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2hop__29873_679424 | [
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Serbo-Croatian",
"paragraph_text": " \"Illyrian\".\nThe process of linguistic standardization of Serbo-Croatian was originally initiated in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, decades before a Yugoslav state was established. From the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same dialect of Shtokavian, Eastern Herzegovinian. In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian served as the lingua franca of the country of Yugoslavia, being the sole official language in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (when it was called \"Serbo-Croato-Slovenian\"), and afterwards the official language of four out of six republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The breakup of Yugoslavia affected language attitudes, so that social conceptions of the language separated along ethnic and political lines. Since the breakup of Yugoslavia, Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is an ongoing movement to codify a separate Montenegrin standard.\nLike other South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology, with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants. Its grammar evolved from Common Slavic, with complex inflection, preserving seven grammatical cases in nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. Verbs exhibit imperfective or perfective aspect, with a moderately complex tense system. Serbo-Croatian is a pro-drop language with flexible word order, subject–verb–object being the default. It can be written in either localized variants of Latin (Gaj's Latin alphabet, Montenegrin Latin) or Cyrillic (Serbian Cyrillic, Montenegrin Cyrillic), and the orthography is highly phonemic in all standards. Despite many linguistical similarities, the traits that separate all standardized varieties are clearly identifiable, although these differences are considered minimal.\n\n\n== Name ==\nSerbo-Croatian is typically referred to by names of its standardized varieties: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin; it is rarely referred to by names of its sub-dialects, such as Bunjevac.\nIn the language itself, it is typically known as srpskohrvatski/српскохрватски \"Serbo-Croatian\", hrvatskosrpski/хрватскoсрпски \"Croato-Serbian\", or informally naški/нашки \"ours\".\nThroughout the history of the South Slavs, the vernacular, literary, and written languages (e.g. Chakavian, Kajkavian, Shtokavian) of the various regions and ethnicities developed and diverged independently. Prior to the 19th century, they were collectively called \"Illyria\", \"Slavic\", \"Slavonian\", \"Bosnian\", \"Dalmatian\", \"Serbian\" or \"Croatian\". Since the nineteenth century, the term Illyrian or Illyric was used quite often (thus creating confusion with the Illyrian language). Although the word Illyrian was used on a few occasions before, its widespread usage began after Ljudevit Gaj and several other prominent linguists met at Ljudevit Vukotinović's house to discuss the issue in 1832. The term Serbo-Croatian was first used by Jacob Grimm in 1824, popularized by the Viennese philologist Jernej Kopitar in the following decades, and accepted by Croatian Zagreb grammarians in 1854 and 1859. At that time, Serb and Croat lands were still part of the Ottoman and Austrian Empires. Officially, the language was called variously Serbo-CIn Serbia, the Serbian language is the official one, while both Serbian and Croatian are official in the province of Vojvodina. A large Bosniak minority is present in the southwest region of Sandžak, but the \"official recognition\" of Bosnian language is moot. Bosnian is an optional course in 1st and 2nd grade of the elementary school, while it is also in official use in the municipality of Novi Pazar. However, its nomenclature is controversial, as there is incentive that it is referred to as \"Bosniak\" (bošnjački) rather than \"Bosnian\" (bosanski) (see Bosnian language for details).In Serbia, the Serbian language is the official one, while both Serbian and Croatian are official in the province of Vojvodina. A large Bosniak minority is present in the southwest region of Sandžak, but the \"official recognition\" of Bosnian language is moot. Bosnian is an optional course in 1st and 2nd grade of the elementary school, while it is also in official use in the municipality of Novi Pazar. However, its nomenclature is controversial, as there is incentive that it is referred to as \"Bosniak\" (bošnjački) rather than \"Bosnian\" (bosanski) (see Bosnian language for details). and religious differences. Due to population migrations, Shtokavian became the most widespread supradialect in the western Balkans, intruding westwards into the area previously occupied by Chakavian and Kajkavian (which further blended into Slovenian in the northwest). Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs differ in religion and were historically often part of different cultural circles, although a large part of the nations have lived side by side under foreign overlords. During that period, the language was referred to under a variety of names, such as \"Slavic\" in general or \"Serbian\", \"Croatian\" or \"Bosnian\" in particular. In a classicizing manner, it was also referred to as \"Illyrian\".\nThe process of linguistic standardization of Serbo-Croatian was originally initiated in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, decades before a Yugoslav state was established. From the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same dialect of Shtokavian, Eastern Herzegovinian. In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian served as the lingua franca of",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Attila Juhász",
"paragraph_text": " mayor of Senta. He is a member of the Vojvodina Parliament.\n\n\n== Personal life ==\nHis parents are Ferencz Juhász and Mária Kurin. He is married. His wife is Kornélia Juhász Lassu. They have two daughters, Boglárka and Orsolya.\n\n\n== References ==\n\nHódi Sándor. \"A déli végeken. Ki kicsoda (On the southern end. Who's Who)\" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2010-01-27.\n\n\n== External links ==\nAttila Juhász. \"Rechtliche, wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelleRahmenbedingungen der Lokalverwaltung in der Vojvodina\" (PDF). Beiträge der Münchener Vojvodina-Konferenz, Attila Juhász (, ) (born July 15, 1967 in Senta, SAP Vojvodina, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia) is an ethnic Hungarian politician in Serbia. He was the president of Senta municipality as a member of Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians.Attila JAttila Juhász (, ) (born July 15, 1967 in Senta, SAP Vojvodina, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia) is an ethnic Hungarian politician in Serbia. He was the president of Senta municipality as a member of Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians. Senta municipality as a member of Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians.\nHe graduated in 1996 from the University of Novi Sad as a teacher of Hungarian language and literature. He worked for the Radio Novi Sad and contributed to the Napló newspaper. Between 1997-2008 he was the mayor of Senta. He is a member of the Vojvodina Parliament.\n\n\n== Personal life ==\nHis parents are Ferencz Juhász and Mária Kurin. He is married. His wife is Kornélia Juhász Lassu. They have two daughters, Boglárka and Orsolya.\n\n\n== References ==\n\nHódi Sándor. \"A déli végeken. Ki kicsoda (On the southern end. Who's Who)\" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2010-01-27.\n\n\n== External links ==\nAttila Juhász. \"Rechtliche, wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelleRahmenbedingungen der Lokalverwaltung in der Vojvodina\" (PDF). Beiträge der Münchener Vojvodina-Konferenz, Attila Juhász (, ) (born July 15, 1967 in Senta, SAP Vojvodina, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia) is an ethnic Hungarian politician in Serbia. He was the president of Senta municipality as a member of Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians.Attila Juhász (Serbian: Атила ��ухас, Atila Juhas) (born July 15, 1967 in Senta,",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the country that has a province where both the Serbian and Croatian languages are officially recognized? | [
{
"id": 29873,
"question": "In which province are Serbian and Croatian both languages offial?",
"answer": "Vojvodina",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 679424,
"question": "Socialist Autonomous Province of #1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "SR Serbia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | SR Serbia | [] | true | In which country is the province where Serbian and Croatian languages are both official? |
4hop1__860115_798482_131926_13165 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Elizabeth Berg (author)",
"paragraph_text": " holidays and everyday (1992), illustrations by Robert Roth\nDurable Goods (1993), selected as ALA Best Books of the Year\nTalk Before Sleep (1994), highlighting the fight against breast cancer\nRange of Motion (1995)\nThe Pull of the Moon (1996)\nJoy School (1997), selected among the ALA 1998 Best Books for Young Adults\nWhat We Keep (1998)\nEscaping into the Open: The Art of Writing True (1999), non-fiction\nUntil the Real Thing Comes Along (1999), about a woman's love for a gay man\nOpen House (2000), Oprah's Book Club selection\nNever Change (2001)\nOrdinary Life: stories (2002)\nTrue to Form (2002)\nSay When (2003)\nThe Art of Mending (2004)\nThe Year of Pleasures (2005)\nThe Handmaid and the Carpenter (2006)\nWe Are All Welcome Here (2006)\nDream When You're Feeling Blue (2007)\nThe Day I Ate Whatever I Wanted (2008)\nHome Safe (2009)\nThe Last Time I Saw You (2010)\nOnce Upon a Time, There Was You (2011)\nTapestry of Fortunes (2013)\nThe Dream Lover (2015)\nMake Someone Happy: Favorite Postings (2016)\nThe Story of Arthur Truluv (2017)\nNight of Miracles (2018)\nThe Confession Club (2019)\nI'll Be Seeing You: a Memoir (2020)\nEarth's the Right Place for Love (2023)\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nAuthor presentation by publisher Random House, Inc.\nMeet the Writers from Barnes & NobleElizabeth Berg (born December 2, 1948) is an American novelist.\nShe was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and lived in Boston prior to her residence in Chicago. She studied English and Humanities at the University of Minnesota, but later ended up with a nursing degree. Her writing career started when she won an essay contest in Parents magazine. Since her debut novel in 1993, her novels have sold in large numbers and have received several awards and nominations, although some critics have tagged them as sentimental. She won the New England Book Awards in 1997.\nThe novels Durable Goods, Joy School, and True to Form form a trilogy about the 12-year-old Katie Nash, in part based on the author's own experience as a daughter in a military family. Her essay \"The Pretend Knitter\" appears in the anthology Knitting Yarns: Writers on Knitting, published by W. W. Norton & Company in November 2013.\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\nFamily traditions: celebrations for holidays and everyday (1992), illustrations by Robert Roth\nDurable Goods (1993), selected as ALA Best Books of the Year\nTalk Before Sleep (1994), highlighting the fight against breastBerg was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA, and lived in Boston prior to her residence in Chicago. She studied English at the University of Minnesota, but later ended up with a nursing degree. Her writing career started when she won an essay contest in \"Parents\" magazine. Since her debut novel in 1993, her novels have sold in large numbers and have received several awards and nominations, even though some critics have tagged them as sentimental. She won the New England Book Awards in 1997.ElBerg was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA, and lived in Boston prior to her residence in Chicago. She studied English at the University of Minnesota, but later ended up with a nursing degree. Her writing career started when she won an essay contest in \"Parents\" magazine. Since her debut novel in 1993, her novels have sold in large numbers and have received several awards and nominations, even though some critics have tagged them as sentimental. She won the New England Book Awards in 1997.. She won the New England Book Awards in 1997.\nThe novels Durable Goods, Joy School, and True to Form form a trilogy about the 12-year-old Katie Nash, in part based on the author's own experience as a daughter in a military family. Her essay \"The Pretend Knitter\" appears in the anthology Knitting Yarns: Writers on Knitting, published by W. W. Norton & Company in November 2013.\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\nFamily traditions: celebrations for holidays and everyday (1992), illustrations by Robert Roth\nDurable Goods (1993), selected as ALA Best Books of the Year\nTalk Before Sleep (1994), highlighting the fight against breast cancer\nRange of Motion (1995)\nThe Pull of the Moon (1996)\nJoy School (1997), selected among the ALA 1998 Best Books for Young Adults\nWhat We Keep (1998)\nEscaping into the Open: The Art of Writing True (1999), non-fiction\nUntil the Real Thing Comes Along (1999), about a woman",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Newgate Education Center",
