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Which position did Trygve Bratteli hold in 11/15/1978? | November 15, 1978 | {
"text": [
"member of the Parliament of Norway",
"President of the Nordic Council"
]
} | L2_Q326587_P39_6 | Trygve Bratteli holds the position of Minister of Transport and Communications from Sep, 1963 to Jan, 1964.
Trygve Bratteli holds the position of Prime Minister of Norway from Oct, 1973 to Jan, 1976.
Trygve Bratteli holds the position of Minister of Finance of Norway from Nov, 1951 to Jan, 1955.
Trygve Bratteli holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Oct, 1977 to Sep, 1981.
Trygve Bratteli holds the position of party secretary from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1945.
Trygve Bratteli holds the position of party leader from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1975.
Trygve Bratteli holds the position of President of the Nordic Council from Jan, 1978 to Dec, 1978. | Trygve BratteliBratteli was born on the island of Nøtterøy at Færder in Vestfold, Norway. His parents were Terje Hansen Bratteli (1879–1967) and Martha Barmen (1881–1937). He attended school locally, having many jobs including: work in fishing, as a coal miner and on a building site. Over a 9- to 10-month period, Bratteli travelled with whalers to Antarctica, where he worked in a guano factory at South Georgia Island. He was a student at the socialist school at Malmøya in 1933. Oscar Torp, chairman of the Norwegian Labour Party, asked him to become editor of "Folkets Frihet" in Kirkenes and later editor of "Arbeiderungdommen" which was published by the Socialist Youth League of Norway. For a period during 1940, he also served as Secretary of the Norwegian Labour Party.Following the Nazi invasion of Norway, the daily newspaper "Arbeiderbladet" was closed down during 1940 by Nazi officials. Bratteli subsequently participated in the Norwegian resistance movement. He was arrested by agents of Nazi Germany in 1942, and was a Nacht und Nebel prisoner of various German concentration camps; including Natzweiler-Struthof, from 1943 to 1945. He was liberated from Vaihingen an der Enz concentration camp on 5 April 1945, by the Swedish Red Cross White Buses along with fifteen other Norwegians who had survived.After the liberation of Norway in 1945, Bratteli was appointed as Secretary of the Labour Party. He became chairman of the Workers' Youth League, vice chairman of the party, served on the newly formed "defence commission", and in 1965; was made Chairman of the Labour Party. Bratteli was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Oslo in 1950, and was re-elected on seven occasions.He was appointed as Minister of Finance in Oscar Torp's cabinet, and from 1956-60 in the third cabinet of Einar Gerhardsen. From 1960 to 1963, during Gerhardsen's third period as Prime Minister, he was Minister of Transport and Communications. He was also acting Minister of Finance from January-February 1962. In September 1963, when Gerhardsen's fourth cabinet was formed, Bratteli was again made Minister of Transport and Communications, a post he held until 1964.The centre-right cabinet of Borten held office from 1965 to 1971, but when it collapsed, Bratteli became Prime Minister. In social policy, Bratteli's premiership saw the passage of a law in June 1972 that lowered the pension age to 67. Central to his political career was the question of Norway's membership of the European Community. Following the close rejection of membership in the 1972 referendum, his cabinet resigned. However, the successor cabinet Korvald only lasted one year, and the second cabinet Bratteli was formed following the 1973 Norwegian parliamentary election. Bratteli resigned as prime minister in January 1976 on the grounds of ill health. He was succeeded by fellow Labour member Odvar Nordli. Trygve Bratteli was married to Randi Helene Larssen (1924–2002). They had three children: two daughters, Tone and Marianne and one son, professor Ola Bratteli (1946–2015). Bratteli's memoirs of his experiences in Nazi concentration camps was published in 1980. He died in 1984 and was buried at Vestre gravlund in Oslo.Trygve Bratteli was a member of Friends of Israel within the Norwegian Labour Movement ("Venner av Israel i Norsk Arbeiderbevegelse") which planted a forest to his memory in Israel. | [
"party leader",
"party secretary",
"Minister of Transport and Communications",
"Minister of Finance of Norway",
"Prime Minister of Norway"
] |
|
Which position did Trygve Bratteli hold in 15-Nov-197815-November-1978? | November 15, 1978 | {
"text": [
"member of the Parliament of Norway",
"President of the Nordic Council"
]
} | L2_Q326587_P39_6 | Trygve Bratteli holds the position of Minister of Transport and Communications from Sep, 1963 to Jan, 1964.
Trygve Bratteli holds the position of Prime Minister of Norway from Oct, 1973 to Jan, 1976.
Trygve Bratteli holds the position of Minister of Finance of Norway from Nov, 1951 to Jan, 1955.
Trygve Bratteli holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Oct, 1977 to Sep, 1981.
Trygve Bratteli holds the position of party secretary from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1945.
Trygve Bratteli holds the position of party leader from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1975.
Trygve Bratteli holds the position of President of the Nordic Council from Jan, 1978 to Dec, 1978. | Trygve BratteliBratteli was born on the island of Nøtterøy at Færder in Vestfold, Norway. His parents were Terje Hansen Bratteli (1879–1967) and Martha Barmen (1881–1937). He attended school locally, having many jobs including: work in fishing, as a coal miner and on a building site. Over a 9- to 10-month period, Bratteli travelled with whalers to Antarctica, where he worked in a guano factory at South Georgia Island. He was a student at the socialist school at Malmøya in 1933. Oscar Torp, chairman of the Norwegian Labour Party, asked him to become editor of "Folkets Frihet" in Kirkenes and later editor of "Arbeiderungdommen" which was published by the Socialist Youth League of Norway. For a period during 1940, he also served as Secretary of the Norwegian Labour Party.Following the Nazi invasion of Norway, the daily newspaper "Arbeiderbladet" was closed down during 1940 by Nazi officials. Bratteli subsequently participated in the Norwegian resistance movement. He was arrested by agents of Nazi Germany in 1942, and was a Nacht und Nebel prisoner of various German concentration camps; including Natzweiler-Struthof, from 1943 to 1945. He was liberated from Vaihingen an der Enz concentration camp on 5 April 1945, by the Swedish Red Cross White Buses along with fifteen other Norwegians who had survived.After the liberation of Norway in 1945, Bratteli was appointed as Secretary of the Labour Party. He became chairman of the Workers' Youth League, vice chairman of the party, served on the newly formed "defence commission", and in 1965; was made Chairman of the Labour Party. Bratteli was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Oslo in 1950, and was re-elected on seven occasions.He was appointed as Minister of Finance in Oscar Torp's cabinet, and from 1956-60 in the third cabinet of Einar Gerhardsen. From 1960 to 1963, during Gerhardsen's third period as Prime Minister, he was Minister of Transport and Communications. He was also acting Minister of Finance from January-February 1962. In September 1963, when Gerhardsen's fourth cabinet was formed, Bratteli was again made Minister of Transport and Communications, a post he held until 1964.The centre-right cabinet of Borten held office from 1965 to 1971, but when it collapsed, Bratteli became Prime Minister. In social policy, Bratteli's premiership saw the passage of a law in June 1972 that lowered the pension age to 67. Central to his political career was the question of Norway's membership of the European Community. Following the close rejection of membership in the 1972 referendum, his cabinet resigned. However, the successor cabinet Korvald only lasted one year, and the second cabinet Bratteli was formed following the 1973 Norwegian parliamentary election. Bratteli resigned as prime minister in January 1976 on the grounds of ill health. He was succeeded by fellow Labour member Odvar Nordli. Trygve Bratteli was married to Randi Helene Larssen (1924–2002). They had three children: two daughters, Tone and Marianne and one son, professor Ola Bratteli (1946–2015). Bratteli's memoirs of his experiences in Nazi concentration camps was published in 1980. He died in 1984 and was buried at Vestre gravlund in Oslo.Trygve Bratteli was a member of Friends of Israel within the Norwegian Labour Movement ("Venner av Israel i Norsk Arbeiderbevegelse") which planted a forest to his memory in Israel. | [
"party leader",
"party secretary",
"Minister of Transport and Communications",
"Minister of Finance of Norway",
"Prime Minister of Norway"
] |
|
Where was Robert Fullilove educated in May, 1962? | May 30, 1962 | {
"text": [
"Colgate University"
]
} | L2_Q96181552_P69_0 | Robert Fullilove attended Teachers College from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1984.
Robert Fullilove attended Colgate University from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1966.
Robert Fullilove attended Syracuse University from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1972. | Robert FulliloveRobert Elliot Fullilove (born January 25, 1944) is an American public health researcher and civil rights activist. He is a Professor of Sociomedical Sciences at the Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Associate Dean of Community and Minority Affairs. He has worked on the health of people from ethnic minority backgrounds, with a focus on sexually transmitted infections and HIV.Fullilove was born to Robert Fullilove, a physician, and Helen Fullilove. Fullilove's grandfather was from Yazoo City, Mississippi, and was one of the first Black physicians in the area.Fullilove attended the Pingry School. In 1966, he earned a B.A. in philosophy and religion from Colgate University. In 1972, Fullilove earned a M.S. in instructional technology from Syracuse University. In 1984, Fullilove earned Ed.D. in higher and adult education and statistics from the Teachers College, Columbia University, where he studied the educational opportunities of students in New Jersey.While in college, Fullilove was part of voter registration efforts in Mississippi as part of the Mississippi Freedom Summer.In 1969 Fullilove joined the faculty State University of New York cooperative college centre, before moving to the University of California, Berkeley as a research associate. Fullilove started working on HIV/AIDS prevention in the 1980s, when 1 in 5 of Americans living with HIV were African American. As the HIV spread around the United States, Nixon's creation of the Drug Enforcement Administration meant that people of colour were disproportionately being locked up in prison. Fullilove has argued that drug abuse is first and foremost a public health challenge, and should not be treated as a criminal justice issue. By locking up people who were most likely to suffer from HIV, the spread of HIV/AIDS accelerated both in prisons and in the communities that prisoners returned to. Fullilove has argued that society, and particularly mass incarceration, allowed HIV/AIDS to disproportionally impact people from minority backgrounds.In 1995 he joined the National Academy of Medicine (then Institute of Medicine) on the Board of the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention committee. He has served on various committees for the National Academy of Medicine, including those which focus on substance abuse and addition. He joined Columbia University in 1990 and was promoted to Professor of Sociomedical Sciences in 2004. From 2010 he started to teach public health in several New York State prisons through the Bard College Prison Initiative. Whilst the programme started with only 15 students, by 2015 there were almost 300 registered each year. He has continued to suppor the programme throughout his career, eventually being made a senior advisor. Looking back on a decade of the initiative, Fullilove said "the success of this program in creating college graduates committed to pursuing careers in public health cannot be underestimated". During the COVID-19 pandemic, Fullilove became concerned that coronavirus disease would easily be transmitted around prisons and homeless shelters.Fullilove married Mindy Thompson Fullilove, a clinical psychiatrist at The New School, in 1983. They divorced in 2009. | [
"Syracuse University",
"Teachers College"
] |
|
Where was Robert Fullilove educated in 1962-05-30? | May 30, 1962 | {
"text": [
"Colgate University"
]
} | L2_Q96181552_P69_0 | Robert Fullilove attended Teachers College from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1984.
Robert Fullilove attended Colgate University from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1966.
Robert Fullilove attended Syracuse University from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1972. | Robert FulliloveRobert Elliot Fullilove (born January 25, 1944) is an American public health researcher and civil rights activist. He is a Professor of Sociomedical Sciences at the Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Associate Dean of Community and Minority Affairs. He has worked on the health of people from ethnic minority backgrounds, with a focus on sexually transmitted infections and HIV.Fullilove was born to Robert Fullilove, a physician, and Helen Fullilove. Fullilove's grandfather was from Yazoo City, Mississippi, and was one of the first Black physicians in the area.Fullilove attended the Pingry School. In 1966, he earned a B.A. in philosophy and religion from Colgate University. In 1972, Fullilove earned a M.S. in instructional technology from Syracuse University. In 1984, Fullilove earned Ed.D. in higher and adult education and statistics from the Teachers College, Columbia University, where he studied the educational opportunities of students in New Jersey.While in college, Fullilove was part of voter registration efforts in Mississippi as part of the Mississippi Freedom Summer.In 1969 Fullilove joined the faculty State University of New York cooperative college centre, before moving to the University of California, Berkeley as a research associate. Fullilove started working on HIV/AIDS prevention in the 1980s, when 1 in 5 of Americans living with HIV were African American. As the HIV spread around the United States, Nixon's creation of the Drug Enforcement Administration meant that people of colour were disproportionately being locked up in prison. Fullilove has argued that drug abuse is first and foremost a public health challenge, and should not be treated as a criminal justice issue. By locking up people who were most likely to suffer from HIV, the spread of HIV/AIDS accelerated both in prisons and in the communities that prisoners returned to. Fullilove has argued that society, and particularly mass incarceration, allowed HIV/AIDS to disproportionally impact people from minority backgrounds.In 1995 he joined the National Academy of Medicine (then Institute of Medicine) on the Board of the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention committee. He has served on various committees for the National Academy of Medicine, including those which focus on substance abuse and addition. He joined Columbia University in 1990 and was promoted to Professor of Sociomedical Sciences in 2004. From 2010 he started to teach public health in several New York State prisons through the Bard College Prison Initiative. Whilst the programme started with only 15 students, by 2015 there were almost 300 registered each year. He has continued to suppor the programme throughout his career, eventually being made a senior advisor. Looking back on a decade of the initiative, Fullilove said "the success of this program in creating college graduates committed to pursuing careers in public health cannot be underestimated". During the COVID-19 pandemic, Fullilove became concerned that coronavirus disease would easily be transmitted around prisons and homeless shelters.Fullilove married Mindy Thompson Fullilove, a clinical psychiatrist at The New School, in 1983. They divorced in 2009. | [
"Syracuse University",
"Teachers College"
] |
|
Where was Robert Fullilove educated in 30/05/1962? | May 30, 1962 | {
"text": [
"Colgate University"
]
} | L2_Q96181552_P69_0 | Robert Fullilove attended Teachers College from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1984.
Robert Fullilove attended Colgate University from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1966.
Robert Fullilove attended Syracuse University from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1972. | Robert FulliloveRobert Elliot Fullilove (born January 25, 1944) is an American public health researcher and civil rights activist. He is a Professor of Sociomedical Sciences at the Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Associate Dean of Community and Minority Affairs. He has worked on the health of people from ethnic minority backgrounds, with a focus on sexually transmitted infections and HIV.Fullilove was born to Robert Fullilove, a physician, and Helen Fullilove. Fullilove's grandfather was from Yazoo City, Mississippi, and was one of the first Black physicians in the area.Fullilove attended the Pingry School. In 1966, he earned a B.A. in philosophy and religion from Colgate University. In 1972, Fullilove earned a M.S. in instructional technology from Syracuse University. In 1984, Fullilove earned Ed.D. in higher and adult education and statistics from the Teachers College, Columbia University, where he studied the educational opportunities of students in New Jersey.While in college, Fullilove was part of voter registration efforts in Mississippi as part of the Mississippi Freedom Summer.In 1969 Fullilove joined the faculty State University of New York cooperative college centre, before moving to the University of California, Berkeley as a research associate. Fullilove started working on HIV/AIDS prevention in the 1980s, when 1 in 5 of Americans living with HIV were African American. As the HIV spread around the United States, Nixon's creation of the Drug Enforcement Administration meant that people of colour were disproportionately being locked up in prison. Fullilove has argued that drug abuse is first and foremost a public health challenge, and should not be treated as a criminal justice issue. By locking up people who were most likely to suffer from HIV, the spread of HIV/AIDS accelerated both in prisons and in the communities that prisoners returned to. Fullilove has argued that society, and particularly mass incarceration, allowed HIV/AIDS to disproportionally impact people from minority backgrounds.In 1995 he joined the National Academy of Medicine (then Institute of Medicine) on the Board of the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention committee. He has served on various committees for the National Academy of Medicine, including those which focus on substance abuse and addition. He joined Columbia University in 1990 and was promoted to Professor of Sociomedical Sciences in 2004. From 2010 he started to teach public health in several New York State prisons through the Bard College Prison Initiative. Whilst the programme started with only 15 students, by 2015 there were almost 300 registered each year. He has continued to suppor the programme throughout his career, eventually being made a senior advisor. Looking back on a decade of the initiative, Fullilove said "the success of this program in creating college graduates committed to pursuing careers in public health cannot be underestimated". During the COVID-19 pandemic, Fullilove became concerned that coronavirus disease would easily be transmitted around prisons and homeless shelters.Fullilove married Mindy Thompson Fullilove, a clinical psychiatrist at The New School, in 1983. They divorced in 2009. | [
"Syracuse University",
"Teachers College"
] |
|
Where was Robert Fullilove educated in May 30, 1962? | May 30, 1962 | {
"text": [
"Colgate University"
]
} | L2_Q96181552_P69_0 | Robert Fullilove attended Teachers College from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1984.
Robert Fullilove attended Colgate University from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1966.
Robert Fullilove attended Syracuse University from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1972. | Robert FulliloveRobert Elliot Fullilove (born January 25, 1944) is an American public health researcher and civil rights activist. He is a Professor of Sociomedical Sciences at the Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Associate Dean of Community and Minority Affairs. He has worked on the health of people from ethnic minority backgrounds, with a focus on sexually transmitted infections and HIV.Fullilove was born to Robert Fullilove, a physician, and Helen Fullilove. Fullilove's grandfather was from Yazoo City, Mississippi, and was one of the first Black physicians in the area.Fullilove attended the Pingry School. In 1966, he earned a B.A. in philosophy and religion from Colgate University. In 1972, Fullilove earned a M.S. in instructional technology from Syracuse University. In 1984, Fullilove earned Ed.D. in higher and adult education and statistics from the Teachers College, Columbia University, where he studied the educational opportunities of students in New Jersey.While in college, Fullilove was part of voter registration efforts in Mississippi as part of the Mississippi Freedom Summer.In 1969 Fullilove joined the faculty State University of New York cooperative college centre, before moving to the University of California, Berkeley as a research associate. Fullilove started working on HIV/AIDS prevention in the 1980s, when 1 in 5 of Americans living with HIV were African American. As the HIV spread around the United States, Nixon's creation of the Drug Enforcement Administration meant that people of colour were disproportionately being locked up in prison. Fullilove has argued that drug abuse is first and foremost a public health challenge, and should not be treated as a criminal justice issue. By locking up people who were most likely to suffer from HIV, the spread of HIV/AIDS accelerated both in prisons and in the communities that prisoners returned to. Fullilove has argued that society, and particularly mass incarceration, allowed HIV/AIDS to disproportionally impact people from minority backgrounds.In 1995 he joined the National Academy of Medicine (then Institute of Medicine) on the Board of the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention committee. He has served on various committees for the National Academy of Medicine, including those which focus on substance abuse and addition. He joined Columbia University in 1990 and was promoted to Professor of Sociomedical Sciences in 2004. From 2010 he started to teach public health in several New York State prisons through the Bard College Prison Initiative. Whilst the programme started with only 15 students, by 2015 there were almost 300 registered each year. He has continued to suppor the programme throughout his career, eventually being made a senior advisor. Looking back on a decade of the initiative, Fullilove said "the success of this program in creating college graduates committed to pursuing careers in public health cannot be underestimated". During the COVID-19 pandemic, Fullilove became concerned that coronavirus disease would easily be transmitted around prisons and homeless shelters.Fullilove married Mindy Thompson Fullilove, a clinical psychiatrist at The New School, in 1983. They divorced in 2009. | [
"Syracuse University",
"Teachers College"
] |
|
Where was Robert Fullilove educated in 05/30/1962? | May 30, 1962 | {
"text": [
"Colgate University"
]
} | L2_Q96181552_P69_0 | Robert Fullilove attended Teachers College from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1984.
Robert Fullilove attended Colgate University from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1966.
Robert Fullilove attended Syracuse University from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1972. | Robert FulliloveRobert Elliot Fullilove (born January 25, 1944) is an American public health researcher and civil rights activist. He is a Professor of Sociomedical Sciences at the Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Associate Dean of Community and Minority Affairs. He has worked on the health of people from ethnic minority backgrounds, with a focus on sexually transmitted infections and HIV.Fullilove was born to Robert Fullilove, a physician, and Helen Fullilove. Fullilove's grandfather was from Yazoo City, Mississippi, and was one of the first Black physicians in the area.Fullilove attended the Pingry School. In 1966, he earned a B.A. in philosophy and religion from Colgate University. In 1972, Fullilove earned a M.S. in instructional technology from Syracuse University. In 1984, Fullilove earned Ed.D. in higher and adult education and statistics from the Teachers College, Columbia University, where he studied the educational opportunities of students in New Jersey.While in college, Fullilove was part of voter registration efforts in Mississippi as part of the Mississippi Freedom Summer.In 1969 Fullilove joined the faculty State University of New York cooperative college centre, before moving to the University of California, Berkeley as a research associate. Fullilove started working on HIV/AIDS prevention in the 1980s, when 1 in 5 of Americans living with HIV were African American. As the HIV spread around the United States, Nixon's creation of the Drug Enforcement Administration meant that people of colour were disproportionately being locked up in prison. Fullilove has argued that drug abuse is first and foremost a public health challenge, and should not be treated as a criminal justice issue. By locking up people who were most likely to suffer from HIV, the spread of HIV/AIDS accelerated both in prisons and in the communities that prisoners returned to. Fullilove has argued that society, and particularly mass incarceration, allowed HIV/AIDS to disproportionally impact people from minority backgrounds.In 1995 he joined the National Academy of Medicine (then Institute of Medicine) on the Board of the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention committee. He has served on various committees for the National Academy of Medicine, including those which focus on substance abuse and addition. He joined Columbia University in 1990 and was promoted to Professor of Sociomedical Sciences in 2004. From 2010 he started to teach public health in several New York State prisons through the Bard College Prison Initiative. Whilst the programme started with only 15 students, by 2015 there were almost 300 registered each year. He has continued to suppor the programme throughout his career, eventually being made a senior advisor. Looking back on a decade of the initiative, Fullilove said "the success of this program in creating college graduates committed to pursuing careers in public health cannot be underestimated". During the COVID-19 pandemic, Fullilove became concerned that coronavirus disease would easily be transmitted around prisons and homeless shelters.Fullilove married Mindy Thompson Fullilove, a clinical psychiatrist at The New School, in 1983. They divorced in 2009. | [
"Syracuse University",
"Teachers College"
] |
|
Where was Robert Fullilove educated in 30-May-196230-May-1962? | May 30, 1962 | {
"text": [
"Colgate University"
]
} | L2_Q96181552_P69_0 | Robert Fullilove attended Teachers College from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1984.
Robert Fullilove attended Colgate University from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1966.
Robert Fullilove attended Syracuse University from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1972. | Robert FulliloveRobert Elliot Fullilove (born January 25, 1944) is an American public health researcher and civil rights activist. He is a Professor of Sociomedical Sciences at the Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Associate Dean of Community and Minority Affairs. He has worked on the health of people from ethnic minority backgrounds, with a focus on sexually transmitted infections and HIV.Fullilove was born to Robert Fullilove, a physician, and Helen Fullilove. Fullilove's grandfather was from Yazoo City, Mississippi, and was one of the first Black physicians in the area.Fullilove attended the Pingry School. In 1966, he earned a B.A. in philosophy and religion from Colgate University. In 1972, Fullilove earned a M.S. in instructional technology from Syracuse University. In 1984, Fullilove earned Ed.D. in higher and adult education and statistics from the Teachers College, Columbia University, where he studied the educational opportunities of students in New Jersey.While in college, Fullilove was part of voter registration efforts in Mississippi as part of the Mississippi Freedom Summer.In 1969 Fullilove joined the faculty State University of New York cooperative college centre, before moving to the University of California, Berkeley as a research associate. Fullilove started working on HIV/AIDS prevention in the 1980s, when 1 in 5 of Americans living with HIV were African American. As the HIV spread around the United States, Nixon's creation of the Drug Enforcement Administration meant that people of colour were disproportionately being locked up in prison. Fullilove has argued that drug abuse is first and foremost a public health challenge, and should not be treated as a criminal justice issue. By locking up people who were most likely to suffer from HIV, the spread of HIV/AIDS accelerated both in prisons and in the communities that prisoners returned to. Fullilove has argued that society, and particularly mass incarceration, allowed HIV/AIDS to disproportionally impact people from minority backgrounds.In 1995 he joined the National Academy of Medicine (then Institute of Medicine) on the Board of the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention committee. He has served on various committees for the National Academy of Medicine, including those which focus on substance abuse and addition. He joined Columbia University in 1990 and was promoted to Professor of Sociomedical Sciences in 2004. From 2010 he started to teach public health in several New York State prisons through the Bard College Prison Initiative. Whilst the programme started with only 15 students, by 2015 there were almost 300 registered each year. He has continued to suppor the programme throughout his career, eventually being made a senior advisor. Looking back on a decade of the initiative, Fullilove said "the success of this program in creating college graduates committed to pursuing careers in public health cannot be underestimated". During the COVID-19 pandemic, Fullilove became concerned that coronavirus disease would easily be transmitted around prisons and homeless shelters.Fullilove married Mindy Thompson Fullilove, a clinical psychiatrist at The New School, in 1983. They divorced in 2009. | [
"Syracuse University",
"Teachers College"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Security Service of Ukraine in Apr, 2012? | April 04, 2012 | {
"text": [
"Igor Kalinin"
]
} | L2_Q615811_P488_10 | Oleksandr Yakymenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jan, 2013 to Feb, 2014.
Wałerij Malikow is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1995.
Yevhen Marchuk is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Nov, 1991 to Jul, 1994.
Ihor Smeshko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2003 to Feb, 2005.
Volodymyr Radchenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1995 to Apr, 1998.
Leonid Derkach is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Apr, 1998 to Feb, 2001.
Igor Kalinin is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Oleksandr Turchynov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2005 to Sep, 2005.
Nikolai Golushko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 1991 to Nov, 1991.
Vasyl Hrytsak is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 2015 to Jun, 2019.
Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Mar, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Ivan Bakanov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Aug, 2019 to Jul, 2022.
Ihor Drizhchany is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2005 to Dec, 2006.
Valentyn Nalyvaichenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Dec, 2006 to Mar, 2010. | Security Service of UkraineThe Security Service of Ukraine (; "Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny") or SBU is Ukraine's law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism.The Security Service of Ukraine is vested, within its competence defined by law, with the protection of national sovereignty, constitutional order, territorial integrity, economical, scientific, technical, and defense potential of Ukraine, legal interests of the state, and civil rights, from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations, groups and individuals, as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets.Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind, terrorism, corruption, and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy, as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraine's vital interests.The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor (KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials. Both of them became independent institutions. However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province. According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000. It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together.On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic founded its Security Services.In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service. This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana (the secret police force of the Russian Empire). After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in December 1918, the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State. Therefore, the new secret services founded in January 1919 (with two divisions - domestic and foreign) had to start practically from scratch. It never became as well lead, nor successful, as the security services of the Ukrainian State. The security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the other hand were well-organized. The West Ukrainian People's Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army (it also served as military police). There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic security services.In 1924 former (April–July 1919) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian People's Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian People's Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3, 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin's orders. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30, 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. To support the Soviet government in Ukraine, in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, and Martin Latsis. In its early years the security agency fought against the "kulak-nationalistic banditry" (peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms). On August 19, 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution. On December 10, 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved, becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine.The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel. Many of whom came from the KGB's 5th directorate. It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine. The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia. (Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994.)Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, served as an SBU chief until 2005.According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called "prykhvatizatsiya") ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s. Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Mel'nychenko, the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard team. Mel'nychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal (2000)—one of the main events in Ukraine's post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Mel'nychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, e.g., of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich. However, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Mel'nychenko himself has never been an SBU agent.Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case, the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself.In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests, contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening "militsiya" with armed involvement of SBU's special forces units. This story was first described by the American journalist C.J. Chivers of "The New York Times" and has never been supported with documents or legally.The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones.An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case. The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure. The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU, forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize. Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nico Lange, was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the "German Chancellery" vouched for him. The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding. Khoroshkovskiy, as the Chairman of the SBU, eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant "Inter", officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy, in the face of "TVi" and "Channel 5". In July 2010, Konrad Schuller of the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo. The most important source of Khoroshkovskiy's came from RosUkrEnergo. The President's spokesperson, Hanna Herman, in an interview with this newspaper, did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions, with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman. Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo. However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter. Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo, arresting their main opponents (see RosUkrEnergo) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign. Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews:When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18, 2012, Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day. Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A. Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV. 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky, however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine.Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010 it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine, citing his comment "May thunder strike Yanukovych!"; he was released after a short discussion. However, SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation. Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.On May 22, 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009.A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011.In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest. According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed.After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty, saying "the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea. There were no operative files, no weapons. Institutionally, the place was totally destroyed". Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies. Indeed, Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later. Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine. At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents, including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin, and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched; also all regional directors had been changed, as well as half of their deputies. In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents. The danger is no longer widespread”. The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine, many of them in their early twenties. To test loyalty, all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests.In June 2015, the "Kyiv Post" reported that a deputy chief of the SBU, Vitaly Malikov, had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea. According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security, after Russia's annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea. According to the SBU itself (in November 2017) 13% did so.On December 21, 2017, two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia, one of them being an SBU employee while the other, Stanislav Yezhov, worked for various cabinet ministers.In late 2018, the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.On July 8, 2019, the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh, who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a 'person of interest' when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17. The SBU mentioned that he's a witness to the incident.On April 14, 2020, the SBU announced the arrest of Lt. General Valeriy Shaytanov, who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov. He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine. He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev, a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression."Department of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs""Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs"According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings, sexual violence, and torture.In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture.In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with "freedom of opinion and expression" in Ukraine which facing "mounting challenges". According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists, bloggers, and media activists. | [
"Yevhen Marchuk",
"Oleksandr Turchynov",
"Volodymyr Radchenko",
"Nikolai Golushko",
"Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi",
"Ihor Smeshko",
"Valentyn Nalyvaichenko",
"Vasyl Hrytsak",
"Ihor Drizhchany",
"Wałerij Malikow",
"Ivan Bakanov",
"Leonid Derkach",
"Oleksandr Yakymenko"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Security Service of Ukraine in 2012-04-04? | April 04, 2012 | {
"text": [
"Igor Kalinin"
]
} | L2_Q615811_P488_10 | Oleksandr Yakymenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jan, 2013 to Feb, 2014.
Wałerij Malikow is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1995.
Yevhen Marchuk is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Nov, 1991 to Jul, 1994.
Ihor Smeshko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2003 to Feb, 2005.
Volodymyr Radchenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1995 to Apr, 1998.
Leonid Derkach is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Apr, 1998 to Feb, 2001.
Igor Kalinin is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Oleksandr Turchynov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2005 to Sep, 2005.
Nikolai Golushko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 1991 to Nov, 1991.
Vasyl Hrytsak is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 2015 to Jun, 2019.
Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Mar, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Ivan Bakanov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Aug, 2019 to Jul, 2022.
Ihor Drizhchany is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2005 to Dec, 2006.
Valentyn Nalyvaichenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Dec, 2006 to Mar, 2010. | Security Service of UkraineThe Security Service of Ukraine (; "Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny") or SBU is Ukraine's law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism.The Security Service of Ukraine is vested, within its competence defined by law, with the protection of national sovereignty, constitutional order, territorial integrity, economical, scientific, technical, and defense potential of Ukraine, legal interests of the state, and civil rights, from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations, groups and individuals, as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets.Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind, terrorism, corruption, and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy, as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraine's vital interests.The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor (KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials. Both of them became independent institutions. However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province. According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000. It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together.On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic founded its Security Services.In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service. This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana (the secret police force of the Russian Empire). After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in December 1918, the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State. Therefore, the new secret services founded in January 1919 (with two divisions - domestic and foreign) had to start practically from scratch. It never became as well lead, nor successful, as the security services of the Ukrainian State. The security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the other hand were well-organized. The West Ukrainian People's Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army (it also served as military police). There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic security services.In 1924 former (April–July 1919) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian People's Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian People's Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3, 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin's orders. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30, 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. To support the Soviet government in Ukraine, in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, and Martin Latsis. In its early years the security agency fought against the "kulak-nationalistic banditry" (peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms). On August 19, 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution. On December 10, 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved, becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine.The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel. Many of whom came from the KGB's 5th directorate. It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine. The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia. (Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994.)Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, served as an SBU chief until 2005.According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called "prykhvatizatsiya") ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s. Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Mel'nychenko, the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard team. Mel'nychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal (2000)—one of the main events in Ukraine's post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Mel'nychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, e.g., of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich. However, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Mel'nychenko himself has never been an SBU agent.Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case, the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself.In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests, contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening "militsiya" with armed involvement of SBU's special forces units. This story was first described by the American journalist C.J. Chivers of "The New York Times" and has never been supported with documents or legally.The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones.An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case. The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure. The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU, forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize. Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nico Lange, was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the "German Chancellery" vouched for him. The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding. Khoroshkovskiy, as the Chairman of the SBU, eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant "Inter", officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy, in the face of "TVi" and "Channel 5". In July 2010, Konrad Schuller of the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo. The most important source of Khoroshkovskiy's came from RosUkrEnergo. The President's spokesperson, Hanna Herman, in an interview with this newspaper, did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions, with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman. Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo. However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter. Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo, arresting their main opponents (see RosUkrEnergo) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign. Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews:When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18, 2012, Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day. Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A. Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV. 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky, however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine.Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010 it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine, citing his comment "May thunder strike Yanukovych!"; he was released after a short discussion. However, SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation. Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.On May 22, 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009.A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011.In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest. According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed.After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty, saying "the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea. There were no operative files, no weapons. Institutionally, the place was totally destroyed". Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies. Indeed, Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later. Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine. At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents, including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin, and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched; also all regional directors had been changed, as well as half of their deputies. In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents. The danger is no longer widespread”. The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine, many of them in their early twenties. To test loyalty, all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests.In June 2015, the "Kyiv Post" reported that a deputy chief of the SBU, Vitaly Malikov, had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea. According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security, after Russia's annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea. According to the SBU itself (in November 2017) 13% did so.On December 21, 2017, two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia, one of them being an SBU employee while the other, Stanislav Yezhov, worked for various cabinet ministers.In late 2018, the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.On July 8, 2019, the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh, who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a 'person of interest' when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17. The SBU mentioned that he's a witness to the incident.On April 14, 2020, the SBU announced the arrest of Lt. General Valeriy Shaytanov, who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov. He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine. He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev, a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression."Department of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs""Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs"According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings, sexual violence, and torture.In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture.In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with "freedom of opinion and expression" in Ukraine which facing "mounting challenges". According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists, bloggers, and media activists. | [
"Yevhen Marchuk",
"Oleksandr Turchynov",
"Volodymyr Radchenko",
"Nikolai Golushko",
"Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi",
"Ihor Smeshko",
"Valentyn Nalyvaichenko",
"Vasyl Hrytsak",
"Ihor Drizhchany",
"Wałerij Malikow",
"Ivan Bakanov",
"Leonid Derkach",
"Oleksandr Yakymenko"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Security Service of Ukraine in 04/04/2012? | April 04, 2012 | {
"text": [
"Igor Kalinin"
]
} | L2_Q615811_P488_10 | Oleksandr Yakymenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jan, 2013 to Feb, 2014.
Wałerij Malikow is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1995.
Yevhen Marchuk is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Nov, 1991 to Jul, 1994.
Ihor Smeshko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2003 to Feb, 2005.
Volodymyr Radchenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1995 to Apr, 1998.
Leonid Derkach is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Apr, 1998 to Feb, 2001.
Igor Kalinin is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Oleksandr Turchynov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2005 to Sep, 2005.
Nikolai Golushko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 1991 to Nov, 1991.
Vasyl Hrytsak is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 2015 to Jun, 2019.
Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Mar, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Ivan Bakanov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Aug, 2019 to Jul, 2022.
Ihor Drizhchany is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2005 to Dec, 2006.
Valentyn Nalyvaichenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Dec, 2006 to Mar, 2010. | Security Service of UkraineThe Security Service of Ukraine (; "Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny") or SBU is Ukraine's law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism.The Security Service of Ukraine is vested, within its competence defined by law, with the protection of national sovereignty, constitutional order, territorial integrity, economical, scientific, technical, and defense potential of Ukraine, legal interests of the state, and civil rights, from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations, groups and individuals, as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets.Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind, terrorism, corruption, and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy, as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraine's vital interests.The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor (KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials. Both of them became independent institutions. However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province. According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000. It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together.On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic founded its Security Services.In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service. This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana (the secret police force of the Russian Empire). After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in December 1918, the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State. Therefore, the new secret services founded in January 1919 (with two divisions - domestic and foreign) had to start practically from scratch. It never became as well lead, nor successful, as the security services of the Ukrainian State. The security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the other hand were well-organized. The West Ukrainian People's Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army (it also served as military police). There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic security services.In 1924 former (April–July 1919) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian People's Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian People's Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3, 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin's orders. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30, 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. To support the Soviet government in Ukraine, in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, and Martin Latsis. In its early years the security agency fought against the "kulak-nationalistic banditry" (peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms). On August 19, 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution. On December 10, 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved, becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine.The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel. Many of whom came from the KGB's 5th directorate. It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine. The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia. (Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994.)Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, served as an SBU chief until 2005.According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called "prykhvatizatsiya") ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s. Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Mel'nychenko, the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard team. Mel'nychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal (2000)—one of the main events in Ukraine's post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Mel'nychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, e.g., of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich. However, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Mel'nychenko himself has never been an SBU agent.Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case, the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself.In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests, contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening "militsiya" with armed involvement of SBU's special forces units. This story was first described by the American journalist C.J. Chivers of "The New York Times" and has never been supported with documents or legally.The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones.An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case. The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure. The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU, forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize. Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nico Lange, was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the "German Chancellery" vouched for him. The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding. Khoroshkovskiy, as the Chairman of the SBU, eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant "Inter", officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy, in the face of "TVi" and "Channel 5". In July 2010, Konrad Schuller of the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo. The most important source of Khoroshkovskiy's came from RosUkrEnergo. The President's spokesperson, Hanna Herman, in an interview with this newspaper, did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions, with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman. Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo. However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter. Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo, arresting their main opponents (see RosUkrEnergo) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign. Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews:When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18, 2012, Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day. Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A. Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV. 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky, however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine.Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010 it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine, citing his comment "May thunder strike Yanukovych!"; he was released after a short discussion. However, SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation. Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.On May 22, 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009.A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011.In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest. According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed.After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty, saying "the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea. There were no operative files, no weapons. Institutionally, the place was totally destroyed". Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies. Indeed, Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later. Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine. At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents, including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin, and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched; also all regional directors had been changed, as well as half of their deputies. In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents. The danger is no longer widespread”. The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine, many of them in their early twenties. To test loyalty, all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests.In June 2015, the "Kyiv Post" reported that a deputy chief of the SBU, Vitaly Malikov, had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea. According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security, after Russia's annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea. According to the SBU itself (in November 2017) 13% did so.On December 21, 2017, two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia, one of them being an SBU employee while the other, Stanislav Yezhov, worked for various cabinet ministers.In late 2018, the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.On July 8, 2019, the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh, who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a 'person of interest' when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17. The SBU mentioned that he's a witness to the incident.On April 14, 2020, the SBU announced the arrest of Lt. General Valeriy Shaytanov, who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov. He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine. He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev, a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression."Department of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs""Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs"According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings, sexual violence, and torture.In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture.In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with "freedom of opinion and expression" in Ukraine which facing "mounting challenges". According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists, bloggers, and media activists. | [
"Yevhen Marchuk",
"Oleksandr Turchynov",
"Volodymyr Radchenko",
"Nikolai Golushko",
"Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi",
"Ihor Smeshko",
"Valentyn Nalyvaichenko",
"Vasyl Hrytsak",
"Ihor Drizhchany",
"Wałerij Malikow",
"Ivan Bakanov",
"Leonid Derkach",
"Oleksandr Yakymenko"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Security Service of Ukraine in Apr 04, 2012? | April 04, 2012 | {
"text": [
"Igor Kalinin"
]
} | L2_Q615811_P488_10 | Oleksandr Yakymenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jan, 2013 to Feb, 2014.
Wałerij Malikow is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1995.
Yevhen Marchuk is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Nov, 1991 to Jul, 1994.
Ihor Smeshko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2003 to Feb, 2005.
Volodymyr Radchenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1995 to Apr, 1998.
Leonid Derkach is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Apr, 1998 to Feb, 2001.
Igor Kalinin is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Oleksandr Turchynov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2005 to Sep, 2005.
Nikolai Golushko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 1991 to Nov, 1991.
Vasyl Hrytsak is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 2015 to Jun, 2019.
Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Mar, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Ivan Bakanov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Aug, 2019 to Jul, 2022.
Ihor Drizhchany is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2005 to Dec, 2006.
Valentyn Nalyvaichenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Dec, 2006 to Mar, 2010. | Security Service of UkraineThe Security Service of Ukraine (; "Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny") or SBU is Ukraine's law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism.The Security Service of Ukraine is vested, within its competence defined by law, with the protection of national sovereignty, constitutional order, territorial integrity, economical, scientific, technical, and defense potential of Ukraine, legal interests of the state, and civil rights, from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations, groups and individuals, as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets.Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind, terrorism, corruption, and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy, as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraine's vital interests.The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor (KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials. Both of them became independent institutions. However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province. According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000. It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together.On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic founded its Security Services.In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service. This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana (the secret police force of the Russian Empire). After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in December 1918, the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State. Therefore, the new secret services founded in January 1919 (with two divisions - domestic and foreign) had to start practically from scratch. It never became as well lead, nor successful, as the security services of the Ukrainian State. The security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the other hand were well-organized. The West Ukrainian People's Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army (it also served as military police). There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic security services.In 1924 former (April–July 1919) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian People's Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian People's Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3, 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin's orders. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30, 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. To support the Soviet government in Ukraine, in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, and Martin Latsis. In its early years the security agency fought against the "kulak-nationalistic banditry" (peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms). On August 19, 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution. On December 10, 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved, becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine.The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel. Many of whom came from the KGB's 5th directorate. It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine. The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia. (Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994.)Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, served as an SBU chief until 2005.According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called "prykhvatizatsiya") ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s. Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Mel'nychenko, the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard team. Mel'nychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal (2000)—one of the main events in Ukraine's post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Mel'nychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, e.g., of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich. However, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Mel'nychenko himself has never been an SBU agent.Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case, the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself.In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests, contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening "militsiya" with armed involvement of SBU's special forces units. This story was first described by the American journalist C.J. Chivers of "The New York Times" and has never been supported with documents or legally.The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones.An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case. The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure. The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU, forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize. Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nico Lange, was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the "German Chancellery" vouched for him. The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding. Khoroshkovskiy, as the Chairman of the SBU, eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant "Inter", officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy, in the face of "TVi" and "Channel 5". In July 2010, Konrad Schuller of the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo. The most important source of Khoroshkovskiy's came from RosUkrEnergo. The President's spokesperson, Hanna Herman, in an interview with this newspaper, did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions, with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman. Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo. However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter. Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo, arresting their main opponents (see RosUkrEnergo) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign. Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews:When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18, 2012, Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day. Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A. Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV. 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky, however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine.Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010 it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine, citing his comment "May thunder strike Yanukovych!"; he was released after a short discussion. However, SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation. Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.On May 22, 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009.A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011.In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest. According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed.After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty, saying "the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea. There were no operative files, no weapons. Institutionally, the place was totally destroyed". Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies. Indeed, Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later. Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine. At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents, including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin, and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched; also all regional directors had been changed, as well as half of their deputies. In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents. The danger is no longer widespread”. The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine, many of them in their early twenties. To test loyalty, all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests.In June 2015, the "Kyiv Post" reported that a deputy chief of the SBU, Vitaly Malikov, had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea. According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security, after Russia's annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea. According to the SBU itself (in November 2017) 13% did so.On December 21, 2017, two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia, one of them being an SBU employee while the other, Stanislav Yezhov, worked for various cabinet ministers.In late 2018, the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.On July 8, 2019, the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh, who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a 'person of interest' when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17. The SBU mentioned that he's a witness to the incident.On April 14, 2020, the SBU announced the arrest of Lt. General Valeriy Shaytanov, who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov. He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine. He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev, a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression."Department of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs""Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs"According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings, sexual violence, and torture.In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture.In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with "freedom of opinion and expression" in Ukraine which facing "mounting challenges". According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists, bloggers, and media activists. | [
"Yevhen Marchuk",
"Oleksandr Turchynov",
"Volodymyr Radchenko",
"Nikolai Golushko",
"Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi",
"Ihor Smeshko",
"Valentyn Nalyvaichenko",
"Vasyl Hrytsak",
"Ihor Drizhchany",
"Wałerij Malikow",
"Ivan Bakanov",
"Leonid Derkach",
"Oleksandr Yakymenko"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Security Service of Ukraine in 04/04/2012? | April 04, 2012 | {
"text": [
"Igor Kalinin"
]
} | L2_Q615811_P488_10 | Oleksandr Yakymenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jan, 2013 to Feb, 2014.
Wałerij Malikow is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1995.
Yevhen Marchuk is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Nov, 1991 to Jul, 1994.
Ihor Smeshko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2003 to Feb, 2005.
Volodymyr Radchenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1995 to Apr, 1998.
Leonid Derkach is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Apr, 1998 to Feb, 2001.
Igor Kalinin is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Oleksandr Turchynov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2005 to Sep, 2005.
Nikolai Golushko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 1991 to Nov, 1991.
Vasyl Hrytsak is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 2015 to Jun, 2019.
Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Mar, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Ivan Bakanov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Aug, 2019 to Jul, 2022.
Ihor Drizhchany is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2005 to Dec, 2006.
Valentyn Nalyvaichenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Dec, 2006 to Mar, 2010. | Security Service of UkraineThe Security Service of Ukraine (; "Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny") or SBU is Ukraine's law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism.The Security Service of Ukraine is vested, within its competence defined by law, with the protection of national sovereignty, constitutional order, territorial integrity, economical, scientific, technical, and defense potential of Ukraine, legal interests of the state, and civil rights, from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations, groups and individuals, as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets.Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind, terrorism, corruption, and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy, as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraine's vital interests.The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor (KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials. Both of them became independent institutions. However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province. According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000. It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together.On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic founded its Security Services.In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service. This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana (the secret police force of the Russian Empire). After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in December 1918, the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State. Therefore, the new secret services founded in January 1919 (with two divisions - domestic and foreign) had to start practically from scratch. It never became as well lead, nor successful, as the security services of the Ukrainian State. The security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the other hand were well-organized. The West Ukrainian People's Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army (it also served as military police). There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic security services.In 1924 former (April–July 1919) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian People's Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian People's Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3, 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin's orders. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30, 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. To support the Soviet government in Ukraine, in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, and Martin Latsis. In its early years the security agency fought against the "kulak-nationalistic banditry" (peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms). On August 19, 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution. On December 10, 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved, becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine.The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel. Many of whom came from the KGB's 5th directorate. It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine. The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia. (Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994.)Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, served as an SBU chief until 2005.According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called "prykhvatizatsiya") ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s. Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Mel'nychenko, the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard team. Mel'nychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal (2000)—one of the main events in Ukraine's post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Mel'nychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, e.g., of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich. However, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Mel'nychenko himself has never been an SBU agent.Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case, the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself.In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests, contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening "militsiya" with armed involvement of SBU's special forces units. This story was first described by the American journalist C.J. Chivers of "The New York Times" and has never been supported with documents or legally.The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones.An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case. The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure. The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU, forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize. Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nico Lange, was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the "German Chancellery" vouched for him. The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding. Khoroshkovskiy, as the Chairman of the SBU, eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant "Inter", officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy, in the face of "TVi" and "Channel 5". In July 2010, Konrad Schuller of the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo. The most important source of Khoroshkovskiy's came from RosUkrEnergo. The President's spokesperson, Hanna Herman, in an interview with this newspaper, did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions, with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman. Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo. However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter. Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo, arresting their main opponents (see RosUkrEnergo) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign. Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews:When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18, 2012, Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day. Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A. Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV. 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky, however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine.Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010 it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine, citing his comment "May thunder strike Yanukovych!"; he was released after a short discussion. However, SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation. Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.On May 22, 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009.A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011.In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest. According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed.After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty, saying "the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea. There were no operative files, no weapons. Institutionally, the place was totally destroyed". Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies. Indeed, Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later. Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine. At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents, including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin, and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched; also all regional directors had been changed, as well as half of their deputies. In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents. The danger is no longer widespread”. The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine, many of them in their early twenties. To test loyalty, all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests.In June 2015, the "Kyiv Post" reported that a deputy chief of the SBU, Vitaly Malikov, had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea. According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security, after Russia's annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea. According to the SBU itself (in November 2017) 13% did so.On December 21, 2017, two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia, one of them being an SBU employee while the other, Stanislav Yezhov, worked for various cabinet ministers.In late 2018, the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.On July 8, 2019, the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh, who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a 'person of interest' when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17. The SBU mentioned that he's a witness to the incident.On April 14, 2020, the SBU announced the arrest of Lt. General Valeriy Shaytanov, who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov. He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine. He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev, a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression."Department of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs""Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs"According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings, sexual violence, and torture.In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture.In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with "freedom of opinion and expression" in Ukraine which facing "mounting challenges". According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists, bloggers, and media activists. | [
"Yevhen Marchuk",
"Oleksandr Turchynov",
"Volodymyr Radchenko",
"Nikolai Golushko",
"Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi",
"Ihor Smeshko",
"Valentyn Nalyvaichenko",
"Vasyl Hrytsak",
"Ihor Drizhchany",
"Wałerij Malikow",
"Ivan Bakanov",
"Leonid Derkach",
"Oleksandr Yakymenko"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Security Service of Ukraine in 04-Apr-201204-April-2012? | April 04, 2012 | {
"text": [
"Igor Kalinin"
]
} | L2_Q615811_P488_10 | Oleksandr Yakymenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jan, 2013 to Feb, 2014.
Wałerij Malikow is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1995.
Yevhen Marchuk is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Nov, 1991 to Jul, 1994.
Ihor Smeshko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2003 to Feb, 2005.
Volodymyr Radchenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1995 to Apr, 1998.
Leonid Derkach is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Apr, 1998 to Feb, 2001.
Igor Kalinin is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Oleksandr Turchynov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2005 to Sep, 2005.
Nikolai Golushko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 1991 to Nov, 1991.
Vasyl Hrytsak is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 2015 to Jun, 2019.
Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Mar, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Ivan Bakanov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Aug, 2019 to Jul, 2022.
Ihor Drizhchany is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2005 to Dec, 2006.
Valentyn Nalyvaichenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Dec, 2006 to Mar, 2010. | Security Service of UkraineThe Security Service of Ukraine (; "Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny") or SBU is Ukraine's law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism.The Security Service of Ukraine is vested, within its competence defined by law, with the protection of national sovereignty, constitutional order, territorial integrity, economical, scientific, technical, and defense potential of Ukraine, legal interests of the state, and civil rights, from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations, groups and individuals, as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets.Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind, terrorism, corruption, and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy, as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraine's vital interests.The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor (KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials. Both of them became independent institutions. However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province. According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000. It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together.On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic founded its Security Services.In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service. This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana (the secret police force of the Russian Empire). After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in December 1918, the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State. Therefore, the new secret services founded in January 1919 (with two divisions - domestic and foreign) had to start practically from scratch. It never became as well lead, nor successful, as the security services of the Ukrainian State. The security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the other hand were well-organized. The West Ukrainian People's Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army (it also served as military police). There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic security services.In 1924 former (April–July 1919) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian People's Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian People's Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3, 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin's orders. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30, 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. To support the Soviet government in Ukraine, in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, and Martin Latsis. In its early years the security agency fought against the "kulak-nationalistic banditry" (peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms). On August 19, 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution. On December 10, 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved, becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine.The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel. Many of whom came from the KGB's 5th directorate. It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine. The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia. (Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994.)Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, served as an SBU chief until 2005.According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called "prykhvatizatsiya") ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s. Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Mel'nychenko, the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard team. Mel'nychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal (2000)—one of the main events in Ukraine's post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Mel'nychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, e.g., of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich. However, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Mel'nychenko himself has never been an SBU agent.Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case, the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself.In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests, contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening "militsiya" with armed involvement of SBU's special forces units. This story was first described by the American journalist C.J. Chivers of "The New York Times" and has never been supported with documents or legally.The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones.An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case. The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure. The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU, forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize. Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nico Lange, was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the "German Chancellery" vouched for him. The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding. Khoroshkovskiy, as the Chairman of the SBU, eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant "Inter", officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy, in the face of "TVi" and "Channel 5". In July 2010, Konrad Schuller of the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo. The most important source of Khoroshkovskiy's came from RosUkrEnergo. The President's spokesperson, Hanna Herman, in an interview with this newspaper, did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions, with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman. Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo. However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter. Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo, arresting their main opponents (see RosUkrEnergo) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign. Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews:When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18, 2012, Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day. Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A. Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV. 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky, however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine.Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010 it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine, citing his comment "May thunder strike Yanukovych!"; he was released after a short discussion. However, SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation. Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.On May 22, 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009.A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011.In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest. According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed.After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty, saying "the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea. There were no operative files, no weapons. Institutionally, the place was totally destroyed". Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies. Indeed, Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later. Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine. At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents, including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin, and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched; also all regional directors had been changed, as well as half of their deputies. In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents. The danger is no longer widespread”. The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine, many of them in their early twenties. To test loyalty, all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests.In June 2015, the "Kyiv Post" reported that a deputy chief of the SBU, Vitaly Malikov, had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea. According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security, after Russia's annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea. According to the SBU itself (in November 2017) 13% did so.On December 21, 2017, two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia, one of them being an SBU employee while the other, Stanislav Yezhov, worked for various cabinet ministers.In late 2018, the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.On July 8, 2019, the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh, who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a 'person of interest' when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17. The SBU mentioned that he's a witness to the incident.On April 14, 2020, the SBU announced the arrest of Lt. General Valeriy Shaytanov, who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov. He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine. He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev, a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression."Department of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs""Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs"According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings, sexual violence, and torture.In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture.In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with "freedom of opinion and expression" in Ukraine which facing "mounting challenges". According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists, bloggers, and media activists. | [
"Yevhen Marchuk",
"Oleksandr Turchynov",
"Volodymyr Radchenko",
"Nikolai Golushko",
"Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi",
"Ihor Smeshko",
"Valentyn Nalyvaichenko",
"Vasyl Hrytsak",
"Ihor Drizhchany",
"Wałerij Malikow",
"Ivan Bakanov",
"Leonid Derkach",
"Oleksandr Yakymenko"
] |
|
Who was the chair of RCD Mallorca in Jun, 1943? | June 28, 1943 | {
"text": [
"Lluís Sitjar Castellà"
]
} | L2_Q8835_P488_3 | Lorenzo Serra Ferrer is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Dec, 2012 to Jul, 2013.
Josep Maria Pons Irazazábal is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jul, 2010 to Sep, 2010.
Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Mar, 1916 to Apr, 1916.
Bartolomé Beltrán is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Jaume Cladera Cladera is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Sep, 2010 to Dec, 2012.
Utz Claassen is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Dec, 2014 to Jun, 2016.
Mateu Alemany Font is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 2009 to Aug, 2009.
Andy Kohlberg is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Sep, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Guillem Reynés i Font is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Lluís Sitjar Castellà is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1946.
Josep Ramis d'Ayreflor i Rosselló is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930.
Bartomeu Vidal Pons is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Aug, 2009 to May, 2010.
Antonio Parietti is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1931.
Miquel Dalmau is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. | RCD MallorcaReal Club Deportivo Mallorca, S.A.D. (, , "Royal Sporting Club Mallorca"), commonly known as Real Mallorca or just Mallorca is a Spanish professional football club based in Palma on the island of Mallorca in the Balearic Islands. Founded on 5 March 1916 they currently play in the Segunda División, holding home games at the Visit Mallorca Stadium with a 23,142-seat capacity.The club had its peak in the late 1990s and early 2000s, reaching a best-ever 3rd place in La Liga in 1999 and 2001 and winning the Copa del Rey in 2003 following final defeats in 1991 and 1998. Mallorca also won the 1998 Supercopa de España and reached the 1999 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final.Mallorca traditionally play in red shirts with black shorts and socks.Founded on 5 March 1916, what would later become RCD Mallorca was registered at the Spanish Football Federation under the name of Alfonso XIII Foot-Ball Club.Weeks after its establishment, the club wasted little time forming the directors of Alfonso XIII FBC, headed by engineer Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué and eight other football fans. Their first stadium, the Buenos Aires field, was inaugurated with a competitive fixture against FC Barcelona just 20 days after registering further fast-tracked development. Despite the fixture ending in a disappointing 8–0 defeat, it was not long before King Alfonso XIII himself requested the royal adoption of ‘Real’ in the team's title, therefore becoming Real Sociedad Alfonso XIII Foot-Ball Club.In 1917, the Catalan Federation granted Real Sociedad Alfonso XIII admission into the second-tier league championship as an unofficial champion of the Balearic Islands. Booking a place in the final, Los Bermellones went on to record their first title with a resounding 3–1 victory over Futbol Club Palafrugell, in Barcelona.Until the 1930s, the board of directors managed to organise fixtures against peninsular clubs such as RCD Espanyol and Real Murcia, while also hosting rare exhibitions against foreign sides including: Ajax in 1923, Uruguay's national team in 1925, Chilean outfit Colo-Colo in 1927 and one of the Czech Republic's oldest teams, Prague Meteor, in 1930.In 1931, following the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic which prohibited any form of reference to monarchy, the club was renamed to Club Deportivo Mallorca.Although major fixtures and competitions across Spain were soon interrupted by the outbreak of the Civil War in 1936, the squad enjoyed a highly successful spell by winning every possible championship they entered into, as football on the island remained resistant to the deferral experienced throughout the country. When the war finally ended, matches with teams from the Peninsula were quick to resume and the Second Division was inaugurated, based on five groups of eight teams each.It was during a period in the Second Division that, on 22 September 1945, the time had come to wave goodbye to Buenos Aires Field and up sticks to Es Fortí, a 16,000-maximum capacity stadium which would be called home for over half a century and undergo several expansions. A line-up featuring forward Sebastián Pocoví, defender Saturnino Grech and goalkeeper Antoni Ramallets beat Jerez 3–0 on the opening game of the new campaign the following day, with Carlos Sanz scoring Es Fortí's first goal in front of packed-out terraces. The title Es Fortí was short-lived however, with the board later changing the name of the stadium to Lluís Sitjar, in honour of the man who had driven the construction of the field.During the 1949–1950 season, the Balearic club recovered their "Real" title, becoming Real Club Deportivo MallorcaIn 1990–91, Mallorca reached the Copa del Rey final for the first time, losing by one goal to Atlético Madrid.Argentine Héctor Cúper was hired as manager in 1997. In his first season, the club reached the 1998 Copa del Rey Final, and lost on penalties to FC Barcelona after a 1–1 draw in Mestalla. However, as Barcelona also won the league, Mallorca were their opponents in the 1998 Supercopa de España and won 3–1 on aggregate for their first major honour. Barcelona's double also meant Mallorca entered the 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the final staging of the tournament – they lost the final 2–1 to Italy's S.S. Lazio at Villa Park.In 1999, Mallorca also finished a best-ever 3rd and qualified for the first time to the UEFA Champions League, but were eliminated on the away goals rule by Molde FK of Norway before the group stage. Luis Aragonés matched 3rd place in 2001, before leaving for an Atlético Madrid still in the second tier. On 28 June 2003, Mallorca won the Copa del Rey with a 3–0 win over Recreativo de Huelva in the final in Elche; the goals were scored by Walter Pandiani and Samuel Eto'o (two).Mallorca was relegated from La Liga on the last day of the 2012–13 season. In January 2016, with the team at risk of relegation to the third tier, American investor Robert Sarver and former NBA player Steve Nash bought the club for just over €20 million.On 4 June 2017, Mallorca fell into the third tier for the first time since 1981, with one game of the season still to play. A year later, they bounced back in the 2017–18 season after winning the play-off final against CF Rayo Majadahonda, under new manager Vicente Moreno. In June 2019, Mallorca secured a second consecutive promotion to the 2019–20 La Liga, following a 3–2 win on aggregate over Deportivo de La Coruña in the 2019 Segunda División play-offs – having lost the first game 2–0. However, they were relegated a year later. A year later, Mallorca bounced back to top tier a year later following Almería defeated by Cartagena.Head coach: Luis García PlazaAssistant coach: Perdo RostollAnalyst: Raúl GallegoGoalkeeping coach: Juan Miguel San Román, Fernando MaestroFitness coach: Félix VicentePhysiotherapists: Magí Vicenç, Verónica SebastianesPresident: Andy KohlbergBoard of Directors Member: Robert SarverBoard of Directors Member: Steve NashBoard of Directors Member: Graeme Le SauxBoard of Directors Member: Utz ClaassenHonorary Secretary: Rosemary MafuzFootball Director: Pablo OrtellsCFO: Alfonso DíazHead of Sales & Marketing: Joan SerraLegality Department: Lidia NavarroHead of Communications: Albert SalasTicketing & Social area: Román AlbarránReal Sociedad Alfonso XIII Football ClubClub Deportivo MallorcaReal Club Deportivo MallorcaThe following players have been selected by their country in the World Cup Finals, while playing for Mallorca. | [
"Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué",
"Mateu Alemany Font",
"Bartomeu Vidal Pons",
"Lorenzo Serra Ferrer",
"Miquel Dalmau",
"Utz Claassen",
"Josep Ramis d'Ayreflor i Rosselló",
"Andy Kohlberg",
"Guillem Reynés i Font",
"Josep Maria Pons Irazazábal",
"Jaume Cladera Cladera",
"Antonio Parietti",
"Bartolomé Beltrán"
] |
|
Who was the chair of RCD Mallorca in 1943-06-28? | June 28, 1943 | {
"text": [
"Lluís Sitjar Castellà"
]
} | L2_Q8835_P488_3 | Lorenzo Serra Ferrer is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Dec, 2012 to Jul, 2013.
