrote that the film \"overstates the obvious, with a twist ending that will leave every viewer gobsmacked at the end instead of enlightened, angry or motivated to help make change.\"" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]

[ [ "Dysoxylum acutangulum" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Dysoxylum acutangulum''''' is a species of flowering plant in the mahogany family, Meliaceae.", "It is a tree native to Peninsular Thailand, Malesia (Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Peninsular Malaysia, Maluku Islands, Philippines (Palawan), and Sumatra), New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, and the Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia." ], [ "Description", "''Dysoxylum acutangulum'' is an evergreen tree growing to 37 meters tall, with a bole up to 1.4 meters in diameter.", "The trunks of mature trees are buttressed up to 3 m tall and 2 meters out.", "The bark is yellowish and smooth to scaling.", "It flowers from September to December, and fruits in January and February.", "Subspecies ''acutangulum'' differs from subsp.", "''foveolatum'' in having broader leaflets without domatia." ], [ "Habitat", "In Malesia and Papuasia it is a rain forest tree growing from sea level up to 950 metres elevation.", "The seeds are eaten by the pied imperial pigeon (''Ducula bicolor'').In Australia it is native to the Bonaparte Archipelago of Western Australia, the Top End of the Northern Territory, and the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland to 16° S Latitude.", "It grows in rain forests and forested creeks and gullies from 30 to 600 metres elevation.", "In open areas it grows and flowers as a treelet a few meters tall." ], [ "Subspecies", "Two subspecies are accepted:*'''''Dysoxylum acutangulum'' subsp.", "''acutangulum''''' – Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, and Palawan*'''''Dysoxylum acutangulum'' subsp.", "''foveolatum''''' (synonyms ''Dysoxylum foveolatum'' , ''Alliaria schultzei'' , and ''Dysoxylum schultzei'' ) – Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku Islands, New Guinea, Northern Territory, Queensland, Solomon Islands, and southern Sumatra" ], [ "Uses", "In northern Malesia subsp.", "''acutangulum'' is one of the most important timber species of the Meliaceae, and is known commercially as membalo.", "It is used for furniture as well as coffins and cartwheels." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Canberra Medallion" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Canberra Medallion''' is an annual architecture award presented by the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Chapter of the Australian Institute of Architects.", "It is regarded as the highest award at the ACT annual architecture awards." ], [ "Background", "The Canberra Medallion is one of the oldest architecture awards in Australia.", "Only the Victorian Architecture Medal/Street Architecture Medal (1929) and the NSW Sir John Sulman Medal (1932) are older state based awards for architecture.", "The medal is named for Australia's capital city Canberra located in the Australian Capital Territory, although not all winners are located in Canberra." ], [ "Canberra Medallion winners since 2000", "ACT Chapter Canberra Medallion winners since 2000 (reverse order) YearArchitect Project Location State Type Other AIA awards2023 Bates Smart Brindabella 6 Brindabella Circuit, Canberra AirportAustralian Capital TerritoryCommercial* John Andrews Award for Commercial Architecture, 2023 (ACT)2022 Hassell Birch Building Refurbishment Australian National University, 35 Science Road, Acton, CanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryEducation* National Award for Heritage, 2022* National Award for Educational Architecture, 2022* National Commendation for Interior Architecture, 2022* Enrico Taglietti Award for Educational Architecture, 2022 (ACT)* W Hayward Morris Award for Interior Architecture, 2022 (ACT)* J S Murdoch Award for Heritage, 2022 (ACT)2021 Anthony Knobel House for Hiroko CanberraAustralian Capital Territory Residential* Malcolm Moir and Heather Sutherland Award for Residential Architecture, Houses (New), 2021 (ACT)2020 Edition Office and Daniel Boyd ''For Our Country'' Australian War Memorial, CanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryWar Memorial* Nicholas Murcutt Award for Small Project Architecture, 20202019 Austin Maynard Architects Empire CanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryResidential* Gene Willsford Award for Residential Architecture – Houses (Alterations and Additions), 2019 (ACT)* National Commendation for Residential Architecture – Houses (Alterations and Additions), 20192018 Hassell Australian Federal Police Forensics and Data Centre, Majura 1 Tambreet Street, MajuraAustralian Capital TerritoryGovernment* National Commendation for Commercial Architecture, 20182017 National Capital Authority, Jane Irwin, Hill Thalis, SMEC and AECOM Constitution Avenue Streetscape Constitution Avenue, CanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryUrban Design* Sir John Overall Award for Urban Design, 2017 (ACT)2016 lahznimmo Bowen Place Crossing Bowen Place & Kings Avenue, Parkes, Canberra Australian Capital TerritoryUrban Design* Walter Burley Griffin Award, 2016 (National)* Sir John Overall Award for Urban Design, 2016 (ACT)2015 Fender Katsalidis New Acton Precinct Acton, Canberra Australian Capital TerritoryMixed Use * Walter Burley Griffin Award, 2015 (National)* Sir John Overall Award for Urban Design, 2015 (ACT)* Award for Sustainable Architecture, 2015 (ACT)* Award for Interior Architecture, 2015 (ACT)2014 Tonkin Zulaikha Greer and Taylor Cullity Lethlean National Arboretum Forest Drive, Canberra Australian Capital TerritoryCultural * Sir John Overall Award for Urban Design, 20142013 Fender Katsalidis 2 & 4 National Circuit 2 & 4 National Circuit, Canberra Australian Capital TerritoryCommercial * Sir John Overall Award for Urban Design, 20132012 Collins Caddaye St Gregory's HallSt.", "Gregory's Primary School (MacQuoid Street Campus), Molonglo Street, Queanbeyan Australian Capital TerritoryEducation * Romaldo Giurgola Award for Public Architecture, 20122011 Johnson Pilton Walker Australian War Memorial Eastern Precinct Australian War Memorial, Canberra Australian Capital TerritoryWar Memorial * Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture, 2011 (National)* Romaldo Giurgola Award for Public Architecture, 2011 (ACT)2010 Nino Bellantonio, AIL Studio & Joanna Nelson H House O’Connor Australian Capital Territory Residential * Small Project Award, 2010 (ACT)2009 Johnson Pilton Walker National Portrait Gallery King Edward Terrace, Parkes, CanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryCultural* Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture, 2009 (National)* Architecture Award for Interior Architecture, 2009 (National)* Romaldo Giurgola Award for Public Architecture, 2009 (ACT)* Light in Architecture Prize, 2009 (ACT)2008 Fender Katsalidis New Acton East Corner of Marcus Clarke Street & Edinburgh Avenue, Acton, CanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryMixed Use/Commercial* National Award for Commercial Architecture, 20082007 Cox Humphries Moss Australian Institute of Sport Aquatic Testing and Training Centre 26 Leverrier Street, Bruce, CanberraAustralian Capital TerritorySport* Award for Public Architecture, 2007 (ACT) Bligh Voller Nield ANU Medical School Canberra Hospital, GarranAustralian Capital TerritoryHealth2006 Roger Pegrum Reid House 19 Euree Street, Reid, CanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryResidential2005 Denton Corker Marshall ANZAC Hall Australian War Memorial, Campbell, CanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryWar Memorial*Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture, 20052004NO AWARD2003NO AWARD2002 Cox Humphries Moss (Rodney Moss) Clynes House (Catherine & Robert Clynes) Yarralumla, CanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryResidential Woods Bagot Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS House) 45 Benjamin Way, BelconnenAustralian Capital TerritoryCommercial2001 Mitchell Giurgola & Thorp Australian War Memorial Gallery RedevelopmentAustralian War Memorial, Campbell CanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryWar Memorial2000 Daryl Jackson Alastair Swayn CSIRO Discovery CentreNorth Science Road, Acton, CanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryCommercial2000 Dawson Brown Architecture Sastrugi Lodge (redevelopment of 1958 lodge by Eric Nicholls)12 Diggings Terace, ThredboNew South WalesResidential" ], [ "Canberra Medallion winners 1956—1999", "ACT Chapter Canberra Medallion winners from 1956 to 1999 (reverse order) YearArchitect Project Location State Type Other AIA awards1999 Mitchell/Giurgola & Thorp Blake Dawson Waldron Fit-out12 Moore Street, CanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryCommercialTownsend & Associates Fowler House 288 Duffy Street, Ainslie Australian Capital TerritoryResidentialSimon Kringas Jenkins Farmhouse Australian Capital TerritoryResidentialDaryl Jackson Alastair Swayn Capital Jet Facility Boomerang Street, Canberra Airport, Pialligo Australian Capital TerritoryCommercial1998Munns Sly Scott–Bohanna MossHyson Green, Calvary HospitalMary Potter Circuit, BruceAustralian Capital TerritoryHealth1997 Graeme Trickett Robert Morrison House (Alterations & Additions)52 Beauchamp Street, DeakinAustralian Capital TerritoryResidentialEggleston Macdonald Australian Geographical Survey Organisation HQSymonston Australian Capital TerritoryCommercialDaryl Jackson Alastair SwaynAIS Ansett Sports Visitor CentreLeverriar Crescent, Bruce Australian Capital TerritorySportMCC Architects (consortium of Munns Sly Scott–Bohanna Moss, Collins Caddaye Humphries and Colin Stewart)ACT Magistrates Court London Circuit, Canberra Australian Capital TerritoryJustice1996 Mitchell/Giurgola & Thorp ACT Legislative AssemblyCivic Square, Canberra Australian Capital TerritoryGovernmentFreeman Collett & Partners My CafeFranklin Street, ManukaAustralian Capital TerritoryCommercialShane Blue & Rachel BourneHouse at Fadden Hills10 Decker Place, FaddenAustralian Capital TerritoryResidential1995NO AWARD1994 Mitchell/Giurgola & Thorp Ainslie Fire StationWakefield Avenue, Ainslie Australian Capital TerritoryPublicAustralian Construction Services Therapeutic Goods Administration Building Narrabundah Lane, SymonstonAustralian Capital TerritoryCommercialClarke & JacksonAinslie Village RedevelopmentQuick Street, AinslieAustralian Capital TerritoryCommercial1993Daryl Jackson Alastair SwaynBoiler House Lecture TheatreUniversity of Canberra, BruceAustralian Capital TerritoryEducation1992Mitchell\\Giurgola & ThorpFaculty of Information Sciences & Engineering BuildingUniversity of Canberra, BruceAustralian Capital TerritoryEducation1991Daryl Jackson Alastair SwaynAIS Athletics Field GrandstandAustralian Institute of Sport, Masterman Street, BruceAustralian Capital TerritorySport1990Mitchell/Giurgola & ThorpSt Thomas Aquinas Parish Church Lhotsky Street, Charnwood Australian Capital TerritoryReligion*Sir Roy Grounds Award for Enduring Architecture, 20181989Lawrence Nield & PartnersNational Science & Technology Centre (now Questacon) King Edward Terrace, Parkes Australian Capital TerritoryCultural1988Mitchell\\Giurgola & ThorpAustralian Parliament House Parliament Drive, Capital Hill Australian Capital TerritoryCultural*National Award for Enduring Architecture, 2013*Sir Roy Grounds Award for Enduring Architecture, 2013*Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture, 1989Ken Maher & PartnersPsychiatric Hostel Mary Potter Circuit, Bruce Australian Capital TerritoryHealth1987Daryl JacksonIndoor Sports Centre Australian Defence Force Academy, Fairbairn Ave, Campbell Australian Capital TerritorySport1986Department of Housing & Construction (ACT) with Ancher Mortlock & Woolley Cadets Mess Australian Defence Force Academy, Fairbairn Avenue, Campbell Australian Capital TerritoryDefence* Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture, 19861985Daryl Jackson Singapore High Commission Chancery Forster Crescent, Yarralumla Australian Capital TerritoryGovernment1984Daryl Jackson National Sports Centre Swimming Halls Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Crescent, Bruce Australian Capital TerritoryRecreation*Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture, 1984* RAIA National Award for Design ExcellencePeter Freeman Hill Station Addition 51 Sheppard Street, Hume Australian Capital TerritoryHeritage* Shortlisted for Lachlan Macquarie Award, 1984 (National)1983Edwards, Madigan, Torzillo and Briggs Australian National Gallery Parkes Australian Capital TerritoryCultural1982Robin Gibson Belconnen Library Chandler Street, Belconnen Australian Capital TerritoryCultural* CS Daley Medal (ACT)1981Daryl Jackson Evan Walker Architects Canberra School of Art Australian National University, Acton Australian Capital TerritoryEducation* Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture, 1981 (National)* CS Daley Medal (ACT)1980Edwards, Madigan, Torzillo & Briggs High Court of Australia Building Parkes Place, ParkesAustralian Capital TerritoryJustice* National Award for Enduring Architecture, 2007* Sir Roy Grounds Award for Enduring Architecture, 20071979 Department of Housing & Construction (Michael Adams) Taylor Primary School Marconi Crescent, KambahAustralian Capital TerritoryEducation1978Philip Cox & Partners Kambah Health Centre Jenke Circuit, Kambah Australian Capital TerritoryHealth1977Enrico Taglietti Giralang Primary School Atalumba Close, Giralang Australian Capital TerritoryEducation1976NO AWARD1975NO AWARD1974NO AWARD1973NO AWARD1972Hancock, Renfree & Associates Grandstand Amenities Pavilion Randwick Road, Mitchell Australian Capital TerritorySport1971Collard, Clark & Jackson Building No.", "14Russell Defence Group, Russell Australian Capital TerritoryDefence1970Ian Mackay & Partners Food Services Building Bowes Street, Phillip Australian Capital TerritoryCommercial1969NO AWARD1968Rosman, Hastings & Sorel (Peter Sorel) Norwood Park Crematorium Norwood Park Crematorium Australian Capital TerritoryCultural1967 Fowell, Mansfield, Jarvis & MaclurcanCommonwealth Club 25 Forster Crescent, Yarralumla Australian Capital TerritoryCultural1966NO AWARD1965Allen, Jack and Cottier (Russell Jack)Cater House 145 Mugga Way, Red Hill Australian Capital TerritoryResidential* Meritorious Architecture Award, 19651964 Mockridge, Stahle & Mitchell Downer Primary School (1962–1988) Bradfield Street, Downer Australian Capital TerritoryEducation''(demolished 2014)''1963NO AWARD1962McConnell, Smith & Johnson (Peter Keys) Mackie House 41 National Circuit, Forrest Australian Capital TerritoryResidential1961Roy Grounds of Grounds, Romberg & Boyd Australian Academy of Science (The Shine Dome)Gordon Street, Acton Australian Capital TerritoryGovernment*Sir John Sulman Medal, 1959*Meritorious Architecture Award, ACT, 1959*25 Year Award, 20011960NO AWARD1959NO AWARD1958NO AWARD1957NO AWARD1956Robin Boyd Fenner House8 Monaro Crescent & 1 Torres Street, Red Hill Australian Capital TerritoryResidential" ], [ "See also", "*Australian Institute of Architects*Sir Roy Grounds Award for Enduring Architecture*Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture*Victorian Architecture Medal" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Carrie Keller-Lynn" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Carrie Keller-Lynn''' is an American-Israeli journalist." ], [ "Biography", "=== IDF service ===Keller-Lynn served in the Israel Defense Forces in 2009 and states that she was \"a military liaison to Egypt during the Arab Spring\"==== Podcast and Aliza Landes ====Keller-Lynn served in the IDF with a former Israeli government spokeswoman, Aliza Landes.", "Landes was responsible for IDF social media strategy, whom Keller-Lynn characterizes her as \"literally\" having \"created social media for the IDF\".", "The two maintain both a close friendship.", "Together they produced a podcast series ''Us among the Israelis'' which covers topics including media messaging by the Israeli government and military.", "Keller-Lynn has written for the ''Journal'' since December 2023.They also produced the podcast series \"Israel from Right to Left,\" which Keller-Lynn describes as about \"Baseline Israeli civics.\"" ], [ "itrek (Israel Trek)", "Keller-Lynn has stated that she went on her itrek, a sponsored graduate student trip to Israel, in 2016." ], [ "Journalism", "Keller-Lynn is a former ''Times of Israel'' political and legal correspondent.", "In 2023 she started contributing to reports on the ''Washington Post'' and ''Wall Street Journal''.===''Wall Street Journal'' article===On 29 January 2024, ''The Wall Street Journal'' (WSJ) published an article by Keller-Lynn, \"Intelligence Reveals Details of U.N. Agency Staff's Links to Oct. 7 Attack\", asserted that the ''Journal'' too had reviewed a dossier intelligence reports claiming that at least 12 UNRWA employees had been involved in the October 7th attacks.", "The report details the dossier's allegations of involvement of various UNRWA employees, including primary and secondary school teachers, claiming that some had kidnapped victims, coordinated munitions, or provided logistics support.====Removal of photo with Landes====The widely circulated photo of Landes and Keller-Lynn that itrek subsequently removedITrek, an organization that sends graduate students on trips to Israel, took down an article featuring an old interview with Keller-Lynn and Landes where Keller-Lynn discusses her time serving in the Israeli Defense Forces and boasts that Landes \"literally created social media for the IDF.\"" ], [ "External links", "** Profile on ''Intelligent Relations''**" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Filon quadrature" ], [ "Introduction", "In numerical analysis, '''Filon quadrature''' or '''Filon's method''' is a technique for numerical integration of oscillatory integrals.", "It is named after English mathematician Louis Napoleon George Filon, who first described the method in 1934." ], [ "Description", "The method is applied to oscillatory definite integrals in the form:: where is a relatively slowly-varying function and is either sine or cosine or a complex exponential that causes the rapid oscillation of the integrand, particularly for high frequencies.", "In Filon quadrature, the is divided into subintervals of length , which are then interpolated by parabolas.", "Since each subinterval is now converted into a Fourier integral of quadratic polynomials, these can be evaluated in closed-form by integration by parts.", "For the case of , the integration formula is given as:: where ::::::Explicit Filon integration formulas for sine and complex exponential functions can be derived similarly.", "The formulas above fail for small values due to catastrophic cancellation; Taylor series approximations must be in such cases to mitigate numerical errors, with being recommended as a possible switchover point for 44-bit mantissa.Modifications, extensions and generalizations of Filon quadrature have been reported in numerical analysis and applied mathematics literature; these are known as Filon-type integration methods.", "These include Filon-trapezoidal and Filon–Clenshaw–Curtis methods." ], [ "Applications", "Filon quadrature is widely used in physics and engineering for robust computation of Fourier-type integrals.", "Applications include evaluation of oscillatory Sommerfeld integrals for electromagnetic and seismic problems in layered media and numerical solution to steady incompressible flow problems in fluid mechanics, as well as various different problems in neutron scattering, quantum mechanics and metallurgy." ], [ "See also", "* Tanh-sinh quadrature" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Stephen St. C. Bostock" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Stephen St. Chad Bostock''' (born 1940) is a British philosopher, zoologist and animal rights writer known for his research on animal ethics in relation to zoos." ], [ "Biography", "Bostock was born in Northumberland in 1940.He obtained a BA in 1962 and an MA in 1973 from Queen's College, Cambridge.", "He studied philosophy and zoology at University of Hull.", "Bostock obtained a PhD in philosophy from University of Glasgow in 1987.He was the education officer for Glasgow Zoo." ], [ "''Zoos and Animal Rights''", "Bostock is best known for his book ''Zoos and Animal Rights: The Ethics of Keeping Animals'', published in 1993.The book argues that animal rights and zoos do not have to be in conflict as the rights of animals held captive in zoos are not infringed upon in zoos with good conditions with their needs catered for.", "Bostock does not claim that all zoos are acceptable places for animals, they can only be if they provide certain conditions.", "He defends zoos on conservational, educational, environmental and scientific grounds.", "He notes that zoo animals are protected from predation.", "Tzachi Zamir has described the book as an attempt to \"forge a link between an animal-right perspective and a welfare-based argument for the existence of (good) zoos\".Bostock assigns moral rights to animals as they are conscious beings.", "He rejects utilitarianism.", "However, reviewers of the book noted that his recommendations are indistinguishable from utilitarianism as he concedes that the rights of animals may justifiably be sacrificed if the overall benefit is compelling from a human-interest viewpoint.", "Bostock argues that the individual well-being of an animal is of paramount importance but stated that \"we can still properly use animals, and keep them, if the animals concerned indicate that this is reasonably beneficial to them\".", "He has written that zoo animals have a right to well-being that enjoins us from causing them loss of freedom, physical pain or death.", "In regard to loss of freedom he argues that \"really good captivity is not, to all intents and purposes, captivity at all\" as captive animals in ideal conditions are allowed a continuation of their \"natural lives\".", "Bostock defines freedom as \"being an environment in which the majority of their needs are catered for\".", "He argues that as the right-to-freedom criterion of zoos can be purportedly met under ideal conditions, thus the rights argument against zoos becomes invalid.", "Philosopher Ann S. Causey has written that \"Bostock's arguments intended to demonstrate the freedom and well-being of zoo animals are weak and unlikely to convince any but the uniformed or logically lax reader\".", "Doug Simak negatively reviewed the book suggesting that although Bostock argues for animal rights he endorses \"rights violations with ease\", such as his support for animal culling \"to plead necessity\".", "He commented that \"it is difficult to see how the plea of necessity is compatible with the view that animals have, in any real sense, rights\".", "In contrast, James Rachels positively reviewed the book, concluding \"people on both sides of the animal-rights debate can learn a great deal from ''Zoos and Animal Rights''.", "Bostock has written a very good book, full of interesting information and moral arguments that deserves to be taken seriously\".", "A. J. Stevens also positively reviewed the book in the ''Animal Welfare'' journal." ], [ "Selected publications", "*''Zoos and Animal Rights: The Ethics of Keeping Animals'' (1993)" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Olympia Theatre (Montreal)" ], [ "Introduction", "The Olympia Theatre.", "'''Olympia Theatre''' is an historic concert venue in Gay Village, Montreal, Quebec.", "Built in 1925, it is located at 1004 Saint Catherine Street East.", "The hall has a capacity of up to 2,438 seats." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Little Loves" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Little Loves''''' () is an upcoming Spanish-French drama film written and directed by which stars Adriana Ozores and María Vázquez alongside Aimar Vega." ], [ "Plot", "Set in summertime, the plot follows the uneasy and forced coexistence between Teresa and her mother Ani, in the wake of Ani's minor injury." ], [ "Cast", "* María Vázquez as Teresa* Adriana Ozores as Ani* Aimar Vega" ], [ "Production", "The film was produced by Arcadia Motion Pictures and Viracocha Films AIE alongside Noodles Productions with the participation of RTVE, TVC, and Filmin, and the backing and funding from ICAA, ICEC, CNC, and Creative Europe's MEDIA.", "Shooting locations included Barcelona, Begues, , Sant Cugat Sesgarrigues, Olesa de Bonesvalls, La Granada del Penedès, Navarcles, and Madrid." ], [ "Release", "The film will premiere at the 27th Málaga Film Festival in March 2024.Distributed by BTeam Pictures, it will be released theatrically in Spain on 8 March 2024." ], [ "See also", "* List of Spanish films of 2024" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Frode Bahnsen" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Frode Bahnsen''' (1923–1983) was a Danish sculptor, medallist, ceramist and painter.", "He served as chief medallist for the Royal Danish Mint for the last 15 years of his life." ], [ "Biography", "Bahnsen was trained as a medallist under Harald Salomonsen.", "He worked for the at the Royal Mint from 1948 until his death.", "In 1968, he was appointed as chief medallist.", "Ge has also created the Sirius Patrol's medal (1975).Bahnsen also worked as a ceramicist in his own workshop in \"Den 3.kunstnerby\" in Hjortekær, Kongens Lyngby, an artist's village, which he, together with carver Ulrika Marseen, established first half of the 1950s.", "From here he produced stoneware under his own name (FB) as well as i.a.", "under the name MELFF.", "He also created a teapot design for the Palshus ceramics manufacturer.Bahnsen's first education was as a sign painter.", "He later took drawing and painting lessons from, among others Aage Handest in Århus and throughout his life was also active as a painter." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Ali Abu el-Fotoh" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mr.", "Ali Bek bin Ahmad bin Abu el-Fotoh Pasha''' (Egyptian Arabic: السيد علي بك بن أحمد بن أبو الفتوح باشا), commonly known as '''Ali Abu el-Fotoh''' (Egyptian Arabic: علي أبو الفتوح) (1913 – 1873) was an Egyptian jurist and economist.", "He was born in Belqas and grew up there.", "He studied in Tanta, then traveled to France, where he studied at University of Montpellier and the University of Paris and obtained a doctorate.", "In Egypt, he moved through judicial positions until he was appointed Head of the Appeals Prosecution and then the Undersecretary of the Ministry of Education.", "He died in Cairo at the age of 40.He has several judicial and literary books." ], [ "Biography", "He was born in the city of Belqas in Dakahlia in 1290 AH/1873 AD to a wealthy, old family and grew up there.", "His father was one of the most prominent Gharbia notables, while his mother was the daughter of a senior official during the reign of Mahammad Ali Pasha.", "He received a traditional education in his childhood.", "He completed memorizing the Qur’an at the village's Kuttab when he was eleven years old.", "He received the principles of his science at Belqas's office, then at the Saint Louis School in Tanta and stayed there for six years, during which he completed his primary and secondary studies.", "At that time, he was an example of a diligent, well-mannered student who was keen on his lessons, and after he obtained the baccalaureate degree with distinction then he traveled to France and studied law at the University of Montpellier and obtained a bachelor's degree from there.", "He was fluent in French, both speaking and writing, in a way that impressed his French teachers.", "Someone said about him: \"He is good at it like one of its sons.\"", "In France, he founded the first Egyptian student association in Europe and was elected its general president.", "He and other members also published “Egyptian Progress Magazine,” the association's mouthpiece.", "He attended the legal conferences held in Paris during its general exhibition in 1900 and wrote a book called: \"An Egyptian Tourism in Europe.\"", "Then he obtained a doctorate in economic sciences from the University of Paris.", "He also participated in several European legislative assemblies, contributed to drafting various laws, and participated in major legal conferences such as the Paris Conference.", "Then he returned to his homeland in 1894 and was appointed acting assistant in Tanta, then he was promoted to be appointed president of the appeals in 1908, then director of Girga in 1909, then undersecretary of the Ministry of Education.Khayr al-Din al-Zirikli described him as “a genius in the sciences of law.” He worked in writing, reading, and compiling a library in Arabic and French.", "He had articles and research published in French and Arabic magazines.", "He died in Cairo in the year 1331 AH/1913 and was mourned by Ahmad Shawqi, Hafez Bek, Ismail Sabri Pasha, and other writers and poets.", "Among them is Shawqi's poem." ], [ "Works", "Abu el-Fotoh was passionate about translation and writing, and his basic works did not distract him from this matter.", "He, in collaboration with his companions, translated important books on French, including the book “Political Economy” by William Stanley Jevons.", "He also wrote some important books and legal research in Arabic and French.", "* An Egyptian Tourism in Europe (سياحة مصري في أوروبا), 1900* Political Economy (الإقتصاد السياسي), William Stanley Jevons, co-translated, 1908* The Social Doctrine in Criminal Legislation (المذهب الاجتماعي في التشريع الجنائي), a sermon delivered at a major party of the Higher Schools Club on March 25, 1906.", "* A collection of thoughts on the judiciary, economics and society (مجموعة خواطر في القضاء والاقتصاد و الاجتماع), 1913* Islamic Sharia and positive laws (الشريعة الإسلامية والقوانين الوضعية), 1913" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Abner Wright" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Abner M. Wright''' was an American businessman associated with the city of Chicago.", "Wright served as a member of the Chicago Board of Trade, and served as its president in 1886 and 1887.Wright stood opposed to gambling interests which had partnered themselves with telegraph companies.", "Wright, at one point, \"forcibly removed the instruments of the Postal Telegraph Company and the Baltimore and Ohio Telegraph Company from the floor of the exchange, literally throwing their equipment out of the building.", "\"Wright was the unsuccessful Republican Party nominee in the 1879 Chicago mayoral election." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Patricia Mokhtarian" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Patricia Lyon Mokhtarian''' is an American civil engineer and transport economist, the Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Georgia Tech, and professor emerita of civil and environmental engineering at the University of California, Davis.", "Her research focuses on travel behavior, and the effects of land use and telecommuting on personal travel choices." ], [ "Education and career", "Mokhtarian completed a Ph.D. in 1981 at Northwestern University.", "Her dissertation, ''Time-Dependent Structural Equations Modeling of the Relationship between Attitudes and Discrete Choice Behavior of Transportation Consumers'', was supervised by Frank Koppelman.She was a regional planner and consultant in Southern California before taking a faculty position at the University of California, Davis in 1990.In 2013 she retired as professor emerita, and moved to Georgia Tech.", "She was the Susan G. and Christopher D. Pappas Professor at Georgia Tech for five years, beginning in 2016, before being named as the Professor in 2021." ], [ "Recognition", "In 2021, the International Association for Travel Behaviour Research gave Mokhtarian their Lifetime Achievement Award.", "Mokhtarian was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2024, \"for improved transportation systems planning and practice through quantifying human behavior\"." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Home page*" ] ]

