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701
Merwin, Missouri
2000 census
population density was 572.7 people per square mile (228.9/km²). There were 33 housing units at an average density of 227.7 per square mile (91.0/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 87.95% White, and 12.05% from two or more races. There were 32 households out of which 43.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The
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161,208
Q2543454
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18
1,238
Merwin, Missouri
2000 census
average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.14. In the village, the population was spread out with 32.5% under the age of 18, 3.6% from 18 to 24, 34.9% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.7 males. The median income for a household in the village was $23,125, and the median income for a family was $26,250. Males had a median
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1,238
18
1,486
Merwin, Missouri
2000 census
income of $28,750 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $10,038. There were 23.3% of families and 27.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 29.2% of under eighteens and 57.1% of those over 64.
{"datasets_id": 161209, "wiki_id": "Q74773", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 585}
161,209
Q74773
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6
585
Michael Weiße
Career
Michael Weiße Career Weiße was born in Neiße (now Nysa, Poland) and attended the Pfarrgymnasium (pastoral school) there. From 1504, he studied at the University of Cracow and became a Franciscan friar in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) in 1510. He and colleagues Johannes Zeising and Johann Mönch converted to the teaching of Martin Luther, and were expelled from Breslau around 1517. In 1518 they were admitted to the Bohemian Brethren. Weiße was elected as Prediger (preacher) and Vorsteher (leader) of the German community of brethren in Landskron in 1522. The same year he was sent as part of a
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161,209
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Michael Weiße
Career
delegation to Wittenberg, to compare the Brethren's creed with that of Martin Luther. From 1525, Weiße, Zeising and Mönch favoured and promoted the teaching of Ulrich Zwingli, which caused conflict with the bishop of Prague. While Weiße and Mönch submitted to the bishop, Zeising joined the Anabaptists and was burned in Brünn in 1528 on a decree of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I. In 1531, Weiße was ordained as a priest of the Unity of the Brethren on a synod in Brandeis, and at the same time made Vorsteher of the German congregations in Landskron and Fulnek. He died in
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161,209
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Michael Weiße
Career & Works
Landskron in 1534. Works Weiße wrote theological tracts and hymn lyrics, which he partially set to music himself. He published in 1531 the hymnal of the Brethren, Ein New Gesengbuchlein (A new little hymnal), in Jungbunzlau in 1531. The first hymnal of the Brethren in German contained 157 hymns, 137 written or adapted by Weiße, on melodies mostly from the Bohemian tradition of the Brethren. Then the most extensive Protestant hymnal, it influenced other collections. It was the first hymnal structured by topics, eight sections for times of the liturgical year, praise, prayer, teaching ("Leergeseng"), times of the day, children,
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161,209
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608
10
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Michael Weiße
Works
penitence, funeral ("Zum begrebnis d Todte"), last judgement ("Vom jüngsten Tag"), saints ("Von den rechten heiligen") and testament ("Von dem Testament des herren"). One of Weiße's hymns was used in Johann Sebastian Bach's St John Passion. Part II and the third scene, of the court hearing, is opened by the first stanza of a hymn for Passiontide, "Christus, der uns selig macht" (Christ, who hath us blessed made), summarizing what Jesus has to endure although innocent ("made captive, ... falsely indicted, and mocked and scorned and bespat"). The scene of the crucifixion ends with stanza 8 of this hymn, "O hilf,
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161,209
Q74773
10
1,234
10
1,849
Michael Weiße
Works
Christ, Gottes Sohn" (O help, Christ, O Son of God). Seven of the eight stanzas of this hymn are also used in the mid-18th-century pasticcio Passion oratorio Wer ist der, so von Edom kömmt (movements 2, 24, 27, 30, 38, 40 and 42). Mauricio Kagel quoted the hymn, paraphrased to "Bach, der uns selig macht" in his oratorio Sankt-Bach-Passion telling Bach's life, composed for the tricentenary of Bach's birth in 1985. Eight hymns by Weiße are part of the current German Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch (EG), including his Easter hymn "Gelobt sei Gott im höchsten Thron". His hymnal was reprinted
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161,209
Q74773
10
1,849
10
1,974
Michael Weiße
Works
by Konrad Ameln in 1957 as a facsimile, titled Gesangbuch der Böhmischen Brüder 1531 (Hymnal of the Bohemien Brethren 1531).
{"datasets_id": 161210, "wiki_id": "Q6862521", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 62}
161,210
Q6862521
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Min Chen (biologist)
Research & Awards
Min Chen (biologist) Research Her research found that chlorophyll f has an absorption maximum at 706 nm in vitro, which suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis can be extended even further into the infrared region, which may open up associated bioenergy applications. Red-shifted chlorophylls could be used extend light capture in crop plants. Chen is the University of Sydney node leader of Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis. The function of Chlorophyll f in photosynthetic reactions is uncertain and the ecological distribution of chlorophyll f remains unknown. Awards In October 2011, Chen was awarded the Science Minister’s Prize
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161,210
Q6862521
10
62
10
379
Min Chen (biologist)
Awards
for Life Scientist of the Year, for her role in discovering a new form of chlorophyll, called chlorophyll f. In 2013 she was recipient of the Robin Hill Award of the International Society for Photosynthesis Research and in the same year awarded the Peter Goldacre Award by the Australian Society of Plant Scientists.
{"datasets_id": 161211, "wiki_id": "Q431624", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 560}
161,211
Q431624
2
0
6
560
Miria Obote
Background and Education
Miria Obote Background and Education Miria Kalule was born in Kawempe, to Bulasio Kalule, a civil servant who worked with the Department of Road Maintenance in the Ministry of Works and his wife Malita. She attended Gayaza High School and later Makerere University. Miria Obote returned to Uganda from Zambia in October 2005, after 20 years in exile, to bury her husband. Two months later, she was elected as head of the Uganda People's Congress (UPC) and as its presidential candidate for the next election. The UPC was founded by her husband and led by him until his death. She
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161,211
Q431624
6
560
10
156
Miria Obote
Background and Education & Personal Life
garnered 0.6% of the vote in the February 23, 2006 presidential election, which was won by the sitting president, Yoweri Museveni. Personal Life Miria married Milton Obote in November 1963 and they had 4 children between them including Jimmy Akena ,member of Parliament representing Lira Municipality.
{"datasets_id": 161212, "wiki_id": "Q10859129", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 542}
161,212
Q10859129
2
0
4
542
Mirza Shafi Mazandarani
Mirza Shafi Mazandarani Mirza Mohammad Shafi Bandpi'i Mazandarani (Persian: میرزا محمد شفیع بان نقطه دراینچ مازندرانی‎), better simply known as Mirza Shafi Mazandarani (میرزا شفیع مازندرانی), was an Iranian statesman of Mazandarani origin, who served as the grand vizier of the Qajar king (shah) Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1797-1834) from 1801 to 1819. He born in 1744 at Babol, Mazandaran. He was the son of a certain Hajji Mirza Ahmad, and started his career as an bureaucrat at the court of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, who elevated him to the post of minister.
