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Międzyrzecze Górne
History
by a special commission and given back to the Roman Catholic Church on 16 April 1654. In spite of being bereft of place of worship many of the local inhabitants remained to be Lutherans. A Lutheran church was built in 1866. A wooden Catholic Saint Martin church built in 16th century accidentally burnt down in 1993; a modern church was built in its place in 1996. After the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire a modern municipal division was introduced in the re-established Austrian Silesia. The village as a municipality was subscribed to the political and legal district of Bielsko.
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Międzyrzecze Górne
History
According to the censuses conducted in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 the population of the municipality grew from 1466 in 1880 to 1642 in 1910 with the majority being native German-speakers (at least 909 or 62% in 1880, at most 1092 or 66.5% in 1910) accompanied by a Polish-speaking minority (at most 555 or 37.9% in 1880, at least 550 or 33.5% in 1910). In terms of religion in 1910 majority were Protestants (68.6%), followed by Roman Catholics (30%) and Jews (23 or 1.4%). It was then considered to be a part of a German language island around Bielsko (German:
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Międzyrzecze Górne
History
Bielitz-Bialaer Sprachinsel). After World War I, the fall of Austria-Hungary, the Polish–Czechoslovak War and the division of Cieszyn Silesia in 1920, it became a part of Poland. It was then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II. After the war it was restored to Poland.
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Michele Regolo
Michele Regolo Michele Regolo is an Italian sailor. He competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Men's Laser class finishing in 35th place.
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Michelle Yeoh
Early life and education
Michelle Yeoh Early life and education She was born in Ipoh, Malaysia, to a local Malaysian Chinese family of mixed Hokkien and Cantonese descent. Her parents are Janet Yeoh and Yeoh Kian Teik, a lawyer and MCA politician. She was keen on dance from an early age, beginning ballet at the age of four. At the age of 15, she moved with her parents to the United Kingdom, where she was enrolled in a boarding school. Yeoh later studied at the Royal Academy of Dance in London, majoring in ballet. However, a spinal injury prevented her from becoming a professional ballet
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Michelle Yeoh
Early life and education & Career
dancer, and she transferred her attention to choreography and other arts. She later received a BA degree in Creative Arts with a minor in Drama. Career In 1983, at the age of 20, Yeoh won the Miss Malaysia beauty pageant. She represented Malaysia at the Queen of the Pacific 1983 beauty pageant which was held in Australia and won the crown. While in Melbourne, she also won the Miss Moomba title. She was also Malaysia's representative at the Miss World 1983 pageant in London. From there, she appeared in a television commercial with Jackie Chan which caught the attention
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Michelle Yeoh
Career
of a fledgling Hong Kong film production company, D&B Films. Yeoh started her film career acting in action and martial arts films such as Yes, Madam in 1985, after which she did most of her own stunts. She was credited as Michelle Khan in these earlier films. This alias was chosen by D&B studio who thought it might be more marketable to international and western audiences. Yeoh later preferred using her real name. The D&B Group in Hong Kong was run by the businessman Dickson Poon. Yeoh married Poon in 1987 and retired from acting. In 1992, Yeoh and Dickson Poon divorced and
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Michelle Yeoh
Career
Yeoh returned to acting. Yeoh's performance in Police Story 3: Super Cop (1992) marked her comeback to film. She acted in The Heroic Trio in 1993, and the Yuen Woo-ping films Tai Chi Master and Wing Chun in 1994. She played Wai Lin in the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies (1997). Brosnan was impressed, describing her as a "wonderful actress" who was "serious and committed about her work". He referred to her as a "female James Bond" in reference to her combat abilities. She wanted to perform her own stunts but was prevented because director Roger Spottiswoode considered it too
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Michelle Yeoh
Career
dangerous. Nevertheless, she performed all of her own fighting scenes. Yeoh was then recruited by Ang Lee to star as Yu Shu Lien in the Chinese language martial arts film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. The film was shot in various provinces around China. Yeoh had grown up speaking English and Malay, before learning Cantonese. She spoke little Mandarin, and learned the Mandarin lines for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon phonetically. The film was an international success, and earned Yeoh a BAFTA 2000 nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role. Thereafter, she was offered the role of Seraph in the two sequels to
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Michelle Yeoh
Career
The Matrix, but she could not accept due to a scheduling conflict (the Matrix writers then changed Seraph into a male character and cast Collin Chou in the role). In 2002, she produced her first English film, The Touch, through her own production company, Mythical Films. In 2005, Yeoh starred as the graceful Mameha in the film adaptation of Memoirs of a Geisha, and she continued her English-language work in 2007 with Sunshine. In 2008, Michelle Yeoh also starred in fantasy action film The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor with Brendan Fraser and Jet Li. In October 2011, she was chosen
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Michelle Yeoh
Career
by Guerlain to be its skincare ambassador. Yeoh will play a role in strengthening the French cosmetics company's relationship with Asia. Apart from action films, she is famous for playing nationalists in two biopics. In 1997, she played Soong Ai-ling in the award-winning The Soong Sisters. In 2011, she portrayed Aung San Suu Kyi in Luc Besson's The Lady. Yeoh was blacklisted by the Burmese government allegedly because of her participation in The Lady; she was refused entry to Myanmar on 22 June 2011 and was deported on the same day. Yeoh has also recently branched out into television, as it was
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Michelle Yeoh
Career
announced in September 2014 that she had accepted her first television role on the fifth and final season of Strike Back. Yeoh plays the role of Mei Foster, wife to the British Ambassador to Thailand, and who is secretly a North Korean spy named Li-Na. In 2016, Yeoh was cast as Federation Captain Philippa Georgiou of the starship USS Shenzhou in the series Star Trek: Discovery, and recurs as Georgiou's "mirror" doppelganger in the second season. In 2018, she played family matriarch Eleanor Young in Jon M. Chu's Crazy Rich Asians, a film adaptation of Kevin Kwan's book of the same
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Michelle Yeoh
Career & Personal life
name, opposite Constance Wu and Henry Golding. Personal life Yeoh was married to Hong Kong entrepreneur Dickson Poon, owner of businesses such as Harvey Nichols and Charles Jourdan, from 1988 to 1992. In 1998, Yeoh was engaged to Alan Heldman, an American cardiologist. In 2004, she started dating Jean Todt, a leading figure in motor racing, and in July 2008 she confirmed her engagement to him during an interview with Craig Ferguson on CBS's The Late Late Show. Yeoh is a Buddhist. In March 2008, she visited Vietnam to film a documentary for the Asian Injury Prevention Foundation (AIPF). Yeoh is
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Michelle Yeoh
Personal life & Awards, honours and styles
also a patron of the Save China's Tigers project committed to protect the endangered South China tiger. Awards, honours and styles In 1999, she was a member of the jury at the 49th Berlin International Film Festival. On 19 April 2001, Yeoh was awarded the Darjah Datuk Paduka Mahkota Perak (DPMP), which carries the title Dato', by Sultan Azlan Shah, the Sultan of Perak, her home state, in recognition of the fame she brought to the state. On 25 November 2002, she was honoured as The Outstanding Young People of the World (TOYP) (Cultural Achievement) by JCI (Junior Chamber International). On 23 April
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Michelle Yeoh
Awards, honours and styles
2007, French President Jacques Chirac awarded Yeoh as Knight of the Legion of Honour (Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur). The decoration was presented to her in a ceremony in Kuala Lumpur on 3 October 2007. She was promoted to Officer of the same French Order (Officier de la Légion d'honneur) by French President Nicolas Sarkozy on 14 March 2012. The decoration was presented to her at a ceremony held at the president's official residence, the Elysee Palace on that day. In 2011, she received a special award for her contribution to Malaysian cinema at Malaysian Film Festival (FFM 24). On 22
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Michelle Yeoh
Awards, honours and styles
May 2012, she was awarded the Darjah Seri Paduka Mahkota Perak (SPMP) which carries the title Dato' Seri during the investiture ceremony in conjunction with the Sultan of Perak Sultan Azlan Shah's birthday. Michelle Yeoh received the Excellence in Asian Cinema award during the seventh annual Asian Film Awards on March 2013 in Hong Kong. On 1 June 2013, she was awarded the Panglima Setia Mahkota (PSM) which carries the title Tan Sri during the investiture ceremony in conjunction with the birthday of Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah. On 30 November 2013, she presided as the Chief Guest at the
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Michelle Yeoh
Awards, honours and styles
International Film Festival of India.