Josep Maria Pons Irazazábal is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jul, 2010 to Sep, 2010.
Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Mar, 1916 to Apr, 1916.
Bartolomé Beltrán is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Jaume Cladera Cladera is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Sep, 2010 to Dec, 2012.
Utz Claassen is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Dec, 2014 to Jun, 2016.
Mateu Alemany Font is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 2009 to Aug, 2009.
Andy Kohlberg is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Sep, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Guillem Reynés i Font is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Lluís Sitjar Castellà is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1946.
Josep Ramis d'Ayreflor i Rosselló is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930.
Bartomeu Vidal Pons is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Aug, 2009 to May, 2010.
Antonio Parietti is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1931.
Miquel Dalmau is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. | RCD MallorcaReal Club Deportivo Mallorca, S.A.D. (, , "Royal Sporting Club Mallorca"), commonly known as Real Mallorca or just Mallorca is a Spanish professional football club based in Palma on the island of Mallorca in the Balearic Islands. Founded on 5 March 1916 they currently play in the Segunda División, holding home games at the Visit Mallorca Stadium with a 23,142-seat capacity.The club had its peak in the late 1990s and early 2000s, reaching a best-ever 3rd place in La Liga in 1999 and 2001 and winning the Copa del Rey in 2003 following final defeats in 1991 and 1998. Mallorca also won the 1998 Supercopa de España and reached the 1999 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final.Mallorca traditionally play in red shirts with black shorts and socks.Founded on 5 March 1916, what would later become RCD Mallorca was registered at the Spanish Football Federation under the name of Alfonso XIII Foot-Ball Club.Weeks after its establishment, the club wasted little time forming the directors of Alfonso XIII FBC, headed by engineer Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué and eight other football fans. Their first stadium, the Buenos Aires field, was inaugurated with a competitive fixture against FC Barcelona just 20 days after registering further fast-tracked development. Despite the fixture ending in a disappointing 8–0 defeat, it was not long before King Alfonso XIII himself requested the royal adoption of ‘Real’ in the team's title, therefore becoming Real Sociedad Alfonso XIII Foot-Ball Club.In 1917, the Catalan Federation granted Real Sociedad Alfonso XIII admission into the second-tier league championship as an unofficial champion of the Balearic Islands. Booking a place in the final, Los Bermellones went on to record their first title with a resounding 3–1 victory over Futbol Club Palafrugell, in Barcelona.Until the 1930s, the board of directors managed to organise fixtures against peninsular clubs such as RCD Espanyol and Real Murcia, while also hosting rare exhibitions against foreign sides including: Ajax in 1923, Uruguay's national team in 1925, Chilean outfit Colo-Colo in 1927 and one of the Czech Republic's oldest teams, Prague Meteor, in 1930.In 1931, following the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic which prohibited any form of reference to monarchy, the club was renamed to Club Deportivo Mallorca.Although major fixtures and competitions across Spain were soon interrupted by the outbreak of the Civil War in 1936, the squad enjoyed a highly successful spell by winning every possible championship they entered into, as football on the island remained resistant to the deferral experienced throughout the country. When the war finally ended, matches with teams from the Peninsula were quick to resume and the Second Division was inaugurated, based on five groups of eight teams each.It was during a period in the Second Division that, on 22 September 1945, the time had come to wave goodbye to Buenos Aires Field and up sticks to Es Fortí, a 16,000-maximum capacity stadium which would be called home for over half a century and undergo several expansions. A line-up featuring forward Sebastián Pocoví, defender Saturnino Grech and goalkeeper Antoni Ramallets beat Jerez 3–0 on the opening game of the new campaign the following day, with Carlos Sanz scoring Es Fortí's first goal in front of packed-out terraces. The title Es Fortí was short-lived however, with the board later changing the name of the stadium to Lluís Sitjar, in honour of the man who had driven the construction of the field.During the 1949–1950 season, the Balearic club recovered their "Real" title, becoming Real Club Deportivo MallorcaIn 1990–91, Mallorca reached the Copa del Rey final for the first time, losing by one goal to Atlético Madrid.Argentine Héctor Cúper was hired as manager in 1997. In his first season, the club reached the 1998 Copa del Rey Final, and lost on penalties to FC Barcelona after a 1–1 draw in Mestalla. However, as Barcelona also won the league, Mallorca were their opponents in the 1998 Supercopa de España and won 3–1 on aggregate for their first major honour. Barcelona's double also meant Mallorca entered the 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the final staging of the tournament – they lost the final 2–1 to Italy's S.S. Lazio at Villa Park.In 1999, Mallorca also finished a best-ever 3rd and qualified for the first time to the UEFA Champions League, but were eliminated on the away goals rule by Molde FK of Norway before the group stage. Luis Aragonés matched 3rd place in 2001, before leaving for an Atlético Madrid still in the second tier. On 28 June 2003, Mallorca won the Copa del Rey with a 3–0 win over Recreativo de Huelva in the final in Elche; the goals were scored by Walter Pandiani and Samuel Eto'o (two).Mallorca was relegated from La Liga on the last day of the 2012–13 season. In January 2016, with the team at risk of relegation to the third tier, American investor Robert Sarver and former NBA player Steve Nash bought the club for just over €20 million.On 4 June 2017, Mallorca fell into the third tier for the first time since 1981, with one game of the season still to play. A year later, they bounced back in the 2017–18 season after winning the play-off final against CF Rayo Majadahonda, under new manager Vicente Moreno. In June 2019, Mallorca secured a second consecutive promotion to the 2019–20 La Liga, following a 3–2 win on aggregate over Deportivo de La Coruña in the 2019 Segunda División play-offs – having lost the first game 2–0. However, they were relegated a year later. A year later, Mallorca bounced back to top tier a year later following Almería defeated by Cartagena.Head coach: Luis García PlazaAssistant coach: Perdo RostollAnalyst: Raúl GallegoGoalkeeping coach: Juan Miguel San Román, Fernando MaestroFitness coach: Félix VicentePhysiotherapists: Magí Vicenç, Verónica SebastianesPresident: Andy KohlbergBoard of Directors Member: Robert SarverBoard of Directors Member: Steve NashBoard of Directors Member: Graeme Le SauxBoard of Directors Member: Utz ClaassenHonorary Secretary: Rosemary MafuzFootball Director: Pablo OrtellsCFO: Alfonso DíazHead of Sales & Marketing: Joan SerraLegality Department: Lidia NavarroHead of Communications: Albert SalasTicketing & Social area: Román AlbarránReal Sociedad Alfonso XIII Football ClubClub Deportivo MallorcaReal Club Deportivo MallorcaThe following players have been selected by their country in the World Cup Finals, while playing for Mallorca. | [
"Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué",
"Mateu Alemany Font",
"Bartomeu Vidal Pons",
"Lorenzo Serra Ferrer",
"Miquel Dalmau",
"Utz Claassen",
"Josep Ramis d'Ayreflor i Rosselló",
"Andy Kohlberg",
"Guillem Reynés i Font",
"Josep Maria Pons Irazazábal",
"Jaume Cladera Cladera",
"Antonio Parietti",
"Bartolomé Beltrán"
] |
|
Who was the chair of RCD Mallorca in 28/06/1943? | June 28, 1943 | {
"text": [
"Lluís Sitjar Castellà"
]
} | L2_Q8835_P488_3 | Lorenzo Serra Ferrer is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Dec, 2012 to Jul, 2013.
Josep Maria Pons Irazazábal is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jul, 2010 to Sep, 2010.
Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Mar, 1916 to Apr, 1916.
Bartolomé Beltrán is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Jaume Cladera Cladera is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Sep, 2010 to Dec, 2012.
Utz Claassen is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Dec, 2014 to Jun, 2016.
Mateu Alemany Font is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 2009 to Aug, 2009.
Andy Kohlberg is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Sep, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Guillem Reynés i Font is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Lluís Sitjar Castellà is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1946.
Josep Ramis d'Ayreflor i Rosselló is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930.
Bartomeu Vidal Pons is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Aug, 2009 to May, 2010.
Antonio Parietti is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1931.
Miquel Dalmau is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. | RCD MallorcaReal Club Deportivo Mallorca, S.A.D. (, , "Royal Sporting Club Mallorca"), commonly known as Real Mallorca or just Mallorca is a Spanish professional football club based in Palma on the island of Mallorca in the Balearic Islands. Founded on 5 March 1916 they currently play in the Segunda División, holding home games at the Visit Mallorca Stadium with a 23,142-seat capacity.The club had its peak in the late 1990s and early 2000s, reaching a best-ever 3rd place in La Liga in 1999 and 2001 and winning the Copa del Rey in 2003 following final defeats in 1991 and 1998. Mallorca also won the 1998 Supercopa de España and reached the 1999 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final.Mallorca traditionally play in red shirts with black shorts and socks.Founded on 5 March 1916, what would later become RCD Mallorca was registered at the Spanish Football Federation under the name of Alfonso XIII Foot-Ball Club.Weeks after its establishment, the club wasted little time forming the directors of Alfonso XIII FBC, headed by engineer Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué and eight other football fans. Their first stadium, the Buenos Aires field, was inaugurated with a competitive fixture against FC Barcelona just 20 days after registering further fast-tracked development. Despite the fixture ending in a disappointing 8–0 defeat, it was not long before King Alfonso XIII himself requested the royal adoption of ‘Real’ in the team's title, therefore becoming Real Sociedad Alfonso XIII Foot-Ball Club.In 1917, the Catalan Federation granted Real Sociedad Alfonso XIII admission into the second-tier league championship as an unofficial champion of the Balearic Islands. Booking a place in the final, Los Bermellones went on to record their first title with a resounding 3–1 victory over Futbol Club Palafrugell, in Barcelona.Until the 1930s, the board of directors managed to organise fixtures against peninsular clubs such as RCD Espanyol and Real Murcia, while also hosting rare exhibitions against foreign sides including: Ajax in 1923, Uruguay's national team in 1925, Chilean outfit Colo-Colo in 1927 and one of the Czech Republic's oldest teams, Prague Meteor, in 1930.In 1931, following the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic which prohibited any form of reference to monarchy, the club was renamed to Club Deportivo Mallorca.Although major fixtures and competitions across Spain were soon interrupted by the outbreak of the Civil War in 1936, the squad enjoyed a highly successful spell by winning every possible championship they entered into, as football on the island remained resistant to the deferral experienced throughout the country. When the war finally ended, matches with teams from the Peninsula were quick to resume and the Second Division was inaugurated, based on five groups of eight teams each.It was during a period in the Second Division that, on 22 September 1945, the time had come to wave goodbye to Buenos Aires Field and up sticks to Es Fortí, a 16,000-maximum capacity stadium which would be called home for over half a century and undergo several expansions. A line-up featuring forward Sebastián Pocoví, defender Saturnino Grech and goalkeeper Antoni Ramallets beat Jerez 3–0 on the opening game of the new campaign the following day, with Carlos Sanz scoring Es Fortí's first goal in front of packed-out terraces. The title Es Fortí was short-lived however, with the board later changing the name of the stadium to Lluís Sitjar, in honour of the man who had driven the construction of the field.During the 1949–1950 season, the Balearic club recovered their "Real" title, becoming Real Club Deportivo MallorcaIn 1990–91, Mallorca reached the Copa del Rey final for the first time, losing by one goal to Atlético Madrid.Argentine Héctor Cúper was hired as manager in 1997. In his first season, the club reached the 1998 Copa del Rey Final, and lost on penalties to FC Barcelona after a 1–1 draw in Mestalla. However, as Barcelona also won the league, Mallorca were their opponents in the 1998 Supercopa de España and won 3–1 on aggregate for their first major honour. Barcelona's double also meant Mallorca entered the 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the final staging of the tournament – they lost the final 2–1 to Italy's S.S. Lazio at Villa Park.In 1999, Mallorca also finished a best-ever 3rd and qualified for the first time to the UEFA Champions League, but were eliminated on the away goals rule by Molde FK of Norway before the group stage. Luis Aragonés matched 3rd place in 2001, before leaving for an Atlético Madrid still in the second tier. On 28 June 2003, Mallorca won the Copa del Rey with a 3–0 win over Recreativo de Huelva in the final in Elche; the goals were scored by Walter Pandiani and Samuel Eto'o (two).Mallorca was relegated from La Liga on the last day of the 2012–13 season. In January 2016, with the team at risk of relegation to the third tier, American investor Robert Sarver and former NBA player Steve Nash bought the club for just over €20 million.On 4 June 2017, Mallorca fell into the third tier for the first time since 1981, with one game of the season still to play. A year later, they bounced back in the 2017–18 season after winning the play-off final against CF Rayo Majadahonda, under new manager Vicente Moreno. In June 2019, Mallorca secured a second consecutive promotion to the 2019–20 La Liga, following a 3–2 win on aggregate over Deportivo de La Coruña in the 2019 Segunda División play-offs – having lost the first game 2–0. However, they were relegated a year later. A year later, Mallorca bounced back to top tier a year later following Almería defeated by Cartagena.Head coach: Luis García PlazaAssistant coach: Perdo RostollAnalyst: Raúl GallegoGoalkeeping coach: Juan Miguel San Román, Fernando MaestroFitness coach: Félix VicentePhysiotherapists: Magí Vicenç, Verónica SebastianesPresident: Andy KohlbergBoard of Directors Member: Robert SarverBoard of Directors Member: Steve NashBoard of Directors Member: Graeme Le SauxBoard of Directors Member: Utz ClaassenHonorary Secretary: Rosemary MafuzFootball Director: Pablo OrtellsCFO: Alfonso DíazHead of Sales & Marketing: Joan SerraLegality Department: Lidia NavarroHead of Communications: Albert SalasTicketing & Social area: Román AlbarránReal Sociedad Alfonso XIII Football ClubClub Deportivo MallorcaReal Club Deportivo MallorcaThe following players have been selected by their country in the World Cup Finals, while playing for Mallorca. | [
"Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué",
"Mateu Alemany Font",
"Bartomeu Vidal Pons",
"Lorenzo Serra Ferrer",
"Miquel Dalmau",
"Utz Claassen",
"Josep Ramis d'Ayreflor i Rosselló",
"Andy Kohlberg",
"Guillem Reynés i Font",
"Josep Maria Pons Irazazábal",
"Jaume Cladera Cladera",
"Antonio Parietti",
"Bartolomé Beltrán"
] |
|
Who was the chair of RCD Mallorca in Jun 28, 1943? | June 28, 1943 | {
"text": [
"Lluís Sitjar Castellà"
]
} | L2_Q8835_P488_3 | Lorenzo Serra Ferrer is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Dec, 2012 to Jul, 2013.
Josep Maria Pons Irazazábal is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jul, 2010 to Sep, 2010.
Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Mar, 1916 to Apr, 1916.
Bartolomé Beltrán is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Jaume Cladera Cladera is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Sep, 2010 to Dec, 2012.
Utz Claassen is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Dec, 2014 to Jun, 2016.
Mateu Alemany Font is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 2009 to Aug, 2009.
Andy Kohlberg is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Sep, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Guillem Reynés i Font is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Lluís Sitjar Castellà is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1946.
Josep Ramis d'Ayreflor i Rosselló is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930.
Bartomeu Vidal Pons is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Aug, 2009 to May, 2010.
Antonio Parietti is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1931.
Miquel Dalmau is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. | RCD MallorcaReal Club Deportivo Mallorca, S.A.D. (, , "Royal Sporting Club Mallorca"), commonly known as Real Mallorca or just Mallorca is a Spanish professional football club based in Palma on the island of Mallorca in the Balearic Islands. Founded on 5 March 1916 they currently play in the Segunda División, holding home games at the Visit Mallorca Stadium with a 23,142-seat capacity.The club had its peak in the late 1990s and early 2000s, reaching a best-ever 3rd place in La Liga in 1999 and 2001 and winning the Copa del Rey in 2003 following final defeats in 1991 and 1998. Mallorca also won the 1998 Supercopa de España and reached the 1999 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final.Mallorca traditionally play in red shirts with black shorts and socks.Founded on 5 March 1916, what would later become RCD Mallorca was registered at the Spanish Football Federation under the name of Alfonso XIII Foot-Ball Club.Weeks after its establishment, the club wasted little time forming the directors of Alfonso XIII FBC, headed by engineer Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué and eight other football fans. Their first stadium, the Buenos Aires field, was inaugurated with a competitive fixture against FC Barcelona just 20 days after registering further fast-tracked development. Despite the fixture ending in a disappointing 8–0 defeat, it was not long before King Alfonso XIII himself requested the royal adoption of ‘Real’ in the team's title, therefore becoming Real Sociedad Alfonso XIII Foot-Ball Club.In 1917, the Catalan Federation granted Real Sociedad Alfonso XIII admission into the second-tier league championship as an unofficial champion of the Balearic Islands. Booking a place in the final, Los Bermellones went on to record their first title with a resounding 3–1 victory over Futbol Club Palafrugell, in Barcelona.Until the 1930s, the board of directors managed to organise fixtures against peninsular clubs such as RCD Espanyol and Real Murcia, while also hosting rare exhibitions against foreign sides including: Ajax in 1923, Uruguay's national team in 1925, Chilean outfit Colo-Colo in 1927 and one of the Czech Republic's oldest teams, Prague Meteor, in 1930.In 1931, following the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic which prohibited any form of reference to monarchy, the club was renamed to Club Deportivo Mallorca.Although major fixtures and competitions across Spain were soon interrupted by the outbreak of the Civil War in 1936, the squad enjoyed a highly successful spell by winning every possible championship they entered into, as football on the island remained resistant to the deferral experienced throughout the country. When the war finally ended, matches with teams from the Peninsula were quick to resume and the Second Division was inaugurated, based on five groups of eight teams each.It was during a period in the Second Division that, on 22 September 1945, the time had come to wave goodbye to Buenos Aires Field and up sticks to Es Fortí, a 16,000-maximum capacity stadium which would be called home for over half a century and undergo several expansions. A line-up featuring forward Sebastián Pocoví, defender Saturnino Grech and goalkeeper Antoni Ramallets beat Jerez 3–0 on the opening game of the new campaign the following day, with Carlos Sanz scoring Es Fortí's first goal in front of packed-out terraces. The title Es Fortí was short-lived however, with the board later changing the name of the stadium to Lluís Sitjar, in honour of the man who had driven the construction of the field.During the 1949–1950 season, the Balearic club recovered their "Real" title, becoming Real Club Deportivo MallorcaIn 1990–91, Mallorca reached the Copa del Rey final for the first time, losing by one goal to Atlético Madrid.Argentine Héctor Cúper was hired as manager in 1997. In his first season, the club reached the 1998 Copa del Rey Final, and lost on penalties to FC Barcelona after a 1–1 draw in Mestalla. However, as Barcelona also won the league, Mallorca were their opponents in the 1998 Supercopa de España and won 3–1 on aggregate for their first major honour. Barcelona's double also meant Mallorca entered the 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the final staging of the tournament – they lost the final 2–1 to Italy's S.S. Lazio at Villa Park.In 1999, Mallorca also finished a best-ever 3rd and qualified for the first time to the UEFA Champions League, but were eliminated on the away goals rule by Molde FK of Norway before the group stage. Luis Aragonés matched 3rd place in 2001, before leaving for an Atlético Madrid still in the second tier. On 28 June 2003, Mallorca won the Copa del Rey with a 3–0 win over Recreativo de Huelva in the final in Elche; the goals were scored by Walter Pandiani and Samuel Eto'o (two).Mallorca was relegated from La Liga on the last day of the 2012–13 season. In January 2016, with the team at risk of relegation to the third tier, American investor Robert Sarver and former NBA player Steve Nash bought the club for just over €20 million.On 4 June 2017, Mallorca fell into the third tier for the first time since 1981, with one game of the season still to play. A year later, they bounced back in the 2017–18 season after winning the play-off final against CF Rayo Majadahonda, under new manager Vicente Moreno. In June 2019, Mallorca secured a second consecutive promotion to the 2019–20 La Liga, following a 3–2 win on aggregate over Deportivo de La Coruña in the 2019 Segunda División play-offs – having lost the first game 2–0. However, they were relegated a year later. A year later, Mallorca bounced back to top tier a year later following Almería defeated by Cartagena.Head coach: Luis García PlazaAssistant coach: Perdo RostollAnalyst: Raúl GallegoGoalkeeping coach: Juan Miguel San Román, Fernando MaestroFitness coach: Félix VicentePhysiotherapists: Magí Vicenç, Verónica SebastianesPresident: Andy KohlbergBoard of Directors Member: Robert SarverBoard of Directors Member: Steve NashBoard of Directors Member: Graeme Le SauxBoard of Directors Member: Utz ClaassenHonorary Secretary: Rosemary MafuzFootball Director: Pablo OrtellsCFO: Alfonso DíazHead of Sales & Marketing: Joan SerraLegality Department: Lidia NavarroHead of Communications: Albert SalasTicketing & Social area: Román AlbarránReal Sociedad Alfonso XIII Football ClubClub Deportivo MallorcaReal Club Deportivo MallorcaThe following players have been selected by their country in the World Cup Finals, while playing for Mallorca. | [
"Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué",
"Mateu Alemany Font",
"Bartomeu Vidal Pons",
"Lorenzo Serra Ferrer",
"Miquel Dalmau",
"Utz Claassen",
"Josep Ramis d'Ayreflor i Rosselló",
"Andy Kohlberg",
"Guillem Reynés i Font",
"Josep Maria Pons Irazazábal",
"Jaume Cladera Cladera",
"Antonio Parietti",
"Bartolomé Beltrán"
] |
|
Who was the chair of RCD Mallorca in 06/28/1943? | June 28, 1943 | {
"text": [
"Lluís Sitjar Castellà"
]
} | L2_Q8835_P488_3 | Lorenzo Serra Ferrer is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Dec, 2012 to Jul, 2013.
Josep Maria Pons Irazazábal is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jul, 2010 to Sep, 2010.
Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Mar, 1916 to Apr, 1916.
Bartolomé Beltrán is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Jaume Cladera Cladera is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Sep, 2010 to Dec, 2012.
Utz Claassen is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Dec, 2014 to Jun, 2016.
Mateu Alemany Font is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 2009 to Aug, 2009.
Andy Kohlberg is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Sep, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Guillem Reynés i Font is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Lluís Sitjar Castellà is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1946.
Josep Ramis d'Ayreflor i Rosselló is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930.
Bartomeu Vidal Pons is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Aug, 2009 to May, 2010.
Antonio Parietti is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1931.
Miquel Dalmau is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. | RCD MallorcaReal Club Deportivo Mallorca, S.A.D. (, , "Royal Sporting Club Mallorca"), commonly known as Real Mallorca or just Mallorca is a Spanish professional football club based in Palma on the island of Mallorca in the Balearic Islands. Founded on 5 March 1916 they currently play in the Segunda División, holding home games at the Visit Mallorca Stadium with a 23,142-seat capacity.The club had its peak in the late 1990s and early 2000s, reaching a best-ever 3rd place in La Liga in 1999 and 2001 and winning the Copa del Rey in 2003 following final defeats in 1991 and 1998. Mallorca also won the 1998 Supercopa de España and reached the 1999 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final.Mallorca traditionally play in red shirts with black shorts and socks.Founded on 5 March 1916, what would later become RCD Mallorca was registered at the Spanish Football Federation under the name of Alfonso XIII Foot-Ball Club.Weeks after its establishment, the club wasted little time forming the directors of Alfonso XIII FBC, headed by engineer Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué and eight other football fans. Their first stadium, the Buenos Aires field, was inaugurated with a competitive fixture against FC Barcelona just 20 days after registering further fast-tracked development. Despite the fixture ending in a disappointing 8–0 defeat, it was not long before King Alfonso XIII himself requested the royal adoption of ‘Real’ in the team's title, therefore becoming Real Sociedad Alfonso XIII Foot-Ball Club.In 1917, the Catalan Federation granted Real Sociedad Alfonso XIII admission into the second-tier league championship as an unofficial champion of the Balearic Islands. Booking a place in the final, Los Bermellones went on to record their first title with a resounding 3–1 victory over Futbol Club Palafrugell, in Barcelona.Until the 1930s, the board of directors managed to organise fixtures against peninsular clubs such as RCD Espanyol and Real Murcia, while also hosting rare exhibitions against foreign sides including: Ajax in 1923, Uruguay's national team in 1925, Chilean outfit Colo-Colo in 1927 and one of the Czech Republic's oldest teams, Prague Meteor, in 1930.In 1931, following the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic which prohibited any form of reference to monarchy, the club was renamed to Club Deportivo Mallorca.Although major fixtures and competitions across Spain were soon interrupted by the outbreak of the Civil War in 1936, the squad enjoyed a highly successful spell by winning every possible championship they entered into, as football on the island remained resistant to the deferral experienced throughout the country. When the war finally ended, matches with teams from the Peninsula were quick to resume and the Second Division was inaugurated, based on five groups of eight teams each.It was during a period in the Second Division that, on 22 September 1945, the time had come to wave goodbye to Buenos Aires Field and up sticks to Es Fortí, a 16,000-maximum capacity stadium which would be called home for over half a century and undergo several expansions. A line-up featuring forward Sebastián Pocoví, defender Saturnino Grech and goalkeeper Antoni Ramallets beat Jerez 3–0 on the opening game of the new campaign the following day, with Carlos Sanz scoring Es Fortí's first goal in front of packed-out terraces. The title Es Fortí was short-lived however, with the board later changing the name of the stadium to Lluís Sitjar, in honour of the man who had driven the construction of the field.During the 1949–1950 season, the Balearic club recovered their "Real" title, becoming Real Club Deportivo MallorcaIn 1990–91, Mallorca reached the Copa del Rey final for the first time, losing by one goal to Atlético Madrid.Argentine Héctor Cúper was hired as manager in 1997. In his first season, the club reached the 1998 Copa del Rey Final, and lost on penalties to FC Barcelona after a 1–1 draw in Mestalla. However, as Barcelona also won the league, Mallorca were their opponents in the 1998 Supercopa de España and won 3–1 on aggregate for their first major honour. Barcelona's double also meant Mallorca entered the 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the final staging of the tournament – they lost the final 2–1 to Italy's S.S. Lazio at Villa Park.In 1999, Mallorca also finished a best-ever 3rd and qualified for the first time to the UEFA Champions League, but were eliminated on the away goals rule by Molde FK of Norway before the group stage. Luis Aragonés matched 3rd place in 2001, before leaving for an Atlético Madrid still in the second tier. On 28 June 2003, Mallorca won the Copa del Rey with a 3–0 win over Recreativo de Huelva in the final in Elche; the goals were scored by Walter Pandiani and Samuel Eto'o (two).Mallorca was relegated from La Liga on the last day of the 2012–13 season. In January 2016, with the team at risk of relegation to the third tier, American investor Robert Sarver and former NBA player Steve Nash bought the club for just over €20 million.On 4 June 2017, Mallorca fell into the third tier for the first time since 1981, with one game of the season still to play. A year later, they bounced back in the 2017–18 season after winning the play-off final against CF Rayo Majadahonda, under new manager Vicente Moreno. In June 2019, Mallorca secured a second consecutive promotion to the 2019–20 La Liga, following a 3–2 win on aggregate over Deportivo de La Coruña in the 2019 Segunda División play-offs – having lost the first game 2–0. However, they were relegated a year later. A year later, Mallorca bounced back to top tier a year later following Almería defeated by Cartagena.Head coach: Luis García PlazaAssistant coach: Perdo RostollAnalyst: Raúl GallegoGoalkeeping coach: Juan Miguel San Román, Fernando MaestroFitness coach: Félix VicentePhysiotherapists: Magí Vicenç, Verónica SebastianesPresident: Andy KohlbergBoard of Directors Member: Robert SarverBoard of Directors Member: Steve NashBoard of Directors Member: Graeme Le SauxBoard of Directors Member: Utz ClaassenHonorary Secretary: Rosemary MafuzFootball Director: Pablo OrtellsCFO: Alfonso DíazHead of Sales & Marketing: Joan SerraLegality Department: Lidia NavarroHead of Communications: Albert SalasTicketing & Social area: Román AlbarránReal Sociedad Alfonso XIII Football ClubClub Deportivo MallorcaReal Club Deportivo MallorcaThe following players have been selected by their country in the World Cup Finals, while playing for Mallorca. | [
"Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué",
"Mateu Alemany Font",
"Bartomeu Vidal Pons",
"Lorenzo Serra Ferrer",
"Miquel Dalmau",
"Utz Claassen",
"Josep Ramis d'Ayreflor i Rosselló",
"Andy Kohlberg",
"Guillem Reynés i Font",
"Josep Maria Pons Irazazábal",
"Jaume Cladera Cladera",
"Antonio Parietti",
"Bartolomé Beltrán"
] |
|
Who was the chair of RCD Mallorca in 28-Jun-194328-June-1943? | June 28, 1943 | {
"text": [
"Lluís Sitjar Castellà"
]
} | L2_Q8835_P488_3 | Lorenzo Serra Ferrer is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Dec, 2012 to Jul, 2013.
Josep Maria Pons Irazazábal is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jul, 2010 to Sep, 2010.
Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Mar, 1916 to Apr, 1916.
Bartolomé Beltrán is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Jaume Cladera Cladera is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Sep, 2010 to Dec, 2012.
Utz Claassen is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Dec, 2014 to Jun, 2016.
Mateu Alemany Font is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 2009 to Aug, 2009.
Andy Kohlberg is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Sep, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Guillem Reynés i Font is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Lluís Sitjar Castellà is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1946.
Josep Ramis d'Ayreflor i Rosselló is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930.
Bartomeu Vidal Pons is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Aug, 2009 to May, 2010.
Antonio Parietti is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1931.
Miquel Dalmau is the chair of RCD Mallorca from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. | RCD MallorcaReal Club Deportivo Mallorca, S.A.D. (, , "Royal Sporting Club Mallorca"), commonly known as Real Mallorca or just Mallorca is a Spanish professional football club based in Palma on the island of Mallorca in the Balearic Islands. Founded on 5 March 1916 they currently play in the Segunda División, holding home games at the Visit Mallorca Stadium with a 23,142-seat capacity.The club had its peak in the late 1990s and early 2000s, reaching a best-ever 3rd place in La Liga in 1999 and 2001 and winning the Copa del Rey in 2003 following final defeats in 1991 and 1998. Mallorca also won the 1998 Supercopa de España and reached the 1999 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final.Mallorca traditionally play in red shirts with black shorts and socks.Founded on 5 March 1916, what would later become RCD Mallorca was registered at the Spanish Football Federation under the name of Alfonso XIII Foot-Ball Club.Weeks after its establishment, the club wasted little time forming the directors of Alfonso XIII FBC, headed by engineer Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué and eight other football fans. Their first stadium, the Buenos Aires field, was inaugurated with a competitive fixture against FC Barcelona just 20 days after registering further fast-tracked development. Despite the fixture ending in a disappointing 8–0 defeat, it was not long before King Alfonso XIII himself requested the royal adoption of ‘Real’ in the team's title, therefore becoming Real Sociedad Alfonso XIII Foot-Ball Club.In 1917, the Catalan Federation granted Real Sociedad Alfonso XIII admission into the second-tier league championship as an unofficial champion of the Balearic Islands. Booking a place in the final, Los Bermellones went on to record their first title with a resounding 3–1 victory over Futbol Club Palafrugell, in Barcelona.Until the 1930s, the board of directors managed to organise fixtures against peninsular clubs such as RCD Espanyol and Real Murcia, while also hosting rare exhibitions against foreign sides including: Ajax in 1923, Uruguay's national team in 1925, Chilean outfit Colo-Colo in 1927 and one of the Czech Republic's oldest teams, Prague Meteor, in 1930.In 1931, following the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic which prohibited any form of reference to monarchy, the club was renamed to Club Deportivo Mallorca.Although major fixtures and competitions across Spain were soon interrupted by the outbreak of the Civil War in 1936, the squad enjoyed a highly successful spell by winning every possible championship they entered into, as football on the island remained resistant to the deferral experienced throughout the country. When the war finally ended, matches with teams from the Peninsula were quick to resume and the Second Division was inaugurated, based on five groups of eight teams each.It was during a period in the Second Division that, on 22 September 1945, the time had come to wave goodbye to Buenos Aires Field and up sticks to Es Fortí, a 16,000-maximum capacity stadium which would be called home for over half a century and undergo several expansions. A line-up featuring forward Sebastián Pocoví, defender Saturnino Grech and goalkeeper Antoni Ramallets beat Jerez 3–0 on the opening game of the new campaign the following day, with Carlos Sanz scoring Es Fortí's first goal in front of packed-out terraces. The title Es Fortí was short-lived however, with the board later changing the name of the stadium to Lluís Sitjar, in honour of the man who had driven the construction of the field.During the 1949–1950 season, the Balearic club recovered their "Real" title, becoming Real Club Deportivo MallorcaIn 1990–91, Mallorca reached the Copa del Rey final for the first time, losing by one goal to Atlético Madrid.Argentine Héctor Cúper was hired as manager in 1997. In his first season, the club reached the 1998 Copa del Rey Final, and lost on penalties to FC Barcelona after a 1–1 draw in Mestalla. However, as Barcelona also won the league, Mallorca were their opponents in the 1998 Supercopa de España and won 3–1 on aggregate for their first major honour. Barcelona's double also meant Mallorca entered the 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the final staging of the tournament – they lost the final 2–1 to Italy's S.S. Lazio at Villa Park.In 1999, Mallorca also finished a best-ever 3rd and qualified for the first time to the UEFA Champions League, but were eliminated on the away goals rule by Molde FK of Norway before the group stage. Luis Aragonés matched 3rd place in 2001, before leaving for an Atlético Madrid still in the second tier. On 28 June 2003, Mallorca won the Copa del Rey with a 3–0 win over Recreativo de Huelva in the final in Elche; the goals were scored by Walter Pandiani and Samuel Eto'o (two).Mallorca was relegated from La Liga on the last day of the 2012–13 season. In January 2016, with the team at risk of relegation to the third tier, American investor Robert Sarver and former NBA player Steve Nash bought the club for just over €20 million.On 4 June 2017, Mallorca fell into the third tier for the first time since 1981, with one game of the season still to play. A year later, they bounced back in the 2017–18 season after winning the play-off final against CF Rayo Majadahonda, under new manager Vicente Moreno. In June 2019, Mallorca secured a second consecutive promotion to the 2019–20 La Liga, following a 3–2 win on aggregate over Deportivo de La Coruña in the 2019 Segunda División play-offs – having lost the first game 2–0. However, they were relegated a year later. A year later, Mallorca bounced back to top tier a year later following Almería defeated by Cartagena.Head coach: Luis García PlazaAssistant coach: Perdo RostollAnalyst: Raúl GallegoGoalkeeping coach: Juan Miguel San Román, Fernando MaestroFitness coach: Félix VicentePhysiotherapists: Magí Vicenç, Verónica SebastianesPresident: Andy KohlbergBoard of Directors Member: Robert SarverBoard of Directors Member: Steve NashBoard of Directors Member: Graeme Le SauxBoard of Directors Member: Utz ClaassenHonorary Secretary: Rosemary MafuzFootball Director: Pablo OrtellsCFO: Alfonso DíazHead of Sales & Marketing: Joan SerraLegality Department: Lidia NavarroHead of Communications: Albert SalasTicketing & Social area: Román AlbarránReal Sociedad Alfonso XIII Football ClubClub Deportivo MallorcaReal Club Deportivo MallorcaThe following players have been selected by their country in the World Cup Finals, while playing for Mallorca. | [
"Adolfo Vázquez Humasqué",
"Mateu Alemany Font",
"Bartomeu Vidal Pons",
"Lorenzo Serra Ferrer",
"Miquel Dalmau",
"Utz Claassen",
"Josep Ramis d'Ayreflor i Rosselló",
"Andy Kohlberg",
"Guillem Reynés i Font",
"Josep Maria Pons Irazazábal",
"Jaume Cladera Cladera",
"Antonio Parietti",
"Bartolomé Beltrán"
] |
|
Who was the head of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen in Feb, 2020? | February 08, 2020 | {
"text": [
"Dany Clairet"
]
} | L2_Q455256_P6_2 | Michel Fréville is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Jun, 1995 to Mar, 2008.
Gaston Beltrémieux is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1940.
Dany Clairet is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Mar, 2008 to Dec, 2022. | Fresnicourt-le-DolmenFresnicourt-le-Dolmen is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen is a farming village situated some south of Béthune and southwest of Lille, on the D57 road. | [
"Michel Fréville",
"Gaston Beltrémieux"
] |
|
Who was the head of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen in 2020-02-08? | February 08, 2020 | {
"text": [
"Dany Clairet"
]
} | L2_Q455256_P6_2 | Michel Fréville is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Jun, 1995 to Mar, 2008.
Gaston Beltrémieux is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1940.
Dany Clairet is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Mar, 2008 to Dec, 2022. | Fresnicourt-le-DolmenFresnicourt-le-Dolmen is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen is a farming village situated some south of Béthune and southwest of Lille, on the D57 road. | [
"Michel Fréville",
"Gaston Beltrémieux"
] |
|
Who was the head of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen in 08/02/2020? | February 08, 2020 | {
"text": [
"Dany Clairet"
]
} | L2_Q455256_P6_2 | Michel Fréville is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Jun, 1995 to Mar, 2008.
Gaston Beltrémieux is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1940.
Dany Clairet is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Mar, 2008 to Dec, 2022. | Fresnicourt-le-DolmenFresnicourt-le-Dolmen is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen is a farming village situated some south of Béthune and southwest of Lille, on the D57 road. | [
"Michel Fréville",
"Gaston Beltrémieux"
] |
|
Who was the head of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen in Feb 08, 2020? | February 08, 2020 | {
"text": [
"Dany Clairet"
]
} | L2_Q455256_P6_2 | Michel Fréville is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Jun, 1995 to Mar, 2008.
Gaston Beltrémieux is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1940.
Dany Clairet is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Mar, 2008 to Dec, 2022. | Fresnicourt-le-DolmenFresnicourt-le-Dolmen is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen is a farming village situated some south of Béthune and southwest of Lille, on the D57 road. | [
"Michel Fréville",
"Gaston Beltrémieux"
] |
|
Who was the head of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen in 02/08/2020? | February 08, 2020 | {
"text": [
"Dany Clairet"
]
} | L2_Q455256_P6_2 | Michel Fréville is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Jun, 1995 to Mar, 2008.
Gaston Beltrémieux is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1940.
Dany Clairet is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Mar, 2008 to Dec, 2022. | Fresnicourt-le-DolmenFresnicourt-le-Dolmen is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen is a farming village situated some south of Béthune and southwest of Lille, on the D57 road. | [
"Michel Fréville",
"Gaston Beltrémieux"
] |
|
Who was the head of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen in 08-Feb-202008-February-2020? | February 08, 2020 | {
"text": [
"Dany Clairet"
]
} | L2_Q455256_P6_2 | Michel Fréville is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Jun, 1995 to Mar, 2008.
Gaston Beltrémieux is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1940.
Dany Clairet is the head of the government of Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen from Mar, 2008 to Dec, 2022. | Fresnicourt-le-DolmenFresnicourt-le-Dolmen is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen is a farming village situated some south of Béthune and southwest of Lille, on the D57 road. | [
"Michel Fréville",
"Gaston Beltrémieux"
] |
|
Which position did Martin Schulz hold in Jun, 2015? | June 20, 2015 | {
"text": [
"President of the European Parliament"
]
} | L2_Q17905_P39_3 | Martin Schulz holds the position of chairperson from Dec, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Martin Schulz holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1999.
Martin Schulz holds the position of mayor from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1998.
Martin Schulz holds the position of member of the German Bundestag from Oct, 2017 to Oct, 2021.
Martin Schulz holds the position of parliamentary group leader from Jul, 2004 to Jan, 2012.
Martin Schulz holds the position of President of the European Parliament from Jul, 2014 to Jan, 2017.
Martin Schulz holds the position of chairman of the Social Democratic Party from Mar, 2017 to Dec, 2022. | Martin SchulzMartin Schulz (born 20 December 1955) is a German politician who served as Leader of the Social Democratic Party 2017 to 2018, and has served as a Member of the Bundestag (MdB) since 2017. Previously he was President of the European Parliament from 2012 to 2017, Leader of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats from 2004 to 2012 and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany from 1994 to 2017.In November 2016, Schulz announced he would not seek a third term as President of the European Parliament, but instead would stand in 2017 as the SPD candidate for the German Chancellorship. In January 2017, Sigmar Gabriel announced he would not stand for re-election as party leader and as the SPD candidate for the German Chancellorship, Gabriel recommended Schulz as his replacement.After the elections of September 2017, which resulted in a postwar low for the SPD, Schulz declared the end of the existing Grand coalition under Angela Merkel and explicitly refused to serve in a Merkel government. On 7 February 2018, coalition talks concluded and Schulz announced he would succeed Sigmar Gabriel as Foreign minister and leave his party chairmanship to Andrea Nahles. After heavy public and internal criticism, Schulz decided not to enter the new cabinet. On 13 February 2018 Schulz stepped down as party chair.Martin Schulz was born in the village of Hehlrath, which is now a part of Eschweiler in western Rhineland, near the Dutch and Belgian borders, as one of five children. His father, Albert Schulz, was a local policeman and belonged to a social democratic family; his mother, Clara, belonged to a conservative Catholic family and was active in the Christian Democratic Union. Having grown up in the border area between Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, Schulz has relatives in all three countries.After four years at primary school, from 1962 to 1966, Schulz attended the Heilig-Geist (Holy Spirit) gymnasium, a private Roman Catholic school run by the Holy Ghost Fathers (or Spiritans), in Broich (now Würselen), a district of the town of Broichweiden, for nine years. As a teenager, he went to France on a school exchange programme. He left school without passing his Abitur after failing the 11th grade twice.From 1975 to 1977 Schulz then trained to be a bookseller. The next two years he worked for a number of publishing houses and bookshops. Schulz suffered from alcoholism and tried to commit suicide on 26 June 1980. After a successful rehab Schulz opened his own bookshop in Würselen in 1982.In 1974, at the age of 19, Schulz joined the SPD, became involved with the Young Socialists and in 1984 was elected to the Würselen Municipal Council, remaining a member for just over two electoral terms, to 1998, from 1987 onwards as mayor. At 31, he was then the youngest mayor in North Rhine-Westphalia. He held that office until 1998. As a municipal counselor he initiated the twinning of Würselen with the city of Morlaix in French Brittany, where he became friends with Marylise Lebranchu, who was the mayor and later became French Minister of Justice (2000–2002) and Minister for Public Services (2012–2016).In the 1994 European elections Schulz was elected to the European Parliament and between 2000 and 2004 was chair of the SPD delegation. Schulz has served on a number of committees, including the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and the Subcommittee on Human Rights. He led the German delegation of the Socialist group (SPD members) from 2000 and was also a vice-chair of the Socialist Group in the EP. He was elected group leader in 2004, of the PSE Group, succeeding the Spaniard Enrique Barón Crespo, a position held until he was elected EP president. Since 2009, Schulz has also acted as the representative for European Affairs for Germany's SPD party and his views have deeply influenced his party's pro-European politics.In 2004 as Leader of the S&D group, Schulz introduced a motion in the European Parliament to refuse to give approval/consent to the Barroso Commission on the basis of the proposed appointment of Italian nominee Rocco Buttiglione and his publicly expressed homophobic views. A large majority of MEPs from the other political groups followed and consequently Buttiglione was withdrawn and replaced by Franco Frattini.By 2008, SPD chairman Kurt Beck has said he wanted Schulz to succeed Günter Verheugen as Germany's EU commissioner following the 2009 European elections; the post eventually went to Günther Oettinger.Following the 2009 European elections Schulz came to public attention when he insisted that his group should not immediately approve a second term of office for European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso and instead, together with the Chair of the Green Group in the European Parliament, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, proposed the Belgian Liberal Guy Verhofstadt as a candidate for that office. Following reassurances by Barroso, Schulz dropped his categorical opposition to him, insisting only that he should make certain political concessions to the Social Democrats. As a result, the majority of the group abstained on the confidence vote to Barroso.On 15 September 2011, members of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament unanimously nominated Schulz as their candidate for the President of the European Parliament. On 17 January 2012, Schulz was elected as President of the European Parliament, with 387 votes in favour out of 670 cast. Other candidates were Nirj Deva (142 votes) and Diana Wallis (141 votes).Together with EU Commission President Barroso and EU Council President Herman van Rompuy, Schulz collected the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of the European Union. The Prize, honoring "over six decades [having] contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe", was awarded by a unanimous decision of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.As president of European Parliament, Schulz proved extremely adept at delicate diplomatic missions, such as his visit with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan following the 2016 coup attempt and his visit with Iranian President Hassan Rohani in November 2015 to "intensify dialogue" between the EU and Iran a few months after the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.In November 2016, Schulz announced that he would not run for a third term in January 2017, and instead return to German politics. He resigned his seat on 10 February 2017, leaving the European Parliament after more than twenty-two years.On 6 November 2013, Schulz was nominated as "candidate designate" by the Party of European Socialists – at the time the second-largest group in the 750-seat parliament –, with the aim to become the first candidate to be elected President of the European Commission by democratic elections. He was unopposed, as no other candidate stepped forward to challenge him in the race to be the socialist campaign figurehead. This kicked off a tour to all member states and particularly all member parties.On 1 March 2014, Schulz accepted the nomination of the Party of European Socialists in Rome. He was elected by 368 PES members out of 404, with only 2 votes against him. Prior to the vote, in what was widely seen as a clear signal to its European partners on the left that there are limits to their support for the EU, Britain's Labour Party had publicly spoken out against Schulz as the left's candidate, instead favouring Helle Thorning-Schmidt of Denmark's Social Democrats. Schulz launched his European campaign on 17 April in front of 1,600 socialist activists in Paris, promising to tackle taxes and social dumping. He ran against Conservative Jean-Claude Juncker, then Prime Minister of Luxembourg, and Liberal Guy Verhofstadt.However, when the Socialists came second in the European election behind the centre-right European People's Party (EPP), Germany's Social Democrats announced that they would accept one of Chancellor Angela Merkel's conservatives taking the German post on the European Commission if Schulz remained president of the European Parliament. The decision to back Juncker for the Commission's presidency instead was later endorsed at an informal meeting in Paris of eight Social Democratic leaders, including Thorning-Schmidt, Sigmar Gabriel of Germany and Werner Faymann of Austria. Accordingly, Schulz did not join the European Commission but remained in his current position.Since 1999, Schulz has been part of the SPD leadership under party chairmen Gerhard Schröder (1999–2004), Franz Müntefering (2004–05 and 2008–09), Matthias Platzeck (2005–06), Kurt Beck (2006–08) and Sigmar Gabriel (2009–17). Within the party, he serves as co-chairman of the Commission for International Politics, alongside Niels Annen. Schulz was an SPD delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2004, 2009, 2010 and 2012. In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2013 federal elections, he was part of the wider leadership circle chaired by Angela Merkel, Horst Seehofer and Sigmar Gabriel. He also led the SPD delegation in the working group on European affairs; his co-chair of the CDU/CSU was fellow MEP Herbert Reul.During his 2014 campaign for the Presidency of the European Commission, Schulz established himself as a regular presence in German media on issues unconnected to the European Parliament elections that year. By 2015, German newspapers speculated that Schulz was interested in running for the chancellorship of Germany in the 2017 federal elections. In May 2016, he told weekly newspaper "Welt am Sonntag" that he would not enter the race to succeed Angela Merkel. In November 2016, Schulz announced that he would not seek a third term as president of the European Parliament, but would instead run for a seat on the German parliament in the 2017 elections, which reignited the chancellorship speculations. On 24 January 2017, Schulz was confirmed as the Social Democrats' candidate for chancellor.On 24 January 2017, Schulz became the Social Democrats' candidate for chancellor in that year's Federal election. In March he was unanimously chosen as official head of the party, the first time in post-war Germany a leader of the SPD received no dissenting vote. Following the announcement of his nomination, his party gained an average of ten percentage points in public opinion polls. For a short period of time the SPD was close to the Union parties of Chancellor Merkel, during this time political observers regarded it possible that Schulz could unseat Merkel in the federal election on 24 September 2017. Polls also showed Schulz leading Merkel if Germans could elect their chancellor directly.With unemployment hitting new lows each month during the campaign, Schulz later struggled to gain traction with a message focusing on the ills of inequality in Germany. Shortly before the election, he refocused his campaign on the risk of a rekindled European migrant crisis. In July 2017, illness forced Schulz's campaign manager and friend Markus Engels to step down.In the federal elections on 24 September 2017, the Social Democrats slumped to 20.5 percent, a new postwar low.Within an hour of the first exit poll, Schulz confirmed statements by other senior party figures that the SPD would not renew its Grand coalition with the CDU under Angela Merkel but head into opposition. Schulz explicitly refused to serve in a Merkel government.However, after the attempt to form a "Jamaica coalition" between CDU/CSU, FDP and Greens failed in November 2017 and President Steinmeier asked him to reconsider, Schulz reverted his position and began coalition talks with the CDU/CSU parties.In February 2018, these coalition talks concluded successfully and Schulz announced he would succeed incumbent Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel as Foreign minister. After heavy public and internal criticism, Schulz stepped down as SPD Leader on 13 February 2018 and proposed Andrea Nahles as his replacement; and shortly thereafter he also gave up his attempt to become Foreign minister. The attempt to install Nahles as acting party leader faced severe criticism from several regional party associations as well as experts in constitutional law. The party executive nominated Nahles as the new leader, with Olaf Scholz, as the longest-serving deputy, taking over as acting party leader until the party conference on 22 April 2018.In December 2020, Schulz announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.Schulz is widely considered an ardent EU supporter. He has hailed European unification as being civilization's greatest achievement over the past century. In 2014, however, he argued it was also essential that responsibility was delegated away from Brussels and down to national, regional and local authorities, allowing the EU to focus on the big issues. As a result of Schulz's pro-Europeanism, both supporters and detractors have linked him with the slogan "MEGA" – "Make Europe Great Again" – as a parody of US President Donald Trump's "Make America Great Again".Schulz is committed to strengthening Europe and the European institutions. In 2016, he presented a ten-point plan for a reform of the EU with Vice Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel. It calls for a "streamlining" of European structures and the establishment of a strong European government under the control of the European Parliament.Schulz has often emphasised that the European Union is the best way to banish the "demons of the twentieth century", such as racism, xenophobia and antisemitism. The "Jerusalem Post" criticised his words on antisemitism as "meaningless condemnations".After the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union in a membership referendum, Schulz warned in mid-2016: "If we break the instruments with which we banish the demons, we will set them free again." He is one of the 27 initiators of the Charter of Digital Fundamental Rights published in November 2016 Of the European Union.In December 2017, Schulz called for a new constitutional treaty for a "United States of Europe". He proposed that this constitution should be written by "a convention that includes civil society and the people" and that any state that declined to accept this proposed constitution should have to leave the bloc. His proposal is "likely to be met with some resistance from Merkel and other EU leaders".In front of the European Council on 19 December 2013, Schulz took responsibility for the initiation of the Cox-Kwaśniewski mission to Ukraine. In the same speech, he noted that Europe was still militarily dependent on the US, and that in many cases Europe would be quite incapable of carrying out a military operation without the support of the USA.Schulz was quoted in a newspaper report of his speech as having said: "If we wish to defend our values and interests, if we wish to maintain the security of our citizens, then a majority of MEPs consider that we need a headquarters for civil and military missions in Brussels and deployable troops," The External Action Service of HRUFASP Catherine Ashton had prepared a proposal, which was supported by France, Spain, Italy, Poland and Germany who together have QMV majority, to create a European Air Force composed of surveillance drones, heavy transport airplanes, and air-to-air refuelling planes. The debate was joined with a view presented by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, who maintained that "Nato will remain the bedrock of Euro-Atlantic security." Rasmussen's view prevailed on the Council at this time because QMV does not take effect in decisions of the European Council until 1 November 2014.Schulz believes that dignified work is a value in itself. For that reason, he says, he is not a proponent of the concept of unconditional basic income. However, Schulz is much in favour of decent wage agreements, secure and lasting jobs, employee participation in decision-making and the examination of the social justification for claims and payments.In an effort to improve relations between Europe and Cuba, Schulz led a European Parliament delegation to Havana for talks with Carlos Lage Dávila on lifting EU sanction against the countries in 2008.In 2014, Schulz delivered a speech to the Israeli Knesset, in which he criticised Israel for denying Palestinians a fair share of water resources in the occupied West Bank. The speech sparked a walk-out by several lawmakers from the far-right Jewish Home party, and drew a public rebuke from Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In 2015, amid the Ukrainian crisis, Schulz suspended a committee made up of Russian and EU lawmakers that meets several times a year to improve ties. When Russia barred entry to two politicians from the EU who had planned to attend the funeral in 2015 of murdered opposition figure Boris Nemtsov, Schulz criticised the barring as "a high affront to EU–Russia relations and the work of democratic institutions".In 2016, Schulz stated that Donald Trump is a problem "for the whole world," and linked the Trump phenomenon to far-right populism in Europe. He called Trump an "irresponsible man" who "boasts about not having a clue".On 2 July 2003, one day after Italy taking over the rotating Presidency of the Council of the EU, Schulz criticized Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi of Italy of his domestic policy. Berlusconi replied:Berlusconi later claimed he was referring to the comedy-series "Hogan's Heroes", where a slow-witted character named Sgt. Hans Georg Schultz, played by John Banner, starred. Even though Berlusconi insisted that he was just being ironic, his comparisons with the Nazis caused a brief diplomatic rift between the two.On 24 November 2010 the British MEP Godfrey Bloom caused a row in the European Parliament when he interrupted a speech by Martin Schulz, heckling him with the Nazi propaganda slogan Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer ('one people, one empire, one leader') and accusing him of being an 'undemocratic fascist'. Bloom later stated that he was referring to the fact that the indoctrination of the German people under the Nazi regime has long-lasting effects; "some Germans still find it difficult to accept diversity in Europe and differences of opinion". In the debate on the future of the Euro Stability Pact Schulz had criticised the role played by the United Kingdom, which was involved in the discussions despite not being a member of the eurozone, and said that some eurosceptics would take pleasure in the collapse of the European Union. Following the incident, the President of Parliament, Jerzy Buzek, excluded Bloom from the Chamber. The Dutch MEP Barry Madlener, from the right-wing populist Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV – Freedom Party), then protested against that decision, on the grounds that Schulz himself had recently described the PVV MEP Daniël van der Stoep as a fascist, but had not been excluded from the Chamber.Schulz received criticism after having transformed the Twitter account that his staff had built up for his European Parliament presidency into his own personal account in order to use it as part of his candidature to the EU Commission.During his time as President of the European Parliament, Schulz removed a paragraph critical of his stewardship in a key committee report set for debate on 2 April 2014, thereby attracting a lot of negative attention. As a consequence, a large majority of the European Parliament voted on 4 April 2014 to invite Schulz to resign so that he would be able to campaign for the European elections.Lastly, Schulz was criticized about the tax-free daily allowance of €304 the President of the Parliament received, until 18 April 2014, which he received while he was campaigning to become President of the commission. This was paid for 365 days a year, in addition to his salary of 200 thousand euros per year. A member of parliament receives this daily allowance only for attending.In April 2017, the European Parliament, as part of its decision to discharge the financial year 2015, criticized two personnel matters where Schulz had been responsible for as President of Parliament. An employee of the parliament received an expatriation allowance of around 20,000 euros, even though his center of life had previously been in Berlin. The employee was a confidant of Schulz and later worked for the SPD as its campaign manager. Schulz was also accused of signing irregular promotions of close associates in a presidential decree that would have secured them financially advantageous posts beyond his departure. Schulz described the complaint as an election maneuver by "anti-Europeans, conservatives and Greens" and referred a decision of the European Anti-Fraud Office not to initiate an official investigation.On the day of the 2017 Federal Election, Schulz said he would under no circumstances become a minister of a government led by Angela Merkel or negotiate to form a Grand Coalition. After the SPD and Union parties finished their coalition talks on 6 February 2018, he made his intentions clear that he wanted to be Foreign Minister in the next government. This was met by heavy criticism from the party base, as Schulz was abandoning his word for a second time—the first being his vow not to enter coalition talks with Angela Merkel. The harshest criticism came from the incumbent Foreign Minister and his predecessor as SPD leader, Sigmar Gabriel. He accused Schulz and the Party leadership of not showing him the respect he deserves and being rude towards him. This public attack, coupled with internal pressure from the party leadership, led Schulz to retract prior statements and on 9 February 2018 he released a statement saying he would not enter into the new government; he resigned as leader of the SPD effective 13 February 2018.Schulz is married and has two children, Nico and Lina. He was raised Roman Catholic and is a lapsed Catholic.He suffered a period of alcoholism as a young man, after a knee injury put an end to his hopes of playing football.Besides German, Schulz speaks English, French, Spanish, Italian and Dutch with varying degrees of fluency. | [
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|
Which position did Martin Schulz hold in 2015-06-20? | June 20, 2015 | {
"text": [
"President of the European Parliament"
]
} | L2_Q17905_P39_3 | Martin Schulz holds the position of chairperson from Dec, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Martin Schulz holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1999.
Martin Schulz holds the position of mayor from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1998.
Martin Schulz holds the position of member of the German Bundestag from Oct, 2017 to Oct, 2021.
Martin Schulz holds the position of parliamentary group leader from Jul, 2004 to Jan, 2012.
Martin Schulz holds the position of President of the European Parliament from Jul, 2014 to Jan, 2017.