{"datasets_id": 161213, "wiki_id": "Q7993387", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 598}
161,213
Q7993387
2
0
6
598
Morane-Saulnier MS.138
Design and operation
Morane-Saulnier MS.138 Design and operation The MS.138 was the major production version of a family that also included the MS.137 and MS.139. The design was derived from the MS.35, first flown during World War I, modernised to feature a wing that now included slight sweepback, and a redesigned fuselage of rounder cross-section. The basic layout remained the same, being a wire-braced, parasol-wing monoplane with open cockpits in tandem and fixed tailskid undercarriage. Construction was mostly of wood, with the exception of the metal wing spars, and all control surfaces were covered in fabric. Most of the production run went to
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161,213
Q7993387
6
598
6
838
Morane-Saulnier MS.138
Design and operation
the Aéronautique Militaire, with a few others built for the Aéronavale and for military use by Greece and Denmark. Thirty-three others were purchased by civilian operators in France. The type remained in French military service until 1935.
{"datasets_id": 161214, "wiki_id": "Q6930868", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 181}
161,214
Q6930868
2
0
4
181
Mubarak al-Fadil
Mubarak al-Fadil Mubarak al-Fadil led the Umma Reform and Renewal Party, an opposition political party in Sudan, until his arrest in 2007 for allegedly plotting to overthrow the Sudanese government.
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161,215
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My Wife Is a Gangster 3
Plot
My Wife Is a Gangster 3 Plot Korean gangster Han Ki-Chul (Lee Beom-soo) is put in charge by his Big Boss of looking after Lim Aryong (Shu Qi) who comes from Hong Kong. They expect Lim Aryong to be some big male gangster but she turns out to be a woman and acts very cold toward him and his associates. Moreover, none of them speak her language and she doesn't understand Korean. A translator called Yeon-Hee (Hyun Young) arrives. She is immature and very scared of the gangsters so at the beginning, instead of translating Aryong's rather rude answers, she
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161,215
Q563095
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527
6
1,146
My Wife Is a Gangster 3
Plot
changes them to nice ones. Quickly, Aryong shows her fighting skills beating other bosses to save her companions. Ki-Chul and his associates who are rather unskilled, are impressed and become afraid of her while, upon finding that they are actually nice, she's trying to be more friendly. Her efforts are ruined by Yeon-Hee who, taking advantage of Aryoung's aura, 'translates' very threatening sentences. Soon after, they are attacked by professional assassins. They think that they are after Ki-Chul while, in fact, they want to kill Aryong who is the daughter of a boss in Hong Kong and is accused of having
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161,215
Q563095
6
1,146
6
1,700
My Wife Is a Gangster 3
Plot
killed another boss, triggering a gangster war there. They then separate and Aryong and Ki-Chul's car is chased by the assassins but they manage to take refuge in his family. His parents believe that she is his girlfriend and give him a family necklace to give her. The assassins find her again but she overcomes them, especially the woman who really killed the boss. She then goes to meet her mother who is the reason why she chose to hide in Korea, but seeing that she found a new family and is happy, she gives up speaking to her. After that,
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161,215
Q563095
6
1,700
6
2,275
My Wife Is a Gangster 3
Plot
she leaves Korea despite Ki-Chul's confession, even if she accepts the necklace. In Hong Kong, her father (Ti Lung) dies from his injuries caused by an explosion decided by the other boss. Even though Ki-Chul comes to support her, she leaves to take revenge. She then fights the other boss's gangsters with success and eventually she faces the boss. After cheating, he was going to shoot her as Ki-Chul arrives, distracting him. The boss shoots Ki-Chul first, allowing Aryong to come close to him and to kill him. Ki-Chul is not dead but is going to leave Hong Kong. Aryong,
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161,215
Q563095
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2,275
6
2,725
My Wife Is a Gangster 3
Plot
after becoming the new boss, succeeding her father, is advised by her father's right-hand man not to let him leave, as did her father who let her mother leave and then regretted it all his life. She follows the advice, stopping him on his way to the airport with all her gangsters and proposes to Ki-Chul, the right-hand man making the translation (not always a very accurate one, like Yeon-Hee). Ki-Chul accepts it and they embrace on the motorway.
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161,216
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Nannie Helen Burroughs
Early life and education
Nannie Helen Burroughs Early life and education Nannie H. Burroughs born on May 2, 1879, in Orange, Virginia. She is considered to be the eldest of the daughters of John and Jennie Burroughs. Around the time she was five years old, Nannie's youngest sisters died in utero and her father, who was a farmer and Baptist preacher, died a few years later. John and Jennie Burroughs were both former slaves. Nannie's parents had skills and capacities that enabled them to start toward prosperity by the time the war ended and freed them. She had a grandfather known as
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161,216
Q6963837
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Nannie Helen Burroughs
Early life and education
Lija the carpenter, during the slave era, who was capable of buying his way out to freedom. By 1883, Burroughs and her mother relocated to D.C. and stayed with Cordelia Mercer, Nannie Burroughs' aunt and older sister of Jennie Burroughs. In D.C., there were better opportunities for employment and education. Burroughs attended M Street High School. It was here she organized the Harriet Beecher Stowe Literary Society, and studied business and domestic science. There she met her role models Anna J. Cooper and Mary Church Terrell, who were active in the suffrage movement and civil rights. Upon graduating from M Street High
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161,216
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Nannie Helen Burroughs
Early life and education
School with honors in 1896, Burroughs sought work as a domestic-science teacher in the District of Columbia Public Schools, but was unable to find a position. Though it is not documented that she was explicitly told, Burroughs was refused the position with the implication that her skin was too dark — they preferred lighter-complexioned black teachers. Her skin color and social status had thwarted her for the appointment she was chosen for. Burroughs said that "the die was cast [to] beat and ignore both until death." This zeal opened a door to the profession for low-income and social status black
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161,216
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Nannie Helen Burroughs
Early life and education & Career
women. This is what led Burroughs to establish a training school for women and girls. Career From 1898 to 1909, Burroughs was employed in Louisville, Kentucky, as an editorial secretary and bookkeeper of the Foreign Mission Board of the National Baptist Convention. In her time in Louisville, the Women's Industrial Club had formed. Here they held domestic science and management courses. One of the founders of the Women's Convention was Nannie Burroughs, providing additional help to the National Baptist Convention and serving from 1900 to 1947: nearly half a century. She was president for 13 years in the Women's Convention.