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Mike Noonan
Playing career & Coaching career
Mike Noonan Playing career Noonan attended Middlebury College, playing on the men's soccer team from 1979 to 1982. He was a 1981 and 1982 Division III NCAA First Team All American. Noonan played for the Louisville Thunder in the American Indoor Soccer Association. In 1986, he signed with the Fort Wayne Flames where he spent two seasons. In 2017, Noonan was inducted into the Middlebury College Athletics Hall of Fame for his playing time there. Coaching career In 1989, Noonan was hired as head coach of the Wheaton College men's soccer team. The team had
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Mike Noonan
Coaching career
a 4–11–0 record his first season, but he took them to a 12–5–1 record his second season. This led to a move to the University of New Hampshire where he coached from 1991 to 1994. In 1995, he became head coach of the Brown University's men's soccer team. Noonan compiled a 160–77–31 record with ten NCAA post-season tournament appearances in fifteen seasons with the Bears. On January 5, 2010, Clemson University announced they had hired Noonan as head coach of the men's soccer team. Noonan enjoyed some success with the Tigers. In 2014, Noonan led
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Mike Noonan
Coaching career
the Tigers to ACC regular season and tournament titles. In 2015 he led them to the College Cup Final, but ultimately lost to Stanford. In 2016, Clemson finished runners up in the ACC Tournament and made it to the Quarterfinals of the NCAA tournament. In 2017, Noonan obtained his 300th career coaching win in a game against South Carolina. This includes wins from his time as assistant coach.
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Mitchell Rogovin
Mitchell Rogovin Mitchell Rogovin (December 3, 1930, – February 7, 1996, Washington, D.C.) was a prominent American civil liberties lawyer and U.S. government counsel. He served as chief counsel for the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in 1965 and 1966, and as special counsel to the Central Intelligence Agency in 1975 and 1976. Rogovin was born in New York City to Max Seymour Rogovin and Sayde Efstein. His four grandparents were Russian Jewish emigrants. He graduated from Syracuse University in 1951. He studied law at the University of Virginia and the Georgetown University Law Center. Rogovin authored a standard reference work
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Mitchell Rogovin
on IRS pronouncements, "The Four R’s: Regulations, Rulings, Reliance, and Retroactivity: A View from Within". In private practice, he was known for his 1971 defense of New York Times reporter Neil Sheehan for his role in the publication of the Pentagon Papers, and for his 1973 suit against Richard Nixon's reelection committee on behalf of Common Cause. He was appointed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to head the agency's investigation of the 1979 accident at Three Mile Island.
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Mount Senario College
Later history
Mount Senario College Later history Mount Senario closed on August 31, 2002 as a result of financial trouble. The college had been in poor financial health that was exacerbated by mismanagement and corruption involving the school president that ultimately led to the school's closing. The city of Ladysmith offered some financial assistance (purchasing the athletic fields); however, it was not enough to save "The Mount". Official student transcripts became the responsibility of the State of Wisconsin Educational Approval Board in August 2003 by court action. The transcript responsibility was transferred in December 2005 to The Wisconsin Association of Independent Colleges
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Mount Senario College
Later history & Since closing & Athletics
and Universities. Since closing For the 2006–07 school year, part of the former campus was operated as Concordia Preparatory School, a private Christian preparatory school. That institution also faced financial problems and closed midseason. Silver Lake College of Manitowoc, Wisconsin began offering courses at Mount Senario, renamed "Mount Senario Education Center", beginning September, 2009. Athletics The school colors were blue and gold, with the athletic teams named the Fighting Saints. Prior to the school suspending all athletics in December 2001, the school was a member of the Upper Midwest Athletic Conference.
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Muley Point (San Juan County, Utah)
Muley Point (San Juan County, Utah) Muley Point is a remote cliff and scenic overlook in southern Utah near Mexican Hat in San Juan County, Utah. The view provides panoramic vistas of the desert landscape of southern Utah (Valley of the Gods) and northern Arizona. Monument Valley is visible in the distance while the San Juan River cuts into the canyon below. Located at the end of a five-mile gravel road off Rte. 261, Muley Point is 25 miles (40 km) south of Natural Bridges National Monument and 20 miles (32 km) north of the Arizona border. Its geographical coordinates are 37°13′59″N 109°59′36″W.
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Muley Point (San Juan County, Utah)
It lies at an elevation of 6,230 feet / 1,899 meters.