Martin Schulz holds the position of chairman of the Social Democratic Party from Mar, 2017 to Dec, 2022. | Martin SchulzMartin Schulz (born 20 December 1955) is a German politician who served as Leader of the Social Democratic Party 2017 to 2018, and has served as a Member of the Bundestag (MdB) since 2017. Previously he was President of the European Parliament from 2012 to 2017, Leader of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats from 2004 to 2012 and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany from 1994 to 2017.In November 2016, Schulz announced he would not seek a third term as President of the European Parliament, but instead would stand in 2017 as the SPD candidate for the German Chancellorship. In January 2017, Sigmar Gabriel announced he would not stand for re-election as party leader and as the SPD candidate for the German Chancellorship, Gabriel recommended Schulz as his replacement.After the elections of September 2017, which resulted in a postwar low for the SPD, Schulz declared the end of the existing Grand coalition under Angela Merkel and explicitly refused to serve in a Merkel government. On 7 February 2018, coalition talks concluded and Schulz announced he would succeed Sigmar Gabriel as Foreign minister and leave his party chairmanship to Andrea Nahles. After heavy public and internal criticism, Schulz decided not to enter the new cabinet. On 13 February 2018 Schulz stepped down as party chair.Martin Schulz was born in the village of Hehlrath, which is now a part of Eschweiler in western Rhineland, near the Dutch and Belgian borders, as one of five children. His father, Albert Schulz, was a local policeman and belonged to a social democratic family; his mother, Clara, belonged to a conservative Catholic family and was active in the Christian Democratic Union. Having grown up in the border area between Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, Schulz has relatives in all three countries.After four years at primary school, from 1962 to 1966, Schulz attended the Heilig-Geist (Holy Spirit) gymnasium, a private Roman Catholic school run by the Holy Ghost Fathers (or Spiritans), in Broich (now Würselen), a district of the town of Broichweiden, for nine years. As a teenager, he went to France on a school exchange programme. He left school without passing his Abitur after failing the 11th grade twice.From 1975 to 1977 Schulz then trained to be a bookseller. The next two years he worked for a number of publishing houses and bookshops. Schulz suffered from alcoholism and tried to commit suicide on 26 June 1980. After a successful rehab Schulz opened his own bookshop in Würselen in 1982.In 1974, at the age of 19, Schulz joined the SPD, became involved with the Young Socialists and in 1984 was elected to the Würselen Municipal Council, remaining a member for just over two electoral terms, to 1998, from 1987 onwards as mayor. At 31, he was then the youngest mayor in North Rhine-Westphalia. He held that office until 1998. As a municipal counselor he initiated the twinning of Würselen with the city of Morlaix in French Brittany, where he became friends with Marylise Lebranchu, who was the mayor and later became French Minister of Justice (2000–2002) and Minister for Public Services (2012–2016).In the 1994 European elections Schulz was elected to the European Parliament and between 2000 and 2004 was chair of the SPD delegation. Schulz has served on a number of committees, including the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and the Subcommittee on Human Rights. He led the German delegation of the Socialist group (SPD members) from 2000 and was also a vice-chair of the Socialist Group in the EP. He was elected group leader in 2004, of the PSE Group, succeeding the Spaniard Enrique Barón Crespo, a position held until he was elected EP president. Since 2009, Schulz has also acted as the representative for European Affairs for Germany's SPD party and his views have deeply influenced his party's pro-European politics.In 2004 as Leader of the S&D group, Schulz introduced a motion in the European Parliament to refuse to give approval/consent to the Barroso Commission on the basis of the proposed appointment of Italian nominee Rocco Buttiglione and his publicly expressed homophobic views. A large majority of MEPs from the other political groups followed and consequently Buttiglione was withdrawn and replaced by Franco Frattini.By 2008, SPD chairman Kurt Beck has said he wanted Schulz to succeed Günter Verheugen as Germany's EU commissioner following the 2009 European elections; the post eventually went to Günther Oettinger.Following the 2009 European elections Schulz came to public attention when he insisted that his group should not immediately approve a second term of office for European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso and instead, together with the Chair of the Green Group in the European Parliament, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, proposed the Belgian Liberal Guy Verhofstadt as a candidate for that office. Following reassurances by Barroso, Schulz dropped his categorical opposition to him, insisting only that he should make certain political concessions to the Social Democrats. As a result, the majority of the group abstained on the confidence vote to Barroso.On 15 September 2011, members of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament unanimously nominated Schulz as their candidate for the President of the European Parliament. On 17 January 2012, Schulz was elected as President of the European Parliament, with 387 votes in favour out of 670 cast. Other candidates were Nirj Deva (142 votes) and Diana Wallis (141 votes).Together with EU Commission President Barroso and EU Council President Herman van Rompuy, Schulz collected the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of the European Union. The Prize, honoring "over six decades [having] contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe", was awarded by a unanimous decision of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.As president of European Parliament, Schulz proved extremely adept at delicate diplomatic missions, such as his visit with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan following the 2016 coup attempt and his visit with Iranian President Hassan Rohani in November 2015 to "intensify dialogue" between the EU and Iran a few months after the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.In November 2016, Schulz announced that he would not run for a third term in January 2017, and instead return to German politics. He resigned his seat on 10 February 2017, leaving the European Parliament after more than twenty-two years.On 6 November 2013, Schulz was nominated as "candidate designate" by the Party of European Socialists – at the time the second-largest group in the 750-seat parliament –, with the aim to become the first candidate to be elected President of the European Commission by democratic elections. He was unopposed, as no other candidate stepped forward to challenge him in the race to be the socialist campaign figurehead. This kicked off a tour to all member states and particularly all member parties.On 1 March 2014, Schulz accepted the nomination of the Party of European Socialists in Rome. He was elected by 368 PES members out of 404, with only 2 votes against him. Prior to the vote, in what was widely seen as a clear signal to its European partners on the left that there are limits to their support for the EU, Britain's Labour Party had publicly spoken out against Schulz as the left's candidate, instead favouring Helle Thorning-Schmidt of Denmark's Social Democrats. Schulz launched his European campaign on 17 April in front of 1,600 socialist activists in Paris, promising to tackle taxes and social dumping. He ran against Conservative Jean-Claude Juncker, then Prime Minister of Luxembourg, and Liberal Guy Verhofstadt.However, when the Socialists came second in the European election behind the centre-right European People's Party (EPP), Germany's Social Democrats announced that they would accept one of Chancellor Angela Merkel's conservatives taking the German post on the European Commission if Schulz remained president of the European Parliament. The decision to back Juncker for the Commission's presidency instead was later endorsed at an informal meeting in Paris of eight Social Democratic leaders, including Thorning-Schmidt, Sigmar Gabriel of Germany and Werner Faymann of Austria. Accordingly, Schulz did not join the European Commission but remained in his current position.Since 1999, Schulz has been part of the SPD leadership under party chairmen Gerhard Schröder (1999–2004), Franz Müntefering (2004–05 and 2008–09), Matthias Platzeck (2005–06), Kurt Beck (2006–08) and Sigmar Gabriel (2009–17). Within the party, he serves as co-chairman of the Commission for International Politics, alongside Niels Annen. Schulz was an SPD delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2004, 2009, 2010 and 2012. In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2013 federal elections, he was part of the wider leadership circle chaired by Angela Merkel, Horst Seehofer and Sigmar Gabriel. He also led the SPD delegation in the working group on European affairs; his co-chair of the CDU/CSU was fellow MEP Herbert Reul.During his 2014 campaign for the Presidency of the European Commission, Schulz established himself as a regular presence in German media on issues unconnected to the European Parliament elections that year. By 2015, German newspapers speculated that Schulz was interested in running for the chancellorship of Germany in the 2017 federal elections. In May 2016, he told weekly newspaper "Welt am Sonntag" that he would not enter the race to succeed Angela Merkel. In November 2016, Schulz announced that he would not seek a third term as president of the European Parliament, but would instead run for a seat on the German parliament in the 2017 elections, which reignited the chancellorship speculations. On 24 January 2017, Schulz was confirmed as the Social Democrats' candidate for chancellor.On 24 January 2017, Schulz became the Social Democrats' candidate for chancellor in that year's Federal election. In March he was unanimously chosen as official head of the party, the first time in post-war Germany a leader of the SPD received no dissenting vote. Following the announcement of his nomination, his party gained an average of ten percentage points in public opinion polls. For a short period of time the SPD was close to the Union parties of Chancellor Merkel, during this time political observers regarded it possible that Schulz could unseat Merkel in the federal election on 24 September 2017. Polls also showed Schulz leading Merkel if Germans could elect their chancellor directly.With unemployment hitting new lows each month during the campaign, Schulz later struggled to gain traction with a message focusing on the ills of inequality in Germany. Shortly before the election, he refocused his campaign on the risk of a rekindled European migrant crisis. In July 2017, illness forced Schulz's campaign manager and friend Markus Engels to step down.In the federal elections on 24 September 2017, the Social Democrats slumped to 20.5 percent, a new postwar low.Within an hour of the first exit poll, Schulz confirmed statements by other senior party figures that the SPD would not renew its Grand coalition with the CDU under Angela Merkel but head into opposition. Schulz explicitly refused to serve in a Merkel government.However, after the attempt to form a "Jamaica coalition" between CDU/CSU, FDP and Greens failed in November 2017 and President Steinmeier asked him to reconsider, Schulz reverted his position and began coalition talks with the CDU/CSU parties.In February 2018, these coalition talks concluded successfully and Schulz announced he would succeed incumbent Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel as Foreign minister. After heavy public and internal criticism, Schulz stepped down as SPD Leader on 13 February 2018 and proposed Andrea Nahles as his replacement; and shortly thereafter he also gave up his attempt to become Foreign minister. The attempt to install Nahles as acting party leader faced severe criticism from several regional party associations as well as experts in constitutional law. The party executive nominated Nahles as the new leader, with Olaf Scholz, as the longest-serving deputy, taking over as acting party leader until the party conference on 22 April 2018.In December 2020, Schulz announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.Schulz is widely considered an ardent EU supporter. He has hailed European unification as being civilization's greatest achievement over the past century. In 2014, however, he argued it was also essential that responsibility was delegated away from Brussels and down to national, regional and local authorities, allowing the EU to focus on the big issues. As a result of Schulz's pro-Europeanism, both supporters and detractors have linked him with the slogan "MEGA" – "Make Europe Great Again" – as a parody of US President Donald Trump's "Make America Great Again".Schulz is committed to strengthening Europe and the European institutions. In 2016, he presented a ten-point plan for a reform of the EU with Vice Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel. It calls for a "streamlining" of European structures and the establishment of a strong European government under the control of the European Parliament.Schulz has often emphasised that the European Union is the best way to banish the "demons of the twentieth century", such as racism, xenophobia and antisemitism. The "Jerusalem Post" criticised his words on antisemitism as "meaningless condemnations".After the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union in a membership referendum, Schulz warned in mid-2016: "If we break the instruments with which we banish the demons, we will set them free again." He is one of the 27 initiators of the Charter of Digital Fundamental Rights published in November 2016 Of the European Union.In December 2017, Schulz called for a new constitutional treaty for a "United States of Europe". He proposed that this constitution should be written by "a convention that includes civil society and the people" and that any state that declined to accept this proposed constitution should have to leave the bloc. His proposal is "likely to be met with some resistance from Merkel and other EU leaders".In front of the European Council on 19 December 2013, Schulz took responsibility for the initiation of the Cox-Kwaśniewski mission to Ukraine. In the same speech, he noted that Europe was still militarily dependent on the US, and that in many cases Europe would be quite incapable of carrying out a military operation without the support of the USA.Schulz was quoted in a newspaper report of his speech as having said: "If we wish to defend our values and interests, if we wish to maintain the security of our citizens, then a majority of MEPs consider that we need a headquarters for civil and military missions in Brussels and deployable troops," The External Action Service of HRUFASP Catherine Ashton had prepared a proposal, which was supported by France, Spain, Italy, Poland and Germany who together have QMV majority, to create a European Air Force composed of surveillance drones, heavy transport airplanes, and air-to-air refuelling planes. The debate was joined with a view presented by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, who maintained that "Nato will remain the bedrock of Euro-Atlantic security." Rasmussen's view prevailed on the Council at this time because QMV does not take effect in decisions of the European Council until 1 November 2014.Schulz believes that dignified work is a value in itself. For that reason, he says, he is not a proponent of the concept of unconditional basic income. However, Schulz is much in favour of decent wage agreements, secure and lasting jobs, employee participation in decision-making and the examination of the social justification for claims and payments.In an effort to improve relations between Europe and Cuba, Schulz led a European Parliament delegation to Havana for talks with Carlos Lage Dávila on lifting EU sanction against the countries in 2008.In 2014, Schulz delivered a speech to the Israeli Knesset, in which he criticised Israel for denying Palestinians a fair share of water resources in the occupied West Bank. The speech sparked a walk-out by several lawmakers from the far-right Jewish Home party, and drew a public rebuke from Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In 2015, amid the Ukrainian crisis, Schulz suspended a committee made up of Russian and EU lawmakers that meets several times a year to improve ties. When Russia barred entry to two politicians from the EU who had planned to attend the funeral in 2015 of murdered opposition figure Boris Nemtsov, Schulz criticised the barring as "a high affront to EU–Russia relations and the work of democratic institutions".In 2016, Schulz stated that Donald Trump is a problem "for the whole world," and linked the Trump phenomenon to far-right populism in Europe. He called Trump an "irresponsible man" who "boasts about not having a clue".On 2 July 2003, one day after Italy taking over the rotating Presidency of the Council of the EU, Schulz criticized Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi of Italy of his domestic policy. Berlusconi replied:Berlusconi later claimed he was referring to the comedy-series "Hogan's Heroes", where a slow-witted character named Sgt. Hans Georg Schultz, played by John Banner, starred. Even though Berlusconi insisted that he was just being ironic, his comparisons with the Nazis caused a brief diplomatic rift between the two.On 24 November 2010 the British MEP Godfrey Bloom caused a row in the European Parliament when he interrupted a speech by Martin Schulz, heckling him with the Nazi propaganda slogan Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer ('one people, one empire, one leader') and accusing him of being an 'undemocratic fascist'. Bloom later stated that he was referring to the fact that the indoctrination of the German people under the Nazi regime has long-lasting effects; "some Germans still find it difficult to accept diversity in Europe and differences of opinion". In the debate on the future of the Euro Stability Pact Schulz had criticised the role played by the United Kingdom, which was involved in the discussions despite not being a member of the eurozone, and said that some eurosceptics would take pleasure in the collapse of the European Union. Following the incident, the President of Parliament, Jerzy Buzek, excluded Bloom from the Chamber. The Dutch MEP Barry Madlener, from the right-wing populist Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV – Freedom Party), then protested against that decision, on the grounds that Schulz himself had recently described the PVV MEP Daniël van der Stoep as a fascist, but had not been excluded from the Chamber.Schulz received criticism after having transformed the Twitter account that his staff had built up for his European Parliament presidency into his own personal account in order to use it as part of his candidature to the EU Commission.During his time as President of the European Parliament, Schulz removed a paragraph critical of his stewardship in a key committee report set for debate on 2 April 2014, thereby attracting a lot of negative attention. As a consequence, a large majority of the European Parliament voted on 4 April 2014 to invite Schulz to resign so that he would be able to campaign for the European elections.Lastly, Schulz was criticized about the tax-free daily allowance of €304 the President of the Parliament received, until 18 April 2014, which he received while he was campaigning to become President of the commission. This was paid for 365 days a year, in addition to his salary of 200 thousand euros per year. A member of parliament receives this daily allowance only for attending.In April 2017, the European Parliament, as part of its decision to discharge the financial year 2015, criticized two personnel matters where Schulz had been responsible for as President of Parliament. An employee of the parliament received an expatriation allowance of around 20,000 euros, even though his center of life had previously been in Berlin. The employee was a confidant of Schulz and later worked for the SPD as its campaign manager. Schulz was also accused of signing irregular promotions of close associates in a presidential decree that would have secured them financially advantageous posts beyond his departure. Schulz described the complaint as an election maneuver by "anti-Europeans, conservatives and Greens" and referred a decision of the European Anti-Fraud Office not to initiate an official investigation.On the day of the 2017 Federal Election, Schulz said he would under no circumstances become a minister of a government led by Angela Merkel or negotiate to form a Grand Coalition. After the SPD and Union parties finished their coalition talks on 6 February 2018, he made his intentions clear that he wanted to be Foreign Minister in the next government. This was met by heavy criticism from the party base, as Schulz was abandoning his word for a second time—the first being his vow not to enter coalition talks with Angela Merkel. The harshest criticism came from the incumbent Foreign Minister and his predecessor as SPD leader, Sigmar Gabriel. He accused Schulz and the Party leadership of not showing him the respect he deserves and being rude towards him. This public attack, coupled with internal pressure from the party leadership, led Schulz to retract prior statements and on 9 February 2018 he released a statement saying he would not enter into the new government; he resigned as leader of the SPD effective 13 February 2018.Schulz is married and has two children, Nico and Lina. He was raised Roman Catholic and is a lapsed Catholic.He suffered a period of alcoholism as a young man, after a knee injury put an end to his hopes of playing football.Besides German, Schulz speaks English, French, Spanish, Italian and Dutch with varying degrees of fluency. | [
"mayor",
"chairman of the Social Democratic Party",
"parliamentary group leader",
"member of the German Bundestag",
"member of the European Parliament",
"chairperson"
] |
|
Which position did Martin Schulz hold in 20/06/2015? | June 20, 2015 | {
"text": [
"President of the European Parliament"
]
} | L2_Q17905_P39_3 | Martin Schulz holds the position of chairperson from Dec, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Martin Schulz holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1999.
Martin Schulz holds the position of mayor from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1998.
Martin Schulz holds the position of member of the German Bundestag from Oct, 2017 to Oct, 2021.
Martin Schulz holds the position of parliamentary group leader from Jul, 2004 to Jan, 2012.
Martin Schulz holds the position of President of the European Parliament from Jul, 2014 to Jan, 2017.
Martin Schulz holds the position of chairman of the Social Democratic Party from Mar, 2017 to Dec, 2022. | Martin SchulzMartin Schulz (born 20 December 1955) is a German politician who served as Leader of the Social Democratic Party 2017 to 2018, and has served as a Member of the Bundestag (MdB) since 2017. Previously he was President of the European Parliament from 2012 to 2017, Leader of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats from 2004 to 2012 and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany from 1994 to 2017.In November 2016, Schulz announced he would not seek a third term as President of the European Parliament, but instead would stand in 2017 as the SPD candidate for the German Chancellorship. In January 2017, Sigmar Gabriel announced he would not stand for re-election as party leader and as the SPD candidate for the German Chancellorship, Gabriel recommended Schulz as his replacement.After the elections of September 2017, which resulted in a postwar low for the SPD, Schulz declared the end of the existing Grand coalition under Angela Merkel and explicitly refused to serve in a Merkel government. On 7 February 2018, coalition talks concluded and Schulz announced he would succeed Sigmar Gabriel as Foreign minister and leave his party chairmanship to Andrea Nahles. After heavy public and internal criticism, Schulz decided not to enter the new cabinet. On 13 February 2018 Schulz stepped down as party chair.Martin Schulz was born in the village of Hehlrath, which is now a part of Eschweiler in western Rhineland, near the Dutch and Belgian borders, as one of five children. His father, Albert Schulz, was a local policeman and belonged to a social democratic family; his mother, Clara, belonged to a conservative Catholic family and was active in the Christian Democratic Union. Having grown up in the border area between Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, Schulz has relatives in all three countries.After four years at primary school, from 1962 to 1966, Schulz attended the Heilig-Geist (Holy Spirit) gymnasium, a private Roman Catholic school run by the Holy Ghost Fathers (or Spiritans), in Broich (now Würselen), a district of the town of Broichweiden, for nine years. As a teenager, he went to France on a school exchange programme. He left school without passing his Abitur after failing the 11th grade twice.From 1975 to 1977 Schulz then trained to be a bookseller. The next two years he worked for a number of publishing houses and bookshops. Schulz suffered from alcoholism and tried to commit suicide on 26 June 1980. After a successful rehab Schulz opened his own bookshop in Würselen in 1982.In 1974, at the age of 19, Schulz joined the SPD, became involved with the Young Socialists and in 1984 was elected to the Würselen Municipal Council, remaining a member for just over two electoral terms, to 1998, from 1987 onwards as mayor. At 31, he was then the youngest mayor in North Rhine-Westphalia. He held that office until 1998. As a municipal counselor he initiated the twinning of Würselen with the city of Morlaix in French Brittany, where he became friends with Marylise Lebranchu, who was the mayor and later became French Minister of Justice (2000–2002) and Minister for Public Services (2012–2016).In the 1994 European elections Schulz was elected to the European Parliament and between 2000 and 2004 was chair of the SPD delegation. Schulz has served on a number of committees, including the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and the Subcommittee on Human Rights. He led the German delegation of the Socialist group (SPD members) from 2000 and was also a vice-chair of the Socialist Group in the EP. He was elected group leader in 2004, of the PSE Group, succeeding the Spaniard Enrique Barón Crespo, a position held until he was elected EP president. Since 2009, Schulz has also acted as the representative for European Affairs for Germany's SPD party and his views have deeply influenced his party's pro-European politics.In 2004 as Leader of the S&D group, Schulz introduced a motion in the European Parliament to refuse to give approval/consent to the Barroso Commission on the basis of the proposed appointment of Italian nominee Rocco Buttiglione and his publicly expressed homophobic views. A large majority of MEPs from the other political groups followed and consequently Buttiglione was withdrawn and replaced by Franco Frattini.By 2008, SPD chairman Kurt Beck has said he wanted Schulz to succeed Günter Verheugen as Germany's EU commissioner following the 2009 European elections; the post eventually went to Günther Oettinger.Following the 2009 European elections Schulz came to public attention when he insisted that his group should not immediately approve a second term of office for European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso and instead, together with the Chair of the Green Group in the European Parliament, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, proposed the Belgian Liberal Guy Verhofstadt as a candidate for that office. Following reassurances by Barroso, Schulz dropped his categorical opposition to him, insisting only that he should make certain political concessions to the Social Democrats. As a result, the majority of the group abstained on the confidence vote to Barroso.On 15 September 2011, members of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament unanimously nominated Schulz as their candidate for the President of the European Parliament. On 17 January 2012, Schulz was elected as President of the European Parliament, with 387 votes in favour out of 670 cast. Other candidates were Nirj Deva (142 votes) and Diana Wallis (141 votes).Together with EU Commission President Barroso and EU Council President Herman van Rompuy, Schulz collected the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of the European Union. The Prize, honoring "over six decades [having] contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe", was awarded by a unanimous decision of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.As president of European Parliament, Schulz proved extremely adept at delicate diplomatic missions, such as his visit with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan following the 2016 coup attempt and his visit with Iranian President Hassan Rohani in November 2015 to "intensify dialogue" between the EU and Iran a few months after the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.In November 2016, Schulz announced that he would not run for a third term in January 2017, and instead return to German politics. He resigned his seat on 10 February 2017, leaving the European Parliament after more than twenty-two years.On 6 November 2013, Schulz was nominated as "candidate designate" by the Party of European Socialists – at the time the second-largest group in the 750-seat parliament –, with the aim to become the first candidate to be elected President of the European Commission by democratic elections. He was unopposed, as no other candidate stepped forward to challenge him in the race to be the socialist campaign figurehead. This kicked off a tour to all member states and particularly all member parties.On 1 March 2014, Schulz accepted the nomination of the Party of European Socialists in Rome. He was elected by 368 PES members out of 404, with only 2 votes against him. Prior to the vote, in what was widely seen as a clear signal to its European partners on the left that there are limits to their support for the EU, Britain's Labour Party had publicly spoken out against Schulz as the left's candidate, instead favouring Helle Thorning-Schmidt of Denmark's Social Democrats. Schulz launched his European campaign on 17 April in front of 1,600 socialist activists in Paris, promising to tackle taxes and social dumping. He ran against Conservative Jean-Claude Juncker, then Prime Minister of Luxembourg, and Liberal Guy Verhofstadt.However, when the Socialists came second in the European election behind the centre-right European People's Party (EPP), Germany's Social Democrats announced that they would accept one of Chancellor Angela Merkel's conservatives taking the German post on the European Commission if Schulz remained president of the European Parliament. The decision to back Juncker for the Commission's presidency instead was later endorsed at an informal meeting in Paris of eight Social Democratic leaders, including Thorning-Schmidt, Sigmar Gabriel of Germany and Werner Faymann of Austria. Accordingly, Schulz did not join the European Commission but remained in his current position.Since 1999, Schulz has been part of the SPD leadership under party chairmen Gerhard Schröder (1999–2004), Franz Müntefering (2004–05 and 2008–09), Matthias Platzeck (2005–06), Kurt Beck (2006–08) and Sigmar Gabriel (2009–17). Within the party, he serves as co-chairman of the Commission for International Politics, alongside Niels Annen. Schulz was an SPD delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2004, 2009, 2010 and 2012. In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2013 federal elections, he was part of the wider leadership circle chaired by Angela Merkel, Horst Seehofer and Sigmar Gabriel. He also led the SPD delegation in the working group on European affairs; his co-chair of the CDU/CSU was fellow MEP Herbert Reul.During his 2014 campaign for the Presidency of the European Commission, Schulz established himself as a regular presence in German media on issues unconnected to the European Parliament elections that year. By 2015, German newspapers speculated that Schulz was interested in running for the chancellorship of Germany in the 2017 federal elections. In May 2016, he told weekly newspaper "Welt am Sonntag" that he would not enter the race to succeed Angela Merkel. In November 2016, Schulz announced that he would not seek a third term as president of the European Parliament, but would instead run for a seat on the German parliament in the 2017 elections, which reignited the chancellorship speculations. On 24 January 2017, Schulz was confirmed as the Social Democrats' candidate for chancellor.On 24 January 2017, Schulz became the Social Democrats' candidate for chancellor in that year's Federal election. In March he was unanimously chosen as official head of the party, the first time in post-war Germany a leader of the SPD received no dissenting vote. Following the announcement of his nomination, his party gained an average of ten percentage points in public opinion polls. For a short period of time the SPD was close to the Union parties of Chancellor Merkel, during this time political observers regarded it possible that Schulz could unseat Merkel in the federal election on 24 September 2017. Polls also showed Schulz leading Merkel if Germans could elect their chancellor directly.With unemployment hitting new lows each month during the campaign, Schulz later struggled to gain traction with a message focusing on the ills of inequality in Germany. Shortly before the election, he refocused his campaign on the risk of a rekindled European migrant crisis. In July 2017, illness forced Schulz's campaign manager and friend Markus Engels to step down.In the federal elections on 24 September 2017, the Social Democrats slumped to 20.5 percent, a new postwar low.Within an hour of the first exit poll, Schulz confirmed statements by other senior party figures that the SPD would not renew its Grand coalition with the CDU under Angela Merkel but head into opposition. Schulz explicitly refused to serve in a Merkel government.However, after the attempt to form a "Jamaica coalition" between CDU/CSU, FDP and Greens failed in November 2017 and President Steinmeier asked him to reconsider, Schulz reverted his position and began coalition talks with the CDU/CSU parties.In February 2018, these coalition talks concluded successfully and Schulz announced he would succeed incumbent Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel as Foreign minister. After heavy public and internal criticism, Schulz stepped down as SPD Leader on 13 February 2018 and proposed Andrea Nahles as his replacement; and shortly thereafter he also gave up his attempt to become Foreign minister. The attempt to install Nahles as acting party leader faced severe criticism from several regional party associations as well as experts in constitutional law. The party executive nominated Nahles as the new leader, with Olaf Scholz, as the longest-serving deputy, taking over as acting party leader until the party conference on 22 April 2018.In December 2020, Schulz announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.Schulz is widely considered an ardent EU supporter. He has hailed European unification as being civilization's greatest achievement over the past century. In 2014, however, he argued it was also essential that responsibility was delegated away from Brussels and down to national, regional and local authorities, allowing the EU to focus on the big issues. As a result of Schulz's pro-Europeanism, both supporters and detractors have linked him with the slogan "MEGA" – "Make Europe Great Again" – as a parody of US President Donald Trump's "Make America Great Again".Schulz is committed to strengthening Europe and the European institutions. In 2016, he presented a ten-point plan for a reform of the EU with Vice Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel. It calls for a "streamlining" of European structures and the establishment of a strong European government under the control of the European Parliament.Schulz has often emphasised that the European Union is the best way to banish the "demons of the twentieth century", such as racism, xenophobia and antisemitism. The "Jerusalem Post" criticised his words on antisemitism as "meaningless condemnations".After the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union in a membership referendum, Schulz warned in mid-2016: "If we break the instruments with which we banish the demons, we will set them free again." He is one of the 27 initiators of the Charter of Digital Fundamental Rights published in November 2016 Of the European Union.In December 2017, Schulz called for a new constitutional treaty for a "United States of Europe". He proposed that this constitution should be written by "a convention that includes civil society and the people" and that any state that declined to accept this proposed constitution should have to leave the bloc. His proposal is "likely to be met with some resistance from Merkel and other EU leaders".In front of the European Council on 19 December 2013, Schulz took responsibility for the initiation of the Cox-Kwaśniewski mission to Ukraine. In the same speech, he noted that Europe was still militarily dependent on the US, and that in many cases Europe would be quite incapable of carrying out a military operation without the support of the USA.Schulz was quoted in a newspaper report of his speech as having said: "If we wish to defend our values and interests, if we wish to maintain the security of our citizens, then a majority of MEPs consider that we need a headquarters for civil and military missions in Brussels and deployable troops," The External Action Service of HRUFASP Catherine Ashton had prepared a proposal, which was supported by France, Spain, Italy, Poland and Germany who together have QMV majority, to create a European Air Force composed of surveillance drones, heavy transport airplanes, and air-to-air refuelling planes. The debate was joined with a view presented by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, who maintained that "Nato will remain the bedrock of Euro-Atlantic security." Rasmussen's view prevailed on the Council at this time because QMV does not take effect in decisions of the European Council until 1 November 2014.Schulz believes that dignified work is a value in itself. For that reason, he says, he is not a proponent of the concept of unconditional basic income. However, Schulz is much in favour of decent wage agreements, secure and lasting jobs, employee participation in decision-making and the examination of the social justification for claims and payments.In an effort to improve relations between Europe and Cuba, Schulz led a European Parliament delegation to Havana for talks with Carlos Lage Dávila on lifting EU sanction against the countries in 2008.In 2014, Schulz delivered a speech to the Israeli Knesset, in which he criticised Israel for denying Palestinians a fair share of water resources in the occupied West Bank. The speech sparked a walk-out by several lawmakers from the far-right Jewish Home party, and drew a public rebuke from Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In 2015, amid the Ukrainian crisis, Schulz suspended a committee made up of Russian and EU lawmakers that meets several times a year to improve ties. When Russia barred entry to two politicians from the EU who had planned to attend the funeral in 2015 of murdered opposition figure Boris Nemtsov, Schulz criticised the barring as "a high affront to EU–Russia relations and the work of democratic institutions".In 2016, Schulz stated that Donald Trump is a problem "for the whole world," and linked the Trump phenomenon to far-right populism in Europe. He called Trump an "irresponsible man" who "boasts about not having a clue".On 2 July 2003, one day after Italy taking over the rotating Presidency of the Council of the EU, Schulz criticized Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi of Italy of his domestic policy. Berlusconi replied:Berlusconi later claimed he was referring to the comedy-series "Hogan's Heroes", where a slow-witted character named Sgt. Hans Georg Schultz, played by John Banner, starred. Even though Berlusconi insisted that he was just being ironic, his comparisons with the Nazis caused a brief diplomatic rift between the two.On 24 November 2010 the British MEP Godfrey Bloom caused a row in the European Parliament when he interrupted a speech by Martin Schulz, heckling him with the Nazi propaganda slogan Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer ('one people, one empire, one leader') and accusing him of being an 'undemocratic fascist'. Bloom later stated that he was referring to the fact that the indoctrination of the German people under the Nazi regime has long-lasting effects; "some Germans still find it difficult to accept diversity in Europe and differences of opinion". In the debate on the future of the Euro Stability Pact Schulz had criticised the role played by the United Kingdom, which was involved in the discussions despite not being a member of the eurozone, and said that some eurosceptics would take pleasure in the collapse of the European Union. Following the incident, the President of Parliament, Jerzy Buzek, excluded Bloom from the Chamber. The Dutch MEP Barry Madlener, from the right-wing populist Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV – Freedom Party), then protested against that decision, on the grounds that Schulz himself had recently described the PVV MEP Daniël van der Stoep as a fascist, but had not been excluded from the Chamber.Schulz received criticism after having transformed the Twitter account that his staff had built up for his European Parliament presidency into his own personal account in order to use it as part of his candidature to the EU Commission.During his time as President of the European Parliament, Schulz removed a paragraph critical of his stewardship in a key committee report set for debate on 2 April 2014, thereby attracting a lot of negative attention. As a consequence, a large majority of the European Parliament voted on 4 April 2014 to invite Schulz to resign so that he would be able to campaign for the European elections.Lastly, Schulz was criticized about the tax-free daily allowance of €304 the President of the Parliament received, until 18 April 2014, which he received while he was campaigning to become President of the commission. This was paid for 365 days a year, in addition to his salary of 200 thousand euros per year. A member of parliament receives this daily allowance only for attending.In April 2017, the European Parliament, as part of its decision to discharge the financial year 2015, criticized two personnel matters where Schulz had been responsible for as President of Parliament. An employee of the parliament received an expatriation allowance of around 20,000 euros, even though his center of life had previously been in Berlin. The employee was a confidant of Schulz and later worked for the SPD as its campaign manager. Schulz was also accused of signing irregular promotions of close associates in a presidential decree that would have secured them financially advantageous posts beyond his departure. Schulz described the complaint as an election maneuver by "anti-Europeans, conservatives and Greens" and referred a decision of the European Anti-Fraud Office not to initiate an official investigation.On the day of the 2017 Federal Election, Schulz said he would under no circumstances become a minister of a government led by Angela Merkel or negotiate to form a Grand Coalition. After the SPD and Union parties finished their coalition talks on 6 February 2018, he made his intentions clear that he wanted to be Foreign Minister in the next government. This was met by heavy criticism from the party base, as Schulz was abandoning his word for a second time—the first being his vow not to enter coalition talks with Angela Merkel. The harshest criticism came from the incumbent Foreign Minister and his predecessor as SPD leader, Sigmar Gabriel. He accused Schulz and the Party leadership of not showing him the respect he deserves and being rude towards him. This public attack, coupled with internal pressure from the party leadership, led Schulz to retract prior statements and on 9 February 2018 he released a statement saying he would not enter into the new government; he resigned as leader of the SPD effective 13 February 2018.Schulz is married and has two children, Nico and Lina. He was raised Roman Catholic and is a lapsed Catholic.He suffered a period of alcoholism as a young man, after a knee injury put an end to his hopes of playing football.Besides German, Schulz speaks English, French, Spanish, Italian and Dutch with varying degrees of fluency. | [
"mayor",
"chairman of the Social Democratic Party",
"parliamentary group leader",
"member of the German Bundestag",
"member of the European Parliament",
"chairperson"
] |
|
Which position did Martin Schulz hold in Jun 20, 2015? | June 20, 2015 | {
"text": [
"President of the European Parliament"
]
} | L2_Q17905_P39_3 | Martin Schulz holds the position of chairperson from Dec, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Martin Schulz holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1999.
Martin Schulz holds the position of mayor from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1998.
Martin Schulz holds the position of member of the German Bundestag from Oct, 2017 to Oct, 2021.
Martin Schulz holds the position of parliamentary group leader from Jul, 2004 to Jan, 2012.
Martin Schulz holds the position of President of the European Parliament from Jul, 2014 to Jan, 2017.
Martin Schulz holds the position of chairman of the Social Democratic Party from Mar, 2017 to Dec, 2022. | Martin SchulzMartin Schulz (born 20 December 1955) is a German politician who served as Leader of the Social Democratic Party 2017 to 2018, and has served as a Member of the Bundestag (MdB) since 2017. Previously he was President of the European Parliament from 2012 to 2017, Leader of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats from 2004 to 2012 and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany from 1994 to 2017.In November 2016, Schulz announced he would not seek a third term as President of the European Parliament, but instead would stand in 2017 as the SPD candidate for the German Chancellorship. In January 2017, Sigmar Gabriel announced he would not stand for re-election as party leader and as the SPD candidate for the German Chancellorship, Gabriel recommended Schulz as his replacement.After the elections of September 2017, which resulted in a postwar low for the SPD, Schulz declared the end of the existing Grand coalition under Angela Merkel and explicitly refused to serve in a Merkel government. On 7 February 2018, coalition talks concluded and Schulz announced he would succeed Sigmar Gabriel as Foreign minister and leave his party chairmanship to Andrea Nahles. After heavy public and internal criticism, Schulz decided not to enter the new cabinet. On 13 February 2018 Schulz stepped down as party chair.Martin Schulz was born in the village of Hehlrath, which is now a part of Eschweiler in western Rhineland, near the Dutch and Belgian borders, as one of five children. His father, Albert Schulz, was a local policeman and belonged to a social democratic family; his mother, Clara, belonged to a conservative Catholic family and was active in the Christian Democratic Union. Having grown up in the border area between Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, Schulz has relatives in all three countries.After four years at primary school, from 1962 to 1966, Schulz attended the Heilig-Geist (Holy Spirit) gymnasium, a private Roman Catholic school run by the Holy Ghost Fathers (or Spiritans), in Broich (now Würselen), a district of the town of Broichweiden, for nine years. As a teenager, he went to France on a school exchange programme. He left school without passing his Abitur after failing the 11th grade twice.From 1975 to 1977 Schulz then trained to be a bookseller. The next two years he worked for a number of publishing houses and bookshops. Schulz suffered from alcoholism and tried to commit suicide on 26 June 1980. After a successful rehab Schulz opened his own bookshop in Würselen in 1982.In 1974, at the age of 19, Schulz joined the SPD, became involved with the Young Socialists and in 1984 was elected to the Würselen Municipal Council, remaining a member for just over two electoral terms, to 1998, from 1987 onwards as mayor. At 31, he was then the youngest mayor in North Rhine-Westphalia. He held that office until 1998. As a municipal counselor he initiated the twinning of Würselen with the city of Morlaix in French Brittany, where he became friends with Marylise Lebranchu, who was the mayor and later became French Minister of Justice (2000–2002) and Minister for Public Services (2012–2016).In the 1994 European elections Schulz was elected to the European Parliament and between 2000 and 2004 was chair of the SPD delegation. Schulz has served on a number of committees, including the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and the Subcommittee on Human Rights. He led the German delegation of the Socialist group (SPD members) from 2000 and was also a vice-chair of the Socialist Group in the EP. He was elected group leader in 2004, of the PSE Group, succeeding the Spaniard Enrique Barón Crespo, a position held until he was elected EP president. Since 2009, Schulz has also acted as the representative for European Affairs for Germany's SPD party and his views have deeply influenced his party's pro-European politics.In 2004 as Leader of the S&D group, Schulz introduced a motion in the European Parliament to refuse to give approval/consent to the Barroso Commission on the basis of the proposed appointment of Italian nominee Rocco Buttiglione and his publicly expressed homophobic views. A large majority of MEPs from the other political groups followed and consequently Buttiglione was withdrawn and replaced by Franco Frattini.By 2008, SPD chairman Kurt Beck has said he wanted Schulz to succeed Günter Verheugen as Germany's EU commissioner following the 2009 European elections; the post eventually went to Günther Oettinger.Following the 2009 European elections Schulz came to public attention when he insisted that his group should not immediately approve a second term of office for European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso and instead, together with the Chair of the Green Group in the European Parliament, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, proposed the Belgian Liberal Guy Verhofstadt as a candidate for that office. Following reassurances by Barroso, Schulz dropped his categorical opposition to him, insisting only that he should make certain political concessions to the Social Democrats. As a result, the majority of the group abstained on the confidence vote to Barroso.On 15 September 2011, members of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament unanimously nominated Schulz as their candidate for the President of the European Parliament. On 17 January 2012, Schulz was elected as President of the European Parliament, with 387 votes in favour out of 670 cast. Other candidates were Nirj Deva (142 votes) and Diana Wallis (141 votes).Together with EU Commission President Barroso and EU Council President Herman van Rompuy, Schulz collected the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of the European Union. The Prize, honoring "over six decades [having] contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe", was awarded by a unanimous decision of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.As president of European Parliament, Schulz proved extremely adept at delicate diplomatic missions, such as his visit with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan following the 2016 coup attempt and his visit with Iranian President Hassan Rohani in November 2015 to "intensify dialogue" between the EU and Iran a few months after the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.In November 2016, Schulz announced that he would not run for a third term in January 2017, and instead return to German politics. He resigned his seat on 10 February 2017, leaving the European Parliament after more than twenty-two years.On 6 November 2013, Schulz was nominated as "candidate designate" by the Party of European Socialists – at the time the second-largest group in the 750-seat parliament –, with the aim to become the first candidate to be elected President of the European Commission by democratic elections. He was unopposed, as no other candidate stepped forward to challenge him in the race to be the socialist campaign figurehead. This kicked off a tour to all member states and particularly all member parties.On 1 March 2014, Schulz accepted the nomination of the Party of European Socialists in Rome. He was elected by 368 PES members out of 404, with only 2 votes against him. Prior to the vote, in what was widely seen as a clear signal to its European partners on the left that there are limits to their support for the EU, Britain's Labour Party had publicly spoken out against Schulz as the left's candidate, instead favouring Helle Thorning-Schmidt of Denmark's Social Democrats. Schulz launched his European campaign on 17 April in front of 1,600 socialist activists in Paris, promising to tackle taxes and social dumping. He ran against Conservative Jean-Claude Juncker, then Prime Minister of Luxembourg, and Liberal Guy Verhofstadt.However, when the Socialists came second in the European election behind the centre-right European People's Party (EPP), Germany's Social Democrats announced that they would accept one of Chancellor Angela Merkel's conservatives taking the German post on the European Commission if Schulz remained president of the European Parliament. The decision to back Juncker for the Commission's presidency instead was later endorsed at an informal meeting in Paris of eight Social Democratic leaders, including Thorning-Schmidt, Sigmar Gabriel of Germany and Werner Faymann of Austria. Accordingly, Schulz did not join the European Commission but remained in his current position.Since 1999, Schulz has been part of the SPD leadership under party chairmen Gerhard Schröder (1999–2004), Franz Müntefering (2004–05 and 2008–09), Matthias Platzeck (2005–06), Kurt Beck (2006–08) and Sigmar Gabriel (2009–17). Within the party, he serves as co-chairman of the Commission for International Politics, alongside Niels Annen. Schulz was an SPD delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2004, 2009, 2010 and 2012. In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2013 federal elections, he was part of the wider leadership circle chaired by Angela Merkel, Horst Seehofer and Sigmar Gabriel. He also led the SPD delegation in the working group on European affairs; his co-chair of the CDU/CSU was fellow MEP Herbert Reul.During his 2014 campaign for the Presidency of the European Commission, Schulz established himself as a regular presence in German media on issues unconnected to the European Parliament elections that year. By 2015, German newspapers speculated that Schulz was interested in running for the chancellorship of Germany in the 2017 federal elections. In May 2016, he told weekly newspaper "Welt am Sonntag" that he would not enter the race to succeed Angela Merkel. In November 2016, Schulz announced that he would not seek a third term as president of the European Parliament, but would instead run for a seat on the German parliament in the 2017 elections, which reignited the chancellorship speculations. On 24 January 2017, Schulz was confirmed as the Social Democrats' candidate for chancellor.On 24 January 2017, Schulz became the Social Democrats' candidate for chancellor in that year's Federal election. In March he was unanimously chosen as official head of the party, the first time in post-war Germany a leader of the SPD received no dissenting vote. Following the announcement of his nomination, his party gained an average of ten percentage points in public opinion polls. For a short period of time the SPD was close to the Union parties of Chancellor Merkel, during this time political observers regarded it possible that Schulz could unseat Merkel in the federal election on 24 September 2017. Polls also showed Schulz leading Merkel if Germans could elect their chancellor directly.With unemployment hitting new lows each month during the campaign, Schulz later struggled to gain traction with a message focusing on the ills of inequality in Germany. Shortly before the election, he refocused his campaign on the risk of a rekindled European migrant crisis. In July 2017, illness forced Schulz's campaign manager and friend Markus Engels to step down.In the federal elections on 24 September 2017, the Social Democrats slumped to 20.5 percent, a new postwar low.Within an hour of the first exit poll, Schulz confirmed statements by other senior party figures that the SPD would not renew its Grand coalition with the CDU under Angela Merkel but head into opposition. Schulz explicitly refused to serve in a Merkel government.However, after the attempt to form a "Jamaica coalition" between CDU/CSU, FDP and Greens failed in November 2017 and President Steinmeier asked him to reconsider, Schulz reverted his position and began coalition talks with the CDU/CSU parties.In February 2018, these coalition talks concluded successfully and Schulz announced he would succeed incumbent Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel as Foreign minister. After heavy public and internal criticism, Schulz stepped down as SPD Leader on 13 February 2018 and proposed Andrea Nahles as his replacement; and shortly thereafter he also gave up his attempt to become Foreign minister. The attempt to install Nahles as acting party leader faced severe criticism from several regional party associations as well as experts in constitutional law. The party executive nominated Nahles as the new leader, with Olaf Scholz, as the longest-serving deputy, taking over as acting party leader until the party conference on 22 April 2018.In December 2020, Schulz announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.Schulz is widely considered an ardent EU supporter. He has hailed European unification as being civilization's greatest achievement over the past century. In 2014, however, he argued it was also essential that responsibility was delegated away from Brussels and down to national, regional and local authorities, allowing the EU to focus on the big issues. As a result of Schulz's pro-Europeanism, both supporters and detractors have linked him with the slogan "MEGA" – "Make Europe Great Again" – as a parody of US President Donald Trump's "Make America Great Again".Schulz is committed to strengthening Europe and the European institutions. In 2016, he presented a ten-point plan for a reform of the EU with Vice Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel. It calls for a "streamlining" of European structures and the establishment of a strong European government under the control of the European Parliament.Schulz has often emphasised that the European Union is the best way to banish the "demons of the twentieth century", such as racism, xenophobia and antisemitism. The "Jerusalem Post" criticised his words on antisemitism as "meaningless condemnations".After the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union in a membership referendum, Schulz warned in mid-2016: "If we break the instruments with which we banish the demons, we will set them free again." He is one of the 27 initiators of the Charter of Digital Fundamental Rights published in November 2016 Of the European Union.In December 2017, Schulz called for a new constitutional treaty for a "United States of Europe". He proposed that this constitution should be written by "a convention that includes civil society and the people" and that any state that declined to accept this proposed constitution should have to leave the bloc. His proposal is "likely to be met with some resistance from Merkel and other EU leaders".In front of the European Council on 19 December 2013, Schulz took responsibility for the initiation of the Cox-Kwaśniewski mission to Ukraine. In the same speech, he noted that Europe was still militarily dependent on the US, and that in many cases Europe would be quite incapable of carrying out a military operation without the support of the USA.Schulz was quoted in a newspaper report of his speech as having said: "If we wish to defend our values and interests, if we wish to maintain the security of our citizens, then a majority of MEPs consider that we need a headquarters for civil and military missions in Brussels and deployable troops," The External Action Service of HRUFASP Catherine Ashton had prepared a proposal, which was supported by France, Spain, Italy, Poland and Germany who together have QMV majority, to create a European Air Force composed of surveillance drones, heavy transport airplanes, and air-to-air refuelling planes. The debate was joined with a view presented by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, who maintained that "Nato will remain the bedrock of Euro-Atlantic security." Rasmussen's view prevailed on the Council at this time because QMV does not take effect in decisions of the European Council until 1 November 2014.Schulz believes that dignified work is a value in itself. For that reason, he says, he is not a proponent of the concept of unconditional basic income. However, Schulz is much in favour of decent wage agreements, secure and lasting jobs, employee participation in decision-making and the examination of the social justification for claims and payments.In an effort to improve relations between Europe and Cuba, Schulz led a European Parliament delegation to Havana for talks with Carlos Lage Dávila on lifting EU sanction against the countries in 2008.In 2014, Schulz delivered a speech to the Israeli Knesset, in which he criticised Israel for denying Palestinians a fair share of water resources in the occupied West Bank. The speech sparked a walk-out by several lawmakers from the far-right Jewish Home party, and drew a public rebuke from Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In 2015, amid the Ukrainian crisis, Schulz suspended a committee made up of Russian and EU lawmakers that meets several times a year to improve ties. When Russia barred entry to two politicians from the EU who had planned to attend the funeral in 2015 of murdered opposition figure Boris Nemtsov, Schulz criticised the barring as "a high affront to EU–Russia relations and the work of democratic institutions".In 2016, Schulz stated that Donald Trump is a problem "for the whole world," and linked the Trump phenomenon to far-right populism in Europe. He called Trump an "irresponsible man" who "boasts about not having a clue".On 2 July 2003, one day after Italy taking over the rotating Presidency of the Council of the EU, Schulz criticized Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi of Italy of his domestic policy. Berlusconi replied:Berlusconi later claimed he was referring to the comedy-series "Hogan's Heroes", where a slow-witted character named Sgt. Hans Georg Schultz, played by John Banner, starred. Even though Berlusconi insisted that he was just being ironic, his comparisons with the Nazis caused a brief diplomatic rift between the two.On 24 November 2010 the British MEP Godfrey Bloom caused a row in the European Parliament when he interrupted a speech by Martin Schulz, heckling him with the Nazi propaganda slogan Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer ('one people, one empire, one leader') and accusing him of being an 'undemocratic fascist'. Bloom later stated that he was referring to the fact that the indoctrination of the German people under the Nazi regime has long-lasting effects; "some Germans still find it difficult to accept diversity in Europe and differences of opinion". In the debate on the future of the Euro Stability Pact Schulz had criticised the role played by the United Kingdom, which was involved in the discussions despite not being a member of the eurozone, and said that some eurosceptics would take pleasure in the collapse of the European Union. Following the incident, the President of Parliament, Jerzy Buzek, excluded Bloom from the Chamber. The Dutch MEP Barry Madlener, from the right-wing populist Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV – Freedom Party), then protested against that decision, on the grounds that Schulz himself had recently described the PVV MEP Daniël van der Stoep as a fascist, but had not been excluded from the Chamber.Schulz received criticism after having transformed the Twitter account that his staff had built up for his European Parliament presidency into his own personal account in order to use it as part of his candidature to the EU Commission.During his time as President of the European Parliament, Schulz removed a paragraph critical of his stewardship in a key committee report set for debate on 2 April 2014, thereby attracting a lot of negative attention. As a consequence, a large majority of the European Parliament voted on 4 April 2014 to invite Schulz to resign so that he would be able to campaign for the European elections.Lastly, Schulz was criticized about the tax-free daily allowance of €304 the President of the Parliament received, until 18 April 2014, which he received while he was campaigning to become President of the commission. This was paid for 365 days a year, in addition to his salary of 200 thousand euros per year. A member of parliament receives this daily allowance only for attending.In April 2017, the European Parliament, as part of its decision to discharge the financial year 2015, criticized two personnel matters where Schulz had been responsible for as President of Parliament. An employee of the parliament received an expatriation allowance of around 20,000 euros, even though his center of life had previously been in Berlin. The employee was a confidant of Schulz and later worked for the SPD as its campaign manager. Schulz was also accused of signing irregular promotions of close associates in a presidential decree that would have secured them financially advantageous posts beyond his departure. Schulz described the complaint as an election maneuver by "anti-Europeans, conservatives and Greens" and referred a decision of the European Anti-Fraud Office not to initiate an official investigation.On the day of the 2017 Federal Election, Schulz said he would under no circumstances become a minister of a government led by Angela Merkel or negotiate to form a Grand Coalition. After the SPD and Union parties finished their coalition talks on 6 February 2018, he made his intentions clear that he wanted to be Foreign Minister in the next government. This was met by heavy criticism from the party base, as Schulz was abandoning his word for a second time—the first being his vow not to enter coalition talks with Angela Merkel. The harshest criticism came from the incumbent Foreign Minister and his predecessor as SPD leader, Sigmar Gabriel. He accused Schulz and the Party leadership of not showing him the respect he deserves and being rude towards him. This public attack, coupled with internal pressure from the party leadership, led Schulz to retract prior statements and on 9 February 2018 he released a statement saying he would not enter into the new government; he resigned as leader of the SPD effective 13 February 2018.Schulz is married and has two children, Nico and Lina. He was raised Roman Catholic and is a lapsed Catholic.He suffered a period of alcoholism as a young man, after a knee injury put an end to his hopes of playing football.Besides German, Schulz speaks English, French, Spanish, Italian and Dutch with varying degrees of fluency. | [
"mayor",
"chairman of the Social Democratic Party",
"parliamentary group leader",
"member of the German Bundestag",
"member of the European Parliament",
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|
Which position did Martin Schulz hold in 06/20/2015? | June 20, 2015 | {
"text": [
"President of the European Parliament"
]
} | L2_Q17905_P39_3 | Martin Schulz holds the position of chairperson from Dec, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Martin Schulz holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1999.
Martin Schulz holds the position of mayor from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1998.
Martin Schulz holds the position of member of the German Bundestag from Oct, 2017 to Oct, 2021.
Martin Schulz holds the position of parliamentary group leader from Jul, 2004 to Jan, 2012.
Martin Schulz holds the position of President of the European Parliament from Jul, 2014 to Jan, 2017.
Martin Schulz holds the position of chairman of the Social Democratic Party from Mar, 2017 to Dec, 2022. | Martin SchulzMartin Schulz (born 20 December 1955) is a German politician who served as Leader of the Social Democratic Party 2017 to 2018, and has served as a Member of the Bundestag (MdB) since 2017. Previously he was President of the European Parliament from 2012 to 2017, Leader of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats from 2004 to 2012 and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany from 1994 to 2017.In November 2016, Schulz announced he would not seek a third term as President of the European Parliament, but instead would stand in 2017 as the SPD candidate for the German Chancellorship. In January 2017, Sigmar Gabriel announced he would not stand for re-election as party leader and as the SPD candidate for the German Chancellorship, Gabriel recommended Schulz as his replacement.After the elections of September 2017, which resulted in a postwar low for the SPD, Schulz declared the end of the existing Grand coalition under Angela Merkel and explicitly refused to serve in a Merkel government. On 7 February 2018, coalition talks concluded and Schulz announced he would succeed Sigmar Gabriel as Foreign minister and leave his party chairmanship to Andrea Nahles. After heavy public and internal criticism, Schulz decided not to enter the new cabinet. On 13 February 2018 Schulz stepped down as party chair.Martin Schulz was born in the village of Hehlrath, which is now a part of Eschweiler in western Rhineland, near the Dutch and Belgian borders, as one of five children. His father, Albert Schulz, was a local policeman and belonged to a social democratic family; his mother, Clara, belonged to a conservative Catholic family and was active in the Christian Democratic Union. Having grown up in the border area between Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, Schulz has relatives in all three countries.After four years at primary school, from 1962 to 1966, Schulz attended the Heilig-Geist (Holy Spirit) gymnasium, a private Roman Catholic school run by the Holy Ghost Fathers (or Spiritans), in Broich (now Würselen), a district of the town of Broichweiden, for nine years. As a teenager, he went to France on a school exchange programme. He left school without passing his Abitur after failing the 11th grade twice.From 1975 to 1977 Schulz then trained to be a bookseller. The next two years he worked for a number of publishing houses and bookshops. Schulz suffered from alcoholism and tried to commit suicide on 26 June 1980. After a successful rehab Schulz opened his own bookshop in Würselen in 1982.In 1974, at the age of 19, Schulz joined the SPD, became involved with the Young Socialists and in 1984 was elected to the Würselen Municipal Council, remaining a member for just over two electoral terms, to 1998, from 1987 onwards as mayor. At 31, he was then the youngest mayor in North Rhine-Westphalia. He held that office until 1998. As a municipal counselor he initiated the twinning of Würselen with the city of Morlaix in French Brittany, where he became friends with Marylise Lebranchu, who was the mayor and later became French Minister of Justice (2000–2002) and Minister for Public Services (2012–2016).In the 1994 European elections Schulz was elected to the European Parliament and between 2000 and 2004 was chair of the SPD delegation. Schulz has served on a number of committees, including the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and the Subcommittee on Human Rights. He led the German delegation of the Socialist group (SPD members) from 2000 and was also a vice-chair of the Socialist Group in the EP. He was elected group leader in 2004, of the PSE Group, succeeding the Spaniard Enrique Barón Crespo, a position held until he was elected EP president. Since 2009, Schulz has also acted as the representative for European Affairs for Germany's SPD party and his views have deeply influenced his party's pro-European politics.In 2004 as Leader of the S&D group, Schulz introduced a motion in the European Parliament to refuse to give approval/consent to the Barroso Commission on the basis of the proposed appointment of Italian nominee Rocco Buttiglione and his publicly expressed homophobic views. A large majority of MEPs from the other political groups followed and consequently Buttiglione was withdrawn and replaced by Franco Frattini.By 2008, SPD chairman Kurt Beck has said he wanted Schulz to succeed Günter Verheugen as Germany's EU commissioner following the 2009 European elections; the post eventually went to Günther Oettinger.Following the 2009 European elections Schulz came to public attention when he insisted that his group should not immediately approve a second term of office for European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso and instead, together with the Chair of the Green Group in the European Parliament, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, proposed the Belgian Liberal Guy Verhofstadt as a candidate for that office. Following reassurances by Barroso, Schulz dropped his categorical opposition to him, insisting only that he should make certain political concessions to the Social Democrats. As a result, the majority of the group abstained on the confidence vote to Barroso.On 15 September 2011, members of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament unanimously nominated Schulz as their candidate for the President of the European Parliament. On 17 January 2012, Schulz was elected as President of the European Parliament, with 387 votes in favour out of 670 cast. Other candidates were Nirj Deva (142 votes) and Diana Wallis (141 votes).Together with EU Commission President Barroso and EU Council President Herman van Rompuy, Schulz collected the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of the European Union. The Prize, honoring "over six decades [having] contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe", was awarded by a unanimous decision of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.As president of European Parliament, Schulz proved extremely adept at delicate diplomatic missions, such as his visit with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan following the 2016 coup attempt and his visit with Iranian President Hassan Rohani in November 2015 to "intensify dialogue" between the EU and Iran a few months after the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.In November 2016, Schulz announced that he would not run for a third term in January 2017, and instead return to German politics. He resigned his seat on 10 February 2017, leaving the European Parliament after more than twenty-two years.On 6 November 2013, Schulz was nominated as "candidate designate" by the Party of European Socialists – at the time the second-largest group in the 750-seat parliament –, with the aim to become the first candidate to be elected President of the European Commission by democratic elections. He was unopposed, as no other candidate stepped forward to challenge him in the race to be the socialist campaign figurehead. This kicked off a tour to all member states and particularly all member parties.On 1 March 2014, Schulz accepted the nomination of the Party of European Socialists in Rome. He was elected by 368 PES members out of 404, with only 2 votes against him. Prior to the vote, in what was widely seen as a clear signal to its European partners on the left that there are limits to their support for the EU, Britain's Labour Party had publicly spoken out against Schulz as the left's candidate, instead favouring Helle Thorning-Schmidt of Denmark's Social Democrats. Schulz launched his European campaign on 17 April in front of 1,600 socialist activists in Paris, promising to tackle taxes and social dumping. He ran against Conservative Jean-Claude Juncker, then Prime Minister of Luxembourg, and Liberal Guy Verhofstadt.However, when the Socialists came second in the European election behind the centre-right European People's Party (EPP), Germany's Social Democrats announced that they would accept one of Chancellor Angela Merkel's conservatives taking the German post on the European Commission if Schulz remained president of the European Parliament. The decision to back Juncker for the Commission's presidency instead was later endorsed at an informal meeting in Paris of eight Social Democratic leaders, including Thorning-Schmidt, Sigmar Gabriel of Germany and Werner Faymann of Austria. Accordingly, Schulz did not join the European Commission but remained in his current position.Since 1999, Schulz has been part of the SPD leadership under party chairmen Gerhard Schröder (1999–2004), Franz Müntefering (2004–05 and 2008–09), Matthias Platzeck (2005–06), Kurt Beck (2006–08) and Sigmar Gabriel (2009–17). Within the party, he serves as co-chairman of the Commission for International Politics, alongside Niels Annen. Schulz was an SPD delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2004, 2009, 2010 and 2012. In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2013 federal elections, he was part of the wider leadership circle chaired by Angela Merkel, Horst Seehofer and Sigmar Gabriel. He also led the SPD delegation in the working group on European affairs; his co-chair of the CDU/CSU was fellow MEP Herbert Reul.During his 2014 campaign for the Presidency of the European Commission, Schulz established himself as a regular presence in German media on issues unconnected to the European Parliament elections that year. By 2015, German newspapers speculated that Schulz was interested in running for the chancellorship of Germany in the 2017 federal elections. In May 2016, he told weekly newspaper "Welt am Sonntag" that he would not enter the race to succeed Angela Merkel. In November 2016, Schulz announced that he would not seek a third term as president of the European Parliament, but would instead run for a seat on the German parliament in the 2017 elections, which reignited the chancellorship speculations. On 24 January 2017, Schulz was confirmed as the Social Democrats' candidate for chancellor.On 24 January 2017, Schulz became the Social Democrats' candidate for chancellor in that year's Federal election. In March he was unanimously chosen as official head of the party, the first time in post-war Germany a leader of the SPD received no dissenting vote. Following the announcement of his nomination, his party gained an average of ten percentage points in public opinion polls. For a short period of time the SPD was close to the Union parties of Chancellor Merkel, during this time political observers regarded it possible that Schulz could unseat Merkel in the federal election on 24 September 2017. Polls also showed Schulz leading Merkel if Germans could elect their chancellor directly.With unemployment hitting new lows each month during the campaign, Schulz later struggled to gain traction with a message focusing on the ills of inequality in Germany. Shortly before the election, he refocused his campaign on the risk of a rekindled European migrant crisis. In July 2017, illness forced Schulz's campaign manager and friend Markus Engels to step down.In the federal elections on 24 September 2017, the Social Democrats slumped to 20.5 percent, a new postwar low.Within an hour of the first exit poll, Schulz confirmed statements by other senior party figures that the SPD would not renew its Grand coalition with the CDU under Angela Merkel but head into opposition. Schulz explicitly refused to serve in a Merkel government.However, after the attempt to form a "Jamaica coalition" between CDU/CSU, FDP and Greens failed in November 2017 and President Steinmeier asked him to reconsider, Schulz reverted his position and began coalition talks with the CDU/CSU parties.In February 2018, these coalition talks concluded successfully and Schulz announced he would succeed incumbent Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel as Foreign minister. After heavy public and internal criticism, Schulz stepped down as SPD Leader on 13 February 2018 and proposed Andrea Nahles as his replacement; and shortly thereafter he also gave up his attempt to become Foreign minister. The attempt to install Nahles as acting party leader faced severe criticism from several regional party associations as well as experts in constitutional law. The party executive nominated Nahles as the new leader, with Olaf Scholz, as the longest-serving deputy, taking over as acting party leader until the party conference on 22 April 2018.In December 2020, Schulz announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.Schulz is widely considered an ardent EU supporter. He has hailed European unification as being civilization's greatest achievement over the past century. In 2014, however, he argued it was also essential that responsibility was delegated away from Brussels and down to national, regional and local authorities, allowing the EU to focus on the big issues. As a result of Schulz's pro-Europeanism, both supporters and detractors have linked him with the slogan "MEGA" – "Make Europe Great Again" – as a parody of US President Donald Trump's "Make America Great Again".Schulz is committed to strengthening Europe and the European institutions. In 2016, he presented a ten-point plan for a reform of the EU with Vice Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel. It calls for a "streamlining" of European structures and the establishment of a strong European government under the control of the European Parliament.Schulz has often emphasised that the European Union is the best way to banish the "demons of the twentieth century", such as racism, xenophobia and antisemitism. The "Jerusalem Post" criticised his words on antisemitism as "meaningless condemnations".After the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union in a membership referendum, Schulz warned in mid-2016: "If we break the instruments with which we banish the demons, we will set them free again." He is one of the 27 initiators of the Charter of Digital Fundamental Rights published in November 2016 Of the European Union.In December 2017, Schulz called for a new constitutional treaty for a "United States of Europe". He proposed that this constitution should be written by "a convention that includes civil society and the people" and that any state that declined to accept this proposed constitution should have to leave the bloc. His proposal is "likely to be met with some resistance from Merkel and other EU leaders".In front of the European Council on 19 December 2013, Schulz took responsibility for the initiation of the Cox-Kwaśniewski mission to Ukraine. In the same speech, he noted that Europe was still militarily dependent on the US, and that in many cases Europe would be quite incapable of carrying out a military operation without the support of the USA.Schulz was quoted in a newspaper report of his speech as having said: "If we wish to defend our values and interests, if we wish to maintain the security of our citizens, then a majority of MEPs consider that we need a headquarters for civil and military missions in Brussels and deployable troops," The External Action Service of HRUFASP Catherine Ashton had prepared a proposal, which was supported by France, Spain, Italy, Poland and Germany who together have QMV majority, to create a European Air Force composed of surveillance drones, heavy transport airplanes, and air-to-air refuelling planes. The debate was joined with a view presented by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, who maintained that "Nato will remain the bedrock of Euro-Atlantic security." Rasmussen's view prevailed on the Council at this time because QMV does not take effect in decisions of the European Council until 1 November 2014.Schulz believes that dignified work is a value in itself. For that reason, he says, he is not a proponent of the concept of unconditional basic income. However, Schulz is much in favour of decent wage agreements, secure and lasting jobs, employee participation in decision-making and the examination of the social justification for claims and payments.In an effort to improve relations between Europe and Cuba, Schulz led a European Parliament delegation to Havana for talks with Carlos Lage Dávila on lifting EU sanction against the countries in 2008.In 2014, Schulz delivered a speech to the Israeli Knesset, in which he criticised Israel for denying Palestinians a fair share of water resources in the occupied West Bank. The speech sparked a walk-out by several lawmakers from the far-right Jewish Home party, and drew a public rebuke from Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In 2015, amid the Ukrainian crisis, Schulz suspended a committee made up of Russian and EU lawmakers that meets several times a year to improve ties. When Russia barred entry to two politicians from the EU who had planned to attend the funeral in 2015 of murdered opposition figure Boris Nemtsov, Schulz criticised the barring as "a high affront to EU–Russia relations and the work of democratic institutions".In 2016, Schulz stated that Donald Trump is a problem "for the whole world," and linked the Trump phenomenon to far-right populism in Europe. He called Trump an "irresponsible man" who "boasts about not having a clue".On 2 July 2003, one day after Italy taking over the rotating Presidency of the Council of the EU, Schulz criticized Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi of Italy of his domestic policy. Berlusconi replied:Berlusconi later claimed he was referring to the comedy-series "Hogan's Heroes", where a slow-witted character named Sgt. Hans Georg Schultz, played by John Banner, starred. Even though Berlusconi insisted that he was just being ironic, his comparisons with the Nazis caused a brief diplomatic rift between the two.On 24 November 2010 the British MEP Godfrey Bloom caused a row in the European Parliament when he interrupted a speech by Martin Schulz, heckling him with the Nazi propaganda slogan Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer ('one people, one empire, one leader') and accusing him of being an 'undemocratic fascist'. Bloom later stated that he was referring to the fact that the indoctrination of the German people under the Nazi regime has long-lasting effects; "some Germans still find it difficult to accept diversity in Europe and differences of opinion". In the debate on the future of the Euro Stability Pact Schulz had criticised the role played by the United Kingdom, which was involved in the discussions despite not being a member of the eurozone, and said that some eurosceptics would take pleasure in the collapse of the European Union. Following the incident, the President of Parliament, Jerzy Buzek, excluded Bloom from the Chamber. The Dutch MEP Barry Madlener, from the right-wing populist Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV – Freedom Party), then protested against that decision, on the grounds that Schulz himself had recently described the PVV MEP Daniël van der Stoep as a fascist, but had not been excluded from the Chamber.Schulz received criticism after having transformed the Twitter account that his staff had built up for his European Parliament presidency into his own personal account in order to use it as part of his candidature to the EU Commission.During his time as President of the European Parliament, Schulz removed a paragraph critical of his stewardship in a key committee report set for debate on 2 April 2014, thereby attracting a lot of negative attention. As a consequence, a large majority of the European Parliament voted on 4 April 2014 to invite Schulz to resign so that he would be able to campaign for the European elections.Lastly, Schulz was criticized about the tax-free daily allowance of €304 the President of the Parliament received, until 18 April 2014, which he received while he was campaigning to become President of the commission. This was paid for 365 days a year, in addition to his salary of 200 thousand euros per year. A member of parliament receives this daily allowance only for attending.In April 2017, the European Parliament, as part of its decision to discharge the financial year 2015, criticized two personnel matters where Schulz had been responsible for as President of Parliament. An employee of the parliament received an expatriation allowance of around 20,000 euros, even though his center of life had previously been in Berlin. The employee was a confidant of Schulz and later worked for the SPD as its campaign manager. Schulz was also accused of signing irregular promotions of close associates in a presidential decree that would have secured them financially advantageous posts beyond his departure. Schulz described the complaint as an election maneuver by "anti-Europeans, conservatives and Greens" and referred a decision of the European Anti-Fraud Office not to initiate an official investigation.On the day of the 2017 Federal Election, Schulz said he would under no circumstances become a minister of a government led by Angela Merkel or negotiate to form a Grand Coalition. After the SPD and Union parties finished their coalition talks on 6 February 2018, he made his intentions clear that he wanted to be Foreign Minister in the next government. This was met by heavy criticism from the party base, as Schulz was abandoning his word for a second time—the first being his vow not to enter coalition talks with Angela Merkel. The harshest criticism came from the incumbent Foreign Minister and his predecessor as SPD leader, Sigmar Gabriel. He accused Schulz and the Party leadership of not showing him the respect he deserves and being rude towards him. This public attack, coupled with internal pressure from the party leadership, led Schulz to retract prior statements and on 9 February 2018 he released a statement saying he would not enter into the new government; he resigned as leader of the SPD effective 13 February 2018.Schulz is married and has two children, Nico and Lina. He was raised Roman Catholic and is a lapsed Catholic.He suffered a period of alcoholism as a young man, after a knee injury put an end to his hopes of playing football.Besides German, Schulz speaks English, French, Spanish, Italian and Dutch with varying degrees of fluency. | [
"mayor",
"chairman of the Social Democratic Party",
"parliamentary group leader",
"member of the German Bundestag",
"member of the European Parliament",
"chairperson"
] |
|
Which position did Martin Schulz hold in 20-Jun-201520-June-2015? | June 20, 2015 | {
"text": [
"President of the European Parliament"
]
} | L2_Q17905_P39_3 | Martin Schulz holds the position of chairperson from Dec, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Martin Schulz holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1999.