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161,216
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Nannie Helen Burroughs
Career
This convention had the largest form [attendance?] of African Americans ever seen, and help from this convention was highly important for black religious groups, thanks to the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) which formed in 1896, the largest of three and including more than 100 local women's clubs. Because of her contribution to the NACW, the National Association of Wage Earners was founded to draw the public's attention to the dilemma of African-American women. Burroughs was president, with other well-known club women such as vice president Mary McLeod Bethune and treasurer Maggie Lena Walker. These women placed more emphasis
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161,216
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Nannie Helen Burroughs
Career
on public interest educational forums than trade-union activities. Burroughs' other memberships included Ladies' Union Band, Saint Lukes, Saturday Evening, and Daughters of the Round Table Clubs. Burroughs' also actively participated in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). By 1928 Burroughs was working in the system. She was appointed to committee chairwoman by the administration of Herbert Hoover, which was associated with Negro housing, for the White House Conference of 1931 Home Building and Ownership, straight from the stock market crash of 1929 just as the Great Depression began. Burroughs spoke at the Virginia Women's Missionary Union at
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Nannie Helen Burroughs
Career & Training school and racial uplift
Richmond with the address "How White and Colored Women Can Cooperate in Building a Christian Civilization." in 1933 Burroughs was also a published playwright. In the 1920s, she wrote The Slabtown District Convention and Where is My Wandering Boy Tonight?, both one-act plays for amateur church theatrical groups. The popularity of the comedic, satiric Slabtown necessitated multiple printings through the succeeding century, although sometimes the wording is updated as needed by successive productions. Training school and racial uplift Burroughs opened the National Training School in 1908. In the first few years of being open, the school provided evening classes for
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732
Nannie Helen Burroughs
Training school and racial uplift
women who had no other means for education. The classes were taught by Burroughs herself. There were 31 students who regularly attended her classes, however, after time, and due to the high level of teaching, the school began attracting more students. The school was founded in a small farmhouse that eventually attracted women from all over the nation. During the first 40 years of the 20th century, young African-American women were being prepared by the National Training School to "uplift the race" and obtain a livelihood. The emphasis of the school was "the three B's: the Bible, the bath, and
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161,216
Q6963837
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732
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1,374
Nannie Helen Burroughs
Training school and racial uplift
the broom". Burroughs created her own history course that was dedicated to informing women about society influencing Negroes in history. Since this was not a topic that was discussed in regular historical curriculum, Burroughs found it necessary to teach African American women to be proud of their race. With the incorporation of industrial education into training in morality, religion, and cleanliness, Nannie Helen Burroughs and her staff needed to resolve a conflict central to many African-American women. "Wage laborer" was their main role of the service occupations of the ghetto, as well as their biggest role model as guardians for
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Nannie Helen Burroughs
Training school and racial uplift
"the race" of the community. The dominant culture of African Americans' immoral image had to be challenged by the National Training School, training African-American women from a young age to become efficient wage workers as well as community activists, reinforcing the ideal of respectability, as extremely important to "racial uplift." Racial pride, respectability, and work ethic were all key factors in training being offered by the National Training School and racial uplift ideology. These qualities were seen as extremely important for African-American women's success as fund-raisers, wage workers, and "race women". All these gathered from the school would bring African-American
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161,216
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2,063
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2,456
Nannie Helen Burroughs
Training school and racial uplift
women into the labor of public sphere including politics, uplifting racial aid, and the domestic sphere expanded. By understanding the uplift ideology of its grassroots nature, Burroughs had used it to promote her school. Many disagreed with Burroughs teaching women skills that did not directly apply to domestic housework. None the less, students continued coming and the school carried on.
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161,217
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Narayanpet
Demographics & Governance & Transport
Narayanpet Demographics As of 2011 census, Narayanpet had a population of 41,752. The total population constitute, 20,697 males and 21,055 females —a sex ratio of 1017 females per 1000 males. 4,997 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,642 are boys and 2,355 are girls. The average literacy rate stands at 72.18% with 26,531 literates, significantly higher than the state average of 55.04%. Governance Narayanpet Municipality was constituted in 1947 and is classified as a 2nd grade municipality with 24 election wards. Transport The nearest railway station is Saidapur Railway Station (Formerly Narayanpet RD).
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161,218
Q6971986
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505
National Credit Regulator
The National Consumer Tribunal
National Credit Regulator The National Consumer Tribunal The National Consumer Tribunal (known as the NCT) hears cases on non compliance with the Act, issues fines and provides redress to consumers. Consumers, Payment Distribution Agencies, Alternative Dispute Resolution Agents, Debt Counsellors and credit providers may appeal to the Tribunal against any decision of the National Credit Regulator. The Tribunal is a separate institution that is independent of the National Credit Regulator. The Tribunal consists of a Chairperson and at least 10 other members.
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161,219
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481
National Guard (Mauritania)
National Guard (Mauritania) National Guard is the National Guard of Mauritania. It has its headquarters in Nouakchott, located opposite (west) to the College des Garçons. The National Guard of Mauritania cooperates closely with the National Locust Control Centre. The main job of the guard is patrolling remote desert areas, usually by camel. Based on the French model, the National Guard is "responsible for working with other police forces and security agencies, and maintaining and restoring public order."