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Naisula Lesuuda
Early life and education & Career
Naisula Lesuuda Naisula Lesuuda (born 30 April 1984) is a Kenyan politician and women's rights activist. Early life and education Lesuuda was born in Samburu on 30 April 1984, the first of three children born to an Anglican bishop and a businesswoman. She graduated from Daystar University with a degree in communications and community development. Career Lesuuda worked as a journalist at the Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, including hosting Good Morning Kenya. In 2009, after ten people were killed in cattle rustling in Laikipia, she became a founding member of the Laikipia Peace Caravan. This in turn led to the founding
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Naisula Lesuuda
Career
of a number of other local peace organisations, supported by the Kenya government and USAid. In 2010, her work with this organisation led to her becoming the youngest Kenyan woman to win the presidential Order of the Grand Warrior. In 2013, Lesuuda left her job to found the Naisula Lesuuda Peace Foundation which advocates for the education of girls and for the eradication of female genital mutilation and child marriage. Lesuuda participated in President Uhuru Kenyatta's campaign in 2013, and was then nominated on his TNA party ticket to represent Samburu County in the Senate in 2013, becoming its youngest female member.
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Naisula Lesuuda
Career
She was then elected Vice Chair of the Kenyan Women's Parliamentary Association. In 2016, she announced that she would leave the Senate to seek election as a member of the National Assembly for Samburu West, then in 2017 switching from the Jubilee to KANU party. She has maintained her support for Kenyatta. At the 2017 election, Lesuuda was elected with 14,560 votes, defeating incumbent Jonathan Lelelit who received 13,970 votes, becoming the first female member of parliament for the constituency. When parliament sat in August 2017, she announced her intention to apply for the position of Deputy Speaker, but failed to submit
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Naisula Lesuuda
Career & Personal life
her application before the vote. Personal life Lesuuda is unmarried. In 2017, stories emerged in the Kenyan press about a relationship between Lesuuda and her married Senate colleague, Kipchumba Murkomen.
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Narayana Teertha
Brief lifesketch
Narayana Teertha Brief lifesketch Narayana was born in South India in the region covered by the present-day Andhra Pradesh. He lived in Kaza, Guntur district near Mangalagiri. They belonged to Tallavarjula family. His birth name was Govinda Sastrulu. They eventually moved to Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. While there is significant dissention as to his exact time, historians place him between 1610 and 1745 AD. An extensive research done with the help of archives preserved in Saraswati Mahal Library has helped place the time closer to 1650 AD – 1745 AD, and he reportedly lived a long life. He mastered music at a very early
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Narayana Teertha
Brief lifesketch
age and studied Puranas, Bhagavata Purana and other Sanskrit works. He renounced family at a very early age and took on a life of a religious devotion. He went to Varanasi to spread his philosophy. Teertha was very well versed in Music and, Natya Shastra, and a great scholar in Sanskrit. He used at least 34 popular ragas. He used Triputa, Adi, Rupaka, Chapu, Jampa, Matya, Vilamba, Eka and Ata taalams. Many of the songs are structurally well set for direct use as nritya or natya padams. He carefully avoided complex usages and utilized easy expressions. His Gadyams and Padyams are
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Narayana Teertha
Brief lifesketch & Sri Krishna Leela Tarangini
exquisite in beauty. He used 17 different Chandas or meters such as Anushtup, Arya, Indravajra, Bhujangaprayadam, Shardula vikriditam, Vasanta tilaka, Prithvi. He wrote 15 books and some of them are available in Benares Hindu University and Parijatapaharanam at Saraswathi Mahal in Tanjore. He is also credited with composing two other operas, Parijaa Apaharanam and Haribhakti Sudharnavam. Sri Narayana Tirtha received divine blessings at Varagur in Thanjavur Dist.. His mukthi sthalam ( Place of eternity) is at varagur. Sri Krishna Leela Tarangini Narayana Teertha was the author of a Sanskrit opera called Sri Krishna Leela Tarangini on the life of the
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Narayana Teertha
Sri Krishna Leela Tarangini
Hindu god Lord Krishna. It deals with the life story of Krishna starting with his birth, childhood pranks and ending with his marriage to Rukmini. Narayana Teertha uses various literary and musical forms such as songs, prose passages, Slokas (praises in verse), Dwipadis (couplets), etc. The songs are popularly called "Tarangas" means waves. The lyrics are simple yet beautiful and effective. The Astapadis of Jayadeva are said to be the inspiration. Legend has it that the inspiration to compose this piece occurred when he was along the banks of Naducauvery. He was suffering from a serious stomach ailment and
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Narayana Teertha
Sri Krishna Leela Tarangini
prayed that he should be given the strength to go back to Tirupati, where it all started. A divine voice asked him to follow a boar (varaha) to wherever it led him. The varaha led him to Bhupatirajapuram, which came to be known as `Varahur' later. The people of the village knew that a maha-purusha was coming. With their help, he raised the temple for Sri Lakshmi Narayana and Lord Venkateswara and settled down on the banks of river `Kudamurutty' the name by which the Cauvery was known at this place. Tarangini is an opera highly suitable for dance drama and
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Narayana Teertha
Sri Krishna Leela Tarangini & Aradhana
it has been very well utilized by Indian classical dancers, especially in Kuchipudi over the last two centuries. Tarangini consists of 12 Tarangams and encapsulates 153 songs, 302 slokams and 31 choornikaas. Teertha followed Veda VyAsa’s Bhagavatam and concentrated on the 10th skandam. Aradhana Sri Narayana Teertha Trust of Kaja, at the birthplace of Saint Narayana Teertha celebrated his 264th aradhana. As a part of the celebrations, guru pooja, morning worship, sahasranama chanting, vedic renditions and tarangam singing were conducted. Bhajan troupes from various parts of the State rendered tarangams with devotion. The residents and devotees of Varagur have been celebrating
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Narayana Teertha
Aradhana
Tharangini Mahotsav every year, all popular artists are performing Tharangam in front of Lord Venkateswara Perumal who has given Darshan to Sri Narayana Theerthar. Later on Sri Narayana Theerthar, the composer of Krishna Leela Tharangini, attained mukti at Varagur. The devotees of Thirupoonthuruti have been organising music festivals at the Samadhi shrine for over 300 years, at Tirupoonthuruti on Masi Sukla Ashtami Day. A regular Aradhana Committee was formed in 1965. They annually organises programmes consisting of music concerts, lecture-demonstrations, bhajans, musical discourses and unchavriti. The Thirupoonthuruti Sri Narayana Tirtha Swamigal Trust was established at Chennai in 1986 with the great efforts
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Narayana Teertha
Aradhana
of Shri Krishnaswamy, Secretary, Narada Gana Sabha, Shri N V Subramanian and Thirupoonthuruthy Shri V Venkatesan. Dr K J Yesudas is also one of the Trustees with the three great persons who contributed to our music immensely. The inaugural function was held at the Krishna Gana Sabha, with a memorable recital by M. S. Subbulakshmi. K. J. Yesudas produced a 13-part serial on Sri Narayana Tirtha for Chennai Doordarshan. The most significant achievement of the Trust is the construction of the "Nama Sankirtana Mani Mandapam" near the Jeeva Samadhi temple.