Martin Schulz holds the position of mayor from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1998.
Martin Schulz holds the position of member of the German Bundestag from Oct, 2017 to Oct, 2021.
Martin Schulz holds the position of parliamentary group leader from Jul, 2004 to Jan, 2012.
Martin Schulz holds the position of President of the European Parliament from Jul, 2014 to Jan, 2017.
Martin Schulz holds the position of chairman of the Social Democratic Party from Mar, 2017 to Dec, 2022. | Martin SchulzMartin Schulz (born 20 December 1955) is a German politician who served as Leader of the Social Democratic Party 2017 to 2018, and has served as a Member of the Bundestag (MdB) since 2017. Previously he was President of the European Parliament from 2012 to 2017, Leader of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats from 2004 to 2012 and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany from 1994 to 2017.In November 2016, Schulz announced he would not seek a third term as President of the European Parliament, but instead would stand in 2017 as the SPD candidate for the German Chancellorship. In January 2017, Sigmar Gabriel announced he would not stand for re-election as party leader and as the SPD candidate for the German Chancellorship, Gabriel recommended Schulz as his replacement.After the elections of September 2017, which resulted in a postwar low for the SPD, Schulz declared the end of the existing Grand coalition under Angela Merkel and explicitly refused to serve in a Merkel government. On 7 February 2018, coalition talks concluded and Schulz announced he would succeed Sigmar Gabriel as Foreign minister and leave his party chairmanship to Andrea Nahles. After heavy public and internal criticism, Schulz decided not to enter the new cabinet. On 13 February 2018 Schulz stepped down as party chair.Martin Schulz was born in the village of Hehlrath, which is now a part of Eschweiler in western Rhineland, near the Dutch and Belgian borders, as one of five children. His father, Albert Schulz, was a local policeman and belonged to a social democratic family; his mother, Clara, belonged to a conservative Catholic family and was active in the Christian Democratic Union. Having grown up in the border area between Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, Schulz has relatives in all three countries.After four years at primary school, from 1962 to 1966, Schulz attended the Heilig-Geist (Holy Spirit) gymnasium, a private Roman Catholic school run by the Holy Ghost Fathers (or Spiritans), in Broich (now Würselen), a district of the town of Broichweiden, for nine years. As a teenager, he went to France on a school exchange programme. He left school without passing his Abitur after failing the 11th grade twice.From 1975 to 1977 Schulz then trained to be a bookseller. The next two years he worked for a number of publishing houses and bookshops. Schulz suffered from alcoholism and tried to commit suicide on 26 June 1980. After a successful rehab Schulz opened his own bookshop in Würselen in 1982.In 1974, at the age of 19, Schulz joined the SPD, became involved with the Young Socialists and in 1984 was elected to the Würselen Municipal Council, remaining a member for just over two electoral terms, to 1998, from 1987 onwards as mayor. At 31, he was then the youngest mayor in North Rhine-Westphalia. He held that office until 1998. As a municipal counselor he initiated the twinning of Würselen with the city of Morlaix in French Brittany, where he became friends with Marylise Lebranchu, who was the mayor and later became French Minister of Justice (2000–2002) and Minister for Public Services (2012–2016).In the 1994 European elections Schulz was elected to the European Parliament and between 2000 and 2004 was chair of the SPD delegation. Schulz has served on a number of committees, including the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and the Subcommittee on Human Rights. He led the German delegation of the Socialist group (SPD members) from 2000 and was also a vice-chair of the Socialist Group in the EP. He was elected group leader in 2004, of the PSE Group, succeeding the Spaniard Enrique Barón Crespo, a position held until he was elected EP president. Since 2009, Schulz has also acted as the representative for European Affairs for Germany's SPD party and his views have deeply influenced his party's pro-European politics.In 2004 as Leader of the S&D group, Schulz introduced a motion in the European Parliament to refuse to give approval/consent to the Barroso Commission on the basis of the proposed appointment of Italian nominee Rocco Buttiglione and his publicly expressed homophobic views. A large majority of MEPs from the other political groups followed and consequently Buttiglione was withdrawn and replaced by Franco Frattini.By 2008, SPD chairman Kurt Beck has said he wanted Schulz to succeed Günter Verheugen as Germany's EU commissioner following the 2009 European elections; the post eventually went to Günther Oettinger.Following the 2009 European elections Schulz came to public attention when he insisted that his group should not immediately approve a second term of office for European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso and instead, together with the Chair of the Green Group in the European Parliament, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, proposed the Belgian Liberal Guy Verhofstadt as a candidate for that office. Following reassurances by Barroso, Schulz dropped his categorical opposition to him, insisting only that he should make certain political concessions to the Social Democrats. As a result, the majority of the group abstained on the confidence vote to Barroso.On 15 September 2011, members of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament unanimously nominated Schulz as their candidate for the President of the European Parliament. On 17 January 2012, Schulz was elected as President of the European Parliament, with 387 votes in favour out of 670 cast. Other candidates were Nirj Deva (142 votes) and Diana Wallis (141 votes).Together with EU Commission President Barroso and EU Council President Herman van Rompuy, Schulz collected the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of the European Union. The Prize, honoring "over six decades [having] contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe", was awarded by a unanimous decision of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.As president of European Parliament, Schulz proved extremely adept at delicate diplomatic missions, such as his visit with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan following the 2016 coup attempt and his visit with Iranian President Hassan Rohani in November 2015 to "intensify dialogue" between the EU and Iran a few months after the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.In November 2016, Schulz announced that he would not run for a third term in January 2017, and instead return to German politics. He resigned his seat on 10 February 2017, leaving the European Parliament after more than twenty-two years.On 6 November 2013, Schulz was nominated as "candidate designate" by the Party of European Socialists – at the time the second-largest group in the 750-seat parliament –, with the aim to become the first candidate to be elected President of the European Commission by democratic elections. He was unopposed, as no other candidate stepped forward to challenge him in the race to be the socialist campaign figurehead. This kicked off a tour to all member states and particularly all member parties.On 1 March 2014, Schulz accepted the nomination of the Party of European Socialists in Rome. He was elected by 368 PES members out of 404, with only 2 votes against him. Prior to the vote, in what was widely seen as a clear signal to its European partners on the left that there are limits to their support for the EU, Britain's Labour Party had publicly spoken out against Schulz as the left's candidate, instead favouring Helle Thorning-Schmidt of Denmark's Social Democrats. Schulz launched his European campaign on 17 April in front of 1,600 socialist activists in Paris, promising to tackle taxes and social dumping. He ran against Conservative Jean-Claude Juncker, then Prime Minister of Luxembourg, and Liberal Guy Verhofstadt.However, when the Socialists came second in the European election behind the centre-right European People's Party (EPP), Germany's Social Democrats announced that they would accept one of Chancellor Angela Merkel's conservatives taking the German post on the European Commission if Schulz remained president of the European Parliament. The decision to back Juncker for the Commission's presidency instead was later endorsed at an informal meeting in Paris of eight Social Democratic leaders, including Thorning-Schmidt, Sigmar Gabriel of Germany and Werner Faymann of Austria. Accordingly, Schulz did not join the European Commission but remained in his current position.Since 1999, Schulz has been part of the SPD leadership under party chairmen Gerhard Schröder (1999–2004), Franz Müntefering (2004–05 and 2008–09), Matthias Platzeck (2005–06), Kurt Beck (2006–08) and Sigmar Gabriel (2009–17). Within the party, he serves as co-chairman of the Commission for International Politics, alongside Niels Annen. Schulz was an SPD delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2004, 2009, 2010 and 2012. In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2013 federal elections, he was part of the wider leadership circle chaired by Angela Merkel, Horst Seehofer and Sigmar Gabriel. He also led the SPD delegation in the working group on European affairs; his co-chair of the CDU/CSU was fellow MEP Herbert Reul.During his 2014 campaign for the Presidency of the European Commission, Schulz established himself as a regular presence in German media on issues unconnected to the European Parliament elections that year. By 2015, German newspapers speculated that Schulz was interested in running for the chancellorship of Germany in the 2017 federal elections. In May 2016, he told weekly newspaper "Welt am Sonntag" that he would not enter the race to succeed Angela Merkel. In November 2016, Schulz announced that he would not seek a third term as president of the European Parliament, but would instead run for a seat on the German parliament in the 2017 elections, which reignited the chancellorship speculations. On 24 January 2017, Schulz was confirmed as the Social Democrats' candidate for chancellor.On 24 January 2017, Schulz became the Social Democrats' candidate for chancellor in that year's Federal election. In March he was unanimously chosen as official head of the party, the first time in post-war Germany a leader of the SPD received no dissenting vote. Following the announcement of his nomination, his party gained an average of ten percentage points in public opinion polls. For a short period of time the SPD was close to the Union parties of Chancellor Merkel, during this time political observers regarded it possible that Schulz could unseat Merkel in the federal election on 24 September 2017. Polls also showed Schulz leading Merkel if Germans could elect their chancellor directly.With unemployment hitting new lows each month during the campaign, Schulz later struggled to gain traction with a message focusing on the ills of inequality in Germany. Shortly before the election, he refocused his campaign on the risk of a rekindled European migrant crisis. In July 2017, illness forced Schulz's campaign manager and friend Markus Engels to step down.In the federal elections on 24 September 2017, the Social Democrats slumped to 20.5 percent, a new postwar low.Within an hour of the first exit poll, Schulz confirmed statements by other senior party figures that the SPD would not renew its Grand coalition with the CDU under Angela Merkel but head into opposition. Schulz explicitly refused to serve in a Merkel government.However, after the attempt to form a "Jamaica coalition" between CDU/CSU, FDP and Greens failed in November 2017 and President Steinmeier asked him to reconsider, Schulz reverted his position and began coalition talks with the CDU/CSU parties.In February 2018, these coalition talks concluded successfully and Schulz announced he would succeed incumbent Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel as Foreign minister. After heavy public and internal criticism, Schulz stepped down as SPD Leader on 13 February 2018 and proposed Andrea Nahles as his replacement; and shortly thereafter he also gave up his attempt to become Foreign minister. The attempt to install Nahles as acting party leader faced severe criticism from several regional party associations as well as experts in constitutional law. The party executive nominated Nahles as the new leader, with Olaf Scholz, as the longest-serving deputy, taking over as acting party leader until the party conference on 22 April 2018.In December 2020, Schulz announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.Schulz is widely considered an ardent EU supporter. He has hailed European unification as being civilization's greatest achievement over the past century. In 2014, however, he argued it was also essential that responsibility was delegated away from Brussels and down to national, regional and local authorities, allowing the EU to focus on the big issues. As a result of Schulz's pro-Europeanism, both supporters and detractors have linked him with the slogan "MEGA" – "Make Europe Great Again" – as a parody of US President Donald Trump's "Make America Great Again".Schulz is committed to strengthening Europe and the European institutions. In 2016, he presented a ten-point plan for a reform of the EU with Vice Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel. It calls for a "streamlining" of European structures and the establishment of a strong European government under the control of the European Parliament.Schulz has often emphasised that the European Union is the best way to banish the "demons of the twentieth century", such as racism, xenophobia and antisemitism. The "Jerusalem Post" criticised his words on antisemitism as "meaningless condemnations".After the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union in a membership referendum, Schulz warned in mid-2016: "If we break the instruments with which we banish the demons, we will set them free again." He is one of the 27 initiators of the Charter of Digital Fundamental Rights published in November 2016 Of the European Union.In December 2017, Schulz called for a new constitutional treaty for a "United States of Europe". He proposed that this constitution should be written by "a convention that includes civil society and the people" and that any state that declined to accept this proposed constitution should have to leave the bloc. His proposal is "likely to be met with some resistance from Merkel and other EU leaders".In front of the European Council on 19 December 2013, Schulz took responsibility for the initiation of the Cox-Kwaśniewski mission to Ukraine. In the same speech, he noted that Europe was still militarily dependent on the US, and that in many cases Europe would be quite incapable of carrying out a military operation without the support of the USA.Schulz was quoted in a newspaper report of his speech as having said: "If we wish to defend our values and interests, if we wish to maintain the security of our citizens, then a majority of MEPs consider that we need a headquarters for civil and military missions in Brussels and deployable troops," The External Action Service of HRUFASP Catherine Ashton had prepared a proposal, which was supported by France, Spain, Italy, Poland and Germany who together have QMV majority, to create a European Air Force composed of surveillance drones, heavy transport airplanes, and air-to-air refuelling planes. The debate was joined with a view presented by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, who maintained that "Nato will remain the bedrock of Euro-Atlantic security." Rasmussen's view prevailed on the Council at this time because QMV does not take effect in decisions of the European Council until 1 November 2014.Schulz believes that dignified work is a value in itself. For that reason, he says, he is not a proponent of the concept of unconditional basic income. However, Schulz is much in favour of decent wage agreements, secure and lasting jobs, employee participation in decision-making and the examination of the social justification for claims and payments.In an effort to improve relations between Europe and Cuba, Schulz led a European Parliament delegation to Havana for talks with Carlos Lage Dávila on lifting EU sanction against the countries in 2008.In 2014, Schulz delivered a speech to the Israeli Knesset, in which he criticised Israel for denying Palestinians a fair share of water resources in the occupied West Bank. The speech sparked a walk-out by several lawmakers from the far-right Jewish Home party, and drew a public rebuke from Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In 2015, amid the Ukrainian crisis, Schulz suspended a committee made up of Russian and EU lawmakers that meets several times a year to improve ties. When Russia barred entry to two politicians from the EU who had planned to attend the funeral in 2015 of murdered opposition figure Boris Nemtsov, Schulz criticised the barring as "a high affront to EU–Russia relations and the work of democratic institutions".In 2016, Schulz stated that Donald Trump is a problem "for the whole world," and linked the Trump phenomenon to far-right populism in Europe. He called Trump an "irresponsible man" who "boasts about not having a clue".On 2 July 2003, one day after Italy taking over the rotating Presidency of the Council of the EU, Schulz criticized Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi of Italy of his domestic policy. Berlusconi replied:Berlusconi later claimed he was referring to the comedy-series "Hogan's Heroes", where a slow-witted character named Sgt. Hans Georg Schultz, played by John Banner, starred. Even though Berlusconi insisted that he was just being ironic, his comparisons with the Nazis caused a brief diplomatic rift between the two.On 24 November 2010 the British MEP Godfrey Bloom caused a row in the European Parliament when he interrupted a speech by Martin Schulz, heckling him with the Nazi propaganda slogan Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer ('one people, one empire, one leader') and accusing him of being an 'undemocratic fascist'. Bloom later stated that he was referring to the fact that the indoctrination of the German people under the Nazi regime has long-lasting effects; "some Germans still find it difficult to accept diversity in Europe and differences of opinion". In the debate on the future of the Euro Stability Pact Schulz had criticised the role played by the United Kingdom, which was involved in the discussions despite not being a member of the eurozone, and said that some eurosceptics would take pleasure in the collapse of the European Union. Following the incident, the President of Parliament, Jerzy Buzek, excluded Bloom from the Chamber. The Dutch MEP Barry Madlener, from the right-wing populist Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV – Freedom Party), then protested against that decision, on the grounds that Schulz himself had recently described the PVV MEP Daniël van der Stoep as a fascist, but had not been excluded from the Chamber.Schulz received criticism after having transformed the Twitter account that his staff had built up for his European Parliament presidency into his own personal account in order to use it as part of his candidature to the EU Commission.During his time as President of the European Parliament, Schulz removed a paragraph critical of his stewardship in a key committee report set for debate on 2 April 2014, thereby attracting a lot of negative attention. As a consequence, a large majority of the European Parliament voted on 4 April 2014 to invite Schulz to resign so that he would be able to campaign for the European elections.Lastly, Schulz was criticized about the tax-free daily allowance of €304 the President of the Parliament received, until 18 April 2014, which he received while he was campaigning to become President of the commission. This was paid for 365 days a year, in addition to his salary of 200 thousand euros per year. A member of parliament receives this daily allowance only for attending.In April 2017, the European Parliament, as part of its decision to discharge the financial year 2015, criticized two personnel matters where Schulz had been responsible for as President of Parliament. An employee of the parliament received an expatriation allowance of around 20,000 euros, even though his center of life had previously been in Berlin. The employee was a confidant of Schulz and later worked for the SPD as its campaign manager. Schulz was also accused of signing irregular promotions of close associates in a presidential decree that would have secured them financially advantageous posts beyond his departure. Schulz described the complaint as an election maneuver by "anti-Europeans, conservatives and Greens" and referred a decision of the European Anti-Fraud Office not to initiate an official investigation.On the day of the 2017 Federal Election, Schulz said he would under no circumstances become a minister of a government led by Angela Merkel or negotiate to form a Grand Coalition. After the SPD and Union parties finished their coalition talks on 6 February 2018, he made his intentions clear that he wanted to be Foreign Minister in the next government. This was met by heavy criticism from the party base, as Schulz was abandoning his word for a second time—the first being his vow not to enter coalition talks with Angela Merkel. The harshest criticism came from the incumbent Foreign Minister and his predecessor as SPD leader, Sigmar Gabriel. He accused Schulz and the Party leadership of not showing him the respect he deserves and being rude towards him. This public attack, coupled with internal pressure from the party leadership, led Schulz to retract prior statements and on 9 February 2018 he released a statement saying he would not enter into the new government; he resigned as leader of the SPD effective 13 February 2018.Schulz is married and has two children, Nico and Lina. He was raised Roman Catholic and is a lapsed Catholic.He suffered a period of alcoholism as a young man, after a knee injury put an end to his hopes of playing football.Besides German, Schulz speaks English, French, Spanish, Italian and Dutch with varying degrees of fluency. | [
"mayor",
"chairman of the Social Democratic Party",
"parliamentary group leader",
"member of the German Bundestag",
"member of the European Parliament",
"chairperson"
] |
|
Who was the head of Sânpetru de Câmpie in Nov, 2018? | November 24, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Lucian-Minodor Pogăcean"
]
} | L2_Q5057113_P6_1 | Spiru-Șerban Crăciun is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Lucian-Minodor Pogăcean is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Matei Canceu is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2016. | Sânpetru de CâmpieSânpetru de Câmpie (, : ) is a commune in Mureș County, Transylvania, Romania that is composed of six villages: Bârlibaș ("Barlabás"), Dâmbu ("Meződomb"), Satu Nou ("Strinatanya"), Sângeorgiu de Câmpie ("Uzdiszentgyörgy"), Sânpetru de Câmpie and Tușinu ("Tuson"). It has a population of 3,044: 81.4% Romanians, 11.85% Roma and 6.73% Hungarians. | [
"Spiru-Șerban Crăciun",
"Matei Canceu"
] |
|
Who was the head of Sânpetru de Câmpie in 2018-11-24? | November 24, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Lucian-Minodor Pogăcean"
]
} | L2_Q5057113_P6_1 | Spiru-Șerban Crăciun is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Lucian-Minodor Pogăcean is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Matei Canceu is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2016. | Sânpetru de CâmpieSânpetru de Câmpie (, : ) is a commune in Mureș County, Transylvania, Romania that is composed of six villages: Bârlibaș ("Barlabás"), Dâmbu ("Meződomb"), Satu Nou ("Strinatanya"), Sângeorgiu de Câmpie ("Uzdiszentgyörgy"), Sânpetru de Câmpie and Tușinu ("Tuson"). It has a population of 3,044: 81.4% Romanians, 11.85% Roma and 6.73% Hungarians. | [
"Spiru-Șerban Crăciun",
"Matei Canceu"
] |
|
Who was the head of Sânpetru de Câmpie in 24/11/2018? | November 24, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Lucian-Minodor Pogăcean"
]
} | L2_Q5057113_P6_1 | Spiru-Șerban Crăciun is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Lucian-Minodor Pogăcean is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Matei Canceu is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2016. | Sânpetru de CâmpieSânpetru de Câmpie (, : ) is a commune in Mureș County, Transylvania, Romania that is composed of six villages: Bârlibaș ("Barlabás"), Dâmbu ("Meződomb"), Satu Nou ("Strinatanya"), Sângeorgiu de Câmpie ("Uzdiszentgyörgy"), Sânpetru de Câmpie and Tușinu ("Tuson"). It has a population of 3,044: 81.4% Romanians, 11.85% Roma and 6.73% Hungarians. | [
"Spiru-Șerban Crăciun",
"Matei Canceu"
] |
|
Who was the head of Sânpetru de Câmpie in Nov 24, 2018? | November 24, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Lucian-Minodor Pogăcean"
]
} | L2_Q5057113_P6_1 | Spiru-Șerban Crăciun is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Lucian-Minodor Pogăcean is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Matei Canceu is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2016. | Sânpetru de CâmpieSânpetru de Câmpie (, : ) is a commune in Mureș County, Transylvania, Romania that is composed of six villages: Bârlibaș ("Barlabás"), Dâmbu ("Meződomb"), Satu Nou ("Strinatanya"), Sângeorgiu de Câmpie ("Uzdiszentgyörgy"), Sânpetru de Câmpie and Tușinu ("Tuson"). It has a population of 3,044: 81.4% Romanians, 11.85% Roma and 6.73% Hungarians. | [
"Spiru-Șerban Crăciun",
"Matei Canceu"
] |
|
Who was the head of Sânpetru de Câmpie in 11/24/2018? | November 24, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Lucian-Minodor Pogăcean"
]
} | L2_Q5057113_P6_1 | Spiru-Șerban Crăciun is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Lucian-Minodor Pogăcean is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Matei Canceu is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2016. | Sânpetru de CâmpieSânpetru de Câmpie (, : ) is a commune in Mureș County, Transylvania, Romania that is composed of six villages: Bârlibaș ("Barlabás"), Dâmbu ("Meződomb"), Satu Nou ("Strinatanya"), Sângeorgiu de Câmpie ("Uzdiszentgyörgy"), Sânpetru de Câmpie and Tușinu ("Tuson"). It has a population of 3,044: 81.4% Romanians, 11.85% Roma and 6.73% Hungarians. | [
"Spiru-Șerban Crăciun",
"Matei Canceu"
] |
|
Who was the head of Sânpetru de Câmpie in 24-Nov-201824-November-2018? | November 24, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Lucian-Minodor Pogăcean"
]
} | L2_Q5057113_P6_1 | Spiru-Șerban Crăciun is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Lucian-Minodor Pogăcean is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Matei Canceu is the head of the government of Sânpetru de Câmpie from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2016. | Sânpetru de CâmpieSânpetru de Câmpie (, : ) is a commune in Mureș County, Transylvania, Romania that is composed of six villages: Bârlibaș ("Barlabás"), Dâmbu ("Meződomb"), Satu Nou ("Strinatanya"), Sângeorgiu de Câmpie ("Uzdiszentgyörgy"), Sânpetru de Câmpie and Tușinu ("Tuson"). It has a population of 3,044: 81.4% Romanians, 11.85% Roma and 6.73% Hungarians. | [
"Spiru-Șerban Crăciun",
"Matei Canceu"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD in Aug, 2011? | August 15, 2011 | {
"text": [
"Sascha Vogt"
]
} | L2_Q690370_P488_1 | Johanna Uekermann is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Dec, 2013 to Nov, 2017.
Jessica Rosenthal is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Sascha Vogt is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Jun, 2010 to Dec, 2013.
Niels Annen is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Jan, 2001 to Jun, 2004. | Young Socialists in the SPDWorking Group of Young Socialists in the SPD (, Jusos) is a voluntary youth organisation of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).Currently, there are over 70,000 people listed as members of the Jusos.Every member of the SPD who is aged between 14 and 35 years old is automatically enrolled in the Jusos. Since 1994, younger people in that age group have also been able to become a member of Jusos without party membership. Until 2011 this was free, but ended after a two 2-year period. Today, it is possible to be a member of only Jusos until you reach your 35th birthday. However, there is now a membership fee of €1 per month.The Jusos were founded between 1918 and 1920, when groups of members of the SPD between 20 and 25 years of age began to meet. In terms of numbers, the Jusos remained small, with between 3,000 and 5,000 members. They were dissolved in 1931 as a result of an internal controversy.After the end of World War II, the Jusos was refounded in 1946. In their early years, they were a relatively indistinctive wing of the Social Democratic Party.In 1969, the Jusos moved to the left of their parent party. On their "Bundeskongress" (Federal Congress) they decided to become a left-wing political federation in their own right instead of being simply an extension of the SPD. Since then, the Jusos have seen themselves as a socialist and feminist association within the SPD. | [
"Niels Annen",
"Johanna Uekermann",
"Jessica Rosenthal"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD in 2011-08-15? | August 15, 2011 | {
"text": [
"Sascha Vogt"
]
} | L2_Q690370_P488_1 | Johanna Uekermann is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Dec, 2013 to Nov, 2017.
Jessica Rosenthal is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Sascha Vogt is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Jun, 2010 to Dec, 2013.
Niels Annen is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Jan, 2001 to Jun, 2004. | Young Socialists in the SPDWorking Group of Young Socialists in the SPD (, Jusos) is a voluntary youth organisation of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).Currently, there are over 70,000 people listed as members of the Jusos.Every member of the SPD who is aged between 14 and 35 years old is automatically enrolled in the Jusos. Since 1994, younger people in that age group have also been able to become a member of Jusos without party membership. Until 2011 this was free, but ended after a two 2-year period. Today, it is possible to be a member of only Jusos until you reach your 35th birthday. However, there is now a membership fee of €1 per month.The Jusos were founded between 1918 and 1920, when groups of members of the SPD between 20 and 25 years of age began to meet. In terms of numbers, the Jusos remained small, with between 3,000 and 5,000 members. They were dissolved in 1931 as a result of an internal controversy.After the end of World War II, the Jusos was refounded in 1946. In their early years, they were a relatively indistinctive wing of the Social Democratic Party.In 1969, the Jusos moved to the left of their parent party. On their "Bundeskongress" (Federal Congress) they decided to become a left-wing political federation in their own right instead of being simply an extension of the SPD. Since then, the Jusos have seen themselves as a socialist and feminist association within the SPD. | [
"Niels Annen",
"Johanna Uekermann",
"Jessica Rosenthal"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD in 15/08/2011? | August 15, 2011 | {
"text": [
"Sascha Vogt"
]
} | L2_Q690370_P488_1 | Johanna Uekermann is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Dec, 2013 to Nov, 2017.
Jessica Rosenthal is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Sascha Vogt is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Jun, 2010 to Dec, 2013.
Niels Annen is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Jan, 2001 to Jun, 2004. | Young Socialists in the SPDWorking Group of Young Socialists in the SPD (, Jusos) is a voluntary youth organisation of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).Currently, there are over 70,000 people listed as members of the Jusos.Every member of the SPD who is aged between 14 and 35 years old is automatically enrolled in the Jusos. Since 1994, younger people in that age group have also been able to become a member of Jusos without party membership. Until 2011 this was free, but ended after a two 2-year period. Today, it is possible to be a member of only Jusos until you reach your 35th birthday. However, there is now a membership fee of €1 per month.The Jusos were founded between 1918 and 1920, when groups of members of the SPD between 20 and 25 years of age began to meet. In terms of numbers, the Jusos remained small, with between 3,000 and 5,000 members. They were dissolved in 1931 as a result of an internal controversy.After the end of World War II, the Jusos was refounded in 1946. In their early years, they were a relatively indistinctive wing of the Social Democratic Party.In 1969, the Jusos moved to the left of their parent party. On their "Bundeskongress" (Federal Congress) they decided to become a left-wing political federation in their own right instead of being simply an extension of the SPD. Since then, the Jusos have seen themselves as a socialist and feminist association within the SPD. | [
"Niels Annen",
"Johanna Uekermann",
"Jessica Rosenthal"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD in Aug 15, 2011? | August 15, 2011 | {
"text": [
"Sascha Vogt"
]
} | L2_Q690370_P488_1 | Johanna Uekermann is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Dec, 2013 to Nov, 2017.
Jessica Rosenthal is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Sascha Vogt is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Jun, 2010 to Dec, 2013.
Niels Annen is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Jan, 2001 to Jun, 2004. | Young Socialists in the SPDWorking Group of Young Socialists in the SPD (, Jusos) is a voluntary youth organisation of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).Currently, there are over 70,000 people listed as members of the Jusos.Every member of the SPD who is aged between 14 and 35 years old is automatically enrolled in the Jusos. Since 1994, younger people in that age group have also been able to become a member of Jusos without party membership. Until 2011 this was free, but ended after a two 2-year period. Today, it is possible to be a member of only Jusos until you reach your 35th birthday. However, there is now a membership fee of €1 per month.The Jusos were founded between 1918 and 1920, when groups of members of the SPD between 20 and 25 years of age began to meet. In terms of numbers, the Jusos remained small, with between 3,000 and 5,000 members. They were dissolved in 1931 as a result of an internal controversy.After the end of World War II, the Jusos was refounded in 1946. In their early years, they were a relatively indistinctive wing of the Social Democratic Party.In 1969, the Jusos moved to the left of their parent party. On their "Bundeskongress" (Federal Congress) they decided to become a left-wing political federation in their own right instead of being simply an extension of the SPD. Since then, the Jusos have seen themselves as a socialist and feminist association within the SPD. | [
"Niels Annen",
"Johanna Uekermann",
"Jessica Rosenthal"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD in 08/15/2011? | August 15, 2011 | {
"text": [
"Sascha Vogt"
]
} | L2_Q690370_P488_1 | Johanna Uekermann is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Dec, 2013 to Nov, 2017.
Jessica Rosenthal is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Sascha Vogt is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Jun, 2010 to Dec, 2013.
Niels Annen is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Jan, 2001 to Jun, 2004. | Young Socialists in the SPDWorking Group of Young Socialists in the SPD (, Jusos) is a voluntary youth organisation of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).Currently, there are over 70,000 people listed as members of the Jusos.Every member of the SPD who is aged between 14 and 35 years old is automatically enrolled in the Jusos. Since 1994, younger people in that age group have also been able to become a member of Jusos without party membership. Until 2011 this was free, but ended after a two 2-year period. Today, it is possible to be a member of only Jusos until you reach your 35th birthday. However, there is now a membership fee of €1 per month.The Jusos were founded between 1918 and 1920, when groups of members of the SPD between 20 and 25 years of age began to meet. In terms of numbers, the Jusos remained small, with between 3,000 and 5,000 members. They were dissolved in 1931 as a result of an internal controversy.After the end of World War II, the Jusos was refounded in 1946. In their early years, they were a relatively indistinctive wing of the Social Democratic Party.In 1969, the Jusos moved to the left of their parent party. On their "Bundeskongress" (Federal Congress) they decided to become a left-wing political federation in their own right instead of being simply an extension of the SPD. Since then, the Jusos have seen themselves as a socialist and feminist association within the SPD. | [
"Niels Annen",
"Johanna Uekermann",
"Jessica Rosenthal"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD in 15-Aug-201115-August-2011? | August 15, 2011 | {
"text": [
"Sascha Vogt"
]
} | L2_Q690370_P488_1 | Johanna Uekermann is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Dec, 2013 to Nov, 2017.
Jessica Rosenthal is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Sascha Vogt is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Jun, 2010 to Dec, 2013.
Niels Annen is the chair of Young Socialists in the SPD from Jan, 2001 to Jun, 2004. | Young Socialists in the SPDWorking Group of Young Socialists in the SPD (, Jusos) is a voluntary youth organisation of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).Currently, there are over 70,000 people listed as members of the Jusos.Every member of the SPD who is aged between 14 and 35 years old is automatically enrolled in the Jusos. Since 1994, younger people in that age group have also been able to become a member of Jusos without party membership. Until 2011 this was free, but ended after a two 2-year period. Today, it is possible to be a member of only Jusos until you reach your 35th birthday. However, there is now a membership fee of €1 per month.The Jusos were founded between 1918 and 1920, when groups of members of the SPD between 20 and 25 years of age began to meet. In terms of numbers, the Jusos remained small, with between 3,000 and 5,000 members. They were dissolved in 1931 as a result of an internal controversy.After the end of World War II, the Jusos was refounded in 1946. In their early years, they were a relatively indistinctive wing of the Social Democratic Party.In 1969, the Jusos moved to the left of their parent party. On their "Bundeskongress" (Federal Congress) they decided to become a left-wing political federation in their own right instead of being simply an extension of the SPD. Since then, the Jusos have seen themselves as a socialist and feminist association within the SPD. | [
"Niels Annen",
"Johanna Uekermann",
"Jessica Rosenthal"
] |
|
Which team did Jim McLaughlin play for in Sep, 1964? | September 22, 1964 | {
"text": [
"Northern Ireland national association football team"
]
} | L2_Q3178893_P54_2 | Jim McLaughlin plays for Dundalk F.C. from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Derry City F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1958.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Shrewsbury Town F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1972.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Peterborough United F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1967.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Northern Ireland national association football team from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1966.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Birmingham City F.C. from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1960.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Northern Ireland national under-23 association football team from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1964. | Jim McLaughlin (footballer)James Christopher McLaughlin (born 22 December 1940) is a Northern Irish former footballer and was later a football manager in the League of Ireland.The 16-year-old McLaughlin made his Irish League debut for home-town club Derry City in the 1957–58 season. He scored in his first match, against Crusaders, and was his club's top scorer, with 16 goals, in that debut season. He joined English First Division club Birmingham City as an apprentice in the summer of 1958.After two years of reserve team football he moved on to Shrewsbury Town. In his first season there McLaughlin netted twenty goals for his club. Having gained three youth caps with Derry City his efforts at Shrewsbury did not go unnoticed by the IFA and he was capped by them twice at under-23 level.He went on the international stage scoring on his debut against Scotland in October 1961. McLaughlin scored two goals against England in 1964 despite breaking two fingers early in the game. In total, he won 12 caps and scored six goals with Northern Ireland.Early in the 1963–64 season McLaughlin moved to Swansea Town, for whom he scored the winner in a FA Cup quarter-final tie at the Kop end at Anfield, and then in 1966–67 to Peterborough United. He then moved back to Shrewsbury for three more seasons, before becoming coach there. In 1972 McLaughlin moved back to Swansea as player-coach firstly and then as secretary.His sixteen and a half-year reign in England came to an end when in November 1974 he accepted an offer to player/manage Dundalk FC and that was to be the beginning of his managerial career.As a manager, he had great success and during his nine-year stay at Oriel Park he led them to 3 Leagues and the FAI Cup 3 times including the double in the 1978/79 season. Dundalk performed commendably in Europe during this period. In the 1979/80 season they reached the last 16 of the European Cup and were drawn with Celtic. Following a 3–2 defeat in Glasgow, Dundalk drew 0–0 at home and missed an opportunity to score a goal that would have put them through on away goals. In the 1981/82 Cup-Winners' Cup campaign, Dundalk once more reached the last 16 and lost 3–2 on aggregate to Tottenham Hotspur.On 21 June 1983 Jim took over at Shamrock Rovers and led the Milltown club to 3 League Championships and 2 FAI Cups in 3 seasons including 2 back to back doubles.On 13 May 1986 he left Rovers to go home and manage Derry City where he led the team to a domestic treble in 1989. His managerial spell at the club lasted from 1986 until 1991. He later went on to co-manage Shelbourne FC with Pat Byrne where another League was won in 1992. In November 1993 he took over at Drogheda United where he stayed for 3 seasons getting relegated twice and promoted in 1994/95.He had another spell with Dundalk but could not prevent them from being relegated and so his managerial career came to a close in May 1999. He became a director in Oriel Park in July 1996 .He also took charge of the League of Ireland XI and the Irish Olympic side.He was Manager of the Year in 1986 and in February 2002, McLaughlin was awarded with the FAI Special Merit Award in recognition of his achievements and dedication within the domestic game. Later in the year, he was the Shamrock Rovers Hall of Fame recipient and in 2005, he was inducted into the Shamrock Rovers 'Legends'.In January 2010 he was awarded the SWAI Special Merit Award in recognition to his contribution to Irish football .His son Paul went on to play for Dundalk F.C., Newry City F.C., Derry City F.C. and Drogheda United. His grandson Ben currently plays for Everton F.C. . | [
"Shrewsbury Town F.C.",
"Birmingham City F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Northern Ireland national under-23 association football team",
"Derry City F.C.",
"Dundalk F.C.",
"Peterborough United F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jim McLaughlin play for in 1964-09-22? | September 22, 1964 | {
"text": [
"Northern Ireland national association football team"
]
} | L2_Q3178893_P54_2 | Jim McLaughlin plays for Dundalk F.C. from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Derry City F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1958.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Shrewsbury Town F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1972.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Peterborough United F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1967.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Northern Ireland national association football team from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1966.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Birmingham City F.C. from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1960.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Northern Ireland national under-23 association football team from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1964. | Jim McLaughlin (footballer)James Christopher McLaughlin (born 22 December 1940) is a Northern Irish former footballer and was later a football manager in the League of Ireland.The 16-year-old McLaughlin made his Irish League debut for home-town club Derry City in the 1957–58 season. He scored in his first match, against Crusaders, and was his club's top scorer, with 16 goals, in that debut season. He joined English First Division club Birmingham City as an apprentice in the summer of 1958.After two years of reserve team football he moved on to Shrewsbury Town. In his first season there McLaughlin netted twenty goals for his club. Having gained three youth caps with Derry City his efforts at Shrewsbury did not go unnoticed by the IFA and he was capped by them twice at under-23 level.He went on the international stage scoring on his debut against Scotland in October 1961. McLaughlin scored two goals against England in 1964 despite breaking two fingers early in the game. In total, he won 12 caps and scored six goals with Northern Ireland.Early in the 1963–64 season McLaughlin moved to Swansea Town, for whom he scored the winner in a FA Cup quarter-final tie at the Kop end at Anfield, and then in 1966–67 to Peterborough United. He then moved back to Shrewsbury for three more seasons, before becoming coach there. In 1972 McLaughlin moved back to Swansea as player-coach firstly and then as secretary.His sixteen and a half-year reign in England came to an end when in November 1974 he accepted an offer to player/manage Dundalk FC and that was to be the beginning of his managerial career.As a manager, he had great success and during his nine-year stay at Oriel Park he led them to 3 Leagues and the FAI Cup 3 times including the double in the 1978/79 season. Dundalk performed commendably in Europe during this period. In the 1979/80 season they reached the last 16 of the European Cup and were drawn with Celtic. Following a 3–2 defeat in Glasgow, Dundalk drew 0–0 at home and missed an opportunity to score a goal that would have put them through on away goals. In the 1981/82 Cup-Winners' Cup campaign, Dundalk once more reached the last 16 and lost 3–2 on aggregate to Tottenham Hotspur.On 21 June 1983 Jim took over at Shamrock Rovers and led the Milltown club to 3 League Championships and 2 FAI Cups in 3 seasons including 2 back to back doubles.On 13 May 1986 he left Rovers to go home and manage Derry City where he led the team to a domestic treble in 1989. His managerial spell at the club lasted from 1986 until 1991. He later went on to co-manage Shelbourne FC with Pat Byrne where another League was won in 1992. In November 1993 he took over at Drogheda United where he stayed for 3 seasons getting relegated twice and promoted in 1994/95.He had another spell with Dundalk but could not prevent them from being relegated and so his managerial career came to a close in May 1999. He became a director in Oriel Park in July 1996 .He also took charge of the League of Ireland XI and the Irish Olympic side.He was Manager of the Year in 1986 and in February 2002, McLaughlin was awarded with the FAI Special Merit Award in recognition of his achievements and dedication within the domestic game. Later in the year, he was the Shamrock Rovers Hall of Fame recipient and in 2005, he was inducted into the Shamrock Rovers 'Legends'.In January 2010 he was awarded the SWAI Special Merit Award in recognition to his contribution to Irish football .His son Paul went on to play for Dundalk F.C., Newry City F.C., Derry City F.C. and Drogheda United. His grandson Ben currently plays for Everton F.C. . | [
"Shrewsbury Town F.C.",
"Birmingham City F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Northern Ireland national under-23 association football team",
"Derry City F.C.",
"Dundalk F.C.",
"Peterborough United F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jim McLaughlin play for in 22/09/1964? | September 22, 1964 | {
"text": [
"Northern Ireland national association football team"
]
} | L2_Q3178893_P54_2 | Jim McLaughlin plays for Dundalk F.C. from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Derry City F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1958.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Shrewsbury Town F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1972.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Peterborough United F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1967.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Northern Ireland national association football team from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1966.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Birmingham City F.C. from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1960.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Northern Ireland national under-23 association football team from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1964. | Jim McLaughlin (footballer)James Christopher McLaughlin (born 22 December 1940) is a Northern Irish former footballer and was later a football manager in the League of Ireland.The 16-year-old McLaughlin made his Irish League debut for home-town club Derry City in the 1957–58 season. He scored in his first match, against Crusaders, and was his club's top scorer, with 16 goals, in that debut season. He joined English First Division club Birmingham City as an apprentice in the summer of 1958.After two years of reserve team football he moved on to Shrewsbury Town. In his first season there McLaughlin netted twenty goals for his club. Having gained three youth caps with Derry City his efforts at Shrewsbury did not go unnoticed by the IFA and he was capped by them twice at under-23 level.He went on the international stage scoring on his debut against Scotland in October 1961. McLaughlin scored two goals against England in 1964 despite breaking two fingers early in the game. In total, he won 12 caps and scored six goals with Northern Ireland.Early in the 1963–64 season McLaughlin moved to Swansea Town, for whom he scored the winner in a FA Cup quarter-final tie at the Kop end at Anfield, and then in 1966–67 to Peterborough United. He then moved back to Shrewsbury for three more seasons, before becoming coach there. In 1972 McLaughlin moved back to Swansea as player-coach firstly and then as secretary.His sixteen and a half-year reign in England came to an end when in November 1974 he accepted an offer to player/manage Dundalk FC and that was to be the beginning of his managerial career.As a manager, he had great success and during his nine-year stay at Oriel Park he led them to 3 Leagues and the FAI Cup 3 times including the double in the 1978/79 season. Dundalk performed commendably in Europe during this period. In the 1979/80 season they reached the last 16 of the European Cup and were drawn with Celtic. Following a 3–2 defeat in Glasgow, Dundalk drew 0–0 at home and missed an opportunity to score a goal that would have put them through on away goals. In the 1981/82 Cup-Winners' Cup campaign, Dundalk once more reached the last 16 and lost 3–2 on aggregate to Tottenham Hotspur.On 21 June 1983 Jim took over at Shamrock Rovers and led the Milltown club to 3 League Championships and 2 FAI Cups in 3 seasons including 2 back to back doubles.On 13 May 1986 he left Rovers to go home and manage Derry City where he led the team to a domestic treble in 1989. His managerial spell at the club lasted from 1986 until 1991. He later went on to co-manage Shelbourne FC with Pat Byrne where another League was won in 1992. In November 1993 he took over at Drogheda United where he stayed for 3 seasons getting relegated twice and promoted in 1994/95.He had another spell with Dundalk but could not prevent them from being relegated and so his managerial career came to a close in May 1999. He became a director in Oriel Park in July 1996 .He also took charge of the League of Ireland XI and the Irish Olympic side.He was Manager of the Year in 1986 and in February 2002, McLaughlin was awarded with the FAI Special Merit Award in recognition of his achievements and dedication within the domestic game. Later in the year, he was the Shamrock Rovers Hall of Fame recipient and in 2005, he was inducted into the Shamrock Rovers 'Legends'.In January 2010 he was awarded the SWAI Special Merit Award in recognition to his contribution to Irish football .His son Paul went on to play for Dundalk F.C., Newry City F.C., Derry City F.C. and Drogheda United. His grandson Ben currently plays for Everton F.C. . | [
"Shrewsbury Town F.C.",
"Birmingham City F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Northern Ireland national under-23 association football team",
"Derry City F.C.",
"Dundalk F.C.",
"Peterborough United F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jim McLaughlin play for in Sep 22, 1964? | September 22, 1964 | {
"text": [
"Northern Ireland national association football team"
]
} | L2_Q3178893_P54_2 | Jim McLaughlin plays for Dundalk F.C. from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Derry City F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1958.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Shrewsbury Town F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1972.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Peterborough United F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1967.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Northern Ireland national association football team from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1966.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Birmingham City F.C. from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1960.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Northern Ireland national under-23 association football team from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1964. | Jim McLaughlin (footballer)James Christopher McLaughlin (born 22 December 1940) is a Northern Irish former footballer and was later a football manager in the League of Ireland.The 16-year-old McLaughlin made his Irish League debut for home-town club Derry City in the 1957–58 season. He scored in his first match, against Crusaders, and was his club's top scorer, with 16 goals, in that debut season. He joined English First Division club Birmingham City as an apprentice in the summer of 1958.After two years of reserve team football he moved on to Shrewsbury Town. In his first season there McLaughlin netted twenty goals for his club. Having gained three youth caps with Derry City his efforts at Shrewsbury did not go unnoticed by the IFA and he was capped by them twice at under-23 level.He went on the international stage scoring on his debut against Scotland in October 1961. McLaughlin scored two goals against England in 1964 despite breaking two fingers early in the game. In total, he won 12 caps and scored six goals with Northern Ireland.Early in the 1963–64 season McLaughlin moved to Swansea Town, for whom he scored the winner in a FA Cup quarter-final tie at the Kop end at Anfield, and then in 1966–67 to Peterborough United. He then moved back to Shrewsbury for three more seasons, before becoming coach there. In 1972 McLaughlin moved back to Swansea as player-coach firstly and then as secretary.His sixteen and a half-year reign in England came to an end when in November 1974 he accepted an offer to player/manage Dundalk FC and that was to be the beginning of his managerial career.As a manager, he had great success and during his nine-year stay at Oriel Park he led them to 3 Leagues and the FAI Cup 3 times including the double in the 1978/79 season. Dundalk performed commendably in Europe during this period. In the 1979/80 season they reached the last 16 of the European Cup and were drawn with Celtic. Following a 3–2 defeat in Glasgow, Dundalk drew 0–0 at home and missed an opportunity to score a goal that would have put them through on away goals. In the 1981/82 Cup-Winners' Cup campaign, Dundalk once more reached the last 16 and lost 3–2 on aggregate to Tottenham Hotspur.On 21 June 1983 Jim took over at Shamrock Rovers and led the Milltown club to 3 League Championships and 2 FAI Cups in 3 seasons including 2 back to back doubles.On 13 May 1986 he left Rovers to go home and manage Derry City where he led the team to a domestic treble in 1989. His managerial spell at the club lasted from 1986 until 1991. He later went on to co-manage Shelbourne FC with Pat Byrne where another League was won in 1992. In November 1993 he took over at Drogheda United where he stayed for 3 seasons getting relegated twice and promoted in 1994/95.He had another spell with Dundalk but could not prevent them from being relegated and so his managerial career came to a close in May 1999. He became a director in Oriel Park in July 1996 .He also took charge of the League of Ireland XI and the Irish Olympic side.He was Manager of the Year in 1986 and in February 2002, McLaughlin was awarded with the FAI Special Merit Award in recognition of his achievements and dedication within the domestic game. Later in the year, he was the Shamrock Rovers Hall of Fame recipient and in 2005, he was inducted into the Shamrock Rovers 'Legends'.In January 2010 he was awarded the SWAI Special Merit Award in recognition to his contribution to Irish football .His son Paul went on to play for Dundalk F.C., Newry City F.C., Derry City F.C. and Drogheda United. His grandson Ben currently plays for Everton F.C. . | [
"Shrewsbury Town F.C.",
"Birmingham City F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Northern Ireland national under-23 association football team",
"Derry City F.C.",
"Dundalk F.C.",
"Peterborough United F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jim McLaughlin play for in 09/22/1964? | September 22, 1964 | {
"text": [
"Northern Ireland national association football team"
]
} | L2_Q3178893_P54_2 | Jim McLaughlin plays for Dundalk F.C. from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Derry City F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1958.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Shrewsbury Town F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1972.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Peterborough United F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1967.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Northern Ireland national association football team from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1966.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Birmingham City F.C. from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1960.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Northern Ireland national under-23 association football team from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1964. | Jim McLaughlin (footballer)James Christopher McLaughlin (born 22 December 1940) is a Northern Irish former footballer and was later a football manager in the League of Ireland.The 16-year-old McLaughlin made his Irish League debut for home-town club Derry City in the 1957–58 season. He scored in his first match, against Crusaders, and was his club's top scorer, with 16 goals, in that debut season. He joined English First Division club Birmingham City as an apprentice in the summer of 1958.After two years of reserve team football he moved on to Shrewsbury Town. In his first season there McLaughlin netted twenty goals for his club. Having gained three youth caps with Derry City his efforts at Shrewsbury did not go unnoticed by the IFA and he was capped by them twice at under-23 level.He went on the international stage scoring on his debut against Scotland in October 1961. McLaughlin scored two goals against England in 1964 despite breaking two fingers early in the game. In total, he won 12 caps and scored six goals with Northern Ireland.Early in the 1963–64 season McLaughlin moved to Swansea Town, for whom he scored the winner in a FA Cup quarter-final tie at the Kop end at Anfield, and then in 1966–67 to Peterborough United. He then moved back to Shrewsbury for three more seasons, before becoming coach there. In 1972 McLaughlin moved back to Swansea as player-coach firstly and then as secretary.His sixteen and a half-year reign in England came to an end when in November 1974 he accepted an offer to player/manage Dundalk FC and that was to be the beginning of his managerial career.As a manager, he had great success and during his nine-year stay at Oriel Park he led them to 3 Leagues and the FAI Cup 3 times including the double in the 1978/79 season. Dundalk performed commendably in Europe during this period. In the 1979/80 season they reached the last 16 of the European Cup and were drawn with Celtic. Following a 3–2 defeat in Glasgow, Dundalk drew 0–0 at home and missed an opportunity to score a goal that would have put them through on away goals. In the 1981/82 Cup-Winners' Cup campaign, Dundalk once more reached the last 16 and lost 3–2 on aggregate to Tottenham Hotspur.On 21 June 1983 Jim took over at Shamrock Rovers and led the Milltown club to 3 League Championships and 2 FAI Cups in 3 seasons including 2 back to back doubles.On 13 May 1986 he left Rovers to go home and manage Derry City where he led the team to a domestic treble in 1989. His managerial spell at the club lasted from 1986 until 1991. He later went on to co-manage Shelbourne FC with Pat Byrne where another League was won in 1992. In November 1993 he took over at Drogheda United where he stayed for 3 seasons getting relegated twice and promoted in 1994/95.He had another spell with Dundalk but could not prevent them from being relegated and so his managerial career came to a close in May 1999. He became a director in Oriel Park in July 1996 .He also took charge of the League of Ireland XI and the Irish Olympic side.He was Manager of the Year in 1986 and in February 2002, McLaughlin was awarded with the FAI Special Merit Award in recognition of his achievements and dedication within the domestic game. Later in the year, he was the Shamrock Rovers Hall of Fame recipient and in 2005, he was inducted into the Shamrock Rovers 'Legends'.In January 2010 he was awarded the SWAI Special Merit Award in recognition to his contribution to Irish football .His son Paul went on to play for Dundalk F.C., Newry City F.C., Derry City F.C. and Drogheda United. His grandson Ben currently plays for Everton F.C. . | [
"Shrewsbury Town F.C.",
"Birmingham City F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Northern Ireland national under-23 association football team",
"Derry City F.C.",
"Dundalk F.C.",
"Peterborough United F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jim McLaughlin play for in 22-Sep-196422-September-1964? | September 22, 1964 | {
"text": [
"Northern Ireland national association football team"
]
} | L2_Q3178893_P54_2 | Jim McLaughlin plays for Dundalk F.C. from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Derry City F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1958.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Shrewsbury Town F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1972.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Peterborough United F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1967.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Northern Ireland national association football team from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1966.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Birmingham City F.C. from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1960.
Jim McLaughlin plays for Northern Ireland national under-23 association football team from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1964. | Jim McLaughlin (footballer)James Christopher McLaughlin (born 22 December 1940) is a Northern Irish former footballer and was later a football manager in the League of Ireland.The 16-year-old McLaughlin made his Irish League debut for home-town club Derry City in the 1957–58 season. He scored in his first match, against Crusaders, and was his club's top scorer, with 16 goals, in that debut season. He joined English First Division club Birmingham City as an apprentice in the summer of 1958.After two years of reserve team football he moved on to Shrewsbury Town. In his first season there McLaughlin netted twenty goals for his club. Having gained three youth caps with Derry City his efforts at Shrewsbury did not go unnoticed by the IFA and he was capped by them twice at under-23 level.He went on the international stage scoring on his debut against Scotland in October 1961. McLaughlin scored two goals against England in 1964 despite breaking two fingers early in the game. In total, he won 12 caps and scored six goals with Northern Ireland.Early in the 1963–64 season McLaughlin moved to Swansea Town, for whom he scored the winner in a FA Cup quarter-final tie at the Kop end at Anfield, and then in 1966–67 to Peterborough United. He then moved back to Shrewsbury for three more seasons, before becoming coach there. In 1972 McLaughlin moved back to Swansea as player-coach firstly and then as secretary.His sixteen and a half-year reign in England came to an end when in November 1974 he accepted an offer to player/manage Dundalk FC and that was to be the beginning of his managerial career.As a manager, he had great success and during his nine-year stay at Oriel Park he led them to 3 Leagues and the FAI Cup 3 times including the double in the 1978/79 season. Dundalk performed commendably in Europe during this period. In the 1979/80 season they reached the last 16 of the European Cup and were drawn with Celtic. Following a 3–2 defeat in Glasgow, Dundalk drew 0–0 at home and missed an opportunity to score a goal that would have put them through on away goals. In the 1981/82 Cup-Winners' Cup campaign, Dundalk once more reached the last 16 and lost 3–2 on aggregate to Tottenham Hotspur.On 21 June 1983 Jim took over at Shamrock Rovers and led the Milltown club to 3 League Championships and 2 FAI Cups in 3 seasons including 2 back to back doubles.On 13 May 1986 he left Rovers to go home and manage Derry City where he led the team to a domestic treble in 1989. His managerial spell at the club lasted from 1986 until 1991. He later went on to co-manage Shelbourne FC with Pat Byrne where another League was won in 1992. In November 1993 he took over at Drogheda United where he stayed for 3 seasons getting relegated twice and promoted in 1994/95.He had another spell with Dundalk but could not prevent them from being relegated and so his managerial career came to a close in May 1999. He became a director in Oriel Park in July 1996 .He also took charge of the League of Ireland XI and the Irish Olympic side.He was Manager of the Year in 1986 and in February 2002, McLaughlin was awarded with the FAI Special Merit Award in recognition of his achievements and dedication within the domestic game. Later in the year, he was the Shamrock Rovers Hall of Fame recipient and in 2005, he was inducted into the Shamrock Rovers 'Legends'.In January 2010 he was awarded the SWAI Special Merit Award in recognition to his contribution to Irish football .His son Paul went on to play for Dundalk F.C., Newry City F.C., Derry City F.C. and Drogheda United. His grandson Ben currently plays for Everton F.C. . | [
"Shrewsbury Town F.C.",
"Birmingham City F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Northern Ireland national under-23 association football team",
"Derry City F.C.",
"Dundalk F.C.",
"Peterborough United F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Lalrin Fela play for in Jul, 2018? | July 18, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Aizawl F.C."