[ [ "2024 Atlanta Dream season" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Atlanta Dream season''' was the 17th season for the Atlanta Dream of the Women's National Basketball Association, and their third season under head coach Tanisha Wright.The season will tip off on Wednesday, May 15, 2024, against the Los Angeles Sparks in Los Angeles." ], [ "Transactions", "===WNBA draft=== Round Pick Player Nationality School/Team/Country 1 12 2 20 3 32 ===Transactions===DateTransaction January 24, 2024 Suspended the contract of Iliana Rupert.", "Rupert to sit out season.", "February 1, 2024 Traded the 8th overall pick in the 2024 WNBA draft and Aari McDonald to the Los Angeles Sparks in exhange for Jordin Canada and the 12th overall pick in the 2024 Draft.", "Signed Tina Charles Signed Aerial Powers Re-signed Nia Coffey===Roster Changes=======Additions===='''Personnel''''''Signed/Trade''''''Former Team''' Jordin Canada Trade Los Angeles Sparks Tina Charles Signed Free Agent Aerial Powers Signed Minnesota Lynx====Subtractions===='''Personnel''''''Reason''''''New Team''' Monique Billings Signed Los Angeles Sparks Aari McDonald Trade Los Angeles Sparks Taylor Mikesell Signed Los Angeles Sparks Iliana Rupert Suspended Contract —" ], [ "Roster", "===Depth===Pos.StarterBench PG SG SF PF C" ], [ "Schedule", "===Preseason=== ===Regular Season=== 1 May 15 @ Los Angeles Walter Pyramid 2 May 18 @ Phoenix Footprint Center 3 May 21 Dallas Gateway Center Arena 4 May 26 Minnesota Gateway Center Arena 5 May 29 @ Washington Entertainment and Sports Arena 6 May 31 Las Vegas Gateway Center Arena 7 June 2 Connecticut Gateway Center Arena 8 June 6 New York Gateway Center Arena 9 June 8 @ Chicago Wintrust Arena 10 June 11 Washington Gateway Center Arena 11 June 13 @ Indiana Gainbridge Fieldhouse 12 June 16 Los Angeles Gateway Center Arena 13 June 19 @ Minnesota Target Center 14 June 21 Indiana Gateway Center Arena 15 June 23 New York Gateway Center Arena 16 June 28 @ Connecticut Mohegan Sun Arena 17 June 30 @ New York Liberty Barclays Center 18 July 2 Chicago Gateway Center Arena 19 July 5 @ Dallas College Park Center 20 July 7 @ Connecticut Mohegan Sun Arena 21 July 10 @ Chicago Wintrust Arena 22 July 12 Las Vegas Gateway Center Arena 23 July 14 @ Seattle Climate Pledge Arena 24 July 17 @ Minnesota Target Center 25 August 16 Seattle Gateway Center Arena 26 August 18 Connecticut Gateway Center Arena 27 August 21 Phoenix Gateway Center Arena 28 August 23 Phoenix Gateway Center Arena 29 August 26 Indiana Gateway Center Arena 30 August 28 @ Seattle Climate Pledge Arena 31 August 30 @ Las Vegas Michelob Ultra Arena 32 September 1 @ Los Angeles Crypto.com Arena 33 September 3 @ Phoenix Footprint Center 34 September 6 Dallas Gateway Center Arena 35 September 8 @ Indiana Gainbridge Fieldhouse 36 September 10 Minnesota Gateway Center Arena 37 September 13 Washington Gateway Center Arena 38 September 15 @ Washington Entertainment and Sports Arena 39 September 17 Chicago Gateway Center Arena 40 September 19 @ New York Barclays Center" ], [ "Standings" ], [ "Statistics", "===Regular Season=== Player GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG ‡Waived/Released during the season†Traded during the season≠Acquired during the season" ], [ "Awards and honors", " Recipient Award Date awarded Ref." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* The Official Site of the Atlanta Dream" ] ]

[ [ "Abu Muslim Amaev" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Abu Muslim Aptievitch Amaev''' (; born 11 December 1999) is a Russian-born Bulgarian Greco-Roman wrestler of Chechen descent.", "2023-2024 European championships bronze medalist." ], [ "Sport career", "Amaev was the 2015 Cadet World Championships silver medalist and runner-up at the 2018 European Championships in Rome, Italy.", "In 2019, he finished with the silver medal at the Junior Russian national championships and became junior world champion held in Tallinn, Estonia at 63 kilos.", "In 2021, he won his first bronze medal at the senior Russian national championships.", "Since 2023 he started representing Bulgaria in international level and earned the bronze medal for Bulgaria at the 2023 European Championships and finished first at the Dan Kolov - Nikola Petrov tournament.", "In 2024, Amaev took another bronze medal from the European Championships." ], [ "Wrestling achievements", "*2015 Cadet World Championships — 2nd;*2018 Junior European Championships — 2nd;*2019 Junior Russian National Championships — 2nd;*2019 Junior World Championships — 1st;*2021 Russian National Championships — 3rd;*2023 European Championships — 3rd;*2023 Dan Kolov & Nikola Petrov Tournament — 1st;*2024 European Championships — 3rd;" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* *" ] ]

[ [ "Western Canada Women's Curling Championship" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Eaton's Western Canada Women's Curling Championship''' was the championship for women's curling in Western Canada from 1953 to 1960.The event was the forerunner of Canada's national women's curling championship (now called the Scotties Tournament of Hearts), which officially began in 1961.The event was announced in November 1952, with the formation of the Western Canada Ladies Curling Association, and the event was initially called the '''Eaton Western Ladies' Curling Championship'''.", "Eaton's, the main sponsor of the event, donated a specially designed trophy to be awarded to the winning team.", "They also provided financial compensation of the transportation and accommodation of the teams.The event usually featured the provincial champions of Canada's four western provinces, namely British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba.", "The inaugural event did not feature a team from BC, and in 1957, a team from Quebec was invited.", "The event was held as a double round-robin, with a playoff only held to break ties.", "The winner of the last event in 1960, Joyce McKee from Saskatchewan played off against the champions of Eastern Canada (Ruth Smith of Quebec) for the first Canadian championship.", "It was the only year a championship was organized for Eastern Canada.", "In January 1960, the Western Canada Ladies Curling Association voted to form a full national championship featuring teams from all of Canada's 10 provinces to be held in 1961." ], [ "Champions", " TournamentWinning Province Winning TeamHost1953 Saskatchewan Janet Perkin, Phyllis Day, Jean Graham, Joyce Miller Regina, Saskatchewan1954 Alberta Dorothy Thompson, Ila Watson, Hazel Olson, Pat Damburger Edmonton, Alberta1955 Manitoba Ethel Wright, Norma McLean, Jean McKenzie, Philomene Floch Winnipeg, Manitoba1956 British Columbia Marie McAllister, Betty Tansley, Lois Haddon, Isabel Campbell Vancouver, British Columbia1957 British Columbia Marg Fuller, Pat Good, Sylvia Koster, Edna Quinney Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 1958 British Columbia Lois Haddon, Betty Townsley, Isabel Campbell, Ruth Ward, Calgary, Alberta1959 Manitoba Isabelle Ketchen, Doris McFarlane, Isabel Phillips, Ruth McConnell Brandon, Manitoba 1960 Saskatchewan Joyce McKee, Sylvia Fedoruk, Donna Belding, Muriel Coben Victoria, British Columbia" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "2025 Special Olympics World Winter Games" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2025 Special Olympics World Winter Games''' are a planned international multi-sport event.", "It will be the 12th Special Olympics World Winter Games.", "They are scheduled to take place in Turin, Italy from 8 March to 17 March 2025." ], [ "Hosting", "Olympiastadion TurinThe application was presented in 2021 by the Italian Government, the Piedmont Region, the City of Turin, the Italian National Olympic Committee, the Paralympics Committee of Italy and , President of .", "The proposed date was originally between 29 January and 9 February 2025.According to the application, the opening and closing ceremonies were to take place at the Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino, which had been renovated for the 2006 Winter Olympics and Paralympics.", "It is expected that there would be around 3,125 athletes, 3,000 volunteers and 300,000 spectators.On 16 July 2021, Turin, along with the other venues Bardonecchia, Sestriere and Pragelato, were awarded the World Games by Special Olympics International.", "At the conclusion of the 2023 Special Olympics World Summer Games in Berlin, it was officially announced that the next Winter Games will take place in Turin from 8 to 16 March 2025." ], [ "Sports and Venues", "The following eight sports will be represented:* Figure skating (Turin)* Snowshoeing (Pragelato, San Sicario)* Short Track (Turin)* Alpine skiing (Sestriere)* Cross-country skiing (Pragelato)* Snowboarding (Bardonecchia)* Dance sport (Turin)* Floorball (Turin)" ], [ "Public relations", "Mole Antenelliana in Turin is to become part of the World Games logoThe application ran under the slogan ''The Future is Here''.The following design was chosen for the logo: Turin's landmark, the Mole Antonelliana, and Alps that are stylized, combined with the shape of a snowflake and arranged in a circle around the Special Olympics logo." ], [ "External links", "* Abbildung von Motto und Logo der Weltspiele" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Diospyros grisebachii" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Diospyros grisebachii''''' is a tree of the genus ''Diospyros'' endemic to Cuba.", "Various vernacular names refer to ''D.", "grisebachii'' as '''ébano'''." ], [ "Uses", "The wood of ''D.", "grisebachii'' is used in carpentry.", "Older specimen yield a variegated, black heartwood, similar to other species of ''Diospyros''.", "Other parts of ''D.", "grisebachii'' have been reported to be used in traditional medicine." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Kolter Bouchard" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Kolter Bouchard''' (born 1991) is a Canadian radio personality based in Toronto.", "He has co-hosted the afternoon drive program on CFNY-FM (102.1 The Edge) since late 2018, first with Meredith Geddes and since May 2023 with Casey-Jo Loos.", "Bouchard was diagnosed with Stage 2 Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 2020 when he was in his late twenties and is in remission.", "He is a graduate of the RTA School of Media at Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University).", "While at Ryerson, he was a host on campus radio station CKLN-FM and also a member of its board of directors.After graduating, Bouchard worked as the morning host on CJDC-AM in Dawson Creek, British Columbia from 2013 to 2015 when he went to Dubai to work co-hosting the afternoon drive show on English-language radio station Channel 4 FM for two years.", "Returning to Toronto, he worked as a fill-in announcer at Q107 until moving to sister station CFNY in 2018." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Aviva Semadar" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Aviva Semadar''' (, born March 20, 1935, Tel Aviv, British Mandate Palestine) is an Israeli folklore and chanson singer, who has been performing in solo concerts and at festivals abroad (Portugal, Netherlands, USA, Germany, etc.)", "since 1963 and hosted a regular music program on West German Broadcasting from 1973 to 2003." ], [ "Early life", "Semadar's mother's family, the Jaffes, originated from Minsk and settled in Palestine at the beginning of the 19th century.", "They included teachers and cantors who contributed to the spiritual and cultural Renaissance of Judaism in modern times and to the revival of the Hebrew language.", "Semadar's father, Nachum, immigrated from Vilnius to Palestine in 1925/26 and introduced his daughter to the culture of Eastern European Jews, the Yiddish language, and Yiddish songs.", "Semadar studied Bible, literature, and history at the Levinsky Teacher's Seminary in Tel Aviv and underwent four years of training to become a coloratura soprano.", "In 1955, she passed her teaching exam and, after serving two years in the Israeli Air Force, taught at several schools.", "During this time, she began collecting songs and compiling a singing repertoire that showcased her strong, clear metallic voice.", "Initially, it mainly consisted of Hebrew and Yiddish folk tunes and liturgical chants taught to her by her grandfather, David Jaffe, a cantor in a synagogue." ], [ "Career", "In the early 1960s, Semadar took a leave of absence from teaching and used a private US travel scholarship to study traditional music traditions in Europe.", "She first stayed in Lisbon to learn the art of singing Fado from various fadistas and guitar playing from the guitarist and luthier José Duarte Costa.", "This was followed by Flamenco courses (singing and guitar, among others with Paquito Simón) in Spain, a seminar with a Swiss yodeling teacher, and seven months of lessons with vocal teacher Viktoria Prestel in Munich.", "She also performed in student clubs and small venues.", "After four years, she returned to Israel, where she made some radio appearances and performed in a solo concert in Tel Aviv that received positive press reviews.", "However, this did not lead to a career in her home country.Semadar made her television debut on August 10, 1963, in the Netherlands, followed by a several-week concert series at the Amsterdam cabaret theater ''Hypokriterion'' and further performances in several Dutch cities.", "On December 2, 1963, she sang ten folk songs from different countries at the gala event ''Europe 1.2.3.''", "in the RAI Congress Center in Amsterdam, in the presence of the Dutch Crown Princess and later Queen Beatrix.", "On May 7, 1964, she performed as a soloist at a concert evening of gospel singer Mahalia Jackson in the Ahoy Hall in Rotterdam in front of 5,000 spectators.", "Subsequently, Lou Mindling, the impresario of Jackson, offered her collaboration, and in 1966 she gave concerts with Jackson in the USA.", "She also performed at festivals in Edinburgh and Newport, as well as at the Burg Waldeck Festival (1965 and 1966).", "The first records featuring Semadar's performances were released in 1964.Semadar's first performance in Germany was a concert in Aachen on June 4, 1964, and on June 13, 1964, she made her first appearance on German television, in the regional program ''Hier und heute'' on West German Broadcasting.", "Later, she moved her base to Cologne, where she was a freelance employee of WDR for three decades from 1973 onwards and produced various folklore programs on the radio (''Folk music from around the world'', ''From the Bosporus to Gibraltar'', etc.).", "In the 1970s, she frequently appeared with songs from her repertoire on German television (including the special ''Aviva Semadar sings new folklore'', 30 minutes, 1970) and gave solo concerts in the WDR studio (''Matinee der Liedersänger'', etc.)", "as well as individual concert evenings at various stages and venues in Germany and neighboring countries, such as in 1979 at the Theater Bel Etage in Zurich, 1980 at the Contra-Kreis-Theater in Bonn and in 1984 at the Alte Oper Frankfurt and as part of a Christian-Jewish forum at the German Catholic Day in the Robert Schumann Hall in Düsseldorf.In addition, Semadar composed some songs, which she often performed at public appearances and in her radio broadcasts; the lyrics were written by WDR employee Henriette Esser.", "In 2003, Semadar's engagement with WDR ended, and she retired.", "The last public mention of her was in the Israeli press in connection with a golf tournament in Israel in 2010.Semadar sang songs especially in Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, Portuguese, German, and Russian." ], [ "Selected discography", "=== Albums ===* 1964: ''Af mila al ahava ve-od schloscha schirei ahava'', Israel* 1964: ''Vis à vis Aviva – Aviva Semadar sings Jewish and other folklore'', Klangor* 1970: ''Aviva Semadar sings Folklore'', SMD Records* 1978: ''Aviva Semadar live from the Matinee der Liedersänger/WDR'', Eulenspiegel* 1983: ''Massel Tow.", "The luck of songs'', Polydor* 1995: ''Aviva Semadar sings folklore from around the world'', WDR/TMK=== Compilations ===* 2008: ''The Burg Waldeck Festivals 1964–1969: Chansons Folklore International'', Bear Family Records (10 CDs with several artists, including Franz Josef Degenhardt, Reinhard Mey, Dieter Süverkrüp, Hannes Wader, Franz Hohler, Odetta, Tangerine Dream)=== Singles ===* 1972: ''Children of the Earth (good God)'' / ''Rain, I call mine'', SMD Records* 1975: ''The carousel of love'' / ''I didn't know that before'', Supertone" ], [ "External links", "* Aviva Semadar's Official Website" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Reset (2015 film)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Reset''''' () is a 2015 documentary film directed by Thierry Demaizière and Alban Teurlai.", "It features renown choreographer Benjamin Millepied in his journey to modernize the Paris Opera Ballet as its new artistic director.", "The film was picked up by Canal+ and premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival." ], [ "Synopsis", "The film documents the 39 days running up to the premiere of Benjamin Millepied's first original production for the Paris Opera Ballet entitled, ''Clear, Loud, Bright, Forward'' choreographed to music composed by Nico Muhly." ], [ "Reception", "Joe Morgenstern of the Wall Street Journal called Millepied's depiction as challenging the \"quasi-military system that has turned generations of Paris Opera Ballet dancers into frightened conformists.\"", "Wendy Ide of The Guardian described Millepied as having a \"radically inclusive attitude to dance\" through a \"gorgeously photographed documentary.\"", "Nick Schager of Variety praised the documentary stating, \"Alban Teurlai’s camera glides, zooms, swings and tip-toes around these ballet pros with a fluidity that peaks during numerous slow-motion sequences enraptured by lithe bodies in motion,\" but also noted that the documentary was \"tension-free.\"" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]