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Nick Turse
Education
Nick Turse Education Turse earned an MA in history from Rutgers University–Newark in 1999 and his doctorate in sociomedical sciences from the Columbia University's Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS) in 2005. As a graduate student, Turse was a fellow at Harvard University's Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study in 2010-2011 and at New York University's Center for the United States and the Cold War. He also worked as an associate research scientist at the Mailman School's of Public Health Center for the History and Ethics at Columbia University. In 2001, while researching in the U.S. National Archives, Turse discovered records
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Nick Turse
Education & Career
of a Pentagon task force called the Vietnam War Crimes Working Group that was formed as a result of the My Lai massacre. These records became the focus of his doctoral dissertation, Kill Anything That Moves: United States War Crimes and Atrocities in Vietnam, 1965–1973. Career Turse is a contributing writer at the blog TomDispatch. He has written for publications such as The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, Harper's Magazine, Vice News and the BBC on subjects such as ethnic cleansing in South Sudan, the U.S. military in Africa, the video game industry, street art, the war in
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Nick Turse
Career & South Sudanese Civil War
Afghanistan, and the Vietnam War. He has also reviewed books for the San Francisco Chronicle, The Daily Beast, Asia Times, and other publications. South Sudanese Civil War Turse has reported on the South Sudanese civil war that began in 2013 including an investigation of a government ethnic cleansing campaign for Harper's, and wrote a book on the South Sudanese civil war, Next Time They'll Come to Count The Dead. Kenneth Roth, the executive director of Human Rights Watch wrote, "Turse gives a sobering account of the horrific crimes against ordinary people that define South Sudan's conflict. He shows how
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Nick Turse
South Sudanese Civil War & Drone papers
efforts to count the dead, investigate the crimes, and bring perpetrators to justice have so far failed. His compelling account reminds us why accountability is both urgent and necessary." The Los Angeles Review of Books said Turse "delivers a scathing and deeply reported account of South Sudan's suffering since its collapse in December 2013." Next Time They'll Come to Count The Dead was a finalist for the 2016 Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. book award. Drone papers Turse was part of the investigative team at The Intercept that won the 2016 New York Press Club Award for Special
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Nick Turse
Drone papers & Los Angeles Times series
Event Reporting and the 2016 Online Journalism Association Award for Investigative Data Journalism for "The Drone Papers". "The Intercept" had obtained a cache of secret documents detailing the inner workings of the U.S. military's assassination program in Afghanistan, Yemen, and Somalia. The documents, provided by a whistleblower, offered an unprecedented glimpse into President Obama's drone wars. Los Angeles Times series Turse is the co-author of a series of articles for the Los Angeles Times that was a finalist for the 2006 Tom Renner Award for Outstanding Crime Reporting from Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. This investigation, based on declassified Army
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Nick Turse
Los Angeles Times series & Operation Speedy Express exposé & U.S. military operations in Africa
records, interviews, and a trip to Vietnam, found that U.S. troops reported more than 800 war crimes in Vietnam. Turse asserted that many were publicly discredited even as the military uncovered evidence that they were telling the truth. Operation Speedy Express exposé In a 2008 exposé in The Nation for which he won the Ridenhour Prize, Turse reported on a veteran whistleblower who served in Operation Speedy Express. U.S. military operations in Africa Noting that the U.S. Africa Command (Africom) contends that it maintains only a token presence on the African continent, Turse found recent U.S. military involvement with 49
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Nick Turse
U.S. military operations in Africa
African nations. He investigated the size and scope of U.S. military operations in Africa and concluded, "From north to south, east to west, the Horn of Africa to the Sahel, the heart of the continent to the islands off its coasts, the U.S. military is at work. Base construction, security cooperation engagements, training exercises, advisory deployments, special operations missions, and a growing logistics network, all undeniable evidence of expansion—except at U.S. Africa Command. In an investigation for The Intercept, Turse revealed U.S. Africa Command's previously unreported claims the African continent is home to almost 50 terrorist organizations and "illicit
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Nick Turse
U.S. military operations in Africa & Special Operations Forces
groups" that threaten U.S. interests. Kelley B. Vlahos, the managing editor at The American Conservative, called Turse "by far the most dogged reporter of the U.S. military operations in Africa." Special Operations Forces Turse has carried out extensive investigations of the U.S. military's most elite troops. Turse uncovered that in 2014, elite U.S. troops were dispatched to 70 percent of the countries on the planet and were carrying out missions in 80 to 90 nations each day. In a 2015 article for The Nation, Turse revealed that under the Obama administration, U.S. special operations forces deployed to 147 countries that
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Nick Turse
Special Operations Forces & U.S. military training programs
year. Turse followed up to show that elite forces like Navy SEALs and Army Special forces deployed to 138 nations in 2016. In 2017, Turse wrote an article that revealed U.S. special forces had already deployed to 137 countries by mid-year. U.S. military training programs In a major investigation carried out by 100Reporters and The Intercept, Turse revealed "...the largely unknown details of a vast constellation of global training exercises, operations, facilities, and schools—a shadowy network of U.S. programs that every year provides instruction and assistance to approximately 200,000 foreign soldiers, police, and other personnel." Data leaked by a
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Nick Turse
U.S. military training programs
whistleblower showed that training was carried out at no fewer than 471 locations in 120 countries—on every continent but Antarctica—involving, on the U.S. side, 150 defense agencies, civilian agencies, armed forces colleges, defense training centers, military units, private companies, and NGOs, as well as the National Guard forces of five states. In a separate investigation, Turse analyzed the expansion of the U.S. military's Joint Combined Exchange Training (JCET) program, which is designed to train America's special operators in a variety of missions from "foreign internal defense" to "unconventional warfare". Analyzing government files, Turse found that U.S. troops carried out approximately
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Nick Turse
U.S. military training programs & Afghan War victims
one mission every two days in 2014. Navy SEALs, Army Green Berets, and others on 176 individual JCETs, a 13 percent increase from 2013. The number of countries involved jumped even further, from 63 to 87. In an earlier investigation for The Intercept, Turse revealed "that from 2012 to 2014 some of America's most elite troops—including Navy SEALs and Army Green Berets—carried out 500 Joint Combined Exchange Training missions around the world", a number that the U.S. military had previously refused to reveal. Afghan War victims With journalists Robert Dreyfuss and Sarah Holewinski, Turse investigated civilian casualties in Afghanistan in a
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Nick Turse
Afghan War victims & Columbine as revolutionary act
special issue of The Nation. They found that no agency or entity had tracked civilian casualties over the entire conflict. In 2008, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and the U.S. military set up a Civilian Casualty Tracking Cell whose goal was to track and lower civilian casualties. According to Dreyfuss and Turse, most civilians who died in the conflict did so at the hands of the Taliban and its allies, but that many thousands of Afghan civilians had been killed by U.S. and allied forces. Columbine as revolutionary act In the winter 2000 issue of the journal 49th Parallel,
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Nick Turse
Columbine as revolutionary act
Turse wrote of Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, the perpetrators of the Columbine High School massacre, "Who would not concede that terrorizing the American machine, at the very site where it exerts its most powerful influence, is a truly revolutionary task? To be inarticulate about your goals, even to not understand them, does not negate their existence. Approve or disapprove of their methods, vilify them as miscreants, but don't dare disregard these modern radicals as anything less than the latest incarnation of disaffected insurgents waging the ongoing American revolution." Historian David Farber of Temple University wrote that Turse's assertion
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Nick Turse
Columbine as revolutionary act
"only makes sense in an academic culture in which transgression is by definition political and in which any rage against society can be considered radical."