]
} | L2_Q6480599_P54_7 | Lalrin Fela plays for Guwahati F.C. from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2016.
Lalrin Fela plays for Aizawl F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2019.
Lalrin Fela plays for Southern Samity from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Lalrin Fela plays for Churchill Brothers S.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Lalrin Fela plays for Mumbai City FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Lalrin Fela plays for Mohun Bagan A.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Lalrin Fela plays for Green Valley F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Lalrin Fela plays for Fateh Hyderabad F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2018. | Lalrin FelaLalrin Fela (born 24 September 1990 in Mizoram) is an Indian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Green Valley F.C.. | [
"Mohun Bagan A.C.",
"Churchill Brothers S.C.",
"Guwahati F.C.",
"Fateh Hyderabad F.C.",
"Southern Samity",
"Green Valley F.C.",
"Mumbai City FC"
] |
|
Which team did Lalrin Fela play for in 2018-07-18? | July 18, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Aizawl F.C."
]
} | L2_Q6480599_P54_7 | Lalrin Fela plays for Guwahati F.C. from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2016.
Lalrin Fela plays for Aizawl F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2019.
Lalrin Fela plays for Southern Samity from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Lalrin Fela plays for Churchill Brothers S.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Lalrin Fela plays for Mumbai City FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Lalrin Fela plays for Mohun Bagan A.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Lalrin Fela plays for Green Valley F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Lalrin Fela plays for Fateh Hyderabad F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2018. | Lalrin FelaLalrin Fela (born 24 September 1990 in Mizoram) is an Indian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Green Valley F.C.. | [
"Mohun Bagan A.C.",
"Churchill Brothers S.C.",
"Guwahati F.C.",
"Fateh Hyderabad F.C.",
"Southern Samity",
"Green Valley F.C.",
"Mumbai City FC"
] |
|
Which team did Lalrin Fela play for in 18/07/2018? | July 18, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Aizawl F.C."
]
} | L2_Q6480599_P54_7 | Lalrin Fela plays for Guwahati F.C. from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2016.
Lalrin Fela plays for Aizawl F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2019.
Lalrin Fela plays for Southern Samity from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Lalrin Fela plays for Churchill Brothers S.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Lalrin Fela plays for Mumbai City FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Lalrin Fela plays for Mohun Bagan A.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Lalrin Fela plays for Green Valley F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Lalrin Fela plays for Fateh Hyderabad F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2018. | Lalrin FelaLalrin Fela (born 24 September 1990 in Mizoram) is an Indian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Green Valley F.C.. | [
"Mohun Bagan A.C.",
"Churchill Brothers S.C.",
"Guwahati F.C.",
"Fateh Hyderabad F.C.",
"Southern Samity",
"Green Valley F.C.",
"Mumbai City FC"
] |
|
Which team did Lalrin Fela play for in Jul 18, 2018? | July 18, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Aizawl F.C."
]
} | L2_Q6480599_P54_7 | Lalrin Fela plays for Guwahati F.C. from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2016.
Lalrin Fela plays for Aizawl F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2019.
Lalrin Fela plays for Southern Samity from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Lalrin Fela plays for Churchill Brothers S.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Lalrin Fela plays for Mumbai City FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Lalrin Fela plays for Mohun Bagan A.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Lalrin Fela plays for Green Valley F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Lalrin Fela plays for Fateh Hyderabad F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2018. | Lalrin FelaLalrin Fela (born 24 September 1990 in Mizoram) is an Indian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Green Valley F.C.. | [
"Mohun Bagan A.C.",
"Churchill Brothers S.C.",
"Guwahati F.C.",
"Fateh Hyderabad F.C.",
"Southern Samity",
"Green Valley F.C.",
"Mumbai City FC"
] |
|
Which team did Lalrin Fela play for in 07/18/2018? | July 18, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Aizawl F.C."
]
} | L2_Q6480599_P54_7 | Lalrin Fela plays for Guwahati F.C. from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2016.
Lalrin Fela plays for Aizawl F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2019.
Lalrin Fela plays for Southern Samity from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Lalrin Fela plays for Churchill Brothers S.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Lalrin Fela plays for Mumbai City FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Lalrin Fela plays for Mohun Bagan A.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Lalrin Fela plays for Green Valley F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Lalrin Fela plays for Fateh Hyderabad F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2018. | Lalrin FelaLalrin Fela (born 24 September 1990 in Mizoram) is an Indian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Green Valley F.C.. | [
"Mohun Bagan A.C.",
"Churchill Brothers S.C.",
"Guwahati F.C.",
"Fateh Hyderabad F.C.",
"Southern Samity",
"Green Valley F.C.",
"Mumbai City FC"
] |
|
Which team did Lalrin Fela play for in 18-Jul-201818-July-2018? | July 18, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Aizawl F.C."
]
} | L2_Q6480599_P54_7 | Lalrin Fela plays for Guwahati F.C. from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2016.
Lalrin Fela plays for Aizawl F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2019.
Lalrin Fela plays for Southern Samity from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Lalrin Fela plays for Churchill Brothers S.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Lalrin Fela plays for Mumbai City FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Lalrin Fela plays for Mohun Bagan A.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Lalrin Fela plays for Green Valley F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Lalrin Fela plays for Fateh Hyderabad F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2018. | Lalrin FelaLalrin Fela (born 24 September 1990 in Mizoram) is an Indian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Green Valley F.C.. | [
"Mohun Bagan A.C.",
"Churchill Brothers S.C.",
"Guwahati F.C.",
"Fateh Hyderabad F.C.",
"Southern Samity",
"Green Valley F.C.",
"Mumbai City FC"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in Mar, 1962? | March 16, 1962 | {
"text": [
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece"
]
} | L2_Q708364_P39_9 | Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947. | Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris. | [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister of Public Order",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in 1962-03-16? | March 16, 1962 | {
"text": [
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece"
]
} | L2_Q708364_P39_9 | Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947. | Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris. | [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister of Public Order",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in 16/03/1962? | March 16, 1962 | {
"text": [
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece"
]
} | L2_Q708364_P39_9 | Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947. | Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris. | [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister of Public Order",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in Mar 16, 1962? | March 16, 1962 | {
"text": [
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece"
]
} | L2_Q708364_P39_9 | Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947. | Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris. | [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister of Public Order",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in 03/16/1962? | March 16, 1962 | {
"text": [
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece"
]
} | L2_Q708364_P39_9 | Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947. | Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris. | [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister of Public Order",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in 16-Mar-196216-March-1962? | March 16, 1962 | {
"text": [
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece"
]
} | L2_Q708364_P39_9 | Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947. | Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris. | [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister of Public Order",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Apr, 1967? | April 20, 1967 | {
"text": [
"Gregory Peck"
]
} | L2_Q212329_P488_15 | Frank Pierson is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2005.
Sid Ganis is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2009.
Arthur Hiller is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1997.
Gregory Peck is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1970.
Douglas Fairbanks is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1929.
Walter Mirisch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
Jean Hersholt is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1949.
Charles Brackett is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1955.
George Seaton is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1958.
Fay Kanin is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1983.
B. B. Kahane is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1960.
Bette Davis is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1941.
Cheryl Boone Isaacs is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2017.
Hawk Koch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
William Churchill deMille is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1931.
Howard W. Koch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Tom Sherak is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
M. C. Levee is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1932.
Karl Malden is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1992.
Daniel Taradash is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1973.
Walter Wanger is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1945.
Valentine Davies is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1961.
Robert Wise is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Frank Capra is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
Arthur Freed is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1967.
Gene Allen is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1985.
Conrad Nagel is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1933.
Robert Rehme is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2001.
Wendell Corey is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1963.
George Stevens is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1959. | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and SciencesThe Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS, often pronounced ; also known as simply the Academy or the Motion Picture Academy) is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academy's corporate management and general policies are overseen by a board of governors, which includes representatives from each of the craft branches.As of April 2020, the organization was estimated to consist of around 9,921 motion picture professionals. The Academy is an international organization and membership is open to qualified filmmakers around the world.The Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially and popularly known as "The Oscars".In addition, the Academy holds the Governors Awards annually for lifetime achievement in film; presents Scientific and Technical Awards annually; gives Student Academy Awards annually to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting annually; and operates the Margaret Herrick Library (at the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study) in Beverly Hills, California, and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood, Los Angeles. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2021.The notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) began with Louis B. Mayer, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions and improve the industry's image. He met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetson to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having an annual banquet was discussed, but no mention of awards at that time. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry: actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers.After their brief meeting, Mayer gathered up a group of thirty-six people involved in the film industry and invited them to a formal banquet at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles on January 11, 1927. That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy. Between that evening and when the official Articles of Incorporation for the organization were filed on May 4, 1927, the "International" was dropped from the name, becoming the "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences".Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6, 1927. Their first organizational meeting was held on May 11 at the Millennium Biltmore Hotel. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president, and their first roster, composed of 230 members, was printed. That night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison. Initially, the Academy was broken down into five main groups, or branches, although this number of branches has grown over the years. The original five were: Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers and Technicians.The initial concerns of the group had to do with labor." However, as time went on, the organization moved "further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations." One of several committees formed in those initial days was for "Awards of Merit," but it was not until May 1928 that the committee began to have serious discussions about the structure of the awards and the presentation ceremony. By July 1928, the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented. During July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began. This "award of merit for distinctive achievement" is what we know now as the Academy Awards.The initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard. In November 1927, the Academy moved to the Roosevelt Hotel at 7010 Hollywood Boulevard, which was also the month the Academy's library began compiling a complete collection of books and periodicals dealing with the industry from around the world. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, to be located in the Club lounge of the hotel. The screening room was not completed until April 1929.With the publication of Academy Reports (No. 1): "Incandescent Illumination" in July 1928, the Academy began a long history of publishing books to assist its members. Research Council of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences trained Signal Corps officers, during World War II, who later won two Oscars, for "Seeds of Destiny" and "Toward Independence".In 1929, Academy members, in a joint venture with the University of Southern California, created America's first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures. The school's founding faculty included Fairbanks (President of the Academy), D. W. Griffith, William C. deMille, Ernst Lubitsch, Irving Thalberg, and Darryl F. Zanuck.1930 saw another move, to 7046 Hollywood Boulevard, in order to accommodate the enlarging staff, and by December of that year the library was acknowledged as "having one of the most complete collections of information on the motion picture industry anywhere in existence." They remained at that location until 1935 when further growth caused them to move once again. This time, the administrative offices moved to one location, to the Taft Building at the corner of Hollywood and Vine, while the library moved to 1455 North Gordon Street.In 1934, the Academy began publication of the "Screen Achievement Records Bulletin", which today is known as the "Motion Picture Credits Database". This is a list of film credits up for an Academy Award, as well as other films released in Los Angeles County, using research materials from the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library. Another publication of the 1930s was the first annual "Academy Players Directory" in 1937. The Directory was published by the Academy until 2006 when it was sold to a private concern. The Academy had been involved in the technical aspects of film making since its founding in 1927, and by 1938, the Science and Technology Council consisted of 36 technical committees addressing technical issues related to sound recording and reproduction, projection, lighting, film preservation, and cinematography.In 2009, the inaugural Governors Awards were held, at which the Academy awards the Academy Honorary Award, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award.In 2016, the Academy became the target of criticism for its failure to recognize the achievements of minority professionals. For the second year in a row, all 20 nominees in the major acting categories were white. The president of the Academy Cheryl Boone Isaacs, the first African American and third woman to lead the Academy, denied in 2015 that there was a problem. When asked if the Academy had difficulty with recognizing diversity, she replied "Not at all. Not at all." When the nominations for acting were all white for a second year in a row Gil Robertson IV, president of the African American Film Critics Association called it "offensive." The actors' branch is "overwhelmingly white" and the question is raised whether conscious or unconscious racial biases played a role.Spike Lee, interviewed shortly after the all-white nominee list was published, pointed to Hollywood leadership as the root problem, "We may win an Oscar now and then, but an Oscar is not going to fundamentally change how Hollywood does business. I'm not talking about Hollywood stars. I'm talking about executives. We're not in the room." Boone Isaacs also released a statement, in which she said "I am both heartbroken and frustrated about the lack of inclusion. This is a difficult but important conversation, and it's time for big changes." After Boone Isaac's statement, prominent African-Americans such as director Spike Lee, actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith, and activist Rev. Al Sharpton called for a boycott of the 2016 Oscars for failing to recognize minority achievements, the board voted to make "historic" changes to its membership. The Academy stated that by 2020 it would double its number of women and minority members. While the Academy has addressed a higher profile for African-Americans, it has yet to raise the profile of other people of color artists, in front of and behind the camera.Casting director David Rubin was elected President of the Academy in August, 2019.In 2020, "Parasite" became the first non-English language film to win Best Picture.The Academy's numerous and diverse operations are housed in three facilities in the Los Angeles area: the headquarters building in Beverly Hills, which was constructed specifically for the Academy, and two Centers for Motion Picture Study – one in Beverly Hills, the other in Hollywood – which were existing structures restored and transformed to contain the Academy's Library, Film Archive and other departments and programs.The Academy Headquarters Building in Beverly Hills once housed two galleries that were open free to the public. The Grand Lobby Gallery and the Fourth Floor Gallery offered changing exhibits related to films, film-making and film personalities. These galleries have since been closed in preparation for the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in 2020.The building includes the Samuel Goldwyn Theater, which seats 1,012, and was designed to present films at maximum technical accuracy, with state-of-the-art projection equipment and sound system. The theater is busy year-round with the Academy's public programming, members-only screenings, movie premieres and other special activities (including the live television broadcast of the Academy Awards nominations announcement every January). The building once housed the Academy Little Theater, a 67-seat screening facility, but this was converted to additional office space in a building remodel.The Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study, located in central Hollywood and named for legendary actress and Academy founder Mary Pickford, houses several Academy departments, including the Academy Film Archive, the Science and Technology Council, Student Academy Awards and Grants, and the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting. The building, originally dedicated on August 18, 1948, is the oldest surviving structure in Hollywood that was designed specifically with television in mind. Additionally, it is the location of the Linwood Dunn Theater, which seats 286 people.The Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study is located at 333 S. La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills. It is home to the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library, a world-renowned, non-circulating reference and research collection devoted to the history and development of the motion picture as an art form and an industry. Established in 1928, the library is open to the public and used year-round by students, scholars, historians and industry professionals. The library is named for Margaret Herrick, the Academy's first librarian who also played a major role in the Academy's first televised broadcast, helping to turn the Oscar ceremony into a major annual televised event.The building itself was built in 1928, where it was originally built to be a water treatment plant for Beverly Hills. Its "bell tower" held water-purifying hardware.The Academy also has a New York City-based East Coast showcase theater, the Academy Theater at Lighthouse International. The 220-seat venue was redesigned in 2011 by renowned theater designer Theo Kalomirakis, including an extensive installation of new audio and visual equipment. The theater is in the East 59th Street headquarters of the non-profit vision loss organization, Lighthouse International. In July 2015, it was announced that the Academy was forced to move out, due to Lighthouse International selling the property the theater was in.The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures, a Los Angeles museum currently under construction, will be the newest facility associated with the Academy. It is scheduled to open on April 30, 2021, and will contain over of galleries, exhibition spaces, movie theaters, educational areas, and special event spaces.Membership in the Academy is by invitation only. Invitation comes from the Board of Governors. Membership eligibility may be achieved by earning a competitive Oscar nomination, or by the sponsorship of two current Academy members from the same branch to which the candidate seeks admission.New membership proposals are considered annually in the spring. Press releases announce the names of those who have recently been invited to join. Membership in the Academy does not expire, even if a member struggles later in his or her career.Academy membership is divided into 17 branches, representing different disciplines in motion pictures. Members may not belong to more than one branch. Members whose work does not fall within one of the branches may belong to a group known as "Members at Large". Members at Large have all the privileges of branch membership except for representation on the Board. Associate members are those closely allied to the industry but not actively engaged in motion picture production. They are not represented on the Board and do not vote on Academy Awards.According to a February 2012 study conducted by the "Los Angeles Times" (sampling over 5,000 of its 5,765 members), the Academy at that time was 94% white, 77% male, 86% age 50 or older, and had a median age of 62. A third of members were previous winners or nominees of Academy Awards themselves. Of the Academy's 54-member Board of Governors, 25 are female.June 29, 2016, saw a paradigm shift in the Academy's selection process, resulting in a new class comprising 46% women, and 41% people of color. The effort to diversify the Academy was led by social activist, and Broadway Black managing-editor, April Reign. Reign created the Twitter hashtag #OscarsSoWhite as a means of criticizing the dearth of non-white nominees for the 2015 Academy Awards. Though the hashtag drew widespread media attention, the Academy remained obstinate on the matter of adopting a resolution that would make demonstrable its efforts to increase diversity. With the 2016 Academy Awards, many, including April Reign, were dismayed by the Academy's indifference about representation and inclusion, as the 2016 nominees were once again entirely white. April Reign revived #OscarsSoWhite, and renewed her campaign efforts, including multiple media appearances and interviews with reputable news outlets. As a result of Reign's campaign, the discourse surrounding representation and recognition in film spread beyond the United States of America and became a global discussion. Faced with mounting pressure to expand the Academy membership, the Academy capitulated and instituted all new policies to ensure that future Academy membership invitations would better represent the demographics of modern film-going audiences. The A2020 initiative was announced in January 2016 to double the number of women and people of color in membership by 2020.Members are able to see many new films for free at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater within two weeks of their debut, and sometimes before release; in addition, some of the screeners are available through iTunes to its members.Five people are known to have been expelled from the Academy. Academy officials acknowledge that other members have been expelled in the past, most for selling their Oscar tickets, but no numbers are available.The 17 branches of the Academy are:, the Board of Governors consists of 54 governors: three governors from each of the 17 Academy branches and three governors-at-large. The Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Branch, created in 2006, had only one governor until July 2013. The Casting Directors Branch, created in 2013, elected its first three governors in Fall 2013.The Board of Governors is responsible for corporate management, control, and general policies. The Board of Governors also appoints a CEO and a COO to supervise the administrative activities of the Academy.From the original formal banquet which was hosted by Louis B. Mayer in 1927, everyone invited became a founder of the Academy:Presidents are elected for one-year terms and may not be elected for more than four consecutive terms.Source: | [
"Gene Allen",
"Karl Malden",
"William Churchill deMille",
"Tom Sherak",
"Frank Capra",
"George Stevens",
"Bette Davis",
"Robert Rehme",
"Robert Wise",
"Hawk Koch",
"Arthur Hiller",
"Walter Mirisch",
"Arthur Freed",
"Sid Ganis",
"Cheryl Boone Isaacs",
"Fay Kanin",
"Daniel Taradash",
"George Seaton",
"M. C. Levee",
"Conrad Nagel",
"Douglas Fairbanks",
"Walter Wanger",
"Howard W. Koch",
"Wendell Corey",
"Jean Hersholt",
"Charles Brackett",
"Valentine Davies",
"Frank Pierson",
"B. B. Kahane"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1967-04-20? | April 20, 1967 | {
"text": [
"Gregory Peck"
]
} | L2_Q212329_P488_15 | Frank Pierson is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2005.
Sid Ganis is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2009.
Arthur Hiller is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1997.
Gregory Peck is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1970.
Douglas Fairbanks is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1929.
Walter Mirisch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
Jean Hersholt is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1949.
Charles Brackett is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1955.
George Seaton is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1958.
Fay Kanin is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1983.
B. B. Kahane is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1960.
Bette Davis is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1941.
Cheryl Boone Isaacs is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2017.
Hawk Koch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
William Churchill deMille is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1931.
Howard W. Koch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Tom Sherak is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
M. C. Levee is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1932.
Karl Malden is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1992.
Daniel Taradash is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1973.
Walter Wanger is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1945.
Valentine Davies is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1961.
Robert Wise is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Frank Capra is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
Arthur Freed is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1967.
Gene Allen is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1985.
Conrad Nagel is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1933.
Robert Rehme is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2001.
Wendell Corey is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1963.
George Stevens is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1959. | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and SciencesThe Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS, often pronounced ; also known as simply the Academy or the Motion Picture Academy) is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academy's corporate management and general policies are overseen by a board of governors, which includes representatives from each of the craft branches.As of April 2020, the organization was estimated to consist of around 9,921 motion picture professionals. The Academy is an international organization and membership is open to qualified filmmakers around the world.The Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially and popularly known as "The Oscars".In addition, the Academy holds the Governors Awards annually for lifetime achievement in film; presents Scientific and Technical Awards annually; gives Student Academy Awards annually to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting annually; and operates the Margaret Herrick Library (at the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study) in Beverly Hills, California, and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood, Los Angeles. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2021.The notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) began with Louis B. Mayer, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions and improve the industry's image. He met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetson to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having an annual banquet was discussed, but no mention of awards at that time. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry: actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers.After their brief meeting, Mayer gathered up a group of thirty-six people involved in the film industry and invited them to a formal banquet at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles on January 11, 1927. That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy. Between that evening and when the official Articles of Incorporation for the organization were filed on May 4, 1927, the "International" was dropped from the name, becoming the "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences".Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6, 1927. Their first organizational meeting was held on May 11 at the Millennium Biltmore Hotel. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president, and their first roster, composed of 230 members, was printed. That night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison. Initially, the Academy was broken down into five main groups, or branches, although this number of branches has grown over the years. The original five were: Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers and Technicians.The initial concerns of the group had to do with labor." However, as time went on, the organization moved "further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations." One of several committees formed in those initial days was for "Awards of Merit," but it was not until May 1928 that the committee began to have serious discussions about the structure of the awards and the presentation ceremony. By July 1928, the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented. During July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began. This "award of merit for distinctive achievement" is what we know now as the Academy Awards.The initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard. In November 1927, the Academy moved to the Roosevelt Hotel at 7010 Hollywood Boulevard, which was also the month the Academy's library began compiling a complete collection of books and periodicals dealing with the industry from around the world. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, to be located in the Club lounge of the hotel. The screening room was not completed until April 1929.With the publication of Academy Reports (No. 1): "Incandescent Illumination" in July 1928, the Academy began a long history of publishing books to assist its members. Research Council of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences trained Signal Corps officers, during World War II, who later won two Oscars, for "Seeds of Destiny" and "Toward Independence".In 1929, Academy members, in a joint venture with the University of Southern California, created America's first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures. The school's founding faculty included Fairbanks (President of the Academy), D. W. Griffith, William C. deMille, Ernst Lubitsch, Irving Thalberg, and Darryl F. Zanuck.1930 saw another move, to 7046 Hollywood Boulevard, in order to accommodate the enlarging staff, and by December of that year the library was acknowledged as "having one of the most complete collections of information on the motion picture industry anywhere in existence." They remained at that location until 1935 when further growth caused them to move once again. This time, the administrative offices moved to one location, to the Taft Building at the corner of Hollywood and Vine, while the library moved to 1455 North Gordon Street.In 1934, the Academy began publication of the "Screen Achievement Records Bulletin", which today is known as the "Motion Picture Credits Database". This is a list of film credits up for an Academy Award, as well as other films released in Los Angeles County, using research materials from the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library. Another publication of the 1930s was the first annual "Academy Players Directory" in 1937. The Directory was published by the Academy until 2006 when it was sold to a private concern. The Academy had been involved in the technical aspects of film making since its founding in 1927, and by 1938, the Science and Technology Council consisted of 36 technical committees addressing technical issues related to sound recording and reproduction, projection, lighting, film preservation, and cinematography.In 2009, the inaugural Governors Awards were held, at which the Academy awards the Academy Honorary Award, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award.In 2016, the Academy became the target of criticism for its failure to recognize the achievements of minority professionals. For the second year in a row, all 20 nominees in the major acting categories were white. The president of the Academy Cheryl Boone Isaacs, the first African American and third woman to lead the Academy, denied in 2015 that there was a problem. When asked if the Academy had difficulty with recognizing diversity, she replied "Not at all. Not at all." When the nominations for acting were all white for a second year in a row Gil Robertson IV, president of the African American Film Critics Association called it "offensive." The actors' branch is "overwhelmingly white" and the question is raised whether conscious or unconscious racial biases played a role.Spike Lee, interviewed shortly after the all-white nominee list was published, pointed to Hollywood leadership as the root problem, "We may win an Oscar now and then, but an Oscar is not going to fundamentally change how Hollywood does business. I'm not talking about Hollywood stars. I'm talking about executives. We're not in the room." Boone Isaacs also released a statement, in which she said "I am both heartbroken and frustrated about the lack of inclusion. This is a difficult but important conversation, and it's time for big changes." After Boone Isaac's statement, prominent African-Americans such as director Spike Lee, actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith, and activist Rev. Al Sharpton called for a boycott of the 2016 Oscars for failing to recognize minority achievements, the board voted to make "historic" changes to its membership. The Academy stated that by 2020 it would double its number of women and minority members. While the Academy has addressed a higher profile for African-Americans, it has yet to raise the profile of other people of color artists, in front of and behind the camera.Casting director David Rubin was elected President of the Academy in August, 2019.In 2020, "Parasite" became the first non-English language film to win Best Picture.The Academy's numerous and diverse operations are housed in three facilities in the Los Angeles area: the headquarters building in Beverly Hills, which was constructed specifically for the Academy, and two Centers for Motion Picture Study – one in Beverly Hills, the other in Hollywood – which were existing structures restored and transformed to contain the Academy's Library, Film Archive and other departments and programs.The Academy Headquarters Building in Beverly Hills once housed two galleries that were open free to the public. The Grand Lobby Gallery and the Fourth Floor Gallery offered changing exhibits related to films, film-making and film personalities. These galleries have since been closed in preparation for the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in 2020.The building includes the Samuel Goldwyn Theater, which seats 1,012, and was designed to present films at maximum technical accuracy, with state-of-the-art projection equipment and sound system. The theater is busy year-round with the Academy's public programming, members-only screenings, movie premieres and other special activities (including the live television broadcast of the Academy Awards nominations announcement every January). The building once housed the Academy Little Theater, a 67-seat screening facility, but this was converted to additional office space in a building remodel.The Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study, located in central Hollywood and named for legendary actress and Academy founder Mary Pickford, houses several Academy departments, including the Academy Film Archive, the Science and Technology Council, Student Academy Awards and Grants, and the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting. The building, originally dedicated on August 18, 1948, is the oldest surviving structure in Hollywood that was designed specifically with television in mind. Additionally, it is the location of the Linwood Dunn Theater, which seats 286 people.The Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study is located at 333 S. La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills. It is home to the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library, a world-renowned, non-circulating reference and research collection devoted to the history and development of the motion picture as an art form and an industry. Established in 1928, the library is open to the public and used year-round by students, scholars, historians and industry professionals. The library is named for Margaret Herrick, the Academy's first librarian who also played a major role in the Academy's first televised broadcast, helping to turn the Oscar ceremony into a major annual televised event.The building itself was built in 1928, where it was originally built to be a water treatment plant for Beverly Hills. Its "bell tower" held water-purifying hardware.The Academy also has a New York City-based East Coast showcase theater, the Academy Theater at Lighthouse International. The 220-seat venue was redesigned in 2011 by renowned theater designer Theo Kalomirakis, including an extensive installation of new audio and visual equipment. The theater is in the East 59th Street headquarters of the non-profit vision loss organization, Lighthouse International. In July 2015, it was announced that the Academy was forced to move out, due to Lighthouse International selling the property the theater was in.The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures, a Los Angeles museum currently under construction, will be the newest facility associated with the Academy. It is scheduled to open on April 30, 2021, and will contain over of galleries, exhibition spaces, movie theaters, educational areas, and special event spaces.Membership in the Academy is by invitation only. Invitation comes from the Board of Governors. Membership eligibility may be achieved by earning a competitive Oscar nomination, or by the sponsorship of two current Academy members from the same branch to which the candidate seeks admission.New membership proposals are considered annually in the spring. Press releases announce the names of those who have recently been invited to join. Membership in the Academy does not expire, even if a member struggles later in his or her career.Academy membership is divided into 17 branches, representing different disciplines in motion pictures. Members may not belong to more than one branch. Members whose work does not fall within one of the branches may belong to a group known as "Members at Large". Members at Large have all the privileges of branch membership except for representation on the Board. Associate members are those closely allied to the industry but not actively engaged in motion picture production. They are not represented on the Board and do not vote on Academy Awards.According to a February 2012 study conducted by the "Los Angeles Times" (sampling over 5,000 of its 5,765 members), the Academy at that time was 94% white, 77% male, 86% age 50 or older, and had a median age of 62. A third of members were previous winners or nominees of Academy Awards themselves. Of the Academy's 54-member Board of Governors, 25 are female.June 29, 2016, saw a paradigm shift in the Academy's selection process, resulting in a new class comprising 46% women, and 41% people of color. The effort to diversify the Academy was led by social activist, and Broadway Black managing-editor, April Reign. Reign created the Twitter hashtag #OscarsSoWhite as a means of criticizing the dearth of non-white nominees for the 2015 Academy Awards. Though the hashtag drew widespread media attention, the Academy remained obstinate on the matter of adopting a resolution that would make demonstrable its efforts to increase diversity. With the 2016 Academy Awards, many, including April Reign, were dismayed by the Academy's indifference about representation and inclusion, as the 2016 nominees were once again entirely white. April Reign revived #OscarsSoWhite, and renewed her campaign efforts, including multiple media appearances and interviews with reputable news outlets. As a result of Reign's campaign, the discourse surrounding representation and recognition in film spread beyond the United States of America and became a global discussion. Faced with mounting pressure to expand the Academy membership, the Academy capitulated and instituted all new policies to ensure that future Academy membership invitations would better represent the demographics of modern film-going audiences. The A2020 initiative was announced in January 2016 to double the number of women and people of color in membership by 2020.Members are able to see many new films for free at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater within two weeks of their debut, and sometimes before release; in addition, some of the screeners are available through iTunes to its members.Five people are known to have been expelled from the Academy. Academy officials acknowledge that other members have been expelled in the past, most for selling their Oscar tickets, but no numbers are available.The 17 branches of the Academy are:, the Board of Governors consists of 54 governors: three governors from each of the 17 Academy branches and three governors-at-large. The Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Branch, created in 2006, had only one governor until July 2013. The Casting Directors Branch, created in 2013, elected its first three governors in Fall 2013.The Board of Governors is responsible for corporate management, control, and general policies. The Board of Governors also appoints a CEO and a COO to supervise the administrative activities of the Academy.From the original formal banquet which was hosted by Louis B. Mayer in 1927, everyone invited became a founder of the Academy:Presidents are elected for one-year terms and may not be elected for more than four consecutive terms.Source: | [
"Gene Allen",
"Karl Malden",
"William Churchill deMille",
"Tom Sherak",
"Frank Capra",
"George Stevens",
"Bette Davis",
"Robert Rehme",
"Robert Wise",
"Hawk Koch",
"Arthur Hiller",
"Walter Mirisch",
"Arthur Freed",
"Sid Ganis",
"Cheryl Boone Isaacs",
"Fay Kanin",
"Daniel Taradash",
"George Seaton",
"M. C. Levee",
"Conrad Nagel",
"Douglas Fairbanks",
"Walter Wanger",
"Howard W. Koch",
"Wendell Corey",
"Jean Hersholt",
"Charles Brackett",
"Valentine Davies",
"Frank Pierson",
"B. B. Kahane"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 20/04/1967? | April 20, 1967 | {
"text": [
"Gregory Peck"
]
} | L2_Q212329_P488_15 | Frank Pierson is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2005.
Sid Ganis is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2009.
Arthur Hiller is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1997.
Gregory Peck is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1970.
Douglas Fairbanks is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1929.
Walter Mirisch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
Jean Hersholt is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1949.
Charles Brackett is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1955.
George Seaton is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1958.
Fay Kanin is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1983.
B. B. Kahane is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1960.
Bette Davis is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1941.
Cheryl Boone Isaacs is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2017.
Hawk Koch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
William Churchill deMille is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1931.
Howard W. Koch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Tom Sherak is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
M. C. Levee is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1932.
Karl Malden is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1992.
Daniel Taradash is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1973.
Walter Wanger is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1945.
Valentine Davies is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1961.
Robert Wise is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Frank Capra is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
Arthur Freed is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1967.
Gene Allen is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1985.
Conrad Nagel is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1933.
Robert Rehme is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2001.
Wendell Corey is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1963.
George Stevens is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1959. | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and SciencesThe Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS, often pronounced ; also known as simply the Academy or the Motion Picture Academy) is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academy's corporate management and general policies are overseen by a board of governors, which includes representatives from each of the craft branches.As of April 2020, the organization was estimated to consist of around 9,921 motion picture professionals. The Academy is an international organization and membership is open to qualified filmmakers around the world.The Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially and popularly known as "The Oscars".In addition, the Academy holds the Governors Awards annually for lifetime achievement in film; presents Scientific and Technical Awards annually; gives Student Academy Awards annually to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting annually; and operates the Margaret Herrick Library (at the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study) in Beverly Hills, California, and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood, Los Angeles. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2021.The notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) began with Louis B. Mayer, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions and improve the industry's image. He met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetson to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having an annual banquet was discussed, but no mention of awards at that time. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry: actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers.After their brief meeting, Mayer gathered up a group of thirty-six people involved in the film industry and invited them to a formal banquet at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles on January 11, 1927. That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy. Between that evening and when the official Articles of Incorporation for the organization were filed on May 4, 1927, the "International" was dropped from the name, becoming the "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences".Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6, 1927. Their first organizational meeting was held on May 11 at the Millennium Biltmore Hotel. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president, and their first roster, composed of 230 members, was printed. That night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison. Initially, the Academy was broken down into five main groups, or branches, although this number of branches has grown over the years. The original five were: Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers and Technicians.The initial concerns of the group had to do with labor." However, as time went on, the organization moved "further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations." One of several committees formed in those initial days was for "Awards of Merit," but it was not until May 1928 that the committee began to have serious discussions about the structure of the awards and the presentation ceremony. By July 1928, the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented. During July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began. This "award of merit for distinctive achievement" is what we know now as the Academy Awards.The initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard. In November 1927, the Academy moved to the Roosevelt Hotel at 7010 Hollywood Boulevard, which was also the month the Academy's library began compiling a complete collection of books and periodicals dealing with the industry from around the world. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, to be located in the Club lounge of the hotel. The screening room was not completed until April 1929.With the publication of Academy Reports (No. 1): "Incandescent Illumination" in July 1928, the Academy began a long history of publishing books to assist its members. Research Council of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences trained Signal Corps officers, during World War II, who later won two Oscars, for "Seeds of Destiny" and "Toward Independence".In 1929, Academy members, in a joint venture with the University of Southern California, created America's first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures. The school's founding faculty included Fairbanks (President of the Academy), D. W. Griffith, William C. deMille, Ernst Lubitsch, Irving Thalberg, and Darryl F. Zanuck.1930 saw another move, to 7046 Hollywood Boulevard, in order to accommodate the enlarging staff, and by December of that year the library was acknowledged as "having one of the most complete collections of information on the motion picture industry anywhere in existence." They remained at that location until 1935 when further growth caused them to move once again. This time, the administrative offices moved to one location, to the Taft Building at the corner of Hollywood and Vine, while the library moved to 1455 North Gordon Street.In 1934, the Academy began publication of the "Screen Achievement Records Bulletin", which today is known as the "Motion Picture Credits Database". This is a list of film credits up for an Academy Award, as well as other films released in Los Angeles County, using research materials from the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library. Another publication of the 1930s was the first annual "Academy Players Directory" in 1937. The Directory was published by the Academy until 2006 when it was sold to a private concern. The Academy had been involved in the technical aspects of film making since its founding in 1927, and by 1938, the Science and Technology Council consisted of 36 technical committees addressing technical issues related to sound recording and reproduction, projection, lighting, film preservation, and cinematography.In 2009, the inaugural Governors Awards were held, at which the Academy awards the Academy Honorary Award, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award.In 2016, the Academy became the target of criticism for its failure to recognize the achievements of minority professionals. For the second year in a row, all 20 nominees in the major acting categories were white. The president of the Academy Cheryl Boone Isaacs, the first African American and third woman to lead the Academy, denied in 2015 that there was a problem. When asked if the Academy had difficulty with recognizing diversity, she replied "Not at all. Not at all." When the nominations for acting were all white for a second year in a row Gil Robertson IV, president of the African American Film Critics Association called it "offensive." The actors' branch is "overwhelmingly white" and the question is raised whether conscious or unconscious racial biases played a role.Spike Lee, interviewed shortly after the all-white nominee list was published, pointed to Hollywood leadership as the root problem, "We may win an Oscar now and then, but an Oscar is not going to fundamentally change how Hollywood does business. I'm not talking about Hollywood stars. I'm talking about executives. We're not in the room." Boone Isaacs also released a statement, in which she said "I am both heartbroken and frustrated about the lack of inclusion. This is a difficult but important conversation, and it's time for big changes." After Boone Isaac's statement, prominent African-Americans such as director Spike Lee, actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith, and activist Rev. Al Sharpton called for a boycott of the 2016 Oscars for failing to recognize minority achievements, the board voted to make "historic" changes to its membership. The Academy stated that by 2020 it would double its number of women and minority members. While the Academy has addressed a higher profile for African-Americans, it has yet to raise the profile of other people of color artists, in front of and behind the camera.Casting director David Rubin was elected President of the Academy in August, 2019.In 2020, "Parasite" became the first non-English language film to win Best Picture.The Academy's numerous and diverse operations are housed in three facilities in the Los Angeles area: the headquarters building in Beverly Hills, which was constructed specifically for the Academy, and two Centers for Motion Picture Study – one in Beverly Hills, the other in Hollywood – which were existing structures restored and transformed to contain the Academy's Library, Film Archive and other departments and programs.The Academy Headquarters Building in Beverly Hills once housed two galleries that were open free to the public. The Grand Lobby Gallery and the Fourth Floor Gallery offered changing exhibits related to films, film-making and film personalities. These galleries have since been closed in preparation for the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in 2020.The building includes the Samuel Goldwyn Theater, which seats 1,012, and was designed to present films at maximum technical accuracy, with state-of-the-art projection equipment and sound system. The theater is busy year-round with the Academy's public programming, members-only screenings, movie premieres and other special activities (including the live television broadcast of the Academy Awards nominations announcement every January). The building once housed the Academy Little Theater, a 67-seat screening facility, but this was converted to additional office space in a building remodel.The Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study, located in central Hollywood and named for legendary actress and Academy founder Mary Pickford, houses several Academy departments, including the Academy Film Archive, the Science and Technology Council, Student Academy Awards and Grants, and the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting. The building, originally dedicated on August 18, 1948, is the oldest surviving structure in Hollywood that was designed specifically with television in mind. Additionally, it is the location of the Linwood Dunn Theater, which seats 286 people.The Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study is located at 333 S. La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills. It is home to the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library, a world-renowned, non-circulating reference and research collection devoted to the history and development of the motion picture as an art form and an industry. Established in 1928, the library is open to the public and used year-round by students, scholars, historians and industry professionals. The library is named for Margaret Herrick, the Academy's first librarian who also played a major role in the Academy's first televised broadcast, helping to turn the Oscar ceremony into a major annual televised event.The building itself was built in 1928, where it was originally built to be a water treatment plant for Beverly Hills. Its "bell tower" held water-purifying hardware.The Academy also has a New York City-based East Coast showcase theater, the Academy Theater at Lighthouse International. The 220-seat venue was redesigned in 2011 by renowned theater designer Theo Kalomirakis, including an extensive installation of new audio and visual equipment. The theater is in the East 59th Street headquarters of the non-profit vision loss organization, Lighthouse International. In July 2015, it was announced that the Academy was forced to move out, due to Lighthouse International selling the property the theater was in.The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures, a Los Angeles museum currently under construction, will be the newest facility associated with the Academy. It is scheduled to open on April 30, 2021, and will contain over of galleries, exhibition spaces, movie theaters, educational areas, and special event spaces.Membership in the Academy is by invitation only. Invitation comes from the Board of Governors. Membership eligibility may be achieved by earning a competitive Oscar nomination, or by the sponsorship of two current Academy members from the same branch to which the candidate seeks admission.New membership proposals are considered annually in the spring. Press releases announce the names of those who have recently been invited to join. Membership in the Academy does not expire, even if a member struggles later in his or her career.Academy membership is divided into 17 branches, representing different disciplines in motion pictures. Members may not belong to more than one branch. Members whose work does not fall within one of the branches may belong to a group known as "Members at Large". Members at Large have all the privileges of branch membership except for representation on the Board. Associate members are those closely allied to the industry but not actively engaged in motion picture production. They are not represented on the Board and do not vote on Academy Awards.According to a February 2012 study conducted by the "Los Angeles Times" (sampling over 5,000 of its 5,765 members), the Academy at that time was 94% white, 77% male, 86% age 50 or older, and had a median age of 62. A third of members were previous winners or nominees of Academy Awards themselves. Of the Academy's 54-member Board of Governors, 25 are female.June 29, 2016, saw a paradigm shift in the Academy's selection process, resulting in a new class comprising 46% women, and 41% people of color. The effort to diversify the Academy was led by social activist, and Broadway Black managing-editor, April Reign. Reign created the Twitter hashtag #OscarsSoWhite as a means of criticizing the dearth of non-white nominees for the 2015 Academy Awards. Though the hashtag drew widespread media attention, the Academy remained obstinate on the matter of adopting a resolution that would make demonstrable its efforts to increase diversity. With the 2016 Academy Awards, many, including April Reign, were dismayed by the Academy's indifference about representation and inclusion, as the 2016 nominees were once again entirely white. April Reign revived #OscarsSoWhite, and renewed her campaign efforts, including multiple media appearances and interviews with reputable news outlets. As a result of Reign's campaign, the discourse surrounding representation and recognition in film spread beyond the United States of America and became a global discussion. Faced with mounting pressure to expand the Academy membership, the Academy capitulated and instituted all new policies to ensure that future Academy membership invitations would better represent the demographics of modern film-going audiences. The A2020 initiative was announced in January 2016 to double the number of women and people of color in membership by 2020.Members are able to see many new films for free at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater within two weeks of their debut, and sometimes before release; in addition, some of the screeners are available through iTunes to its members.Five people are known to have been expelled from the Academy. Academy officials acknowledge that other members have been expelled in the past, most for selling their Oscar tickets, but no numbers are available.The 17 branches of the Academy are:, the Board of Governors consists of 54 governors: three governors from each of the 17 Academy branches and three governors-at-large. The Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Branch, created in 2006, had only one governor until July 2013. The Casting Directors Branch, created in 2013, elected its first three governors in Fall 2013.The Board of Governors is responsible for corporate management, control, and general policies. The Board of Governors also appoints a CEO and a COO to supervise the administrative activities of the Academy.From the original formal banquet which was hosted by Louis B. Mayer in 1927, everyone invited became a founder of the Academy:Presidents are elected for one-year terms and may not be elected for more than four consecutive terms.Source: | [
"Gene Allen",
"Karl Malden",
"William Churchill deMille",
"Tom Sherak",
"Frank Capra",
"George Stevens",
"Bette Davis",
"Robert Rehme",
"Robert Wise",
"Hawk Koch",
"Arthur Hiller",
"Walter Mirisch",
"Arthur Freed",
"Sid Ganis",
"Cheryl Boone Isaacs",
"Fay Kanin",
"Daniel Taradash",
"George Seaton",
"M. C. Levee",
"Conrad Nagel",
"Douglas Fairbanks",
"Walter Wanger",
"Howard W. Koch",
"Wendell Corey",
"Jean Hersholt",
"Charles Brackett",
"Valentine Davies",
"Frank Pierson",
"B. B. Kahane"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Apr 20, 1967? | April 20, 1967 | {
"text": [
"Gregory Peck"
]
} | L2_Q212329_P488_15 | Frank Pierson is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2005.
Sid Ganis is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2009.
Arthur Hiller is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1997.
Gregory Peck is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1970.
Douglas Fairbanks is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1929.
Walter Mirisch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
Jean Hersholt is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1949.
Charles Brackett is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1955.
George Seaton is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1958.
Fay Kanin is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1983.
B. B. Kahane is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1960.
Bette Davis is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1941.
Cheryl Boone Isaacs is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2017.
Hawk Koch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
William Churchill deMille is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1931.
Howard W. Koch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Tom Sherak is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
M. C. Levee is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1932.
Karl Malden is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1992.
Daniel Taradash is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1973.
Walter Wanger is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1945.
Valentine Davies is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1961.
Robert Wise is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Frank Capra is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
Arthur Freed is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1967.
Gene Allen is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1985.
Conrad Nagel is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1933.
Robert Rehme is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2001.
Wendell Corey is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1963.
George Stevens is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1959. | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and SciencesThe Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS, often pronounced ; also known as simply the Academy or the Motion Picture Academy) is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academy's corporate management and general policies are overseen by a board of governors, which includes representatives from each of the craft branches.As of April 2020, the organization was estimated to consist of around 9,921 motion picture professionals. The Academy is an international organization and membership is open to qualified filmmakers around the world.The Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially and popularly known as "The Oscars".In addition, the Academy holds the Governors Awards annually for lifetime achievement in film; presents Scientific and Technical Awards annually; gives Student Academy Awards annually to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting annually; and operates the Margaret Herrick Library (at the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study) in Beverly Hills, California, and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood, Los Angeles. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2021.The notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) began with Louis B. Mayer, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions and improve the industry's image. He met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetson to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having an annual banquet was discussed, but no mention of awards at that time. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry: actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers.After their brief meeting, Mayer gathered up a group of thirty-six people involved in the film industry and invited them to a formal banquet at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles on January 11, 1927. That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy. Between that evening and when the official Articles of Incorporation for the organization were filed on May 4, 1927, the "International" was dropped from the name, becoming the "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences".Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6, 1927. Their first organizational meeting was held on May 11 at the Millennium Biltmore Hotel. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president, and their first roster, composed of 230 members, was printed. That night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison. Initially, the Academy was broken down into five main groups, or branches, although this number of branches has grown over the years. The original five were: Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers and Technicians.The initial concerns of the group had to do with labor." However, as time went on, the organization moved "further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations." One of several committees formed in those initial days was for "Awards of Merit," but it was not until May 1928 that the committee began to have serious discussions about the structure of the awards and the presentation ceremony. By July 1928, the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented. During July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began. This "award of merit for distinctive achievement" is what we know now as the Academy Awards.The initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard. In November 1927, the Academy moved to the Roosevelt Hotel at 7010 Hollywood Boulevard, which was also the month the Academy's library began compiling a complete collection of books and periodicals dealing with the industry from around the world. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, to be located in the Club lounge of the hotel. The screening room was not completed until April 1929.With the publication of Academy Reports (No. 1): "Incandescent Illumination" in July 1928, the Academy began a long history of publishing books to assist its members. Research Council of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences trained Signal Corps officers, during World War II, who later won two Oscars, for "Seeds of Destiny" and "Toward Independence".In 1929, Academy members, in a joint venture with the University of Southern California, created America's first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures. The school's founding faculty included Fairbanks (President of the Academy), D. W. Griffith, William C. deMille, Ernst Lubitsch, Irving Thalberg, and Darryl F. Zanuck.1930 saw another move, to 7046 Hollywood Boulevard, in order to accommodate the enlarging staff, and by December of that year the library was acknowledged as "having one of the most complete collections of information on the motion picture industry anywhere in existence." They remained at that location until 1935 when further growth caused them to move once again. This time, the administrative offices moved to one location, to the Taft Building at the corner of Hollywood and Vine, while the library moved to 1455 North Gordon Street.In 1934, the Academy began publication of the "Screen Achievement Records Bulletin", which today is known as the "Motion Picture Credits Database". This is a list of film credits up for an Academy Award, as well as other films released in Los Angeles County, using research materials from the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library. Another publication of the 1930s was the first annual "Academy Players Directory" in 1937. The Directory was published by the Academy until 2006 when it was sold to a private concern. The Academy had been involved in the technical aspects of film making since its founding in 1927, and by 1938, the Science and Technology Council consisted of 36 technical committees addressing technical issues related to sound recording and reproduction, projection, lighting, film preservation, and cinematography.In 2009, the inaugural Governors Awards were held, at which the Academy awards the Academy Honorary Award, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award.In 2016, the Academy became the target of criticism for its failure to recognize the achievements of minority professionals. For the second year in a row, all 20 nominees in the major acting categories were white. The president of the Academy Cheryl Boone Isaacs, the first African American and third woman to lead the Academy, denied in 2015 that there was a problem. When asked if the Academy had difficulty with recognizing diversity, she replied "Not at all. Not at all." When the nominations for acting were all white for a second year in a row Gil Robertson IV, president of the African American Film Critics Association called it "offensive." The actors' branch is "overwhelmingly white" and the question is raised whether conscious or unconscious racial biases played a role.Spike Lee, interviewed shortly after the all-white nominee list was published, pointed to Hollywood leadership as the root problem, "We may win an Oscar now and then, but an Oscar is not going to fundamentally change how Hollywood does business. I'm not talking about Hollywood stars. I'm talking about executives. We're not in the room." Boone Isaacs also released a statement, in which she said "I am both heartbroken and frustrated about the lack of inclusion. This is a difficult but important conversation, and it's time for big changes." After Boone Isaac's statement, prominent African-Americans such as director Spike Lee, actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith, and activist Rev. Al Sharpton called for a boycott of the 2016 Oscars for failing to recognize minority achievements, the board voted to make "historic" changes to its membership. The Academy stated that by 2020 it would double its number of women and minority members. While the Academy has addressed a higher profile for African-Americans, it has yet to raise the profile of other people of color artists, in front of and behind the camera.Casting director David Rubin was elected President of the Academy in August, 2019.In 2020, "Parasite" became the first non-English language film to win Best Picture.The Academy's numerous and diverse operations are housed in three facilities in the Los Angeles area: the headquarters building in Beverly Hills, which was constructed specifically for the Academy, and two Centers for Motion Picture Study – one in Beverly Hills, the other in Hollywood – which were existing structures restored and transformed to contain the Academy's Library, Film Archive and other departments and programs.The Academy Headquarters Building in Beverly Hills once housed two galleries that were open free to the public. The Grand Lobby Gallery and the Fourth Floor Gallery offered changing exhibits related to films, film-making and film personalities. These galleries have since been closed in preparation for the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in 2020.The building includes the Samuel Goldwyn Theater, which seats 1,012, and was designed to present films at maximum technical accuracy, with state-of-the-art projection equipment and sound system. The theater is busy year-round with the Academy's public programming, members-only screenings, movie premieres and other special activities (including the live television broadcast of the Academy Awards nominations announcement every January). The building once housed the Academy Little Theater, a 67-seat screening facility, but this was converted to additional office space in a building remodel.The Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study, located in central Hollywood and named for legendary actress and Academy founder Mary Pickford, houses several Academy departments, including the Academy Film Archive, the Science and Technology Council, Student Academy Awards and Grants, and the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting. The building, originally dedicated on August 18, 1948, is the oldest surviving structure in Hollywood that was designed specifically with television in mind. Additionally, it is the location of the Linwood Dunn Theater, which seats 286 people.The Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study is located at 333 S. La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills. It is home to the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library, a world-renowned, non-circulating reference and research collection devoted to the history and development of the motion picture as an art form and an industry. Established in 1928, the library is open to the public and used year-round by students, scholars, historians and industry professionals. The library is named for Margaret Herrick, the Academy's first librarian who also played a major role in the Academy's first televised broadcast, helping to turn the Oscar ceremony into a major annual televised event.The building itself was built in 1928, where it was originally built to be a water treatment plant for Beverly Hills. Its "bell tower" held water-purifying hardware.The Academy also has a New York City-based East Coast showcase theater, the Academy Theater at Lighthouse International. The 220-seat venue was redesigned in 2011 by renowned theater designer Theo Kalomirakis, including an extensive installation of new audio and visual equipment. The theater is in the East 59th Street headquarters of the non-profit vision loss organization, Lighthouse International. In July 2015, it was announced that the Academy was forced to move out, due to Lighthouse International selling the property the theater was in.The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures, a Los Angeles museum currently under construction, will be the newest facility associated with the Academy. It is scheduled to open on April 30, 2021, and will contain over of galleries, exhibition spaces, movie theaters, educational areas, and special event spaces.Membership in the Academy is by invitation only. Invitation comes from the Board of Governors. Membership eligibility may be achieved by earning a competitive Oscar nomination, or by the sponsorship of two current Academy members from the same branch to which the candidate seeks admission.New membership proposals are considered annually in the spring. Press releases announce the names of those who have recently been invited to join. Membership in the Academy does not expire, even if a member struggles later in his or her career.Academy membership is divided into 17 branches, representing different disciplines in motion pictures. Members may not belong to more than one branch. Members whose work does not fall within one of the branches may belong to a group known as "Members at Large". Members at Large have all the privileges of branch membership except for representation on the Board. Associate members are those closely allied to the industry but not actively engaged in motion picture production. They are not represented on the Board and do not vote on Academy Awards.According to a February 2012 study conducted by the "Los Angeles Times" (sampling over 5,000 of its 5,765 members), the Academy at that time was 94% white, 77% male, 86% age 50 or older, and had a median age of 62. A third of members were previous winners or nominees of Academy Awards themselves. Of the Academy's 54-member Board of Governors, 25 are female.June 29, 2016, saw a paradigm shift in the Academy's selection process, resulting in a new class comprising 46% women, and 41% people of color. The effort to diversify the Academy was led by social activist, and Broadway Black managing-editor, April Reign. Reign created the Twitter hashtag #OscarsSoWhite as a means of criticizing the dearth of non-white nominees for the 2015 Academy Awards. Though the hashtag drew widespread media attention, the Academy remained obstinate on the matter of adopting a resolution that would make demonstrable its efforts to increase diversity. With the 2016 Academy Awards, many, including April Reign, were dismayed by the Academy's indifference about representation and inclusion, as the 2016 nominees were once again entirely white. April Reign revived #OscarsSoWhite, and renewed her campaign efforts, including multiple media appearances and interviews with reputable news outlets. As a result of Reign's campaign, the discourse surrounding representation and recognition in film spread beyond the United States of America and became a global discussion. Faced with mounting pressure to expand the Academy membership, the Academy capitulated and instituted all new policies to ensure that future Academy membership invitations would better represent the demographics of modern film-going audiences. The A2020 initiative was announced in January 2016 to double the number of women and people of color in membership by 2020.Members are able to see many new films for free at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater within two weeks of their debut, and sometimes before release; in addition, some of the screeners are available through iTunes to its members.Five people are known to have been expelled from the Academy. Academy officials acknowledge that other members have been expelled in the past, most for selling their Oscar tickets, but no numbers are available.The 17 branches of the Academy are:, the Board of Governors consists of 54 governors: three governors from each of the 17 Academy branches and three governors-at-large. The Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Branch, created in 2006, had only one governor until July 2013. The Casting Directors Branch, created in 2013, elected its first three governors in Fall 2013.The Board of Governors is responsible for corporate management, control, and general policies. The Board of Governors also appoints a CEO and a COO to supervise the administrative activities of the Academy.From the original formal banquet which was hosted by Louis B. Mayer in 1927, everyone invited became a founder of the Academy:Presidents are elected for one-year terms and may not be elected for more than four consecutive terms.Source: | [
"Gene Allen",
"Karl Malden",
"William Churchill deMille",
"Tom Sherak",
"Frank Capra",
"George Stevens",
"Bette Davis",
"Robert Rehme",
"Robert Wise",
"Hawk Koch",
"Arthur Hiller",
"Walter Mirisch",
"Arthur Freed",
"Sid Ganis",
"Cheryl Boone Isaacs",
"Fay Kanin",
"Daniel Taradash",
"George Seaton",
"M. C. Levee",
"Conrad Nagel",
"Douglas Fairbanks",
"Walter Wanger",
"Howard W. Koch",
"Wendell Corey",
"Jean Hersholt",
"Charles Brackett",
"Valentine Davies",
"Frank Pierson",
"B. B. Kahane"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 04/20/1967? | April 20, 1967 | {
"text": [
"Gregory Peck"
]
} | L2_Q212329_P488_15 | Frank Pierson is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2005.
Sid Ganis is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2009.
Arthur Hiller is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1997.
Gregory Peck is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1970.
Douglas Fairbanks is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1929.
Walter Mirisch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
Jean Hersholt is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1949.
Charles Brackett is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1955.
George Seaton is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1958.
Fay Kanin is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1983.
B. B. Kahane is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1960.
Bette Davis is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1941.
Cheryl Boone Isaacs is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2017.
Hawk Koch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
William Churchill deMille is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1931.
Howard W. Koch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Tom Sherak is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
M. C. Levee is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1932.
Karl Malden is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1992.
Daniel Taradash is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1973.
Walter Wanger is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1945.
Valentine Davies is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1961.
Robert Wise is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Frank Capra is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
Arthur Freed is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1967.
Gene Allen is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1985.
Conrad Nagel is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1933.
Robert Rehme is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2001.
Wendell Corey is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1963.