[ [ "Austin Forkner" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Austin Forkner''' (born 2 September 1998) is an American professional Motocross and Supercross racer.", "Forkner has competed professionally in the AMA Supercross Championship and AMA Motocross Championship since 2016.Forkner has ridden for the Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki team for his entire professional career to date.His greatest successes have come in the AMA Supercross Championship, where he has twice finished third in the final standings.", "Forkner has picked up numerous injuries during his career, some of which have come when he has been in a championship leading position." ], [ "Career", "=== Amateur career ===Forkner worked his way through the ranks of the American amateur system, winning 6 titles at the AMA Amateur National Motocross Championship.", "After winning his first two titles aboard a Suzuki in the 85cc categories in 2010, he was signed by the Team Green amateur Kawasaki squad.", "In his final year as an amateur rider in 2015, Forkner won his fifth and sixth Amateur National titles, as well as winning the Amateur All-Stars race at the Monster Energy Cup supercross race.", "Following this, he signed a multi-year contract with the Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki team for his professional debut in 2016.=== Professional career ===Forkner's professional debut came in the 250 class of the 2016 AMA National Motocross Championship.", "He immediately showed his speed, being a figure in the top-ten from the opening round, before finishing third in the first race at the second round.", "Progressing further, he scored his first overall podium at the seventh round.", "He was able to finish on the podium at all four of the final rounds of the season, winning his first race at the ninth round and rounding out his rookie season with his first overall win at the final round.", "Following this, Forkner competed at the final two rounds of the 2016 FIM Motocross World Championship in the MX2 class.", "As a wildcard rider Forkner performed very well, finishing third overall at the first of these two grand prix and finishing third in the first race of the second one.In 2017, Forkner made his professional supercross debut in the 250SX West class.", "Again he was an immediate feature towards the front of the field, grabbing his first professional supercross podium at the third round in Phoenix, Arizona before finishing second two rounds later.", "His season started strongly in the 250 class of the 2017 AMA National Motocross Championship following this, scoring several top-three race finishes and a podium at the fifth round.", "A severe concussion following the seventh round of the series ruled him out for the remainder of the rounds.", "For the 2018 supercross season, Forkner competed in the 250SX East class, taking his professional supercross win at the second round in Tampa.", "He won again at the following round in Atlanta and finished second at the round after that, however, he finished fourth in the final standings due to missing the last two rounds with a separated shoulder.", "Forkner finished seventh in the 250 standings of the 2018 AMA National Motocross Championship with a single race win and overall podium being the highlights of the campaign.Forkner had a dominant start to the 2019 AMA Supercross Championship in the 250SX East class, winning five of the first six rounds and finishing second in the other.", "With only three rounds left in the series and a clear lead in the championship, Forkner sustained a fully torn Anterior cruciate ligament in qualifying for the Nashville round.", "Despite trying to ride on the injury at the penultimate round, Forkner ultimately dropped to third in the standings and missed the rest of 2019 following surgery on the injury.", "He made his comeback in the 2020 AMA Supercross Championship, this time in the 250SX West class.", "He was again a championship challenger, picking up four wins and two second places, going into the final round only six points behind leader Dylan Ferrandis.", "With Ferrandis taking a bad start and Forkner running in second in the final, it looked like he could take the championship.", "However, a crash ended his hopes and saw him pick up multiple abdominal injuries, causing him to again miss the entire AMA Motocross Championship.He returned to the 250SX East class for the 2021 AMA Supercross Championship.", "After finishing a strong second in the opening round, he broke his collarbone qualifying for the third round of the season, missing the rest of the championship.", "Forkner managed to recover in time to compete a full season of the 250 class in the 2021 AMA National Motocross Championship, finishing seventh in the final standings, with two fifth overalls being the highlights of his campaign.", "In the 2022 AMA Supercross Championship, Forkner again finished second at the opening round of 250SX East.", "He then went on to again suffer a broken collarbone after being cross-jumped by Jett Lawrence over the finish line at the second round.", "A good recovery from the injury saw him return for the last three rounds, winning the penultimate round in Foxborough, Massachusetts.", "In training for the 2022 AMA National Motocross Championship, Forkner sustained a shoulder injury.", "He finished sixth overall in the 250 class at the opening round of the series, but then opted to undergo reparative surgery on the injury, causing him to miss the remaining rounds.Forkner's 2023 AMA Supercross Championship ended at the first round of the 250SX West class, tangling with two other riders and sustaining several knee injuries as well as a broken bone in his hand from the ensuing crash.", "This took him out for the remainder of the supercross season and the first half of the 2023 AMA National Motocross Championship.", "A fourth overall at the penultimate round of the motocross series was his highlight of the season.", "He swapped to the 250SX East class for the 2024 AMA Supercross Championship, starting off in the best possible way by winning the opening round." ], [ "Honours", "'''AMA Supercross Championship'''* 250SX East: 2019 * 250SX West: 2020 '''Monster Energy Cup'''* Amateur All-Stars: 2015 * Supermini: 2013 '''AMA Amateur National Motocross Championship'''* 250B: 2015 * Schoolboy 2 (13–16) B/C: 2015 * Super Mini 1 (12–15): 2014 * Super Mini 2 (13–16): 2014 2013 * 85 (12–14) Modified: 2011 * 85 (9–11) Modified: 2010 * 85 (9–11) Stock: 2010" ], [ "Career Statistics", "===FIM Motocross World Championship=======By season====SeasonClassNumberMotorcycleTeamRaceRace WinsOverall WinsRace Top-3Overall PodiumPtsPlcd 2016 MX2 214 Kawasaki Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki 4 0 0 3 1 65 25th Total '''4''' '''0''' '''0''' '''3''' '''1''' '''65''' ===AMA Supercross Championship=======By season====SeasonClassNumberMotorcycleTeamOverall WinsOverall PodiumPtsPlcd 2017 250SX West 24 Kawasaki Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki 0 2 114 6th 2018 250SX East 35 Kawasaki Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki 2 3 137 4th 2019 250SX East 24 Kawasaki Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki 5 6 152 3rd 2020 250SX West 52 Kawasaki Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki 4 6 176 3rd 2021 250SX East 38 Kawasaki Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki 0 1 40 21st 2022 250SX East 33 Kawasaki Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki 1 2 98 9th 2023 250SX West 55 Kawasaki Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki 0 0 1 38th Total '''12''' '''20''' '''718''' ===AMA National Motocross Championship=======By season====SeasonClassNumberMotorcycleTeamRacesRace WinsOverall WinsRace Top-3Overall PodiumPtsPlcd 2016 250 214 Kawasaki Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki 24 2 1 7 5 376 4th 2017 250 24 Kawasaki Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki 13 0 0 5 1 184 13th 2018 250 35 Kawasaki Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki 24 1 0 7 1 314 7th 2021 250 38 Kawasaki Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki 24 0 0 0 0 256 7th 2022 250 33 Kawasaki Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki 2 0 0 0 0 30 26th 2023 250 55 Kawasaki Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki 10 0 0 0 0 98 17th Total '''97''' '''3''' '''1''' '''19''' '''7''' '''1258'''" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Fermín Bouza Brey" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Fermín Bouza-Brey''' (1901 - 1973) was a Spanish writer, ethnographer and historian who mainly wrote on the Galician language." ], [ "Life", "Born in Puenteareas, he published his first article in 1919, entitled ''Teatro de antaño en Santiago'' (''Ancient Theatre in Santiago'') and written in Spanish.", "In 1923 he became one of the founders of the Seminario de Estudos Galegos and the following year wrote his first article in Galician, specifically ''Os estudantes ao arcebispo'' (''Students of the Archbishop'').", "He also contributed to reviews and magazines such as ''Cristal'', ''Resol'' and ''Nós''.He had become a judge in 1929, but during the Spanish Civil War he was kept out of that post because he was a Galician.", "He was re-appointed in 1938 as judge for Viella, then later for La Estrada.", "In 1941 he joined the Royal Galician Academy.Despite Franco's dictatorship, he continued his research in the archaeology and prehistory department of the Instituto Padre Sarmiento.", "This mainly focussed on prehistory and archaeology in Galicia, though it did also extend to epigraphy, numismatics and ethnography.", "His main scholarly works were ''Bibliografia da prehistoria galega'' (''Bibliography of Galician Prehistory''), ''Prehistoria y Folclore de Barbanza'' (''Prehistory and Folklore of Barbanza'') and ''La civilización neo-eneolítica gallega'' (''The Galician Neo-Chalcolithic Civilization'').He also studied the bibliography of Galician writers, especially his articles on Rosalía de Castro.", "He wrote poetry as the creator of Neotrovadorism, a trend later followed by Álvaro Cunqueiro and Álvarez Blázquez.", "In 1992 the Galician Literature Day was dedicated to him which was celebrated in Cortegada, where he was buried after dying in Santiago de Compostela." ], [ "Literary works", "* ''Cabalgadas en Salnés'', 1925 (prose)* ''Nao senlleira'', 1933 (poetry)* ''Seitura'', 1955 (poetry)" ], [ "Research works", "* ''Bibliografia da prehistoria galega'', 1927 (by Brey and López Cuevillas)* ''Prehistoria y Folklore de Barbanza'', 1928 (by Brey and López Cuevillas)* ''La civilización neo-eneolítica gallega'', 1931 (by Brey and López Cuevillas)* '' Artigos rosalianos'', in digital edition consultable at the RAG." ], [ "References", "category:Spanish ethnographerscategory:20th-century Spanish writerscategory:Spanish bibliographerscategory:Spanish archaeologistscategory:Spanish prehistorianscategory:Spanish numismatistscategory:1901 birthscategory:1973 deathscategory:20th-century Spanish poets" ] ]

[ [ "Saba (singer)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Anna Saba Lykke Oehlenschlæger''' (; born 11 August 1997), known simply as '''Saba''' (stylised in all caps), is a Danish singer, musical theatre actress and model.", "She is set to represent Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024 with the song \"Sand\"." ], [ "Early life", "Anna Saba Lykke Oehlenschlæger (born Saba) and her twin sister Andrea Lykke Oehlenschlæger (born Sara) were born on 11 August 1997 in Addis Abbaba, Ethiopia.", "They were adopted at eight months old and were raised in Ringkøbing, Denmark.", "During her youth, Oehlenschlæger played football at DBU Jutland." ], [ "Career", "After dropping out of high school, Oehlenschlæger and her sister moved to Copenhagen, starting off as a model and entrepreneur in teeth whitening products, while her sister pursued a singing and musical acting career.", "On 23 February 2023, Oehlenschlæger replaced her pregnant sister in the role of Dionne for the premiere of the musical ''Hair'' at the , making her debut as a non-stunt stage actress.On 25 January 2024, Saba was announced as one of the participants of , the Danish national final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2024, with the song \"Sand\".", "She went on to win the final on 17 February 2024, earning the right to represent Denmark in the upcoming contest." ], [ "Personal life", "In 2018, Oehlenschlæger was diagnosed with bipolar I disorder and was hospitalised several times until 2020, as she explained in the 2020 DR documentary ().", "She also practiced self-harm during her teenage years.", "Oehlenschlæger has been in a same-sex relationship since 2020.She is an ambassador for the Danish Depression Association." ], [ "Discography", "=== Singles === Title Year Album or EP \"Sand\" 2024" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Bumberry Junction railway station" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Bumberry Junction''' (likely a play on words based it being located at the bridge over Bunbury Curran creek) was a temporary location on the Main Southern Railway between Ingleburn, and Macquarie Fields railway stations.", "It was built for the duplication effort of the line between Liverpool and Campbelltown." ], [ "History", "The station opened 27 March 1891.It did not appear in passenger timetables however it appeared in working timetables \"for the use of officers and employees only\".In August 1891, the station was receiving 4 down services and 4 up services.", "With the occasional Special running such as \"Cook's Special Cheap Excursions\".", "''New South Wales Government Railways monthly notice no.", "12 : December 1891''.The station had access to the railway telegraph network until 4 April 1892.The station was decommissioned 2 June 1892 with the completion of the bridge across Bunbury Curran Creek." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Lauren Ventrella" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Lauren Ventrella''' is an American politician serving as a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from the 65th district.", "A member of the Republican Party, Ventrella represents parts of East Baton Rouge Parish and has been in office since January 8, 2024." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official House Profile* Ballotpedia entry for Lauren Ventrella" ] ]