"paragraph_text": " and career placement support for underserved young adults in the Twin Cities and surrounding areas. It offers professional automotive technical certification in both Auto Body repair and Auto Mechanics. Graduates are qualified to work as career apprentices in the auto services industry. Newgate’s practical, hands-on approach to teaching technical skills is highly successful with students who struggle in traditional educational settings or for whom English is a second language. In 1981, Newgate pioneered the concept of using the sales of car donations as the single funding source for the school, thereby eliminating the dependence on tax-based government funding for support. Newgate began its Wheels for Women Program in 1996. Donated cars are repaired by the students and provided at no cost to single moms who qualify for the program. Newgate provides approximately 35 cars per year through the Wheels program. In 2004, with bonds financed by the City of Minneapolis, the school constructed a new modern training facility and expanded its Auto Mechanics Training program.\n\n\n== History ==\nNewgate School was created in the early 1970s in partnershipNewgate School is a post-secondaryNewgate School is a post-secondary non-profit vocational-technical school for residents of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota and the surrounding area. Newgate provides tuition-free automotive vocational training and technical career placement opportunities for low income adults. It offers professional automotive technical certification in three areas: Auto-body Repair, Auto mechanics and Detailing. Graduates are qualified to work as career apprentices in the auto services industry. Newgate’s practical, hands-on approach to teaching technical skills is highly successful with students who struggle in traditional educational settings or for whom English is a second language. In 1981, Newgate pioneered the concept of using the sales of car donations as the single funding source for the school, thereby eliminating the dependence on tax-based government funding for support. Newgate began its Wheels for Women Program in 1996. Donated cars are repaired by the students and provided at no cost to single moms referred by social service agencies like the Jeremiah Program or Lutheran Social Services. Newgate provides approximately 50 cars per year through the Wheels program. In 2004, with bonds financed by the City of Minneapolis, the school constructed a new modern training facility and expanded its Auto Mechanics Training program.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Minneapolis",
"paragraph_text": "Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber. The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle. As of 2018, Minneapolis was home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, and the Twin Cities were the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States. As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. public park system is connected by the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway.\nDakota people originally inhabited the site of today's Minneapolis. European colonization and settlement began north of Fort Snelling along Saint Anthony Falls—the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi River. The city's early growth was attributed to its proximity to the fort and the falls providing power for industrial activity. Minneapolis was the 19th-century lumber and flour milling capital of the world, and as home to the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, it has preserved its financial clout into the 21st century. A Minneapolis Depression-era labor strike brought about federal worker protections. Work in Minneapolis contributed to the computing industry, and the city is the birthplace of General Mills, the Pillsbury brand, Target Corporation, and Thermo King mobile refrigeration.\nThe city's major arts institutions include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Walker Art Center, and the Guthrie Theater. Four professional sports teams play downtown. Prince is survived by his favorite venue, the First Avenue nightclub. Minneapolis is home to the University of Minnesota's main campus. The city's public transport is provided by Metro Transit, and the international airport, serving the Twin Cities region, is located towards the south on the city limits.\nResidents adhere to more than fifty religions. Despite its wellMinneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber. The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle. As of 2018, Minneapolis was home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, and the Twin Cities were the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States. As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city.Minneapolis, officially the City of Minneapolis, is a city in and the county seat of Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. With a population of 429,954, it is the state's most populous city as of the 2020 census. It occupies",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Military history of the United States",
"paragraph_text": " newly trained army to the region, which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.The military history of the United States spans over two centuries, the entire history of the United States. During those centuries, the United States evolved from a newly formed nation which fought for its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (1775–1783) to world superpower status in the aftermath of World War II to the present. As of 2024, the United States Armed Forces consists of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force and Space Force, all under the command of the Department of Defense, and the Coast Guard, which is controlled by the Department of Homeland Security.\nIn 1775, the Continental Congress established the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, and the Continental Marines. This newly formed military, fighting alongside the Kingdom of France, triumphed over the British during the war, which led to independence via the Treaty of Paris. In 1789, the new Constitution made the U.S. president the commander-in-chief, and gave Congress the authority to declare war. Major conflicts involving the U.S. military include the American Indian Wars, the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the American Civil War, the Banana Wars, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Iraq War.\n\n\n== Colonial wars (1607–1774) ==\n\nThe beginning of the United States military lies in civilian frontier settlers, armed for hunting and basic survival in the wilderness. These were organized into local militias for small military operations, mostly against Native American tribes but also to resist possible raids by the small military forces of neighboring European colonies. They relied on the British regular Army and Navy for any serious military operation.\nIn major operations outside the locality involved, the militia was not employed as a fighting force. Instead the colony asked for (and paid) volunteers, many of whom were also militia members.\nIn the early years of the British colonization of North America, military action in the thirteen colonies that would become the United States were the result of conflicts with Native Americans, such as in the Pequot War of 1637, King Philip's War in 1675, the Yamasee War in 1715 and Father Rale's War in 1722.\nBeginning in 1689In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution, the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting the Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there. Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British, the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties, and began dividing these lands for settlement. This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the most severe defeat ever suffered by the United States at the hands of American Indians. President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region, which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. led to independence via the Treaty of Paris. In 1789, the new Constitution made the U.S. president the commander-in-chief,In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution, the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting the Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there. Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British, the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties, and began dividing these lands for settlement. This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which agreement handed over land to the United States that extends westward to the river near the city, which borders the place where Elizabeth Berg was born? | [
{
"id": 860115,
"question": "Elizabeth Berg >> place of birth",
"answer": "Saint Paul",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 798482,
"question": "#1 >> shares border with",
"answer": "Minneapolis",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 131926,
"question": "Which is the body of water by #2 ?",
"answer": "Mississippi River",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 13165,
"question": "What treaty ceded territory to the US extending west to #3 ?",
"answer": "Treaty of Paris",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | Treaty of Paris | [] | true | What treaty ceded territory to the US extending west to the river by the city sharing a border with Elizabeth Berg's birthplace? |
2hop__17455_21567 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Late Middle Ages",
"paragraph_text": "The main representatives of the new style, often referred to as ars nova as opposed to the ars antiqua, were the composers Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut. In Italy, where the Provençal troubadours had also found refuge, the corresponding period goes under the name of trecento, and the leading composers were Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini. Prominent reformer of Orthodox Church music from the first half of 14th century was John Kukuzelis; he also introduced a system of notation widely used in the Balkans in the following centuries. uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict, the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was temporarily shattered by the Western Schism. Collectively, those events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.\nDespite the crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy.\nCombined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing, which facilitated the dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. Those two things would later lead to the ReThe main representatives of the new style, often referred to as ars nova as opposed to the ars antiqua, were the composers Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut. In Italy, where the Provençal troubadours had also found refuge, the corresponding period goes under the name of trecento, and the leading composers were Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini. Prominent reformer of Orthodox Church music from the first half of 14th century was John Kukuzelis; he also introduced a system of notation widely used in the Balkans in the following centuries.The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500. The late Middle Ages followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the onset of the early modern period (and in much of Europe, the Renaissance).\nAround 1350, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it had been before the calamities. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict, the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was temporarily shattered by the Western Schism. Collectively, those events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.\nDespite the crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy.\nCombined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing, which facilitated the dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. Those two things would later lead to the Reformation. Toward the end of the period, the Age of Discovery began. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire cut off trading possibilities with the East. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the Spanish expedition under Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492 and Vasco da Gama's voyage to Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.\nThe changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern history and of early modern Europe. However, the division is somewhat artificial, since ancient learning was never entirely absent from European society. As a result, there was developmental continuity between the ancient age (via classical antiquity) and the modern age. Some historians, particularly in Italy, prefer not to speak of the late Middle Ages at all but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era.\n\n\n== Historiography and periodization ==\n\nThe term \"late Middle Ages\" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683).\nFor 18th-century historians studying the 14th and 15th centuries, the central theme was the Renaissance, with its rediscovery of ancient learning and the emergence of an individual spirit. The heart of this rediscovery lies in Italy, where, in the words of Jacob Burckhardt, \"Man became a spiritual individual and recognized himself as such.\" This proposition was later challenged, and it was argued that the 12th century was a period of greater cultural achievement.\nAs economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Hellenistic period",