George Stevens is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1959. | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and SciencesThe Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS, often pronounced ; also known as simply the Academy or the Motion Picture Academy) is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academy's corporate management and general policies are overseen by a board of governors, which includes representatives from each of the craft branches.As of April 2020, the organization was estimated to consist of around 9,921 motion picture professionals. The Academy is an international organization and membership is open to qualified filmmakers around the world.The Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially and popularly known as "The Oscars".In addition, the Academy holds the Governors Awards annually for lifetime achievement in film; presents Scientific and Technical Awards annually; gives Student Academy Awards annually to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting annually; and operates the Margaret Herrick Library (at the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study) in Beverly Hills, California, and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood, Los Angeles. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2021.The notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) began with Louis B. Mayer, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions and improve the industry's image. He met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetson to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having an annual banquet was discussed, but no mention of awards at that time. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry: actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers.After their brief meeting, Mayer gathered up a group of thirty-six people involved in the film industry and invited them to a formal banquet at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles on January 11, 1927. That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy. Between that evening and when the official Articles of Incorporation for the organization were filed on May 4, 1927, the "International" was dropped from the name, becoming the "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences".Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6, 1927. Their first organizational meeting was held on May 11 at the Millennium Biltmore Hotel. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president, and their first roster, composed of 230 members, was printed. That night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison. Initially, the Academy was broken down into five main groups, or branches, although this number of branches has grown over the years. The original five were: Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers and Technicians.The initial concerns of the group had to do with labor." However, as time went on, the organization moved "further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations." One of several committees formed in those initial days was for "Awards of Merit," but it was not until May 1928 that the committee began to have serious discussions about the structure of the awards and the presentation ceremony. By July 1928, the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented. During July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began. This "award of merit for distinctive achievement" is what we know now as the Academy Awards.The initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard. In November 1927, the Academy moved to the Roosevelt Hotel at 7010 Hollywood Boulevard, which was also the month the Academy's library began compiling a complete collection of books and periodicals dealing with the industry from around the world. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, to be located in the Club lounge of the hotel. The screening room was not completed until April 1929.With the publication of Academy Reports (No. 1): "Incandescent Illumination" in July 1928, the Academy began a long history of publishing books to assist its members. Research Council of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences trained Signal Corps officers, during World War II, who later won two Oscars, for "Seeds of Destiny" and "Toward Independence".In 1929, Academy members, in a joint venture with the University of Southern California, created America's first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures. The school's founding faculty included Fairbanks (President of the Academy), D. W. Griffith, William C. deMille, Ernst Lubitsch, Irving Thalberg, and Darryl F. Zanuck.1930 saw another move, to 7046 Hollywood Boulevard, in order to accommodate the enlarging staff, and by December of that year the library was acknowledged as "having one of the most complete collections of information on the motion picture industry anywhere in existence." They remained at that location until 1935 when further growth caused them to move once again. This time, the administrative offices moved to one location, to the Taft Building at the corner of Hollywood and Vine, while the library moved to 1455 North Gordon Street.In 1934, the Academy began publication of the "Screen Achievement Records Bulletin", which today is known as the "Motion Picture Credits Database". This is a list of film credits up for an Academy Award, as well as other films released in Los Angeles County, using research materials from the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library. Another publication of the 1930s was the first annual "Academy Players Directory" in 1937. The Directory was published by the Academy until 2006 when it was sold to a private concern. The Academy had been involved in the technical aspects of film making since its founding in 1927, and by 1938, the Science and Technology Council consisted of 36 technical committees addressing technical issues related to sound recording and reproduction, projection, lighting, film preservation, and cinematography.In 2009, the inaugural Governors Awards were held, at which the Academy awards the Academy Honorary Award, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award.In 2016, the Academy became the target of criticism for its failure to recognize the achievements of minority professionals. For the second year in a row, all 20 nominees in the major acting categories were white. The president of the Academy Cheryl Boone Isaacs, the first African American and third woman to lead the Academy, denied in 2015 that there was a problem. When asked if the Academy had difficulty with recognizing diversity, she replied "Not at all. Not at all." When the nominations for acting were all white for a second year in a row Gil Robertson IV, president of the African American Film Critics Association called it "offensive." The actors' branch is "overwhelmingly white" and the question is raised whether conscious or unconscious racial biases played a role.Spike Lee, interviewed shortly after the all-white nominee list was published, pointed to Hollywood leadership as the root problem, "We may win an Oscar now and then, but an Oscar is not going to fundamentally change how Hollywood does business. I'm not talking about Hollywood stars. I'm talking about executives. We're not in the room." Boone Isaacs also released a statement, in which she said "I am both heartbroken and frustrated about the lack of inclusion. This is a difficult but important conversation, and it's time for big changes." After Boone Isaac's statement, prominent African-Americans such as director Spike Lee, actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith, and activist Rev. Al Sharpton called for a boycott of the 2016 Oscars for failing to recognize minority achievements, the board voted to make "historic" changes to its membership. The Academy stated that by 2020 it would double its number of women and minority members. While the Academy has addressed a higher profile for African-Americans, it has yet to raise the profile of other people of color artists, in front of and behind the camera.Casting director David Rubin was elected President of the Academy in August, 2019.In 2020, "Parasite" became the first non-English language film to win Best Picture.The Academy's numerous and diverse operations are housed in three facilities in the Los Angeles area: the headquarters building in Beverly Hills, which was constructed specifically for the Academy, and two Centers for Motion Picture Study – one in Beverly Hills, the other in Hollywood – which were existing structures restored and transformed to contain the Academy's Library, Film Archive and other departments and programs.The Academy Headquarters Building in Beverly Hills once housed two galleries that were open free to the public. The Grand Lobby Gallery and the Fourth Floor Gallery offered changing exhibits related to films, film-making and film personalities. These galleries have since been closed in preparation for the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in 2020.The building includes the Samuel Goldwyn Theater, which seats 1,012, and was designed to present films at maximum technical accuracy, with state-of-the-art projection equipment and sound system. The theater is busy year-round with the Academy's public programming, members-only screenings, movie premieres and other special activities (including the live television broadcast of the Academy Awards nominations announcement every January). The building once housed the Academy Little Theater, a 67-seat screening facility, but this was converted to additional office space in a building remodel.The Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study, located in central Hollywood and named for legendary actress and Academy founder Mary Pickford, houses several Academy departments, including the Academy Film Archive, the Science and Technology Council, Student Academy Awards and Grants, and the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting. The building, originally dedicated on August 18, 1948, is the oldest surviving structure in Hollywood that was designed specifically with television in mind. Additionally, it is the location of the Linwood Dunn Theater, which seats 286 people.The Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study is located at 333 S. La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills. It is home to the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library, a world-renowned, non-circulating reference and research collection devoted to the history and development of the motion picture as an art form and an industry. Established in 1928, the library is open to the public and used year-round by students, scholars, historians and industry professionals. The library is named for Margaret Herrick, the Academy's first librarian who also played a major role in the Academy's first televised broadcast, helping to turn the Oscar ceremony into a major annual televised event.The building itself was built in 1928, where it was originally built to be a water treatment plant for Beverly Hills. Its "bell tower" held water-purifying hardware.The Academy also has a New York City-based East Coast showcase theater, the Academy Theater at Lighthouse International. The 220-seat venue was redesigned in 2011 by renowned theater designer Theo Kalomirakis, including an extensive installation of new audio and visual equipment. The theater is in the East 59th Street headquarters of the non-profit vision loss organization, Lighthouse International. In July 2015, it was announced that the Academy was forced to move out, due to Lighthouse International selling the property the theater was in.The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures, a Los Angeles museum currently under construction, will be the newest facility associated with the Academy. It is scheduled to open on April 30, 2021, and will contain over of galleries, exhibition spaces, movie theaters, educational areas, and special event spaces.Membership in the Academy is by invitation only. Invitation comes from the Board of Governors. Membership eligibility may be achieved by earning a competitive Oscar nomination, or by the sponsorship of two current Academy members from the same branch to which the candidate seeks admission.New membership proposals are considered annually in the spring. Press releases announce the names of those who have recently been invited to join. Membership in the Academy does not expire, even if a member struggles later in his or her career.Academy membership is divided into 17 branches, representing different disciplines in motion pictures. Members may not belong to more than one branch. Members whose work does not fall within one of the branches may belong to a group known as "Members at Large". Members at Large have all the privileges of branch membership except for representation on the Board. Associate members are those closely allied to the industry but not actively engaged in motion picture production. They are not represented on the Board and do not vote on Academy Awards.According to a February 2012 study conducted by the "Los Angeles Times" (sampling over 5,000 of its 5,765 members), the Academy at that time was 94% white, 77% male, 86% age 50 or older, and had a median age of 62. A third of members were previous winners or nominees of Academy Awards themselves. Of the Academy's 54-member Board of Governors, 25 are female.June 29, 2016, saw a paradigm shift in the Academy's selection process, resulting in a new class comprising 46% women, and 41% people of color. The effort to diversify the Academy was led by social activist, and Broadway Black managing-editor, April Reign. Reign created the Twitter hashtag #OscarsSoWhite as a means of criticizing the dearth of non-white nominees for the 2015 Academy Awards. Though the hashtag drew widespread media attention, the Academy remained obstinate on the matter of adopting a resolution that would make demonstrable its efforts to increase diversity. With the 2016 Academy Awards, many, including April Reign, were dismayed by the Academy's indifference about representation and inclusion, as the 2016 nominees were once again entirely white. April Reign revived #OscarsSoWhite, and renewed her campaign efforts, including multiple media appearances and interviews with reputable news outlets. As a result of Reign's campaign, the discourse surrounding representation and recognition in film spread beyond the United States of America and became a global discussion. Faced with mounting pressure to expand the Academy membership, the Academy capitulated and instituted all new policies to ensure that future Academy membership invitations would better represent the demographics of modern film-going audiences. The A2020 initiative was announced in January 2016 to double the number of women and people of color in membership by 2020.Members are able to see many new films for free at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater within two weeks of their debut, and sometimes before release; in addition, some of the screeners are available through iTunes to its members.Five people are known to have been expelled from the Academy. Academy officials acknowledge that other members have been expelled in the past, most for selling their Oscar tickets, but no numbers are available.The 17 branches of the Academy are:, the Board of Governors consists of 54 governors: three governors from each of the 17 Academy branches and three governors-at-large. The Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Branch, created in 2006, had only one governor until July 2013. The Casting Directors Branch, created in 2013, elected its first three governors in Fall 2013.The Board of Governors is responsible for corporate management, control, and general policies. The Board of Governors also appoints a CEO and a COO to supervise the administrative activities of the Academy.From the original formal banquet which was hosted by Louis B. Mayer in 1927, everyone invited became a founder of the Academy:Presidents are elected for one-year terms and may not be elected for more than four consecutive terms.Source: | [
"Gene Allen",
"Karl Malden",
"William Churchill deMille",
"Tom Sherak",
"Frank Capra",
"George Stevens",
"Bette Davis",
"Robert Rehme",
"Robert Wise",
"Hawk Koch",
"Arthur Hiller",
"Walter Mirisch",
"Arthur Freed",
"Sid Ganis",
"Cheryl Boone Isaacs",
"Fay Kanin",
"Daniel Taradash",
"George Seaton",
"M. C. Levee",
"Conrad Nagel",
"Douglas Fairbanks",
"Walter Wanger",
"Howard W. Koch",
"Wendell Corey",
"Jean Hersholt",
"Charles Brackett",
"Valentine Davies",
"Frank Pierson",
"B. B. Kahane"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 20-Apr-196720-April-1967? | April 20, 1967 | {
"text": [
"Gregory Peck"
]
} | L2_Q212329_P488_15 | Frank Pierson is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2005.
Sid Ganis is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2009.
Arthur Hiller is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1997.
Gregory Peck is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1970.
Douglas Fairbanks is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1929.
Walter Mirisch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
Jean Hersholt is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1949.
Charles Brackett is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1955.
George Seaton is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1958.
Fay Kanin is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1983.
B. B. Kahane is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1960.
Bette Davis is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1941.
Cheryl Boone Isaacs is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2017.
Hawk Koch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
William Churchill deMille is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1931.
Howard W. Koch is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Tom Sherak is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
M. C. Levee is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1932.
Karl Malden is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1992.
Daniel Taradash is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1973.
Walter Wanger is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1945.
Valentine Davies is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1961.
Robert Wise is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Frank Capra is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
Arthur Freed is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1967.
Gene Allen is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1985.
Conrad Nagel is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1933.
Robert Rehme is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2001.
Wendell Corey is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1963.
George Stevens is the chair of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1959. | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and SciencesThe Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS, often pronounced ; also known as simply the Academy or the Motion Picture Academy) is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academy's corporate management and general policies are overseen by a board of governors, which includes representatives from each of the craft branches.As of April 2020, the organization was estimated to consist of around 9,921 motion picture professionals. The Academy is an international organization and membership is open to qualified filmmakers around the world.The Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially and popularly known as "The Oscars".In addition, the Academy holds the Governors Awards annually for lifetime achievement in film; presents Scientific and Technical Awards annually; gives Student Academy Awards annually to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting annually; and operates the Margaret Herrick Library (at the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study) in Beverly Hills, California, and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood, Los Angeles. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2021.The notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) began with Louis B. Mayer, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions and improve the industry's image. He met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetson to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having an annual banquet was discussed, but no mention of awards at that time. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry: actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers.After their brief meeting, Mayer gathered up a group of thirty-six people involved in the film industry and invited them to a formal banquet at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles on January 11, 1927. That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy. Between that evening and when the official Articles of Incorporation for the organization were filed on May 4, 1927, the "International" was dropped from the name, becoming the "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences".Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6, 1927. Their first organizational meeting was held on May 11 at the Millennium Biltmore Hotel. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president, and their first roster, composed of 230 members, was printed. That night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison. Initially, the Academy was broken down into five main groups, or branches, although this number of branches has grown over the years. The original five were: Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers and Technicians.The initial concerns of the group had to do with labor." However, as time went on, the organization moved "further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations." One of several committees formed in those initial days was for "Awards of Merit," but it was not until May 1928 that the committee began to have serious discussions about the structure of the awards and the presentation ceremony. By July 1928, the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented. During July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began. This "award of merit for distinctive achievement" is what we know now as the Academy Awards.The initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard. In November 1927, the Academy moved to the Roosevelt Hotel at 7010 Hollywood Boulevard, which was also the month the Academy's library began compiling a complete collection of books and periodicals dealing with the industry from around the world. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, to be located in the Club lounge of the hotel. The screening room was not completed until April 1929.With the publication of Academy Reports (No. 1): "Incandescent Illumination" in July 1928, the Academy began a long history of publishing books to assist its members. Research Council of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences trained Signal Corps officers, during World War II, who later won two Oscars, for "Seeds of Destiny" and "Toward Independence".In 1929, Academy members, in a joint venture with the University of Southern California, created America's first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures. The school's founding faculty included Fairbanks (President of the Academy), D. W. Griffith, William C. deMille, Ernst Lubitsch, Irving Thalberg, and Darryl F. Zanuck.1930 saw another move, to 7046 Hollywood Boulevard, in order to accommodate the enlarging staff, and by December of that year the library was acknowledged as "having one of the most complete collections of information on the motion picture industry anywhere in existence." They remained at that location until 1935 when further growth caused them to move once again. This time, the administrative offices moved to one location, to the Taft Building at the corner of Hollywood and Vine, while the library moved to 1455 North Gordon Street.In 1934, the Academy began publication of the "Screen Achievement Records Bulletin", which today is known as the "Motion Picture Credits Database". This is a list of film credits up for an Academy Award, as well as other films released in Los Angeles County, using research materials from the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library. Another publication of the 1930s was the first annual "Academy Players Directory" in 1937. The Directory was published by the Academy until 2006 when it was sold to a private concern. The Academy had been involved in the technical aspects of film making since its founding in 1927, and by 1938, the Science and Technology Council consisted of 36 technical committees addressing technical issues related to sound recording and reproduction, projection, lighting, film preservation, and cinematography.In 2009, the inaugural Governors Awards were held, at which the Academy awards the Academy Honorary Award, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award.In 2016, the Academy became the target of criticism for its failure to recognize the achievements of minority professionals. For the second year in a row, all 20 nominees in the major acting categories were white. The president of the Academy Cheryl Boone Isaacs, the first African American and third woman to lead the Academy, denied in 2015 that there was a problem. When asked if the Academy had difficulty with recognizing diversity, she replied "Not at all. Not at all." When the nominations for acting were all white for a second year in a row Gil Robertson IV, president of the African American Film Critics Association called it "offensive." The actors' branch is "overwhelmingly white" and the question is raised whether conscious or unconscious racial biases played a role.Spike Lee, interviewed shortly after the all-white nominee list was published, pointed to Hollywood leadership as the root problem, "We may win an Oscar now and then, but an Oscar is not going to fundamentally change how Hollywood does business. I'm not talking about Hollywood stars. I'm talking about executives. We're not in the room." Boone Isaacs also released a statement, in which she said "I am both heartbroken and frustrated about the lack of inclusion. This is a difficult but important conversation, and it's time for big changes." After Boone Isaac's statement, prominent African-Americans such as director Spike Lee, actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith, and activist Rev. Al Sharpton called for a boycott of the 2016 Oscars for failing to recognize minority achievements, the board voted to make "historic" changes to its membership. The Academy stated that by 2020 it would double its number of women and minority members. While the Academy has addressed a higher profile for African-Americans, it has yet to raise the profile of other people of color artists, in front of and behind the camera.Casting director David Rubin was elected President of the Academy in August, 2019.In 2020, "Parasite" became the first non-English language film to win Best Picture.The Academy's numerous and diverse operations are housed in three facilities in the Los Angeles area: the headquarters building in Beverly Hills, which was constructed specifically for the Academy, and two Centers for Motion Picture Study – one in Beverly Hills, the other in Hollywood – which were existing structures restored and transformed to contain the Academy's Library, Film Archive and other departments and programs.The Academy Headquarters Building in Beverly Hills once housed two galleries that were open free to the public. The Grand Lobby Gallery and the Fourth Floor Gallery offered changing exhibits related to films, film-making and film personalities. These galleries have since been closed in preparation for the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in 2020.The building includes the Samuel Goldwyn Theater, which seats 1,012, and was designed to present films at maximum technical accuracy, with state-of-the-art projection equipment and sound system. The theater is busy year-round with the Academy's public programming, members-only screenings, movie premieres and other special activities (including the live television broadcast of the Academy Awards nominations announcement every January). The building once housed the Academy Little Theater, a 67-seat screening facility, but this was converted to additional office space in a building remodel.The Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study, located in central Hollywood and named for legendary actress and Academy founder Mary Pickford, houses several Academy departments, including the Academy Film Archive, the Science and Technology Council, Student Academy Awards and Grants, and the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting. The building, originally dedicated on August 18, 1948, is the oldest surviving structure in Hollywood that was designed specifically with television in mind. Additionally, it is the location of the Linwood Dunn Theater, which seats 286 people.The Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study is located at 333 S. La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills. It is home to the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library, a world-renowned, non-circulating reference and research collection devoted to the history and development of the motion picture as an art form and an industry. Established in 1928, the library is open to the public and used year-round by students, scholars, historians and industry professionals. The library is named for Margaret Herrick, the Academy's first librarian who also played a major role in the Academy's first televised broadcast, helping to turn the Oscar ceremony into a major annual televised event.The building itself was built in 1928, where it was originally built to be a water treatment plant for Beverly Hills. Its "bell tower" held water-purifying hardware.The Academy also has a New York City-based East Coast showcase theater, the Academy Theater at Lighthouse International. The 220-seat venue was redesigned in 2011 by renowned theater designer Theo Kalomirakis, including an extensive installation of new audio and visual equipment. The theater is in the East 59th Street headquarters of the non-profit vision loss organization, Lighthouse International. In July 2015, it was announced that the Academy was forced to move out, due to Lighthouse International selling the property the theater was in.The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures, a Los Angeles museum currently under construction, will be the newest facility associated with the Academy. It is scheduled to open on April 30, 2021, and will contain over of galleries, exhibition spaces, movie theaters, educational areas, and special event spaces.Membership in the Academy is by invitation only. Invitation comes from the Board of Governors. Membership eligibility may be achieved by earning a competitive Oscar nomination, or by the sponsorship of two current Academy members from the same branch to which the candidate seeks admission.New membership proposals are considered annually in the spring. Press releases announce the names of those who have recently been invited to join. Membership in the Academy does not expire, even if a member struggles later in his or her career.Academy membership is divided into 17 branches, representing different disciplines in motion pictures. Members may not belong to more than one branch. Members whose work does not fall within one of the branches may belong to a group known as "Members at Large". Members at Large have all the privileges of branch membership except for representation on the Board. Associate members are those closely allied to the industry but not actively engaged in motion picture production. They are not represented on the Board and do not vote on Academy Awards.According to a February 2012 study conducted by the "Los Angeles Times" (sampling over 5,000 of its 5,765 members), the Academy at that time was 94% white, 77% male, 86% age 50 or older, and had a median age of 62. A third of members were previous winners or nominees of Academy Awards themselves. Of the Academy's 54-member Board of Governors, 25 are female.June 29, 2016, saw a paradigm shift in the Academy's selection process, resulting in a new class comprising 46% women, and 41% people of color. The effort to diversify the Academy was led by social activist, and Broadway Black managing-editor, April Reign. Reign created the Twitter hashtag #OscarsSoWhite as a means of criticizing the dearth of non-white nominees for the 2015 Academy Awards. Though the hashtag drew widespread media attention, the Academy remained obstinate on the matter of adopting a resolution that would make demonstrable its efforts to increase diversity. With the 2016 Academy Awards, many, including April Reign, were dismayed by the Academy's indifference about representation and inclusion, as the 2016 nominees were once again entirely white. April Reign revived #OscarsSoWhite, and renewed her campaign efforts, including multiple media appearances and interviews with reputable news outlets. As a result of Reign's campaign, the discourse surrounding representation and recognition in film spread beyond the United States of America and became a global discussion. Faced with mounting pressure to expand the Academy membership, the Academy capitulated and instituted all new policies to ensure that future Academy membership invitations would better represent the demographics of modern film-going audiences. The A2020 initiative was announced in January 2016 to double the number of women and people of color in membership by 2020.Members are able to see many new films for free at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater within two weeks of their debut, and sometimes before release; in addition, some of the screeners are available through iTunes to its members.Five people are known to have been expelled from the Academy. Academy officials acknowledge that other members have been expelled in the past, most for selling their Oscar tickets, but no numbers are available.The 17 branches of the Academy are:, the Board of Governors consists of 54 governors: three governors from each of the 17 Academy branches and three governors-at-large. The Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Branch, created in 2006, had only one governor until July 2013. The Casting Directors Branch, created in 2013, elected its first three governors in Fall 2013.The Board of Governors is responsible for corporate management, control, and general policies. The Board of Governors also appoints a CEO and a COO to supervise the administrative activities of the Academy.From the original formal banquet which was hosted by Louis B. Mayer in 1927, everyone invited became a founder of the Academy:Presidents are elected for one-year terms and may not be elected for more than four consecutive terms.Source: | [
"Gene Allen",
"Karl Malden",
"William Churchill deMille",
"Tom Sherak",
"Frank Capra",
"George Stevens",
"Bette Davis",
"Robert Rehme",
"Robert Wise",
"Hawk Koch",
"Arthur Hiller",
"Walter Mirisch",
"Arthur Freed",
"Sid Ganis",
"Cheryl Boone Isaacs",
"Fay Kanin",
"Daniel Taradash",
"George Seaton",
"M. C. Levee",
"Conrad Nagel",
"Douglas Fairbanks",
"Walter Wanger",
"Howard W. Koch",
"Wendell Corey",
"Jean Hersholt",
"Charles Brackett",
"Valentine Davies",
"Frank Pierson",
"B. B. Kahane"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Volkswagen Group in Oct, 1971? | October 03, 1971 | {
"text": [
"Josef Rust"
]
} | L2_Q156578_P488_0 | Josef Rust is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1974.
Berthold Huber is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Ferdinand Piëch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2015.
Hans Birnbaum is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Karl Gustaf Ratjen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Klaus Liesen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 2002.
Hans Dieter Pötsch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | Volkswagen GroupVolkswagen AG (), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany and owned by Porsche SE, part of the Austrian-German Porsche and Piëch family. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017, 2018 and 2019, selling 10.9 million vehicles. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades. It ranked seventh in the 2018 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies.The Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and Volkswagen marques; light commercial vehicles under the Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles brand; motorcycles under the Ducati brand; and heavy commercial vehicles via the marques of listed subsidiary Traton: MAN, Scania, and Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus. It is divided into two primary divisions—the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division—and as of 2008 had approximately 342 subsidiary companies. Volkswagen also has two major joint-ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and SAIC Volkswagen). The company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries.Volkswagen was founded in 1937, to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle. The company's production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf; the last became its bestseller. Volkswagen acquired a controlling stake in SEAT in 1986, making it the first non-German marque of the company, and first acquired control of Škoda in 1994, then of Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti in 1998, then of Ducati, MAN and Porsche in 2012 and finally of Traton in 2013. The company's operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. Since 1 January 2021, the Lower Saxony state owns a 20% share of Volkswagen.Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft is a public company and has a primary listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, and secondary listings on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and SIX Swiss Exchange. It has been traded in the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, currently on the OTC Marketplace. Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The government of Lower Saxony holds 12.7% of the company's shares, granting it, by law, 20% of the voting rights.Volkswagen ("People's car" in German) was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the "Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH" ("Limited Liability Company for the preparation of the German People's Car", abbreviated to "Gezuvor") by the National Socialist "Deutsche Arbeitsfront "(German Labour Front). The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1, and commonly called the Volkswagen Beetle. This vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsche's consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed "Volkswagenwerk GmbH" ("Volkswagen Factory limited liability company").Shortly after the factory near Fallersleben was completed, World War II started and the plant primarily manufactured the military Kübelwagen (Porsche Type 82) and the related amphibious Schwimmwagen (Type 166), both of which were derived from the Volkswagen. Only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces.After the war in Europe, in June 1945, Major Ivan Hirst of the British Army Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) took control of the bomb-shattered factory, and restarted production, pending the expected disposal of the plant as war reparations. However, no British car manufacturer was interested; "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car ... it is quite unattractive to the average buyer ... To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise". In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, a Ford executive vice president said he didn't think either the plant or the car was "worth a damn". Breech later said that he would have considered merging Ford of Germany and Volkswagen, but after the war, ownership of the company was in such dispute that nobody could possibly hope to be able to take it over. As part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers. The company survived by producing cars for the British Army, and in 1948 the British Government handed the company back over to the German state, and it was managed by former Opel chief Heinrich Nordhoff.Production of the Type 60 Volkswagen (re-designated Type 1) started slowly after the war due to the need to rebuild the plant and because of the lack of raw materials, but production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s. The company began introducing new models based on the Type 1, all with the same basic air-cooled, rear-engine, rear-drive platform. These included the Volkswagen Type 2 in 1950, the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia in 1955, the Volkswagen Type 3 in 1961, the Volkswagen Type 4 in 1968, and the Volkswagen Type 181 in 1969.In 1960, upon the flotation of part of the German federal government's stake in the company on the German stock market, its name became "Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft" (usually abbreviated to "Volkswagenwerk AG").On 1 January 1965, Volkswagenwerk acquired Auto Union GmbH from its parent company Daimler-Benz. The new subsidiary went on to produce the first post-war Audi models, the Audi F103 series, shortly afterwards.Another German manufacturer, NSU Motorenwerke AG, was merged into Auto Union on 26 August 1969, creating a new company, Audi NSU Auto Union AG (later renamed AUDI AG in 1985).From the late 1970s to 1992, the acronym V.A.G was used by Volkswagen AG as a brand for group-wide activities, such as distribution and leasing. Contrary to popular belief, "V.A.G" had no official meaning, and was never the formal name of the Volkswagen Group.On 30 September 1982, Volkswagenwerk made its first step expanding outside Germany by signing a co-operation agreement with the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT, S.A.In order to reflect the company's increasing global diversification from its headquarters and main plant (the "Volkswagenwerk" in Wolfsburg), on 4 July 1985, the company name was changed again – to "Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft" ("Volkswagen AG").On 18 June 1986, Volkswagen AG acquired a 51% controlling stake in SEAT, making it the first non-German subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. On 23 December the same year, it became the Spanish company's major shareholder by increasing its share up to 75%.In 1990 – after purchasing its entire equity – Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of SEAT, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary, and on 28 March 1991 another step to the expansion of the group's activities was made through the signing of a joint venture partnership agreement with Škoda automobilová a.s. of Czechoslovakia, accompanied with the acquisition of a 30% stake in the Czech car manufacturer, raised later on 19 December 1994 to 60.3% and the year after, on 11 December 1995, to 70% of its shares.Three prestige automotive marques were added to the Volkswagen portfolio in 1998: Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti.On 30 May 2000, after having gradually raised its equity share, Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of Škoda Auto, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary.From 2002 up to 2007, the Volkswagen Group's automotive division was restructured so that two major Brand Groups with different profile would be formed, the "Audi Brand Group" focused on more sporty values – consisted of Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini – and the "Volkswagen Brand Group" on the field of classic values – consisted of Volkswagen, Skoda, Bentley and Bugatti – with each Brand Group's product vehicles and performance being respectively under the higher responsibility of Audi and Volkswagen brands.Volkswagen Group revealed on 24 October 2009 that it had made an offer to acquire long-time partner and German niche automotive manufacturer Wilhelm Karmann GmbH out of bankruptcy protection. In November 2009, the Supervisory Board of Volkswagen AG approved the acquisition of assets of Karmann, and planned to restart vehicle production at their Osnabrück plant in 2012.In December 2009, Volkswagen AG bought a 49.9% stake in Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG (more commonly known as Porsche AG) in a first step towards an 'integrated automotive group' with Porsche. The merger of Volkswagen AG and Porsche SE was scheduled to take place during the course of 2011. On 8 September 2011, it was announced that the planned merger "cannot be implemented within the time frame provided for in the Comprehensive Agreement". As reasons, unquantifiable legal risks, including a criminal probe into the holding's former management team were given. Both parties "remain committed to the goal of creating an integrated automotive group with Porsche and are convinced that this will take place". On 4 July 2012 Volkswagen group announced they would wrap up the remaining half of Porsche shares for 4.46 billion euros ($5.58 billion) on 1 August 2012 to avoid taxes of as much as 1.5 billion euros, which would have to be paid if the wrap up happened after 31 July 2014. Volkswagen AG purchased the remaining stake in Porsche AG equaling 100% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH, effectively becoming its parent company as of 1 August 2012.Volkswagen AG completed the purchase of 19.9% of Suzuki Motor Corporation's issued shares on 15 January 2010. Suzuki invested part of the amount received from Volkswagen into 1.49% percent of Volkswagen. In 2011, Suzuki filed a lawsuit at an arbitration court in London requesting that Volkswagen return the 19.9% stake.On 25 May 2010, it was announced that Volkswagen Group, through it subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., had acquired a 90.1% stake in the Italian automotive design house Italdesign Giugiaro.In less than three months, the transaction had been completed making the Italian firm a member of the Volkswagen Group. Since 2013 the Volkswagen Group has held a 89.7% stake in Traton.In 2015 research showed a security flaw in the keyless ignition of Volkswagen and other carmakers' vehicles. Volkswagen spent two years trying to keep the research from the public domain.On 3 August 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of three German automakers—BMW, Daimler AG, and Volkswagen Group, for €2.8 billion. This was seen as an indication that the automakers were interested in automated cars.Volkswagen held a 19.9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the stake back to Suzuki. On 17 September 2015, Suzuki paid $3.8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a major scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Suzuki had wished to buy Fiat diesel engines.On 18 September 2015, The US EPA announced that Volkswagen had installed a "defeat device" software code in the diesel models sold in the US from 2009-15. The code was intended to detect when an emissions test was being conducted, and altered emissions controls for better compliance. Off the test stand, the controls were relaxed, and emissions jumped 35 to 40 times regulatory levels according to investigators at West Virginia University and the California Air Resources Board. 482,000 vehicles are under the recall order, a potential $18 billion ($37,500 per violation) in fines are pending, and news accounts speculate a criminal indictment for the deception is certain. The VW Group CEO, Martin Winterkorn, said he was "deeply sorry" and ordered an external investigation. The software code was only revealed when the EPA refused to certify VW's 2016 models for sale in the US unless the corporation provided full disclosure. On Sunday, 20 September 2015, VW Group announced it was halting the sale of its four-cylinder diesel models in the US. The US EPA press release on its Notice of Violation, and the California Air Resources Board letter dated 18 September 2015 contain significant chronological detail of the agencies interaction with VW on the issue.On 22 September 2015, VW AG admitted that 11 million cars worldwide had been fitted with software intended to deceive emissions testing. The company issued a profit warning, saying it had set aside 7.3 billion dollars to fix the fraud. On 23 September 2015, Martin Winterkorn announced his resignation from the CEO position after a crisis meeting of the company board. On 25 September 2015 Matthias Müller was named CEO. Müller was the head of the Porsche marque within the VW corporate umbrella.On 21 April 2017, a U.S. federal judge ordered Volkswagen "to pay a $2.8 billion criminal fine for rigging diesel-powered vehicles to cheat on government emissions tests". The "unprecedented" plea deal formalized a punishment that Volkswagen AG agreed to earlier in 2017. In addition, the plea deal includes a $1.5 billion settlement for various environmental, customs and financial violations.Overall, Volkswagen will pay more than $30 billion in penalties and lawsuit settlements related to the scandal.In 2016, Volkswagen Group announced a corporate "Strategy 2025" that focuses on electrification of its portfolio. The VW Group developed the Volkswagen Group MEB platform chassis that will be utilized in a range of various cars and light utility vehicles across several VW Group marques due to its flexibility and floor-mounted battery.As of May 2018, the VW Group has committed $48 billion in car battery supplies and plans to outfit 16 factories to build electric cars by the end of 2022. According to VW Group CEO Dr. Herbert Diess, the company will offer 25 electric models and 20 plug-in hybrids by 2020.Volkswagen Group came under pressure for cooperating with the Chinese government in the region of Xinjiang. In that same region, the Chinese government has been accused of having committed human rights abuses against the Uighur minority group, which included mass surveillance, incarceration and forced labor. After these accusations emerged, Volkswagen responded, "We do not assume any of our employees are forced laborers." According to the "Süddeutsche Zeitung", Volkswagen was operating a plant in Xinjiang at a loss in order to curry favor with the Chinese government to set up more lucrative plants in other parts of China. Other companies cut ties with China in the region after evidence emerged of human rights abuses. However, Volkswagen was still operating a plant in the region as of 2020.For the fiscal year 2018, Volkswagen reported earnings of EUR€13.920 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€235.849 billion, an increase of 2.2% over the previous fiscal cycle. Volkswagen's shares traded at over €148 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$73.8 billion in November 2018.Rooted in Europe, the Volkswagen Group operates in 153 countries. Volkswagen Passenger Cars is the Group's original marque, and the other major subsidiaries include passenger car marques such as Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, and Škoda. Volkswagen AG also has operations in commercial vehicles, owning Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, along with controlling stakes in truck, bus and diesel engine manufacturers Scania AB and MAN SE.The Volkswagen Group comprises the following vehicle manufacturers and their corresponding brands:The Group also owns five defunct marques which are managed through the companies Auto Union GmbH and NSU GmbH, both of which are 100% owned by AUDI AG:Other subsidiaries and shareholdings:Under the Volkswagen Law, no shareholder in Volkswagen AG could exercise more than 20 percent of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding. This law was supposed to protect Volkswagen Group from takeovers. In October 2005, Porsche acquired an 18.53 percent stake in the business, and in July 2006, Porsche increased that ownership to more than 25 percent. Analysts disagreed as to whether the investment was a good fit for Porsche's strategy.On 26 March 2007, after the European Union moved against the Volkswagen law, Porsche took its holding to 30.9 percent, triggering a takeover bid under German law. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen Group, setting its offer price at the lowest possible legal value, but intended the move to avoid a competitor taking a large stake, or to stop hedge funds dismantling Volkswagen Group, which is Porsche's most important partner.On 16 September 2008, Porsche announced that the company had increased its stake in Volkswagen AG to 35 percent. By October 2008, Porsche held 42.6 percent of Volkswagen AG's ordinary shares, and held stock options on another 31.5 percent. thus, effectively holding over 74 percent; 42.6 percent actual shares, and the rest as convertible options. Volkswagen AG briefly became the world's most valuable company, as the stock price rose to over €1,000 per share as short sellers tried to cover their positions. The substantial investment in Volkswagen left Porsche with huge financial burden with its debts accumulating up to 13 billion euros by 2009. Porsche would get emergency infusion of about a billion dollars from Volkswagen. In July 2012, Volkswagen completed takeover of Porsche ending the 4 year saga and formed an integrated automotive group with Porsche. Porsche AG would become the 10th brand of Volkswagen. The holding company Porsche SE was left with 31 percent of the subscribed capital of Volkswagen AG, and 50.7 percent of the voting rights in the company., share ownership of Volkswagen AG is distributed as follows:Volkswagen AG shares are primarily traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and are listed under the 'VOW' and 'VOW3' stock ticker symbols. First listed in August 1961, the shares were issued at a price of DM 350 per DM 100 share, Volkswagen AG shares are now separated into two different types or classes: 'ordinary shares' and 'preference shares'. The ordinary shares are now traded under the WKN 766400 and ISIN DE0007664005 listings, and the preference shares under the WKN 766403 and ISIN DE0007664039 listings.Volkswagen AG shares are also listed and traded on other major domestic and worldwide stock exchanges. In Germany's domestic exchanges, since 1961 these include those in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart. International exchanges include those in Basel (listed in 1967), Geneva (1967), Zürich (1967), Luxembourg (1979), London (1988), and New York (1988).Since the start of trading in 1961, Volkswagen AG shares have been subjected to two stock splits – the first was on 17 March 1969 when they were split at a ratio of 2:1, from a DM 100 share to a DM 50 share. The second split occurred on 6 July 1998, the DM 50 share being converted into a share of no overall nominal value, at a ratio of 1:10.From 23 December 2009, Volkswagen AG preferred shares replaced its ordinary shares in the DAX index.In 2018, Volkswagen Group's largest single country market was China with 4.20 million units delivered, followed by Germany with 1.12 million units. Divided by regions, Asia-Pacific was the second-largest market of the Volkswagen Group with 4.50 million units in 2013, followed by Western Europe with 4.14 million, and North America with 943,000 units delivered in 2018.The European ranking of automakers is compiled monthly by the European Auto Manufacturers' Association ACEA. Volkswagen has held the top spot in Europe uninterrupted for more than two decades.The company was again the top global automaker in 2018, for the fifth consecutive year, selling 10.083 million vehicles in the year 2018, just 7,000 more than the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance.Volkswagen is heavily involved in sports sponsorship, with investments having included the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 2014 Winter Olympics, as well as the David Beckham Academy. Volkswagen AG wholly owns the Bundesliga football side VfL Wolfsburg; the company is also the shirt sponsor of Major League Soccer club D.C. United, League of Ireland Premier Division Sligo Rovers and top level of the Mexican football league system Liga MX team Puebla F.C. | [
"Berthold Huber",
"Karl Gustaf Ratjen",
"Ferdinand Piëch",
"Hans Birnbaum",
"Hans Dieter Pötsch",
"Klaus Liesen"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Volkswagen Group in 1971-10-03? | October 03, 1971 | {
"text": [
"Josef Rust"
]
} | L2_Q156578_P488_0 | Josef Rust is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1974.
Berthold Huber is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Ferdinand Piëch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2015.
Hans Birnbaum is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Karl Gustaf Ratjen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Klaus Liesen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 2002.
Hans Dieter Pötsch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | Volkswagen GroupVolkswagen AG (), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany and owned by Porsche SE, part of the Austrian-German Porsche and Piëch family. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017, 2018 and 2019, selling 10.9 million vehicles. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades. It ranked seventh in the 2018 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies.The Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and Volkswagen marques; light commercial vehicles under the Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles brand; motorcycles under the Ducati brand; and heavy commercial vehicles via the marques of listed subsidiary Traton: MAN, Scania, and Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus. It is divided into two primary divisions—the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division—and as of 2008 had approximately 342 subsidiary companies. Volkswagen also has two major joint-ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and SAIC Volkswagen). The company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries.Volkswagen was founded in 1937, to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle. The company's production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf; the last became its bestseller. Volkswagen acquired a controlling stake in SEAT in 1986, making it the first non-German marque of the company, and first acquired control of Škoda in 1994, then of Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti in 1998, then of Ducati, MAN and Porsche in 2012 and finally of Traton in 2013. The company's operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. Since 1 January 2021, the Lower Saxony state owns a 20% share of Volkswagen.Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft is a public company and has a primary listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, and secondary listings on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and SIX Swiss Exchange. It has been traded in the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, currently on the OTC Marketplace. Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The government of Lower Saxony holds 12.7% of the company's shares, granting it, by law, 20% of the voting rights.Volkswagen ("People's car" in German) was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the "Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH" ("Limited Liability Company for the preparation of the German People's Car", abbreviated to "Gezuvor") by the National Socialist "Deutsche Arbeitsfront "(German Labour Front). The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1, and commonly called the Volkswagen Beetle. This vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsche's consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed "Volkswagenwerk GmbH" ("Volkswagen Factory limited liability company").Shortly after the factory near Fallersleben was completed, World War II started and the plant primarily manufactured the military Kübelwagen (Porsche Type 82) and the related amphibious Schwimmwagen (Type 166), both of which were derived from the Volkswagen. Only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces.After the war in Europe, in June 1945, Major Ivan Hirst of the British Army Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) took control of the bomb-shattered factory, and restarted production, pending the expected disposal of the plant as war reparations. However, no British car manufacturer was interested; "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car ... it is quite unattractive to the average buyer ... To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise". In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, a Ford executive vice president said he didn't think either the plant or the car was "worth a damn". Breech later said that he would have considered merging Ford of Germany and Volkswagen, but after the war, ownership of the company was in such dispute that nobody could possibly hope to be able to take it over. As part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers. The company survived by producing cars for the British Army, and in 1948 the British Government handed the company back over to the German state, and it was managed by former Opel chief Heinrich Nordhoff.Production of the Type 60 Volkswagen (re-designated Type 1) started slowly after the war due to the need to rebuild the plant and because of the lack of raw materials, but production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s. The company began introducing new models based on the Type 1, all with the same basic air-cooled, rear-engine, rear-drive platform. These included the Volkswagen Type 2 in 1950, the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia in 1955, the Volkswagen Type 3 in 1961, the Volkswagen Type 4 in 1968, and the Volkswagen Type 181 in 1969.In 1960, upon the flotation of part of the German federal government's stake in the company on the German stock market, its name became "Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft" (usually abbreviated to "Volkswagenwerk AG").On 1 January 1965, Volkswagenwerk acquired Auto Union GmbH from its parent company Daimler-Benz. The new subsidiary went on to produce the first post-war Audi models, the Audi F103 series, shortly afterwards.Another German manufacturer, NSU Motorenwerke AG, was merged into Auto Union on 26 August 1969, creating a new company, Audi NSU Auto Union AG (later renamed AUDI AG in 1985).From the late 1970s to 1992, the acronym V.A.G was used by Volkswagen AG as a brand for group-wide activities, such as distribution and leasing. Contrary to popular belief, "V.A.G" had no official meaning, and was never the formal name of the Volkswagen Group.On 30 September 1982, Volkswagenwerk made its first step expanding outside Germany by signing a co-operation agreement with the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT, S.A.In order to reflect the company's increasing global diversification from its headquarters and main plant (the "Volkswagenwerk" in Wolfsburg), on 4 July 1985, the company name was changed again – to "Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft" ("Volkswagen AG").On 18 June 1986, Volkswagen AG acquired a 51% controlling stake in SEAT, making it the first non-German subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. On 23 December the same year, it became the Spanish company's major shareholder by increasing its share up to 75%.In 1990 – after purchasing its entire equity – Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of SEAT, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary, and on 28 March 1991 another step to the expansion of the group's activities was made through the signing of a joint venture partnership agreement with Škoda automobilová a.s. of Czechoslovakia, accompanied with the acquisition of a 30% stake in the Czech car manufacturer, raised later on 19 December 1994 to 60.3% and the year after, on 11 December 1995, to 70% of its shares.Three prestige automotive marques were added to the Volkswagen portfolio in 1998: Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti.On 30 May 2000, after having gradually raised its equity share, Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of Škoda Auto, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary.From 2002 up to 2007, the Volkswagen Group's automotive division was restructured so that two major Brand Groups with different profile would be formed, the "Audi Brand Group" focused on more sporty values – consisted of Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini – and the "Volkswagen Brand Group" on the field of classic values – consisted of Volkswagen, Skoda, Bentley and Bugatti – with each Brand Group's product vehicles and performance being respectively under the higher responsibility of Audi and Volkswagen brands.Volkswagen Group revealed on 24 October 2009 that it had made an offer to acquire long-time partner and German niche automotive manufacturer Wilhelm Karmann GmbH out of bankruptcy protection. In November 2009, the Supervisory Board of Volkswagen AG approved the acquisition of assets of Karmann, and planned to restart vehicle production at their Osnabrück plant in 2012.In December 2009, Volkswagen AG bought a 49.9% stake in Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG (more commonly known as Porsche AG) in a first step towards an 'integrated automotive group' with Porsche. The merger of Volkswagen AG and Porsche SE was scheduled to take place during the course of 2011. On 8 September 2011, it was announced that the planned merger "cannot be implemented within the time frame provided for in the Comprehensive Agreement". As reasons, unquantifiable legal risks, including a criminal probe into the holding's former management team were given. Both parties "remain committed to the goal of creating an integrated automotive group with Porsche and are convinced that this will take place". On 4 July 2012 Volkswagen group announced they would wrap up the remaining half of Porsche shares for 4.46 billion euros ($5.58 billion) on 1 August 2012 to avoid taxes of as much as 1.5 billion euros, which would have to be paid if the wrap up happened after 31 July 2014. Volkswagen AG purchased the remaining stake in Porsche AG equaling 100% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH, effectively becoming its parent company as of 1 August 2012.Volkswagen AG completed the purchase of 19.9% of Suzuki Motor Corporation's issued shares on 15 January 2010. Suzuki invested part of the amount received from Volkswagen into 1.49% percent of Volkswagen. In 2011, Suzuki filed a lawsuit at an arbitration court in London requesting that Volkswagen return the 19.9% stake.On 25 May 2010, it was announced that Volkswagen Group, through it subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., had acquired a 90.1% stake in the Italian automotive design house Italdesign Giugiaro.In less than three months, the transaction had been completed making the Italian firm a member of the Volkswagen Group. Since 2013 the Volkswagen Group has held a 89.7% stake in Traton.In 2015 research showed a security flaw in the keyless ignition of Volkswagen and other carmakers' vehicles. Volkswagen spent two years trying to keep the research from the public domain.On 3 August 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of three German automakers—BMW, Daimler AG, and Volkswagen Group, for €2.8 billion. This was seen as an indication that the automakers were interested in automated cars.Volkswagen held a 19.9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the stake back to Suzuki. On 17 September 2015, Suzuki paid $3.8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a major scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Suzuki had wished to buy Fiat diesel engines.On 18 September 2015, The US EPA announced that Volkswagen had installed a "defeat device" software code in the diesel models sold in the US from 2009-15. The code was intended to detect when an emissions test was being conducted, and altered emissions controls for better compliance. Off the test stand, the controls were relaxed, and emissions jumped 35 to 40 times regulatory levels according to investigators at West Virginia University and the California Air Resources Board. 482,000 vehicles are under the recall order, a potential $18 billion ($37,500 per violation) in fines are pending, and news accounts speculate a criminal indictment for the deception is certain. The VW Group CEO, Martin Winterkorn, said he was "deeply sorry" and ordered an external investigation. The software code was only revealed when the EPA refused to certify VW's 2016 models for sale in the US unless the corporation provided full disclosure. On Sunday, 20 September 2015, VW Group announced it was halting the sale of its four-cylinder diesel models in the US. The US EPA press release on its Notice of Violation, and the California Air Resources Board letter dated 18 September 2015 contain significant chronological detail of the agencies interaction with VW on the issue.On 22 September 2015, VW AG admitted that 11 million cars worldwide had been fitted with software intended to deceive emissions testing. The company issued a profit warning, saying it had set aside 7.3 billion dollars to fix the fraud. On 23 September 2015, Martin Winterkorn announced his resignation from the CEO position after a crisis meeting of the company board. On 25 September 2015 Matthias Müller was named CEO. Müller was the head of the Porsche marque within the VW corporate umbrella.On 21 April 2017, a U.S. federal judge ordered Volkswagen "to pay a $2.8 billion criminal fine for rigging diesel-powered vehicles to cheat on government emissions tests". The "unprecedented" plea deal formalized a punishment that Volkswagen AG agreed to earlier in 2017. In addition, the plea deal includes a $1.5 billion settlement for various environmental, customs and financial violations.Overall, Volkswagen will pay more than $30 billion in penalties and lawsuit settlements related to the scandal.In 2016, Volkswagen Group announced a corporate "Strategy 2025" that focuses on electrification of its portfolio. The VW Group developed the Volkswagen Group MEB platform chassis that will be utilized in a range of various cars and light utility vehicles across several VW Group marques due to its flexibility and floor-mounted battery.As of May 2018, the VW Group has committed $48 billion in car battery supplies and plans to outfit 16 factories to build electric cars by the end of 2022. According to VW Group CEO Dr. Herbert Diess, the company will offer 25 electric models and 20 plug-in hybrids by 2020.Volkswagen Group came under pressure for cooperating with the Chinese government in the region of Xinjiang. In that same region, the Chinese government has been accused of having committed human rights abuses against the Uighur minority group, which included mass surveillance, incarceration and forced labor. After these accusations emerged, Volkswagen responded, "We do not assume any of our employees are forced laborers." According to the "Süddeutsche Zeitung", Volkswagen was operating a plant in Xinjiang at a loss in order to curry favor with the Chinese government to set up more lucrative plants in other parts of China. Other companies cut ties with China in the region after evidence emerged of human rights abuses. However, Volkswagen was still operating a plant in the region as of 2020.For the fiscal year 2018, Volkswagen reported earnings of EUR€13.920 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€235.849 billion, an increase of 2.2% over the previous fiscal cycle. Volkswagen's shares traded at over €148 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$73.8 billion in November 2018.Rooted in Europe, the Volkswagen Group operates in 153 countries. Volkswagen Passenger Cars is the Group's original marque, and the other major subsidiaries include passenger car marques such as Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, and Škoda. Volkswagen AG also has operations in commercial vehicles, owning Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, along with controlling stakes in truck, bus and diesel engine manufacturers Scania AB and MAN SE.The Volkswagen Group comprises the following vehicle manufacturers and their corresponding brands:The Group also owns five defunct marques which are managed through the companies Auto Union GmbH and NSU GmbH, both of which are 100% owned by AUDI AG:Other subsidiaries and shareholdings:Under the Volkswagen Law, no shareholder in Volkswagen AG could exercise more than 20 percent of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding. This law was supposed to protect Volkswagen Group from takeovers. In October 2005, Porsche acquired an 18.53 percent stake in the business, and in July 2006, Porsche increased that ownership to more than 25 percent. Analysts disagreed as to whether the investment was a good fit for Porsche's strategy.On 26 March 2007, after the European Union moved against the Volkswagen law, Porsche took its holding to 30.9 percent, triggering a takeover bid under German law. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen Group, setting its offer price at the lowest possible legal value, but intended the move to avoid a competitor taking a large stake, or to stop hedge funds dismantling Volkswagen Group, which is Porsche's most important partner.On 16 September 2008, Porsche announced that the company had increased its stake in Volkswagen AG to 35 percent. By October 2008, Porsche held 42.6 percent of Volkswagen AG's ordinary shares, and held stock options on another 31.5 percent. thus, effectively holding over 74 percent; 42.6 percent actual shares, and the rest as convertible options. Volkswagen AG briefly became the world's most valuable company, as the stock price rose to over €1,000 per share as short sellers tried to cover their positions. The substantial investment in Volkswagen left Porsche with huge financial burden with its debts accumulating up to 13 billion euros by 2009. Porsche would get emergency infusion of about a billion dollars from Volkswagen. In July 2012, Volkswagen completed takeover of Porsche ending the 4 year saga and formed an integrated automotive group with Porsche. Porsche AG would become the 10th brand of Volkswagen. The holding company Porsche SE was left with 31 percent of the subscribed capital of Volkswagen AG, and 50.7 percent of the voting rights in the company., share ownership of Volkswagen AG is distributed as follows:Volkswagen AG shares are primarily traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and are listed under the 'VOW' and 'VOW3' stock ticker symbols. First listed in August 1961, the shares were issued at a price of DM 350 per DM 100 share, Volkswagen AG shares are now separated into two different types or classes: 'ordinary shares' and 'preference shares'. The ordinary shares are now traded under the WKN 766400 and ISIN DE0007664005 listings, and the preference shares under the WKN 766403 and ISIN DE0007664039 listings.Volkswagen AG shares are also listed and traded on other major domestic and worldwide stock exchanges. In Germany's domestic exchanges, since 1961 these include those in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart. International exchanges include those in Basel (listed in 1967), Geneva (1967), Zürich (1967), Luxembourg (1979), London (1988), and New York (1988).Since the start of trading in 1961, Volkswagen AG shares have been subjected to two stock splits – the first was on 17 March 1969 when they were split at a ratio of 2:1, from a DM 100 share to a DM 50 share. The second split occurred on 6 July 1998, the DM 50 share being converted into a share of no overall nominal value, at a ratio of 1:10.From 23 December 2009, Volkswagen AG preferred shares replaced its ordinary shares in the DAX index.In 2018, Volkswagen Group's largest single country market was China with 4.20 million units delivered, followed by Germany with 1.12 million units. Divided by regions, Asia-Pacific was the second-largest market of the Volkswagen Group with 4.50 million units in 2013, followed by Western Europe with 4.14 million, and North America with 943,000 units delivered in 2018.The European ranking of automakers is compiled monthly by the European Auto Manufacturers' Association ACEA. Volkswagen has held the top spot in Europe uninterrupted for more than two decades.The company was again the top global automaker in 2018, for the fifth consecutive year, selling 10.083 million vehicles in the year 2018, just 7,000 more than the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance.Volkswagen is heavily involved in sports sponsorship, with investments having included the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 2014 Winter Olympics, as well as the David Beckham Academy. Volkswagen AG wholly owns the Bundesliga football side VfL Wolfsburg; the company is also the shirt sponsor of Major League Soccer club D.C. United, League of Ireland Premier Division Sligo Rovers and top level of the Mexican football league system Liga MX team Puebla F.C. | [
"Berthold Huber",
"Karl Gustaf Ratjen",
"Ferdinand Piëch",
"Hans Birnbaum",
"Hans Dieter Pötsch",
"Klaus Liesen"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Volkswagen Group in 03/10/1971? | October 03, 1971 | {
"text": [
"Josef Rust"
]
} | L2_Q156578_P488_0 | Josef Rust is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1974.
Berthold Huber is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Ferdinand Piëch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2015.
Hans Birnbaum is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Karl Gustaf Ratjen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Klaus Liesen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 2002.
Hans Dieter Pötsch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | Volkswagen GroupVolkswagen AG (), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany and owned by Porsche SE, part of the Austrian-German Porsche and Piëch family. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017, 2018 and 2019, selling 10.9 million vehicles. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades. It ranked seventh in the 2018 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies.The Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and Volkswagen marques; light commercial vehicles under the Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles brand; motorcycles under the Ducati brand; and heavy commercial vehicles via the marques of listed subsidiary Traton: MAN, Scania, and Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus. It is divided into two primary divisions—the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division—and as of 2008 had approximately 342 subsidiary companies. Volkswagen also has two major joint-ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and SAIC Volkswagen). The company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries.Volkswagen was founded in 1937, to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle. The company's production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf; the last became its bestseller. Volkswagen acquired a controlling stake in SEAT in 1986, making it the first non-German marque of the company, and first acquired control of Škoda in 1994, then of Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti in 1998, then of Ducati, MAN and Porsche in 2012 and finally of Traton in 2013. The company's operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. Since 1 January 2021, the Lower Saxony state owns a 20% share of Volkswagen.Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft is a public company and has a primary listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, and secondary listings on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and SIX Swiss Exchange. It has been traded in the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, currently on the OTC Marketplace. Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The government of Lower Saxony holds 12.7% of the company's shares, granting it, by law, 20% of the voting rights.Volkswagen ("People's car" in German) was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the "Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH" ("Limited Liability Company for the preparation of the German People's Car", abbreviated to "Gezuvor") by the National Socialist "Deutsche Arbeitsfront "(German Labour Front). The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1, and commonly called the Volkswagen Beetle. This vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsche's consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed "Volkswagenwerk GmbH" ("Volkswagen Factory limited liability company").Shortly after the factory near Fallersleben was completed, World War II started and the plant primarily manufactured the military Kübelwagen (Porsche Type 82) and the related amphibious Schwimmwagen (Type 166), both of which were derived from the Volkswagen. Only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces.After the war in Europe, in June 1945, Major Ivan Hirst of the British Army Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) took control of the bomb-shattered factory, and restarted production, pending the expected disposal of the plant as war reparations. However, no British car manufacturer was interested; "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car ... it is quite unattractive to the average buyer ... To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise". In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, a Ford executive vice president said he didn't think either the plant or the car was "worth a damn". Breech later said that he would have considered merging Ford of Germany and Volkswagen, but after the war, ownership of the company was in such dispute that nobody could possibly hope to be able to take it over. As part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers. The company survived by producing cars for the British Army, and in 1948 the British Government handed the company back over to the German state, and it was managed by former Opel chief Heinrich Nordhoff.Production of the Type 60 Volkswagen (re-designated Type 1) started slowly after the war due to the need to rebuild the plant and because of the lack of raw materials, but production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s. The company began introducing new models based on the Type 1, all with the same basic air-cooled, rear-engine, rear-drive platform. These included the Volkswagen Type 2 in 1950, the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia in 1955, the Volkswagen Type 3 in 1961, the Volkswagen Type 4 in 1968, and the Volkswagen Type 181 in 1969.In 1960, upon the flotation of part of the German federal government's stake in the company on the German stock market, its name became "Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft" (usually abbreviated to "Volkswagenwerk AG").On 1 January 1965, Volkswagenwerk acquired Auto Union GmbH from its parent company Daimler-Benz. The new subsidiary went on to produce the first post-war Audi models, the Audi F103 series, shortly afterwards.Another German manufacturer, NSU Motorenwerke AG, was merged into Auto Union on 26 August 1969, creating a new company, Audi NSU Auto Union AG (later renamed AUDI AG in 1985).From the late 1970s to 1992, the acronym V.A.G was used by Volkswagen AG as a brand for group-wide activities, such as distribution and leasing. Contrary to popular belief, "V.A.G" had no official meaning, and was never the formal name of the Volkswagen Group.On 30 September 1982, Volkswagenwerk made its first step expanding outside Germany by signing a co-operation agreement with the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT, S.A.In order to reflect the company's increasing global diversification from its headquarters and main plant (the "Volkswagenwerk" in Wolfsburg), on 4 July 1985, the company name was changed again – to "Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft" ("Volkswagen AG").On 18 June 1986, Volkswagen AG acquired a 51% controlling stake in SEAT, making it the first non-German subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. On 23 December the same year, it became the Spanish company's major shareholder by increasing its share up to 75%.In 1990 – after purchasing its entire equity – Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of SEAT, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary, and on 28 March 1991 another step to the expansion of the group's activities was made through the signing of a joint venture partnership agreement with Škoda automobilová a.s. of Czechoslovakia, accompanied with the acquisition of a 30% stake in the Czech car manufacturer, raised later on 19 December 1994 to 60.3% and the year after, on 11 December 1995, to 70% of its shares.Three prestige automotive marques were added to the Volkswagen portfolio in 1998: Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti.On 30 May 2000, after having gradually raised its equity share, Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of Škoda Auto, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary.From 2002 up to 2007, the Volkswagen Group's automotive division was restructured so that two major Brand Groups with different profile would be formed, the "Audi Brand Group" focused on more sporty values – consisted of Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini – and the "Volkswagen Brand Group" on the field of classic values – consisted of Volkswagen, Skoda, Bentley and Bugatti – with each Brand Group's product vehicles and performance being respectively under the higher responsibility of Audi and Volkswagen brands.Volkswagen Group revealed on 24 October 2009 that it had made an offer to acquire long-time partner and German niche automotive manufacturer Wilhelm Karmann GmbH out of bankruptcy protection. In November 2009, the Supervisory Board of Volkswagen AG approved the acquisition of assets of Karmann, and planned to restart vehicle production at their Osnabrück plant in 2012.In December 2009, Volkswagen AG bought a 49.9% stake in Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG (more commonly known as Porsche AG) in a first step towards an 'integrated automotive group' with Porsche. The merger of Volkswagen AG and Porsche SE was scheduled to take place during the course of 2011. On 8 September 2011, it was announced that the planned merger "cannot be implemented within the time frame provided for in the Comprehensive Agreement". As reasons, unquantifiable legal risks, including a criminal probe into the holding's former management team were given. Both parties "remain committed to the goal of creating an integrated automotive group with Porsche and are convinced that this will take place". On 4 July 2012 Volkswagen group announced they would wrap up the remaining half of Porsche shares for 4.46 billion euros ($5.58 billion) on 1 August 2012 to avoid taxes of as much as 1.5 billion euros, which would have to be paid if the wrap up happened after 31 July 2014. Volkswagen AG purchased the remaining stake in Porsche AG equaling 100% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH, effectively becoming its parent company as of 1 August 2012.Volkswagen AG completed the purchase of 19.9% of Suzuki Motor Corporation's issued shares on 15 January 2010. Suzuki invested part of the amount received from Volkswagen into 1.49% percent of Volkswagen. In 2011, Suzuki filed a lawsuit at an arbitration court in London requesting that Volkswagen return the 19.9% stake.On 25 May 2010, it was announced that Volkswagen Group, through it subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., had acquired a 90.1% stake in the Italian automotive design house Italdesign Giugiaro.In less than three months, the transaction had been completed making the Italian firm a member of the Volkswagen Group. Since 2013 the Volkswagen Group has held a 89.7% stake in Traton.In 2015 research showed a security flaw in the keyless ignition of Volkswagen and other carmakers' vehicles. Volkswagen spent two years trying to keep the research from the public domain.On 3 August 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of three German automakers—BMW, Daimler AG, and Volkswagen Group, for €2.8 billion. This was seen as an indication that the automakers were interested in automated cars.Volkswagen held a 19.9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the stake back to Suzuki. On 17 September 2015, Suzuki paid $3.8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a major scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Suzuki had wished to buy Fiat diesel engines.On 18 September 2015, The US EPA announced that Volkswagen had installed a "defeat device" software code in the diesel models sold in the US from 2009-15. The code was intended to detect when an emissions test was being conducted, and altered emissions controls for better compliance. Off the test stand, the controls were relaxed, and emissions jumped 35 to 40 times regulatory levels according to investigators at West Virginia University and the California Air Resources Board. 482,000 vehicles are under the recall order, a potential $18 billion ($37,500 per violation) in fines are pending, and news accounts speculate a criminal indictment for the deception is certain. The VW Group CEO, Martin Winterkorn, said he was "deeply sorry" and ordered an external investigation. The software code was only revealed when the EPA refused to certify VW's 2016 models for sale in the US unless the corporation provided full disclosure. On Sunday, 20 September 2015, VW Group announced it was halting the sale of its four-cylinder diesel models in the US. The US EPA press release on its Notice of Violation, and the California Air Resources Board letter dated 18 September 2015 contain significant chronological detail of the agencies interaction with VW on the issue.On 22 September 2015, VW AG admitted that 11 million cars worldwide had been fitted with software intended to deceive emissions testing. The company issued a profit warning, saying it had set aside 7.3 billion dollars to fix the fraud. On 23 September 2015, Martin Winterkorn announced his resignation from the CEO position after a crisis meeting of the company board. On 25 September 2015 Matthias Müller was named CEO. Müller was the head of the Porsche marque within the VW corporate umbrella.On 21 April 2017, a U.S. federal judge ordered Volkswagen "to pay a $2.8 billion criminal fine for rigging diesel-powered vehicles to cheat on government emissions tests". The "unprecedented" plea deal formalized a punishment that Volkswagen AG agreed to earlier in 2017. In addition, the plea deal includes a $1.5 billion settlement for various environmental, customs and financial violations.Overall, Volkswagen will pay more than $30 billion in penalties and lawsuit settlements related to the scandal.In 2016, Volkswagen Group announced a corporate "Strategy 2025" that focuses on electrification of its portfolio. The VW Group developed the Volkswagen Group MEB platform chassis that will be utilized in a range of various cars and light utility vehicles across several VW Group marques due to its flexibility and floor-mounted battery.As of May 2018, the VW Group has committed $48 billion in car battery supplies and plans to outfit 16 factories to build electric cars by the end of 2022. According to VW Group CEO Dr. Herbert Diess, the company will offer 25 electric models and 20 plug-in hybrids by 2020.Volkswagen Group came under pressure for cooperating with the Chinese government in the region of Xinjiang. In that same region, the Chinese government has been accused of having committed human rights abuses against the Uighur minority group, which included mass surveillance, incarceration and forced labor. After these accusations emerged, Volkswagen responded, "We do not assume any of our employees are forced laborers." According to the "Süddeutsche Zeitung", Volkswagen was operating a plant in Xinjiang at a loss in order to curry favor with the Chinese government to set up more lucrative plants in other parts of China. Other companies cut ties with China in the region after evidence emerged of human rights abuses. However, Volkswagen was still operating a plant in the region as of 2020.For the fiscal year 2018, Volkswagen reported earnings of EUR€13.920 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€235.849 billion, an increase of 2.2% over the previous fiscal cycle. Volkswagen's shares traded at over €148 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$73.8 billion in November 2018.Rooted in Europe, the Volkswagen Group operates in 153 countries. Volkswagen Passenger Cars is the Group's original marque, and the other major subsidiaries include passenger car marques such as Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, and Škoda. Volkswagen AG also has operations in commercial vehicles, owning Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, along with controlling stakes in truck, bus and diesel engine manufacturers Scania AB and MAN SE.The Volkswagen Group comprises the following vehicle manufacturers and their corresponding brands:The Group also owns five defunct marques which are managed through the companies Auto Union GmbH and NSU GmbH, both of which are 100% owned by AUDI AG:Other subsidiaries and shareholdings:Under the Volkswagen Law, no shareholder in Volkswagen AG could exercise more than 20 percent of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding. This law was supposed to protect Volkswagen Group from takeovers. In October 2005, Porsche acquired an 18.53 percent stake in the business, and in July 2006, Porsche increased that ownership to more than 25 percent. Analysts disagreed as to whether the investment was a good fit for Porsche's strategy.On 26 March 2007, after the European Union moved against the Volkswagen law, Porsche took its holding to 30.9 percent, triggering a takeover bid under German law. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen Group, setting its offer price at the lowest possible legal value, but intended the move to avoid a competitor taking a large stake, or to stop hedge funds dismantling Volkswagen Group, which is Porsche's most important partner.On 16 September 2008, Porsche announced that the company had increased its stake in Volkswagen AG to 35 percent. By October 2008, Porsche held 42.6 percent of Volkswagen AG's ordinary shares, and held stock options on another 31.5 percent. thus, effectively holding over 74 percent; 42.6 percent actual shares, and the rest as convertible options. Volkswagen AG briefly became the world's most valuable company, as the stock price rose to over €1,000 per share as short sellers tried to cover their positions. The substantial investment in Volkswagen left Porsche with huge financial burden with its debts accumulating up to 13 billion euros by 2009. Porsche would get emergency infusion of about a billion dollars from Volkswagen. In July 2012, Volkswagen completed takeover of Porsche ending the 4 year saga and formed an integrated automotive group with Porsche. Porsche AG would become the 10th brand of Volkswagen. The holding company Porsche SE was left with 31 percent of the subscribed capital of Volkswagen AG, and 50.7 percent of the voting rights in the company., share ownership of Volkswagen AG is distributed as follows:Volkswagen AG shares are primarily traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and are listed under the 'VOW' and 'VOW3' stock ticker symbols. First listed in August 1961, the shares were issued at a price of DM 350 per DM 100 share, Volkswagen AG shares are now separated into two different types or classes: 'ordinary shares' and 'preference shares'. The ordinary shares are now traded under the WKN 766400 and ISIN DE0007664005 listings, and the preference shares under the WKN 766403 and ISIN DE0007664039 listings.Volkswagen AG shares are also listed and traded on other major domestic and worldwide stock exchanges. In Germany's domestic exchanges, since 1961 these include those in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart. International exchanges include those in Basel (listed in 1967), Geneva (1967), Zürich (1967), Luxembourg (1979), London (1988), and New York (1988).Since the start of trading in 1961, Volkswagen AG shares have been subjected to two stock splits – the first was on 17 March 1969 when they were split at a ratio of 2:1, from a DM 100 share to a DM 50 share. The second split occurred on 6 July 1998, the DM 50 share being converted into a share of no overall nominal value, at a ratio of 1:10.From 23 December 2009, Volkswagen AG preferred shares replaced its ordinary shares in the DAX index.In 2018, Volkswagen Group's largest single country market was China with 4.20 million units delivered, followed by Germany with 1.12 million units. Divided by regions, Asia-Pacific was the second-largest market of the Volkswagen Group with 4.50 million units in 2013, followed by Western Europe with 4.14 million, and North America with 943,000 units delivered in 2018.The European ranking of automakers is compiled monthly by the European Auto Manufacturers' Association ACEA. Volkswagen has held the top spot in Europe uninterrupted for more than two decades.The company was again the top global automaker in 2018, for the fifth consecutive year, selling 10.083 million vehicles in the year 2018, just 7,000 more than the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance.Volkswagen is heavily involved in sports sponsorship, with investments having included the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 2014 Winter Olympics, as well as the David Beckham Academy. Volkswagen AG wholly owns the Bundesliga football side VfL Wolfsburg; the company is also the shirt sponsor of Major League Soccer club D.C. United, League of Ireland Premier Division Sligo Rovers and top level of the Mexican football league system Liga MX team Puebla F.C. | [
"Berthold Huber",
"Karl Gustaf Ratjen",
"Ferdinand Piëch",
"Hans Birnbaum",
"Hans Dieter Pötsch",
"Klaus Liesen"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Volkswagen Group in Oct 03, 1971? | October 03, 1971 | {
"text": [
"Josef Rust"
]
} | L2_Q156578_P488_0 | Josef Rust is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1974.