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161,220
Q1581154
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592
National Museum of History (Albania)
Antiquity
National Museum of History (Albania) Antiquity The Pavilion of Antiquity is the most important and one of the richest with objects in the National Historical Museum, with 585 objects. The displayed objects start with the Late Paleolithic, where prehistoric culture is proved lively and powerful in our lands, and ends with objects belonging to the Early Middle Ages (4th to 8th centuries). The objects of the prehistoric settlement of Maliq represent the Neolithic flourishing since the middle of the fourth millennium until about 2600 BC. The exhibited objects and the coins of silver and bronze embossed on behalf of the Illyrian
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161,220
Q1581154
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592
6
1,191
National Museum of History (Albania)
Antiquity
kings of the centers of Durrës, Apollonia, Shkodër, Byllis and Amantia, discovered in the provinces of South Illyria of the 4th to 3rd centuries BC, indicate a strong economy and urban Illyrian culture in general. Impressive are sculptures of the Apolloniates school or God Apollo, one of the most beautiful sculptures of the time (6th century BC). Quite interesting are: the mosaic of The Beauty of Durrës (4th century BC), the head of Artemis (3rd century BC), the anthropomorphic appearance of river Vjosa (3rd or 2nd century BC), the head of a man of limestone (5th century AD), vases decorated
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National Museum of History (Albania)
Antiquity & Middle Ages
with red figures, and others. The findings of Monumental Tomb of Lower Selca, Pogradec (3rd century AD) occupy an important place. Middle Ages In the Pavilion of the Middle Ages, visitors have access to the economic, social, political and cultural development of Albanians from the 6th century until the 15th. A special corner in this pavilion is dedicated to the Principality of Arber. The handover of power from Skuraj to Topiaj is expressed in the heraldic emblem of Karl Topia located in the monumental portal of the monastery of John Vladimir in Elbasan. A special object of the Pavilion of the
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National Museum of History (Albania)
Middle Ages & Albanian National Renaissance
Middle Ages is the Epitaph of Gllavenica, which dates back to the year 1373. With photos, documents and objects is given the resistance against the Ottoman occupation of Albanians, as well as key economic developments, political and social life of the country through maps, engravings of the time and quite original publications, the visitor knows Skanderbeg, who personifies the Struggle of the Albanians against the Ottoman Occupation. Albanian National Renaissance The Renaissance Pavilion is one of the richest with original objects, documents, books, photographs, national flags, weapons, banknotes, and other cultural objects. Most of the objects are unique to the
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18
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National Museum of History (Albania)
Albanian National Renaissance & Independence
national history and culture of the Albanians. The objects displayed in the showcases of the pavilion during the period from the mid-19th century until 1912. An object with national value is the flag of the patriotic Society "Desire" of the Albanian colony of Sofia in Bulgaria. Visitors have the opportunity to look closely the desk and the collection of books that are there, of one of the most prominent ideologists of the Albanian national ideology Sami Frasheri (1825-1904). Independence The Pavilion of Independence reflects the key historical moments after the Declaration of Independence in 1912 until 1939. The Declaration (Proclamation) of
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156
18
770
National Museum of History (Albania)
Independence
Independence of Albania from the National Assembly of Vlora on 28 November 1912 and subsequently the formation of the Provisional Government of Albania constitute two important acts of the Albanian national state. In the areas of this pavilion is reflected the Conference of Ambassadors in London (1912-1913). The short reign of Prince Wied in Albania in 1914 marks an important moment in the history of the establishment of the foundations of the Albanian state. The political clashes between the country's governing elite culminated in the movement of June 1924 led by Fan Noli. In the areas of this pavilion is
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161,220
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770
22
433
National Museum of History (Albania)
Independence & Albanian Iconography
the corner dedicated the patriotic contribution of Fan S. Noli one of the outstanding figures in the history of the Albanian nation and the state of the 20th century. Albanian Iconography A collection of 70 items of the Post-Byzantine art in Albania: icons, a proskynetarion, some pairs of Holy Doors and an iconostasis are on display in this pavilion. These objects belonged to different churches in Albania: Gjirokastra, Elbasani, Fieri, Berati etc., dating from the 16th century until the early 19th century. Almost all the best painters who have left impressive works in the churches of Albania, Macedonia and Greece,
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161,220
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433
26
300
National Museum of History (Albania)
Albanian Iconography & Antifascist War
such as: Onufri, Onufër Qiprioti, David Selenica, Kostandin Shpataraku, Kostandin Jeromonaku, the Zografi brothers, the Çetiri brothers, and Mihal Anagnosti are represented in this pavilion. The iconostasis (altar screen decorated with icons) comes from the church of the monastery of Saint John Vladimir in Elbasan. Antifascist War This pavilion, through its 220 objects, reflects the events starting from the War of Vlora in 1920 until the end of World War II in 1945. It shows the reaction of several Albanian intellectuals in the 1920s and 30s against the rise to power in Italy of fascism. Chronologically, the pavilion displays
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National Museum of History (Albania)
Antifascist War
the ensuing events related to the installation of the fascist regime in Albania on 7 April 1939 and the beginning of organized antifascist resistance. The Albanian volunteers who took part in the War of Spain have their place in this pavilion too. There are also many relics from national martyrs and heroes who gave their lives in the war against Fascism and Nazism. Particular emphasis has been given to the contribution of the powerful (British, Soviet and American) allies and their missions in Albania. In this pavilion, there are also documents which reflect the support, sheltering and protection of the
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30
540
National Museum of History (Albania)
Antifascist War & Communist Terror
Jewish population during the war, an expression of the deep humanism of the Albanian people. Communist Terror The Pavilion of the Communist Terror was inaugurated in 2012. In this pavilion are displayed documents, photographs and objects, which belong to the period of one-party system in Albania from 1945 to 1990. The historical content of this pavilion is further enriched by film images, provided by the Central Film Archives. An important part of the Pavilion are the documentary and photographic materials which reflect the cleansing operations against the anticommunist forces, a special court against the political opponents during the war as
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34
439
National Museum of History (Albania)
Communist Terror & Mother Teresa
well as the liquidation of the anti-communist opposition. In the showcases are displayed relics which belonged to numerous persons convicted or executed by the regime of that time. Mother Teresa This pavilion is dedicated to Mother Teresa’s family, life and work. The visitors are acquainted with her charitable work for which she has been assigned with many international awards. In the stands of the pavilion there are photos of global personalities who met Mother Teresa as Jacques Chirac, Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Ibrahim Kodra etc. Undoubtedly, the personal objects used by her increase the curiosity of thousands of visitors in
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34
468
National Museum of History (Albania)
Mother Teresa
the National History Museum.
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Nicola Spaldin
Education and early life & Career and research
Nicola Spaldin Education and early life A native of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England, Spaldin earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Natural Sciences from the University of Cambridge in 1991, and a PhD in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1996. Career and research Spaldin was inspired to search for multiferroics, magnetic ferroelectric materials, by a remark about potential collaboration made by a colleague studying ferroelectrics during her postdoctoral research studying magnetic phenomena at Yale University from 1996 to 1997. She continued to develop the theory of these materials as a new faculty member at the University
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161,221
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14
180
Nicola Spaldin
Career and research & Awards and honours
of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), and in 2000 published (under her previous name, Hill) "a seminal article" that for the first time explained why few such materials were known. Following her theoretical predictions, in 2003 she was part of a team that experimentally demonstrated the multiferroic properties of bismuth ferrite. She moved from UCSB to ETH Zurich in 2010. Her publications are listed on Google scholar. Awards and honours Spaldin was the 2010 winner of the American Physical Society's James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials, the Rössler Prize of the ETH Zurich Foundation in 2012, the 2015 winner of
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161,221
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180
14
798
Nicola Spaldin
Awards and honours
the Körber European Science Prize for "laying the theoretical foundation for the new family of multiferroic materials". and one of the laureates of the 2017 L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science. Spaldin is a Fellow of the American Physical Society (2008), the Materials Research Society (2011) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2013), and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2017. In November 2017 she was awarded for the Lise-Meitner-Lecure in Vienna. In 2019, Spaldin was elected a Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Engineering. and was selected as the
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845
Nicola Spaldin
Awards and honours
first Lead Editor of Physical Review Research.