"paragraph_text": " the Septuagint, and the philosophies of Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Pyrrhonism. In science, the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes are exemplary. Sculpture during this period was characterized by intense emotion and dynamic movement, as seen in sculptural works like the Dying Gaul and the Venus de Milo. A form of Hellenistic architecture arose which especially emphasized the building of grand monuments and ornate decorations, as exemplified by structures such as the Pergamon Altar. The religious sphere of Greek religion expanded through syncretic facets to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele, and a syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism in Bactria and Northwest India.\nScholars and historians are divided as to which event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. There is a wide chronological range of proposed dates that have included the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by the expansionist Roman Republic in 146 BC following the Achaean War, the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, the end of the reign of the emperor Hadrian in AD 138, and the move by the emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in AD 330. Though this scope of suggested dates demonstrates a range of academic opinion, a generally accepted date by scholarship has been that of 31/30 BC.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\n\nThe word originated from ancient Greek ���λληνιστής (Hellēnist���s, \"one who uses the Greek language\"), from ���λλάς (Hellás, \"Greece\"); as if \"Hellenist\" + \"ic\".\nThe idea of a Hellenistic period is a 19th-century concept, and did not exist in ancient Greece. Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: ���λληνιστής, Hellēnistēs), have been attested since ancient times, it has been attributed to the 19th century German historian Johann Gustav Droysen, who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus (History of Hellenism), coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander's conquest. Following Droysen, Hellenistic and related terms, e.g. Hellenism, have been widely used in various contexts; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold, where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism.\nThe major issue with the term Hellenistic lies in its convenience, as the spread of Greek culture was not the generalized phenomenon that the term implies. Some areas of the conquered world were more affected by Greek influences than others. The term Hellenistic also implies that the Greek populations were of majority in the areas in which they settled, but in many cases, the Greek settlers were actually the minority among the native populations. The Greek population and the native population did not always mix; the Greeks moved and brought their own culture, but interaction did not always occur.\n\n\n== Sources ==\n\nWhile a few fragments exist, there are no complete surviving historical works that date to the hundred years following Alexander's death. The works of the major Hellenistic historians Hieronymus of Cardia (who worked under Alexander, Antigonus I and other successors), Duris of Samos and Phylarchus, which were used by surviving sources, are all lost. The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis (c. 200–118), a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BC when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage. His Histories eventually grew to a length of forty books, covering the years 220 to 167 BC.\nThe most important source after Polybius is Diodorus Siculus who wrote his Bibliotheca historica between 60 and 30 BC and reproduced some important earlier sources such as Hieronymus, but his account of the Hellenistic period breaks off after the battle of Ipsus (301 BC). Another important source, Plutarch's (c.��AD 50 – c.��120) Parallel Lives although more preoccupied with issues of personal character and morality, outlines the history of important Hellenistic figures. Appian of Alexandria (late 1st century AD–before 165) wrote a history of the Roman empire that includes information of some Hellenistic kingdoms.\nOther sources include Justin's (2nd century AD) epitome of Pompeius Trogus' Historiae Philipicae and a summary of Arrian's Events after Alexander, by Photios I of Constantinople. Lesser supplementary sources include Curtius Rufus, Pausanias, Pliny, and the Byzantine encyclopedia the Suda. In the field of philosophy, Diogenes Laërtius' Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers is the main source; works such as Cicero's De Natura Deorum also provide some further detail of philosophical schools in the HellenThe Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, Africa and Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. For example, competitive public gamesOnce the Second Punic War had been resolved, and the Romans had begun to regather their strength, they looked to re-assert their influence in the Balkans, and to curb the expansion of Philip. A pretext for war was provided by Philip's refusal to end his war with Attalid Pergamum, and Rhodes, both Roman allies. The Romans, also allied with the Aetolian League of Greek city-states (which resented Philip's power), thus declared war on Macedon in 200 BC, starting the Second Macedonian War. This ended with a decisive Roman victory at the Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BC). Like most Roman peace treaties of the period, the resultant 'Peace of Flaminius' was designed utterly to crush the power of the defeated party; a massive indemnity was levied, Philip's fleet was surrendered to Rome, and Macedon was effectively returned to its ancient boundaries, losing influence over the city-states of southern Greece, and land in Thrace and Asia Minor. The result was the end of Macedon as a major power in the Mediterranean.",
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] | In the 14th century, after the Second Punic War, who put forward the system of music notation utilized in the area where the Romans strived to regain their sway? | [
{
"id": 17455,
"question": "In what region did the Romans aim to re-bolster the influence after the Second Punic war?",
"answer": "the Balkans",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 21567,
"question": "Who introduced a system of musical notation used in the #1 in the 14th century?",
"answer": "John Kukuzelis",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
}
] | John Kukuzelis | [] | true | Who introduced a system of musical notation used in the region the Romans aimed to re-bolster influence in after the Second Punic war in the 14th century? |
4hop1__130508_32392_823060_610794 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Borough House Plantation",
"paragraph_text": "burg was originally called Stateborough, as when the town was laid out, Borough House was the only residence in it.\nIn 1850–1852, Dr. Anderson chaired the committee that built the Church of the Holy Cross of rammed earth across the road from Borough Hall. It was also designed by Jones.\nIn 1851, Joel Roberts Poinsett, physician, American statesman and botanist (for whom the poinsettia is named), died while visiting Dr. Anderson. He was buried in the churchyard across the road.\nOn March 23, 1972, Borough Hall plantation was added to the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark. It is also part of the defined Stateburg Historic District, as is the Church of the Holy Cross.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of National Historic Landmarks in South Carolina\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in Sumter County, South Carolina\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nHistory of Church & Joel R. Poinsett\nPaper on Rammed Earth with a History of Church of the Holy Cross\nBorough House Plantation, Sumter County (SC Hwy 261, Stateburg vicinity), at South Carolina Department of Archives and History\nHistoric American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. SC-362, \"Borough House, West Side State Route 261, about .1 mile south side of junctionBorough House Plantation, also known as Borough House, Hillcrest Plantation and Anderson Place, is an historic plantation on South Carolina Highway 261, north of its intersection with U.S. Route 76/US Route 378 in Stateburg, in the High Hills of Santee near Sumter, South Carolina. A National Historic Landmark, the plantation is noted as the largest assemblage of high-style pisé (rammed earth) structures in the United States. The main house and six buildings on the plantation were built using this technique, beginning in 1821. The plantation is also notable as the home of Confederate Army General Richard H. Anderson. also notable as the home of Confederate Army General Richard H. Anderson.\n\n\n== Description and history ==\nThe original house built in 1758 served at different times during the American Revolution as headquarters for both British General Lord Cornwallis and Continental Army General Nathanael Greene. The second house was built in 1820 of rammed earth by William Wallace Anderson, M.D. It was designed by architect A.C. Jones.\nOn October 7, 1821, Anderson's wife, the former Mary Jane Mackensie, gave birth at home to their son, Richard H. Anderson. He later served as a Confederate Army general in the American Civil War. Stateburg was originally called Stateborough, as when the town was laid out, Borough",
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"idx": 10,
"title": "Forest Acres, South Carolina",
"paragraph_text": ").\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.0 square miles (12.9 km2), of which 4.6 square miles (11.9 km2) is land and 0.39 square miles (1.0 km2), or 7.46%, is water.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\n\n=== 2020 census ===\n\nAs of the 2020 United States census, there were 10,617 people, 4,683 households, and 2,716 families residing in the city.\n\n\n=== 2000 census ===\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 10,558 people, 4,987 households, and 2,842Forest Acres is a city in Richland County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 10,361 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Columbia, South Carolina, Metropolitan Statistical Area. is an enclave of the city of Columbia.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nForest Acres is located at 34°2′19″N 80°58′3″W (34.038687, -80.967446).\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.0 square miles (12.9 km2), of which 4.6 square miles (11.9 km2) is land and 0.39 square miles (1.0 km2), or 7.46%, is water.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\n\n=== 2020 census ===\n\nAs of the 2020 United States census, there were 10,617 people, 4,683 households, and 2,716 families residing in the city.\n\n\n=== 2000 census ===\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 10,558 people, 4,987 households, and 2,842 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,300.9 inhabitants per square mile (888.4/km2",