Berthold Huber is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Ferdinand Piëch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2015.
Hans Birnbaum is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Karl Gustaf Ratjen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Klaus Liesen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 2002.
Hans Dieter Pötsch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | Volkswagen GroupVolkswagen AG (), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany and owned by Porsche SE, part of the Austrian-German Porsche and Piëch family. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017, 2018 and 2019, selling 10.9 million vehicles. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades. It ranked seventh in the 2018 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies.The Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and Volkswagen marques; light commercial vehicles under the Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles brand; motorcycles under the Ducati brand; and heavy commercial vehicles via the marques of listed subsidiary Traton: MAN, Scania, and Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus. It is divided into two primary divisions—the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division—and as of 2008 had approximately 342 subsidiary companies. Volkswagen also has two major joint-ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and SAIC Volkswagen). The company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries.Volkswagen was founded in 1937, to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle. The company's production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf; the last became its bestseller. Volkswagen acquired a controlling stake in SEAT in 1986, making it the first non-German marque of the company, and first acquired control of Škoda in 1994, then of Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti in 1998, then of Ducati, MAN and Porsche in 2012 and finally of Traton in 2013. The company's operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. Since 1 January 2021, the Lower Saxony state owns a 20% share of Volkswagen.Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft is a public company and has a primary listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, and secondary listings on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and SIX Swiss Exchange. It has been traded in the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, currently on the OTC Marketplace. Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The government of Lower Saxony holds 12.7% of the company's shares, granting it, by law, 20% of the voting rights.Volkswagen ("People's car" in German) was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the "Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH" ("Limited Liability Company for the preparation of the German People's Car", abbreviated to "Gezuvor") by the National Socialist "Deutsche Arbeitsfront "(German Labour Front). The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1, and commonly called the Volkswagen Beetle. This vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsche's consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed "Volkswagenwerk GmbH" ("Volkswagen Factory limited liability company").Shortly after the factory near Fallersleben was completed, World War II started and the plant primarily manufactured the military Kübelwagen (Porsche Type 82) and the related amphibious Schwimmwagen (Type 166), both of which were derived from the Volkswagen. Only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces.After the war in Europe, in June 1945, Major Ivan Hirst of the British Army Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) took control of the bomb-shattered factory, and restarted production, pending the expected disposal of the plant as war reparations. However, no British car manufacturer was interested; "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car ... it is quite unattractive to the average buyer ... To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise". In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, a Ford executive vice president said he didn't think either the plant or the car was "worth a damn". Breech later said that he would have considered merging Ford of Germany and Volkswagen, but after the war, ownership of the company was in such dispute that nobody could possibly hope to be able to take it over. As part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers. The company survived by producing cars for the British Army, and in 1948 the British Government handed the company back over to the German state, and it was managed by former Opel chief Heinrich Nordhoff.Production of the Type 60 Volkswagen (re-designated Type 1) started slowly after the war due to the need to rebuild the plant and because of the lack of raw materials, but production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s. The company began introducing new models based on the Type 1, all with the same basic air-cooled, rear-engine, rear-drive platform. These included the Volkswagen Type 2 in 1950, the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia in 1955, the Volkswagen Type 3 in 1961, the Volkswagen Type 4 in 1968, and the Volkswagen Type 181 in 1969.In 1960, upon the flotation of part of the German federal government's stake in the company on the German stock market, its name became "Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft" (usually abbreviated to "Volkswagenwerk AG").On 1 January 1965, Volkswagenwerk acquired Auto Union GmbH from its parent company Daimler-Benz. The new subsidiary went on to produce the first post-war Audi models, the Audi F103 series, shortly afterwards.Another German manufacturer, NSU Motorenwerke AG, was merged into Auto Union on 26 August 1969, creating a new company, Audi NSU Auto Union AG (later renamed AUDI AG in 1985).From the late 1970s to 1992, the acronym V.A.G was used by Volkswagen AG as a brand for group-wide activities, such as distribution and leasing. Contrary to popular belief, "V.A.G" had no official meaning, and was never the formal name of the Volkswagen Group.On 30 September 1982, Volkswagenwerk made its first step expanding outside Germany by signing a co-operation agreement with the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT, S.A.In order to reflect the company's increasing global diversification from its headquarters and main plant (the "Volkswagenwerk" in Wolfsburg), on 4 July 1985, the company name was changed again – to "Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft" ("Volkswagen AG").On 18 June 1986, Volkswagen AG acquired a 51% controlling stake in SEAT, making it the first non-German subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. On 23 December the same year, it became the Spanish company's major shareholder by increasing its share up to 75%.In 1990 – after purchasing its entire equity – Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of SEAT, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary, and on 28 March 1991 another step to the expansion of the group's activities was made through the signing of a joint venture partnership agreement with Škoda automobilová a.s. of Czechoslovakia, accompanied with the acquisition of a 30% stake in the Czech car manufacturer, raised later on 19 December 1994 to 60.3% and the year after, on 11 December 1995, to 70% of its shares.Three prestige automotive marques were added to the Volkswagen portfolio in 1998: Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti.On 30 May 2000, after having gradually raised its equity share, Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of Škoda Auto, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary.From 2002 up to 2007, the Volkswagen Group's automotive division was restructured so that two major Brand Groups with different profile would be formed, the "Audi Brand Group" focused on more sporty values – consisted of Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini – and the "Volkswagen Brand Group" on the field of classic values – consisted of Volkswagen, Skoda, Bentley and Bugatti – with each Brand Group's product vehicles and performance being respectively under the higher responsibility of Audi and Volkswagen brands.Volkswagen Group revealed on 24 October 2009 that it had made an offer to acquire long-time partner and German niche automotive manufacturer Wilhelm Karmann GmbH out of bankruptcy protection. In November 2009, the Supervisory Board of Volkswagen AG approved the acquisition of assets of Karmann, and planned to restart vehicle production at their Osnabrück plant in 2012.In December 2009, Volkswagen AG bought a 49.9% stake in Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG (more commonly known as Porsche AG) in a first step towards an 'integrated automotive group' with Porsche. The merger of Volkswagen AG and Porsche SE was scheduled to take place during the course of 2011. On 8 September 2011, it was announced that the planned merger "cannot be implemented within the time frame provided for in the Comprehensive Agreement". As reasons, unquantifiable legal risks, including a criminal probe into the holding's former management team were given. Both parties "remain committed to the goal of creating an integrated automotive group with Porsche and are convinced that this will take place". On 4 July 2012 Volkswagen group announced they would wrap up the remaining half of Porsche shares for 4.46 billion euros ($5.58 billion) on 1 August 2012 to avoid taxes of as much as 1.5 billion euros, which would have to be paid if the wrap up happened after 31 July 2014. Volkswagen AG purchased the remaining stake in Porsche AG equaling 100% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH, effectively becoming its parent company as of 1 August 2012.Volkswagen AG completed the purchase of 19.9% of Suzuki Motor Corporation's issued shares on 15 January 2010. Suzuki invested part of the amount received from Volkswagen into 1.49% percent of Volkswagen. In 2011, Suzuki filed a lawsuit at an arbitration court in London requesting that Volkswagen return the 19.9% stake.On 25 May 2010, it was announced that Volkswagen Group, through it subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., had acquired a 90.1% stake in the Italian automotive design house Italdesign Giugiaro.In less than three months, the transaction had been completed making the Italian firm a member of the Volkswagen Group. Since 2013 the Volkswagen Group has held a 89.7% stake in Traton.In 2015 research showed a security flaw in the keyless ignition of Volkswagen and other carmakers' vehicles. Volkswagen spent two years trying to keep the research from the public domain.On 3 August 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of three German automakers—BMW, Daimler AG, and Volkswagen Group, for €2.8 billion. This was seen as an indication that the automakers were interested in automated cars.Volkswagen held a 19.9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the stake back to Suzuki. On 17 September 2015, Suzuki paid $3.8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a major scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Suzuki had wished to buy Fiat diesel engines.On 18 September 2015, The US EPA announced that Volkswagen had installed a "defeat device" software code in the diesel models sold in the US from 2009-15. The code was intended to detect when an emissions test was being conducted, and altered emissions controls for better compliance. Off the test stand, the controls were relaxed, and emissions jumped 35 to 40 times regulatory levels according to investigators at West Virginia University and the California Air Resources Board. 482,000 vehicles are under the recall order, a potential $18 billion ($37,500 per violation) in fines are pending, and news accounts speculate a criminal indictment for the deception is certain. The VW Group CEO, Martin Winterkorn, said he was "deeply sorry" and ordered an external investigation. The software code was only revealed when the EPA refused to certify VW's 2016 models for sale in the US unless the corporation provided full disclosure. On Sunday, 20 September 2015, VW Group announced it was halting the sale of its four-cylinder diesel models in the US. The US EPA press release on its Notice of Violation, and the California Air Resources Board letter dated 18 September 2015 contain significant chronological detail of the agencies interaction with VW on the issue.On 22 September 2015, VW AG admitted that 11 million cars worldwide had been fitted with software intended to deceive emissions testing. The company issued a profit warning, saying it had set aside 7.3 billion dollars to fix the fraud. On 23 September 2015, Martin Winterkorn announced his resignation from the CEO position after a crisis meeting of the company board. On 25 September 2015 Matthias Müller was named CEO. Müller was the head of the Porsche marque within the VW corporate umbrella.On 21 April 2017, a U.S. federal judge ordered Volkswagen "to pay a $2.8 billion criminal fine for rigging diesel-powered vehicles to cheat on government emissions tests". The "unprecedented" plea deal formalized a punishment that Volkswagen AG agreed to earlier in 2017. In addition, the plea deal includes a $1.5 billion settlement for various environmental, customs and financial violations.Overall, Volkswagen will pay more than $30 billion in penalties and lawsuit settlements related to the scandal.In 2016, Volkswagen Group announced a corporate "Strategy 2025" that focuses on electrification of its portfolio. The VW Group developed the Volkswagen Group MEB platform chassis that will be utilized in a range of various cars and light utility vehicles across several VW Group marques due to its flexibility and floor-mounted battery.As of May 2018, the VW Group has committed $48 billion in car battery supplies and plans to outfit 16 factories to build electric cars by the end of 2022. According to VW Group CEO Dr. Herbert Diess, the company will offer 25 electric models and 20 plug-in hybrids by 2020.Volkswagen Group came under pressure for cooperating with the Chinese government in the region of Xinjiang. In that same region, the Chinese government has been accused of having committed human rights abuses against the Uighur minority group, which included mass surveillance, incarceration and forced labor. After these accusations emerged, Volkswagen responded, "We do not assume any of our employees are forced laborers." According to the "Süddeutsche Zeitung", Volkswagen was operating a plant in Xinjiang at a loss in order to curry favor with the Chinese government to set up more lucrative plants in other parts of China. Other companies cut ties with China in the region after evidence emerged of human rights abuses. However, Volkswagen was still operating a plant in the region as of 2020.For the fiscal year 2018, Volkswagen reported earnings of EUR€13.920 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€235.849 billion, an increase of 2.2% over the previous fiscal cycle. Volkswagen's shares traded at over €148 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$73.8 billion in November 2018.Rooted in Europe, the Volkswagen Group operates in 153 countries. Volkswagen Passenger Cars is the Group's original marque, and the other major subsidiaries include passenger car marques such as Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, and Škoda. Volkswagen AG also has operations in commercial vehicles, owning Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, along with controlling stakes in truck, bus and diesel engine manufacturers Scania AB and MAN SE.The Volkswagen Group comprises the following vehicle manufacturers and their corresponding brands:The Group also owns five defunct marques which are managed through the companies Auto Union GmbH and NSU GmbH, both of which are 100% owned by AUDI AG:Other subsidiaries and shareholdings:Under the Volkswagen Law, no shareholder in Volkswagen AG could exercise more than 20 percent of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding. This law was supposed to protect Volkswagen Group from takeovers. In October 2005, Porsche acquired an 18.53 percent stake in the business, and in July 2006, Porsche increased that ownership to more than 25 percent. Analysts disagreed as to whether the investment was a good fit for Porsche's strategy.On 26 March 2007, after the European Union moved against the Volkswagen law, Porsche took its holding to 30.9 percent, triggering a takeover bid under German law. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen Group, setting its offer price at the lowest possible legal value, but intended the move to avoid a competitor taking a large stake, or to stop hedge funds dismantling Volkswagen Group, which is Porsche's most important partner.On 16 September 2008, Porsche announced that the company had increased its stake in Volkswagen AG to 35 percent. By October 2008, Porsche held 42.6 percent of Volkswagen AG's ordinary shares, and held stock options on another 31.5 percent. thus, effectively holding over 74 percent; 42.6 percent actual shares, and the rest as convertible options. Volkswagen AG briefly became the world's most valuable company, as the stock price rose to over €1,000 per share as short sellers tried to cover their positions. The substantial investment in Volkswagen left Porsche with huge financial burden with its debts accumulating up to 13 billion euros by 2009. Porsche would get emergency infusion of about a billion dollars from Volkswagen. In July 2012, Volkswagen completed takeover of Porsche ending the 4 year saga and formed an integrated automotive group with Porsche. Porsche AG would become the 10th brand of Volkswagen. The holding company Porsche SE was left with 31 percent of the subscribed capital of Volkswagen AG, and 50.7 percent of the voting rights in the company., share ownership of Volkswagen AG is distributed as follows:Volkswagen AG shares are primarily traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and are listed under the 'VOW' and 'VOW3' stock ticker symbols. First listed in August 1961, the shares were issued at a price of DM 350 per DM 100 share, Volkswagen AG shares are now separated into two different types or classes: 'ordinary shares' and 'preference shares'. The ordinary shares are now traded under the WKN 766400 and ISIN DE0007664005 listings, and the preference shares under the WKN 766403 and ISIN DE0007664039 listings.Volkswagen AG shares are also listed and traded on other major domestic and worldwide stock exchanges. In Germany's domestic exchanges, since 1961 these include those in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart. International exchanges include those in Basel (listed in 1967), Geneva (1967), Zürich (1967), Luxembourg (1979), London (1988), and New York (1988).Since the start of trading in 1961, Volkswagen AG shares have been subjected to two stock splits – the first was on 17 March 1969 when they were split at a ratio of 2:1, from a DM 100 share to a DM 50 share. The second split occurred on 6 July 1998, the DM 50 share being converted into a share of no overall nominal value, at a ratio of 1:10.From 23 December 2009, Volkswagen AG preferred shares replaced its ordinary shares in the DAX index.In 2018, Volkswagen Group's largest single country market was China with 4.20 million units delivered, followed by Germany with 1.12 million units. Divided by regions, Asia-Pacific was the second-largest market of the Volkswagen Group with 4.50 million units in 2013, followed by Western Europe with 4.14 million, and North America with 943,000 units delivered in 2018.The European ranking of automakers is compiled monthly by the European Auto Manufacturers' Association ACEA. Volkswagen has held the top spot in Europe uninterrupted for more than two decades.The company was again the top global automaker in 2018, for the fifth consecutive year, selling 10.083 million vehicles in the year 2018, just 7,000 more than the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance.Volkswagen is heavily involved in sports sponsorship, with investments having included the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 2014 Winter Olympics, as well as the David Beckham Academy. Volkswagen AG wholly owns the Bundesliga football side VfL Wolfsburg; the company is also the shirt sponsor of Major League Soccer club D.C. United, League of Ireland Premier Division Sligo Rovers and top level of the Mexican football league system Liga MX team Puebla F.C. | [
"Berthold Huber",
"Karl Gustaf Ratjen",
"Ferdinand Piëch",
"Hans Birnbaum",
"Hans Dieter Pötsch",
"Klaus Liesen"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Volkswagen Group in 10/03/1971? | October 03, 1971 | {
"text": [
"Josef Rust"
]
} | L2_Q156578_P488_0 | Josef Rust is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1974.
Berthold Huber is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Ferdinand Piëch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2015.
Hans Birnbaum is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Karl Gustaf Ratjen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Klaus Liesen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 2002.
Hans Dieter Pötsch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | Volkswagen GroupVolkswagen AG (), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany and owned by Porsche SE, part of the Austrian-German Porsche and Piëch family. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017, 2018 and 2019, selling 10.9 million vehicles. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades. It ranked seventh in the 2018 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies.The Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and Volkswagen marques; light commercial vehicles under the Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles brand; motorcycles under the Ducati brand; and heavy commercial vehicles via the marques of listed subsidiary Traton: MAN, Scania, and Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus. It is divided into two primary divisions—the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division—and as of 2008 had approximately 342 subsidiary companies. Volkswagen also has two major joint-ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and SAIC Volkswagen). The company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries.Volkswagen was founded in 1937, to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle. The company's production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf; the last became its bestseller. Volkswagen acquired a controlling stake in SEAT in 1986, making it the first non-German marque of the company, and first acquired control of Škoda in 1994, then of Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti in 1998, then of Ducati, MAN and Porsche in 2012 and finally of Traton in 2013. The company's operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. Since 1 January 2021, the Lower Saxony state owns a 20% share of Volkswagen.Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft is a public company and has a primary listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, and secondary listings on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and SIX Swiss Exchange. It has been traded in the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, currently on the OTC Marketplace. Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The government of Lower Saxony holds 12.7% of the company's shares, granting it, by law, 20% of the voting rights.Volkswagen ("People's car" in German) was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the "Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH" ("Limited Liability Company for the preparation of the German People's Car", abbreviated to "Gezuvor") by the National Socialist "Deutsche Arbeitsfront "(German Labour Front). The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1, and commonly called the Volkswagen Beetle. This vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsche's consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed "Volkswagenwerk GmbH" ("Volkswagen Factory limited liability company").Shortly after the factory near Fallersleben was completed, World War II started and the plant primarily manufactured the military Kübelwagen (Porsche Type 82) and the related amphibious Schwimmwagen (Type 166), both of which were derived from the Volkswagen. Only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces.After the war in Europe, in June 1945, Major Ivan Hirst of the British Army Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) took control of the bomb-shattered factory, and restarted production, pending the expected disposal of the plant as war reparations. However, no British car manufacturer was interested; "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car ... it is quite unattractive to the average buyer ... To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise". In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, a Ford executive vice president said he didn't think either the plant or the car was "worth a damn". Breech later said that he would have considered merging Ford of Germany and Volkswagen, but after the war, ownership of the company was in such dispute that nobody could possibly hope to be able to take it over. As part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers. The company survived by producing cars for the British Army, and in 1948 the British Government handed the company back over to the German state, and it was managed by former Opel chief Heinrich Nordhoff.Production of the Type 60 Volkswagen (re-designated Type 1) started slowly after the war due to the need to rebuild the plant and because of the lack of raw materials, but production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s. The company began introducing new models based on the Type 1, all with the same basic air-cooled, rear-engine, rear-drive platform. These included the Volkswagen Type 2 in 1950, the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia in 1955, the Volkswagen Type 3 in 1961, the Volkswagen Type 4 in 1968, and the Volkswagen Type 181 in 1969.In 1960, upon the flotation of part of the German federal government's stake in the company on the German stock market, its name became "Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft" (usually abbreviated to "Volkswagenwerk AG").On 1 January 1965, Volkswagenwerk acquired Auto Union GmbH from its parent company Daimler-Benz. The new subsidiary went on to produce the first post-war Audi models, the Audi F103 series, shortly afterwards.Another German manufacturer, NSU Motorenwerke AG, was merged into Auto Union on 26 August 1969, creating a new company, Audi NSU Auto Union AG (later renamed AUDI AG in 1985).From the late 1970s to 1992, the acronym V.A.G was used by Volkswagen AG as a brand for group-wide activities, such as distribution and leasing. Contrary to popular belief, "V.A.G" had no official meaning, and was never the formal name of the Volkswagen Group.On 30 September 1982, Volkswagenwerk made its first step expanding outside Germany by signing a co-operation agreement with the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT, S.A.In order to reflect the company's increasing global diversification from its headquarters and main plant (the "Volkswagenwerk" in Wolfsburg), on 4 July 1985, the company name was changed again – to "Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft" ("Volkswagen AG").On 18 June 1986, Volkswagen AG acquired a 51% controlling stake in SEAT, making it the first non-German subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. On 23 December the same year, it became the Spanish company's major shareholder by increasing its share up to 75%.In 1990 – after purchasing its entire equity – Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of SEAT, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary, and on 28 March 1991 another step to the expansion of the group's activities was made through the signing of a joint venture partnership agreement with Škoda automobilová a.s. of Czechoslovakia, accompanied with the acquisition of a 30% stake in the Czech car manufacturer, raised later on 19 December 1994 to 60.3% and the year after, on 11 December 1995, to 70% of its shares.Three prestige automotive marques were added to the Volkswagen portfolio in 1998: Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti.On 30 May 2000, after having gradually raised its equity share, Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of Škoda Auto, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary.From 2002 up to 2007, the Volkswagen Group's automotive division was restructured so that two major Brand Groups with different profile would be formed, the "Audi Brand Group" focused on more sporty values – consisted of Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini – and the "Volkswagen Brand Group" on the field of classic values – consisted of Volkswagen, Skoda, Bentley and Bugatti – with each Brand Group's product vehicles and performance being respectively under the higher responsibility of Audi and Volkswagen brands.Volkswagen Group revealed on 24 October 2009 that it had made an offer to acquire long-time partner and German niche automotive manufacturer Wilhelm Karmann GmbH out of bankruptcy protection. In November 2009, the Supervisory Board of Volkswagen AG approved the acquisition of assets of Karmann, and planned to restart vehicle production at their Osnabrück plant in 2012.In December 2009, Volkswagen AG bought a 49.9% stake in Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG (more commonly known as Porsche AG) in a first step towards an 'integrated automotive group' with Porsche. The merger of Volkswagen AG and Porsche SE was scheduled to take place during the course of 2011. On 8 September 2011, it was announced that the planned merger "cannot be implemented within the time frame provided for in the Comprehensive Agreement". As reasons, unquantifiable legal risks, including a criminal probe into the holding's former management team were given. Both parties "remain committed to the goal of creating an integrated automotive group with Porsche and are convinced that this will take place". On 4 July 2012 Volkswagen group announced they would wrap up the remaining half of Porsche shares for 4.46 billion euros ($5.58 billion) on 1 August 2012 to avoid taxes of as much as 1.5 billion euros, which would have to be paid if the wrap up happened after 31 July 2014. Volkswagen AG purchased the remaining stake in Porsche AG equaling 100% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH, effectively becoming its parent company as of 1 August 2012.Volkswagen AG completed the purchase of 19.9% of Suzuki Motor Corporation's issued shares on 15 January 2010. Suzuki invested part of the amount received from Volkswagen into 1.49% percent of Volkswagen. In 2011, Suzuki filed a lawsuit at an arbitration court in London requesting that Volkswagen return the 19.9% stake.On 25 May 2010, it was announced that Volkswagen Group, through it subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., had acquired a 90.1% stake in the Italian automotive design house Italdesign Giugiaro.In less than three months, the transaction had been completed making the Italian firm a member of the Volkswagen Group. Since 2013 the Volkswagen Group has held a 89.7% stake in Traton.In 2015 research showed a security flaw in the keyless ignition of Volkswagen and other carmakers' vehicles. Volkswagen spent two years trying to keep the research from the public domain.On 3 August 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of three German automakers—BMW, Daimler AG, and Volkswagen Group, for €2.8 billion. This was seen as an indication that the automakers were interested in automated cars.Volkswagen held a 19.9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the stake back to Suzuki. On 17 September 2015, Suzuki paid $3.8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a major scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Suzuki had wished to buy Fiat diesel engines.On 18 September 2015, The US EPA announced that Volkswagen had installed a "defeat device" software code in the diesel models sold in the US from 2009-15. The code was intended to detect when an emissions test was being conducted, and altered emissions controls for better compliance. Off the test stand, the controls were relaxed, and emissions jumped 35 to 40 times regulatory levels according to investigators at West Virginia University and the California Air Resources Board. 482,000 vehicles are under the recall order, a potential $18 billion ($37,500 per violation) in fines are pending, and news accounts speculate a criminal indictment for the deception is certain. The VW Group CEO, Martin Winterkorn, said he was "deeply sorry" and ordered an external investigation. The software code was only revealed when the EPA refused to certify VW's 2016 models for sale in the US unless the corporation provided full disclosure. On Sunday, 20 September 2015, VW Group announced it was halting the sale of its four-cylinder diesel models in the US. The US EPA press release on its Notice of Violation, and the California Air Resources Board letter dated 18 September 2015 contain significant chronological detail of the agencies interaction with VW on the issue.On 22 September 2015, VW AG admitted that 11 million cars worldwide had been fitted with software intended to deceive emissions testing. The company issued a profit warning, saying it had set aside 7.3 billion dollars to fix the fraud. On 23 September 2015, Martin Winterkorn announced his resignation from the CEO position after a crisis meeting of the company board. On 25 September 2015 Matthias Müller was named CEO. Müller was the head of the Porsche marque within the VW corporate umbrella.On 21 April 2017, a U.S. federal judge ordered Volkswagen "to pay a $2.8 billion criminal fine for rigging diesel-powered vehicles to cheat on government emissions tests". The "unprecedented" plea deal formalized a punishment that Volkswagen AG agreed to earlier in 2017. In addition, the plea deal includes a $1.5 billion settlement for various environmental, customs and financial violations.Overall, Volkswagen will pay more than $30 billion in penalties and lawsuit settlements related to the scandal.In 2016, Volkswagen Group announced a corporate "Strategy 2025" that focuses on electrification of its portfolio. The VW Group developed the Volkswagen Group MEB platform chassis that will be utilized in a range of various cars and light utility vehicles across several VW Group marques due to its flexibility and floor-mounted battery.As of May 2018, the VW Group has committed $48 billion in car battery supplies and plans to outfit 16 factories to build electric cars by the end of 2022. According to VW Group CEO Dr. Herbert Diess, the company will offer 25 electric models and 20 plug-in hybrids by 2020.Volkswagen Group came under pressure for cooperating with the Chinese government in the region of Xinjiang. In that same region, the Chinese government has been accused of having committed human rights abuses against the Uighur minority group, which included mass surveillance, incarceration and forced labor. After these accusations emerged, Volkswagen responded, "We do not assume any of our employees are forced laborers." According to the "Süddeutsche Zeitung", Volkswagen was operating a plant in Xinjiang at a loss in order to curry favor with the Chinese government to set up more lucrative plants in other parts of China. Other companies cut ties with China in the region after evidence emerged of human rights abuses. However, Volkswagen was still operating a plant in the region as of 2020.For the fiscal year 2018, Volkswagen reported earnings of EUR€13.920 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€235.849 billion, an increase of 2.2% over the previous fiscal cycle. Volkswagen's shares traded at over €148 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$73.8 billion in November 2018.Rooted in Europe, the Volkswagen Group operates in 153 countries. Volkswagen Passenger Cars is the Group's original marque, and the other major subsidiaries include passenger car marques such as Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, and Škoda. Volkswagen AG also has operations in commercial vehicles, owning Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, along with controlling stakes in truck, bus and diesel engine manufacturers Scania AB and MAN SE.The Volkswagen Group comprises the following vehicle manufacturers and their corresponding brands:The Group also owns five defunct marques which are managed through the companies Auto Union GmbH and NSU GmbH, both of which are 100% owned by AUDI AG:Other subsidiaries and shareholdings:Under the Volkswagen Law, no shareholder in Volkswagen AG could exercise more than 20 percent of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding. This law was supposed to protect Volkswagen Group from takeovers. In October 2005, Porsche acquired an 18.53 percent stake in the business, and in July 2006, Porsche increased that ownership to more than 25 percent. Analysts disagreed as to whether the investment was a good fit for Porsche's strategy.On 26 March 2007, after the European Union moved against the Volkswagen law, Porsche took its holding to 30.9 percent, triggering a takeover bid under German law. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen Group, setting its offer price at the lowest possible legal value, but intended the move to avoid a competitor taking a large stake, or to stop hedge funds dismantling Volkswagen Group, which is Porsche's most important partner.On 16 September 2008, Porsche announced that the company had increased its stake in Volkswagen AG to 35 percent. By October 2008, Porsche held 42.6 percent of Volkswagen AG's ordinary shares, and held stock options on another 31.5 percent. thus, effectively holding over 74 percent; 42.6 percent actual shares, and the rest as convertible options. Volkswagen AG briefly became the world's most valuable company, as the stock price rose to over €1,000 per share as short sellers tried to cover their positions. The substantial investment in Volkswagen left Porsche with huge financial burden with its debts accumulating up to 13 billion euros by 2009. Porsche would get emergency infusion of about a billion dollars from Volkswagen. In July 2012, Volkswagen completed takeover of Porsche ending the 4 year saga and formed an integrated automotive group with Porsche. Porsche AG would become the 10th brand of Volkswagen. The holding company Porsche SE was left with 31 percent of the subscribed capital of Volkswagen AG, and 50.7 percent of the voting rights in the company., share ownership of Volkswagen AG is distributed as follows:Volkswagen AG shares are primarily traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and are listed under the 'VOW' and 'VOW3' stock ticker symbols. First listed in August 1961, the shares were issued at a price of DM 350 per DM 100 share, Volkswagen AG shares are now separated into two different types or classes: 'ordinary shares' and 'preference shares'. The ordinary shares are now traded under the WKN 766400 and ISIN DE0007664005 listings, and the preference shares under the WKN 766403 and ISIN DE0007664039 listings.Volkswagen AG shares are also listed and traded on other major domestic and worldwide stock exchanges. In Germany's domestic exchanges, since 1961 these include those in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart. International exchanges include those in Basel (listed in 1967), Geneva (1967), Zürich (1967), Luxembourg (1979), London (1988), and New York (1988).Since the start of trading in 1961, Volkswagen AG shares have been subjected to two stock splits – the first was on 17 March 1969 when they were split at a ratio of 2:1, from a DM 100 share to a DM 50 share. The second split occurred on 6 July 1998, the DM 50 share being converted into a share of no overall nominal value, at a ratio of 1:10.From 23 December 2009, Volkswagen AG preferred shares replaced its ordinary shares in the DAX index.In 2018, Volkswagen Group's largest single country market was China with 4.20 million units delivered, followed by Germany with 1.12 million units. Divided by regions, Asia-Pacific was the second-largest market of the Volkswagen Group with 4.50 million units in 2013, followed by Western Europe with 4.14 million, and North America with 943,000 units delivered in 2018.The European ranking of automakers is compiled monthly by the European Auto Manufacturers' Association ACEA. Volkswagen has held the top spot in Europe uninterrupted for more than two decades.The company was again the top global automaker in 2018, for the fifth consecutive year, selling 10.083 million vehicles in the year 2018, just 7,000 more than the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance.Volkswagen is heavily involved in sports sponsorship, with investments having included the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 2014 Winter Olympics, as well as the David Beckham Academy. Volkswagen AG wholly owns the Bundesliga football side VfL Wolfsburg; the company is also the shirt sponsor of Major League Soccer club D.C. United, League of Ireland Premier Division Sligo Rovers and top level of the Mexican football league system Liga MX team Puebla F.C. | [
"Berthold Huber",
"Karl Gustaf Ratjen",
"Ferdinand Piëch",
"Hans Birnbaum",
"Hans Dieter Pötsch",
"Klaus Liesen"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Volkswagen Group in 03-Oct-197103-October-1971? | October 03, 1971 | {
"text": [
"Josef Rust"
]
} | L2_Q156578_P488_0 | Josef Rust is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1974.
Berthold Huber is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Ferdinand Piëch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2015.
Hans Birnbaum is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Karl Gustaf Ratjen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Klaus Liesen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 2002.
Hans Dieter Pötsch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | Volkswagen GroupVolkswagen AG (), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany and owned by Porsche SE, part of the Austrian-German Porsche and Piëch family. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017, 2018 and 2019, selling 10.9 million vehicles. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades. It ranked seventh in the 2018 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies.The Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and Volkswagen marques; light commercial vehicles under the Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles brand; motorcycles under the Ducati brand; and heavy commercial vehicles via the marques of listed subsidiary Traton: MAN, Scania, and Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus. It is divided into two primary divisions—the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division—and as of 2008 had approximately 342 subsidiary companies. Volkswagen also has two major joint-ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and SAIC Volkswagen). The company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries.Volkswagen was founded in 1937, to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle. The company's production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf; the last became its bestseller. Volkswagen acquired a controlling stake in SEAT in 1986, making it the first non-German marque of the company, and first acquired control of Škoda in 1994, then of Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti in 1998, then of Ducati, MAN and Porsche in 2012 and finally of Traton in 2013. The company's operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. Since 1 January 2021, the Lower Saxony state owns a 20% share of Volkswagen.Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft is a public company and has a primary listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, and secondary listings on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and SIX Swiss Exchange. It has been traded in the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, currently on the OTC Marketplace. Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The government of Lower Saxony holds 12.7% of the company's shares, granting it, by law, 20% of the voting rights.Volkswagen ("People's car" in German) was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the "Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH" ("Limited Liability Company for the preparation of the German People's Car", abbreviated to "Gezuvor") by the National Socialist "Deutsche Arbeitsfront "(German Labour Front). The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1, and commonly called the Volkswagen Beetle. This vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsche's consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed "Volkswagenwerk GmbH" ("Volkswagen Factory limited liability company").Shortly after the factory near Fallersleben was completed, World War II started and the plant primarily manufactured the military Kübelwagen (Porsche Type 82) and the related amphibious Schwimmwagen (Type 166), both of which were derived from the Volkswagen. Only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces.After the war in Europe, in June 1945, Major Ivan Hirst of the British Army Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) took control of the bomb-shattered factory, and restarted production, pending the expected disposal of the plant as war reparations. However, no British car manufacturer was interested; "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car ... it is quite unattractive to the average buyer ... To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise". In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, a Ford executive vice president said he didn't think either the plant or the car was "worth a damn". Breech later said that he would have considered merging Ford of Germany and Volkswagen, but after the war, ownership of the company was in such dispute that nobody could possibly hope to be able to take it over. As part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers. The company survived by producing cars for the British Army, and in 1948 the British Government handed the company back over to the German state, and it was managed by former Opel chief Heinrich Nordhoff.Production of the Type 60 Volkswagen (re-designated Type 1) started slowly after the war due to the need to rebuild the plant and because of the lack of raw materials, but production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s. The company began introducing new models based on the Type 1, all with the same basic air-cooled, rear-engine, rear-drive platform. These included the Volkswagen Type 2 in 1950, the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia in 1955, the Volkswagen Type 3 in 1961, the Volkswagen Type 4 in 1968, and the Volkswagen Type 181 in 1969.In 1960, upon the flotation of part of the German federal government's stake in the company on the German stock market, its name became "Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft" (usually abbreviated to "Volkswagenwerk AG").On 1 January 1965, Volkswagenwerk acquired Auto Union GmbH from its parent company Daimler-Benz. The new subsidiary went on to produce the first post-war Audi models, the Audi F103 series, shortly afterwards.Another German manufacturer, NSU Motorenwerke AG, was merged into Auto Union on 26 August 1969, creating a new company, Audi NSU Auto Union AG (later renamed AUDI AG in 1985).From the late 1970s to 1992, the acronym V.A.G was used by Volkswagen AG as a brand for group-wide activities, such as distribution and leasing. Contrary to popular belief, "V.A.G" had no official meaning, and was never the formal name of the Volkswagen Group.On 30 September 1982, Volkswagenwerk made its first step expanding outside Germany by signing a co-operation agreement with the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT, S.A.In order to reflect the company's increasing global diversification from its headquarters and main plant (the "Volkswagenwerk" in Wolfsburg), on 4 July 1985, the company name was changed again – to "Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft" ("Volkswagen AG").On 18 June 1986, Volkswagen AG acquired a 51% controlling stake in SEAT, making it the first non-German subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. On 23 December the same year, it became the Spanish company's major shareholder by increasing its share up to 75%.In 1990 – after purchasing its entire equity – Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of SEAT, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary, and on 28 March 1991 another step to the expansion of the group's activities was made through the signing of a joint venture partnership agreement with Škoda automobilová a.s. of Czechoslovakia, accompanied with the acquisition of a 30% stake in the Czech car manufacturer, raised later on 19 December 1994 to 60.3% and the year after, on 11 December 1995, to 70% of its shares.Three prestige automotive marques were added to the Volkswagen portfolio in 1998: Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti.On 30 May 2000, after having gradually raised its equity share, Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of Škoda Auto, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary.From 2002 up to 2007, the Volkswagen Group's automotive division was restructured so that two major Brand Groups with different profile would be formed, the "Audi Brand Group" focused on more sporty values – consisted of Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini – and the "Volkswagen Brand Group" on the field of classic values – consisted of Volkswagen, Skoda, Bentley and Bugatti – with each Brand Group's product vehicles and performance being respectively under the higher responsibility of Audi and Volkswagen brands.Volkswagen Group revealed on 24 October 2009 that it had made an offer to acquire long-time partner and German niche automotive manufacturer Wilhelm Karmann GmbH out of bankruptcy protection. In November 2009, the Supervisory Board of Volkswagen AG approved the acquisition of assets of Karmann, and planned to restart vehicle production at their Osnabrück plant in 2012.In December 2009, Volkswagen AG bought a 49.9% stake in Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG (more commonly known as Porsche AG) in a first step towards an 'integrated automotive group' with Porsche. The merger of Volkswagen AG and Porsche SE was scheduled to take place during the course of 2011. On 8 September 2011, it was announced that the planned merger "cannot be implemented within the time frame provided for in the Comprehensive Agreement". As reasons, unquantifiable legal risks, including a criminal probe into the holding's former management team were given. Both parties "remain committed to the goal of creating an integrated automotive group with Porsche and are convinced that this will take place". On 4 July 2012 Volkswagen group announced they would wrap up the remaining half of Porsche shares for 4.46 billion euros ($5.58 billion) on 1 August 2012 to avoid taxes of as much as 1.5 billion euros, which would have to be paid if the wrap up happened after 31 July 2014. Volkswagen AG purchased the remaining stake in Porsche AG equaling 100% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH, effectively becoming its parent company as of 1 August 2012.Volkswagen AG completed the purchase of 19.9% of Suzuki Motor Corporation's issued shares on 15 January 2010. Suzuki invested part of the amount received from Volkswagen into 1.49% percent of Volkswagen. In 2011, Suzuki filed a lawsuit at an arbitration court in London requesting that Volkswagen return the 19.9% stake.On 25 May 2010, it was announced that Volkswagen Group, through it subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., had acquired a 90.1% stake in the Italian automotive design house Italdesign Giugiaro.In less than three months, the transaction had been completed making the Italian firm a member of the Volkswagen Group. Since 2013 the Volkswagen Group has held a 89.7% stake in Traton.In 2015 research showed a security flaw in the keyless ignition of Volkswagen and other carmakers' vehicles. Volkswagen spent two years trying to keep the research from the public domain.On 3 August 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of three German automakers—BMW, Daimler AG, and Volkswagen Group, for €2.8 billion. This was seen as an indication that the automakers were interested in automated cars.Volkswagen held a 19.9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the stake back to Suzuki. On 17 September 2015, Suzuki paid $3.8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a major scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Suzuki had wished to buy Fiat diesel engines.On 18 September 2015, The US EPA announced that Volkswagen had installed a "defeat device" software code in the diesel models sold in the US from 2009-15. The code was intended to detect when an emissions test was being conducted, and altered emissions controls for better compliance. Off the test stand, the controls were relaxed, and emissions jumped 35 to 40 times regulatory levels according to investigators at West Virginia University and the California Air Resources Board. 482,000 vehicles are under the recall order, a potential $18 billion ($37,500 per violation) in fines are pending, and news accounts speculate a criminal indictment for the deception is certain. The VW Group CEO, Martin Winterkorn, said he was "deeply sorry" and ordered an external investigation. The software code was only revealed when the EPA refused to certify VW's 2016 models for sale in the US unless the corporation provided full disclosure. On Sunday, 20 September 2015, VW Group announced it was halting the sale of its four-cylinder diesel models in the US. The US EPA press release on its Notice of Violation, and the California Air Resources Board letter dated 18 September 2015 contain significant chronological detail of the agencies interaction with VW on the issue.On 22 September 2015, VW AG admitted that 11 million cars worldwide had been fitted with software intended to deceive emissions testing. The company issued a profit warning, saying it had set aside 7.3 billion dollars to fix the fraud. On 23 September 2015, Martin Winterkorn announced his resignation from the CEO position after a crisis meeting of the company board. On 25 September 2015 Matthias Müller was named CEO. Müller was the head of the Porsche marque within the VW corporate umbrella.On 21 April 2017, a U.S. federal judge ordered Volkswagen "to pay a $2.8 billion criminal fine for rigging diesel-powered vehicles to cheat on government emissions tests". The "unprecedented" plea deal formalized a punishment that Volkswagen AG agreed to earlier in 2017. In addition, the plea deal includes a $1.5 billion settlement for various environmental, customs and financial violations.Overall, Volkswagen will pay more than $30 billion in penalties and lawsuit settlements related to the scandal.In 2016, Volkswagen Group announced a corporate "Strategy 2025" that focuses on electrification of its portfolio. The VW Group developed the Volkswagen Group MEB platform chassis that will be utilized in a range of various cars and light utility vehicles across several VW Group marques due to its flexibility and floor-mounted battery.As of May 2018, the VW Group has committed $48 billion in car battery supplies and plans to outfit 16 factories to build electric cars by the end of 2022. According to VW Group CEO Dr. Herbert Diess, the company will offer 25 electric models and 20 plug-in hybrids by 2020.Volkswagen Group came under pressure for cooperating with the Chinese government in the region of Xinjiang. In that same region, the Chinese government has been accused of having committed human rights abuses against the Uighur minority group, which included mass surveillance, incarceration and forced labor. After these accusations emerged, Volkswagen responded, "We do not assume any of our employees are forced laborers." According to the "Süddeutsche Zeitung", Volkswagen was operating a plant in Xinjiang at a loss in order to curry favor with the Chinese government to set up more lucrative plants in other parts of China. Other companies cut ties with China in the region after evidence emerged of human rights abuses. However, Volkswagen was still operating a plant in the region as of 2020.For the fiscal year 2018, Volkswagen reported earnings of EUR€13.920 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€235.849 billion, an increase of 2.2% over the previous fiscal cycle. Volkswagen's shares traded at over €148 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$73.8 billion in November 2018.Rooted in Europe, the Volkswagen Group operates in 153 countries. Volkswagen Passenger Cars is the Group's original marque, and the other major subsidiaries include passenger car marques such as Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, and Škoda. Volkswagen AG also has operations in commercial vehicles, owning Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, along with controlling stakes in truck, bus and diesel engine manufacturers Scania AB and MAN SE.The Volkswagen Group comprises the following vehicle manufacturers and their corresponding brands:The Group also owns five defunct marques which are managed through the companies Auto Union GmbH and NSU GmbH, both of which are 100% owned by AUDI AG:Other subsidiaries and shareholdings:Under the Volkswagen Law, no shareholder in Volkswagen AG could exercise more than 20 percent of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding. This law was supposed to protect Volkswagen Group from takeovers. In October 2005, Porsche acquired an 18.53 percent stake in the business, and in July 2006, Porsche increased that ownership to more than 25 percent. Analysts disagreed as to whether the investment was a good fit for Porsche's strategy.On 26 March 2007, after the European Union moved against the Volkswagen law, Porsche took its holding to 30.9 percent, triggering a takeover bid under German law. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen Group, setting its offer price at the lowest possible legal value, but intended the move to avoid a competitor taking a large stake, or to stop hedge funds dismantling Volkswagen Group, which is Porsche's most important partner.On 16 September 2008, Porsche announced that the company had increased its stake in Volkswagen AG to 35 percent. By October 2008, Porsche held 42.6 percent of Volkswagen AG's ordinary shares, and held stock options on another 31.5 percent. thus, effectively holding over 74 percent; 42.6 percent actual shares, and the rest as convertible options. Volkswagen AG briefly became the world's most valuable company, as the stock price rose to over €1,000 per share as short sellers tried to cover their positions. The substantial investment in Volkswagen left Porsche with huge financial burden with its debts accumulating up to 13 billion euros by 2009. Porsche would get emergency infusion of about a billion dollars from Volkswagen. In July 2012, Volkswagen completed takeover of Porsche ending the 4 year saga and formed an integrated automotive group with Porsche. Porsche AG would become the 10th brand of Volkswagen. The holding company Porsche SE was left with 31 percent of the subscribed capital of Volkswagen AG, and 50.7 percent of the voting rights in the company., share ownership of Volkswagen AG is distributed as follows:Volkswagen AG shares are primarily traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and are listed under the 'VOW' and 'VOW3' stock ticker symbols. First listed in August 1961, the shares were issued at a price of DM 350 per DM 100 share, Volkswagen AG shares are now separated into two different types or classes: 'ordinary shares' and 'preference shares'. The ordinary shares are now traded under the WKN 766400 and ISIN DE0007664005 listings, and the preference shares under the WKN 766403 and ISIN DE0007664039 listings.Volkswagen AG shares are also listed and traded on other major domestic and worldwide stock exchanges. In Germany's domestic exchanges, since 1961 these include those in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart. International exchanges include those in Basel (listed in 1967), Geneva (1967), Zürich (1967), Luxembourg (1979), London (1988), and New York (1988).Since the start of trading in 1961, Volkswagen AG shares have been subjected to two stock splits – the first was on 17 March 1969 when they were split at a ratio of 2:1, from a DM 100 share to a DM 50 share. The second split occurred on 6 July 1998, the DM 50 share being converted into a share of no overall nominal value, at a ratio of 1:10.From 23 December 2009, Volkswagen AG preferred shares replaced its ordinary shares in the DAX index.In 2018, Volkswagen Group's largest single country market was China with 4.20 million units delivered, followed by Germany with 1.12 million units. Divided by regions, Asia-Pacific was the second-largest market of the Volkswagen Group with 4.50 million units in 2013, followed by Western Europe with 4.14 million, and North America with 943,000 units delivered in 2018.The European ranking of automakers is compiled monthly by the European Auto Manufacturers' Association ACEA. Volkswagen has held the top spot in Europe uninterrupted for more than two decades.The company was again the top global automaker in 2018, for the fifth consecutive year, selling 10.083 million vehicles in the year 2018, just 7,000 more than the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance.Volkswagen is heavily involved in sports sponsorship, with investments having included the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 2014 Winter Olympics, as well as the David Beckham Academy. Volkswagen AG wholly owns the Bundesliga football side VfL Wolfsburg; the company is also the shirt sponsor of Major League Soccer club D.C. United, League of Ireland Premier Division Sligo Rovers and top level of the Mexican football league system Liga MX team Puebla F.C. | [
"Berthold Huber",
"Karl Gustaf Ratjen",
"Ferdinand Piëch",
"Hans Birnbaum",
"Hans Dieter Pötsch",
"Klaus Liesen"
] |
|
Which team did Omid Namazi play for in May, 1997? | May 14, 1997 | {
"text": [
"Philadelphia KiXX"
]
} | L2_Q7090174_P54_6 | Omid Namazi plays for North Carolina Fusion U23 from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Omid Namazi plays for Delaware Wizards from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Omid Namazi plays for United States national futsal team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Omid Namazi plays for Maryland Bays from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Omid Namazi plays for Hershey Impact from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
Omid Namazi plays for Reading F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Omid Namazi plays for New York Red Bulls from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Omid Namazi plays for Philadelphia KiXX from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2002.
Omid Namazi plays for Los Angeles Salsa from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Omid Namazi plays for Ocean City Nor'easters from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Omid Namazi plays for Cleveland Crunch from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Omid Namazi plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997. | Omid NamaziOmid Hamid Namazi (; born December 8, 1964) is an American retired soccer defender and current assistant coach of Houston Dynamo in MLS. Namazi played professionally in the American Soccer League, American Professional Soccer League, Major League Soccer, USISL and National Professional Soccer League where he was the 2001 Defender of the Year and he played for United States national futsal team. He is a two-time Coach of the Year in the Major Indoor Soccer League and coached in the Women's United Soccer Association. As assistant coach of Iran, he led the team to qualification to the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2015 AFC Asian Cup.Namazi was born in Provo, Utah, when his father, Mehdi Namazi, was attending Brigham Young University to study for a master's degree. The family returned to Iran where Namazi grew up in Tehran. When he was eighteen, his father moved the family back to the United States after the Iranian Revolution. They settled in Washington, D.C. metro area of Herndon, Virginia. Namazi attended West Virginia University where he played on the men's soccer team from 1984 to 1987. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in exercise philosophy.In 1988, Namazi turned professional with the Washington Diplomats of the American Soccer League. He spent two seasons with the Dips. Namazi played a handful of games with the Hershey Impact of the American Indoor Soccer Association during the 1989–1990 season before being released on January 13, 1990. In 1990, he moved to the Maryland Bays of the American Professional Soccer League. The Bays won the league championships that season. He played the 1991 season in Maryland before moving to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers for the 1992 season. Namazi played for Reading F.C. during the winter of 1992–1993. In April 1993, he signed with the Los Angeles Salsa of the APSL and played two seasons with them. In December 1994, he signed with the Baltimore Spirit of the National Professional Soccer League. In 1995, he was selected as Second Team All Rookie. In April 1995, the Seattle SeaDogs selected Namadi in the Continental Indoor Soccer League draft, but he declined to sign with them. In 1996, he moved outdoors with the Delaware Wizards of the USISL. He played with the MetroStars of Major League Soccer on loan from the Spirit on July 4, 1996. In June 1996, the Philadelphia KiXX selected Namazi in the NPSL expansion draft. In 1997, he was the USISL Defender of the Year with the New Jersey Stallions. In August 1997, he joined the Carolina Dynamo late in the season. In 1998, he played for the Staten Island Vipers. Namazi continued to play for the KiXX until he left four games into the 2002–2003 season. He was the 2001 NPSL Defender of the Year and won the 2002 MISL championship with the KiXX. In 2001, he played four games for the South Jersey Barons of the USISL. In December 2003, the Cleveland Force traded Steve Klein to the KiXX in exchange for the rights to Namazi. He played for the Force until 2005. In 2002 and 2003, Namazi played for the United States national futsal team.In March 1999, the Philadelphia KiXX fired Dave MacWilliams. Namazi, on injured reserve after knee surgery, served as interim head coach. His success led to a permanent contract in July 1999. In 2001, Namazi took the KiXX to the MISL championship series where the team fell to the Milwaukee Wave. In 2002, the KiXX won the championship, defeating the Wave. Four games into the 2002–2003 season, Namazi left the KiXX to become head coach of the San Diego Spirit of Women's United Soccer Association. He took the Spirit to the semifinals of the WUSA playoffs, the only season the Spirit made the playoffs. The WUSA collapsed at the end of the season and Namazi returned to playing for the Cleveland Force in October 2003. In March 2004, the Force named Namazi as interim head coach, making him the permanent head coach a month later. He took the Force to the 2005 MISL championship series, losing to the Milwaukee Wave. The Force collapsed during the off season. On September 21, 2005, Namazi became the head coach of the St. Louis Steamers. He took the Steamers to the championship series where they lost to the Baltimore Spirit. The Steamers folded during the off-season and Namazi moved to California to coach youth soccer for a year. He returned to coaching indoor soccer in September 2007 with the New Jersey Ironmen. On June 3, 2010, Namazi was named head coach of the Chicago Red Stars in the Women's Professional Soccer, replacing Emma Hayes.In December 2010, Namazi was named as an assistant coach to the Iran Pro League club Steel Azin F.C.. On April 28, 2011, he became assistant coach of the Iranian national team alongside Carlos Queiroz and goalkeeping coach Dan Gaspar. On June 18, 2013, Iran qualified for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, before qualifying for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup months later. On March 26, 2014, Namazi became the assistant coach of the United States women's national soccer team. Later in the year, he became the assistant coach to Tab Ramos with the United States men's national under-20 soccer team.In January 2016, Namazi was appointed as the new head coach for the United States men's national under-18 soccer team. He won the 2017 CONCACAF U-20 Championship as assistant coach of the US team with Tab Ramos and Brad Friedel.In May 2018, Namazi became head coach of Persian Gulf Pro League side Zob Ahan with signing a one-year deal. However, he and the club agreed to part ways only six months into the appointment.Namazi then joined the technical staff of the United States U20 national team under manager Tab Ramos. In the beginning of April 2019, Namazi was also hired at the Danish club FC Helsingør. He was responsible for all scouting in North America. On April 22, FC Helsingør sacked their manager, and the club announced that Namazi would take charge as a caretaker for the rest of the season. On June 8, 2019, he agreed to continue as manager for the club for the upcoming season. However, Namazi expressed regret two weeks later and announced that he would not continue with the Danish club and would move back to the United States. | [
"Cleveland Crunch",
"Delaware Wizards",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"United States national futsal team",
"Reading F.C.",
"Hershey Impact",
"North Carolina Fusion U23",
"Ocean City Nor'easters",
"Maryland Bays",
"New York Red Bulls",
"Los Angeles Salsa"
] |
|
Which team did Omid Namazi play for in 1997-05-14? | May 14, 1997 | {
"text": [
"Philadelphia KiXX"
]
} | L2_Q7090174_P54_6 | Omid Namazi plays for North Carolina Fusion U23 from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Omid Namazi plays for Delaware Wizards from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Omid Namazi plays for United States national futsal team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Omid Namazi plays for Maryland Bays from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Omid Namazi plays for Hershey Impact from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
Omid Namazi plays for Reading F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Omid Namazi plays for New York Red Bulls from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Omid Namazi plays for Philadelphia KiXX from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2002.