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Norm Feuti
Gil
Norm Feuti Gil In 2008, Feuti created a second strip, Gil, as a web comic on his website. The main character is an eight-year-old boy named Gil who is raised by his single mother Cheryl in a poverty-stricken household. Gil also sees his father Frank occasionally, a ne'er-do-well who often offers Gil questionable advice. Secondary characters include Gil's friend and confidant Shandra and his antagonist Morgan. In 2011, Gil was picked up for syndication by King Features and launched in newspapers on January 2, 2012. Living in Massachusetts in 2012, Feuti dreamed up Gil ideas while observing his children, along with
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Norm Feuti
Gil & Books
memories of his own childhood experiences. Books Feuti's book Pretending You Care: The Retail Employee Handbook (Hyperion, 2007) is a manual for dealing with the problems of working in retail with Retail comic strips serving as illustrations. Feuti's book The King of Kazoo (Graphix (an imprint of Scholastic) 2016) is a graphic novel for children aged 9 to 12.
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Northern Blues
History & Victorian Junior Football Association
Northern Blues History The club was formed in 1882 but little is known of its first three years before the Shire of Jika Jika changed its name in September 1885 to Preston. Preston and another local club, Gowerville, then merged and competed at lower levels of the Victorian Junior Football Association. After a battle with the Council, the club was finally granted permission in 1887 to play on Preston Park where it had remained with the exception of one year when it played at Coburg to allow the ground to be widened. Victorian Junior Football Association From 1890,
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Northern Blues
Victorian Junior Football Association
the club played in the First Rate Division of the V.J.F.A. and despite being its remote location compared to the other clubs, was the only one of the 28 teams of 1890 to survive the decade despite finishing last or second last in five consecutive seasons. By the late 1890s the district was starting to grow and the struggling club gathered depth and strength and took out the first of three consecutive First-Rate premierships in 1900, defeating Collingwood Juniors (effectively the League team's Seconds) before 5,000 people at the Brunswick Street Oval. Further premierships followed in 1901 and 1902, no
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Northern Blues
Victorian Junior Football Association & VFA
finals being played as Preston finished the requisite two games clear of their nearest rivals to claim the title. VFA With the VFA keen to expand their number of clubs, Preston were a logical choice to join the senior body in 1903, changing from a blue jumper with yellow sash (a clash with Williamstown) to a plain maroon jumper with navy blue knicks. Despite a reasonable opening season where they won six games, the club struggled to find players and finished last in 1904 in the middle of what was to be a 27-game losing streak. Several other bottom-of-the
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Northern Blues
VFA & Back to the juniors
list results came before a brief resurgence in 1909 under former Collingwood champion Charlie Pannam, but with the loss of several key players to League clubs, Preston again went on a downward spiral and won just one game through 1910 and 1911. Back to the juniors With Northcote joining the Association in 1908, pressure was applied for the two clubs to merge and the VFA forced the issue early in 1912. Preston officials encouraged their players to move, but diverted all the clubs trophies and assets to the junior Preston Districts club that had acted as their Seconds and the
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Northern Blues
Back to the juniors
Northcote-Preston entity has never been recognised in Association records. Preston were simply promoted before their time: by 1912, the district numbered just 4,800 people spread over 8,800 acres (an average of .6 per acre). Of the other suburbs represented in the VFA, the next smallest was Brighton with 11,000. Preston's leading player during early VFA days was Sid Hall, a centre half-back regarded as the best high mark in the competition. Despite the lack of success, Preston managed to supply some fine players to League ranks in Percy Ogden (Essendon), Hedley Tompkins and Bill Hendrie
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Northern Blues
Back to the juniors
(Melbourne), Hugh James (Richmond), Joe Prince (St. Kilda, South Melbourne and Carlton), George Doull (Geelong) and Eric Woods (University). Preston's place was taken by Melbourne City who didn't win a game in the two years before they folded. The nucleus of the Preston club returned to the First-Rate Division of the Victorian Junior Football Association. Ogden returned to captain-coach the club in 1916 and 1917 while Essendon were in recess for the First World War and by 1919 Preston re-established as one of the top teams in junior football. Young George Gough was recruited by Fitzroy as a rover.
