Datasets:
community-datasets
/
wiki_snippets

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
4
_id
stringlengths
77
96
datasets_id
int32
0
1.38M
wiki_id
stringlengths
2
9
start_paragraph
int32
2
1.17k
start_character
int32
0
70.3k
end_paragraph
int32
4
1.18k
end_character
int32
1
70.3k
article_title
stringlengths
1
250
section_title
stringlengths
0
1.12k
passage_text
stringlengths
1
14k
{"datasets_id": 160931, "wiki_id": "Q436177", "sp": 20, "sc": 253, "ep": 24, "ec": 367}
160,931
Q436177
20
253
24
367
Old Salt Route
Bicycle route & Lüneburg Heath
route is especially attractive for nature lovers. The 106-kilometre-long (66-mile) path diverges from the main thoroughfare at Witzeeze, continues on through the Lauenburg Nature Park and rejoins the main route just before Lübeck. Lüneburg Heath Once, the area around Lüneburg was covered in lush woodlands. But because the medieval salt works depended on wood as a fuel used in boiling and purifying the saline water from which the salt was obtained, much of the forest was cut down. Heather then covered area, helping it to become a landscape that now attracts thousands of visitors when that foliage is in full
{"datasets_id": 160931, "wiki_id": "Q436177", "sp": 24, "sc": 367, "ep": 24, "ec": 374}
160,931
Q436177
24
367
24
374
Old Salt Route
Lüneburg Heath
bloom.
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 711}
160,932
Q380778
2
0
4
711
Organic food
Organic food Organic food is food produced by methods that comply with the standards of organic farming. Standards vary worldwide, but organic farming features practices that cycle resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity. Organizations regulating organic products may restrict the use of certain pesticides and fertilizers in the farming methods used to produce such products. Organic foods typically are not processed using irradiation, industrial solvents, or synthetic food additives. In the 21st century, the European Union, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, and many other countries require producers to obtain special certification to market their food as organic. Although the
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 4, "sc": 711, "ep": 4, "ec": 1462}
160,932
Q380778
4
711
4
1,462
Organic food
produce of kitchen gardens may actually be organic, selling food with an organic label is regulated by governmental food safety authorities, such as the National Organic Program of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) or European Commission (EC). From an environmental perspective, fertilizing, overproduction, and the use of pesticides in conventional farming may negatively affect ecosystems, biodiversity, groundwater, and drinking water supplies. These environmental and health issues are intended to be minimized or avoided in organic farming. Demand for organic foods is primarily driven by consumer concerns for personal health and the environment. Nevertheless, from the perspective of science and consumers, there
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 4, "sc": 1462, "ep": 8, "ec": 4}
160,932
Q380778
4
1,462
8
4
Organic food
Meaning and origin of the term
is insufficient evidence in the scientific and medical literature to support claims that organic food is either safer or healthier to eat than conventional food. While there may be some differences in the nutrient and antinutrient contents of organically and conventionally produced food, the variable nature of food production, shipping, storage, and handling makes it difficult to generalize results. Claims that "organic food tastes better" are generally not supported by tests. Organic agriculture has a higher production costs and lower yields, higher labor costs, and higher consumer prices as compared to conventional farming methods. Meaning and origin of the term For
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 8, "sc": 3, "ep": 8, "ec": 657}
160,932
Q380778
8
3
8
657
Organic food
Meaning and origin of the term
the vast majority of its history, agriculture can be described as having been organic; only during the 20th century was a large supply of new products, generally deemed not organic, introduced into food production. The organic farming movement arose in the 1940s in response to the industrialization of agriculture. In 1939, Lord Northbourne coined the term organic farming in his book Look to the Land (1940), out of his conception of "the farm as organism," to describe a holistic, ecologically balanced approach to farming—in contrast to what he called chemical farming, which relied on "imported fertility" and "cannot be self-sufficient nor
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 8, "sc": 657, "ep": 8, "ec": 1326}
160,932
Q380778
8
657
8
1,326
Organic food
Meaning and origin of the term
an organic whole." Early soil scientists also described the differences in soil composition when animal manures were used as "organic", because they contain carbon compounds where superphosphates and haber process nitrogen do not. Their respective use affects humus content of soil. This is different from the scientific use of the term "organic" in chemistry, which refers to a class of molecules that contain carbon, especially those involved in the chemistry of life. This class of molecules includes everything likely to be considered edible, and include most pesticides and toxins too, therefore the term "organic" and, especially, the term "inorganic" (sometimes
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 8, "sc": 1326, "ep": 8, "ec": 1978}
160,932
Q380778
8
1,326
8
1,978
Organic food
Meaning and origin of the term
wrongly used as a contrast by the popular press) as they apply to organic chemistry is an equivocation fallacy when applied to farming, the production of food, and to foodstuffs themselves. Properly used in this agricultural science context, "organic" refers to the methods grown and processed, not necessarily the chemical composition of the food. Ideas that organic food could be healthier and better for the environment originated in the early days of the organic movement as a result of publications like the 1943 book The Living Soil and Farming and Gardening for Health or Disease (1945). In the industrial era, organic gardening
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 8, "sc": 1978, "ep": 8, "ec": 2652}
160,932
Q380778
8
1,978
8
2,652
Organic food
Meaning and origin of the term
reached a modest level of popularity in the United States in the 1950s. In the 1960s, environmentalists and the counterculture championed organic food, but it was only in the 1970s that a national marketplace for organic foods developed. Early consumers interested in organic food would look for non-chemically treated, non-use of unapproved pesticides, fresh or minimally processed food. They mostly had to buy directly from growers. Later, "Know your farmer, know your food" became the motto of a new initiative instituted by the USDA in September 2009. Personal definitions of what constituted "organic" were developed through firsthand experience: by talking to
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 8, "sc": 2652, "ep": 8, "ec": 3390}
160,932
Q380778
8
2,652
8
3,390
Organic food
Meaning and origin of the term
farmers, seeing farm conditions, and farming activities. Small farms grew vegetables (and raised livestock) using organic farming practices, with or without certification, and the individual consumer monitored. Small specialty health food stores and co-operatives were instrumental to bringing organic food to a wider audience. As demand for organic foods continued to increase, high volume sales through mass outlets such as supermarkets rapidly replaced the direct farmer connection. Today, many large corporate farms have an organic division. However, for supermarket consumers, food production is not easily observable, and product labeling, like "certified organic," is relied upon. Government regulations and third-party inspectors
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 8, "sc": 3390, "ep": 12, "ec": 442}
160,932
Q380778
8
3,390
12
442
Organic food
Meaning and origin of the term & Public perception
are looked to for assurance. In the 1970s, interest in organic food grew with the rise of the environmental movement, and was also spurred by food-related health scares like the concerns about Alar that arose in the mid-1980s. Public perception There is widespread public belief that organic food is safer, more nutritious, and better tasting than conventional food, which has largely contributed to the development of an organic food culture. Consumers purchase organic foods for different reasons, including concerns about the effects of conventional farming practices on the environment, human health, and animal welfare. The most important reason for purchasing organic foods
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 12, "sc": 442, "ep": 12, "ec": 1134}
160,932
Q380778
12
442
12
1,134
Organic food
Public perception
seems to be beliefs about the products' health-giving properties and higher nutritional value. These beliefs are promoted by the organic food industry, and have fueled increased demand for organic food despite higher prices and difficulty in confirming these claimed benefits scientifically. Organic labels also stimulate the consumer to view the product as having more positive nutritional value. Psychological effects such as the “halo” effect, which are related to the choice and consumption of organic food, are also important motivating factors in the purchase of organic food. The perception that organic food is low-calorie food or health food appears to be common. In
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 12, "sc": 1134, "ep": 16, "ec": 6}
160,932
Q380778
12
1,134
16
6
Organic food
Public perception & Taste
China the increasing demand for organic products of all kinds, and in particular milk, baby food and infant formula, has been "spurred by a series of food scares, the worst being the death of six children who had consumed baby formula laced with melamine" in 2009 and the 2008 Chinese milk scandal, making the Chinese market for organic milk the largest in the world as of 2014. A Pew Research Centre survey in 2012 indicated that 41% of Chinese consumers thought of food safety as a very big problem, up by three times from 12% in 2008. Taste There