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"idx": 13,
"title": "Charleston, South Carolina",
"paragraph_text": " based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on hiring the real Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage. Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to turn his novel into the now famous opera, Porgy and Bess (so named so as to distinguish it from the play). George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside of Charleston writing this \"folk opera\", as Gershwin called it. Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera[citation needed] and is widely performed.Charleston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston metropolitan area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley, Cooper, and Wando rivers. Charleston had a population of 150,227 at the 2020 census. TheAlthough the city lost the status of state capital to Columbia in 1786, Charleston became even more prosperous in the plantation-dominated economy of the post-Revolutionary years. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized the processing of this crop, making short-staple cotton profitable. It was more easily grown in the upland areas, and cotton quickly became South Carolina's major export commodity. The Piedmont region was developed into cotton plantations, to which the sea islands and Lowcountry were already devoted. Slaves were also the primary labor force within the city, working as domestics, artisans, market workers, and laborers. unincorporated throughout the colonial period; its government was handled directly by a colonial legislature and a governor sent by Parliament. Election districts were organized according to Anglican parishes, and some social services were managed by Anglican wardens",
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{
"idx": 16,
"title": "WWNQ",
"paragraph_text": "inese era names, also known as reign mottos, were titles used by various Chinese dynasties and regimes in Imperial China for the purpose of year identification and numbering. The first monarch to adopt era names was the Emperor Wu ofWWNQ is a radio station licensed to Forest Acres, South Carolina, serving the Columbia, South Carolina market. Owned by Midlands Media Group LLC, the station broadcasts a country music format branded as 94.3 The Dude.WWNQ is a radio station licensed to Forest Acres, South Carolina, serving the Columbia, South Carolina market. Owned by Midlands Media Group LLC, the station broadcasts a country music format branded as 94.3 The Dude.Chinese era names, also known as reign mottos, were titles used by various Chinese dynasties and regimes in Imperial China for the purpose of year identification and numbering. The first monarch to adopt era names was the Emperor Wu of Han in 140 BCE, and this system remained the official method of year identification and numbering until the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 CE, when the era name system was superseded by the Republic of China calendar. Other polities in the Sinosphere—Korea, Vietnam and Japan—also adopted the concept of era name as a result of Chinese politico-cultural influence.\n\n\n== Description ==\nChinese era names were titles adopted for the purpose of identifying and numbering years in Imperial China. Era names originated as mottos or slogans chosen by the reigning monarch and usually reflected the political, economic and/or social landscapes at the time. For instance, the first era name proclaimed by the Emperor Wu of Han, Jianyuan (建元; lit. \"establishing the origin\"), was reflective of its status as the first era name. Similarly, the era name Jianzhongjingguo (建中����; lit. \"establishing a moderate and peaceful country\") used by the Emperor Huizong of Song was indicative of Huizong's idealism towards moderating the rivalry among the conservative and progressive factions regarding political and social reforms.\nThe process of declaring an era name was referred to in traditional Chinese historical texts as jiànyuán (建元). Proclaiming a new era name to replace an existing era name was known as g��iyuán (改元; lit. \"change the origin\"). Instituting a new era name would reset the numbering of the year back to year one, known as yuán nián (元年; lit. \"year of origin\"). On the first day of the Chinese calendar, the numbering of the year would increase by one. To name a year using an era name only requires counting years from the first year of the era. For example, 609 CE was the fifth year of Daye (大��; lit. \"great endeavour\"), as the era began in 605 CE; traditional Chinese sources would therefore refer to 609 CE as Dàyè w�� nián (大��五年).\nThe numbering of the year would still increase on the first day of the Chinese calendar each year,",
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] | What is the county of the city that borders the state capital where Borough House Plantation can be found? | [
{
"id": 130508,
"question": "What state is Borough House Plantation located?",
"answer": "South Carolina",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
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{
"id": 32392,
"question": "What city became the state capital of #1 ?",
"answer": "Columbia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 823060,
"question": "#2 >> shares border with",
"answer": "Forest Acres",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 610794,
"question": "#3 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Richland County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
}
] | Richland County | [
"Richland County, South Carolina"
] | true | In which county is the city sharing a border with the capitol of the state where Borough House Plantation is located? |
2hop__31326_31270 | [
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Tennessee",
"paragraph_text": " governed by a mayor, a vice-mayor, and a 40-member metropolitan council. Some 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts, while five are elected at-large. Reflecting the city's position in state government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court's courthouse for Middle Tennessee, one of the state's three divisions.\nAs of 2020 Nashville is considered a global city, type \"Gamma\" by the GaWC. The city is a major center for the music industry, especially country music. It is home to three major professional sports teams: the Predators, Titans, and Nashville SC.\nThe city is also the home of many colleges and universities including Tennessee State University, Vanderbilt University, Belmont University, Fisk University, Trevecca Nazarene University, and Lipscomb University. Nashville isThe capital is Nashville, though Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro have all served as state capitals in the past. Memphis has the largest population of any city in the state. Nashville's 13-county metropolitan area has been the state's largest since c. 1990. Chattanooga and Knoxville, both in the eastern part of the state near the Great Smoky Mountains, each has approximately one-third of the population of Memphis or Nashville. The city of Clarksville is a fifth significant population center, some 45 miles (72 km) northwest of Nashville. Murfreesboro is the sixth-largest city in Tennessee, consisting of some 108,755 residents.Nashville, often known as Music City, is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. Located in Middle Tennessee, it had a population of 689,447 at the 2020 U.S. census. Nashville is the 21st most populous city in the United States, and the fourth most populous city in the southeastern U.S. Located on the Cumberland River, the city is the center of the Nashville metropolitan area, and is one of the fastest growing in the nation.\nNamed for Francis Nash, a general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, the city was founded in 1779 when this territory was still considered part of North Carolina. The city grew quickly due to its strategic location as a port on the Cumberland River and, in the 19th century, a railroad center. Nashville as part of Tennessee seceded during the American Civil War; in 1862 it was the first state capital in the Confederacy to be taken by Union forces. It was occupied through the war.\nAfter the war, the city gradually reclaimed its stature. It became a center of trade and developed a manufacturing base.\nSince 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government, which includes six smaller municipalities in a two-tier system. The city is governed by a mayor, a vice-mayor, and a 40-member metropolitan council. Some 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts, while five are elected at-large. Reflecting the city's position in state government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court's courthouse for Middle Tennessee, one of the state's three divisions.\nAs of 2020 Nashville is considered a global city, type \"Gamma\" by the GaWC. The city is a major center for the music industry, especially country music. It is home to three major professional sports teams: the Predators, Titans, and Nashville SC.\nThe city is also the home of many colleges and universities including Tennessee State University, Vanderbilt University, Belmont University, Fisk University, Trevecca Nazarene University, and Lipscomb University. Nashville is sometimesThe capital is Nashville, though Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro have all served as state capitals in the past. Memphis has the largest population of any city in the state. Nashville's 13-county metropolitan area has been the state's largest since c. 1990. Chattanooga and Knoxville, both in the eastern part of the state near the Great Smoky Mountains, each has approximately one-third of the population of Memphis or Nashville. The city of Clarksville is a fifth significant population center, some 45 miles (72 km) northwest of Nashville. Murfreesboro is the sixth-largest city in Tennessee, consisting of some 108,755 residents.9 when this territory was still considered part of North Carolina. The city grew quickly due to its strategic location as a port on the Cumberland River and, in the 19th century, a railroad center. Nashville as part of Tennessee seceded during the American Civil War; in 1862 it was the first state capital in the Confederacy to be taken by Union forces. It was occupied through the war.\nAfter the war, the city gradually reclaimed its stature. It became a center of trade and developed a manufacturing base.\nSince 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government, which includes six smaller municipalities in a two-tier system. The city is governed by a mayor, a vice-mayor, and a 40-member metropolitan council. Some 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts, while five are elected",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Tennessee",