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Northern Blues
Back to the juniors & Rejoining the VFA
Premierships came in 1921 and again in 1923, Preston, under the coaching of William "Bull" Adams who had been refused a clearance to Fitzroy by his West Australian club, overrunning Yarraville in the final term despite playing one man short. Rejoining the VFA With the loss of North Melbourne, Footscray and Hawthorn to the League in 1925, the Association accepted Preston (just proclaimed a city) and Camberwell into their ranks for the 1926 season. The team used their uniform from junior days, a broad red stripe down the chest and back and with white sides and sleeves. This time the
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Northern Blues
Rejoining the VFA
club was ready for senior ranks, raising a few eyebrows when they won nine of the 18 games in their first season as well as supplying the Recorder Cup winner, William "Bluey" Summers. A finals appearance came the following year, Preston's first ever senior final finished in a draw with Brighton, who won the replay held a fortnight later. The club remained in the middle ranking of the Association up until the cessation of play during the Second World War, the highlight being a remarkable 1931 season under the legendary Roy Cazaly who sacked half the side mid-season and
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Northern Blues
Rejoining the VFA
promoted youngsters. Needing to win 12 games straight to ensure a finals spot, Preston managed to sneak in with 11 wins and a draw, but were bundled out in the Preliminary Final after several injuries (including Cazaly). Despite the modest finals record (the semi-final win was the only finals match Preston won), the club provided the 1934 and 1936 Recorder Cup winners in Danny Warr and Bert Hyde respectively. Leading players up to World War 2 included Summers, Warr, "Bert" Smith, Frankie "Dickie" Dowling and Bill "Socks" Maslen, the latter pair being the club's record-holders for number of
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Northern Blues
Rejoining the VFA
senior games played. Although he was never a star with Preston, 17-year-old Bert Deacon played his first match in 1940, later becoming Carlton's first Brownlow Medallist in 1947. With the abolition of clearance agreements between the League and Association in 1938, Preston snared Footscray champion Alby Morrison as captain-coach for 1939–40 (although Morrison did obtain a clearance), and in 1941 a young Geelong ruckman, Jack Lynch who was switched to full-forward early in the season and finished with 133 goals. Lynch, sadly, is the only known player to have been killed during the War. The "Bullants" nickname was
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Northern Blues
Rejoining the VFA
first mentioned in the Herald newspaper in 1938, with an article on Association clubs adopting new nicknames noting that Preston will be known as the "Bullants", because they can sting. 1930s radio commentator Wallace "Jumbo" Sharland referred to the small Preston team in their bright uniforms as "like a swarm of busy bullants". Post-war, the uniform was changed to plain red with a PFC monogram, but finals appearances remained few and usually with little success. The club again was to the fore in the new Liston Trophy, providing the 1949 and 1953 winners in Jack Blackman and Ted Henrys.
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Northern Blues
Rejoining the VFA
Henrys, a moderate utility player with Brunswick in previous years switched to Preston at age 26 and moved to full-back in just his second match where he made the position his own, adding three consecutive club Best & Fairest awards to his Liston and becoming one of the first two Association players to be named in the All-Australian team. Deacon returned as captain-coach in 1952 and other leading players through the 1950s including centre-half forward Pat Foley, Kevin Pritchard, rover George Bradford, back pocket Bob "Moggie" McLachlan and the Chard brothers, Kevin and Fred, the latter leading the goal
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Northern Blues
Rejoining the VFA
kicking on three occasions. Despite building a solid combination, the loss of several experienced players saw the club plummet to fifteenth in 1960 and forced into Second Division when the V.F.A opted for two levels. The club played second division finals in 1961 and 1962, but were beaten both times. By 1963, Preston's all-time VFA finals record stood at just one win and one draw from 18 attempts with 13 losses in succession. Again the premiership hopes looked doomed when the Bullants went down to Waverley in the Second Semi-Final, but fate finally smiled when Preston beat Prahran comfortably in the
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Northern Blues
Rejoining the VFA
Preliminary Final and then downed Waverley to take out a long-awaited premiership, and earn promotion to Division 1. Preston was relegated back to Division 2 at the end of 1964, and ironically it was 1963 runners-up Waverley – who had been promoted to Division 1 only to replace Moorabbin after it was disqualified from the Association for being complicit in St Kilda takeover of Moorabbin Oval – who defeated Preston in the final round to ensure their relegation. The return to Division 2 lasted only one year, with a minor premiership and Grand Final victory against Mordialloc seeing them promoted again.
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Northern Blues
Rejoining the VFA
With substantially more depth and keen recruiting, Preston finishing third in Division 1 in 1966. Bert Hyde, Preston's 1936 Recorder Cup winner had lived in the area since his playing days and was an active official at Hawthorn, then rapidly emerging from years in the wilderness to become the power side of the 1960s. It was probably Hyde's influence that saw two Hawthorn players that were to become the cornerstone of Preston's success move to Association ranks – John MacArthur, captain-coach of the 1965 premiership side was transferred to Western Australia on business and replaced by Alan Joyce, later to coach
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Northern Blues
Rejoining the VFA
two A.F.L. premiership sides. Joyce (with McArthur returning as a player) led Preston to back-to-back premierships in 1968 and 1969. Preston players won four out of six Liston Trophies between 1968 and 1971, with the award collected in 1968 by Dick Telford, in 1969 and 1971 by Laurie Hill, and in 1973 by Ray Shaw's 1973 Liston Trophy, who was then the youngest winner of the award. Preston was beaten by Dandenong in the 1971 VFA Grand Final, which remains one of the most controversial in football history. Field umpire Jim McMaster awarded Dandenong full-forward Jim 'Frosty' Miller a free kick
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Northern Blues
Rejoining the VFA
before the opening bounce, resulting in a goal; Dandenong ultimately won by six points. Preston protested, and despite several opinions from leading lawmakers that McMaster had no right to award the free kick because he had not officially started the game, Preston's protest proved to be of no avail. Preston's fortunes slumped in the early 1970s, and the club narrowly avoided relegation at Coburg's expense in 1973, after defeating the Lions 171–154 in a famous high-scoring final round match. It wasn't until 1976 that Preston again played a major role in the finals, finishing second on the ladder, then crashing out
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Northern Blues
Rejoining the VFA
after losses in the Second Semi and Preliminary Finals. The club enjoyed a resurgence under Harold Martin in 1978, reaching the Grand Final where a crowd of nearly 30,000 packed the Junction Oval for what is still rated by many as one of the greatest ever Grand Finals. After a tense opening, the crowd erupted late in the second term when Martin and another of football's legendary hard men, "Slammin" Sam Kekovich went head to head in a wild brawl. Unfortunately for the Bullants, Prahran settled down much better in the second half and ran out comfortable
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Northern Blues
Rejoining the VFA & 1980s
winners. 1980s The club was one of the VFA's strongest in the 1980s, and it reached four Grand Finals in a row between 1981 and 1984. The team fell well short in the 1981 decider, unable to match Port Melbourne who inflicted a record Grand Final defeat (both score and winning margin) on the Bullants after kicking 23 goals to six in the second half to record the first score above 200 ever recorded against the club. The following season saw the return of Ray Shaw, captain of Collingwood in 1982 but disillusioned with bitter infighting at the club.