Omid Namazi plays for Los Angeles Salsa from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Omid Namazi plays for Ocean City Nor'easters from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Omid Namazi plays for Cleveland Crunch from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Omid Namazi plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997. | Omid NamaziOmid Hamid Namazi (; born December 8, 1964) is an American retired soccer defender and current assistant coach of Houston Dynamo in MLS. Namazi played professionally in the American Soccer League, American Professional Soccer League, Major League Soccer, USISL and National Professional Soccer League where he was the 2001 Defender of the Year and he played for United States national futsal team. He is a two-time Coach of the Year in the Major Indoor Soccer League and coached in the Women's United Soccer Association. As assistant coach of Iran, he led the team to qualification to the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2015 AFC Asian Cup.Namazi was born in Provo, Utah, when his father, Mehdi Namazi, was attending Brigham Young University to study for a master's degree. The family returned to Iran where Namazi grew up in Tehran. When he was eighteen, his father moved the family back to the United States after the Iranian Revolution. They settled in Washington, D.C. metro area of Herndon, Virginia. Namazi attended West Virginia University where he played on the men's soccer team from 1984 to 1987. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in exercise philosophy.In 1988, Namazi turned professional with the Washington Diplomats of the American Soccer League. He spent two seasons with the Dips. Namazi played a handful of games with the Hershey Impact of the American Indoor Soccer Association during the 1989–1990 season before being released on January 13, 1990. In 1990, he moved to the Maryland Bays of the American Professional Soccer League. The Bays won the league championships that season. He played the 1991 season in Maryland before moving to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers for the 1992 season. Namazi played for Reading F.C. during the winter of 1992–1993. In April 1993, he signed with the Los Angeles Salsa of the APSL and played two seasons with them. In December 1994, he signed with the Baltimore Spirit of the National Professional Soccer League. In 1995, he was selected as Second Team All Rookie. In April 1995, the Seattle SeaDogs selected Namadi in the Continental Indoor Soccer League draft, but he declined to sign with them. In 1996, he moved outdoors with the Delaware Wizards of the USISL. He played with the MetroStars of Major League Soccer on loan from the Spirit on July 4, 1996. In June 1996, the Philadelphia KiXX selected Namazi in the NPSL expansion draft. In 1997, he was the USISL Defender of the Year with the New Jersey Stallions. In August 1997, he joined the Carolina Dynamo late in the season. In 1998, he played for the Staten Island Vipers. Namazi continued to play for the KiXX until he left four games into the 2002–2003 season. He was the 2001 NPSL Defender of the Year and won the 2002 MISL championship with the KiXX. In 2001, he played four games for the South Jersey Barons of the USISL. In December 2003, the Cleveland Force traded Steve Klein to the KiXX in exchange for the rights to Namazi. He played for the Force until 2005. In 2002 and 2003, Namazi played for the United States national futsal team.In March 1999, the Philadelphia KiXX fired Dave MacWilliams. Namazi, on injured reserve after knee surgery, served as interim head coach. His success led to a permanent contract in July 1999. In 2001, Namazi took the KiXX to the MISL championship series where the team fell to the Milwaukee Wave. In 2002, the KiXX won the championship, defeating the Wave. Four games into the 2002–2003 season, Namazi left the KiXX to become head coach of the San Diego Spirit of Women's United Soccer Association. He took the Spirit to the semifinals of the WUSA playoffs, the only season the Spirit made the playoffs. The WUSA collapsed at the end of the season and Namazi returned to playing for the Cleveland Force in October 2003. In March 2004, the Force named Namazi as interim head coach, making him the permanent head coach a month later. He took the Force to the 2005 MISL championship series, losing to the Milwaukee Wave. The Force collapsed during the off season. On September 21, 2005, Namazi became the head coach of the St. Louis Steamers. He took the Steamers to the championship series where they lost to the Baltimore Spirit. The Steamers folded during the off-season and Namazi moved to California to coach youth soccer for a year. He returned to coaching indoor soccer in September 2007 with the New Jersey Ironmen. On June 3, 2010, Namazi was named head coach of the Chicago Red Stars in the Women's Professional Soccer, replacing Emma Hayes.In December 2010, Namazi was named as an assistant coach to the Iran Pro League club Steel Azin F.C.. On April 28, 2011, he became assistant coach of the Iranian national team alongside Carlos Queiroz and goalkeeping coach Dan Gaspar. On June 18, 2013, Iran qualified for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, before qualifying for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup months later. On March 26, 2014, Namazi became the assistant coach of the United States women's national soccer team. Later in the year, he became the assistant coach to Tab Ramos with the United States men's national under-20 soccer team.In January 2016, Namazi was appointed as the new head coach for the United States men's national under-18 soccer team. He won the 2017 CONCACAF U-20 Championship as assistant coach of the US team with Tab Ramos and Brad Friedel.In May 2018, Namazi became head coach of Persian Gulf Pro League side Zob Ahan with signing a one-year deal. However, he and the club agreed to part ways only six months into the appointment.Namazi then joined the technical staff of the United States U20 national team under manager Tab Ramos. In the beginning of April 2019, Namazi was also hired at the Danish club FC Helsingør. He was responsible for all scouting in North America. On April 22, FC Helsingør sacked their manager, and the club announced that Namazi would take charge as a caretaker for the rest of the season. On June 8, 2019, he agreed to continue as manager for the club for the upcoming season. However, Namazi expressed regret two weeks later and announced that he would not continue with the Danish club and would move back to the United States. | [
"Cleveland Crunch",
"Delaware Wizards",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"United States national futsal team",
"Reading F.C.",
"Hershey Impact",
"North Carolina Fusion U23",
"Ocean City Nor'easters",
"Maryland Bays",
"New York Red Bulls",
"Los Angeles Salsa"
] |
|
Which team did Omid Namazi play for in 14/05/1997? | May 14, 1997 | {
"text": [
"Philadelphia KiXX"
]
} | L2_Q7090174_P54_6 | Omid Namazi plays for North Carolina Fusion U23 from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Omid Namazi plays for Delaware Wizards from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Omid Namazi plays for United States national futsal team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Omid Namazi plays for Maryland Bays from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Omid Namazi plays for Hershey Impact from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
Omid Namazi plays for Reading F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Omid Namazi plays for New York Red Bulls from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Omid Namazi plays for Philadelphia KiXX from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2002.
Omid Namazi plays for Los Angeles Salsa from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Omid Namazi plays for Ocean City Nor'easters from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Omid Namazi plays for Cleveland Crunch from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Omid Namazi plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997. | Omid NamaziOmid Hamid Namazi (; born December 8, 1964) is an American retired soccer defender and current assistant coach of Houston Dynamo in MLS. Namazi played professionally in the American Soccer League, American Professional Soccer League, Major League Soccer, USISL and National Professional Soccer League where he was the 2001 Defender of the Year and he played for United States national futsal team. He is a two-time Coach of the Year in the Major Indoor Soccer League and coached in the Women's United Soccer Association. As assistant coach of Iran, he led the team to qualification to the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2015 AFC Asian Cup.Namazi was born in Provo, Utah, when his father, Mehdi Namazi, was attending Brigham Young University to study for a master's degree. The family returned to Iran where Namazi grew up in Tehran. When he was eighteen, his father moved the family back to the United States after the Iranian Revolution. They settled in Washington, D.C. metro area of Herndon, Virginia. Namazi attended West Virginia University where he played on the men's soccer team from 1984 to 1987. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in exercise philosophy.In 1988, Namazi turned professional with the Washington Diplomats of the American Soccer League. He spent two seasons with the Dips. Namazi played a handful of games with the Hershey Impact of the American Indoor Soccer Association during the 1989–1990 season before being released on January 13, 1990. In 1990, he moved to the Maryland Bays of the American Professional Soccer League. The Bays won the league championships that season. He played the 1991 season in Maryland before moving to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers for the 1992 season. Namazi played for Reading F.C. during the winter of 1992–1993. In April 1993, he signed with the Los Angeles Salsa of the APSL and played two seasons with them. In December 1994, he signed with the Baltimore Spirit of the National Professional Soccer League. In 1995, he was selected as Second Team All Rookie. In April 1995, the Seattle SeaDogs selected Namadi in the Continental Indoor Soccer League draft, but he declined to sign with them. In 1996, he moved outdoors with the Delaware Wizards of the USISL. He played with the MetroStars of Major League Soccer on loan from the Spirit on July 4, 1996. In June 1996, the Philadelphia KiXX selected Namazi in the NPSL expansion draft. In 1997, he was the USISL Defender of the Year with the New Jersey Stallions. In August 1997, he joined the Carolina Dynamo late in the season. In 1998, he played for the Staten Island Vipers. Namazi continued to play for the KiXX until he left four games into the 2002–2003 season. He was the 2001 NPSL Defender of the Year and won the 2002 MISL championship with the KiXX. In 2001, he played four games for the South Jersey Barons of the USISL. In December 2003, the Cleveland Force traded Steve Klein to the KiXX in exchange for the rights to Namazi. He played for the Force until 2005. In 2002 and 2003, Namazi played for the United States national futsal team.In March 1999, the Philadelphia KiXX fired Dave MacWilliams. Namazi, on injured reserve after knee surgery, served as interim head coach. His success led to a permanent contract in July 1999. In 2001, Namazi took the KiXX to the MISL championship series where the team fell to the Milwaukee Wave. In 2002, the KiXX won the championship, defeating the Wave. Four games into the 2002–2003 season, Namazi left the KiXX to become head coach of the San Diego Spirit of Women's United Soccer Association. He took the Spirit to the semifinals of the WUSA playoffs, the only season the Spirit made the playoffs. The WUSA collapsed at the end of the season and Namazi returned to playing for the Cleveland Force in October 2003. In March 2004, the Force named Namazi as interim head coach, making him the permanent head coach a month later. He took the Force to the 2005 MISL championship series, losing to the Milwaukee Wave. The Force collapsed during the off season. On September 21, 2005, Namazi became the head coach of the St. Louis Steamers. He took the Steamers to the championship series where they lost to the Baltimore Spirit. The Steamers folded during the off-season and Namazi moved to California to coach youth soccer for a year. He returned to coaching indoor soccer in September 2007 with the New Jersey Ironmen. On June 3, 2010, Namazi was named head coach of the Chicago Red Stars in the Women's Professional Soccer, replacing Emma Hayes.In December 2010, Namazi was named as an assistant coach to the Iran Pro League club Steel Azin F.C.. On April 28, 2011, he became assistant coach of the Iranian national team alongside Carlos Queiroz and goalkeeping coach Dan Gaspar. On June 18, 2013, Iran qualified for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, before qualifying for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup months later. On March 26, 2014, Namazi became the assistant coach of the United States women's national soccer team. Later in the year, he became the assistant coach to Tab Ramos with the United States men's national under-20 soccer team.In January 2016, Namazi was appointed as the new head coach for the United States men's national under-18 soccer team. He won the 2017 CONCACAF U-20 Championship as assistant coach of the US team with Tab Ramos and Brad Friedel.In May 2018, Namazi became head coach of Persian Gulf Pro League side Zob Ahan with signing a one-year deal. However, he and the club agreed to part ways only six months into the appointment.Namazi then joined the technical staff of the United States U20 national team under manager Tab Ramos. In the beginning of April 2019, Namazi was also hired at the Danish club FC Helsingør. He was responsible for all scouting in North America. On April 22, FC Helsingør sacked their manager, and the club announced that Namazi would take charge as a caretaker for the rest of the season. On June 8, 2019, he agreed to continue as manager for the club for the upcoming season. However, Namazi expressed regret two weeks later and announced that he would not continue with the Danish club and would move back to the United States. | [
"Cleveland Crunch",
"Delaware Wizards",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"United States national futsal team",
"Reading F.C.",
"Hershey Impact",
"North Carolina Fusion U23",
"Ocean City Nor'easters",
"Maryland Bays",
"New York Red Bulls",
"Los Angeles Salsa"
] |
|
Which team did Omid Namazi play for in May 14, 1997? | May 14, 1997 | {
"text": [
"Philadelphia KiXX"
]
} | L2_Q7090174_P54_6 | Omid Namazi plays for North Carolina Fusion U23 from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Omid Namazi plays for Delaware Wizards from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Omid Namazi plays for United States national futsal team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Omid Namazi plays for Maryland Bays from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Omid Namazi plays for Hershey Impact from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
Omid Namazi plays for Reading F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Omid Namazi plays for New York Red Bulls from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Omid Namazi plays for Philadelphia KiXX from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2002.
Omid Namazi plays for Los Angeles Salsa from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Omid Namazi plays for Ocean City Nor'easters from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Omid Namazi plays for Cleveland Crunch from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Omid Namazi plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997. | Omid NamaziOmid Hamid Namazi (; born December 8, 1964) is an American retired soccer defender and current assistant coach of Houston Dynamo in MLS. Namazi played professionally in the American Soccer League, American Professional Soccer League, Major League Soccer, USISL and National Professional Soccer League where he was the 2001 Defender of the Year and he played for United States national futsal team. He is a two-time Coach of the Year in the Major Indoor Soccer League and coached in the Women's United Soccer Association. As assistant coach of Iran, he led the team to qualification to the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2015 AFC Asian Cup.Namazi was born in Provo, Utah, when his father, Mehdi Namazi, was attending Brigham Young University to study for a master's degree. The family returned to Iran where Namazi grew up in Tehran. When he was eighteen, his father moved the family back to the United States after the Iranian Revolution. They settled in Washington, D.C. metro area of Herndon, Virginia. Namazi attended West Virginia University where he played on the men's soccer team from 1984 to 1987. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in exercise philosophy.In 1988, Namazi turned professional with the Washington Diplomats of the American Soccer League. He spent two seasons with the Dips. Namazi played a handful of games with the Hershey Impact of the American Indoor Soccer Association during the 1989–1990 season before being released on January 13, 1990. In 1990, he moved to the Maryland Bays of the American Professional Soccer League. The Bays won the league championships that season. He played the 1991 season in Maryland before moving to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers for the 1992 season. Namazi played for Reading F.C. during the winter of 1992–1993. In April 1993, he signed with the Los Angeles Salsa of the APSL and played two seasons with them. In December 1994, he signed with the Baltimore Spirit of the National Professional Soccer League. In 1995, he was selected as Second Team All Rookie. In April 1995, the Seattle SeaDogs selected Namadi in the Continental Indoor Soccer League draft, but he declined to sign with them. In 1996, he moved outdoors with the Delaware Wizards of the USISL. He played with the MetroStars of Major League Soccer on loan from the Spirit on July 4, 1996. In June 1996, the Philadelphia KiXX selected Namazi in the NPSL expansion draft. In 1997, he was the USISL Defender of the Year with the New Jersey Stallions. In August 1997, he joined the Carolina Dynamo late in the season. In 1998, he played for the Staten Island Vipers. Namazi continued to play for the KiXX until he left four games into the 2002–2003 season. He was the 2001 NPSL Defender of the Year and won the 2002 MISL championship with the KiXX. In 2001, he played four games for the South Jersey Barons of the USISL. In December 2003, the Cleveland Force traded Steve Klein to the KiXX in exchange for the rights to Namazi. He played for the Force until 2005. In 2002 and 2003, Namazi played for the United States national futsal team.In March 1999, the Philadelphia KiXX fired Dave MacWilliams. Namazi, on injured reserve after knee surgery, served as interim head coach. His success led to a permanent contract in July 1999. In 2001, Namazi took the KiXX to the MISL championship series where the team fell to the Milwaukee Wave. In 2002, the KiXX won the championship, defeating the Wave. Four games into the 2002–2003 season, Namazi left the KiXX to become head coach of the San Diego Spirit of Women's United Soccer Association. He took the Spirit to the semifinals of the WUSA playoffs, the only season the Spirit made the playoffs. The WUSA collapsed at the end of the season and Namazi returned to playing for the Cleveland Force in October 2003. In March 2004, the Force named Namazi as interim head coach, making him the permanent head coach a month later. He took the Force to the 2005 MISL championship series, losing to the Milwaukee Wave. The Force collapsed during the off season. On September 21, 2005, Namazi became the head coach of the St. Louis Steamers. He took the Steamers to the championship series where they lost to the Baltimore Spirit. The Steamers folded during the off-season and Namazi moved to California to coach youth soccer for a year. He returned to coaching indoor soccer in September 2007 with the New Jersey Ironmen. On June 3, 2010, Namazi was named head coach of the Chicago Red Stars in the Women's Professional Soccer, replacing Emma Hayes.In December 2010, Namazi was named as an assistant coach to the Iran Pro League club Steel Azin F.C.. On April 28, 2011, he became assistant coach of the Iranian national team alongside Carlos Queiroz and goalkeeping coach Dan Gaspar. On June 18, 2013, Iran qualified for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, before qualifying for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup months later. On March 26, 2014, Namazi became the assistant coach of the United States women's national soccer team. Later in the year, he became the assistant coach to Tab Ramos with the United States men's national under-20 soccer team.In January 2016, Namazi was appointed as the new head coach for the United States men's national under-18 soccer team. He won the 2017 CONCACAF U-20 Championship as assistant coach of the US team with Tab Ramos and Brad Friedel.In May 2018, Namazi became head coach of Persian Gulf Pro League side Zob Ahan with signing a one-year deal. However, he and the club agreed to part ways only six months into the appointment.Namazi then joined the technical staff of the United States U20 national team under manager Tab Ramos. In the beginning of April 2019, Namazi was also hired at the Danish club FC Helsingør. He was responsible for all scouting in North America. On April 22, FC Helsingør sacked their manager, and the club announced that Namazi would take charge as a caretaker for the rest of the season. On June 8, 2019, he agreed to continue as manager for the club for the upcoming season. However, Namazi expressed regret two weeks later and announced that he would not continue with the Danish club and would move back to the United States. | [
"Cleveland Crunch",
"Delaware Wizards",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"United States national futsal team",
"Reading F.C.",
"Hershey Impact",
"North Carolina Fusion U23",
"Ocean City Nor'easters",
"Maryland Bays",
"New York Red Bulls",
"Los Angeles Salsa"
] |
|
Which team did Omid Namazi play for in 05/14/1997? | May 14, 1997 | {
"text": [
"Philadelphia KiXX"
]
} | L2_Q7090174_P54_6 | Omid Namazi plays for North Carolina Fusion U23 from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Omid Namazi plays for Delaware Wizards from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Omid Namazi plays for United States national futsal team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Omid Namazi plays for Maryland Bays from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Omid Namazi plays for Hershey Impact from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
Omid Namazi plays for Reading F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Omid Namazi plays for New York Red Bulls from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Omid Namazi plays for Philadelphia KiXX from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2002.
Omid Namazi plays for Los Angeles Salsa from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Omid Namazi plays for Ocean City Nor'easters from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Omid Namazi plays for Cleveland Crunch from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Omid Namazi plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997. | Omid NamaziOmid Hamid Namazi (; born December 8, 1964) is an American retired soccer defender and current assistant coach of Houston Dynamo in MLS. Namazi played professionally in the American Soccer League, American Professional Soccer League, Major League Soccer, USISL and National Professional Soccer League where he was the 2001 Defender of the Year and he played for United States national futsal team. He is a two-time Coach of the Year in the Major Indoor Soccer League and coached in the Women's United Soccer Association. As assistant coach of Iran, he led the team to qualification to the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2015 AFC Asian Cup.Namazi was born in Provo, Utah, when his father, Mehdi Namazi, was attending Brigham Young University to study for a master's degree. The family returned to Iran where Namazi grew up in Tehran. When he was eighteen, his father moved the family back to the United States after the Iranian Revolution. They settled in Washington, D.C. metro area of Herndon, Virginia. Namazi attended West Virginia University where he played on the men's soccer team from 1984 to 1987. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in exercise philosophy.In 1988, Namazi turned professional with the Washington Diplomats of the American Soccer League. He spent two seasons with the Dips. Namazi played a handful of games with the Hershey Impact of the American Indoor Soccer Association during the 1989–1990 season before being released on January 13, 1990. In 1990, he moved to the Maryland Bays of the American Professional Soccer League. The Bays won the league championships that season. He played the 1991 season in Maryland before moving to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers for the 1992 season. Namazi played for Reading F.C. during the winter of 1992–1993. In April 1993, he signed with the Los Angeles Salsa of the APSL and played two seasons with them. In December 1994, he signed with the Baltimore Spirit of the National Professional Soccer League. In 1995, he was selected as Second Team All Rookie. In April 1995, the Seattle SeaDogs selected Namadi in the Continental Indoor Soccer League draft, but he declined to sign with them. In 1996, he moved outdoors with the Delaware Wizards of the USISL. He played with the MetroStars of Major League Soccer on loan from the Spirit on July 4, 1996. In June 1996, the Philadelphia KiXX selected Namazi in the NPSL expansion draft. In 1997, he was the USISL Defender of the Year with the New Jersey Stallions. In August 1997, he joined the Carolina Dynamo late in the season. In 1998, he played for the Staten Island Vipers. Namazi continued to play for the KiXX until he left four games into the 2002–2003 season. He was the 2001 NPSL Defender of the Year and won the 2002 MISL championship with the KiXX. In 2001, he played four games for the South Jersey Barons of the USISL. In December 2003, the Cleveland Force traded Steve Klein to the KiXX in exchange for the rights to Namazi. He played for the Force until 2005. In 2002 and 2003, Namazi played for the United States national futsal team.In March 1999, the Philadelphia KiXX fired Dave MacWilliams. Namazi, on injured reserve after knee surgery, served as interim head coach. His success led to a permanent contract in July 1999. In 2001, Namazi took the KiXX to the MISL championship series where the team fell to the Milwaukee Wave. In 2002, the KiXX won the championship, defeating the Wave. Four games into the 2002–2003 season, Namazi left the KiXX to become head coach of the San Diego Spirit of Women's United Soccer Association. He took the Spirit to the semifinals of the WUSA playoffs, the only season the Spirit made the playoffs. The WUSA collapsed at the end of the season and Namazi returned to playing for the Cleveland Force in October 2003. In March 2004, the Force named Namazi as interim head coach, making him the permanent head coach a month later. He took the Force to the 2005 MISL championship series, losing to the Milwaukee Wave. The Force collapsed during the off season. On September 21, 2005, Namazi became the head coach of the St. Louis Steamers. He took the Steamers to the championship series where they lost to the Baltimore Spirit. The Steamers folded during the off-season and Namazi moved to California to coach youth soccer for a year. He returned to coaching indoor soccer in September 2007 with the New Jersey Ironmen. On June 3, 2010, Namazi was named head coach of the Chicago Red Stars in the Women's Professional Soccer, replacing Emma Hayes.In December 2010, Namazi was named as an assistant coach to the Iran Pro League club Steel Azin F.C.. On April 28, 2011, he became assistant coach of the Iranian national team alongside Carlos Queiroz and goalkeeping coach Dan Gaspar. On June 18, 2013, Iran qualified for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, before qualifying for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup months later. On March 26, 2014, Namazi became the assistant coach of the United States women's national soccer team. Later in the year, he became the assistant coach to Tab Ramos with the United States men's national under-20 soccer team.In January 2016, Namazi was appointed as the new head coach for the United States men's national under-18 soccer team. He won the 2017 CONCACAF U-20 Championship as assistant coach of the US team with Tab Ramos and Brad Friedel.In May 2018, Namazi became head coach of Persian Gulf Pro League side Zob Ahan with signing a one-year deal. However, he and the club agreed to part ways only six months into the appointment.Namazi then joined the technical staff of the United States U20 national team under manager Tab Ramos. In the beginning of April 2019, Namazi was also hired at the Danish club FC Helsingør. He was responsible for all scouting in North America. On April 22, FC Helsingør sacked their manager, and the club announced that Namazi would take charge as a caretaker for the rest of the season. On June 8, 2019, he agreed to continue as manager for the club for the upcoming season. However, Namazi expressed regret two weeks later and announced that he would not continue with the Danish club and would move back to the United States. | [
"Cleveland Crunch",
"Delaware Wizards",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"United States national futsal team",
"Reading F.C.",
"Hershey Impact",
"North Carolina Fusion U23",
"Ocean City Nor'easters",
"Maryland Bays",
"New York Red Bulls",
"Los Angeles Salsa"
] |
|
Which team did Omid Namazi play for in 14-May-199714-May-1997? | May 14, 1997 | {
"text": [
"Philadelphia KiXX"
]
} | L2_Q7090174_P54_6 | Omid Namazi plays for North Carolina Fusion U23 from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Omid Namazi plays for Delaware Wizards from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Omid Namazi plays for United States national futsal team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Omid Namazi plays for Maryland Bays from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Omid Namazi plays for Hershey Impact from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
Omid Namazi plays for Reading F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Omid Namazi plays for New York Red Bulls from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Omid Namazi plays for Philadelphia KiXX from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2002.
Omid Namazi plays for Los Angeles Salsa from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Omid Namazi plays for Ocean City Nor'easters from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Omid Namazi plays for Cleveland Crunch from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Omid Namazi plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997. | Omid NamaziOmid Hamid Namazi (; born December 8, 1964) is an American retired soccer defender and current assistant coach of Houston Dynamo in MLS. Namazi played professionally in the American Soccer League, American Professional Soccer League, Major League Soccer, USISL and National Professional Soccer League where he was the 2001 Defender of the Year and he played for United States national futsal team. He is a two-time Coach of the Year in the Major Indoor Soccer League and coached in the Women's United Soccer Association. As assistant coach of Iran, he led the team to qualification to the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2015 AFC Asian Cup.Namazi was born in Provo, Utah, when his father, Mehdi Namazi, was attending Brigham Young University to study for a master's degree. The family returned to Iran where Namazi grew up in Tehran. When he was eighteen, his father moved the family back to the United States after the Iranian Revolution. They settled in Washington, D.C. metro area of Herndon, Virginia. Namazi attended West Virginia University where he played on the men's soccer team from 1984 to 1987. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in exercise philosophy.In 1988, Namazi turned professional with the Washington Diplomats of the American Soccer League. He spent two seasons with the Dips. Namazi played a handful of games with the Hershey Impact of the American Indoor Soccer Association during the 1989–1990 season before being released on January 13, 1990. In 1990, he moved to the Maryland Bays of the American Professional Soccer League. The Bays won the league championships that season. He played the 1991 season in Maryland before moving to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers for the 1992 season. Namazi played for Reading F.C. during the winter of 1992–1993. In April 1993, he signed with the Los Angeles Salsa of the APSL and played two seasons with them. In December 1994, he signed with the Baltimore Spirit of the National Professional Soccer League. In 1995, he was selected as Second Team All Rookie. In April 1995, the Seattle SeaDogs selected Namadi in the Continental Indoor Soccer League draft, but he declined to sign with them. In 1996, he moved outdoors with the Delaware Wizards of the USISL. He played with the MetroStars of Major League Soccer on loan from the Spirit on July 4, 1996. In June 1996, the Philadelphia KiXX selected Namazi in the NPSL expansion draft. In 1997, he was the USISL Defender of the Year with the New Jersey Stallions. In August 1997, he joined the Carolina Dynamo late in the season. In 1998, he played for the Staten Island Vipers. Namazi continued to play for the KiXX until he left four games into the 2002–2003 season. He was the 2001 NPSL Defender of the Year and won the 2002 MISL championship with the KiXX. In 2001, he played four games for the South Jersey Barons of the USISL. In December 2003, the Cleveland Force traded Steve Klein to the KiXX in exchange for the rights to Namazi. He played for the Force until 2005. In 2002 and 2003, Namazi played for the United States national futsal team.In March 1999, the Philadelphia KiXX fired Dave MacWilliams. Namazi, on injured reserve after knee surgery, served as interim head coach. His success led to a permanent contract in July 1999. In 2001, Namazi took the KiXX to the MISL championship series where the team fell to the Milwaukee Wave. In 2002, the KiXX won the championship, defeating the Wave. Four games into the 2002–2003 season, Namazi left the KiXX to become head coach of the San Diego Spirit of Women's United Soccer Association. He took the Spirit to the semifinals of the WUSA playoffs, the only season the Spirit made the playoffs. The WUSA collapsed at the end of the season and Namazi returned to playing for the Cleveland Force in October 2003. In March 2004, the Force named Namazi as interim head coach, making him the permanent head coach a month later. He took the Force to the 2005 MISL championship series, losing to the Milwaukee Wave. The Force collapsed during the off season. On September 21, 2005, Namazi became the head coach of the St. Louis Steamers. He took the Steamers to the championship series where they lost to the Baltimore Spirit. The Steamers folded during the off-season and Namazi moved to California to coach youth soccer for a year. He returned to coaching indoor soccer in September 2007 with the New Jersey Ironmen. On June 3, 2010, Namazi was named head coach of the Chicago Red Stars in the Women's Professional Soccer, replacing Emma Hayes.In December 2010, Namazi was named as an assistant coach to the Iran Pro League club Steel Azin F.C.. On April 28, 2011, he became assistant coach of the Iranian national team alongside Carlos Queiroz and goalkeeping coach Dan Gaspar. On June 18, 2013, Iran qualified for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, before qualifying for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup months later. On March 26, 2014, Namazi became the assistant coach of the United States women's national soccer team. Later in the year, he became the assistant coach to Tab Ramos with the United States men's national under-20 soccer team.In January 2016, Namazi was appointed as the new head coach for the United States men's national under-18 soccer team. He won the 2017 CONCACAF U-20 Championship as assistant coach of the US team with Tab Ramos and Brad Friedel.In May 2018, Namazi became head coach of Persian Gulf Pro League side Zob Ahan with signing a one-year deal. However, he and the club agreed to part ways only six months into the appointment.Namazi then joined the technical staff of the United States U20 national team under manager Tab Ramos. In the beginning of April 2019, Namazi was also hired at the Danish club FC Helsingør. He was responsible for all scouting in North America. On April 22, FC Helsingør sacked their manager, and the club announced that Namazi would take charge as a caretaker for the rest of the season. On June 8, 2019, he agreed to continue as manager for the club for the upcoming season. However, Namazi expressed regret two weeks later and announced that he would not continue with the Danish club and would move back to the United States. | [
"Cleveland Crunch",
"Delaware Wizards",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"United States national futsal team",
"Reading F.C.",
"Hershey Impact",
"North Carolina Fusion U23",
"Ocean City Nor'easters",
"Maryland Bays",
"New York Red Bulls",
"Los Angeles Salsa"
] |
|
Which position did Peter Aldous hold in Mar, 2017? | March 16, 2017 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q258963_P39_1 | Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2015 to May, 2017.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 58th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015. | Peter AldousPeter James Guy Aldous (born 26 August 1961) is a British Conservative Party politician. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Waveney constituency in Suffolk since the 2010 general election.Peter Aldous was born in Ipswich, Suffolk. He has lived in the north of the county for most of his life. His family own farms near Ipswich and the market town of Halesworth. He was educated at Harrow School and graduated from the University of Reading with a degree in Land Management in 1982.Before his election Aldous was as a chartered surveyor in Norwich. He is a keen squash player. He supports Ipswich Town F.C..Aldous was elected as a councillor to Waveney District Council in 1999, serving until 2002. He was a member of Suffolk County Council between 2001 and 2005 and was Deputy Leader of the Conservative Group from 2002 until 2005.Aldous was selected to contest the 2005 general election as the Conservative Party candidate for Waveney but lost to the sitting Labour Party Member of Parliament Bob Blizzard by a majority of 5,915. He contested the seat again at the 2010 general election, this time obtaining 40.2% of the overall vote and generating a 6.8% combined swing from Labour to Conservative, enough to win the seat by a majority of 769.Aldous was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum.Aldous has been a critic of his party over the implementation of Universal Credit and has called for the abolition of the five-week wait for payments. | [
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 58th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Peter Aldous hold in 2017-03-16? | March 16, 2017 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q258963_P39_1 | Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2015 to May, 2017.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 58th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015. | Peter AldousPeter James Guy Aldous (born 26 August 1961) is a British Conservative Party politician. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Waveney constituency in Suffolk since the 2010 general election.Peter Aldous was born in Ipswich, Suffolk. He has lived in the north of the county for most of his life. His family own farms near Ipswich and the market town of Halesworth. He was educated at Harrow School and graduated from the University of Reading with a degree in Land Management in 1982.Before his election Aldous was as a chartered surveyor in Norwich. He is a keen squash player. He supports Ipswich Town F.C..Aldous was elected as a councillor to Waveney District Council in 1999, serving until 2002. He was a member of Suffolk County Council between 2001 and 2005 and was Deputy Leader of the Conservative Group from 2002 until 2005.Aldous was selected to contest the 2005 general election as the Conservative Party candidate for Waveney but lost to the sitting Labour Party Member of Parliament Bob Blizzard by a majority of 5,915. He contested the seat again at the 2010 general election, this time obtaining 40.2% of the overall vote and generating a 6.8% combined swing from Labour to Conservative, enough to win the seat by a majority of 769.Aldous was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum.Aldous has been a critic of his party over the implementation of Universal Credit and has called for the abolition of the five-week wait for payments. | [
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 58th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Peter Aldous hold in 16/03/2017? | March 16, 2017 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q258963_P39_1 | Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2015 to May, 2017.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 58th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015. | Peter AldousPeter James Guy Aldous (born 26 August 1961) is a British Conservative Party politician. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Waveney constituency in Suffolk since the 2010 general election.Peter Aldous was born in Ipswich, Suffolk. He has lived in the north of the county for most of his life. His family own farms near Ipswich and the market town of Halesworth. He was educated at Harrow School and graduated from the University of Reading with a degree in Land Management in 1982.Before his election Aldous was as a chartered surveyor in Norwich. He is a keen squash player. He supports Ipswich Town F.C..Aldous was elected as a councillor to Waveney District Council in 1999, serving until 2002. He was a member of Suffolk County Council between 2001 and 2005 and was Deputy Leader of the Conservative Group from 2002 until 2005.Aldous was selected to contest the 2005 general election as the Conservative Party candidate for Waveney but lost to the sitting Labour Party Member of Parliament Bob Blizzard by a majority of 5,915. He contested the seat again at the 2010 general election, this time obtaining 40.2% of the overall vote and generating a 6.8% combined swing from Labour to Conservative, enough to win the seat by a majority of 769.Aldous was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum.Aldous has been a critic of his party over the implementation of Universal Credit and has called for the abolition of the five-week wait for payments. | [
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 58th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Peter Aldous hold in Mar 16, 2017? | March 16, 2017 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q258963_P39_1 | Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2015 to May, 2017.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 58th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015. | Peter AldousPeter James Guy Aldous (born 26 August 1961) is a British Conservative Party politician. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Waveney constituency in Suffolk since the 2010 general election.Peter Aldous was born in Ipswich, Suffolk. He has lived in the north of the county for most of his life. His family own farms near Ipswich and the market town of Halesworth. He was educated at Harrow School and graduated from the University of Reading with a degree in Land Management in 1982.Before his election Aldous was as a chartered surveyor in Norwich. He is a keen squash player. He supports Ipswich Town F.C..Aldous was elected as a councillor to Waveney District Council in 1999, serving until 2002. He was a member of Suffolk County Council between 2001 and 2005 and was Deputy Leader of the Conservative Group from 2002 until 2005.Aldous was selected to contest the 2005 general election as the Conservative Party candidate for Waveney but lost to the sitting Labour Party Member of Parliament Bob Blizzard by a majority of 5,915. He contested the seat again at the 2010 general election, this time obtaining 40.2% of the overall vote and generating a 6.8% combined swing from Labour to Conservative, enough to win the seat by a majority of 769.Aldous was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum.Aldous has been a critic of his party over the implementation of Universal Credit and has called for the abolition of the five-week wait for payments. | [
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 58th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Peter Aldous hold in 03/16/2017? | March 16, 2017 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q258963_P39_1 | Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2015 to May, 2017.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 58th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015. | Peter AldousPeter James Guy Aldous (born 26 August 1961) is a British Conservative Party politician. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Waveney constituency in Suffolk since the 2010 general election.Peter Aldous was born in Ipswich, Suffolk. He has lived in the north of the county for most of his life. His family own farms near Ipswich and the market town of Halesworth. He was educated at Harrow School and graduated from the University of Reading with a degree in Land Management in 1982.Before his election Aldous was as a chartered surveyor in Norwich. He is a keen squash player. He supports Ipswich Town F.C..Aldous was elected as a councillor to Waveney District Council in 1999, serving until 2002. He was a member of Suffolk County Council between 2001 and 2005 and was Deputy Leader of the Conservative Group from 2002 until 2005.Aldous was selected to contest the 2005 general election as the Conservative Party candidate for Waveney but lost to the sitting Labour Party Member of Parliament Bob Blizzard by a majority of 5,915. He contested the seat again at the 2010 general election, this time obtaining 40.2% of the overall vote and generating a 6.8% combined swing from Labour to Conservative, enough to win the seat by a majority of 769.Aldous was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum.Aldous has been a critic of his party over the implementation of Universal Credit and has called for the abolition of the five-week wait for payments. | [
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 58th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Peter Aldous hold in 16-Mar-201716-March-2017? | March 16, 2017 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q258963_P39_1 | Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2015 to May, 2017.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 58th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
Peter Aldous holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015. | Peter AldousPeter James Guy Aldous (born 26 August 1961) is a British Conservative Party politician. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Waveney constituency in Suffolk since the 2010 general election.Peter Aldous was born in Ipswich, Suffolk. He has lived in the north of the county for most of his life. His family own farms near Ipswich and the market town of Halesworth. He was educated at Harrow School and graduated from the University of Reading with a degree in Land Management in 1982.Before his election Aldous was as a chartered surveyor in Norwich. He is a keen squash player. He supports Ipswich Town F.C..Aldous was elected as a councillor to Waveney District Council in 1999, serving until 2002. He was a member of Suffolk County Council between 2001 and 2005 and was Deputy Leader of the Conservative Group from 2002 until 2005.Aldous was selected to contest the 2005 general election as the Conservative Party candidate for Waveney but lost to the sitting Labour Party Member of Parliament Bob Blizzard by a majority of 5,915. He contested the seat again at the 2010 general election, this time obtaining 40.2% of the overall vote and generating a 6.8% combined swing from Labour to Conservative, enough to win the seat by a majority of 769.Aldous was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum.Aldous has been a critic of his party over the implementation of Universal Credit and has called for the abolition of the five-week wait for payments. | [
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 58th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which team did Onur Kıvrak play for in Oct, 2013? | October 24, 2013 | {
"text": [
"Turkey national association football team",
"Trabzonspor"
]
} | L2_Q1372826_P54_6 | Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national association football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Trabzonspor from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Karşıyaka S.K. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. | Onur KıvrakOnur Recep Kıvrak (born 1 January 1988) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played for Trabzonspor before his announcement of retirement from professional football in January 2019.Although he does not necessarily claim, he is known in Turkish football environment as "Kelebek" ().Kıvrak signed for Trabzonspor on 15 January 2008. On 6 December 2013, Kıvrak renewed his contract on 2.5€m annual salary, keeping him at the club until the end of 2017–18 season.On 2 October 2014, during Europa League match against Legia Warsaw Kıvrak tore cruciate ligaments in his left knee and was subbed off. 15 days after the injury, Kıvrak underwent knee surgery and was ruled out for the rest of 2014–15 season. He could return to trainings on 8 May 2015.Contract between Trabzonspor and Kıvrak was mutually terminated on 7 January 2019. Kıvrak announced to local media in Trabzon that he will retire from professional football on 9 January 2019. He mentioned that he will move to Izmir and that he will never return to Trabzon, in an interview to local newspaper. He was linked with local Izmir clubs Altay S.K. and Karşıyaka S.K. during 2019 winter transfer window.Onur made his debut in the 2–0 friendly win against Northern Ireland on 26 May 2010, having worked his way through the youth teams at U-16, U-17, U-18, U-19, and U-21 level.He is part of the Turkish national team for Euro 2016. | [
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Turkey national under-18 football team",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Karşıyaka S.K.",
"Turkey national under-19 football team"
] |
|
Which team did Onur Kıvrak play for in 2013-10-24? | October 24, 2013 | {
"text": [
"Turkey national association football team",
"Trabzonspor"
]
} | L2_Q1372826_P54_6 | Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national association football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Trabzonspor from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Karşıyaka S.K. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. | Onur KıvrakOnur Recep Kıvrak (born 1 January 1988) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played for Trabzonspor before his announcement of retirement from professional football in January 2019.Although he does not necessarily claim, he is known in Turkish football environment as "Kelebek" ().Kıvrak signed for Trabzonspor on 15 January 2008. On 6 December 2013, Kıvrak renewed his contract on 2.5€m annual salary, keeping him at the club until the end of 2017–18 season.On 2 October 2014, during Europa League match against Legia Warsaw Kıvrak tore cruciate ligaments in his left knee and was subbed off. 15 days after the injury, Kıvrak underwent knee surgery and was ruled out for the rest of 2014–15 season. He could return to trainings on 8 May 2015.Contract between Trabzonspor and Kıvrak was mutually terminated on 7 January 2019. Kıvrak announced to local media in Trabzon that he will retire from professional football on 9 January 2019. He mentioned that he will move to Izmir and that he will never return to Trabzon, in an interview to local newspaper. He was linked with local Izmir clubs Altay S.K. and Karşıyaka S.K. during 2019 winter transfer window.Onur made his debut in the 2–0 friendly win against Northern Ireland on 26 May 2010, having worked his way through the youth teams at U-16, U-17, U-18, U-19, and U-21 level.He is part of the Turkish national team for Euro 2016. | [
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Turkey national under-18 football team",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Karşıyaka S.K.",
"Turkey national under-19 football team"
] |
|
Which team did Onur Kıvrak play for in 24/10/2013? | October 24, 2013 | {
"text": [
"Turkey national association football team",
"Trabzonspor"
]
} | L2_Q1372826_P54_6 | Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national association football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Trabzonspor from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Karşıyaka S.K. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. | Onur KıvrakOnur Recep Kıvrak (born 1 January 1988) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played for Trabzonspor before his announcement of retirement from professional football in January 2019.Although he does not necessarily claim, he is known in Turkish football environment as "Kelebek" ().Kıvrak signed for Trabzonspor on 15 January 2008. On 6 December 2013, Kıvrak renewed his contract on 2.5€m annual salary, keeping him at the club until the end of 2017–18 season.On 2 October 2014, during Europa League match against Legia Warsaw Kıvrak tore cruciate ligaments in his left knee and was subbed off. 15 days after the injury, Kıvrak underwent knee surgery and was ruled out for the rest of 2014–15 season. He could return to trainings on 8 May 2015.Contract between Trabzonspor and Kıvrak was mutually terminated on 7 January 2019. Kıvrak announced to local media in Trabzon that he will retire from professional football on 9 January 2019. He mentioned that he will move to Izmir and that he will never return to Trabzon, in an interview to local newspaper. He was linked with local Izmir clubs Altay S.K. and Karşıyaka S.K. during 2019 winter transfer window.Onur made his debut in the 2–0 friendly win against Northern Ireland on 26 May 2010, having worked his way through the youth teams at U-16, U-17, U-18, U-19, and U-21 level.He is part of the Turkish national team for Euro 2016. | [
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Turkey national under-18 football team",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Karşıyaka S.K.",
"Turkey national under-19 football team"
] |
|
Which team did Onur Kıvrak play for in Oct 24, 2013? | October 24, 2013 | {
"text": [
"Turkey national association football team",
"Trabzonspor"
]
} | L2_Q1372826_P54_6 | Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national association football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Trabzonspor from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Karşıyaka S.K. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. | Onur KıvrakOnur Recep Kıvrak (born 1 January 1988) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played for Trabzonspor before his announcement of retirement from professional football in January 2019.Although he does not necessarily claim, he is known in Turkish football environment as "Kelebek" ().Kıvrak signed for Trabzonspor on 15 January 2008. On 6 December 2013, Kıvrak renewed his contract on 2.5€m annual salary, keeping him at the club until the end of 2017–18 season.On 2 October 2014, during Europa League match against Legia Warsaw Kıvrak tore cruciate ligaments in his left knee and was subbed off. 15 days after the injury, Kıvrak underwent knee surgery and was ruled out for the rest of 2014–15 season. He could return to trainings on 8 May 2015.Contract between Trabzonspor and Kıvrak was mutually terminated on 7 January 2019. Kıvrak announced to local media in Trabzon that he will retire from professional football on 9 January 2019. He mentioned that he will move to Izmir and that he will never return to Trabzon, in an interview to local newspaper. He was linked with local Izmir clubs Altay S.K. and Karşıyaka S.K. during 2019 winter transfer window.Onur made his debut in the 2–0 friendly win against Northern Ireland on 26 May 2010, having worked his way through the youth teams at U-16, U-17, U-18, U-19, and U-21 level.He is part of the Turkish national team for Euro 2016. | [
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Turkey national under-18 football team",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Karşıyaka S.K.",
"Turkey national under-19 football team"
] |
|
Which team did Onur Kıvrak play for in 10/24/2013? | October 24, 2013 | {
"text": [
"Turkey national association football team",
"Trabzonspor"
]
} | L2_Q1372826_P54_6 | Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national association football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Trabzonspor from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Karşıyaka S.K. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. | Onur KıvrakOnur Recep Kıvrak (born 1 January 1988) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played for Trabzonspor before his announcement of retirement from professional football in January 2019.Although he does not necessarily claim, he is known in Turkish football environment as "Kelebek" ().Kıvrak signed for Trabzonspor on 15 January 2008. On 6 December 2013, Kıvrak renewed his contract on 2.5€m annual salary, keeping him at the club until the end of 2017–18 season.On 2 October 2014, during Europa League match against Legia Warsaw Kıvrak tore cruciate ligaments in his left knee and was subbed off. 15 days after the injury, Kıvrak underwent knee surgery and was ruled out for the rest of 2014–15 season. He could return to trainings on 8 May 2015.Contract between Trabzonspor and Kıvrak was mutually terminated on 7 January 2019. Kıvrak announced to local media in Trabzon that he will retire from professional football on 9 January 2019. He mentioned that he will move to Izmir and that he will never return to Trabzon, in an interview to local newspaper. He was linked with local Izmir clubs Altay S.K. and Karşıyaka S.K. during 2019 winter transfer window.Onur made his debut in the 2–0 friendly win against Northern Ireland on 26 May 2010, having worked his way through the youth teams at U-16, U-17, U-18, U-19, and U-21 level.He is part of the Turkish national team for Euro 2016. | [
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Turkey national under-18 football team",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Karşıyaka S.K.",
"Turkey national under-19 football team"
] |
|
Which team did Onur Kıvrak play for in 24-Oct-201324-October-2013? | October 24, 2013 | {
"text": [
"Turkey national association football team",
"Trabzonspor"
]
} | L2_Q1372826_P54_6 | Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national association football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Trabzonspor from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Onur Kıvrak plays for Karşıyaka S.K. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. | Onur KıvrakOnur Recep Kıvrak (born 1 January 1988) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played for Trabzonspor before his announcement of retirement from professional football in January 2019.Although he does not necessarily claim, he is known in Turkish football environment as "Kelebek" ().Kıvrak signed for Trabzonspor on 15 January 2008. On 6 December 2013, Kıvrak renewed his contract on 2.5€m annual salary, keeping him at the club until the end of 2017–18 season.On 2 October 2014, during Europa League match against Legia Warsaw Kıvrak tore cruciate ligaments in his left knee and was subbed off. 15 days after the injury, Kıvrak underwent knee surgery and was ruled out for the rest of 2014–15 season. He could return to trainings on 8 May 2015.Contract between Trabzonspor and Kıvrak was mutually terminated on 7 January 2019. Kıvrak announced to local media in Trabzon that he will retire from professional football on 9 January 2019. He mentioned that he will move to Izmir and that he will never return to Trabzon, in an interview to local newspaper. He was linked with local Izmir clubs Altay S.K. and Karşıyaka S.K. during 2019 winter transfer window.Onur made his debut in the 2–0 friendly win against Northern Ireland on 26 May 2010, having worked his way through the youth teams at U-16, U-17, U-18, U-19, and U-21 level.He is part of the Turkish national team for Euro 2016. | [
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Turkey national under-18 football team",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Karşıyaka S.K.",
"Turkey national under-19 football team"
] |
|
Which team did Peter Risi play for in Aug, 1972? | August 27, 1972 | {
"text": [
"FC Winterthur"
]
} | L2_Q429432_P54_1 | Peter Risi plays for FC Zürich from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Peter Risi plays for Swiss national football team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1977.
Peter Risi plays for FC Luzern from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1984.
Peter Risi plays for SC Buochs from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1987.
Peter Risi plays for FC Winterthur from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Peter Risi plays for FC La Chaux-de-Fonds from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1972. | Peter RisiPeter Risi (16 May 1950 – 11 December 2010) was a Swiss footballer who played at both professional and international levels as a striker.Born in Buochs, Risi played club football for FC Winterthur, FC Zürich and FC Luzern, and was top scorer of the Nationalliga A in 1976, 1979, and 1981.Risi also earned fifteen caps for Switzerland between 1974 and 1977.Risi died on 11 December 2010 following an illness. | [
"Swiss national football team",
"FC Zürich",
"FC Luzern",
"FC La Chaux-de-Fonds",
"SC Buochs"
] |
|
Which team did Peter Risi play for in 1972-08-27? | August 27, 1972 | {
"text": [
"FC Winterthur"
]
} | L2_Q429432_P54_1 | Peter Risi plays for FC Zürich from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Peter Risi plays for Swiss national football team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1977.
Peter Risi plays for FC Luzern from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1984.
Peter Risi plays for SC Buochs from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1987.
Peter Risi plays for FC Winterthur from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Peter Risi plays for FC La Chaux-de-Fonds from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1972. | Peter RisiPeter Risi (16 May 1950 – 11 December 2010) was a Swiss footballer who played at both professional and international levels as a striker.Born in Buochs, Risi played club football for FC Winterthur, FC Zürich and FC Luzern, and was top scorer of the Nationalliga A in 1976, 1979, and 1981.Risi also earned fifteen caps for Switzerland between 1974 and 1977.Risi died on 11 December 2010 following an illness. | [
"Swiss national football team",
"FC Zürich",
"FC Luzern",
"FC La Chaux-de-Fonds",
"SC Buochs"
] |
|
Which team did Peter Risi play for in 27/08/1972? | August 27, 1972 | {
"text": [
"FC Winterthur"
]
} | L2_Q429432_P54_1 | Peter Risi plays for FC Zürich from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Peter Risi plays for Swiss national football team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1977.
Peter Risi plays for FC Luzern from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1984.
Peter Risi plays for SC Buochs from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1987.
Peter Risi plays for FC Winterthur from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Peter Risi plays for FC La Chaux-de-Fonds from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1972. | Peter RisiPeter Risi (16 May 1950 – 11 December 2010) was a Swiss footballer who played at both professional and international levels as a striker.Born in Buochs, Risi played club football for FC Winterthur, FC Zürich and FC Luzern, and was top scorer of the Nationalliga A in 1976, 1979, and 1981.Risi also earned fifteen caps for Switzerland between 1974 and 1977.Risi died on 11 December 2010 following an illness. | [
"Swiss national football team",
"FC Zürich",
"FC Luzern",
"FC La Chaux-de-Fonds",
"SC Buochs"
] |
|
Which team did Peter Risi play for in Aug 27, 1972? | August 27, 1972 | {
"text": [
"FC Winterthur"
]
} | L2_Q429432_P54_1 | Peter Risi plays for FC Zürich from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Peter Risi plays for Swiss national football team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1977.
Peter Risi plays for FC Luzern from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1984.
Peter Risi plays for SC Buochs from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1987.
Peter Risi plays for FC Winterthur from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Peter Risi plays for FC La Chaux-de-Fonds from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1972. | Peter RisiPeter Risi (16 May 1950 – 11 December 2010) was a Swiss footballer who played at both professional and international levels as a striker.Born in Buochs, Risi played club football for FC Winterthur, FC Zürich and FC Luzern, and was top scorer of the Nationalliga A in 1976, 1979, and 1981.Risi also earned fifteen caps for Switzerland between 1974 and 1977.Risi died on 11 December 2010 following an illness. | [
"Swiss national football team",
"FC Zürich",
"FC Luzern",
"FC La Chaux-de-Fonds",
"SC Buochs"
] |
|
Which team did Peter Risi play for in 08/27/1972? | August 27, 1972 | {
"text": [
"FC Winterthur"
]
} | L2_Q429432_P54_1 | Peter Risi plays for FC Zürich from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Peter Risi plays for Swiss national football team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1977.
Peter Risi plays for FC Luzern from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1984.
Peter Risi plays for SC Buochs from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1987.
Peter Risi plays for FC Winterthur from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Peter Risi plays for FC La Chaux-de-Fonds from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1972. | Peter RisiPeter Risi (16 May 1950 – 11 December 2010) was a Swiss footballer who played at both professional and international levels as a striker.Born in Buochs, Risi played club football for FC Winterthur, FC Zürich and FC Luzern, and was top scorer of the Nationalliga A in 1976, 1979, and 1981.Risi also earned fifteen caps for Switzerland between 1974 and 1977.Risi died on 11 December 2010 following an illness. | [
"Swiss national football team",
"FC Zürich",
"FC Luzern",
"FC La Chaux-de-Fonds",
"SC Buochs"
] |
|
Which team did Peter Risi play for in 27-Aug-197227-August-1972? | August 27, 1972 | {
"text": [
"FC Winterthur"
]
} | L2_Q429432_P54_1 | Peter Risi plays for FC Zürich from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Peter Risi plays for Swiss national football team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1977.
Peter Risi plays for FC Luzern from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1984.
Peter Risi plays for SC Buochs from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1987.
Peter Risi plays for FC Winterthur from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Peter Risi plays for FC La Chaux-de-Fonds from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1972. | Peter RisiPeter Risi (16 May 1950 – 11 December 2010) was a Swiss footballer who played at both professional and international levels as a striker.Born in Buochs, Risi played club football for FC Winterthur, FC Zürich and FC Luzern, and was top scorer of the Nationalliga A in 1976, 1979, and 1981.Risi also earned fifteen caps for Switzerland between 1974 and 1977.Risi died on 11 December 2010 following an illness. | [
"Swiss national football team",
"FC Zürich",
"FC Luzern",
"FC La Chaux-de-Fonds",
"SC Buochs"
] |
|
Which employer did Enrique Alfaro Ramírez work for in Jun, 2022? | June 01, 2022 | {
"text": [
"Governor of Jalisco"
]
} | L2_Q24565115_P108_3 | Enrique Alfaro Ramírez works for Congress of Jalisco from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Enrique Alfaro Ramírez works for Governor of Jalisco from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Enrique Alfaro Ramírez works for Municipal President of Guadalajara from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2017.
Enrique Alfaro Ramírez works for Tlajomulco de Zúñiga Municipality from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. | Enrique Alfaro RamírezEnrique Alfaro Ramírez (born June 20, 1973) is a Mexican politician and the Governor of Jalisco. In 2009, he served as mayor of Tlajomulco de Zúñiga. He mounted his gubernatorial campaign in 2012 under the Movimiento Ciudadano (MC) party, but lost to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Alfaro Ramírez decided to run for mayor of Guadalajara that year and won the elections. After serving for three years, he ran for governor again under the MC and was victorious. This victory marked the MC's first gubernatorial win in its history. Within a week of the election results, however, he resigned from the MC and decided to be an independent governor, claiming he was never an active member of the MC.Alfaro Ramírez was born in Guadalajara, Jalisco, on June 20, 1973. He obtained a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the Western Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESO) in 1995 and a master's degree in urban studies from El Colegio de México in 1999. He worked in various capacities in the federal government, focusing on urban development, between 1996 and 2003, and from 2003 to 2006, he was a town councilor in Tlajomulco de Zúñiga.In 2007, Alfaro Ramírez won his first election, serving as a state legislator in Jalisco. Among the highlights of his tenure in the state congress were the creation of Jalisco's Metropolitan Matters Commission (Spanish: "Comisión de Asuntos Metropolitanos") as well as laws reducing public funding for political parties and allowing for the removal of the governor. He was elected mayor of Tlajomulco de Zúñiga in 2009 and served in that capacity for three years.Alfaro Ramírez mounted his first gubernatorial campaign in 2012 as the Movimiento Ciudadano (MC) candidate. He finished in a close second place, four percentage points behind Aristóteles Sandoval of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). After losing the governor's race, Alfaro Ramírez ran for mayor of Guadalajara, again with MC, in 2015. His victory marked the first time that neither the National Action Party (PAN) or PRI had won the mayorship of Guadalajara. He served as mayor from October 1, 2015, to December 17, 2017. During his mayoral term in Guadalajara, he was questioned over a public art project and a pair of land sales. Alfaro Ramírez defended his administration by saying that his actions would lead to improvements in urbanization.In 2018, Alfaro Ramírez ran as the MC gubernatorial candidate for Governor of Jalisco. While MC was in national coalition with the PAN and Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), it ran alone in state races. He won the election with 37.7 percent of the vote on election night, giving MC its first ever outright gubernatorial win. Within a week of the election, he announced he was severing all ties with MC, a party of which he claims to never have been an active member, and that he would serve as an independent governor. He also declared that 2018 was his last election.Jalisco reported about 25% of the Dengue fever cases in the country in 2019 (11,727 cases and 49 deaths) and 2020 (5,362 cases and 20 deaths).Between March 2020 and December 19, 2020, Jalisco reported 130,192 cases of infection and 5,402 deaths related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico.Alfaro Ramírez reported a reduction of 18% in crime between January 2018 and January 2019 and a 22% decrease by January 2020. However, murders increased in 2019 to 2,672, eleventh highest in the country, with 34 homicides for 100,000 people. As of August, there were 1,528 murderers in 2020, an average of 7.9 per day. Two hundred sixty-six women were murdered in 2020; 54 cases were classified as femicides.Five police officers from Casimiro Castillo were arrested for the murder of a young man on August 26, 2020. This was after four police in Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos arrested, tortured, and killed Giovanni López, 30, for not wearing a face mask on May 4 during the pandemic. The release of a video of López′s arrest set off violent protests in Guadalajara.The Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG), one of the most dangerous drug cartels in Mexico, allegedly threatened the life of Governor Enrique Alfaro Ramírez in August and September 2020. CJNG is said to accuse the governor of breaking an agreement he had with them to control drug trafficking in the state, instead turning it over to the Sinaloa Cartel. CJNG is believed to be behind the assassination attempt of Secretary of Public Security, Omar García Harfuch in June 2020.Alfaro Ramírez was married to Lorena Martínez. When he was mayor of Guadalajara, Martínez was president of the National System for Integral Family Development (DIF). She has expressed interest in running for mayor as well. Alfaro Ramírez and Martínez are separated. | [
"Municipal President of Guadalajara",
"Congress of Jalisco",
"Tlajomulco de Zúñiga Municipality"
] |
|
Which employer did Enrique Alfaro Ramírez work for in 2022-06-01? | June 01, 2022 | {
"text": [
"Governor of Jalisco"
]
} | L2_Q24565115_P108_3 | Enrique Alfaro Ramírez works for Congress of Jalisco from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Enrique Alfaro Ramírez works for Governor of Jalisco from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Enrique Alfaro Ramírez works for Municipal President of Guadalajara from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2017.
Enrique Alfaro Ramírez works for Tlajomulco de Zúñiga Municipality from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. | Enrique Alfaro RamírezEnrique Alfaro Ramírez (born June 20, 1973) is a Mexican politician and the Governor of Jalisco. In 2009, he served as mayor of Tlajomulco de Zúñiga. He mounted his gubernatorial campaign in 2012 under the Movimiento Ciudadano (MC) party, but lost to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Alfaro Ramírez decided to run for mayor of Guadalajara that year and won the elections. After serving for three years, he ran for governor again under the MC and was victorious. This victory marked the MC's first gubernatorial win in its history. Within a week of the election results, however, he resigned from the MC and decided to be an independent governor, claiming he was never an active member of the MC.Alfaro Ramírez was born in Guadalajara, Jalisco, on June 20, 1973. He obtained a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the Western Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESO) in 1995 and a master's degree in urban studies from El Colegio de México in 1999. He worked in various capacities in the federal government, focusing on urban development, between 1996 and 2003, and from 2003 to 2006, he was a town councilor in Tlajomulco de Zúñiga.In 2007, Alfaro Ramírez won his first election, serving as a state legislator in Jalisco. Among the highlights of his tenure in the state congress were the creation of Jalisco's Metropolitan Matters Commission (Spanish: "Comisión de Asuntos Metropolitanos") as well as laws reducing public funding for political parties and allowing for the removal of the governor. He was elected mayor of Tlajomulco de Zúñiga in 2009 and served in that capacity for three years.Alfaro Ramírez mounted his first gubernatorial campaign in 2012 as the Movimiento Ciudadano (MC) candidate. He finished in a close second place, four percentage points behind Aristóteles Sandoval of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). After losing the governor's race, Alfaro Ramírez ran for mayor of Guadalajara, again with MC, in 2015. His victory marked the first time that neither the National Action Party (PAN) or PRI had won the mayorship of Guadalajara. He served as mayor from October 1, 2015, to December 17, 2017. During his mayoral term in Guadalajara, he was questioned over a public art project and a pair of land sales. Alfaro Ramírez defended his administration by saying that his actions would lead to improvements in urbanization.In 2018, Alfaro Ramírez ran as the MC gubernatorial candidate for Governor of Jalisco. While MC was in national coalition with the PAN and Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), it ran alone in state races. He won the election with 37.7 percent of the vote on election night, giving MC its first ever outright gubernatorial win. Within a week of the election, he announced he was severing all ties with MC, a party of which he claims to never have been an active member, and that he would serve as an independent governor. He also declared that 2018 was his last election.Jalisco reported about 25% of the Dengue fever cases in the country in 2019 (11,727 cases and 49 deaths) and 2020 (5,362 cases and 20 deaths).Between March 2020 and December 19, 2020, Jalisco reported 130,192 cases of infection and 5,402 deaths related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico.Alfaro Ramírez reported a reduction of 18% in crime between January 2018 and January 2019 and a 22% decrease by January 2020. However, murders increased in 2019 to 2,672, eleventh highest in the country, with 34 homicides for 100,000 people. As of August, there were 1,528 murderers in 2020, an average of 7.9 per day. Two hundred sixty-six women were murdered in 2020; 54 cases were classified as femicides.Five police officers from Casimiro Castillo were arrested for the murder of a young man on August 26, 2020. This was after four police in Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos arrested, tortured, and killed Giovanni López, 30, for not wearing a face mask on May 4 during the pandemic. The release of a video of López′s arrest set off violent protests in Guadalajara.The Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG), one of the most dangerous drug cartels in Mexico, allegedly threatened the life of Governor Enrique Alfaro Ramírez in August and September 2020. CJNG is said to accuse the governor of breaking an agreement he had with them to control drug trafficking in the state, instead turning it over to the Sinaloa Cartel. CJNG is believed to be behind the assassination attempt of Secretary of Public Security, Omar García Harfuch in June 2020.Alfaro Ramírez was married to Lorena Martínez. When he was mayor of Guadalajara, Martínez was president of the National System for Integral Family Development (DIF). She has expressed interest in running for mayor as well. Alfaro Ramírez and Martínez are separated. | [
"Municipal President of Guadalajara",
"Congress of Jalisco",
"Tlajomulco de Zúñiga Municipality"
] |
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