"paragraph_text": " in a two-tier system. The city is governed by a mayor, a vice-mayor, and a 40-member metropolitan council. Some 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts, while five are elected at-large. Reflecting the city's position in state government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court's courthouse for Middle Tennessee, one of the state's three divisions.\nAs of 2020 Nashville is considered a global city, type \"Gamma\" by the GaWC. The city is a major center for the music industry, especially country music. It is home to three major professional sports teams: the Predators, Titans, and Nashville SC.\nThe city is also the home of many colleges and universities including Tennessee State University, Vanderbilt University, Belmont University, Fisk University, Trevecca Nazarene University, andMajor corporations with headquarters in Tennessee include FedEx, AutoZone and International Paper, all based in Memphis; Pilot Corporation and Regal Entertainment Group, based in Knoxville; Eastman Chemical Company, based in Kingsport; the North American headquarters of Nissan Motor Company, based in Franklin; Hospital Corporation of America and Caterpillar Financial, based in Nashville; and Unum, based in Chattanooga. Tennessee is also the location of the Volkswagen factory in Chattanooga, a $2 billion polysilicon production facility by Wacker Chemie in Bradley County, and a $1.2 billion polysilicon production facility by Hemlock Semiconductor in Clarksville.9 when this territory was still considered part of North Carolina. The city grew quickly due to its strategic location as a port on the Cumberland River and, in the 19th century, a railroad center. Nashville as part of Tennessee seceded during the American Civil War; in 1862 it was the first state capital in the Confederacy to be taken by Union forces. It was occupied through the war.\nAfter the war, the city gradually reclaimed its stature. It became a center of trade and developed a manufacturing base.\nSince 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government, which includes six smaller municipalities in a two-tier system. The city is governed by a mayor, a vice-mayor, and a 40-member metropolitan council. Some 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts, while five are elected at-large. Reflecting the city's position in state government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court's courthouse for Middle Tennessee, one of the state's three divisions.\nAs of 2020 Nashville is considered a global city, type \"Gamma\" by the GaWC. The city is a major center for the music industry, especially country music. It is home to three major professional sports teams: the Predators, Titans, and Nashville SC.\nThe city is also the home of many colleges and universities including Tennessee State University, Vanderbilt University, Belmont University, Fisk University, Trevecca Nazarene University, and Lipscomb University. Nashville isThe capital is Nashville, though Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro have all served as state capitals in the past. Memphis has the largest population of any city in the state. Nashville's 13-county metropolitan area has been the state's largest since c. 1990. Chattanooga and Knoxville, both in the eastern part of the state near the Great Smoky Mountains, each has approximately one-third of the population of Memphis or Nashville. The city of Clarksville is a fifth significant population center, some 45 miles (72 km) northwest of Nashville. Murfreesboro is the sixth-largest city in Tennessee, consisting of some 108,755",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | How many miles is it from Nashville to the location where Hemlock Semiconductor manufactures its electronic parts? | [
{
"id": 31326,
"question": "Hemlock Semiconductor produces electronic components in which Tennessee city?",
"answer": "Clarksville",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 31270,
"question": "What distance in miles is #1 , TN from Nashville?",
"answer": "45",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
}
] | 45 | [] | true | What is the distance in miles from Nashville to the place where Hemlock Semiconductor produces electronic components? |
4hop1__726391_153080_33952_34109 | [
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Charles Mingus",
"paragraph_text": "les Mingus Jr. (April 22, 1922 – January 5, 1979) was an American jazz upright bassist, composer, bandleader, pianist, and author. A major proponent of collective improvisation, he is considered to be one of the greatest jazz musicians and composers in history, with a career spanning three decades and collaborations with other jazz greats such as Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, Max Roach, and Eric Dolphy. Mingus's work ranged from advanced bebop and avant-garde jazz with small and midsize ensembles, to pioneering the post-bop style on seminal recordings like Pithecanthropus Erectus (1956) and Mingus Ah Um (1959), and progressive big band experiments such as The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady (1963).\nMingus's compositions continue to be played by contemporary musicians ranging from the repertory bands Mingus Big Band, Mingus Dynasty, and Mingus Orchestra, to the high school students who play the charts and compete in the Charles Mingus High School Competition. In 1993, the Library of Congress acquired Mingus's collected papers—including scores, sound recordings, correspondence and photos—in what they described as \"the most important acquisition of a manuscript collection relating to jazz in the Library's history\".\n\n\n== Biography ==\n\n\n=== Early life and career ===\nCharles Mingus was born in Nogales, Arizona. His father, Charles Mingus Sr., was a sergeant in the U.S. Army. Mingus Jr. was largely raised in the Watts area of Los Angeles.\nMingus's ethnic background was complex. His ancestry included German American, African American, and Native American heritage. His maternal grandfather was a Chinese British subject from Hong Kong, and his maternal grandmother was an African American from the southern United States. Mingus was the great-great-great-grandson of his family's founding patriarch who, by most accounts, was a German immigrant. In Mingus's autobiography Beneath the Underdog, his mother was described as \"the daughter of an English/Chinese man and a South-American woman\", and his father was the son \"of a black farm worker and a Swedish woman\". Charles Mingus Sr. claims to have been raised by his mother and her husband as a white person until he was fourteen, when his mother revealed to her family that the child's true father was a black slave, after which he had to run away from his family and live on his own. The autobiography does not confirm whether Charles Mingus Sr. or Mingus himself believed this story was true, or whether it was merely an embellished version of the Mingus family's lineage. According to new information used to educate visitors to Mingus Mill in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, included in signs unveiled May 23, 2023, the father of Mingus Sr. was former slave Daniel Mingus, owned by the family of his mother Clarinda Mingus, a white woman. When Clarinda married a white man, Mingus Sr. was left with his white grandfather and great-grandparents. His father, who later changed his name to West, apparently did not have a relationship with Mingus Sr.\nHis mother allowed only church-related music in their home, but Mingus developed an early love for other music, especially that of Duke Ellington. He studied trombone, and later cello, although he was unable to follow the cello professionally because, at the timeCharles Mingus was born in Nogales, Arizona. His father, Charles Mingus Sr., was a sergeant in the U.S. Army. Mingus was largely raised in the Watts area of Los Angeles. His maternal grandfather was a Chinese British subject from Hong Kong, and his maternal grandmother was an African-American from the southern United States. Mingus was the third great-grandson of the family's founding patriarch who was, by most accounts, a German immigrant. His ancestors included German American, African American, and Native American.Charles Mingus was born in Nogales, Arizona. His father, Charles Mingus Sr., was a sergeant in the U.S. Army. Mingus was largely raised in the Watts area of Los Angeles. His maternal grandfather was a Chinese British subject from Hong Kong,",
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"idx": 10,
"title": "Tucson, Arizona",
"paragraph_text": " Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón in 1775. It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821. The United States acquired a 29,Tucson is located 118 mi (190 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the United States - Mexico border. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 980,263. In 2009, Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. A major city in the Arizona Sun Corridor, Tucson is the largest city in southern Arizona, the second largest in the state after Phoenix. It is also the largest city in the area of the Gadsden Purchase. As of 2015, The Greater Tucson Metro area has exceeded a population of 1 million. (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (100 km) north of the United States–Mexico border.\nMajor incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city, Sahuarita south of the city, and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown. Communities in the vicinity of Tucson (some within or overlapping the city limits) include Casas Adobes, Catalina Foothills, Flowing Wells, Midvale Park, Tanque Verde, Tortolita, and Vail. Towns outside the Tucson metropolitan area include Three Points, Benson to the southeast, Catalina and Oracle to the north, and Green",
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"idx": 12,
"title": "Oh Yeah (Charles Mingus album)",
"paragraph_text": " You Ma'am\" – 4:43\n\"Ecclusiastics\" – 6:59\n\"Oh Lord Don't Let Them Drop That Atomic Bomb on Me\" – 5:43\n\"Eat That Chicken\" – 4:38\n\"Passions of a Man\" – 4:56\nThe 1999 Rhino CD reissue included three additional tracks recorded at the same session (and previously released on Tonight at Noon in 1964):\n\n\"'Old' Blues for Walt's Torin\" – 7:58\n\"Peggy's Blue Skylight\" – 9:49\n\"Invisible Lady\" Oh Yeah is a 1962 album by jazz musician Charles Mingus. It was recorded in 1961, and features the leader (mainly known as a bassist and composer) singing on three of the cuts and playing piano throughout. three of the cuts and playing piano throughout.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\nAll compositions by Charles Mingus.\n\n\"Hog Callin' Blues\" – 7:27\n\"Devil Woman\" – 9:42\n\"Wham Bam Thank You Ma'am\" – 4:43\n\"Ecclusiastics\" – 6:59\n\"Oh Lord Don't Let Them Drop That Atomic Bomb on Me\" – 5:43\n\"Eat That Chicken\" – 4:38\n\"Passions of a Man\" – 4:56\nThe 1999 Rhino CD reissue included three additional tracks recorded at the same session (and previously released on Tonight at Noon in 1964):\n\n\"'Old' Blues for Walt's Torin\" – 7:58\n\"Peggy's Blue Skylight\" – 9:49\n\"Invisible Lady\" – 4:48\nThe 1988 Atlantic CD reissue included only one additional track, a 24-minute excerpt of an interview with Mingus conducted by Nesuhi Ertegün which was discovered in 1987. The full 77-minute interview appears as a bonus disc on the box set Passions of a Man: the Complete Atlantic Recordings (1956-1961).\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nCharles Mingus – piano and vocals\nRahsaan Roland Kirk – flute, siren, tenor saxophone, manzello, and str",
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{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Tucson, Arizona",
"paragraph_text": "or authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón in 1775. It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821. The United States acquired a 29,670 square miles (76,840 km2) region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico from Mexico under the Gadsden Purchase in 1853. Tucson served as the capital of the Arizona Territory from 1867 to 1877. Tucson was Arizona's largest city by population during the territorial period and early statehood, until it was surpassed by Phoenix by 1920. Nevertheless, its population growth remained strong during the late 20th century. Tucson was the first American city to be designated a \"City of Gastronomy\" by UNESCO in 2015.\nThe Spanish name of the city, Tucsón (Spanish pronunciation: [tu����son]), is derived from the O'odham Cuk ���on (Uto-Aztecan pronunciation: [t����k ������n]). Cuk is a stative verb meaning \"(be) black, (be) dark\". ���on is (in this usage) a noun referring to the base or foundation of something. The name is commonly translated into English as \"the base [of the hill] is black\", a reference to a basalt-covered hill now known as Sentinel Peak. Tucson is sometimes referred to as the OldThe Tucson metro area is served by many local television stations and is the 68th largest designated market area (DMA) in the U.S. with 433,310 homes (0.39% of the total U.S.). It is limited to the three counties of southeastern Arizona (Pima, Santa Cruz, and Cochise) The major television networks serving Tucson are: KVOA 4 (NBC), KGUN 9 (ABC), KMSB-TV 11 (Fox), KOLD-TV 13 (CBS), KTTU 18 (My Network TV) and KWBA 58 (The CW). KUAT-TV 6 is a PBS affiliate run by the University of Arizona (as is sister station KUAS 27).",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the name of the PBS station situated in the state's second biggest city where the artist that sings "Oh Yeah" originates? | [
{
"id": 726391,
"question": "Oh Yeah >> performer",
"answer": "Charles Mingus",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 153080,
"question": "What city is #1 from?",
"answer": "Arizona",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 33952,
"question": "What is the second largest city in #2 ?",
"answer": "Tucson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 34109,
"question": "What is #3 's PBS station?",
"answer": "KUAT-TV 6",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
}
] | KUAT-TV 6 | [
"KUAT-TV"
] | true | What is the PBS station in the second largest city in the state where Oh Yeah's performer is from? |
3hop1__639955_834494_34099 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Pima County Natural Resources, Parks and Recreation",