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Northern Blues
1980s
Shaw's influence and a number of highly rated recruits had many believing that this would be Preston's year, but again Port Melbourne proved the nemesis with a seven-point win in the Grand Final. Further strong recruiting brought together probably the greatest depth of players ever at an Association club. Preston rewrote the record books in 1983 by becoming the first club to win the Senior, Seconds and Thirds premierships in the same year in Division 1, and repeated the achievement in 1984. Preston was a dominant force in the Seconds over that period, reaching eight of ten Grand Finals between 1978
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Northern Blues
1980s
and 1987, winning five. The club had been a perennial force in the Thirds competition since the 1950s, missing the Grand Final only nine times over a thirty-seven season stretch between 1953 and 1989 and winning the premiership a VFA record 13 times (eleven in Division 1 and two in Division 2); its 1980s form was particularly strong, missing only one Grand Final between 1978 and 1989. Neil Jordon capitalised on the club's strong minor grade form, playing an astonishing 84 matches with the club across all three grades before ever playing in a losing side. Eight straight wins in 1985
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Northern Blues
1980s
extended Preston's winning stretch to a record 23, the highest of any surviving V.F.L. club, but with the loss of Shaw to the Diamond Valley, retirement of a few experienced players and the movement of several promising younger players to League ranks, Preston's period of dominance was at an end. The club reached a further four finals series between 1985 and 1990, winning the minor premiership in 1990, but was eliminated from the finals by Williamstown on all four occasions. During this time, the club unearthed a new legend in Jamie "Spider" Shaw who kicked 106 in his first season
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Northern Blues
1980s & 1990s: decline
and followed up with an astonishing 146 in 1986 before an unsuccessful stint at Fitzroy. 1990s: decline With the ethnic mix of the Preston area rapidly changing and the almost saturation coverage of the V.F.L. (later A.F.L.), the club's off-field position deteriorated in the 1990s, and the club was constantly battling for survival. Preston was not the only club struggling, and at the end of 1994, the VFA Board of Management merged with the Victorian State Football League (now controlling the elite under-18 competition that had effectively replaced both the League and Association Thirds), and plans gradually evolved for the
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Northern Blues
1990s: decline
development of a new competition, which became the Victorian Football League. With a mounting debt, Preston entered into a merger with the Northern Knights under-18 team in 1996, the combined entity known as the Preston Knights and adopting the Knights uniform of white with black and blues stripes. The move provided some financial stability off the field, but little success on the football front. In October 1997, the V.S.F.L. executive announcing that the Preston Knights licence with the League had been withdrawn and that Preston after 95 years was effectively out of the competition. A number of protest meetings
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Northern Blues
1990s: decline
were organised and the club found a willing ally in Don Gillies, an administrator appointed by the State Government to replace the long-dysfunctional Preston Council who through years of neglect had allowed the Preston Oval to degenerate to a standard well below that required for senior football. Gillies in meeting with the V.S.F.L. undertook to initiate significant drainage and lighting improvements at the ground and after around about a month of uncertainty, the Knights license was reinstated after Traralgon announced its withdrawal from the VFL after an unsuccessful two-year trial. The shaky alliance with the Knights continued until 1999 when
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Northern Blues
1990s: decline
the Board announced it could not recommend continuing. A new group approached the now V.F.L with a proposal to resurrect the club under the name of the Northern Bullants, market research having revealed that much of the club's support and player base no longer lay within the old Preston area. The revived club returned to a variation of the tradition red uniform, replacing the PFC monogram with a white bullant. The PFC initials were later added to the back of the guernsey below the collar. At the same time, the A.F.L. abandoned its Reserves competition in favour of a
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160,927
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Northern Blues
1990s: decline & Affiliation
restructured V.F.L. comprising a number of A.F.L-V.F.L. affiliations, A.F.L. Reserve teams and "stand alone" V.F.L. clubs. The Northern Bullants opted not to pursue affiliation with an A.F.L. club – 2000 and 2001 saw the stand-alone Bullants post six wins in each season, but the difficulty of having part-time players and coaching staff competing with full-time A.F.L. counterparts was obvious in many games where the Bullants were highly competitive for much of the match but outgunned by fitter, bigger and stronger opposition late in the game. Affiliation Just before the end of the 2002 season, proposals for affiliation were received from
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160,927
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719
Northern Blues
Affiliation
both Essendon and Carlton. Essendon's plans were virtual domination of the club with a jumper change, renaming as the Northern Bombers and playing several games each season at Windy Hill. Carlton's on the other hand was for a cooperative playing group with no change to traditional values and was accepted without major modification by the Bullants board. The affiliated team continued under long-serving coach Mark Williams, but there was to be no instant success, the club coincidentally matching the 2001–02 result with six wins in 2003. With a few personal tensions emerging, Carlton announced its intention to withdraw
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Northern Blues
Affiliation
from the two-year agreement at the end of the 2003 season, but subsequent negotiations between the two clubs and the V.F.L. saw the problems resolved and new arrangement established. Williams had already resigned citing lack of time (later accepting the role at Sandringham) and under the terms of the agreement, Carlton retained the right to nominate one of their assistant coaches, eventually Barry Mitchell, as his replacement. The Bullants have been coached by a Carlton assistant coach ever since. Carlton at the time was struggling in the AFL due to the loss of National Draft picks because of salary cap infringements. This
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Northern Blues
Affiliation
worked in the Bullants' favour in the mid-2000s, as Carlton opted to recruit a number of experienced mid-range AFL players recycled from other teams, who went on to provide a backbone of a very strong VFL team. The club surprised most by finishing third in 2005, then won the minor premiership with a club best 17–1 record in 2006, but suffered heavy losses in two finals to finish third. Under coach David Teague, the Bullants managed to finish third on the ladder in 2009, then win through to the Grand Final for the first time since the 1984 victory; but, the
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Northern Blues
Affiliation
team was comfortably beaten by North Ballarat. The Bullants reached a second consecutive Grand Final the following season, winning through to the Grand Final from sixth on the ladder, but again lost to North Ballarat. The club reached another preliminary final from sixth place in 2011. In 2012, the club adopted many features of Carlton's identity. The club was renamed the Northern Blues, and the playing colours were changed to navy blue and white, featuring Carlton's CFC monogram but in a slightly different design to the AFL club's guernsey. Home games were split between Preston City Oval and Princes Park. The
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Northern Blues
Affiliation & Club song
club retained a red and white guernsey for matches played in Preston, and when a clash guernsey is required. The club is yet to return to finals since the change. Club song The same theme as the Carlton Football Club based on Lily of Laguna.