[ [ "Dewey Medal" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Dewey Medal''' was a military decoration of the United States Navy which was established by the United States Congress on June 3, 1898.The medal recognizes the leadership of Admiral of the Navy George Dewey, during the Spanish–American War, and the Sailors and Marines under his command." ], [ "Criteria", "The Dewey Medal was created to recognize the forces of the U.S. Navy and United States Marine Corps who participated in the Battle of Manila Bay.", "To be awarded the Dewey Medal, a service member must have served on one of the following naval vessels on May 1, 1898.There were 1,848 men of the Navy and Marine Corps eligible for the Medal:* * * * USRC ''McCulloch''* * * The colliers and were part of Dewey's squadron and supported the Manila Bay operation but are not listed in Navy regulations having their crew members eligible for the Dewey Medal.", "This is probably because 1.the ships were not actively engaged in the battle and 2.they were, at that time, civilian crewed ships purchased to support the Navy.", "''Nanshan'' was commanded by Lieutenant Benjamin W. Hodges, USN but technically remained a merchant ship so she could resupply at neutral ports which simplified the squadron's logistics.", "''Zafiro'' was commanded by Ensign Henry A. Pearson, USN and, like ''Nanshan'', was technically a merchant ship at the time of the battle.", "Both ships were later commissioned in the Navy.", "The Dewey Medal was a one-time only decoration and there were no devices or campaign stars authorized to the medal.", "The medal consists of a circular medallion, upon which rests an image of Admiral George Dewey, suspended from a blue and yellow ribbon.", "Admiral Dewey was awarded the medal, although, out of modesty, he always wore it with the medal's reverse displayed which depicted a sailor sitting on a gun.", "Dewey had the rare distinction of being one of only four Americans entitled to wear a medal with their own image on it.", "The others were Rear Admiral William T. Sampson (Sampson Medal), Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd (1st and 2nd Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medals) and General of the Armies John J. Pershing (Army of Occupation of Germany Medal).The medal was recognized as being given for active military duty; yet because it recognized a single battle in a single campaign, the Dewey Medal was a commemorative medal.", "When worn on a military uniform the Dewey Medal was considered senior to the Sampson Medal, although there were no individuals who received both medals.The Dewey Medal is one of a very few United States military awards to have fewer recipients than the Medal of Honor, which numbers just over 3,500 as of 2021.Only 1,825 medals were struck in the original Navy order to Tiffany and Company, each machine engraved on the edge to the recipient with his name and rate (enlisted) or rank (officer), and his ship's name engraved on the back." ], [ "Appearance", "This medal was designed by celebrated artist Daniel Chester French, who sculpted the statue of a seated Lincoln in Washington's Lincoln Memorial and the ''Minuteman'' statue at Concord, Mass.", "The medal was struck by Tiffany & Co.", "The front, or obverse, depicts a bust of Commodore George Dewey.", "On the back, or reverse, is included the name of the vessel on which the recipient served.", "The name of the recipient is engraved on the medal's lower rim, this being one of only two service medals issued officially named to the recipient." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Muhammad Ali Sarfraz" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mian Muhammad Ali Sarfraz''' (), is a Pakistani politician who is member-elect of the National Assembly of Pakistan." ], [ "Political career", "Sarfraz won the 2024 Pakistani general election from NA-103 Faisalabad-IX as an Independent candidate.", "He received 147,734 votes while runner up Akram Ansari of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML (N)) received 86,662 votes." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Khawlan (tribe)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Khawlan''' (Arabic: خولان, Sabean: 𐩭𐩥𐩡𐩬) is an ancient Yemeni tribe that archeologists view as one of the old tribes of Yemen that were contemporary to the kingdoms of Saba and Ma'in.", "There are two tribes in Yemen with the name Khawlan which are, '''Khawlan Al-Tiyal/Al-Aaliyah''' (Arabic: خولان الطيال/العالية) in Ma'rib, Sana'a, and Al-Bayda governorates, and they are currently a part of the Bakil tribal confederation.", "Khawlan Al-Tiyal means (''Khawlan of the highlands'') as it is situated on the highest point in Yemen.The tribe was first mentioned in Sabean scriptures as (''Kholn'') in 7th century BCE, and '''Khawlan bin Amer''' (Arabic: خولان بن عامر) in the Saada governorate and the Jazan Province (Sarawat Mountains).", "They are mentioned in Sabean scriptures as (''Kholn Jddn'') which means, new Khawlan.", "The genealogists have inserted Khawlan into several genealogical patterns, so they are Khawlan bin Qahtan in one saying, Khawlan from Quda'a in another, and Khawlan from Kahlan in a saying.", "al-Hamdani: \"''Khawlan Al-Tiyal are Kahlanites, while Khawlan bin Amer are Quda’ites of Himyarite origin''\" thus separating between them, and Nashwan al-Himyari opposed him in that, saying that both branches belong to Quda’a." ], [ "Origins", "The genealogists differed in the lineage of Khawlan, and in that Badr al-Din al-Ayni said: \"Al-Hamdani narrated in his book (Al-Iklil) saying: Khawlan bin Amer bin Al-Haf bin Quda’a, and Khawlan bin Amer bin Malik bin Al-Harith bin Murra bin Adad.", "He said: And Khawlan Hadhur and Khawlan Rad’a are sons of Qahtan.\"", "Old Sabaean scriptures written in Musnad script refer to Khawlan and Sanhan several times and they are always mentioned together, which suggests that they and Sanhan live close to the same area.", "It is noteworthy that this applies to both Khawlan Al-Tiyal and Sanhan in Sana'a and to the tribe of Khawlan bin Amer who live close to Sanhan Qahtan, and Jawad Ali said about Khawlan: \"Khawlan is one of the large and powerful tribes that were mentioned in a large number of South Arabian writings, and we saw their name shining in the days of the Minaeans.", "It was mentioned that they attacked with the Sabeans a Minaean caravan led by 'Kabiran', and the Minaeans praised their gods and thanked them for the salvation of this caravan, and it is one of the living and fortunate Arab tribes; because it is still known, and it has an old history that we can ascend to the first millennium BC.\"" ], [ "Branches of Khawlan", "A map of Khawlan in YemenThere are two tribes with the name Khawlan which are Khawlan Al-Tiyal in the governorates of Sanaa, Marib, and Al-Bayda, and Khawlan bin Amer in the govrnorate of Saada and the Jazan province.", "On this accord, The historian Al-Hamdani said:=== Khawlan bin Amer ===Some individuals of the Khawlan tribes in the Sarawat Mountains still speak their mother tongue, which is an ancient Yemeni language, Himyaritic, which is threatened with extinction, and they are divided into 30 tribes.", "It is where the Khawlani Coffee Beans come from.=== Khawlan Al-Tiyal ===It is situated in the governorates of Sana'a, Marib, and Al-Bayda." ], [ "Mentions of Khawlan Al-Tiyal in Old Books", "The name \"Khawlan\" appears in many ancient writings.", "Among these writings, there is an inscription that speaks of a war during the days of the kings of Saba.", "The king's name was lost from it, and several words and lines were lost, obscuring the meaning.The authors of these writings participated in this war, and they returned from it in good health and safety.", "From the remaining words in the text, it can be understood that the Khawlan tribe had revolted against the king of Saba.", "The Sabaeans prepared a military campaign against them, defeated Khawlan, and prevailed over them, obtaining abundant spoils The ruler of Khawlan, it was said that his name was not mentioned in the text, and perhaps it was omitted from writing, and he was referred to as ''Dhi Khawlan'' (The one of Khawlan).During the reign of King Shammar Yahri'sh, a battle took place in Tihamah in a location called \"Bish\" (Bish Province) in the Jazan Province.", "The leader of the campaign was an officer with the rank of Mukawwa named \"Abu Karb\" from the Khawlan tribe.", "It is mentioned that he fought against the tribes of Banu 'Akk, Sahra, and Hura.Another military campaign was launched by the Khawlanis under the leadership of another Mukawwa from Khawlan towards Harib in Marib.", "Then they headed towards the region of Khaywan near Sana'a, then to Wadi Amalih in Sa'dah, and then towards Asir once again." ], [ "Mentions of Khawlan bin Amer in Old Books", "The Razih District in Khawlan bin AmerAfter King Shammar returned from his military campaign in Hadhramaut, he launched another campaign against the rebels in Khawlan al-Dadan, the land of the Dadan tribe in the land of Khawlan bin Amer.", "The King assigned one of his Khawlani officers to camp in the city of Sa'dah (Sabean: 𐩨𐩠𐩴𐩧𐩬 𐩮𐩲𐩵𐩩𐩣, ''romanized'': ''Bhjrn Sa'datm'') and provide protection there.", "He then proceeded to block the road for some of the Dadan and Sanhan tribes in Wadi Dafa.", "The military commander carried out what was requested of him.", "Then King Shammar returned and issued his command to attack Sahartan and Hartan, the land of the Sahra and Hart tribes, where the King had previously launched military campaigns against them.", "Sanhan still resides in Wadi Dafa to this day, while the Dadan tribe's mention has been discontinued." ], [ "Islamification of Khawlan", "Upon the emergence of Islam, the Khawlan tribes in Sa'dah and Sana'a were devoted to the pagan deity Ami'anas ibn Sanhan.", "The Khawlan tribe embraced Islam in the tenth year after the Hijra (migration to Medina).", "A delegation from the tribe came to the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, declaring their acceptance of Islam.", "There were ten of them, and they said,\"O Messenger of Allah, we are ahead of our people, and we believe in Allah, the Almighty, and we confirm His Messenger.", "We have driven our camels to you, and we have traveled the land and its plains, giving thanks to Allah and His Messenger.", "We have come to visit you.\"", "The Islamic Prophet replied, \"As for your journey to me, for every step you took, you will receive a reward equivalent to the good deed of riding a camel.", "As for your statement about visiting me, whoever visits me in Medina will be close to me on the Day of Resurrection.\"", "They said, \"O Messenger of Allah, this journey is not easy for us.\"", "The Messenger of Allah then asked about Ami'anas (the pagan deity).", "They replied, \"Give us glad tidings from Allah in exchange for what we have brought, for there are remnants of our people, an elderly sheikh and an elderly woman, who are holding onto him.", "If we were to approach him, we would destroy him, Allah willing, for we have been misled and tested by him.", "\"So the Islamic Prophet said to them, \"How great was the trial you experienced?\"", "They replied, \"Indeed, we suffered greatly until we ate dry grass.", "We gathered whatever we could and bought a hundred bulls, which we sacrificed to Ami'anas as a gift in one morning.", "We left them for the wild animals to consume, even though we were in greater need of them than the wild animals.", "Then, rain came at the time we needed it most, and we saw the grass covering the ground.", "Our people said, 'Ami'anas has blessed us.'", "They also told the Islamic Prophet about how they used to divide their livestock and crops for their idol, believing that they were allocating a portion for Ami'anas and a portion for Allah.", "They said, 'When we planted crops, we would designate a portion for him and call it his, and we would designate another portion for Allah.", "If the wind blew in one direction, we considered the portion designated for Ami'anas his, but if the wind blew in another direction, we did not consider it for Allah.'", "The Islamic Prophet then recited to them the verse: 'And they assign to Allah from that which He created of crops and livestock a share...' (Quran 6:136).", "\"They said, \"We used to seek his judgment, and he would speak to us.\"", "The Islamic Prophet said, \"Those were the devils who were speaking to you.\"", "They asked him about the obligations of the religion, so he informed them and commanded them to fulfill their covenants, to uphold trustworthiness, to be good neighbors to those they live among, and not to wrong anyone.", "The Islamic Prophet then said, \"Verily, injustice will be darkness on the Day of Resurrection.\"", "Then he bid them farewell after a few days and allowed them to depart.", "They returned to their people but did not do anything until they destroyed the idol, Ami'anas.Members of the Khawlan tribes in Sa'dah and the Sarat region (Jazan) are divided into 30 tribes, each with its distinct dialect.", "The most famous of these dialects are the Fayfa' dialect, the Bani Malik dialect, the Munabbeh dialect, the Razah dialect, and the Bani Juma'ah dialect, Their language is considered very important for translating and understanding some Musnad inscriptions.", "Their language is also spoken by a portion of the mountain dwellers in Yemen, as well as by some other non-Khawlan tribes in Tihama, Asir, and Jazan.The Khawlanis actively participated in the Islamic conquests, and Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani ruled over Al-Andalus." ], [ "Languages of Khawlan", "The ancient Yemenis spoke the Old South Arabian language.", "The inscriptions written by the ancient Khawlanis show that they spoke the same language as the Sabaeans and Himyarites.", "Therefore, the language a minority of Khawlan speak today, or \"Modern South Arabian\" is considered an evolved language descended from the Old South Arabian language." ], [ "Clothing", "The traditional costume in the Khawlan bin Amer region consists of a dark blue or white shirt, a black maʿawaz adorned with blue, a wreath, and a jambiya.", "This attire is similar to the attire worn by the inhabitants of the highlands of Yemen and the attire of the people of Tihama Qahtan.", "The wreath is made from aromatic plants.", "The wreath is placed on the head and a metal collar is on the elbow as a form of decoration.Until the 1950s, members of the Khawlan tribes in Sarawat continued to wear the Sabean attire, which consisted of a ma'awaz, wreath, and a metal collar at the elbow.", "This attire was common in the Kingdom of Saba, as well as among the Bedouin tribes and ancient kingdoms of Yemen since the 12th century BCE." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "A Lovesome Thing (Geri Allen and Kurt Rosenwinkel album)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''A Lovesome Thing''''' is a live album by pianist Geri Allen and guitarist Kurt Rosenwinkel.", "Featuring three jazz standards plus two original compositions, it was recorded on September 5, 2012, at Jazz à la Villette in Paris, and was released on CD in 2023 by both Motéma Music and Rosenwinkel's Heartcore label.The album documents the only recorded collaboration between the two musicians, although Allen frequently spoke of her desire to create a studio recording that would capture what she called the \"flow and freedom\" she experienced during her performance with Rosenwinkel.", "However, she died before such a recording session could be arranged.", "''A Lovesome Thing'' is dedicated to her memory." ], [ "Reception", "In a review for AllMusic, Matt Collar noted that Allen and Rosenwinkel bring an \"improvisational flow and sense of being present in the creative moment\" to the performance, and wrote: \"Their playing is rapturous and enveloping... Often it sounds as if they are discovering a song as they go along...", "Throughout all of ''A Lovesome Thing'', Allen and Rosenwinkel's playing is endlessly inventive and bright with the promise of more collaborations to come.", "\"Kevin Le Gendre of ''Jazzwise'' stated: \"the artistic empathy between Allen and Rosenwinkel makes this programme of standards and originals a 'wish you were there' affair... Piano-guitar duos are a relatively rare beast in the history of jazz... Allen-Rosenwinkel are now an excellent addition to the pantheon.", "\"''Jazz Journal'''s Simon Adams called the album \"sublime\" and \"an unexpectedly moving set.\"", "He commented: \"On paper, the dynamic Allen and the laconic Rosenwinkel might not have a lot in common, but here they prove to be virtuosic soulmates, enthralling the listener with layers of ambiguous but elegant expression... this mesmerising concert provides a glimpse of what might have been.", "\"Writing for ''The New York City Jazz Record'', Ken Dryden described the concert as \"one for the ages,\" and remarked: \"Both musicians enjoyed playing in a free-flowing manner that allowed plenty of room for improvising.", "The extended performances from this concert are a joy, with no wasted space, nor any danger of either one of them running out of ideas or taking one chorus too many.", "\"In an article for ''All About Jazz'', Dave Linn stated that the album \"captured the magical synergy which occurred and showed the essence and skill of two like-minded musicians finding common ground through empathy and improvisation.\"", "He wrote: \"Both players were at the top of their game and had come together without the benefit of rehearsal, which allowed the music to simply flow through them and the results heard here are both exhilarating and spiritual.\"", "''AAJ'''s Pierre Giroux called the album \"mesmerizing,\" and noted that the musicians \"seamlessly blend their craft to approach a thoughtful selection of standards and original compositions.\"", "''AAJ'' writer Neil Duggan commented: \"This is a gentle, mellow and exquisite recording which rewards deep listening.", "Across the five tracks, their synergy is clear and the piano and guitar tones blend to create an improvised and interwoven soundscape.", "\"George W. Harris of ''Jazz Weekly'' remarked: \"wondrous interpretations of standards and an original each make for an inspiring evening... With 10 years of retrospection, this concert grows in importance.", "\"''Jazz Trail'''s Filipe Freitas wrote: \"Two master musicians... showcase a free-spirited melodic vocabulary and profound harmonic insight on this live recording...", "They emanate a natural and relaxed aura that permeates the music, leaving it imprinted with their distinctive musical signatures and tremendous improvisational capabilities.", "\"A writer for ''Marlbank'' singled out Allen's composition \"Open Handed Reach\" for praise, stating: \"in her writing you get, as you do with the writing of Wayne Shorter, a certain mystical magic and resource.", "What a gift from the past to hear this today - a unique document and welcome reminder again of the very special sound of Geri Allen speaking to us so personally once again.\"" ], [ "Track listing", "# \"A Flower Is a Lovesome Thing\" (Billy Strayhorn) – 10:19# \"Embraceable You\" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) – 11:47# \"Geri's Introductions\" – 1:13# \"Simple #2\" (Kurt Rosenwinkel) – 7:52# \"Ruby, My Dear\" (Thelonious Monk) – 11:21# \"Kurt's Introductions\" – 0:10# \"Open-Handed Reach\" (Geri Allen) – 10:50" ], [ "Personnel", "* Geri Allen – piano* Kurt Rosenwinkel – guitar" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Russia and anti-satellite weapons allegations" ], [ "Introduction", "The United States has alleged that Russia is developing nuclear anti-satellite weapons." ], [ "History", "===Anti-satellite missile tests (2020–2022)===On 15 November 2021, the Ministry of Defence conducted an anti-satellite missile test with the PL-19 ''Nudol'', destroying Kosmos 1408, an inactive Russian apparatus.", "According to NASA administrator Bill Nelson, Roscosmos was unaware of the test.", "Five astronauts aboard the International Space Station were forced to take shelter and three astronauts aboard the Tiangong space station were endangered by the resulting debris cloud.", "The Federal Air Transport Agency filed an airspace notice over Plesetsk Cosmodrome that morning; Federal Assembly committee on defense chair Yury Shvytkin denied a test taking place.", "The test was criticized by United States secretary of state Antony Blinken as \"recklessly conducted\".", "The United States Space Command stated that debris would remain in space for years.===United States allegations (2024–present)===On 14 February 2024, United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence chairman Mike Turner issued concerns over a \"national security threat\", requesting president Joe Biden declassify information relating to the threat; a bipartisan statement by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence stated that the declassification process would be tedious.", "ABC News later reported that the threat concerned attempts by Russia to launch a nuclear anti-satellite weapon.", "The deployment of an orbital nuclear weapon would violate the Outer Space Treaty.", "According to officials, the United States does not have countermeasures against anti-satellite weapons.On 20 February, Bloomberg News reported that the United States had informed its allies that Russia may attempt to launch a nuclear anti-satellite weapon by the end of the year.", "Russia denied the claims." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Monster Menu: The Scavenger's Cookbook" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Monster Menu: The Scavenger's Cookbook''''' is a 2022 tactical role-playing video game by Nippon Ichi Software.", "Players control a group of adventurers lost in a dungeon as they hunt monsters to eat so they do not starve." ], [ "Gameplay", "After entering a what is supposed to be an easy dungeon, an inexperienced adventurer nearly dies of starvation and dehydration.", "Players control a party they join as they attempt to survive in the procedurally generated dungeon by eating monsters.", "Besides hunger and dehydration, players must manage the party's happiness levels.", "Feeding characters food they find gross makes them unhappy, and hunger causes their statistics to drop.", "Different kinds of recipes can help to make food more palatable, such as hiding nutritious insects inside buns.", "When their hunger meter runs low, any further damage goes to their hit points.", "Combat is turn-based and takes place on a grid, as in tactical role-playing games.", "If the characters die, they respawn at their last checkpoint or the dungeon's entrance.", "Some equipment is retained.", "It uses anime-style graphics." ], [ "Development", "Nippon Ichi Software released ''Monster Menu: The Scavenger's Cookbook'' for the PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch in Japan on January 27, 2022.It was released for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, and Switch in North America on May 23, 2023, and the European released followed three days later." ], [ "Reception", "''Monster Menu: The Scavenger's Cookbook'' received mixed reviews on Metacritic.", "''RPGFan'' said the cooking minigame is fun at first, but the grinding required due to ''Monster Menu'' randomness makes it feel repetitive.", "''Push Square'' enjoyed the character creation and the cooking, but they similarly criticized the grinding and repetition.", "''Sports Illustrated'' said it has \"a weird amount of dodgy fan service\", very little story, and poor combat.", "''Digitally Downloaded'' praised its roguelike elements and compared its difficulty to ''Rogue'' itself.", "Despite enjoying the premise and the cooking minigame, they were disappointed that ''Monster Menu'' did not run with the survival concept.", "''TouchArcade'' said it is playable but becomes \"dreadfully dull\" due to the repetition, grinding, and lack of depth.", "Although ''Nintendo World Report'' said they would look at a sequel, they found ''Monster Menu'' to be too focused on adding gameplay mechanics rather than fun." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]