"paragraph_text": " and services.\"\n\n\n== Parks ==\nNRPR manages 51 parks with the majority located in or near Tucson. Ajo's parks include Ajo Regional Park, E.S. Bud Walker Park, Forrest Rickard Park, and Palo Verde II Park. Green Valley's parks include Canoa Preserve Park and Canoa Ranch.\n\n\n=== Tucson Region ===\n\n\n== River Parks and Greenways ==\nThe Loop (metro river park system)\nCañada del Oro River Park\nHarrison Greenway\nJulian Wash Greenway\nPantano River Park\nRillito River Park\nSanta Cruz River Park\n\n\n== Trailheads ==\n36th Street Trailhead\nAbrego Trailhead\nAgua Caliente Hill South Trailhead\nAvenida de Suzenu Trailhead\nBear Canyon Trailhead\nCamino de Oeste Trailhead\nCampbell TrailheadCentral Arizona Project Trailhead\nColossal Cave Road Trailhead\nDavid Yetman West Trailhead\nEl Camino del Cerro Trailhead\nExplorer Trailhead\nGabe Zimmerman Davidson Canyon Trailhead\nGates Pass Trailhead\nIris Dewhirst Pima Canyon Trailhead\nKing Canyon Trailhead\nRichard Genser Starr Pass Trailhead\nRichard McKee Finger Rock Trailhead\nSarasota Trailhead\nSweetwater Preserve Trailhead\nVentana Canyon Trailhead\n\n\n== Community Centers ==\nThe NRPR has 13 community centers:\n\nAjo Community Center\nArivaca Community Center\nCatalina Community Center\nCentro Del Sur Community Center and Boxing Gym\nContinental Community Center\nDrexel Heights Community Center\nEllie Towne Flowing Wells Community Center\nJohn A. Valenzuela Youth Center\nLittletown Community Center\nMt. Lemmon Community Center\nNorthwest YMCA Pima County Community Center\nPicture Rocks Community Center\nRobles Ranch Community Center\n\n\n== Pools and Splash Pads ==\nThe NRPR has 10 pools and 2 splash pads community centers:\n\nAjo Pool\nBrandi Fenton Splash Pad\nCatalina Pool\nFlowing Wells Pool\nKino Pool (Mulcahy YMCA)\nLos Niños Pool (Augie Acuña)\nManzanita Pool Park\nPicture Rocks Pool and Splash Pad\nThad Terry Pool (Northwest YMCA)\nWade McLean Pool (Marana High School Pool)\n\n\n== Shooting and Archery Ranges ==\nSoutheast Archery Range\nSoutheast Clay Target Center\nSoutheast Regional Park Shooting Range\nTucson Mountain Park Archery Range\nTucson Mountain Park Rifle and Pistol Range\nVirgil Ellis Shooting Range (located at Ajo Regional Park)\n\n\n== References ==Pima County Natural Resources, Parks and Recreation is the agency within Pima County, Arizona that manages the natural resources, parks, and recreation offerings within Pima County including Tucson, AZ.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe agency was established by the county as the Parks and Recreation Department in 194Pima County Natural Resources, Parks and Recreation is the agency within Pima County, Arizona that manages the natural resources, parks, and recreation offerings within Pima County including Tucson, AZ.== History ==\nThe agency was established by the county as the Parks and Recreation Department in 1947 with the intended goal of serving \"urban and rural residents and guests by providing leisure-time destinations and services.\"\n\n\n== Parks ==\nNRPR manages 51 parks with the majority located in or near Tucson. Ajo's parks include Ajo Regional Park, E.S. Bud Walker Park, Forrest Rickard Park, and Palo Verde II Park. Green Valley's parks include Canoa Preserve Park and Canoa Ranch.\n\n\n=== Tucson Region ===\n\n\n== River Parks and Greenways ==\nThe Loop (metro river park system)\nCañada del Oro River Park\nHarrison Greenway\nJulian Wash Greenway\nPantano River Park\nRillito River Park\nSanta Cruz River Park\n\n\n== Trailheads ==\n36th Street Trailhead\nAbrego Trailhead\nAgua Caliente Hill South Trailhead\nAvenida de Suzenu Trailhead\nBear Canyon Trailhead\nCamino de Oeste Trailhead\nCampbell TrailheadCentral Arizona Project Trailhead\nColossal Cave Road Trailhead\nDavid Yetman West Trailhead\nEl Camino del Cerro Trailhead\nExplorer Trailhead\nGabe Zimmerman Davidson Canyon Trailhead\nGates",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Helvetia, Arizona",
"paragraph_text": " of mining since the mountain range had been part of the Spanish Empire, all the way through to the Gadsden Purchase of 1854, when it became a part of the United States. Although it had always been for silver or gold.\nThis changed in 1875, when Tucson business partners Pinckney Tully and Estevan Ochoa — who were involved in freighting and mining — hauled about 5,000 pounds of copper ore to Tucson to be smelted. Possibly being the first time a significant amount of copper ore was taken from the mountain range.\nA few years later, Ben Hefti, T.G. Roddick and other claimholders formed the Helvetia Mining District, a ten square mile area on the western slope of the mountain. Hefti named it after the ancient name of his birthplace, Switzerland.\nIn 1879, Roddick and James K. Brown, co-owners of the nearby Sahuarito Ranch,(from where the town of SahHelvetia is a populated place in Pima County, Arizona, that was settled in 1891 and abandoned in the early 1920s. Helvetia is an ancient name for Switzerland.HHelvetia is a populated place in Pima County, Arizona, that was settled in 1891 and abandoned in the early 1920s. Helvetia is an ancient name for Switzerland. Switzerland. Today, only the Ray Mine and cemetery are visitable, as the rest of the town has been fenced off due to active mining operations.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe Santa Rita Mountains had been a locale of mining since the mountain range had been part of the Spanish Empire, all the way through to the Gadsden Purchase of 1854, when it became a part of the United States. Although it had always been for silver or gold.\nThis changed in 1875, when Tucson business partners Pinckney Tully and Estevan Ochoa — who were involved in freighting and mining — hauled about 5,000 pounds of copper ore to Tucson to be smelted. Possibly being the first time a significant amount of copper ore was taken from the mountain range.\nA few years later, Ben Hefti, T.G. Roddick and other claimholders formed the Helvetia Mining District, a ten square mile area on the western slope of the mountain. Hefti named it after the ancient name of his birthplace, Switzerland.\nIn 1879, Roddick and James K. Brown, co-owners of the nearby Sahuarito Ranch,(from where the town of SahHelvetia is a populated place in Pima County, Arizona, that was settled in 1891 and abandoned in the early 1920s. Helvetia is an ancient name for Switzerland.Helvetia is a ghost town in Pima County, Arizona, United States that was settled in 1891 and abandoned in the early 1920s. Helvetia is an ancient name for Switzerland. Today, only the Ray Mine and cemetery are visitable, as the rest of the town has been fenced off due to active mining operations.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe Santa Rita Mountains had been a locale of mining since the mountain range had been part of the Spanish Empire, all the way through to the Gadsden Purchase of 1854, when it",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Tucson, Arizona",
"paragraph_text": "Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón in 1775. It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821. The United States acquired a 29,670 square miles (76,840 km2) region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico from Mexico under the Gadsden Purchase in 1853. Tucson served as the capital of the Arizona Territory from 1867 to 1877. Tucson was Arizona's largest city by population during the territorial period and early statehood, until it was surpassed by Phoenix by 1920. Nevertheless, its population growth remained strong during the late 20th century. Tucson was the first American city to be designated a \"City of Gastronomy\" by UNESCO in 2015.\nThe Spanish name of the city, Tucsón (Spanish pronunciation: [tu����son]), is derived from the O'odham Cuk ���on (Uto-Aztecan pronunciation: [t����k ������n]). Cuk is a stative verb meaning \"(be) black, (be) dark\". ���on is (in this usage) a noun referring to the base or foundation of something. The name is commonly translated into English as \"the base [of the hill] is black\", a reference to a basalt-covered hill now known as Sentinel Peak. Tucson is sometimes referred to as the Old Pueblo and Optics Valley, the latter referring to its optical science and telescopes known worldwide.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nThe Tucson area was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, who were known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River found a village site dating from 2100 BC. The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural PeriodBoth the council members and the mayor serve four-year terms; none face term limits. Council members are nominated by their wards via a ward-level primary held in September. The top vote-earners from each party then compete at-large for their ward's seat on the November ballot. In other words, on election day the whole city votes on all the council races up for that year. Council elections are severed: Wards 1, 2, and 4 (as well as the mayor) are up for election in the same year (most recently 2011), while Wards 3, 5, and 6 share another year (most recently 2013). (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (100 km) north of the United States–Mexico border.\nMajor incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city, Sahuarita south of the city, and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown. Communities in the vicinity of Tucson (some within or overlapping the city limits) include Casas Adobes, Catalina Footh",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the duration of the city council's term in the city that is in the same county as Helvetia? | [
{
"id": 639955,
"question": "Helvetia >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Pima County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 834494,
"question": "#1 >> contains administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Tucson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 34099,
"question": "How long are #2 's city council terms?",
"answer": "four-year",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | four-year | [] | true | How long are the council terms of the city that shares a county with Helvetia? |
2hop__29368_29376 | [
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Liberal Party of Australia",
"paragraph_text": " National Right faction of the party has also been referred to as right-wing, and right-wing populist.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Party foundation ===\n\nThe Liberals' immediate predecessor was the United Australia Party (UAP). More broadly, the Liberal Party's ideological ancestry stretched back to the anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments. The Commonwealth Liberal Party was a fusion of the Free Trade (Anti-socialist) Party and the Protectionist Party in 1909 by the second prime minister, Alfred Deakin, in response to Labor's growing electoral prominence. The Commonwealth Liberal Party merged with several Labor dissidents (including Billy Hughes) to form the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917. That party, in turn, merged with Labor dissidents to form the UAP in 1931.\nThe UAP had been formed as a new conservative alliance in 1931, with Labor defector Joseph Lyons as its leader. The stance of Lyons and other Labor rebels against the more radical proposals of the Labor movement to deal the Great Depression had attracted the support of prominent Australian conservatives. With Australia still suffering the effects of the Great Depression, the newly formed party won a landslide victory at the 1931 Election, and the Lyons government went on to win three consecutive elections. It largely avoided Keynesian pump-priming and pursued a more conservative fiscal policy of debt reduction and balanced budgets as a means of stewarding Australia out of the Depression. Lyons' death in 1939 saw Robert Menzies assume the Prime Ministership on the eve of war. Menzies served as Prime Minister from 1939 to 1941 but resigned as leader of the minority World War II government amidst an unworkable parliamentary majority. The UAP, led by Billy Hughes, disintegrated after suffering a heavy defeat in the 1943 election. In New South Wales, the party merged with the Commonwealth Party to form the Democratic Party, In Queensland the state party was absorbed into the Queensland People's Party.\nFrom 1942 onward Menzies had maintained his public profile with his series of \"The Forgotten People\" radio talks—similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt's fireside chats of the 1930s—in which he spoke of the middle class as the \"backbone of Australia\" but as nevertheless having been \"taken for granted\" by political parties.