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 16, "sc": 5, "ep": 16, "ec": 636}
160,932
Q380778
16
5
16
636
Organic food
Taste
is no good evidence that organic food tastes better than its non-organic counterparts. There is evidence that some organic fruit is drier than conventionally grown fruit; a slightly drier fruit may also have a more intense flavor due to the higher concentration of flavoring substances. Some foods, such as bananas, are picked when unripe, are cooled to prevent ripening while they are shipped to market, and then are induced to ripen quickly by exposing them to propylene or ethylene, chemicals produced by plants to induce their own ripening; as flavor and texture changes during ripening, this process may affect those
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 16, "sc": 636, "ep": 20, "ec": 645}
160,932
Q380778
16
636
20
645
Organic food
Taste & Chemical composition
qualities of the treated fruit. Chemical composition With respect to chemical differences in the composition of organically grown food compared with conventionally grown food, studies have examined differences in nutrients, antinutrients, and pesticide residues. These studies generally suffer from confounding variables, and are difficult to generalize due to differences in the tests that were done, the methods of testing, and because the vagaries of agriculture affect the chemical composition of food; these variables include variations in weather (season to season as well as place to place); crop treatments (fertilizer, pesticide, etc.); soil composition; the cultivar used, and in the case
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 20, "sc": 645, "ep": 24, "ec": 99}
160,932
Q380778
20
645
24
99
Organic food
Chemical composition & Nutrients
of meat and dairy products, the parallel variables in animal production. Treatment of the foodstuffs after initial gathering (whether milk is pasteurized or raw), the length of time between harvest and analysis, as well as conditions of transport and storage, also affect the chemical composition of a given item of food. Additionally, there is evidence that organic produce is drier than conventionally grown produce; a higher content in any chemical category may be explained by higher concentration rather than in absolute amounts. Nutrients Many people believe that organic foods have higher content of nutrients and thus are healthier than
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 24, "sc": 99, "ep": 24, "ec": 812}
160,932
Q380778
24
99
24
812
Organic food
Nutrients
conventionally produced foods. However, scientists have not been equally convinced that this is the case as the research conducted in the field has not shown consistent results. A 2009 systematic review found that organically produced foodstuffs are not richer in vitamins and minerals than conventionally produced foodstuffs. The results of the systematic review only showed a lower nitrogen and higher phosphorus content in organic produced compared to conventionally grown foodstuffs. Content of vitamin C, calcium, potassium, total soluble solids, copper, iron, nitrates, manganese, and sodium did not differ between the two categories. A 2012 survey of the scientific literature did not find
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 24, "sc": 812, "ep": 24, "ec": 1474}
160,932
Q380778
24
812
24
1,474
Organic food
Nutrients
significant differences in the vitamin content of organic and conventional plant or animal products, and found that results varied from study to study. Produce studies reported on ascorbic acid (vitamin C) (31 studies), beta-carotene (a precursor for vitamin A) (12 studies), and alpha-tocopherol (a form of vitamin E) (5 studies) content; milk studies reported on beta-carotene (4 studies) and alpha-tocopherol levels (4 studies). Few studies examined vitamin content in meats, but these found no difference in beta-carotene in beef, alpha-tocopherol in pork or beef, or vitamin A (retinol) in beef. The authors analyzed 11 other nutrients reported in studies
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 24, "sc": 1474, "ep": 24, "ec": 2195}
160,932
Q380778
24
1,474
24
2,195
Organic food
Nutrients
of produce. A 2011 literature review found that organic foods had a higher micronutrient content overall than conventionally produced foods. Similarly, organic chicken contained higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids than conventional chicken. The authors found no difference in the protein or fat content of organic and conventional raw milk. A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found that organic meat had comparable or slightly lower levels of saturated fat and monounsaturated fat as conventional meat, but higher levels of both overall and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Another meta-analysis published the same year found no significant differences in levels of saturated and monounsaturated
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 24, "sc": 2195, "ep": 28, "ec": 511}
160,932
Q380778
24
2,195
28
511
Organic food
Nutrients & Anti-nutrients
fat between organic and conventional milk, but significantly higher levels of overall and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in organic milk than in conventional milk. Anti-nutrients The amount of nitrogen content in certain vegetables, especially green leafy vegetables and tubers, has been found to be lower when grown organically as compared to conventionally. When evaluating environmental toxins such as heavy metals, the USDA has noted that organically raised chicken may have lower arsenic levels. Early literature reviews found no significant evidence that levels of arsenic, cadmium or other heavy metals differed significantly between organic and conventional food products. However,
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 28, "sc": 511, "ep": 32, "ec": 659}
160,932
Q380778
28
511
32
659
Organic food
Anti-nutrients & Phytochemicals
a 2014 review found lower concentrations of cadmium, particularly in organically grown grains. Phytochemicals A 2014 meta-analysis of 343 studies on phytochemical composition found that organically grown crops had lower cadmium and pesticide residues, and 17% higher concentrations of polyphenols than conventionally grown crops. Concentrations of phenolic acids, flavanones, stilbenes, flavones, flavonols, and anthocyanins were elevated, with flavanones being 69% higher. Studies on phytochemical composition of organic crops have numerous deficiencies, including absence of standardized measurements and poor reporting on measures of variability, duplicate or selective reporting of data, publication bias, lack of rigor in studies comparing pesticide residue levels
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 32, "sc": 659, "ep": 36, "ec": 528}
160,932
Q380778
32
659
36
528
Organic food
Phytochemicals & Pesticide residues
in organic and conventional crops, the geographical origin of samples, and inconsistency of farming and post-harvest methods. Pesticide residues The amount of pesticides that remain in or on food is called pesticide residue. In the United States, before a pesticide can be used on a food crop, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency must determine whether that pesticide can be used without posing a risk to human health. A 2012 meta-analysis determined that detectable pesticide residues were found in 7% of organic produce samples and 38% of conventional produce samples. This result was statistically heterogeneous, potentially because of the variable level of
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 36, "sc": 528, "ep": 36, "ec": 1196}
160,932
Q380778
36
528
36
1,196
Organic food
Pesticide residues
detection used among these studies. Only three studies reported the prevalence of contamination exceeding maximum allowed limits; all were from the European Union. A 2014 meta-analysis found that conventionally grown produce was four times more likely to have pesticide residue than organically grown crops. The American Cancer Society has stated that no evidence exists that the small amount of pesticide residue found on conventional foods will increase the risk of cancer, although it recommends thoroughly washing fruits and vegetables. They have also stated that there is no research to show that organic food reduces cancer risk compared to foods grown
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 36, "sc": 1196, "ep": 40, "ec": 195}
160,932
Q380778
36
1,196
40
195
Organic food
Pesticide residues & Bacterial contamination
with conventional farming methods. The Environmental Protection Agency maintains strict guidelines on the regulation of pesticides by setting a tolerance on the amount of pesticide residue allowed to be in or on any particular food. Although some residue may remain at the time of harvest, residue tend to decline as the pesticide breaks down over time. In addition, as the commodities are washed and processed prior to sale, the residues often diminish further. Bacterial contamination A 2012 meta-analysis determined that prevalence of E. coli contamination was not statistically significant (7% in organic produce and 6% in conventional produce). While bacterial contamination is
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 40, "sc": 195, "ep": 44, "ec": 511}
160,932
Q380778
40
195
44
511
Organic food
Bacterial contamination & United States
common among both organic and conventional animal products, differences in the prevalence of bacterial contamination between organic and conventional animal products were also statistically insignificant. United States Organic meat certification in the United States requires farm animals to be raised according to USDA organic regulations throughout their lives. These regulations require that livestock are fed certified organic food that contains no animal byproducts. Further, organic farm animals can receive no growth hormones or antibiotics, and they must be raised using techniques that protect native species and other natural resources. Irradiation and genetic engineering are not allowed with organic animal production.