[ [ "United Kingdom general election results in South Central Wales" ], [ "Introduction", "South Central WalesThese are the election results from United Kingdom general elections based on the electoral regional boundaries used by the Senedd (Welsh Parliament), for the Senedd electoral region of South Wales Central.", "Since the 1997 general election, this grouping of constituencies into this unofficial region have elected eight Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom." ], [ "Regional profile", "The region is based around the Cardiff built-up Area.", "The boundaries are based on the Senedd electoral region South Wales Central.", "Regions are not used in UK general elections." ], [ "2001", "South Central Wales elected eight Members of Parliament.ConstituencyCandidatesIncumbentLabourConservativeLiberal DemocratPlaid CymruOtherCardiff Central '''Jon Owen Jones''''''13,451 (38.6%)'''Gregory Walker5,537 (15.9%)Jenny Willott12,792 (36.7%)Richard Rhys Grigg1,680 (4.8%)Stephen Bartley (Green)661 (1.9%)Julian Goss (Socialist Alliance)283 (0.8%)Frank Hughes (UKIP)221 (0.6%)Madeleine Jeremy (ProLife Alliance)217 (0.6%) Jon Owen JonesCardiff North '''Julie Morgan''''''19,845 (45.9%)'''Alastair Watson13,680 (31.6%)John Dixon6,631 (15.3%)Sion Jobbins2,471 (2.5%)Don Hulston (UKIP)613 (1.4%) Julie MorganCardiff South and Penarth '''Alun Michael''''''20,094 (56.2%)'''Maureen Owen7,807 (21.8%)Rodney Berman4,572 (12.8%)Lila Haines1,983 (5.5%)Justin Callan (UKIP)501 (1.4%)David Bartlett (Socialist Alliance)427 (1.2%)Anne Savoury (ProLife Alliance)367 (1.0%) Alun MichaelCardiff West '''Kevin Brennan''''''18,594 (54.6%)'''Andrew Davies7,273 (21.3%)Jacqui Gasson4,458 (13.1%)Delme Bowen3,296 (9.7%)Joyce Jenking (UKIP)462 (1.4%) Rhodri Morgan†Cynon Valley '''Ann Clwyd''''''17,685 (65.6%)'''Julian Waters2,045 (7.6%)Ian Parry2,541 (9.4%)Steven J. Cornelius4,687 (17.4%) Ann ClwydPontypridd '''Kim Howells''''''22,963 (59.9%)'''Prudence Dailey5,096 (13.3%)Eric Brooke4,152 (10.8%)Bleddyn Hancock5,279 (13.8%)Susan Warry (UKIP)380 (1.6%)Joseph Biddulph (ProLife Alliance)216 (0.6%) Kim HowellsRhondda '''Chris Bryant''''''23,230 (68.3%)'''Peter Hobbins1,557 (4.6%)Gavin Cox1,525 (4.5%)Leanne Wood7,183 (21.1%)Glyndwr Summers (Ind.", ")507 (1.5%) Allan Rogers†Vale of Glamorgan '''John Smith''''''20,524 (45.4%)'''Susan Inkin15,824 (35.0%)Dewi Smith5,521 (12.2%)Chris Franks2,867 (6.3%)Timothy Warry (UKIP)448 (1.0%) John Smith" ], [ "1997", "South Central Wales elected eight Members of Parliament.ConstituencyCandidatesIncumbentLabourConservativeLiberal DemocratPlaid CymruReferendumOtherCardiff Central '''Jon Owen Jones''''''18,464 (43.7%)'''David Melding8,470 (20.0%)Jenny Randerson10,541 (24.9%)Wayne Vernon1,504 (3.6%)Nick Lloyd760 (1.8%)Terence Burns (SLP)2,230 (5.3%)Craig James (OMRLP)204 (0.5%)Anthony Hobbs (NLP)80 (0.2%) Jon Owen JonesCardiff North '''Julie Morgan''''''24,460 (50.4%)'''Gwilym Jones16,334 (33.7%)Robyn Rowland5,294 (10.9%)Colin Palfrey1,201 (2.5%)Edward J. Litchfield1,199 (2.5%) Gwilym JonesCardiff South and Penarth '''Alun Michael''''''22,647 (53.4%)'''Caroline E. Roberts8,786 (20.7%)Simon J. Wakefield3,964 (9.3%)David B. L. Haswell1,356 (3.2%)Phillip S. E. Morgan1,211 (2.9%)John Foreman (New Labour)3,942 (9.3%)Mike K. Shepherd (Socialist Alternative)344 (0.8%)Barbara Caves (NLP)170 (0.4%) Alun MichaelCardiff West '''Rhodri Morgan''''''24,297 (60.3%)'''Simon Hoare8,669 (21.5%)Jacqui Gasson4,366 (10.8%)Gwenllian Carr1,949 (4.8%)Trefor Johns996 (2.5%) Rhodri MorganCynon Valley '''Ann Clwyd''''''23,307 (69.7%)'''Andrew Smith2,260 (6.8%)Huw Price3,459 (10.3%)Alun Davies3,552 (10.6%)Gwyn John844 (2.5%) Ann ClwydPontypridd '''Kim Howells''''''29,290 (63.9%)'''Jonathan M. Cowen5,910 (12.9%)Nigel Howells6,161 (13.4%)Owain Llewelyn2,977 (6.5%)John Wood874 (1.9%)Peter Skelly (SLP)380 (0.8%)Robert Griffiths (Communist)178 (0.4%)Anthony G. Moore (NLP)85 (0.2%) Kim HowellsRhondda '''Allan Rogers''''''30,381 (74.5%)'''Steven Whiting1,551 (3.8%)Rodney Berman2,307 (5.7%)Leanne Wood5,450 (13.4%)Stephen Gardiner658 (1.6%)Kevin Jakeway (Green)460 (1.1%) Allan RogersVale of Glamorgan '''John Smith''''''29,054 (53.9%)'''Walter Sweeney18,522 (34.4%)Suzanne Campbell4,945 (9.2%)Melanie Corp1,393 (2.6%) Walter Sweeney" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "2009–10 in Swiss football" ], [ "Introduction", "The following is a summary of the '''2009–10 season''' of competitive football in Switzerland." ], [ "Super League", "===Final league table===" ], [ "Challenge League", "===Final league table======Promotion/relegation play-offs===AC Bellinzona as 9th-placed team of the 2009–10 Super League played a two-legged play-off against Challenge League runners-up AC Lugano for a spot in the 2010–11 Super League.------------''Bellinzona won 2–1 on aggregate and remain in the Swiss Super League.", "Lugano remain in the Swiss Challenge League.''" ], [ "Swiss Cup", "===Semi-finals===The winners in the quarter-finals played in this round.", "FC St. Gallen had beaten FC Luzern 4–1, FC Lausanne-Sport had also beaten Young Boys 4–1, SC Kriens won 2–1 against FC Thun and Basel had been 3–1 winners against Biel-Bienne.------------===Final===Note: Fair game, no yellow cards----" ], [ "References" ], [ "Sources", "* Switzerland 2009–10 at RSSSF*" ] ]

[ [ "Jason Brando" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jason Brando''' is a Canadian record producer, most noted as a dual Juno Award nominee for Songwriter of the Year and Producer of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2024 for his work with Charlotte Cardin on her album ''99 Nights''.He is the founder and president of Cult Nation, Cardin's current record label." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Konstantinos Kakaris" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Konstantinos Kakaris''' ('''', born on 2 July 1999) is a Greek water polo player, who is a member of Greece men's national water polo team.", "He is part of Greece national team that competes at the 2024 World Water Polo Championship in Doha.He plays for the Italian team Pro Recco, the European champion in water polo.", "He is considered as one of the best forward centers in water polo." ], [ "Awards", "*2022 World Water Polo Championship All Star Team of the Tournament*2024 World Water Polo Championship All Star Team of the Tournament" ], [ "References", "*" ] ]

[ [ "Hilltop Coffee + Kitchen" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Hilltop Coffee + Kitchen''' is a Los Angeles-based independent coffee chain.", "A Black-owned business, it was founded in 2018 by Yonnie Hagos and Ajay Relan.Issa Rae later joined Hagos and Relan as a partner and co-owner.The first Hilltop Coffee + Kitchen was opened in 2018.Located in the South Los Angeles neighborhood of View Park, it was the only coffee shop of its kind in the area.", "Relan said: “Part of our mission is to be able to create an inclusive, energetic space that provides a hub for the local community.\"", "In 2019, Hilltop Coffee + Kitchen opened its flagship location in Inglewood in addition to a branch in Eagle Rock.", "In 2023, a pop-up opened in downtown Los Angeles.", "Hilltop Coffee + Kitchen locations are primarily staffed by locals." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Itrek" ], [ "Introduction", "'''itrek''' or '''Israel Trek''' is an organization that sends graduate students in business, law, policy and STEM at U.S., Canadian, and European universities on peer-led, week-long trips to Israel.", "More than 1,300 former itrek leaders support it.", "Some trips include contacts with Israeli tech start-ups." ], [ "Criticism", "The Harvard College Palestine Solidarity Committee has called on students to boycott iTrek, citing its organization by Israli soldiers, accusing it of whitewashing what it characterized as Israeli apartheid.In 2022, Georgetown University Graduate Student Government (GradGov) cancelled the sponsorship of a trip to Israel planned for March 2022 following internal controversy and university intervention.", "Students expressed concerns about the trip's destination, Israel, which they characterized as an apartheid state.In 2021, Penn Law School students revitalized a student organization, \"Penn Law Students for Justice in Palestine\" (PLSJP), to support Palestinian liberation and petition against University-backed trips to Israel, releasing a statement with more than 50 signatures discouraging students from participating in itrek, which provided annual academic trips to Israel.", "PLSJP cited the displacement of Palestinians, itrek's links has to the Israeli government as reasons not to participate in the program." ], [ "itrek participants", "*Carrie Keller-Lynn, American-Israeli social media expert, podcaster and journalist" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "5miinust" ], [ "Introduction", "'''5miinust''' (stylized in all caps) is an Estonian hip hop group formed in Võsu in 2015.They are set to represent in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024 alongside Puuluup with \"\".The founding members of the group are Kristjan Jakobson (Estoni Kohver), Mihkel Tamm (Päevakoer), Karl Kivastik (Põhja-Korea), and Priit Tomson (Lancelot).", "They were joined by a fifth member, (Venelane), who announced in the summer of 2023 that he would leave the band.", "Since then, the band has been active again in the original line-up." ], [ "History", "Founded in Võsu in Lääne-Viru County, 5miinust group rose to prominence in 2018, the year in which both studio albums \"Aasta plaat\" and \"Rämmar\", released in 2016 and 2017 respectively through Legendaarne Records, charted in the top twenty of the best-selling albums chart nationally, making them two of the 18 most successful albums in 2018.The following year they recorded the single \"Aluspükse\" with Nublu, which spent six consecutive weeks at the top of the Eesti Tipp-40, becoming the 3rd best-selling song in Estonia for 2019.Also in the same year they were signed to the Baltic branch of Universal Music Group, a label through which they released the following singles, \"Paaristõuked\", \"Peo lõpp\" and \"Loodus ja hobused\", all three number one in the Eesti Tipp-40.As part of the Estonian Music Awards, the Estonian music industry's main awards, they have won in the Artist of the Year category on two occasions, as well as receiving two additional nominations.In November 2023, 5miinust and Puuluup were announced as one of the semi-finalists of Eesti Laul 2024, the Estonian selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2024, with the song \"(Nendest) narkootikumidest ei tea me (küll) midagi\".", "They qualified for the final during the first round of the semi-final.", "They ultimately won the final and will represent Estonia at the contest." ], [ "Discography", "=== Studio albums ===+ List of studio albums, with selected details Title Details Peak chart positions EST ''Korralik Saavutus - Aasta Plaat''* Released: 10 August 2016* Label: * Formats: Digital download, streaming 16 ''Rämmar''* Released: 1 May 2017* Label: Legendaarne Records* Formats: Digital download, streaming 12=== Extended plays ===+ List of EPs, with selected details Title Details ''Niid for Spiid''* Released: 23 April 2018* Label: Legendaarne Records* Formats: Digital download, streaming ''Kõik on süüdi''* Released: 30 November 2021* Label: Universal Music Oy* Formats: Digital download, streaming=== Singles ===* 2017: ''Erootika pood''* 2018: ''Võlg'' (feat.", "Tigran & 372)* 2018: ''Jõul'' (feat.", "Sass Henno)* 2018: ''Aitäh'' (feat.", "Sass Henno)* 2019: ''Tsirkus'' (with Nublu and Pluuto)* 2019: ''Lendan'' (feat.", "Orelipoiss)* 2019: ''Tasuta''* 2019: ''Aluspükse'' (with Nublu)* 2019: ''Paaristõuked'' (with Villemdrillem)* 2020: ''Peo lõpp''* 2020: ''Loodus ja hobused'' (with Hendrik Sal-Saller)* 2021: ''Gloria/Buffalo''* 2021: ''Koptereid''* 2022: ''Vamos''* 2023: ''Kõrvetab/Kallab'' (with Nublu)* 2023: ''(Nendest) narkootikumidest ei tea me (küll) midagi'' (with Puuluup)" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Baitul Hamd (Bradford)" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Baitul Hamd''' (English: ''A Praiseworthy Place'') is a mosque located on Leeds Road in Bradford, England.", "It is one of the oldest mosques of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in the UK.", "It was formally inaugurated on 2 October 1980 by Mirza Nasir Ahmad, the third caliph of the community and can accommodate around 200 worshippers." ], [ "History", "The mosque was previously a Victorian Bath House before being converted into a mosque, bought at a cost of £31,000 from the council.", "Initially, the mosque was in a state of deterioration before being repaired and renovated into use.", "Following its renovation it served as the mission house for the community in Bradford." ], [ "Architecture", "On the front of the mosque, two attributes of God have been engraved in and , '''al-'aẓmatu-lillāh'' as well as the Shahada in the centre." ], [ "Facilities", "The mosque contains prayer halls, as well as a sports hall (renovated from the swimming pool from the former Victorian Bath House)." ], [ "See also", "* Al Mahdi Mosque, Bradford* Ahmadiyya in the United Kingdom" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "United Kingdom general election results in South East Wales" ], [ "Introduction", "South East WalesThese are the election results from United Kingdom general elections based on the electoral regional boundaries used by the Senedd (Welsh Parliament), for the Senedd electoral region of South Wales East.", "Since the 1997 general election, this grouping of constituencies into this unofficial region have elected eight Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom." ], [ "Regional profile", "The region is based around the Newport metropolitan area.", "The boundaries are based on the Senedd electoral region South Wales East.", "Regions are not used in UK general elections." ], [ "2001", "South East Wales elected eight Members of Parliament.ConstituencyCandidatesIncumbentLabourConservativeLiberal DemocratPlaid CymruOtherBlaenau Gwent '''Llew Smith''''''22,855 (72.0%)'''Huw Williams2,383 (7.5%)Edward Townsend2,945 (9.3%)Adam Rykala3,542 (11.2%) Llew SmithCaerphilly '''Wayne David''''''22,597 (58.5%)'''David Simmonds4,413 (11.4%)Rob Roffe3,469 (9.0%)Lindsay Whittle8,172 (21.1%) Ron Davies†Islwyn '''Don Touhig''''''19,505 (61.5%)'''Phillip Howells2,543 (8.0%)Kevin Etheridge4,196 (13.2%)Leigh Thomas3,767 (11.9%)Paul Taylor (Ind.", ")1,263 (4.0%)Mary Millington (SLP)417 (1.2%) Don TouhigMerthyr Tydfil and Rhymney '''Dai Havard''''''19,574 (61.8%)'''Richard Cuming2,272 (7.2%)Keith Rogers2,385 (7.5%)Robert Hughes4,651 (14.7%)Jeffrey Edwards (Ind.", ")1,936 (6.1%)Ken Evans (SLP)692 (2.2%)Anthony Lewis (PLA)174 (0.5%) Ted Rowlands†Monmouth '''Huw Edwards''''''19,021 (42.8%)'''Roger Evans18,637 (41.9%)Neil Parker5,080 (11.4%)Marc Hubbard1,068 (2.4%)David Rowlands (UKIP)656 (1.5%) Huw EdwardsNewport East '''Alan Howarth''''''17,120 (54.7%)'''Ian Oakley7,246 (23.2%)Alistair Cameron4,394 (14.0%)Madoc Batcup1,519 (4.9%)Elizabeth Screen (SLP)420 (1.3%)Neal Reynolds (UKIP)410 (1.3%)Robert Griffiths (Communist)173 (0.6%) Alan HowarthNewport West '''Paul Flynn''''''18,489 (52.7%)'''William Morgan9,185 (26.2%)Veronica Watkins4,095 (11.7%)Anthony Salkeld2,510 (7.2%)Hugh Hughes (UKIP)506 (1.4%)Terrance Cavill (BNP)278 (0.8%) Paul FlynnTorfaen '''Paul Murphy''''''21,883 (62.1%)'''Jason Evans5,603 (15.9%)Alan Masters3,936 (11.2%)Stephen Smith2,720 (7.7%)Brenda Vipass (UKIP)657 (1.9%)Stephen Bell (Socialist Alliance)443 (1.3%) Paul Murphy" ], [ "1997", "South East Wales elected eight Members of Parliament.ConstituencyCandidatesIncumbentLabourConservativeLiberal DemocratPlaid CymruReferendumOtherBlaenau Gwent '''Llew Smith''''''31,493 (79.5%)'''Margrit A. Williams2,607 (6.6%)Geraldine Layton3,458 (8.7%)Jim B. Criddle2,072 (5.2%) Llew SmithCaerphilly '''Ron Davies''''''30,697 (67.3%)'''Rhodri Harris4,858 (10.7%)Tony D. Ferguson3,724 (8.2%)Lindsay Whittle4,383 (9.7%)Mark E. Morgan1,337 (3.0%)Catherine Williams (PLA)270 (0.6%) Ron DaviesIslwyn '''Don Touhig''''''26,995 (74.2%)'''David Walters2,864 (7.9%)Christopher Worker3,064 (8.4%)Darren Jones2,272 (6.2%)Susan Monaghan1,209 (3.3%) Don TouhigMerthyr Tydfil and Rhymney '''Ted Rowlands''''''30,012 (76.7%)'''Jonathan Morgan2,508 (6.4%)Duncan Anstey2,926 (7.5%)Alun Cox2,344 (6.0%)Ronald Hutchings660 (1.7%)Alan Cowdell (Ind.", "Lab.", ")691 (1.8%) Ted RowlandsMonmouth '''Huw Edwards''''''23,404 (47.7%)'''Roger Evans19,226 (39.2%)Mark Williams4,689 (9.6%)Alan Cotton516 (1.1%)Timothy Warry1,190 (2.4%) Roger EvansNewport East '''Alan Howarth''''''21,481 (57.7%)'''David Evans7,958 (21.4%)Alistair Cameron3,880 (10.4%)Christopher Holland721 (1.9%)Edward Chaney-Davis1,267 (3.4%)Arthur Scargill (SLP)1,951 (5.2%) Roy Hughes†Newport West '''Paul Flynn''''''24,331 (60.5%)'''Peter Clarke9,794 (24.4%)Stanley Wilson3,907 (9.7%)Huw Jackson648 (1.6%)Andrew Thompsett1,199 (3.0%)Hugh Hughes (UKIP)323 (0.3%) Paul FlynnTorfaen '''Paul Murphy''''''29,863 (69.1%)'''Neil Parish5,327 (12.3%)Jean Gray5,249 (12.1%)Robert Gough1,042 (2.4%)Deborah Holler1,245 (2.9%)Roger Coghill (Green)519 (1.2%) Paul Murphy" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Neural network" ], [ "Introduction", "A '''neural network''' is a group of interconnected units called neurons that send signals to one another.", "Neurons can be either biological cells or mathematical models.", "While individual neurons are simple, many of them together in a network can perform complex tasks.", "There are two main types of neural network.", "*In neuroscience, a '''biological neural network''' is a physical structure found in brains and complex nervous systems – a population of nerve cells connected by synapses.", "*In machine learning, an '''artificial neural network''' is a mathematical model used to approximate nonlinear functions.", "Artificial neural networks are used to solve artificial intelligence problems." ], [ "Biological neural network", "confocal micrograph of part of a biological neural network in a mouse's striatumA biological neural network is a population of biological neurons chemically connected to each other by synapses.", "A given neuron can be connected to hundreds of thousands of synapses.Each neuron sends and receives electrochemical signals called action potentials to its connected neighbors.", "A neuron can serve an excitatory role, amplifying and propagating signals it receives, or an inhibitory role, suppressing signals instead.Populations of interconnected neurons that are smaller than neural networks are called neural circuits.", "Very large interconnected networks are called large scale brain networks, and many of these together form brains and nervous systems.Signals generated by neural networks in the brain eventually travel through the nervous system and across neuromuscular junctions to muscle cells, where they cause contraction and thereby motion." ], [ "Artificial neural network", "feedforward artificial neural networkAn artificial neural network is a mathematical model used to approximate nonlinear functions.", "While early artificial neural networks were physical machines, today they are almost always implemented in software.Neurons in an artificial neural network are usually arranged into layers, with information passing from the first layer (the input layer) through one or more intermediate layers (hidden layers) to the final layer (the output layer).The \"signal\" input to each neuron is a number, specifically a linear combination of the outputs of the connected neurons in the previous layer.", "The signal each neuron outputs is calculated from this number, according to its activation function.", "The behavior of the network depends on the strengths (or ''weights'') of the connections between neurons.", "A network is trained by modifying these weights through empirical risk minimization or backpropagation in order to fit some preexisting dataset.Neural networks are used to solve problems in artificial intelligence, and have thereby found applications in many disciplines, including predictive modeling, adaptive control, facial recognition, handwriting recognition, general game playing, and generative AI." ], [ "History", "The theoretical base for contemporary neural networks was independently proposed by Alexander Bain in 1873 and William James in 1890.Both posited that human thought emerged from interactions among large numbers of neurons inside the brain.", "In 1949, Donald Hebb described Hebbian learning, the idea that neural networks can change and learn over time by strengthening a synapse every time a signal travels along it.Artificial neural networks were originally used to model biological neural networks starting in the 1930s under the approach of connectionism.", "However, starting with the invention of the perceptron, a simple artificial neural network, by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts in 1943, followed by the implementation of one in hardware by Frank Rosenblatt in 1957,artificial neural networks became increasingly used for machine learning applications instead, and increasingly different from their biological counterparts." ], [ "See also", "*Emergence*Biological cybernetics*Biologically-inspired computing" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Rightboys" ], [ "Introduction", "\"The Right Boys Paying Their Tythes\", a propagandist engraving from The '''Rightboys''' were a secret Irish agrarian organisation in 18th-century Ireland which, from 1785 to 1788, protested against the payment of tithes, the charges imposed by clergy from both Catholic and Anglican churches, perceived unfair rents and agricultural labourers' wages.", "Compared by some sources to the Whiteboys, which had been active from the 1760s, the Rightboy movement was active initially in County Cork, with protest activities subsequently spreading to counties Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, Kilkenny, and Waterford.", "The group was reputedly lead by the fictitious \"Captain Right\".", "As with similar agrarian agitation movements of the 18th century, the group engaged in violent resistance and protest, and were reputedly responsible for four deaths in County Cork during the 1780s.", "The group was also involved in non-violent forms of protest and succeeded, in some cases, in ensuring that Catholic bishops \"fixed maximum payments for clerical services\".", "The activities of the Rightboy movement saw a \"lull\" from 1787, when there was perceived expectation of political action on some of the group's grievances.", "The movement was ultimately superseded by groups such as the Society of United Irishmen (founded 1791)." ], [ "See also", "* Captain Rock (1820s)* Defenders (County Armagh, 1780s)* Hearts of Steel (County Antrim, 1760s)" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Angelo (Francesco Renga song)" ], [ "Introduction", " \"'''Angelo'''\" () is a 2005 song co-written and performed by Francesco Renga.", "It won the 55th edition of the Sanremo Music Festival." ], [ "Composition", "The lyrics represent a prayer directed to a celestial being, asking for protection from the afflictions of the world.", "According to Renga, the song was dedicated to his daughter Jolanda, and its lyrics were inspired by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami." ], [ "Track listing" ], [ "Charts", " Chart (2010) Peakposition Italy (FIMI)1" ], [ "Certifications" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]