\nMenzies called a conference of conservative parties and other groups opposed to the ruling Australian Labor Party, which met in Canberra on 13 October 1944 and again in Albury, New South Wales in December 1944. Outlining his vision for a new political movement, Menzies said:\n\n[W]hat we must look for, and it is a matter of desperate importance to our society, is a true revival of liberal thought which will work for social justice and security, for national power and national progress, and for the full development of the individual citizen, though not through the dull and deadening process of socialism.\nThe formation of the party was formally announced at Sydney Town Hall on 31 August 1945. It took the name Liberal in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party. The new party was dominated by the remains of the old UAP; with few exceptions, the UAP party room became the Liberal Party room. The Australian Women's National League, a powerful conservative women's organisation, also merged with the new party. A conservative youth group Menzies had set up, the Young Nationalists, was also merged into the new party. It became the nucleus of the Liberal Party's youth division, the Young Liberals. By September 1945 there were more than 90,000 members, many of whom had not previously been members of any political party.\nIn New South Wales, the New South Wales division of the Liberal Party replaced the Liberal Democratic Party and Democratic Party between January and April 1945. In Queensland, the Queensland People's Party did not become part of the Liberal Party until July 1949, when it became the Queensland division of the Liberal Party.\n\n\n=== Menzies era ===\n\nAfter an initial loss to Labor at the 1946 election, Menzies led the Liberals to victory at the 1949 election, and the party stayed in office for a record 23 years— the longest unbroken run ever in government at the federal level. Australia experienced prolonged economic growth during the post-war boom period of the Menzies government (1949–66) and Menzies fulfilled his promises at the 1949 election to end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children, as well as for others. While himself an unashamed Anglophile, Menzies' government concluded a number of major defence and trade treaties that set Australia on its post-war trajectory out of Britain's orbit; opened up Australia to multi-ethnic immigration; and instigated important legal reforms regarding Aboriginal Australians.\nMenzies was strongly opposed to Labor's plans under Ben Chifley to nationalise the Australian banking system and, following victory at the 1949 election, secured a double dissolution election for April 1951, after the Labor-controlled Senate rejected his banking legislation. The Liberal-Country Coalition was returned with control of the Senate. TheThe UAP had been formed as a new conservative alliance in 1931, with Labor defector Joseph Lyons as its leader. The stance of Lyons and other Labor rebels against the more radical proposals of the Labor movement to deal the Great Depression had attracted the support of prominent Australian conservatives. With Australia still suffering the effects of the Great Depression, the newly formed party won a landslide victory at the 1931 Election, and the Lyons Government went on to win three consecutive elections. It largely avoided Keynesian pump-priming and pursued a more conservative fiscal policy of debt reduction and balanced budgets as a means of stewarding Australia out of the Depression. Lyons' death in 1939 saw Robert Menzies assume the Prime Ministership on the eve of war. Menzies served as Prime Minister from 1939 to 1941 but resigned as leader of the minority World War II government amidst an unworkable parliamentary majority. The UAP, led by Billy Hughes, disintegrated after suffering a heavy defeat in the 1943 election. prime minister Scott Morrison as leader after the Coalition's defeat at the 2022 federal election. Two past leaders of the party, Sir Robert Menzies and John Howard, are Australia's two longest-serving Prime Ministers.\nThe Liberal Party has a federal structure, with autonomous divisions in all six states and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The Country Liberal Party (CLP) of the Northern Territory is an affiliate. Both the CLP and the Liberal National Party (LNP), the Queensland state division, were formed through mergers of the local Liberal and National parties.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Liberal Party of Australia",
"paragraph_text": "NP), the Queensland state division, were formed through mergers of the local Liberal and National parties. At state and territory level, the Liberal Party is in office in only one state: Tasmania, as of 2014. The party is in opposition in the states of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, and Western Australia, and in both the ACT and Northern Territory.\nThe party's ideology has been referred to as liberal, conservative, liberal-conservative, conservative-liberal, and classical liberal. The Liberal Party tends to promote economic liberalism and social conservatismThe contemporary Liberal Party generally advocates economic liberalism (see New Right). Historically, the party has supported a higher degree of economic protectionism and interventionism than it has in recent decades. However, from its foundation the party has identified itself as anti-socialist. Strong opposition to socialism and communism in Australia and abroad was one of its founding principles. The party's founder and longest-serving leader Robert Menzies envisaged that Australia's middle class would form its main constituency. prime minister Scott Morrison as leader after the Coalition's defeat at the 2022 federal election. Two past leaders of the party, Sir Robert Menzies and John Howard, are Australia's two longest-serving Prime Ministers.\nThe Liberal Party has a federal structure, with autonomous divisions in all six states and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The Country Liberal Party (CLP) of the Northern Territory is an affiliate. Both the CLP and the Liberal National Party (LNP), the Queensland state division, were formed through mergers of the local Liberal and National parties. At state and territory level, the Liberal Party is in office in only one state: Tasmania, as of 2014. The party is in opposition in the states of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, and Western Australia, and in both the ACT and Northern Territory.\nThe party's ideology has been referred to as liberal, conservative, liberal-conservative, conservative-liberal, and classical liberal. The Liberal Party tends to promote economic liberalism and social conservatism. The National Right faction of the party has also been referred to as right-wing, and right-wing populist.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Party foundation ===\n\nThe Liberals' immediate predecessor was the United Australia Party (UAP). More broadly, the Liberal Party's ideological ancestry stretched back to the anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments. The Commonwealth Liberal Party was a fusion of the Free Trade (Anti-socialist) Party and the Protectionist Party in 1909 by the second prime minister, Alfred Deakin, in response to Labor's growing electoral prominence. The Commonwealth Liberal Party merged with several Labor dissidents (including Billy Hughes) to form the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917. That party, in turn, merged with Labor dissidents to form the UAP in 1931.\nThe UAP had been formed as a new conservative alliance in 1931, with Labor defector Joseph Lyons as its leader. The stance of Lyons and other Labor rebels against the more radical proposals of the Labor movement to deal the Great Depression had attracted the support of prominent Australian conservatives. With Australia still suffering the effects of the Great Depression, the newly formed party",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What occurrence prompted the creator of the Australian liberal party to ascend to the role of Prime Minister? | [
{
"id": 29368,
"question": "Who founded Australia's liberal party?",
"answer": "Robert Menzies",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 29376,
"question": "What event caused #1 to become Prime Minister?",
"answer": "Lyons' death in 1939",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
}
] | Lyons' death in 1939 | [] | true | What event caused the founder of Australia's liberal party to become Prime Minister? |
3hop1__109422_720914_27537 | [
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "The Punishment of Tythus",
"paragraph_text": " to 1549 in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. It shows the punishment of the giant Tityos from Greek mythology.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of works by Titian\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Punishment of Tityus by Titian at Wikimedia CommonsTityus is a mythological painting by Titian dating to 1549 in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. It shows the punishment of the giant Tityos from Greek mythology.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of works by Titian\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Punishment of Tityus by Titian at Wikimedia CommonsTityus is a mythological painting by Titian dating to 1549 in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. It shows the punishment of the giant Tityos from Greek mythology.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of works by Titian\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Punishment of Tityus by Titian at Wikimedia CommonsTityus is a mythological painting by Titian dating to 1549 in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. It shows the punishment of the giant Tityos from Greek mythology.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of works by Titian\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Punishment of Tityus by Titian at Wikimedia CommonsTityus is a mythological painting by Titian dating to 1549 in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. It shows the punishment of the giant Tityos from Greek mythology.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of works by Titian\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Punishment of Tityus by Titian at Wikimedia CommonsTityus is a mythological painting by Titian dating to 1549 in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. It shows the punishment of the giant Tityos from Greek mythology.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of works by Titian\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Punishment of Tityus by Titian at Wikimedia CommonsTityus is a mythological painting by Titian dating to 1549 in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. It shows the punishment of the giant Tityos from Greek mythology.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of works by Titian\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Punishment of Tityus by Titian at Wikimedia CommonsTityus is a mythological painting by Titian dating to 154The Punishment of Tythus is a mythological painting by Titian dating to 1549 and now in the Museo del Prado. It shows the punishment of the giant Tityos from Greek mythology. ==\nList of works by Titian\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Punishment of Tityus by Titian at Wikimedia CommonsTityus is a mythological painting by Titian dating to 1549 in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. It shows the punishment of the giant Tityos from Greek mythology.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of works by Titian\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "The Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence (Titian)",
"paragraph_text": " Lawrence was appointed archdeacon of Rome in 257 AD by Pope Sixtus II. One year later, in 258 AD, Saint Lawrence, six other deacons, and Pope Sixtus II were martyred in a purge of Christians ordered by Roman Emperor Valerian. According to legend, Saint Lawrence was burned alive on a gridiron which became an influential image through posthumous portrayals of his death.\n\n\n== History ==\nTitThe Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence is a 1558 painting by Titian, now in the church of I Gesuiti in Venice. It so impressed Philip II of Spain that he commissioned a second version in 1567 for the basilica at El Escorial.ciferi, although it is now in the church of I Gesuiti in Venice. \n\n\n== Subject ==\nPrior to Emperor Constantine's Edict of Milan, which decreed tolerance of Christianity in 313, religious persecution of Christians was common in Ancient Rome. Saint Lawrence was appointed archdeacon of Rome in 257 AD by Pope Sixtus II. One year later, in 258 AD, Saint Lawrence, six other deacons, and Pope Sixtus II were martyred in a purge of Christians ordered by Roman Emperor Valerian. According to legend, Saint Lawrence was burned alive on a gridiron which became an influential image through posthumous portrayals of his death.\n\n\n== History ==\nTitian's Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence was commissioned by the well-connected and wealthy Venetian couple Lorenzo Massolo and Elisabetta Querini as an altarpiece for the church of Santa Maria Assunta dei Crociferi. The church was destroyed during a suppression of the order of the Crociferi and the painting was moved to the new church of I Gesuiti in the early 18th century.",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Pope John XXIII",