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 44, "sc": 511, "ep": 48, "ec": 321}
160,932
Q380778
44
511
48
321
Organic food
United States & Health and safety
One of the major differences in organic animal husbandry protocol is the "pasture rule": minimum requirements for time on pasture do vary somewhat by species and between the certifying agencies, but the common theme is to require as much time on pasture as possible and reasonable. Health and safety There is little scientific evidence of benefit or harm to human health from a diet high in organic food, and conducting any sort of rigorous experiment on the subject is very difficult. A 2012 meta-analysis noted that "there have been no long-term studies of health outcomes of populations consuming predominantly organic
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 48, "sc": 321, "ep": 48, "ec": 989}
160,932
Q380778
48
321
48
989
Organic food
Health and safety
versus conventionally produced food controlling for socioeconomic factors; such studies would be expensive to conduct." A 2009 meta-analysis noted that "most of the included articles did not study direct human health outcomes. In ten of the included studies (83%), a primary outcome was the change in antioxidant activity. Antioxidant status and activity are useful biomarkers but do not directly equate to a health outcome. Of the remaining two articles, one recorded proxy-reported measures of atopic manifestations as its primary health outcome, whereas the other article examined the fatty acid composition of breast milk and implied possible health benefits for
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 48, "sc": 989, "ep": 48, "ec": 1683}
160,932
Q380778
48
989
48
1,683
Organic food
Health and safety
infants from the consumption of different amounts of conjugated linoleic acids from breast milk." In addition, as discussed above, difficulties in accurately and meaningfully measuring chemical differences between organic and conventional food make it difficult to extrapolate health recommendations based solely on chemical analysis. As of 2012, the scientific consensus is that while "consumers may choose to buy organic fruit, vegetables and meat because they believe them to be more nutritious than other food.... the balance of current scientific evidence does not support this view." The evidence of beneficial health effects of organic food consumption is scarce, which has led
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 48, "sc": 1683, "ep": 48, "ec": 2378}
160,932
Q380778
48
1,683
48
2,378
Organic food
Health and safety
researchers to call for more long-term studies. In addition, studies that suggest that organic foods may be healthier than conventional foods face significant methodological challenges, such as the correlation between organic food consumption and factors known to promote a healthy lifestyle. When the American Academy of Pediatrics reviewed the literature on organic foods in 2012, they found that "current evidence does not support any meaningful nutritional benefits or deficits from eating organic compared with conventionally grown foods, and there are no well-powered human studies that directly demonstrate health benefits or disease protection as a result of consuming an organic diet."
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 50, "sc": 0, "ep": 52, "ec": 669}
160,932
Q380778
50
0
52
669
Organic food
Pesticide exposure
Pesticide exposure The main difference between organic and conventional food products are the chemicals involved during production and processing. The residues of those chemicals in food products have dubious effects on human health. All food products on the market including those that contain residues of pesticides, antibiotics, growth hormones and other types of chemicals that are used during production and processing are said to be safe. Claims of improved safety of organic food has largely focused on pesticide residues. These concerns are driven by the facts that "(1) acute, massive exposure to pesticides can cause significant adverse health effects; (2) food
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 52, "sc": 669, "ep": 52, "ec": 1349}
160,932
Q380778
52
669
52
1,349
Organic food
Pesticide exposure
products have occasionally been contaminated with pesticides, which can result in acute toxicity; and (3) most, if not all, commercially purchased food contains trace amounts of agricultural pesticides." However, as is frequently noted in the scientific literature: "What does not follow from this, however, is that chronic exposure to the trace amounts of pesticides found in food results in demonstrable toxicity. This possibility is practically impossible to study and quantify;" therefore firm conclusions about the relative safety of organic foods have been hampered by the difficulty in proper study design and relatively small number of studies directly comparing organic
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 52, "sc": 1349, "ep": 52, "ec": 2077}
160,932
Q380778
52
1,349
52
2,077
Organic food
Pesticide exposure
food to conventional food. Additionally, the Carcinogenic Potency Project, which is a part of the US EPA's Distributed Structure-Searchable Toxicity (DSSTox) Database Network, has been systemically testing the carcinogenicity of chemicals, both natural and synthetic, and building a publicly available database of the results for the past ~30 years. Their work attempts to fill in the gaps in our scientific knowledge of the carcinogenicity of all chemicals, both natural and synthetic, as the scientists conducting the Project described in the journal, Science, in 1992: Toxicological examination of synthetic chemicals, without similar examination of chemicals that occur naturally, has resulted in
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 52, "sc": 2077, "ep": 52, "ec": 2702}
160,932
Q380778
52
2,077
52
2,702
Organic food
Pesticide exposure
an imbalance in both the data on and the perception of chemical carcinogens. Three points that we have discussed indicate that comparisons should be made with natural as well as synthetic chemicals. 1) The vast proportion of chemicals that humans are exposed to occur naturally. Nevertheless, the public tends to view chemicals as only synthetic and to think of synthetic chemicals as toxic despite the fact that every natural chemical is also toxic at some dose. The daily average exposure of Americans to burnt material in the diet is ~2000 mg, and exposure to natural pesticides (the chemicals that plants produce
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 52, "sc": 2702, "ep": 52, "ec": 3351}
160,932
Q380778
52
2,702
52
3,351
Organic food
Pesticide exposure
to defend themselves) is ~1500 mg. In comparison, the total daily exposure to all synthetic pesticide residues combined is ~0.09 mg. Thus, we estimate that 99.99% of the pesticides humans ingest are natural. Despite this enormously greater exposure to natural chemicals, 79% (378 out of 479) of the chemicals tested for carcinogenicity in both rats and mice are synthetic (that is, do not occur naturally). 2) It has often been wrongly assumed that humans have evolved defenses against the natural chemicals in our diet but not against the synthetic chemicals. However, defenses that animals have evolved are mostly general rather
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 52, "sc": 3351, "ep": 52, "ec": 4033}
160,932
Q380778
52
3,351
52
4,033
Organic food
Pesticide exposure
than specific for particular chemicals; moreover, defenses are generally inducible and therefore protect well from low doses of both synthetic and natural chemicals. 3) Because the toxicology of natural and synthetic chemicals is similar, one expects (and finds) a similar positivity rate for carcinogenicity among synthetic and natural chemicals. The positivity rate among chemicals tested in rats and mice is ~50%. Therefore, because humans are exposed to so many more natural than synthetic chemicals (by weight and by number), humans are exposed to an enormous background of rodent carcinogens, as defined by high-dose tests on rodents. We have shown that even
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 52, "sc": 4033, "ep": 52, "ec": 4717}
160,932
Q380778
52
4,033
52
4,717
Organic food
Pesticide exposure
though only a tiny proportion of natural pesticides in plant foods have been tested, the 29 that are rodent carcinogens among the 57 tested, occur in more than 50 common plant foods. It is probable that almost every fruit and vegetable in the supermarket contains natural pesticides that are rodent carcinogens. While studies have shown via chemical analysis, as discussed above, that organically grown fruits and vegetables have significantly lower pesticide residue levels, the significance of this finding on actual health risk reduction is debatable as both conventional foods and organic foods generally have pesticide levels well below government established guidelines
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 52, "sc": 4717, "ep": 52, "ec": 5350}
160,932
Q380778
52
4,717
52
5,350
Organic food
Pesticide exposure
for what is considered safe. This view has been echoed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the UK Food Standards Agency. A study published by the National Research Council in 1993 determined that for infants and children, the major source of exposure to pesticides is through diet. A study published in 2006 by Lu et al. measured the levels of organophosphorus pesticide exposure in 23 school children before and after replacing their diet with organic food. In this study it was found that levels of organophosphorus pesticide exposure dropped from negligible levels to undetectable levels when the children switched
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 52, "sc": 5350, "ep": 52, "ec": 5987}
160,932
Q380778
52
5,350
52
5,987
Organic food
Pesticide exposure
to an organic diet, the authors presented this reduction as a significant reduction in risk. The conclusions presented in Lu et al. were criticized in the literature as a case of bad scientific communication. More specifically, claims related to pesticide residue of increased risk of infertility or lower sperm counts have not been supported by the evidence in the medical literature. Likewise the American Cancer Society (ACS) has stated their official position that "whether organic foods carry a lower risk of cancer because they are less likely to be contaminated by compounds that might cause cancer is largely unknown."