[ [ "Venetian ship Forza" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Forza''''' was a first-rank ship of the line of the Venetian navy, serving from 1774 to 1784, although it was originally laid down in 1719.", "''Forza'' was laid down in April 1719 as part of the initial series of the .", "Her chief architect, Francesco Da Ponte, fled to Russia to seek employment in the new Russian fleet, and her construction was entrusted to another, unknown, architect.", "With the end of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars after 1718, naval construction was largely suspended and ''Forza'' was only completed to 75% ('18 carats' in Venetian nomenclature) and mothballed in the Arsenal of Venice.", "She was completed to 87.5% ('21 carats') between 1740 and 1746, but not finished until February 1774, under the auspices of Pietro Paresi.", "With 55 years, she holds the record for length of time between being laid down and completed at the Arsenal of Venice.When finished, ''Forza'' had a length of slightly over , a displacement of tons, and armed with 70 cannon, although normally, in peacetime, she only carried 66 (28x40-pounders, 26x20-pounders, 12x14-pounders).", "She entered service in May 1774 under Iseppo Stalimene.", "She returned to the Arsenal for repairs in November 1782 – April 1783.In June 1784 she was part of the fleet sent against the Beylik of Tunis under Angelo Emo.", "She served as the flagship of the (vice admiral of the Venetian sailing fleet) Giovanni Moro.", "''Forza'' was sunk at Trapani on 5 November 1784 as a result of bad weather, as her captain, Giuseppe Ballovich, ran her aground on some rocks.", "The loss of life was small, but included the Giovanni Moro." ], [ "References" ], [ "Sources", "* * * *" ] ]

[ [ "Pendressia" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Pendressia wardellii''''' is a species of flowering plant in the family Monimiaceae.", "It is a tree native to northeastern Queensland.", "It is the sole species in genus '''''Pendressia'''''.The species was first described as ''Mollinedia wardellii'' by Ferdinand von Mueller in 1866.It was renamed ''Wilkiea wardellii'' by Janet Russell Perkins in 1898.In 2018 Trevor Paul Whiffin placed it in the new monotypic genus ''Pendressia'' as ''Pendressia wardellii''." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Saint-Nazaire de Barbadell church" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''church of Saint-Nazaire de Barbadell''' (Catalan: ''Sant Nazari de Barbadell'') is a disused Romanesque and pre-Romanesque Catholic church in Bouleternère, in the French department of Pyrénées-Orientales.Probably built before the year 1000, the church of Saint-Nazari developed with the village of Barbadell from the 11th to the 13th centuries, of which it was the parish church.", "In the 14th century, for reasons that are unclear (floods, wars, plague or a combination of several of these factors), Barbadell suffered severe depopulation, eventually disappearing completely in the course of the 16th century.", "The church of Saint-Nazaire, now an isolated chapel, was not forgotten by the people of Bouleternère, who continued to make donations to it in their wills.In the 18th century, a succession of hermits took up residence at Saint-Nazaire, maintaining the church and keeping it in worship, thus saving it from the abandonment experienced by many rural churches at the time of the French Revolution.", "However, this abandonment was only delayed: in the course of the 19th century, the old church changed ownership several times, and was then divided between several properties.", "It was transformed into a building for agricultural use, and then into a dwelling, which seriously deteriorated it.The old church has been completely renovated since 1997, when the three owners founded a conservation association to which they bequeathed the building.In the 21st century, the church regained its medieval appearance.", "It comprises a rectangular nave oriented west-east, extended by a flat apse whose axis is slightly offset to the south.", "The walls of the nave are reinforced with double arches and formets supporting a barrel vault.", "The building is topped by a bell-wall and covered with a slate roof.", "Traces of 18th-century painted decoration remain on the interior walls.The church of Saint-Nazaire is surrounded by low walls and ancient canals, showing that the inhabitants of Barbadell have had to battle floods and high water from the river Boulès, on the banks of which this building is built, many times over the centuries." ], [ "Situation", "The Canigou massif is the most easterly of the Pyrenean mountain ranges, rising above 2,000 m in altitude.", "Located in the French department of Pyrénées-Orientales, it separates the natural and historic Catalan regions of Vallespir to the south and Conflent to the north.", "Between Canigou and the Mediterranean Sea lies the Aspres massif, a Pyrenean foothill of hills covered with Mediterranean forest, and the Roussillon plain.", "This region is subject to a Mediterranean climate, hot and dry in summer, but sometimes marked by very heavy rainfall.A river born in the Canigou massif, the Boulès crosses the Aspres from south to north through steep gorges before flowing into the Têt river in Conflent.", "Like other rivers in the region, the Boulès has a highly irregular flow pattern, subject to major floods that can be devastating.The church of Saint-Nazaire de Barbadell stands on the banks of the Boulès, where the gorges widen to form a small plain surrounded by steep but low-lying mountains.", "The building is built on an alluvial fan of a stream called ravin de Saint-Nazaire, which flows into the Boulès a few meters from the church, at an altitude of 200 m. The church is part of the French commune of Bouleternère, in the Pyrénées-Orientales department.Saint-Nazaire church in its environment.The chapel can be reached from Bouleternère via the D618 departmental road, which winds along the Boulès valley and crosses the Aspres from one side to the other, linking the Conflent with the Vallespir (at Amélie-les-Bains-Palalda).", "This route also leads to the Serrabone priory, another Romanesque church located a few kilometers south of the Barbadell church.", "The route from the village capital to the church of Saint-Nazaire is around 1.5 km long.File:St Nazari de Barbadell - dec 201422.jpg|View of the chapel from the RD618.File:St Nazari de Barbadell - dec 201401.jpg|The chapel in its environment.File:St Nazari de Barbadell - dec 201407.jpg|The Boulès behind the church.File:St Nazari de Barbadell - dec 201420.jpg|The land on which the church stands." ], [ "Toponymy", "\"''Barbadell''\" (Viorne lantane) in bloom.", "''Barbadell'' is a Catalan name which, according to Lluís Basseda, derives from the Latin ''Barbatellus'', a diminutive of Barbatus.", "Barbatus is undoubtedly the name of the owner of a ''villa'', a medieval agricultural property located in this area.", "This name was later given to a village, now disappeared, and to the parish church of this village, which is now the church of Saint-Nazaire.Other origins have been suggested: the Catalan name barbada, which can refer to sandy ground surrounded by rocks, or the Catalan adjective barbat, meaning a plant that has taken root.", "Jean Reynal also points out that barbadell is one of the Catalan names for Viorne lantane (''Viburnum Lantana'').Quoi qu'il en soit, on retrouve une famille nommée Barbadell dans le village voisin de Glorianes et à Sofrunys (village maintenant intégré à la commune de Glorianes) dès le début du xive siècle, dans deux actes, pour un mariage en 1319 et une vente de domaine agricole en 1342.En catalan, le double l est mouillé.Decapitation of Nazarius and his companions Celsus, Protais and Gervais.", "Menologe of Basil II, late 10th - early 11th century, Vatican Apostolic Library.Saint-Nazaire (Catalan: ''Sant Nazari'') comes from a Hebrew nickname meaning \"the Nazarene\", a person from Nazareth, like Jesus Christ.The church owes its name to Nazarius of Milan, a Roman Christian of the 1st century.", "He went to Gaul to preach the new religion, and was persecuted by the authorities for trying to spread his faith.", "According to Christian tradition, he was sentenced to drowning, from which he miraculously escaped, before ending up beheaded, along with his companions Celsus,Gervasius and Protasius, all of whom later became Catholic saints.The building is referred to as \"Chapelle St-Nazaire\" or \"Sant Nazari\" on IGN maps." ], [ "History", "=== Construction and parish ===Although the chapel's layout and some of its architectural features are typical of pre-Romanesque rural churches in Catalonia, i.e.", "from the ninth or tenth century, the date of construction is not known with certainty.", "Originally, the church was covered by a roof frame, which was replaced by a vault at an undated period, possibly the 11th century.", "The present wall-belfry may have been built at the same time as the vault.Saint-Nazaire is first mentioned on October 25, 1151, in the act of consecration of the church of Sainte-Marie de Serrabone, of which it is a dependency, under the name \"''Ecclesia de Barbadello''\", with no mention of the church's dedication to any particular saint.", "Other churches mentioned in this text are those of Arsus, Villela, Joch and Marynians.", "This text is also the first known mention of the toponym Barbadell, already in its present form.A text from 1265 refers to the church as a parish in the village of Barbadell (\"''parrochia Sancti Nazarii de Barbadello''\").", "This is the first known mention of the church's dedication to Saint Nazaire.From 1260, and for a century afterwards, a relatively large number of documents attest to the fact that Bouleternère residents bequeathed money in their wills to the priest in charge of the Barbadell church.=== Depopulation ===In 1346, Pope Clement VI issued a bull stating that the church of Saint-Nazaire de Barbadell had been left without care (\"''sine cura''\") and appointed a priest to look after it.The parish church status seems to have been lost shortly afterwards: in 1358, Saint-Nazaire is named as a simple chapel, and in 1389 (or 1390), the church is an \"Ecclesia ruralis\" (rural church, located in the countryside).The parish of Barbadell was never able to develop and remained an area of dispersed rural settlement, sparsely populated and therefore fragile.", "There are three reasons why it disappeared in the middle of the 14th century rather than at any other time.", "Firstly, flooding, which may have become more frequent during this period.", "Secondly, wars.", "The county of Roussillon was the object of wars between the kingdoms of Aragon and Majorca, particularly when, in 1344, the Aragonese king Peter the Ceremonious took Roussillon from James III of Majorca.", "In 1365, the future Constable of France Bertrand Du Guesclin sent the \"grandes compagnies\" (mercenaries who, in times of peace, plunder the regions they found themselves in) to take part in the Spanish wars.", "They passed through the Roussillon region, where they pillaged numerous villages, including the Serrabone priory, which was partly destroyed.", "Finally, the plague, which reached Perpignan in 1348, claimed many victims in Roussillon as in the rest of Europe.", "Although no text mentions these ravages specifically in Barbadell, there is no doubt that the village suffered their consequences more or less directly.Despite this, Saint-Nazaire continued to be a place of worship, receiving donations from Bouleternère villagers until at least 1413.The prior of Serrabonne is described as \"capellano\" (chaplain, priest officiating in a chapel) of Saint-Nazaire de Barbadell in a text from 1424.In 1529, a deed confirms Serrabonne's possession of Saint-Nazaire de Barbadell, which loses its priory status in 1592.In 1611, the churches of Serrabonne (now a parish) and Barbadell came under the authority of the bishopric of Solsona, located south of the Pyrenees.", "The distance from Barbadell to Solsona by modern road is over 160 km.=== Time for hermits ===\"St Nazaire Hermitage\" on Cassini map Mont-Louis - Mousset, circa 1780 During the 17th century, the village of Barbadell was completely abandoned.", "The church of Saint-Nazaire was not forgotten by the inhabitants of Bouleternère, and became a hermitage.The fate of Saint-Nazaire de Barbadell is shared by many isolated rural churches and former parish churches in deserted villages in the province of Roussillon.", "Victims of relative abandonment, they often became hermitages in the course of the 17th century.", "A work published in 1688 lists forty-four hermitages in the province, but Barbadell is not mentioned.Saint-Nazaire arch with remains of 18th-century paintwork.The first hermit attested at Saint-Nazaire de Barbadell, in 1734, was Pere Vaquer.", "He died on April 28, 1739 and is buried in the Barbadell chapel.", "Two other hermits are mentioned in texts: Isidore Bonacasa on August 8, 1753 and in 1756 (died October 19, 1779) and Joseph Escande in 1797.The originality of the Barbadell hermitage lies in its location and relative comfort: hermitages in the Roussillon region are usually found in abandoned, uninhabited and drought-prone areas.", "Saint-Nazaire de Barbadell benefits from fertile soil and lies close to a stream in a valley sheltered from the Tramontane wind.", "Apart from this characteristic, the hermit of Barbadell leads the same life as his counterparts in Roussillon: he cultivates the land around the church to feed himself, attends religious services in Bouleternère, during which he sometimes helps the priest.", "In fine weather, he visits the inhabitants of Bouleternère and surrounding farms to collect money, reciting prayers he knows by heart (hermits are generally illiterate).", "He is also in charge of maintaining the chapel, near which he has a small lodging.", "The hermit organizes the aplec (traditional Catalan religious festival) for the feast of Saint Nazaire, on July 28.Thus, despite the loss of its status as a parish seat and the desertification of its territory, the chapel of Saint-Nazaire de Barbadell lives on.", "Religious services are still held there on July 28, the chapel is regularly maintained and, around 1760, the interior was repainted, with decorations painted using the tempera technique.During the French Revolution, the decree of November 2, 1789 on clergy property at the disposal of the Nation stipulated that Church property was to be sold, with the profits used to pay off the State's debts.", "In Roussillon, which became the department of Pyrénées-Orientales, the measure was delayed.", "On May 17, 1792, it was decided that \"the management of the department would decide that the hermitage churches would be evacuated and closed, and that all objects that could be used to make money would be taken to the Perpignan mint and the others to the depot\".", "On this occasion, the bell of Saint-Nazaire and the liturgical furnishings it contained were confiscated, then disappeared.", "Many hermitages became farm buildings.", "Saint-Nazaire de Barbadell temporarily escaped this fate.In 1797, the hermitage was bought by Joseph Escande for 450 francs.", "According to Roland Serres-Bria, he may have been a former Bouleternère priest, born in the village in 1731.He seems to have settled as a hermit in Barbadell, shortly before his death.=== Forfeiture ===The decline of Saint-Nazaire de Barbadell church accelerated with the death of Joseph Escande.", "Marie Angélique Escande (probably his sister) inherited his property, including the chapel; she died in 1803.She had many heirs, including her nephews.", "The chapel and adjoining land went to Bazelice Lloses, who sold it (340 francs) to a farmer who owned adjoining land.", "In 1811, he exchanged it with Jacques Glori, who divided the lot between his three children.The 1811 deed of exchange already mentions \"the hermitage of Saint-Nazaire, now very dilapidated and in very poor condition\".The former hermitage is mentioned in the cadastre of 1832 as a \"barn\", crossed out and corrected by \"house\".", "It shows that, against the nave, to the south, two extensions were built perpendicular to the church, the three buildings forming a courtyard.After 1832, the chapel was extensively remodeled for residential use: the triumphal arch was walled up, the building was raised (with the belfry opening serving as an upstairs window) and fitted with a floor separating it into two levels, the vault pierced with a chimney, the walls with two windows.", "A staircase is attached to the south facade to allow access to the upper floor.", "The wall above the triumphal arch is pierced by a door leading to a room built above the apse.", "The west wall was also modified: a window, a sink and a bread oven were added.", "All this work further degraded the old building.At the end of the 20th century, the chapel lay in ruins, buried under modern additions and divided into three different properties.=== Protection ===Winter 2014: scaffolding obscures the chapel's south façade.Gradually, over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, with the rural exodus and the decline in the number of practicing Catholics, many isolated churches in the Pyrénées-Orientales department became disused, abandoned and sometimes fell into ruin.", "Awareness of the need to safeguard this architectural heritage began to grow, initially with emblematic abbeys such as Saint-Martin du Canigou (from 1902) and Saint-Michel de Cuxa (from the 1920s).", "From the 1980s onwards, the process accelerated with the creation of a number of associations dedicated to the renovation of these ancient buildings.For Sant Nazari de Barbadell, the process began in 1997.On April 28 of that year, a conservation association, Els amics de ''Sant Nazari de Barbadell'', was created by the three owners of the building.", "The owners, who owned the site jointly, agreed to donate it to the association so that it could embark on a complete restoration.", "The donation was formalized in December 1997.The notarial deed mentions that, should the association be dissolved, the church would become the property of the commune of Bouleternère.Work began in October 1997.Members of the association met once a month on Sundays, assisted by other volunteers from the region.", "First, the site had to be cleared of undergrowth, the church freed of 19th-century additions, and the walls consolidated.", "The church is once again visible.", "On May 1, 1998, a celebration was held to show the public the first results of the renovation.", "The association began looking for grants and subsidies to repair the roof.In the years that followed, the work continued: the floor and additions were removed, and the roof was re-roofed in lauzes by a specialized craftsman.", "The walls were also repointed.", "The church was freed from the ground into which it had gradually become embedded, and the openings were rebuilt to match the new ground level." ], [ "Architecture", "=== Church ===The church of Saint-Nazaire in Barbadell is built according to the usual plan for pre-Romanesque churches in the region: the building is composed of a rectangular nave extended by a square apse whose axis is slightly offset from that of the nave.", "In the case of Barbadell, the offset apse faces south.", "The church is orientated, meaning that the choir and apse face east (orient).", "Another pre-Romanesque feature is the location of the door: in the south-facing wall.The external dimensions of the building are approximately 5 m wide and 9 m long for the nave, and 4 m on each side for the apse.File:St Nazari de Barbadell - dec 201404.jpg|North facade.File:Bulaternera - Sant Nazari de Barbadell.jpg|West façade.File:St Nazari de Barbadell - dec 201406.jpg|East facade, apse.File:Bulaternera - Sant Nazari de Barbadell 2.jpg|South facade, with entrance.The nave is separated from the apse by a triumphal arch with narrow uprights, another characteristic of pre-Romanesque constructions, such as the church of the Abbey of Saint-Michel de Cuxa.", "The nave is barrel-vaulted, supported by double and formet arches.The stonework consists of hammer-squared rubble stones bonded with a large quantity of mortar.", "Some wall sections are in ''opus spicatum''.", "At the point where the nave and apse are separated, the church is topped by a bell tower.File:St Nazari de Barbadell - dec 201414.jpg|Masonry on the north façade.File:St Nazari de Barbadell - dec 201412.jpg|The portal.File:St Nazari de Barbadell - dec 201410.jpg|Renovated roof and bell tower.Inside, part of the 18th-century painting remains on the north wall, near the triumphal arch.", "The letters LONG (beginning of the name of Longinus the Centurion, the Roman soldier who pierced Christ's side on the cross), as well as a floral decoration accompanied on either side by stylized scrolls, can be seen on this painting.The whole structure is covered by a roof of lauzes.=== Hydraulic installations ===As the chapel is located in a flood zone on an alluvial fan formed by the Saint-Nazaire ravine, protection work was carried out in ancient times.", "Upstream, towards the ravine, several low walls perpendicular to the current were undoubtedly designed to break its force during floods.", "A slate canal with a diamond-shaped cross-section connects the bed of the ravine to that of the Boulès, passing close to the chapel.", "This channel is lined by a dike on the church side, showing that it is insufficient in size for high floods.", "Archaeological excavations have revealed that the foundations of the church sink 2.30 m into the ground, showing that the soil was raised by alluvial deposits during floods after the construction of the chapel, and that the latter was undoubtedly reworked to adapt it to the new ground level.", "Another canal, this time for irrigation, runs alongside the church on the Boulès side.", "The church is surrounded by low walls forming terraces with two functions: the terraces were intended to serve as agricultural land, and the low walls provided additional protection against flooding.File:St Nazari de Barbadell - dec 201425.jpg|The Saint-Nazaire ravine.File:St Nazari de Barbadell - dec 201402.jpg|Stream and church of Saint-Nazaire.File:St Nazari de Barbadell - dec 201421.jpg|Canal doubling the Saint-Nazaire stream.File:St Nazari de Barbadell - dec 201405.jpg|Canal running alongside the apse.File:St Nazari de Barbadell - dec 201403.jpg|The church surrounded by low walls." ], [ "Bibliography", "* * * * * * * * *" ], [ "References" ], [ "See also", "Serrabone PrioryBouleternère" ] ]