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160,928
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Nothin' to Lose (Kiss song)
Background
Nothin' to Lose (Kiss song) Background Gene Simmons, the sole writer of the song, admitted that the song's lyrics chronicled the singer coercing his girlfriend into trying anal sex, and her subsequent enjoyment of it. Gene Simmons and Peter Criss share the lead vocals on the song. The song was the first Kiss song to feature an extra player, as Bruce Foster played piano on the track. His contribution was noted on the sleeve of the album. "Nothin' to Lose" was one of the first songs Kiss performed on their first national appearances, on ABC's In Concert on February 19 (the
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Nothin' to Lose (Kiss song)
Background & Live performances
show aired on March 29). Other songs performed on the show were "Firehouse" and "Black Diamond". Live performances "Nothin' to Lose" was played often during the 1970s, but largely ignored during the 1980s. In the 1990s, the band performed the song at the Kiss Convention (one time with Peter Criss) and MTV Unplugged, and during the Psycho Circus show in Los Angeles.
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160,929
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Nout Wellink
Nout Wellink Arnout Henricus Elisabeth Maria "Nout" Wellink (born 27 August 1943 in Bredevoort, Netherlands) is a Dutch economist and former central banker. In 2010, Financial News determined that Wellink as the one man who is believed to have wielded the greatest influence on worldwide financial oversight including "game-changing proposals on capital requirements and liquidity" for the world’s banks. He was President of De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB), a Director of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) from 1997 to 2012 and Chairman of the Board from 2002 through 2006. Also, Wellink was a member of the Governing Council of the European
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Nout Wellink
Early life & Basel Committee
Central Bank from 1999 to 2012, a Governor of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and a member of the Financial Stability Board (FSB). Since October 2012 he has been a member of the board of the Bank of China. Early life He studied law at Leiden University from 1961 to 1968. He was awarded a Ph.D. degree in economics from Erasmus University Rotterdam in 1975. Basel Committee From 2006 through 2011, Wellink was chairman of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). BCBS examines and proposes ways to reconfigure global banking regulations. Wellink's point of view is not
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Nout Wellink
Basel Committee
fixed, encompassing the premise that "a resilient banking system is central to sound financial markets and growth. Supervisors cannot predict the next crisis but they can carry forward lessons from recent events to promote a more resilient system which can weather shocks, whatever the source."
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Ntema Ndungidi
Biography
Ntema Ndungidi Biography Ndungidi was born in Kisangani, in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). His father moved to Montreal, Quebec, in 1981. The rest of the family, including him, followed the next year. He attended Cégep Édouard-Montpetit. The Baltimore Orioles drafted Ndungidi in the first round, with the 36th overall selection, of the 1997 Major League Baseball Draft, making him the highest-ranked MLB draftee from Quebec of all time. He was selected with a compensation pick received for the loss of David Wells as a free agent. The Orioles signed him with a $500,000 signing bonus. Ndungidi is
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Ntema Ndungidi
Biography
the second baseball player of African descent to play for a Major League Baseball organization, the first being Mark Miller of South Africa, who played Minor League Baseball in the 1970s. Ndungidi had a .295 batting average with the Bluefield Orioles of the Rookie-level Appalachian League in 1998. However, he struggled with the Delmarva Shorebirds of the Class A South Atlantic League and the Frederick Keys of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League in 1999. In 2000, while playing for Frederick, Ndungidi was selected to appear in the All-Star Futures Game. He received a promotion to the Bowie Baysox of the Class
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Ntema Ndungidi
Biography
AA Eastern League during the season. Participating in the Arizona Fall League after the 2000 season, Ndungidi left the team without permission, and was suspended. Baseball America named Ndungidi the fourth-best prospect in the Orioles organization prior to the 2001 season. After 2001, he was released and claimed by the Seattle Mariners. After the 2002 season, he signed a minor league contract with the Montreal Expos. In 2003, he played for the Quebec Capitales of the Northeast League, an independent baseball league.
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Old Salt Route
History
Old Salt Route The Old Salt Route was a medieval trade route in northern Germany, one of the ancient network of salt roads which were used primarily for the transport of salt and other staples. In Germany it was referred to as Alte Salzstraße. Salt was very valuable at that time; it was sometimes referred to as "white gold." The vast majority of the salt transported on the road was produced from brine near Lüneburg, a city in the northern central part of the country and then transported to Lübeck, a major seaport on Germany’s Baltic coast. History Historians generally recognize
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160,931
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Old Salt Route
History
the Old Salt Route as part of a much longer path, which functioned as an important connection between the northern and southern reaches of the country. One of the oldest documents that confirms Lüneburg and its role in refining and transporting salt dates from 956 A.D. According to that document, King Otto I the Great granted the St. Michaelis Monastery in Lüneburg the customs revenue from the saltworks. Even at those early times, the city’s wealth was based in large part on the salt found in the area. The Old Salt Route attained its peak of success between the 12th
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160,931
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Old Salt Route
History & Transport of salt
and the 16th century. The trade route led from Lüneburg northward to Lübeck. From that port city, most of the salt was shipped to numerous destinations that also lie on the Baltic Sea, including Falsterbo, with boasted a Scania Market. There it was used for the preservation of herring, an immensely important food in the Middle Ages, as well as for other foods. The salt trade was a major reason for the power of Lübeck and the Hanseatic League. Transport of salt Horse-drawn carts brought the salt from Lüneburg to a crossing of the Elbe river at Artlenburg (near Lauenburg) and
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160,931
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Old Salt Route
Transport of salt
from there, via Mölln, to Lübeck. For the most part, however, the historic trade route was composed of unsurfaced, sandy and often muddy roads through heathland, woods and small villages, making the transport of salt an arduous task. In addition, the route was somewhat dangerous, since the valuable cargo attracted thieves, bandits and marauders. The dangers faced by those who make the long trek and the fact that only relatively small quantities of the precious crystalline substance could be carried in any single journey, made moving salt via overland routes very expensive. In 1398, though, the Stecknitz Canal, one of the
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160,931
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Old Salt Route
Transport of salt & Tourism
first manmade waterways in Europe, was completed, making it possible to transport much more salt in a single shipment and to do so with much greater ease and safety. That change helped merchants satisfy the salt requirements of an ever-growing demand. In the 16th Century, for example, about 19,000 tons of the product were carried from Lüneburg to Lübeck each year either by land or water. However, it still took about twenty days to complete each trip. Tourism In modern times, a trip along the Salt Road promises a rich blend of nature and culture. The trip can be made on
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Old Salt Route
Tourism & Bicycle route
foot or on bicycle and part of the distance can also be enjoyed on a paddle-wheeled steamer. There are many fascinating sights along the old trade route. These points of interest include the historical towns Lüneburg, Mölln and Lübeck, which are highlighted by beautiful façades and little alleyways, and are a major attraction to visitors. Bicycle route As a bicycle route, there are the options of a main and a scenic route. The shorter main route (95 km) leads bicyclists through many picturesque little towns such as Lauenburg, Büchen, Mölln and Krummsee and also passes by the Lüne Monastery. The scenic