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 52, "sc": 5987, "ep": 56, "ec": 463}
160,932
Q380778
52
5,987
56
463
Organic food
Pesticide exposure & Microbiological contamination
Reviews have noted that the risks from microbiological sources or natural toxins are likely to be much more significant than short term or chronic risks from pesticide residues. Microbiological contamination Organic farming has a preference for using manure as fertilizer, compared to conventional farming in general. This practise seems to imply an increased risk of microbiological contamination, such as E. coli O157:H7, from organic food consumption, but reviews have found little evidence that actual incidence of outbreaks can be positively linked to organic food production. The 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, however, was blamed on organic farming of bean
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 56, "sc": 463, "ep": 60, "ec": 618}
160,932
Q380778
56
463
60
618
Organic food
Microbiological contamination & Economics
sprouts. Economics Organic agriculture has higher potential costs due to lower yields, higher labor costs, and higher consumer prices. Demand for organic foods is primarily driven by concerns for personal health and for the environment. Global sales for organic foods climbed by more than 170 percent since 2002 reaching more than $63 billion in 2011 while certified organic farmland remained relatively small at less than 2 percent of total farmland under production, increasing in OECD and EU countries (which account for the majority of organic production) by 35 percent for the same time period. Organic products typically cost 10 to
{"datasets_id": 160932, "wiki_id": "Q380778", "sp": 60, "sc": 618, "ep": 60, "ec": 1215}
160,932
Q380778
60
618
60
1,215
Organic food
Economics
40% more than similar conventionally produced products, to several times the price. Processed organic foods vary in price when compared to their conventional counterparts. While organic food accounts for about 1% of total food production worldwide, the organic food sales market is growing rapidly with between 5 and 10 percent of the food market share in the United States according to the Organic Trade Association, significantly outpacing sales growth volume in dollars of conventional food products. World organic food sales jumped from US $23 billion in 2002 to $63 billion in 2011.
{"datasets_id": 160933, "wiki_id": "Q18168086", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 568}
160,933
Q18168086
2
0
4
568
Orlando Strange
Orlando Strange Orlando Sampson Strange (June 13, 1826 – January 2, 1906) was a physician and politician in Ontario, Canada. He served as mayor of Kingston from 1859 to 1860. The son of John Strange, a native of Scotland, and Mary McGill, he was born in Kingston and was educated at Queen's College. He studied medicine with Doctor James Sampson and completed his medical studies at the University of New York. Strange then set up practice in Kingston. He also served as surgeon for the Kingston General Hospital. He was a member of Kingston city council from 1852 to 1854 and
{"datasets_id": 160933, "wiki_id": "Q18168086", "sp": 4, "sc": 568, "ep": 4, "ec": 932}
160,933
Q18168086
4
568
4
932
Orlando Strange
also served as chair of the school board. He was a member of the board of governors for the Kingston General Hospital. In 1859, Strange married Jane Angus Craig. His brother Maxwell served in the Ontario assembly. In 1847, the two brothers bought the Calderwood House in Kingston from Thomas Kirkpatrick. Strange died in Kingston at the age of 79.
{"datasets_id": 160934, "wiki_id": "Q65118796", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 613}
160,934
Q65118796
2
0
4
613
Our Wonder World
Our Wonder World Our Wonder World was a children's encyclopedia published from the 1910s to the mid 1960s, under a variety of names. The original series was published in 10 volumes by the Chicago-based G. L. Schuman and Company. The series did not have named editors until at least 1926, when Howard Bristol Grose was credited as editor. The series included an 11th supplementary volume in at least the 1921 and 1926 editions. This edition was topically arranged, rather than alphabetical, designed for browsing rather than direct reference. It also contained "fictional as well as factual information." In 1932
{"datasets_id": 160934, "wiki_id": "Q65118796", "sp": 4, "sc": 613, "ep": 4, "ec": 1213}
160,934
Q65118796
4
613
4
1,213
Our Wonder World
the set was thoroughly revised and expanded as the New Wonder World. Like its predecessor, New Wonder World was topically organized and the eleventh volume was a study guide. This set was published at "regular intervals" until 1943 and annually until 1955. The set was then purchased by Parents Magazine Educational Press and published as the New Wonder World Encyclopedia in 1959-1960. The new edition was in 10 volumes rather than 11, the index volume being dispensed with and indexes added to the end of each volume. This edition had 4,000 pages, 2 and half million words, 4,000 illustrations and
{"datasets_id": 160934, "wiki_id": "Q65118796", "sp": 4, "sc": 1213, "ep": 4, "ec": 1687}
160,934
Q65118796
4
1,213
4
1,687
Our Wonder World
25,000 index entries. In 1962 the set was republished as the New Wonder World Cultural Library and in 1964 simply Cultural Library The 1965 Cultural Library would be the final edition. It had 10 volumes, 4,500 pages, 2.5 million words and 3,000 illustrations. It was not received well. A review in Booklist claimed that its facts were out of date, the indexes inconsistent and inadequate as to make them useless, had a lack of balance and an unattractive format."
{"datasets_id": 160935, "wiki_id": "Q434266", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 499}
160,935
Q434266
2
0
6
499
P. D. Ouspensky
Early life
P. D. Ouspensky Early life Ouspensky was born in Kharkov, today modern day Ukraine, in 1878. In 1890, he studied at the Second Moscow Gymnasium, a government school attended by boys aged from 10 to 18. At the age of 16, he was expelled from school for painting graffiti on the wall in plain sight of a visiting inspector. From then on he was more or less on his own. In 1906, he worked in the editorial office of the Moscow daily paper The Morning. In 1907 he became interested in Theosophy. In the autumn of 1913, aged 35, he
{"datasets_id": 160935, "wiki_id": "Q434266", "sp": 6, "sc": 499, "ep": 10, "ec": 314}
160,935
Q434266
6
499
10
314
P. D. Ouspensky
Early life & Career
journeyed to the East in search of the miraculous. He visited Theosophists in Adyar, but was forced to return to Moscow after the beginning of the Great War. In Moscow he met Gurdjieff and married Sophie Grigorievna Maximenko. He had a mistress by the name of Anna Ilinishna Butkovsky. Career During his years in Moscow, Ouspensky wrote for several newspapers and was particularly interested in the then-fashionable idea of the fourth dimension. His first work, published in 1909, was titled The Fourth Dimension. It was influenced by the ideas prevalent in the works of Charles H. Hinton, which treated the
{"datasets_id": 160935, "wiki_id": "Q434266", "sp": 10, "sc": 314, "ep": 10, "ec": 919}
160,935
Q434266
10
314
10
919
P. D. Ouspensky
Career
fourth dimension as an extension in space. Ouspensky treats time as a fourth dimension only indirectly in a novel he wrote titled Strange Life of Ivan Osokin where he also explores the theory of eternal recurrence. Ouspensky's second work, Tertium Organum, was published in 1912. In it he denies the ultimate reality of space and time, and negates Aristotle's Logical Formula of Identification of "A is A", concluding in his "higher logic" that A is both A and not-A. Unbeknown to Ouspensky, a Russian émigré by the name of Nicholas Bessarabof took a copy of Tertium Organum to America and placed
{"datasets_id": 160935, "wiki_id": "Q434266", "sp": 10, "sc": 919, "ep": 10, "ec": 1534}
160,935
Q434266
10
919
10
1,534
P. D. Ouspensky
Career