[ [ "1951 Texas A&I Javelinas football team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''1951 Texas A&I Javelinas football team''' represented the Texas College of Arts and Industries—now known as Texas A&M University–Kingsville—as a member of the Texas Conference during the 1951 college football season.", "Led by sixth-year head coach Dewey Mayhew, the Javelinas compiled an overall record of 5–4 with a mark of 3–1 in conference play, sharing the Texas Conference title with Abilene Christian and Howard Payne." ], [ "Schedule" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "SmithKline Beecham Clinical Laboratories" ], [ "Introduction", "'''SmithKline Beecham Clinical Laboratories''' ('''SBCL''') was an American-based medical laboratory company that was acquired by Quest Diagnostics in 1999 for US$1.3 Billion." ], [ "Controversies", "In 1989, SBCL had to pay a record $1.5 million fine for illegal laboratory referral kickbacks.In 1997, a False Claims Act allegation under Operation LabScam led SBCL to a record $325 million settlement for billing Medicare & Medicaid while misleading the physicians who purportedly \"ordered\" the tests into thinking that the tests would be performed for free.In 1998, an on-the-job trained phlebotomist at an SBCL Palo Alto draw station was found to re-used needles in an effort to save supplies and run a cost-efficient lab.", "Over 3600 patients had to receive HIV and hepatitis testing, and counseling.", "The incident led to phlebotomy licensure in California." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Louisiana Workforce Commission" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Louisiana Workforce Commission''' ('''LWC''') is a state agency of Louisiana, headquartered in Baton Rouge.", "It was previously called the '''Louisiana Department of Labor'''.", "The name changed in 2008.It gives assistance to state residents who had lost their jobs.", "In 2018 it had 925 people working for the agency." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Louisiana Workforce Commission" ] ]

[ [ "FIFA 70th anniversary retrospective awards" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''FIFA 70th anniversary retrospective awards''' was a published list of retroactive annual awards by FIFA for the period between 1904 and 1973 in order to celebrate its 70th anniversary in 1974.The first official award given by FIFA to the world's best football player was launched in 1991 under the name of FIFA World Player of the Year." ], [ "Background", "The 32nd FIFA Congress took place in Paris.", "In May 1974, in honor of the 70th anniversary of the founding of FIFA, a Technical study group of experts appointed by FIFA with the task to create a list of the best players per annum since the organization's inception.", "João Havelange was the FIFA president at the time, succeding Stanley Rous in the year of West Germany's 1974 FIFA World Cup.", "The following list features the top three football players every year from 1904 until 1973 as published by FIFA.===Winners===+Best PlayerYear Winner Runner-up Third place'''1904''' Billy Meredith Robert Hamilton William Foulke'''1905''' Jack Carr Steve Bloomer Bill McCracken'''1906''' Alf Common Ernesto Brown Jack Carr '''1907''' Steve Bloomer Gáspár Borbás Harold Stapley'''1908''' Bok de Korver Bob Crompton Billy Meredith'''1909''' Bert Freeman Vivian Woodward Bob Crompton '''1910''' Louis Van Hege Albert Shepherd Eugen Kipp'''1911''' Albert Shepherd Billy Meredith Imre Schlosser'''1912''' Imre Schlosser Nils Middelboe George Holley'''1913''' Charlie Buchan George Holley Willie Reid'''1914''' Alberto Ohaco José Piendibene Pichichi'''1915''' Pichichi Alberto Ohaco Ángel Romano '''1916''' Isabelino Gradín Ángel Romano Jimmy McColl'''1917''' Héctor Scarone Imre Schlosser Kálmán Konrád'''1918''' Alfréd Schaffer Kálmán Konrád Arthur Friedenreich'''1919''' Kálmán Konrád Arthur Friedenreich Alfréd Schaffer '''1920''' Ángel Romano Félix Sesúmaga José Piendibene'''1921''' Arthur Friedenreich Alan Morton György Orth'''1922''' Manuel Seoane György Orth Josep Samitier'''1923''' Alan Morton Charlie Buchan Domingo Tarasconi'''1924''' Pedro Petrone Héctor Scarone José Leandro Andrade'''1925''' Josep Samitier José Leandro Andrade Wacław Kuchar '''1926''' José Leandro Andrade Wacław Kuchar Manuel Seoane'''1927''' Jimmy McGrory Dixie Dean Karel Pešek'''1928''' Dixie Dean József Takács Héctor Scarone'''1929''' Aurélio González Ricardo Zamora István Avar'''1930''' José Nasazzi Josef Smistik Guillermo Stábile'''1931''' Giuseppe Meazza Matthias Sindelar Raimundo Orsi'''1932''' Matthias Sindelar Toni Schall Ricardo Zamora'''1933''' Matthias Sindelar Francisco Varallo Giuseppe Meazza'''1934''' Giuseppe Meazza Luis Monti Matthias Sindelar'''1935''' František Plánička Alex James Fritz Szepan'''1936''' György Sárosi Giuseppe Meazza Jimmy McGrory'''1937''' Silvio Piola György Sárosi Arsenio Erico'''1938''' Leônidas da Silva Arsenio Erico František Plánička'''1939''' Arsenio Erico Gyula Zsengellér Antonio Sastre'''1940''' Josef Bican Leônidas da Silva José Manuel Moreno'''1941''' José Manuel Moreno Josef Bican Franz Binder'''1942''' Adolfo Pedernera José Manuel Moreno Josef Bican '''1943''' Zizinho Frane Matošić Adolfo Pedernera'''1944''' Telmo Zarra Zizinho Karl Decker'''1945''' Ángel Labruna Adolfo Pedernera Telmo Zarra'''1946''' Sergio Livingstone Valentino Mazzola René Pontoni'''1947''' Valentino Mazzola Larbi Ben Barek Franjo Wölfl'''1948''' Stanley Matthews Ferenc Puskás Valentino Mazzola'''1949''' Ademir Ferenc Deák Tommy Lawton'''1950''' Gunnar Nordahl Ademir Ferenc Puskás '''1951''' Nils Liedholm Gunnar Nordahl Juan Alberto Schiaffino'''1952''' László Kubala Sándor Kocsis Alfredo Di Stéfano'''1953''' Ferenc Puskás Nándor Hidegkuti Nat Lofthouse'''1954''' Sándor Kocsis Ferenc Puskás Fritz Walter'''1955''' Alfredo Di Stéfano Raymond Kopa Juan Alberto Schiaffino'''1956''' Stanley Matthews Raymond Kopa Alfredo Di Stéfano'''1957''' Alfredo Di Stéfano Didi Duncan Edwards'''1958''' Didi Garrincha Pelé'''1959''' Luis Suárez Alfredo Di Stéfano Pelé'''1960''' Yuriy Voynov Ferenc Puskás Omar Sívori'''1961''' Pelé Omar Sívori Alberto Spencer'''1962''' Garrincha Josef Masopust Dragoslav Šekularac'''1963''' Pelé Lev Yashin Ján Popluhár'''1964''' Pelé Luis Suárez Denis Law'''1965''' Pelé Eusébio Paul Van Himst'''1966''' Bobby Charlton Eusébio Franz Beckenbauer'''1967''' Flórián Albert Jimmy Johnstone Bobby Charlton '''1968''' George Best Dragan Džajić Pelé '''1969''' Gianni Rivera Gerd Müller Vladimir Muntyan'''1970''' Pelé Gerd Müller Jairzinho'''1971''' Johan Cruyff Tostão Yevhen Rudakov'''1972''' Franz Beckenbauer Johan Cruyff Günter Netzer'''1973''' Johan Cruyff Pelé Dino Zoff===Wins by player======Wins by country===" ], [ "See also", "*History of FIFA *FIFA World Cup awards*History of association football *FIFA World Player of the Year*International Football Association Board*FIFA Congress" ], [ "References" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "Bibliography", "*" ], [ "Sources", "**" ], [ "External links", "* FIFA website" ] ]

[ [ "Mariuga Lisboa Antunes" ], [ "Introduction", "Mariuga Lisboa Antunes'''Mariuga Lisboa Antunes''' (Belém, Brazil, November 10, 1938 — Brasilia, May 31, 2023) was a Brazilian pianist.She began studying piano in São Luís, moving at the age of 23 to Rio de Janeiro, where she studied in Music education and Piano at the Music School of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, at the time named \"University of Brazil\".", "She had classes of musical performance with Jacques Klein in the Brazilan Music Conservatoire and, between 1969 and 1970 at Mozarteum Argentino, where she had master classes with Sérgio Lorenzi and Maria Tipo.", "She had also classes with Elzira Amábile.Mariuga Lisboa Antunes married the Brazilian composer Jorge Antunes in 1969, and had three children: Mauritz, Jorge and Marcus.", "She also followed her husband in many tours around Brazil and Europe.Between 1974 and 1978, Mariuga Lisboa Antunes served as a repeater pianist at the Music Department of the University of Brasilia, with expertise in contemporary music and, in addition, she was pianist at GeMUnB, a group of musical experimentation in the same university.In 1980, she took part as pianist in the world premiere of the work ''Elegia Violeta para Monsenhor Romero'', by Jorge Antunes, accompanying the Israel Sinfonietta Beer-Sheva.Mariuga Lisboa Antunes died on May 31, 2023, in Brasilia, after a cardiac arrest in decorrence of a surgery." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Anbessa" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Anbessa (2019)''', directed by Mo Scarpelli, is a poignant documentary that premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival.", "The film intricately weaves a coming-of-age narrative around ten-year-old Asalif, displaced from his farmland near Addis Ababa due to condominium construction.", "As the city evolves, the film captures Asalif's imaginative resistance, where he transforms into a lion (\"anbessa\" in Amharic) to combat external threats and navigate a changing world.", "Through captivating storytelling and cinematography, Anbessa explores the clash between tradition and modernity, prompting viewers to reflect on the true costs of progress.", "The film received critical acclaim, winning awards at various festivals, and serves as a catalyst for discussions on sustainable development, cultural preservation, and the human impact of societal transformations.", "As Asalif grapples with his lion persona and the realities of change, Anbessa invites audiences to reconsider prevailing narratives surrounding development and emphasizes the importance of preserving cultural identity amidst relentless modernization." ], [ "References" ], [ "External Links", "*" ] ]

[ [ "Frank H. Strickler" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Frank Hunter Strickler''' (January 20, 1920 – March 29, 2012) was an American defense lawyer.", "He was perhaps best known for defending H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman during the Watergate trials." ], [ "Life and career", "Strickler was born in Washington.", "He attended George Washington University and while he attended, he worked as a fingerprint examiner for the FBI to help pay for his education.", "He earned an undergraduate degree and a law degree.Strickler served as an assistant United States attorney from October 1949, until he resigned in 1956 to enter private law practice.Strickler died on March 29, 2012, at his home in Chevy Chase, Maryland, at the age of 92." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "United Kingdom general election results in South West Wales" ], [ "Introduction", "South West WalesThese are the election results from United Kingdom general elections based on the electoral regional boundaries used by the Senedd (Welsh Parliament), for the Senedd electoral region of South Wales West.", "Since the 1997 general election, this grouping of constituencies into this unofficial region have elected seven Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom." ], [ "Regional profile", "The region is based around Swansea.", "The boundaries are based on the Senedd electoral region South Wales West.", "Regions are not used in UK general elections." ], [ "2001", "South West Wales elected 7 Members of Parliament.ConstituencyCandidatesIncumbentLabourConservativeLiberal DemocratPlaid CymruOtherAberavon '''Hywel Francis''''''19,063 (63.1%)'''Ali Miraj2,296 (7.6%)Christopher Davies2,933 (9.7%)Lisa Turnbull2,955 (9.8%)Andrew Tutton (Independent)1,960 (6.5%)Captain Beany (New Millennium Bean)727 (2.4%)Martin Chapman (Socialist Alliance)256 (0.8%) John Morris†Bridgend '''Win Griffiths''''''19,423 (52.5%)'''Tania Brisby9,377 (25.3%)Jean Barraclough5,330 (14.4%)Monica Mahoney2,653 (7.2%)Sara Jeremy (ProLife Alliance)223 (0.6%) Win GriffithsGower '''Martin Caton''''''17,676 (47.3%)'''John Bushell10,281 (27.5%)Sheila Waye4,507 (12.1%)Siân Caiach3,865 (10.3%)Tina Shrewsbury (Green)607 (1.6%)Darran Hickery (SLP)417 (1.1%) Martin CatonNeath '''Peter Hain''''''21,253 (60.7%)'''David Devine3,310 (9.5%Dai Davies3,335 (9.5%)Alun Llewelyn6,437 (18.4%)Huw Pudner (Socialist Alliance)483 (1.4%)Gerry Brienza (ProLife Alliance)202 (0.6%) Peter HainOgmore '''Ray Powell''''''18,833 (62.0%)'''Richard Hill3,383 (11.1%)Ian Lewis3,878 (12.8%)Angela Pulman4,259 (14.0%) Ray PowellSwansea East '''Donald Anderson''''''19,612 (65.2%)'''Paul Morris3,026 (10.1%)Robert Speht3,064 (10.2%)John Ball3,464 (11.5%)Tony Young (Green)463 (1.5%)Tim Jenkins (UKIP)443 (1.5%) Donald AndersonSwansea West '''Alan Williams''''''15,644 (48.7%)'''Margaret Harper6,094 (19.0%)Mike Day5,313 (16.6%)Ian Titherington3,404 (10.6%)Richard Lewis (UKIP)653 (2.0%)Martyn Shrewsbury (Green)626 (2.0%)Alec Thraves (Socialist Alliance)366 (1.1%) Alan Williams" ], [ "1997", "South West Wales elected 7 Members of Parliament.ConstituencyCandidatesIncumbentLabourConservativeLiberal DemocratPlaid CymruReferendumOtherAberavon '''John Morris''''''25,650 (71.3%)'''Peter Harper2,835 (7.9%)Ronald McConville4,079 (11.3%)Philip Cockwell2,088 (5.8%)Peter David970 (2.7%)Captain Beany (Independent)341 (1.0%) John MorrisBridgend '''Win Griffiths''''''25,115 (58.1%)'''David Davies9,867 (22.8%)Andrew Mckinlay4,968 (11.5%)Dennis R. Watkins1,649 (3.8%)Tudor Greaves1,662 (3.8%) Win GriffithsGower '''Martin Caton''''''23,313 (53.8%)'''Alun Cairns10,306 (23.8%)Howard W. Evans5,624 (13.0%)D Elwyn Williams2,226 (5.1%)Richard D. Lewis1,745 (4.0%)Anthony G. Popham (Independent)122 (0.3%) Gareth Wardell†Neath '''Peter Hain''''''30,324 (73.5%)'''David M. Evans3,583 (8.7%)Frank H. Little2,597 (6.3%)Trefor Jones3,344 (8.1%)Peter A. Morris975 (2.4%)Howard Marks (Legalise Cannabis Party)420 (1.0%) Peter HainOgmore '''Ray Powell''''''28,163 (74.0%)'''David A. Unwin3,716 (9.8%)Kirsty Williams3,510 (9.2%)John D. Rogers2,679 (7.0%) Ray PowellSwansea East '''Donald Anderson''''''29,151 (75.4%)'''Catherine Dibble3,582 (9.3%)Elwyn Jones3,440 (8.9%)Michelle Pooley1,308 (2.3%)Catherine Maggs904 (2.3%)Ronnie Job (Socialist Alternative)289 (0.8%) Donald AndersonSwansea West '''Alan Williams''''''22,748 (56.2%)'''Andrew Baker8,289 (20.5%)John Newbury5,872 (14.5%)Dai Lloyd2,675 (6.6%)David Proctor (SLP)885 (2.2%) Alan Williams" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Emily Chenevert" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Emily Chenevert''' is an American politician serving as a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from the 66th district.", "A member of the Republican Party, Chenevert represents parts of East Baton Rouge Parish and has been in office since January 8, 2024." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official House Profile* Ballotpedia entry for Emily Chenevert" ] ]

[ [ "Barton Sewell" ], [ "Introduction", "Barton Sewell '''Barton Sewell''' (August 28, 1905January 6, 1953) was an American industrialist and co-founder of the Braden Copper Company, a mining company formed for the extraction of copper from the El Teniente mine in Chile.", "The company town Sewell, Chile was named for him.", "Sewell and his wife were involved in a highly publicized divorce in the 1930s.", "Buster Keaton allegedly had an affair with Sewell's wife.", "Sewell died of an apparent overdose of sleeping pills in Los Angeles County, California in 1953." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Brooklyn Lyons-Foster" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Brooklyn Lyons-Foster''' (born 1 December 2000) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Veikkausliiga club HJK.", "Lyons-Foster is a product of Tottenham Hotspur youth academy." ], [ "Club career", "===Tottenham Hotspur===Lyons-foster spent his youth years in Tottenham academy.", "He represented the club in U18 Premier League, Premier League 2 and UEFA Youth League in multiple seasons and captained the club's U21 side.===HJK Helsinki===On 14 February 2024, Lyons-Foster left Tottenham and moved to Finland after signing with reigning champions HJK Helsinki on a two-year deal, with an option for one more.", "The clubs had agreed on a free transfer, with Tottenham securing a sell-on clause.", "He made his professional debut with his new club on 17 February 2024, in a Finnish League Cup loss against Inter Turku." ], [ "International career", "Lyons-Foster has represented England at under-17 and under-18 youth international level." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* *" ] ]