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161,222
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6
784
Ninetynine
Recordings
Ninetynine Recordings Ninetynine The Triantiwontigongolo - Ninetynine EP CD 1996 (Woozy) Ninetynine 99 CD 1996 (Patsy/Endearing ) Ninetynine 767 CD and LP Album 1998 (Patsy/Endearing/Chapter) Ninetynine Girl Crazy - Woekender LP 1998 (Remedial Records) Ninetynine Ersatz Split 7” 1999 (Radio One) Ninetynine 180 Degrees CD and LP 2000 (Patsy/ Radio One) Ninetynine Vivian Girls Split 7” 2001 (Chapter) Ninetynine Anatomy of Distance CD 2002 (Patsy/Stckfigure) Ninetynine The Process CD and LP 2002 (Trifekta/Appliances & Cars) Ninetynine Receiving the Sounds of Science Fiction CD EP 2003 (Dark Beloved Cloud) Ninetynine World of Space World of Population World of Robots CD 2006 (UAR/Stickfigure) Nineytynine
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161,222
Q7038582
6
784
6
1,497
Ninetynine
Recordings
Chapter 99 - Compilation CD 2006 (Sones) Ninetynine Silo EP 2008 (Patsy) Ninetynine Bande Magnetique CD 2010 (Patsy) Ninetynine Woods 7” 2016 (Patsy) Ninetynine Further 7” and CD 2016 (Patsy) Ninetynine albums are released through the band's own label Patsy. Some albums have been previously released through other labels such as Chapter Music, Trifekta, Stickfigure, Unstable Ape, If Society and Endearing Records. They also have recorded a number of tracks for various compilations. Anatomy Of Distance is a retrospective compilation of tracks recorded for various compilations and 7" singles between 1997 and 2001. Receiving the Sounds of Science Fiction
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1,497
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137
Ninetynine
Recordings & Live shows and tours
was released exclusively to subscribers of the New York-based Dark Beloved Cloud single club. Chapter 99 (Sones, 2006) was a compilation of previously released songs. Original releases of 99, 767 and 180 degrees came in hand-folded sleeves made of printed card. The release of Further was part of the band's 20th anniversary celebrations. Live shows and tours Ninetynine have played live extensively in Australia, and toured internationally in New Zealand, Japan, the UK, Europe and North America.
{"datasets_id": 161223, "wiki_id": "Q18141469", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 541}
161,223
Q18141469
2
0
6
541
No Zin-soo
Career
No Zin-soo Career Born in Daegu in 1970, No Zin-soo majored in Korean Language and Literature at the Yeungnam University. He was involved in commercial film productions before he made his first feature-length debut with Da Capo (2007) and was invited to the 8th Jeonju International Film Festival. His second feature Norwegian Woods (2010) was invited to the Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival 2009 and the Yubari International Fantastic Film Festival in 2010. No is noted for his unique directing style with films of different genre types.
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161,224
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2
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6
627
Oeceoclades furcata
Description
Oeceoclades furcata Description The conical pseudobulbs are 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) high and heteroblastic (derived from a single internode). The ovate to wedge shaped leaves are 4–5.5 cm (1.6–2.2 in) long by 2–2.5 cm (0.79–0.98 in) wide with smooth margins that can become wavy. There is a single leathery leaf on each pseudobulb with a 0.8–1.3 cm (0.31–0.51 in) long petiole with a joint near the base of the leaf blade. Inflorescences are up to 60 cm (24 in) long with two to three sheathing, overlapping bracts at the base of the peduncle. The inflorescence is a simple raceme with about 15 widely spaced yellowish-white flowers with wine-colored spots. The
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161,224
Q15478400
6
627
6
864
Oeceoclades furcata
Description
sepals are 7–8 mm (0.28–0.31 in) long by 2–2.5 mm (0.079–0.098 in) wide and petals are slightly shorter than the sepals. The labellum is four-lobed and has a 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long spur that is bent backwards and forked at the apex.
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161,225
Q716997
2
0
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571
PAVE PAWS
Description
PAVE PAWS Description The radar was built in the Cold War to give early warning of a nuclear attack, to allow time for US bombers to get off the ground and land-based US missiles to be launched, to decrease the chance that a preemptive strike could destroy US strategic nuclear forces. The deployment of submarine launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) by the Soviet Union by the 1970s, significantly decreased the warning time available between the detection of an incoming enemy missile and its reaching its target, because SLBMs can be launched closer to the US than the previous ICBMs, which
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161,225
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6
571
6
1,164
PAVE PAWS
Description
have a long flight path from the Soviet Union to the continental US. Thus there was a need for a radar system with faster reaction time than existing radars. PAVE PAWS later acquired a second mission of tracking satellites and other objects in Earth orbit as part of the United States Space Surveillance Network. A notable feature of the system is its phased array antenna technology, it was one of the first large phased array radars. A phased array was used because a conventional mechanically-rotated radar antenna cannot turn fast enough to track multiple ballistic missiles.
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161,225
Q716997
6
1,164
6
1,762
PAVE PAWS
Description
A nuclear strike on the US would consist of hundreds of ICBMs and SLBMs incoming simultaneously. The beam of the phased array radar is steered electronically without moving the fixed antenna, so it can be pointed in a different direction in milliseconds, allowing it to track many incoming missiles at the same time. The AN/FPS-115 radar consists of two phased arrays of antenna elements mounted on two sloping sides of the 105 ft high transmitter building, which are oriented 120° apart in azimuth. The beam from each array can be deflected up to 60° from the array's central boresight
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161,225
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6
1,762
6
2,340
PAVE PAWS
Description
axis, allowing each array to cover an azimuth angle of 120°, thus the entire radar can cover an azimuth of 240°. The building sides are sloped at an angle of 20°, and the beam can be directed at any elevation angle between 3° and 85°. The beam is kept at least 100 ft above the ground over public-accessible land to avoid the possibility of exposing the public to significant electromagnetic fields. Each array is a circle 72.5 ft (22.1 m) in diameter consisting of 2,677 crossed dipole antenna elements, of which 1,792 are powered and serve as both transmitting and
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161,225
Q716997
6
2,340
6
2,932
PAVE PAWS
Description
receiving antennas, with the rest functioning as receiving antennas. Due to the phenomenon of interference the radio waves from the separate elements combine in front of the antenna to form a beam. The array has a gain of 38.6 dB, and the width of the beam is only 2.2°. The drive current for each antenna element passes through a device called a phase shifter, controlled by the central computer. By changing the relative timing (phase) of the current pulses supplied to each antenna element the computer can instantly steer the beam to a different direction. The radar operates
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161,225
Q716997
6
2,932
6
3,517
PAVE PAWS
Description
in the UHF band between 420 - 450 MHz, just below the UHF television broadcast band, that is a wavelength of 71–67 cm, with circular polarization. It is an active array (AESA); each of the 1,792 transmitting elements has its own solid-state transmitter/receiver module, and radiates a peak power of 320 W, so the peak power of each array is 580 kW. It operates in a repeating 54 millisecond cycle in which it transmits a series of pulses, then listens for echoes. Its duty cycle (fraction of time spent transmitting) is never greater than 25% (so the average power of the beam never