it in the hands of the architect Claude Bragdon who could read Russian and was interested in the fourth dimension. Tertium Organum was rendered into English by Bragdon who had incorporated his own design of the hypercube into the Rochester Chamber of Commerce building. Bragdon also published the book and the publication was such a success that it was finally taken up by Alfred A. Knopf. At the time, in the early 1920s, Ouspensky's whereabouts were unknown. Bragdon located him in Constantinople and paid him back some royalties. Ouspensky traveled in Europe and the East — India, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)
{"datasets_id": 160935, "wiki_id": "Q434266", "sp": 10, "sc": 1534, "ep": 10, "ec": 2119}
160,935
Q434266
10
1,534
10
2,119
P. D. Ouspensky
Career
and Egypt — in his search for knowledge. After his return to Russia and his introduction to Gurdjieff in 1915, he spent the next few years studying with him, and supporting the founding of a school. Prior to 1914 Ouspensky had written and published a number of articles. In 1917 he updated these articles to include "recent developments in physics" and republished them as a book in Russian entitled A New Model of the Universe. The work, as reflected in its title, shows the influence of Francis Bacon and Max Müller, and has been interpreted as an attempt to reconcile ideas
{"datasets_id": 160935, "wiki_id": "Q434266", "sp": 10, "sc": 2119, "ep": 10, "ec": 2757}
160,935
Q434266
10
2,119
10
2,757
P. D. Ouspensky
Career
from natural science and religious studies with occultism in the tradition of Gurdjieff and Theosophy. It was assumed that that book was lost to the Revolution's violence, but it was then republished in English (without Ouspensky's knowledge) in 1931. The work has attracted the interest of a number of philosophers and has been a widely accepted authoritative basis for a study of metaphysics. Ouspensky sought to exceed the limits of metaphysics with his "psychological method", which he defined as "a calibration of the tools of human understanding to derive the actual meaning of the thing itself". (paraphrasing p. 75.) According to
{"datasets_id": 160935, "wiki_id": "Q434266", "sp": 10, "sc": 2757, "ep": 10, "ec": 3390}
160,935
Q434266
10
2,757
10
3,390
P. D. Ouspensky
Career
Ouspensky: "The idea of esotericism ... holds that the very great majority of our ideas are not the product of evolution but the product of the degeneration of ideas which existed at some time or are still existing somewhere in much higher, purer and more complete forms." (p. 47) The book also provided an original discussion on the nature and expression of sexuality; among other things, he draws a distinction between erotica and pornography. Ouspensky's lectures in London were attended by such literary figures as Aldous Huxley, T. S. Eliot, Gerald Heard and other writers, journalists and doctors. His influence on the
{"datasets_id": 160935, "wiki_id": "Q434266", "sp": 10, "sc": 3390, "ep": 18, "ec": 233}
160,935
Q434266
10
3,390
18
233
P. D. Ouspensky
Career & Teaching & Fourth Way
literary scene of the 1920s and 1930s as well as on the Russian avant-garde was immense but still very little known. It was said of Ouspensky that, though nonreligious, he had one prayer: not to become famous during his lifetime. Teaching After Ouspensky broke away from Gurdjieff, he taught the "Fourth Way", as he understood it, to his independent groups. Fourth Way Gurdjieff proposed that there are three ways of self-development generally known in esoteric circles. These are the Way of the Fakir, dealing exclusively with the physical body, the Way of the Monk, dealing with the emotions, and the
{"datasets_id": 160935, "wiki_id": "Q434266", "sp": 18, "sc": 233, "ep": 18, "ec": 814}
160,935
Q434266
18
233
18
814
P. D. Ouspensky
Fourth Way
Way of the Yogi, dealing with the mind. What is common about the three ways is that they demand complete seclusion from the world. According to Gurdjieff, there is a Fourth Way which does not demand its followers to abandon the world. The work of self-development takes place right in the midst of ordinary life. Gurdjieff called his system a school of the Fourth Way where a person learns to work in harmony with his physical body, emotions and mind. Ouspensky picked up this idea and continued his own school along this line. Ouspensky made the term "Fourth Way" and its
{"datasets_id": 160935, "wiki_id": "Q434266", "sp": 18, "sc": 814, "ep": 22, "ec": 363}
160,935
Q434266
18
814
22
363
P. D. Ouspensky
Fourth Way & Self-remembering
use central to his own teaching of the ideas of Gurdjieff. He greatly focused on Fourth Way schools and their existence throughout history. Students Among his students were Rodney Collin, Maurice Nicoll, Robert S de Ropp, Kenneth Walker, Remedios Varo and Dr Francis Roles. Self-remembering Ouspensky personally confessed the difficulties he was experiencing with "self-remembering," which has later been defined by Osho as 'witnessing'. The present phraseology in the teachings of Advaita is to be in awareness, or being aware of being aware. It is also believed to be consistent with the Buddhist practice of 'mindfulness'. The ultimate goal of each is
{"datasets_id": 160935, "wiki_id": "Q434266", "sp": 22, "sc": 363, "ep": 22, "ec": 955}
160,935
Q434266
22
363
22
955
P. D. Ouspensky
Self-remembering
to be always in a state of meditation even in sleep. 'Self-remembering' was a technique to which he had been introduced by Gurdjieff himself. Gurdjieff explained to him that this was the missing link to everything else. While in Russia, Ouspensky experimented with the technique with a certain degree of success, and in his lectures in London and America he emphasized the importance of its practice. The technique requires a division of attention, so that a person not only pays attention to what is going on in the exterior world but also in the interior. A.L. Volinsky, an acquaintance of
{"datasets_id": 160935, "wiki_id": "Q434266", "sp": 22, "sc": 955, "ep": 22, "ec": 1494}
160,935
Q434266
22
955
22
1,494
P. D. Ouspensky
Self-remembering
Ouspensky in Russia, mentioned to him that this was what professor Wundt meant by apperception. Ouspensky disagreed and commented on how an idea so profound to him would pass unnoticed by people whom he considered intelligent. Gurdjieff explained the Rosicrucian principle that in order to bring about a result or manifestation, three things are necessary. With self-remembering and self-observation two things are present. The third one is explained by Ouspensky in his tract on Conscience: it is the non-expression of negative emotions.
{"datasets_id": 160936, "wiki_id": "Q11875816", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 612}
160,936
Q11875816
2
0
4
612
Pajulahti Sports Institute
Pajulahti Sports Institute Pajulahti Sports Institute is a sports and leisure center, situated in Nastola, Finland. It is about an hour's drive away from Helsinki area, and fifteen minutes drive from Lahti. Pajulahti has a history of over 80 years. It was established in 1929 as a women gymnasts' summer training place. Pajulahti has grown into an active sports and leisure center during the last few decades. Pajulahti offers sport education, training facilities, conference and meeting facilities as well as fitness and wellness services. The Sport Institute is located close to nature and next to a lake. Both indoor and outdoor
{"datasets_id": 160936, "wiki_id": "Q11875816", "sp": 4, "sc": 612, "ep": 6, "ec": 8}
160,936
Q11875816
4
612
6
8
Pajulahti Sports Institute
History
sports are taught there. There are about 350 students in Pajulahti Sports Institute. Since 2006, the executive director and the principal of the Sport Institute has been Lasse Mikkelsson. The director of the training center and executive vice president is Mikko Levola. Pajulahti has both hotel and dormitory type of accommodation. There is also a restaurant. The newest attraction of Pajulahti is The Adventure Park, that was opened in June 2015. Since November 2015, Pajulahti Sports Institute has been officially Finnish National Olympic Training Center. It is the only Olympic Training Center of Finland that is also the official Paralympic Training Center. History