[ [ "Ruthenian raid on Poland (1135)" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Ruthenian raid on Poland (1135)''' was a military expedition of Volodymyrko Volodarovych, the son of Volodar of Peremyshl, seeking revenge for his father's defeat and capture by the Polish palatine Piotr Włostowic." ], [ "Background", "In 1121, a Ruthenian invasion fell on Poland under the command of Prince Volodar of Peremyshl, but the invaders were defeated by the palatine Piotr Włostowic, who took Volodar captive.In an attempt to redeem his father's honor and secure his freedom, Volodymyrko, the son of the Ruthenian prince, gathered all his wealth to pay the hefty ransom demanded by the Polish king Bolesław III Wrymouth.", "Realizing that direct retaliation wouldn't suffice, Volodymyrko resorted to cunning and betrayal reminiscent of his father's downfall.", "He enlisted the help of a notable, unknown by name, Pannonian figure, known for his dignity and status, to avoid arousing suspicion.", "This Pannonian, seeking refuge in Poland, fabricated stories about persecution by King Béla II of Hungary, who demanded unjustified punishment for those who supported the descendants of Stephen I of Hungary.", "Out of fear of his father, he presented Bolesław as his only refuge, emphasizing the closed borders of other countries that did not want to give him shelter.", "Bolesław III Wrymouth, trusting the Pannonian's seemingly authentic narrative, supported him and gave him shelter, unaware of the betrayal brewing in his ranks.", "The Pannonian gained Bolesław's trust incrementally, gradually deceiving him in matters of increasing importance.", "Bolesław not only granted him favors and privileges but also entrusted him with intimate secrets.", "Additionally, Bolesław bestowed upon him the town of Wiślica, renowned for its strategic location and impregnable defenses." ], [ "Sack of Wiślica", "Yaropolk II of KievThe Pannonian's betrayal reached its climax when he exploited Bolesław's absence to fabricate an urgent decree, claiming a Ruthenian raid and ordering the populace to gather in Wiślica for safety.", "Terrified by the prospect of invasion and punishment, the people complied without hesitation, bringing their valuables with them.", "This decree was nothing more than a ruse to lure them into a trap.", "When the traitor Pannonian realized that his plan was in motion, he summoned Prince Yaropolk II of Kiev his sons and their forces to Wiślica under false pretenses.As Prince Yaropolk II of Kiev, Volodymyrko Volodarovych and their forces, supported by Cumans, descended upon Wiślica, the Pannonian quietly opened the gates under the cover of night, allowing Yaropolk's army to launch a brutal assault on the unsuspecting populace.", "A massacre ensued, sparing no one, regardless of age, gender, or social status.", "The once-prosperous town of Wiślica was reduced to ashes, its streets stained with the blood of innocent victims.In the wake of this tragedy, when the extent of the Pannonian's betrayal became clear, Prince Yaropolk II tried to impose an appropriate punishment on the treacherous instigator, ordering to first cut out his tongue, then tear out both eyes, and finally completely castrate him so that the family of traitors would not multiply.", "Subjecting the Pannonian to mutilation was a stark reminder of the consequences of deceit and betrayal." ], [ "Aftermath", "For Bolesław III Wrymouth, the revelation of the Pannonian's duplicity served as a harsh lesson in the dangers of misplaced trust.", "The betrayal perpetrated by the Pannonian shattered the illusion of security and stability, leaving Bolesław to grapple with the sobering reality that even those who seemed most trustworthy could harbor ulterior motives.As the dust settled and the echoes of betrayal faded away, Bolesław was left to mourn the loss of many innocent lives and to realize that the bonds of friendship and alliance could easily be broken by the insidious forces of betrayal and deceit." ], [ "See also", "* Yaropolk II of Kiev* Volodymyrko Volodarovych* Wiślica* Cuman raid on Poland (1101)" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ], [ "Sources", "* Długosz Jan, ''Roczniki czyli kroniki sławnego królestwa Polskiego, vol IV'' ISBN 9788301160692* Kadłubek Wincenty, ''Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae''" ], [ "External links", "* Zaczyna siê (wordpress.com)* kadlubek_kronika (wordpress.com)* Rys historyczny - Urząd Miasta i Gminy Wiślica (wislica.pl)* Muzeum Narodowe w Kielcach - Muzeum w Wiślicy (mnki.pl)* KWORUM - Polsko-Polonijna Gazeta Internetowa - www.kworum.com.pl* Odkrywamy Świętokrzyskie.", "Gród na gipsowej wyspie pod Wiślicą (wyborcza.pl)* WIŚLICA Kolegiata.", "Gmina Wiślica, powiat buski.", "| Dawne Kieleckie" ] ]

[ [ "Snoopy Presents: Welcome Home, Franklin" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Snoopy Presents: Welcome Home, Franklin''''' or simply ''''' Welcome Home, Franklin''''' is a 2024 animated television special in the ''Peanuts'' franchise, the first to center on the African-American character of Franklin Armstrong.", "The character, introduced on July 31, 1968, was the first black character in the strip.", "The special was co-written by Robb Armstrong, Craig Schulz, Bryan Schulz, and Cornelius Uliano from a story by Armstrong and Scott Montgomery, and was directed by Raymond S. Persi, with Caleb Bellavance starring in the title role.The plot revolves around Franklin, the son of a military family, moving to a new town and struggling to make friends before ultimately partnering and bonding with Charlie Brown over racing in a Soap Box Derby." ], [ "Plot", "Franklin Armstrong's family moves from town to town due to his father being in the army.", "Upon settling in a new one, Franklin decides to once again make friends, only to come across the likes of Linus, Lucy, Pigpen, and Snoopy, and becoming unnerved by their character quirks.", "He heads to the beach where he has a brief interaction with Charlie Brown and the two appear to become good friends, though Charlie Brown is called away by his mother.Later, the kids learn of a soapbox derby with the prize being a trophy and a year of free pizza.", "All the kids pick a partner, with Charlie Brown and Franklin being the last two, thus forcing the two to pick one another.", "While getting supplies, Franklin is told by Lucy that Charlie Brown is not a great partner, but he pays no mind.", "The boys quickly become good friends and share their common interests with one another.", "Franklin reveals that he wants to be an astronaut while Charlie says he wants to be a baseball player because he would get to go to different cities, something that Franklin is solemnly too familiar with.Franklin and Charlie Brown test out their soapbox, but the latter nervously toggles with the breaks.", "This causes them to crash and the two get into an argument.", "In the middle of the night, the two go back to their broken soapbox and make up, deciding to fix it to the best of their ability together.The day of the race comes and Franklin and Charlie Brown end up doing well, only for a runaway ice cream cart to come and block the road.", "Charlie Brown and Franklin knock the cart out of the way, but crash, with Lucy and Schroeder coming in first.", "Charlie Brown is upset that they lost, but Franklin explains that he wanted to win more than anything so that he can be accepted by the gang.", "Realizing what the whole point of the race was, the boys pick up their soapbox's remains and head towards the finish line with all the kids except Lucy cheering them on.", "Everyone thanks the two for their sacrifice as a reluctant Lucy invites everyone to have pizza on her after she gives her respect to Franklin.Now having been accepted as part of the gang, Franklin happily enjoys pizza with Charlie Brown and the rest of the Peanuts gang." ], [ "Cast", "* Caleb Bellavance as Franklin Armstrong* Etienne Kellici as Charlie Brown* Isabella Leo as Lucy Van Pelt* Wyatt White as Linus Van Pelt* Lexi Perri as Peppermint Patty* Hattie Kragten as Sally Brown* Arianna McDonald as Marcie* Lucien Duncan-Reid as Pig-Pen* Cash Allen-Martin as Schroeder* Terry McGurrin as Snoopy* Robert Tinkler as Woodstock* Natasha Nathan as Patty* Charlie Boyle as Violet* Will Bhaneja as Shermy* Maya Misaljevic as Frieda* Jackson Reid as Harold Angel* Jacob Mazeral as Jose Peterson" ], [ "Production", "As a permanent character of the comic strip, Franklin is also a frequent character in the animated ''Peanuts'' television specials and movies.", "Unlike most characters, however, he did not appear in animation until the 1970s with his debut being a silent role in the 1972 movie ''Snoopy, Come Home'' at Snoopy's farewell party.", "His first speaking role is in the 1973 special ''There's No Time for Love, Charlie Brown'', in which he is voiced by Todd Barbee.On May 18, 2023, Apple announced they were making two new original Peanuts specials.", "The release date and title for the special were revealed on January 11, 2024.In February 2024, a trailer for ''Snoopy Presents: Welcome Home, Franklin'', a special revolving around Franklin's introduction to Charlie Brown and his friends, was released.", "The special was released on February 16, 2024 on Apple TV+.", "Franklin's last name is again given as Armstrong.", "The character was incidentally named after Robb Armstrong, who lists Charles M. Schulz as one of his influences and heroes, saying that he started drawing sketches of Charlie Brown at age five.", "Schulz gave his Franklin the surname, Armstrong, as part of the 1994 animated television special ''You're in the Super Bowl, Charlie Brown''.A scene early in the program where Franklin's initial meeting with Charlie Brown occurs at a beach, is a callback to their similar first meeting in the comic strip.", "Another scene references a retrospectively awkward moment from the 1973 special, ''A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving'', where Franklin is sitting alone on one side of a table while other characters are together on the other side; in the new film, Franklin is invited to join the rest of the gang on the other side of the table." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* *" ] ]

[ [ "Elora Mukherjee" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Elora Mukherjee''' is an American lawyer and academic.", "She is the Jerome L. Greene Clinical Professor of Law at Columbia Law School and directs the school's Immigrants' Rights Clinic." ], [ "Career", "After law school, Mukherjee clerked for Judge Jan E. DuBois.", "She then worked on racial justice matters for the American Civil Liberties Union.", "After finishing her fellowship there, she entered private practice for three years, where she focused on police misconduct and discrimination cases.", "In 2019, Mukherjee testified before the United States Congress regarding the Trump Administration's policies at the U.S.-Mexico Border." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "List of invasions in the 21st century" ], [ "Introduction", "This is the list of military invasions that occurred or are still ongoing in the 21st century.", "So far, there have been 11 military invasions during the 21st century.", "Invasion Invading forces Defending forces'''2023 invasion of the Gaza Strip'''*Beit Hanoun*Gaza City*Jabalia*Khan Yunis Gaza Strip Hamas PIJ PFLP DFLPJaysh al-Ummah (Gaza)Part of the Israel–Hamas war – After being invaded by Hamas earlier in 2023, Israel launched a counter-invasion of the Gaza Strip to remove Hamas from political and military power.", "'''2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia''' 22px Al-Shabaab Part of the Ethiopian–Somali conflict and Somali civil war – On 20 July, the Al-Shabaab militant group launched an invasion of Ethiopia’s Somali Region from Somalia.", "The invasion was the largest attack by al-Shabaab in Ethiopian territory to date.", "'''2022 invasion of Ukraine'''*Eastern**Avdiivka**Kharkiv**Mariupol*Northern**Kyiv**Chernihiv**Sumy*Snake Island*Southern**Kherson**Mykolaiv**Enerhodar Donetsk PR Luhansk PR Support and supplies from:**45 sovereign countriesPart of the Russo-Ukrainian War – On 24 February, Russia launched a full large-scale, seven-axes military invasion of Ukraine.", "The invasion became the largest attack on a European country since World War II.", "It is estimated to have caused tens of thousands of Ukrainian civilian casualties and hundreds of thousands of military casualties.", "By June 2022, Russian troops occupied about 20% of Ukrainian territory and established military or military-civilian administrations in several regions and cities.", "'''2014 invasion of Ukraine'''*Crimea*Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War –'''2011 invasion of Somalia'''Part of the Somali civil war – '''2008 invasion of Gaza''' Gaza Strip* Hamas* Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine* Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine* Fatah* Popular Resistance CommitteesPart of the Gaza–Israel conflict – '''2008 invasion of Georgia''' Part of the Abkhazia conflict, Georgian–Ossetian conflict, and Post-Soviet conflicts – '''2008 invasion of Anjouan''' Hold '''2006 invasion of Somalia''' Islamic Courts Union ONLF Eritrea Transitional Federal GovernmentPart of the Ethiopian–Somali conflict – '''2004 invasion of Gaza''' 22px Hamas Islamic JihadPRCPart of the Second Intifada – '''2003 invasion of Iraq''' IraqPart of the war on terror and the Iraq War –" ], [ "See also", "* List of battles in the 21st century* List of coups d'état and coup attempts* List of revolutions and rebellions" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Joseph Francis Goss" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Joseph Francis Goss''' was the youngest combatant soldier in the Civil War, serving in the 31st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment.", "He joined the service in December 1862, at the age of 14 years and 8 months.", "He participated in the Siege of Atlanta, the Siege of Savannah, and Sherman's March to the Sea." ], [ "Life", "'''Early life'''Joseph Francis Goss was born in June 1848 to Michael Goss and Mary Rice in Worcester Massachusetts.", "His parents had immigrated from Dundalk, County Louth, Ireland, after marrying in 1840.His brother Edward was born in 1847 in County Louth, Ireland.Shortly after Joseph's birth, the Goss family moved West, with Joseph's family stopping in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "His grandparents and uncle continued west, with his uncle Stephen Goss stopping Texas, who later fought against his nephew Joseph Francis in the Civil War.", "His grandparents continued west and settled in Sacramento, California.His brother, Thomas, was born June 5, 1855 in Madison, Wisconsin.", "'''Civil War'''When the Civil War began, Joseph's father had enlisted at the age of 60, but was did not see the front lines due to him having no teeth, considering hardtack would be hard for him to eat.", "He was mustered into the 32nd Wisconsin Regiment, but never served any time on the battlefield.At 13 years old, he was enlisted as an “aide-de-camp”, a confidant to Colonel Reynolds, a neighbor and close friend to the Goss’.", "Joseph was put into the army after he had disrespected Colonel Reynolds, by telling him to “Go to hell”, therefore having the Colonel tell his father “Not a man nor a soldier would dare say such a thing to such a high-ranking officer.”.", "Joseph would be mustered in, the Colonel told his father.", "Joseph, at the age of 14 years and 8 months, was mustered in to the 31st Wisconsin Regiment, as a private in Company I, Unit 3084.Joseph Goss had always wanted to be in the army, and used disrespect as an avenue in, other than plainly enlisting.", "He was then transferred to the general control of George McClellan, Commander-in-chief of the North.He fought in the battles of Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain, and Chancellorsville.", "Here he was transferred under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant, who was in charge of what was known as \"War of the West\".", "General Sherman was recruiting his army at that time and Joseph was chosen as one of the soldiers to make up General Sherman's regiment on his famous \"March to the Sea\".", "He served under General Sherman until the close of the war.", "He was mustered out of service in December 1865, without any wounds.", "In 1898, the United States Congress voted him a gold medal, honorably discharged with outstanding bravery and ability.", "The medal was presented at a G.A.R meeting.", "His son sang “Just As the Sun Went Down” .He in the end was the youngest soldier to have enlisted into the army and to serve as a combatant soldier.", "'''Post Civil War'''After Joseph was mustered out of the military in December 1865, his father had started a tobacco farm, and worked well into his 90’s, and was credited for the growth of tobacco in Door County.", "Joseph became a stonecutter and was one till 1914.Joseph’s brother Edward became a priest in 1886 but was paralyzed in 1887, leaving him to be at home for the remainder of his life, which ended in 1895.His parents, Michael and Mary (Rice) Goss lived with him in a lakefront home on Kangaroo Lake.", "His brother Thomas built the home in the 1830s and was a pioneer settler of Bailey’s Harbor, Wisconsin.In 1905, Joseph’s father, Michael, died on December 10th, at the age of 106, from old age.", "His life spanned from 1799 to 1905.On December 3rd, 1918, Joseph Francis Goss died at the age of 70 years old." ], [ "References" ], [ "Sources", "Historical Data Systems, comp.", "''U.S., American Civil War Regiments, 1861-1866''.", "Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 1999" ] ]

[ [ "Dixon McMakin" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Dixon McMakin''' is an American politician serving as a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from the 68th district.", "A member of the Republican Party, McMakin represents parts of East Baton Rouge Parish and has been in office since January 8, 2024." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official House Profile* Ballotpedia entry for Dixon McMakin" ] ]

[ [ "William Howard Arnold" ], [ "Introduction", "'''William Howard Arnold''' may refer to:* William Howard Arnold (general), United States Army general* William Howard Arnold (physicist), American nuclear physicist" ], [ "See also", "* William Arnold (disambiguation)" ] ]

[ [ "2024 British Indoor Athletics Championships" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 British Indoor Athletics Championships''' were the national indoor track and field competition for British athletes, held on 17 and 18 February 2024 at Arena Birmingham.", "The competition served as a qualification event for the 2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships, to be held in Glasgow, Scotland." ], [ "Background", "The 2024 British Indoor Athletics Championships were held on 17 and 18 February 2024 at Arena Birmingham.", "In the United Kingdom, they were shown online by the BBC.", "The championships were used as a qualification event for the 2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships." ], [ "Results", "===Men=== 60 metres Jeremiah Azu 6.60 Andrew Robertson 6.68 Ojie Edoburun 6.71 200 metres Richard Akinyebo 21.28 Sagesse Nguie 21.38 Harry Taylor 21.47 400 metres Lee Thompson 46.69 Ben Higgins 46.79 Isaac Osei-Tutu 48.21 800 metres Jack Higgins 1:47.91 Guy Learmonth 1:47.91 Justin Davies 1:49.44 1500 metres Piers Copeland 3:48.43 Callum Elson 3:48.54 Adam Fogg 3:48.63 3000 metres James West 7:51.09 Charles Wheeler 7:52.19 Zak Seddon 7:53.52 3000 metres race walk Christopher Snook 11:45.68 Tom Partington 13:04.21 Luc Legon 13:05.05 60 metres hurdles Tade Ojora 7.62 David King 7.65 Daniel Goriola 7.87 High jump Tom Hewes 2.18 William Grimsey 2.18 Akin Coward 2.12 Pole vault Owen Heard 5.26 Lazarus Benjamin 5.16 Thomas Walley 5.16 Long jump Alexander Farquharson 7.46 Samuel Khogali 7.41 Sam Danson 7.40 Triple jump Archie Yeo 15.55 Seun Okome 15.36 Daniel AkinRadewo 15.19 Shot put Scott Lincoln 20.08 Patrick Swan 18.33 Andrew Knight 17.28 Para 60 Metres Kevin Santos (T47) 7.00 Zac Shaw (T12) 7.04 Zak Skinner (T13) 7.22===Women=== 60 metres Amy Hunt 7.26 Bianca Williams 7.30 Mabel Akande 7.32 200 metres 400 metres 800 metres Jemma Reekie 1:58.24 1500 metres 3000 metres 3000 metres race walk 60 metres hurdles Cindy Sember 7.98 Abigail Pawlett 8.24 Jessica Hunter 8.27 High jump Pole vault Molly Caudery 4.85 Jade Ive 4.31 Jade Spencer-Smith 4.31 Long jump Jade O'Dowda 6.19 Cleo Martin-Evans 6.18 Molly Palmer 6.18 Triple jump Shot put Para 60 Metres Olivia Breen (T38) 8.22 Madeline Down (T38) 8.24 Rebecca Scott (T47) 8.49" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Results" ] ]

[ [ "Roger William Wilder, III" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Roger William Wilder, III''' is an American politician serving as a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from the 70th district.", "A member of the Republican Party, Wilder represents parts of Livingston Parish and has been in office since January 8, 2024." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official House Profile* Ballotpedia entry for Roger Wilder III" ] ]

[ [ "Gladigondolellidae" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Gladigondolellidae''' is an extinct family of conodonts which lived in the Triassic Period.", "They ranged from near the end of the Early Triassic (late Spathian substage of the Olenekian stage) through to the early part of the Late Triassic (late Julian substage of the Carnian stage).", "At its most narrow definition, the family includes a single subfamily, Gladigondolellinae, itself including a single genus, ''Gladigondolella''." ], [ "References" ] ]