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161,225
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6
3,517
6
4,126
PAVE PAWS
Description
exceeds 25% of 540 kW, or 145 kW) and is usually around 18%. It is reported to have a range of about 3,000 nautical miles (3,452 statute miles, 5,555 km); at that range it can detect an object the size of a small car, and smaller objects at closer ranges. The functioning of the radar is completely automatic, controlled by four computers. The software divides the beam time between "surveillance" and "tracking" functions, switching the beam back and forth rapidly between different tasks. In the surveillance mode, which normally consumes about 11% of the duty cycle, the radar repeatedly scans
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161,225
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6
4,126
10
224
PAVE PAWS
Description & Background
the horizon across its full 240° azimuth in a pattern between 3° and 10° elevation, creating a "surveillance fence" to immediately detect missiles as they rise above the horizon into the radar's field of view. In the tracking mode, which normally consumes the other 7% of the 18% duty cycle, the radar beam follows already-detected objects to determine their trajectory, calculating their launch and target points. Background Fixed-reflector radars with mechanically-scanned beams such as the 1955 GE AN/FPS-17 Fixed Ground Radar and 1961 RCA AN/FPS-50 Radar Set were deployed for missile tracking, and the USAF tests of modified AN/FPS-35 mechanical
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161,225
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10
224
10
877
PAVE PAWS
Background
radars at Virginia and Pennsylvania SAGE radar stations had "marginal ability" to detect Cape Canaveral missiles in summer 1962. A Falling Leaves mechanical radar in New Jersey built for BMEWS successfully tracked a missile during the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, and "an AN/FPS-85 long-range phased array (Passive electronically scanned array) radar was constructed at Eglin AFB" Site C-6, Florida beginning on 29 October 1962 (the Bendix Radio Division FPS-85 contract had been signed 2 April 1962). Early military phased array radars were also deployed for testing: Bendix AN/FPS-46 Electronically Steerable Array Radar (ESAR) at Towson, MD
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877
14
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PAVE PAWS
Background & Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile Detection and Warning System
(powered up in November 1960), White Sands' Multi-function Array Radar (1963), and the Kwajalein Missile Site Radar (1967). Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile Detection and Warning System The Avco 474N Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) Detection and Warning System (SLBMD&W System) was deployed as "an austere…interim line-of-sight system" after approval in July 1965 to modify some Air Defense Command (ADC) Avco AN/FPS-26 Frequency Diversity Radars into Avco AN/FSS-7 SLBM Detection Radars. The 474N sites planned for 1968 also were to include AN/GSQ-89 data processing equipment (for synthesizing tracks from radar returns), as well as site communications equipment that NORAD requested
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512
14
1,173
PAVE PAWS
Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile Detection and Warning System
on 10 May 1965 to allow "dual full period dedicated data circuits" to the Cheyenne Mountain 425L System, which was "fully operational" on 20 April 1966. (Cheyenne Mountain Complex relayed 474N data to "SAC, the National Military Command Center, and the Alternate NMCC over BMEWS circuits", for presentation by Display Information Processors—impact ellipses and "threat summary display" with a count of incoming missiles and "Minutes Until First Impact" countdown). By December 1965 NORAD decided to use the Project Space Track "phased-array radar at Eglin AFB…for SLBM surveillance on an “on-call” basis" "at the appropriate DEFCON". By June 1966 the
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161,225
Q716997
14
1,173
14
1,799
PAVE PAWS
Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile Detection and Warning System
refined FPS-85 plan was for it "to have the capability to operate in the SLBM mode simultaneously [sic] [interlaced transmissions] with the Spacetrack surveillance and tracking modes" Rebuilding of the "separate faces for transmitting and receiving" began in 1967 after the under-construction Eglin FPS-85 was "almost totally destroyed by fire on 5 January 1965". FPS-85 IOC was in 1969, 474N interim operations began in July 1970 (474N IOC was 5 May 1972), and in 1972 20% of Eglin FPS-85 "surveillance capability…became dedicated to search for SLBMs," and new SLBM software was installed in 1975. (the FPS-85 was expanded
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161,225
Q716997
14
1,799
18
370
PAVE PAWS
Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile Detection and Warning System & Development
in 1974). The Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex with North Dakota phased arrays (four-face Missile Site Radar and single-face GE Perimeter Acquisition Radar, PAR) became operational in 1975 as part of the Safeguard Program for defending against enemy ballistic missiles. Development The SLBM Phased Array Radar System (SPARS) was the USAF program initiated In November 1972 by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) while the Army's PAR was under construction. A 1974 SPARS proposal for "two new SLBM Phased Array Warning Radars" was submitted to replace the east/west coast 474N detection radars, which had "limitations against Soviet SLBMs, particularly the
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161,225
Q716997
18
370
18
1,033
PAVE PAWS
Development
longer range SS-N-8" on 1973 "Delta" class submarines. Development began in August 1973, SPARS was renamed PAVE PAWS on 18 February 1975, and system production was requested by a 13 June 1975 Request for Proposals (RFP). Rome Air Development Center (RADC) "was responsible for the design, fabrication installation, integration test, and evaluation of" PAVE PAWS through 1980. The differing USAF AN/FPS-109 Cobra Dane phased array radar in Alaska achieved IOC on 13 July 1977 for "providing intelligence on Soviet test missiles fired at the Kamchatka peninsula from locations in southwestern Russia". The Safeguard PAR station that closed in 1976, had its
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161,225
Q716997
18
1,033
18
1,690
PAVE PAWS
Development
radar "modified for the ADCOM mission during 1977 [and] ADCOM accepted [the Concrete Missile Early Warning Station] from the Army on 3 October 1977" for "SLBM surveillance of Arctic Ocean areas". By December 1977 RADC had developed the 322 watt PAVE PAWS "solid state transmitter and receiver module", and the System Program Office (ESD/OCL) issued the AN/FPS-115 "System Performance Specification …SS-OCLU-75-1A" on 15 December 1977. IBM's PAVE PAWS "beam-steering and pulse schedules from the CYBER-174" duplexed computers to the MODCOMP IV duplexed radar control computers were "based upon" PARCS program(s) installed for attack characterization in
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161,225
Q716997
18
1,690
22
417
PAVE PAWS
Development & Environmental and health concerns
1977 when the USAF received the Army's PAR. Bell Labs enhanced the PARCS beginning December 1978, e.g., "extending the range" by 1989 for the Enhanced PARCS configuration (EPARCS). Environmental and health concerns USAF environmental assessments in August 1975 and March 1976 for PAVE PAWS were followed by the EPA's Environmental Impact Analysis in December 1977. Environmental impacts were litigated in U.S. District Court in Boston. The government asserted the position that Pave Paws would protect the American coastline, while hiding the fact that it had no defensive armaments in the event an incoming missile was detected.