{"datasets_id": 160936, "wiki_id": "Q11875816", "sp": 8, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 593}
160,936
Q11875816
8
0
8
593
Pajulahti Sports Institute
History
Pajulahti Sports Institute was founded in Nastola in June 1929, in the same location where the institute still operates today. The origin of the sports institute dates back to the early 1920s, when the women's section of the Finnish Workers’ Sports Federation, founded in 1919, expressed the idea of to have a sports centre of its own. Funds for the project were raised throughout the 1920s, but it was not until spring 1929 that the federation decided to establish the sports centre. Thus it purchased a site in Nastola which already had a main building and sauna. In its early years,
{"datasets_id": 160936, "wiki_id": "Q11875816", "sp": 8, "sc": 593, "ep": 8, "ec": 1226}
160,936
Q11875816
8
593
8
1,226
Pajulahti Sports Institute
History
Pajulahti operated only in the summers. Courses were held there for leaders of women's exercise groups. In addition, it was also possible to enjoy a holiday at Pajulahti. Activities were adversely affected, however, by the fact that the site had no internal exercise facilities. Students were at the mercy of the weather. The centre eventually acquired its own gymnastics hall in 1937, while slightly earlier a swimming facility had been opened. Pajulahti served solely as a women's sports centre for nearly a decade, but after the opening of the gymnastics hall, the first men's courses were also held there. The activities
{"datasets_id": 160936, "wiki_id": "Q11875816", "sp": 8, "sc": 1226, "ep": 8, "ec": 1867}
160,936
Q11875816
8
1,226
8
1,867
Pajulahti Sports Institute
History
of the Finnish Workers’ Sports Federation expanded rapidly after the Second World War. The federation decided to launch a major funding-raising effort, with the aim of building a new sports institute. The fund-raising was a great success, but rather than a new institute it was finally decided instead to expand the existing facilities at Pajulahti. The new institute building was completed in 1949. Pajulahti began to train sports instructors and this led to the formation of a second institute which fell within the sphere of central government financial aid. Activities now took place all year round. In 1952 the Finnish Workers’
{"datasets_id": 160936, "wiki_id": "Q11875816", "sp": 8, "sc": 1867, "ep": 8, "ec": 2534}
160,936
Q11875816
8
1,867
8
2,534
Pajulahti Sports Institute
History
Sports Federation decided to separate Pajulahti into an independent unit. A Sports Institute Foundation, to which the Pajulahti land and buildings were transferred, was established to maintain the institute. The foundation remains Pajulahti's owner still today. The expansion of activities called for additional accommodation, housing for staff and new sports areas. The 1950s was a time of construction at Pajulahti. The next period of strong growth took place in the 1970s, when Pajulahti obtained a new main building with ball-game halls and a training pool for swimming. More accommodation was also built. In the late 1980s the main building was extended
{"datasets_id": 160936, "wiki_id": "Q11875816", "sp": 8, "sc": 2534, "ep": 8, "ec": 3226}
160,936
Q11875816
8
2,534
8
3,226
Pajulahti Sports Institute
History
further and an indoor tennis facility and a new residential unit constructed. The sports field acquired an artificial surface in the early 1990s. The biggest change in the early 1990s was the establishment of Pajulahti's operations as an independent company. After a change in tax law, the Sports Institute Foundation, which funds sports education with grants, decided to avoid a situation in which it would be engaged in taxable business operations. In cooperation with the Ministry of Education, Pajulahti was formed into a limited company, "Valtakunnallinen valmennus- ja liikuntakeskus Oy" in 1996. After the formation of the company, Pajulahti has grown further
{"datasets_id": 160936, "wiki_id": "Q11875816", "sp": 8, "sc": 3226, "ep": 8, "ec": 3881}
160,936
Q11875816
8
3,226
8
3,881
Pajulahti Sports Institute
History
and construction has been busier than ever. The late 1990s and the following decade saw the completion of an ice hall, a swimming hall, a cafeteria, an accommodation facility and a sports hall. A highlight is the new Pajulahti Hall, which was officially opened in 2010. The hall is mainly used by footballers and athletes. Pajulahti is also used by the following sports activities: tennis, figure skating, swimming, judo, physical exercise for special groups, ice-hockey, volleyball and wrestling. Pajulahti's objectives are clear. The former women's sports centre has developed into a national and international sports institute, that wants to
{"datasets_id": 160936, "wiki_id": "Q11875816", "sp": 8, "sc": 3881, "ep": 8, "ec": 4084}
160,936
Q11875816
8
3,881
8
4,084
Pajulahti Sports Institute
History
participate in promoting the health and exercise of Finns, develop the training of sports instructors and to be in the forefront of raising Finnish elite sportsmen and women back among the world's best.
{"datasets_id": 160937, "wiki_id": "Q28402660", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 96}
160,937
Q28402660
2
0
6
96
Pandrangi
Geography
Pandrangi Geography Pandrangi is located at 17.9833°N 83.3333°E. It has an average elevation of 23 meters (78 feet).
{"datasets_id": 160938, "wiki_id": "Q7149577", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 585}
160,938
Q7149577
2
0
6
585
Paul Buckle
Playing career
Paul Buckle Playing career Buckle began his career as an apprentice at Brentford, turning professional in July 1989. He played 57 league games (15 as substitute) for Brentford, scoring once. He also played three Conference games on loan at Wycombe Wanderers before leaving on a free transfer to be signed by Don O'Riordan, the Torquay United manager, in February 1994. After 9 goals in 71 games, Buckle moved to local rivals Exeter City in October 1995, again on a free transfer. However, with Exeter suffering serious financial problems and almost going out of business, Buckle left in 1996 as, with the
{"datasets_id": 160938, "wiki_id": "Q7149577", "sp": 6, "sc": 585, "ep": 6, "ec": 1190}
160,938
Q7149577
6
585
6
1,190
Paul Buckle
Playing career
club in administration, they could not afford his wages. He played in a friendly for Cambridge United (away to Watford) on 7 August, but opted to join Northampton Town. He failed to make the Cobblers first team and on 18 October 1996, he returned to Wycombe Wanderers on non-contract terms, before moving to Colchester United on 28 November. He helped Colchester win promotion from Division Three via the play-off final at Wembley against former club Torquay. After 10 goals in 123 games for Colchester, Buckle returned to Exeter on a free transfer on 2 July 1999, signing a two-year contract. He
{"datasets_id": 160938, "wiki_id": "Q7149577", "sp": 6, "sc": 1190, "ep": 6, "ec": 1793}
160,938
Q7149577
6
1,190
6
1,793
Paul Buckle
Playing career
sustained a serious ankle injury in the opening game of the new season and, although he made a full recovery and regained a first team place, he was one of many players transfer-listed by Exeter manager Noel Blake in May 2000. However, he remained at St. James' Park, playing in 43 games the following season and 25 the season after. Buckle then joined Football Conference side Aldershot Town in 2002, before dropping down a further division to play for Weymouth in 2003, in addition to being employed as a youth-team coach at Exeter. He was made caretaker manager at Weymouth after the
{"datasets_id": 160938, "wiki_id": "Q7149577", "sp": 6, "sc": 1793, "ep": 10, "ec": 3}
160,938
Q7149577
6
1,793
10
3
Paul Buckle
Playing career & Exeter City
club sacked Steve Claridge, obtaining a win and three draws in his four games in temporary charge. He left the club on 16 December 2004 to return in a non-paid playing role at Exeter, now themselves in non-League football. He made four appearances before joining Tiverton Town for a short time, playing in 12 games. In March 2005, Buckle returned to Exeter City once more, this time as player-coach under manager Alex Inglethorpe, continuing in this role under Inglethorpe's successor Paul Tisdale. Buckle continued to play regularly during this spell, making 70 appearances and eventually became assistant manager. Exeter City In