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161,225
Q716997
22
417
22
1,038
PAVE PAWS
Environmental and health concerns
The USAF requested the National Research Council (in May 1978) and a contractor, SRI International (April 1978), to assess PAVE PAWS radiation. Two NRC reports were prepared (1979, tbd), SRI's Environmental Impact Statement was reviewed during a 22 January 1979 public hearing at the Sandwich MA high school auditorium (~300 people). The studies found no elevated cancer risk from PAVE PAWS e.g., elevated Ewing's Sarcoma rates were not supported by 2005 available data (a December 2007 MA Department of Health report concluded it "appears unlikely that PAVE PAWS played a primary role in the incidence of Ewing family
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161,225
Q716997
22
1,038
26
192
PAVE PAWS
Environmental and health concerns & Deployment
of tumors on Cape Cod.") A followup to a 1978 Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine report concluded in 2005 that power densities beyond 15 metres (49.2 ft) were within permissible exposure limits. Consistent with other regulations to prevent interference with aircraft systems, the FAA restricts aircraft at altitudes below 4,500 ft (1,400 m) to maintain 1 nm (1.85 km) from the Cape Cod SSPARS phased array. Deployment The first Raytheon AN/FPS-115 radars were controlled by PAVE PAWS computers and had a "3 dB Beam Width" of 2.2 deg and had 27 October 1976 "ground-breaking ceremonies" at the East Coast Site.
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PAVE PAWS
Deployment
The East Coast site had been announced as Otis Air Force Base on 26 May (Beale Air Force Base was announced as the West Coast site), then Raytheon was contracted on 23 May. After first energized (Otis' south face for 1.5 hours on 3–4 April 1978), System Performance Testing at "the Otis AFB PAVE PAWS facility" was completed 16 January 1979. To mitigate interference at the FPS-115 site on Flatrock Hill from the Cape & Islands Emergency Medical Service (CIEMSS), on 8 February 1979 ESD installed six high pass filters—then Raytheon was contracted 24 May to move the
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1,330
PAVE PAWS
Deployment
EMS Repeater Station to Bourne, Massachusetts (completed 13 July). After a 5–7 March "final review of the East Coast PAVE PAWS EIS was held at Hq AFSC", the site was accepted by ESD on 12 April. The "first radio frequency transmission" from the West Coast Site was 23 March 1979 (it was completed in October 1979). "ADCOM wanted four [PAVE PAWS] sites, but by the end of 1979 only two had been funded". The Cape Cod system reached Initial operating capability (IOC) as the Cape Cod Missile Early Warning Station on 4 April 1981 with initial operational test
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PAVE PAWS
Deployment
and evaluation (IOT&E) completed 21 May; Beale AFB reached IOC on 15 August. The two PAVE PAWS, three BMEWS, and the PARCS & FPS-85 radar stations transferred to Strategic Air Command (then Space Command) in 1983. By 1981 Cheyenne Mountain was providing 6,700 messages per hour including those based on input from the PAVE PAWS and the remaining FSS-7 stations. In 1981, as part of the Worldwide Military Command and Control System Information System (WIS), the Pentagon's National Military Command Center was receiving data "directly from the Satellite Early Warning System (SEWS) and directly from the PAVE PAWS sensor systems". Beam
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PAVE PAWS
Deployment & Expansion
Steering Unit (BSU) and Receiver Beam Former (REX) replacements were made on the four Cape Cod and Beale radars in the 1980s. Expansion The PAVE PAWS Expansion Program had begun by February 1982 to replace "older FPS-85 and FSS-7 SLBM surveillance radars in Florida with a new PAVE PAWS radar to provide improved surveillance of possible SLBM launch areas southeast of the United States [and for another] to the Southwest." After a 3 June 1983 RFP, Raytheon Company was contracted on 10 November and had a 22–23 February 1984 System Design Review for the Southeast and Southwest radars. The
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PAVE PAWS
Expansion
Expansion's Development Test and Engineering testing commenced on 3 February 1986 at the Southeast Site (PAVE PAWS Site 3, Robins Air Force Base—completed 5 June) and 15 August at the Southwest Site (PAVE PAWS Site 4, Eldorado Air Force Station). The Gulf Coast FPS-115s were operational in 1986 (Robins) and May 1987 (Eldorado IOC). In February 1995, all 4 radars were being netted by the "missile warning center at Cheyenne Mountain AS [which was] undergoing a $450 million upgrade program". Other centers receiving PAVE PAWS output were the 19xx Missile Correlation Center and 19xx Space Control Center. During the
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161,225
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1,673
PAVE PAWS
Expansion
End of Cold War draw down, the Eldorado and Robins radar stations closed in 1995, and an AN/FPS-115 was sold to Taiwan in 2000 (installed at Loshan or Leshan Mountain, Tai'an, Miaoli in 2006, commissioned 2013). By October 1999, Cape Cod and Beale radars were providing data via Jam Resistant Secure Communication (JRSC) circuits to the Command Center Processing and Display System in the NMCC. The transition of BMEWS and PAVE PAWS to SSPARS had begun with the 4 AN/FPS-50 BMEWS radars near Thule Air Base being replaced with a Raytheon AN/FPS-120 Solid State Phased Array Radar at Thule
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PAVE PAWS
Expansion & Replacement
Site J (operational "2QFY87"). Replacement The Solid State Phased Array Radar System (SSPARS) began replacing PAVE PAWS when the first AN/FPS-115 face was taken off-line for the radar upgrade. New Raytheon AN/FPS-123 Early Warning Radars became operational in 19xx (Beale) and 19xx (Cape Cod) in each base's existing PAVE PAWS "Scanner Building". RAF Fylingdales, UK and Clear Air Force Station, Alaska BMEWS stations became SSPARS radar stations when their respective AN/FPS-126 radar (3 faces) and 2001 Raytheon AN/FPS-120 Solid State Phased Array Radar became operational. In 2007, 100 owners/trustees of amateur radio repeaters in the 420 to 450 MHz
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161,225
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34
612
34
1,278
PAVE PAWS
Replacement
band near AN/FPS-123 radars were notified to lower their power output to mitigate interference, and AN/FPS-123s were part of the Air Force Space Surveillance System by 2009. The Beale AN/FPS-123 was upgraded to a Raytheon AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR), circa 2012, with capabilities to operate in the Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) ABM system—the Beale UEWR included Avionics, Transmit-Receive modules, Receiver Exciter / Test Target Generator, Beam Steering Generator, Signal Processor, and other changes. After additional UEWR installations for GMD at Thule Site J and the UK (contracted 2003), a 2012 ESD/XRX Request for Information for
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161,225
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1,278
34
1,534
PAVE PAWS
Replacement
replacement, and remote operation, of the remaining "PAVE PAWS/BMEWS/PARCS systems" at Cape Cod, Alaska, and North Dakota was issued. The Alaska AN/FPS-132 was contracted in fall 2012 and in 2013, the U.S. announced a plan to sell an AN/FPS-132 to Qatar.