{"datasets_id": 160938, "wiki_id": "Q7149577", "sp": 10, "sc": 2, "ep": 14, "ec": 386}
160,938
Q7149577
10
2
14
386
Paul Buckle
Exeter City & Torquay United
his role as assistant manager, he helped lead Exeter City to the Conference National play-off final at Wembley at the end of the 2006–07 season, although they lost to Morecambe. Torquay United After his time at Exeter City, Buckle was keen to pursue his own job as a manager and, in June 2007, he was appointed manager of relegated Torquay United by new Chief Executive Colin Lee, his former youth team manager at Brentford. In his first season at Plainmoor he led Torquay to a third-placed finish in the Conference Premier and thus a place in the end of season play-offs
{"datasets_id": 160938, "wiki_id": "Q7149577", "sp": 14, "sc": 386, "ep": 14, "ec": 964}
160,938
Q7149577
14
386
14
964
Paul Buckle
Torquay United
to get back into the Football League. Torquay faced Buckle's former club and local rivals Exeter City. Despite a 2–1 win in the away leg, Exeter hit back and Torquay lost 4–1 at home (5–3 on aggregate). Buckle also took Torquay to the FA Trophy final, however, that was also to end in disappointment as the Gulls were defeated 1–0 by Ebbsfleet United at Wembley. Despite a slow start to the next campaign, Torquay bounced back to again qualify for the play-offs and finished the league in fourth place. They defeated Histon in the semi-finals 2–1 on aggregate to set up
{"datasets_id": 160938, "wiki_id": "Q7149577", "sp": 14, "sc": 964, "ep": 14, "ec": 1601}
160,938
Q7149577
14
964
14
1,601
Paul Buckle
Torquay United
a final against Cambridge United. Torquay beat Cambridge 2–0 with goals from Chris Hargreaves and Tim Sills to return to the Football League at the second attempt. In September 2009, Buckle signed a two-year contract extension following speculation that he was to be offered the vacant managerial position at another of his former clubs, Colchester United. After being in or hovering just above the relegation zone for much of the 2009–10 campaign, Buckle eventually led Torquay to 17th place in the table following a strong finish to the season, in which they kept a club record seven consecutive clean sheets. The next
{"datasets_id": 160938, "wiki_id": "Q7149577", "sp": 14, "sc": 1601, "ep": 18, "ec": 170}
160,938
Q7149577
14
1,601
18
170
Paul Buckle
Torquay United & Bristol Rovers
season proved more successful, with Torquay under Buckle spending much of the season in or just outside the play-off places. A seventh-placed finish, achieved on goal difference, led the club to play third-placed Shrewsbury Town in the play-off semi-final, which Torquay won 2–0 on aggregate. However, following a 1–0 defeat to Stevenage at Old Trafford in the play-off final on 28 May 2011, Buckle left the club to join newly relegated Bristol Rovers. Bristol Rovers Buckle's first act as Bristol Rovers manager was to successfully persuade Torquay assistant manager Shaun North, goalkeeper Scott Bevan and striker Chris Zebroski to join
{"datasets_id": 160938, "wiki_id": "Q7149577", "sp": 18, "sc": 170, "ep": 18, "ec": 794}
160,938
Q7149577
18
170
18
794
Paul Buckle
Bristol Rovers
him. After signing a total of 19 players, and releasing or selling 19 of Rovers' existing players from the previous season's relegation, a run of four wins from the first ten games left the club in mid-table. However, things quickly worsened, with the club winning only two further league games before January and Buckle publicly falling out with Bristol Rovers' fan favourite Stuart Campbell, who he released from his contract in December 2011. Buckle's position at the club became increasingly unstable following home defeats to Crewe Alexandra and Plymouth Argyle that left the club just outside the relegation zone and,
{"datasets_id": 160938, "wiki_id": "Q7149577", "sp": 18, "sc": 794, "ep": 22, "ec": 455}
160,938
Q7149577
18
794
22
455
Paul Buckle
Bristol Rovers & Luton Town
on 3 January 2012, he was sacked by Bristol Rovers after a 2–0 loss to struggling Barnet. Luton Town On 6 April 2012, 95 days after leaving Bristol Rovers, it was announced that Buckle had been appointed the new manager of Luton Town on an initial two-year contract until June 2014. At the time, Luton were sixth in the Conference Premier, one place below the play-offs, having been on a run of one win in their prior seven league games which had ultimately seen previous manager Gary Brabin sacked on 31 March 2012. Buckle watched from the stands as Luton
{"datasets_id": 160938, "wiki_id": "Q7149577", "sp": 22, "sc": 455, "ep": 22, "ec": 1041}
160,938
Q7149577
22
455
22
1,041
Paul Buckle
Luton Town
lost 3–1 to Braintree Town on 7 April before officially taking charge the next day. There was an immediate turnaround in Luton's playing style and results under Buckle's management with the club securing a place in the play-offs by picking up 14 points from six games, keeping five clean sheets in the process. He led the club to the play-off final at Wembley Stadium after a 3–2 aggregate win against Wrexham in the semi-final, but lost 2–1 to York City in the decisive final game. After the defeat, Buckle announced his intention to trim the Luton squad, which had played out
{"datasets_id": 160938, "wiki_id": "Q7149577", "sp": 22, "sc": 1041, "ep": 22, "ec": 1639}
160,938
Q7149577
22
1,041
22
1,639
Paul Buckle
Luton Town
the 2011–12 season using 34 contracted professionals, and followed this up by allowing 12 players to leave. Stating that he wanted to "bring players into the club that are not failures", he signed, among others, former Stevenage captain Ronnie Henry, who had won two promotions in three years, striker Jon Shaw, who had scored 35 goals throughout the season, and midfielder Jonathan Smith, who had played 48 times the previous season for Swindon Town as they won promotion to League One and finished as runners-up in the Football League Trophy. After a solid start to the 2012–13 season, which saw
{"datasets_id": 160938, "wiki_id": "Q7149577", "sp": 22, "sc": 1639, "ep": 22, "ec": 2215}
160,938
Q7149577
22
1,639
22
2,215
Paul Buckle
Luton Town
Buckle's side keep pace with the leaders, Luton's league form soon collapsed with the club winning only three league games between November 2012 and February 2013. Buckle was in charge as Luton beat Premier League side Norwich City 1–0 away at Carrow Road on 26 January 2013 in the FA Cup Fourth Round, striker Scott Rendell's late goal ensuring that the club became the first non-League team in 24 years to defeat a top division side in the competition. However, just three weeks later he left the club by mutual consent for personal reasons. These were later revealed to be
{"datasets_id": 160938, "wiki_id": "Q7149577", "sp": 22, "sc": 2215, "ep": 30, "ec": 96}
160,938
Q7149577
22
2,215
30
96
Paul Buckle
Luton Town & Metropolitan Oval & Cheltenham Town
an imminent move abroad to the US with his wife, TV sports presenter Rebecca Lowe, who was fronting NBC's Premier League coverage in the country. Metropolitan Oval On 4 November 2013, the Metropolitan Oval, a United States Soccer Federation development academy and historic New York City soccer facility, announced the appointment of Buckle as Technical Director. He was appointed to oversee all soccer-related activities at the club which is one of the newest affiliates to the new MLS franchise club NYCFC. Cheltenham Town On 26 November 2014, it was announced that Buckle had become Cheltenham Town manager and will be
{"datasets_id": 160938, "wiki_id": "Q7149577", "sp": 30, "sc": 96, "ep": 34, "ec": 179}
160,938
Q7149577
30
96
34
179
Paul Buckle
Cheltenham Town & Sacramento Republic
on a twelve-month rolling contract at the club. He left the club on 13 February 2015 after only 79 days in charge. Sacramento Republic On 8 July 2015, Sacramento Republic announced Buckle as the new head coach to replace the departing Preki. In September 2015, Buckle was also named Technical Director of the club.