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161,226
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Pakefield
History
Pakefield History Pakefield is the site of one of the earliest known areas of human habitation in the United Kingdom. In 2005 flint tools and teeth from the water vole Mimomys savini, a key dating species, were found in the cliffs. This suggests that hominins can be dated in England to 700,000 years ago, potentially a cross between Homo antecessor and Homo heidelbergensis. Bloodmoor Hill, between Pakefield and Carlton Colville, was the site of settlement in the 2nd and 3rd centuries and the 7th and 8th centuries. The Saxon period consisted of a relatively dense settlement as well as a cemetery
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161,226
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590
6
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Pakefield
History
which included at least one rich barrow burial. Artefacts were discovered at the site in the 18th Century and the Saxon cemetery site was the subject of archaeological investigations between 1998 and 2006. In the Domesday book Pakefield is called "Pagefella", the name probably coming from the Pagan settlement name of Pagga's or Pacca's field. The village was part of the King's holdings and was part of the Hundred of Lothing. It had a population of about 17 households, including a number of freemen. Part of the tax payment made by the village was 600 herrings. Pakefield later developed as a fishing
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Pakefield
History & Coastal erosion
community. The former terminus of the Tram Service from Lowestoft is located in the centre of Pakefield and is now the site of the Tramway Hotel. In the modern era, the area played an important role in the Kindertransport programme nine months before the start of World War II. Many children who had not found prearranged foster families were given temporary shelter in the local holiday camp. Coastal erosion Coastal erosion has been an issue in the area for a number of years, although this may have begun to stabilise. A former lighthouse still stands on the coastline and is
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161,226
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168
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Pakefield
Coastal erosion & Governance & Modern Pakefield
used by Pakefield Coastwatch. The map image below shows how erosion occurred between 1882 and 1955. The photos show the extent of the erosion and damage to property which occurred. Governance Pakefield sends two councillors to Suffolk County Council and Waveney District Council. The Member of Parliament is elected through the Waveney seat which. For county council elections Pakefield is part of a larger constituency with the neighboring suburb of Carlton Colville. The current East Suffolk council seat is held by the Labour Party Modern Pakefield The coast is an important tourist destination with a number of holiday destinations, including a Pontins
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Pakefield
Modern Pakefield
holiday camp. In November 2010 Pontins entered administration, being taken over by the Britannia Hotel Group. The area has a number of local shops and businesses, including The Seagull theatre and cinema. As well as the church of All Saint's and St Margaret's, Pakefield has a catholic church dedicated to St Nicholas. It also has a primary school and a high school. The primary school was awarded a grant by the Royal Society in 2009 to develop a project called 'What has the sea ever done for us'. Pakefield School opened in September 2011 as part of a reorganisation of education
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Pakefield
Modern Pakefield & Notable people
in Lowestoft. This involved the closure of Pakefield Middle School and an extension of the primary school to take children up until the end of year 6. The high school took over the middle school site and buildings. The Promoting Pakefield Group was formed in 2004 to attempt to promote the area and its interests. A variety of local improvements have been made, including providing a Christmas tree, noticeboards and making improvements to the local war memorial. The group is made up of a number of local businesses and other organisations. Notable people The author and illustrator Michael Foreman was born
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Pakefield
Notable people
in Pakefield in 1938 and attended Pakefield Primary School. He has written about Pakefield in his books.
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Parc botanique de la Tour Vieille
Parc botanique de la Tour Vieille The Parc botanique de la Tour Vieille is a municipal park with botanical collections, located at the Hôtel de Ville in Alès, Gard, Languedoc-Roussillon, France. It is open daily without charge. The park was created by an amateur landscaper, but abandoned for some years before its acquisition by the city in 1973. The city then rehabilitated its grounds, as well as its greenhouse and eponymous old tower, and in 1981 opened it to the public. In 1990 its first botanical inventory identified 200 species and varieties of plants; there are now over 700. The park
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Parc botanique de la Tour Vieille
also contains a miniature golf facility.
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161,228
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Paris Institute of Comparative Law
Library
Paris Institute of Comparative Law Library The Institute administers a library which was created in 1951 and which gathers the Institute's collections and those of the French Society of Comparative Legislation (founded in 1869) and of the French Centre of Comparative Law (founded in 1951). The library holds over fifty thousand volumes.
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161,229
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Passendale
Early history & First World War
Passendale Early history In the pre-Roman and Roman times the area of the town was located along the border between the Menapii and Morini Belgic tribes of northern Gaul and later the border between the bishoprics of Tournai and Thérouanne. The town is first recorded in 844 as Pascandale, and may be named after an individual by the name of Paulus or Pasko. In the Middle Ages, most of the region was ruled by the Augustine abbey of Zonnebeke and the Benedictine convent of Nonnebossen. Both the abbey and the convent were destroyed during an iconoclasm (Beeldenstorm) of 1580. First World
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Passendale
First World War
War Passchendale Ridge 60 m (200 ft) gives its name in common parlance to a battle of the First World War, officially the Third Battle of Ypres. It was a British led offensive against the Germans, lasting from 31 July to 10 November 1917. Distinguishing features included the extensive rain leading up to it, as well as the relative absence of French troops. The government of France faced a massive mutiny at the time, having lost nearly 4 million troops to this point against the Central Powers. In addition to British, Canadian, Belgian, New Zealander, Australian and Indian troops fought on the
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Passendale
First World War
side of the Allies, under the command of Field Marshal Douglas Haig. The combination of a field littered with shell hole craters and relentless rain led to a battlefield having the consistency of porridge. The holes in the earth filled with water, debris, and bodies, causing nearly everything to be coated with a slick layer of slime. Despite the rain, contamination of the water supply led to massive dehydration and sickness amongst the troops on both sides during the long months of battle. Guns sank into the earth and troops drowned in the soft mud as they tried to charge the
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Passendale
First World War & Sights
line. Finally, after 16 weeks of fighting in conditions which varied from rain, mud, and slime, to hot and dry weather with great clouds of dust, the initial objective of Passchendaele Ridge had been gained at a cost of 270,000 Allied casualties, including 17,000 officers. German casualties were likewise staggering, with 217,000 German casualties; the village was levelled. Sights Different nations' war cemeteries are found in Passendale: Tyne Cot Cemetery (the largest Commonwealth cemetery in the world), the New British Cemetery, the Canadian Memorial, and the New Zealand Forces Memorial. The town also hosts a war museum as well as
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Passendale
Sights & Local produce
numerous memorials dedicated to the different nationalities that participated in the epic battle. Every year, Passendale hosts a number of commemorative events and exhibitions. Those of 2008 were the 90th memorial commemorations of the end of the First World War. Passchendaele (2008) was a Canadian film directed by Paul Gross about the Battle of Passchendaele. Local produce Passendale is also known for Passendale cheese, and hosts an annual cheese festival every August. A blonde beer named Passchendaele is brewed by the Van Honsebrouck brewery in Ingelmunster.