{"datasets_id": 160939, "wiki_id": "Q7158582", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 362}
160,939
Q7158582
2
0
8
362
Pebco Three
History of PEBCO
Pebco Three The Pebco Three were three black South African anti-apartheid activists – Sipho Hashe, Champion Galela, and Qaqawuli Godolozi – who were abducted and subsequently murdered in 1985 by members of the South African Security Police. History of PEBCO After an increase in the cost of living for the Black population in Port Elizabeth – following a 100% rent-fee price hike in the late 1970s – the residents of Port Elizabeth decided to organise themselves and form an organisation that would challenge socio-economic injustices that were meted out on Black people including the apartheid regime. On the 10 October
{"datasets_id": 160939, "wiki_id": "Q7158582", "sp": 8, "sc": 362, "ep": 8, "ec": 989}
160,939
Q7158582
8
362
8
989
Pebco Three
History of PEBCO
1979, after having officially established the Port Elizabeth Black Civic Organisation (PEBCO), a public meeting was held where it was decided that a protest against the increase in rent, transport, fuel and lighting, township services charges and food costs be held. PEBCO's immediate aims and demands were: to fight for equal rights for all people of Port Elizabeth; to fight all discriminatory legislation enacted by the government and local authorities; to seek participation in decision making on all matters affecting the people of South Africa; to fight for the granting of the right to Blacks to buy land under freehold
{"datasets_id": 160939, "wiki_id": "Q7158582", "sp": 8, "sc": 989, "ep": 12, "ec": 263}
160,939
Q7158582
8
989
12
263
Pebco Three
History of PEBCO & The Disappearance
title at any place of their choice; and to resist any attempt, direct or indirect, to deprive Blacks of their South African citizenship. Their fundamental aim included the creation of one municipality for the whole of Port Elizabeth, therefore rejecting the system of community councils and separate municipalities for Blacks and Whites. The Disappearance The 1980s proved to be a volatile period for activism in Port Elizabeth and as such, leaders of PEBCO were detained for short stints from time to time. In 1980, five of its leaders were detained, including Thozamile Botha, the founding member, who in the previous
{"datasets_id": 160939, "wiki_id": "Q7158582", "sp": 12, "sc": 263, "ep": 12, "ec": 828}
160,939
Q7158582
12
263
12
828
Pebco Three
The Disappearance
year – 1979 – was dismissed at the Ford Company in New Brighton for his political involvement and organising workers on site. He soon left the country in May 1980 to join the ANC in exile, leaving his comrade Qaqawuli Godolozi as PEBCO's new president. Five years later, on 8 May 1985, three members – Sipho Hashe, Champion Galela, and Qaqawuli Godolozi – disappeared from the airport in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. This was due to the fact that PEBCO had now affiliated itself with the United Democratic Front (UDF), which was believed by some at the time to be
{"datasets_id": 160939, "wiki_id": "Q7158582", "sp": 12, "sc": 828, "ep": 16, "ec": 274}
160,939
Q7158582
12
828
16
274
Pebco Three
The Disappearance & The Confession
an internal wing of the then-banned African National Congress (ANC). As a result of the three's disappearance, the Consumer Boycott Committee organised a huge consumer boycott which began in July 1985. Although it was strongly suspected that the Security Police had something to do with the three activists' disappearance, nothing was known of their fate of until November 1997. The Confession On 11 November, former Security Police Officer Colonel Gideon Nieuwoudt, while applying for amnesty during a Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearing, confessed to participating in the beating, robbery, and murder of the PEBCO Three. According to his testimony, Nieuwoudt
{"datasets_id": 160939, "wiki_id": "Q7158582", "sp": 16, "sc": 274, "ep": 16, "ec": 864}
160,939
Q7158582
16
274
16
864
Pebco Three
The Confession
lured the three men by having a paid police informant pose as a British embassy official interested in providing a cash donation to PEBCO call Sipho Hashe at his home. The informant convinced Sipho and his two friends to come to the airport to pick up the donation. (Nieuwoudt later refused to name the informant for fear of his safety.) The three men were apprehended by members of the Security Police and taken to an abandoned police station on a farm at Post Chalmers, near Cradock. They were then interrogated, stripped of their possessions, beaten, sedated, and finally strangled. The
{"datasets_id": 160939, "wiki_id": "Q7158582", "sp": 16, "sc": 864, "ep": 18, "ec": 4}
160,939
Q7158582
16
864
18
4
Pebco Three
The Confession & The Court Case
bodies were burned and the remains were thrown into the nearby Fish River. Eugene de Kock a former head of section C1 at the Vlakplaas farm north of Pretoria where many of these atrocities occurred – in his submission to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) about the death of the PEBCO Three – admits to this and writes that in late 1985 there began an altercation between two members of his Vlakplaas team, sergeant Joe Mamasela and warrant officer Gert Beeslaar who had been involved in an operation in Port Elizabeth in which the PEBCO Three were murdered. The
{"datasets_id": 160939, "wiki_id": "Q7158582", "sp": 18, "sc": 3, "ep": 20, "ec": 576}
160,939
Q7158582
18
3
20
576
Pebco Three
The Court Case
Court Case Also incriminated in the case were former policemen Johan Martin Van Zyl and Johannes Koole. Van Zyl voluntarily surrendered to police in Port Elizabeth on 11 February 2004. He had been out of the country on a murder and three counts of assault to do grievous bodily harm. The trial was set for 12 October, but has since been postponed by the defence, pending aTruth and Reconciliation Commission review of the 1989 Motherwell Bombing in which Nieuwoudt was also involved. The TRC refused to grant amnesty to the three perpetrators Van Zyl, Nieuwoudt and Lotz, citing that the
{"datasets_id": 160939, "wiki_id": "Q7158582", "sp": 20, "sc": 576, "ep": 20, "ec": 651}
160,939
Q7158582
20
576
20
651
Pebco Three
The Court Case
three had failed to make a full disclosure in the case of the PEBCO Three.
{"datasets_id": 160940, "wiki_id": "Q1094781", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 624}
160,940
Q1094781
2
0
6
624
Pelog
Tuning
Pelog Tuning Since the tuning varies so widely from island to island, village to village, and even among gamelan, it is difficult to characterize in terms of intervals. One rough approximation expresses the seven pitches of Central Javanese pelog as a subset of 9-tone equal temperament. An analysis of 27 Central Javanese gamelans by Surjodiningrat (1972) revealed a statistical preference for this system of tuning. As in slendro, although the intervals vary from one gamelan to the next, the intervals between notes in a scale are very close to identical for different instruments within the same Javanese gamelan. This is not
{"datasets_id": 160940, "wiki_id": "Q1094781", "sp": 6, "sc": 624, "ep": 10, "ec": 78}
160,940
Q1094781
6
624
10
78
Pelog
Tuning & Bali
the case in Bali, where instruments are played in pairs which are tuned slightly apart so as to produce interference beating. The beating is ideally at a consistent speed for all pairs of notes in all registers, producing stretched octaves as a result. This contributes to the very "agitated" and "shimmering" sound of gamelan ensembles. In the religious ceremonies that contain gamelan, these interference beats are meant to give the listener a feeling of a god's presence or a stepping stone to a meditative state. Bali In Bali, all seven tones are used in gamelan semar pegulingan, gamelan gambuh,
{"datasets_id": 160940, "wiki_id": "Q1094781", "sp": 10, "sc": 78, "ep": 10, "ec": 658}
160,940
Q1094781
10
78
10
658
Pelog
Bali
and gamelan semara dana (a seven-tone gamelan gong kebyar ensemble). All seven tones are rarely heard in a single traditional composition. Like in Java, five-tone modes are used, which are constructed with alternating groups of three and two consecutive scale degrees, each group being separated by a gap. Unlike Java, there are only five names for the notes, and the same five names are used in all modes. The modes all start on the note named ding, and then continue going up the scale to dong, deng, dung and dang. This means that the same pitch will have a different
{"datasets_id": 160940, "wiki_id": "Q1094781", "sp": 10, "sc": 658, "ep": 10, "ec": 684}
160,940
Q1094781
10
658
10
684
Pelog
Bali
name in a different mode.
{"datasets_id": 160941, "wiki_id": "Q24946680", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 32}
160,941
Q24946680
2
0
14
32
Pesarlanka
Geography & Demographics & Government and politics
Pesarlanka Geography Pedapulivarru is situated to the east of the mandal headquarters, Bhattiprolu, at 16.0937°N 80.8527°E. It is spread over an area of 451 ha (1,110 acres). Demographics As of 2011 census, Pesarlanka had a population of 2,527. The total population constitute, 1,284 males and 1,243 females —a sex ratio of 968 females per 1000 males. 219 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 120 are boys and 99 are girls. The average literacy rate stands at 69.67% with 1,608 literates, significantly higher than the state average of 67.41%. Government and politics Pesarlanka gram panchayat is the
{"datasets_id": 160941, "wiki_id": "Q24946680", "sp": 14, "sc": 32, "ep": 22, "ec": 119}
160,941
Q24946680
14
32
22
119
Pesarlanka
Government and politics & Economy & Education
local self-government of the village. It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member. Economy Agriculture is the main occupation of the villagers. The main crops cultivated by the farmers are banana plantations, green gram, gourd etc. Education As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has a total of 3 Zilla/Mandal Parishad.
{"datasets_id": 160942, "wiki_id": "Q2743846", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 50}
160,942
Q2743846
2
0
10
50
Phelios
Plot & Versions
Phelios Plot The player takes control of the knight Apollo, the god of the sun, who sets off on the legendary winged horse Pegasus, to rescue his lover, Artemis, the goddess of the moon, from the Titan, Typhon. The game takes names and little else from Greek mythology in which Apollo, god of the sun, was actually Artemis's brother. The game shows players an Artemis that acts as a princess (but in Greek mythology, she was the goddess of the hunt, and took pride in never being with any man). Versions The arcade version of this game was never released
{"datasets_id": 160942, "wiki_id": "Q2743846", "sp": 10, "sc": 50, "ep": 10, "ec": 618}
160,942
Q2743846
10
50
10
618
Phelios
Versions
in the United States, due to Artemis's "bondage/torture" scenes, which were shown between each stage, and were similar to those from the new version of Namco's own Rolling Thunder; while no nudity is shown, the scenes were still somewhat "strong" to be shown in an arcade game during the early 16-bit era. This game's score display also gives the illusion of allowing values which do not end in "0", like Hopping Mappy, Bakutotsu Kijūtei, and Metal Hawk did before it - however, the smallest point value that the game can award to a player for killing an enemy is 10.