"paragraph_text": " XXIII was tried for various crimes, though later accounts question the veracity of those accusations. Towards the end of his life Cossa restored his relationship with the Church and was made Cardinal Bishop of Frascati by Pope Martin V.\n\n\n== Early life ==\nBaldassarre Cossa was born on the island of Procida in the Kingdom of Naples, the son of Giovanni Cossa, lord of Procida. Initially he followed a military career, taking part in the Angevin-Neapolitan war. His two brothers were sentenced to death for piracy by Ladislaus of Naples.\nHe studied law at the University of Bologna and obtained doctorates in both civil and canon law. Probably at the prompting of his family, in 1392 he entered the service of Pope Boniface IX, first working in Bologna and then in Rome. (The Western Schism had begun in 1378, and there were two competing popes at the time, one in Avignon supported by France and Spain, and one in Rome, supported by most of Italy, Germany and England.) In 1386 he is listed as canon of the cathedralFollowing the death of Pope Pius XII on 9 October 1958, Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in Venice on 11 October. His journal was specifically concerned with the funeral and the abused state of the late pontiff's corpse. Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was papabile,[b] and after eleven ballots, was elected to succeed the late Pius XII, so it came as no surprise to him, though he had arrived at the Vatican with a return train ticket to Venice.[citation needed] a papal legate in Romagna. He participated in the Council of Pisa in 1408, which sought to end the Western Schism with the election of a third alternative pope. In 1410, he succeeded Antipope Alexander V, taking the name John XXIII. At the instigation of Sigismund, King of the Romans, Pope John called the Council of Constance of 1413, which deposed John XXIII and Benedict XIII, accepted Gregory XII's resignation, and elected Pope Martin V to replace them, thus ending the schism. John XXIII was tried for various crimes, though later accounts question the veracity of those accusations. Towards the end of his life Cossa restored his relationship with the Church and was made Cardinal Bishop of Frascati by Pope Martin V.\n\n\n== Early life ==\nBaldassarre Cossa was born on the island of Procida in the Kingdom of Naples, the son of Giovanni Cossa, lord of Procida. Initially he followed a military career, taking part in the Angevin-Neapolitan war. His two brothers were sentenced to death for piracy by Ladislaus of Naples.\nHe studied law at the University of Bologna and obtained doctorates in both civil and canon law. Probably at the prompting of his family, in 1392 he entered the service of Pope Boniface IX, first working in Bologna and then in Rome. (The Western Schism had begun in 1378, and there were two competing popes at the time, one in Avignon supported by France and Spain, and one in Rome, supported by most of Italy, Germany and England.) In 1386 he is listed as canon of the cathedral of Bologna. In 1396, he became archdeacon in Bologna. He became Cardinal deacon of Saint Eustachius in 1402 and Papal legate in Romagna in 1403. Johann Peter Kirsch describes Cossa as \"utterly worldly-minded, ambitious, crafty, unscrupulous, and immoral, a good soldier but no churchman\". At this time Cossa also had some links with local robber bands, which were often used to intimidate his rivals and attack carriages. These connections added to his influence and power in the region.\n\n\n== Role in the Western Schism ==\n\n\n=== Council of Pisa ===\nCardinal Cossa was one of the seven cardinals who, in May 1408, withdrew their allegiance from Pope Gregory XII, stating that he had broken his solemn oath not to create new cardinals without consulting them in advance. In company with those cardinals who had been following Antipope Benedict XIII of Avignon, they convened the Council of Pisa, of which Cossa became a leading figure. The aim of the council was to end the schism; to this end they deposed both Gregory XII and Benedict XIII and elected a new pope Alexander V in 1409. Gregory and Benedict ignored this decision, however, so that there were now three simultaneous claimants to the papacy.\n\n\n=== Election to the papacy ===\nAlexander suddenly died while he was with Cardinal Baldassare Cossa at Bologna on the night of 3–4 May 1410. On 25 May 1410, Cossa was consecrated a pope taking the name John XXIII. He had become an ordained bishop only one day earlier. John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice and the Patriarchate of Aquileia; and in the beginning and in 1411-1413 by Hungary and Poland. However, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, Sicily and Scotland. Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What prompted Roncalli to depart from the location where the author of 'The Punishment of Tythus' passed away? | [
{
"id": 109422,
"question": "Who is the creator of The Punishment of Tythus?",
"answer": "Titian",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 720914,
"question": "#1 >> place of death",
"answer": "Venice",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 27537,
"question": "Why did Roncalli leave #2 ?",
"answer": "for the conclave in Rome",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | for the conclave in Rome | [
"Rome",
"Roma"
] | true | Why did Roncalli leave the place of death of The Punishment of Tythus' creator? |
2hop__826864_17335 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Hellenistic period",
"paragraph_text": " In science, the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes are exemplary. Sculpture during this period was characterized by intense emotion and dynamic movement, as seen in sculptural works like the Dying Gaul and the Venus de Milo. A form of Hellenistic architecture arose which especially emphasized the building of grand monuments and ornate decorations, as exemplified by structures such as the Pergamon Altar. The religious sphere of Greek religion expanded through syncretic facets to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele, and a syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism in Bactria and Northwest India.\nScholars and historians are divided as to which event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. There is a wide chronological range of proposed dates that have included the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by the expansionist Roman Republic in 146 BC following the Achaean War, the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, the end of the reign of the emperor Hadrian in AD 138, and the move by the emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in AD 330. Though this scope of suggested dates demonstrates a range of academic opinion, a generally accepted date by scholarship has been that of 31/30 BC.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\n\nThe word originated from ancient Greek ���λληνιστής (Hellēnist���s, \"one who uses the Greek language\"), from ���λλάς (Hellás, \"Greece\"); as if \"Hellenist\" + \"ic\".\nThe idea of a Hellenistic period is a 19th-century concept, and did not exist in ancient Greece. Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: ���λληνιστής, Hellēnistēs), have been attested sinceThe Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, Africa and Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. For example, competitive public games took place, ideas in biology, and popular entertainment in theaters. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism. Greek Science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism. established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in an influx of Greek colonists and the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms, a breadth spanning as far as modern-day India. These new Greek kingdoms were also influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where deemed beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the ancient Greek world with that of Western Asian, Northeastern African, and Southwestern Asian. The consequence of this mixture gave rise to a common Attic-based Greek dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca throughout the ancient world.\nDuring the Hellenistic period, Greek cultural influence reached its peak in the Mediterranean and beyond. Prosperity and progress in the arts, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science characterize the era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, translation efforts such as the Septuagint, and the philosophies of Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Pyrrhonism. In science, the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes are exemplary. Sculpture during this period was characterized by intense emotion and dynamic movement, as seen in sculptural works like the Dying Gaul and the Venus de Milo. A form of Hellenistic architecture arose which especially emphasized the building of grand monuments and ornate decorations, as exemplified by structures such as the Pergamon Altar. The religious sphere of Greek religion expanded through syncretic facets to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele, and a syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism in Bactria and Northwest India.\nScholars and historians are divided as to which event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. There is a wide chronological range of proposed dates that have included the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by the expansionist Roman Republic in 146 BC following the Achaean War, the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, the end",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Alexandria Bucephalous",
"paragraph_text": " Boukephala was located in the vicinity of modern Jalalpur and that Nikaia was across the river near present-day Mong.\n\n\n== Historical accounts ==\n\n\n=== Foundation ===\nAlexander the Great, king of Macedon (r.��336–323 BC), invaded the Persian Achaemenid Empire in 334 BC. He decisively defeated the Persian king Darius III (r.��c.��380 – 330 BC) at the battles of Issus (333 BC) and Gaugamela (331 BC), taking control of much of West Asia. Alexander then campaigned successfully against Bessus, the satrap of Bactria, who had murdered Darius and proclaimed himself Artaxerxes V of Persia. After Bessus' capture and execution, the Macedonian king moved southwards towards the Indus River to subdue local rulers. Capturing the fortress of Aornos, in present-day northern Pakistan, in April 326 BC, Alexander crossed the Indus to begin campaigning in northern India, executing a series of manouevres to cross the Hydaspes river (the modern-day Jhelum) and defeat the Indian king Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes. \nAccounts of the founding of two cities after the battle appear in the records of all of the five major surviving accounts—Arrian, Plutarch, Diodorus, Curtius Rufus, and Justin. All five agree that Alexander founded two cities, one on each side of the Indus, naming one Nikaia and the other Boukephala. Craterus, one of Alexander'sAlexandria Bucephalous (also variously known as Alexandria Bucephalus, Alexandria Bucephala, Bucephala, or Bucephalia), was a city founded by Alexander the Great in memory of his beloved horse Bucephalus. Founded in May 326 BC, the town was located on the Hydaspes (Jhelum River), east of the Indus River. Bucephalus had died after the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC. The garrison was settled with Greek and Iranian veterans and Pauravas locals. It had large dockyards, suggesting it was intended as a center of commerce. nike, lit.Alexandria Bucephalous (also variously known as Alexandria Bucephalus, Alexandria Bucephala, Bucephala, or Bucephalia), was a city founded by Alexander the Great in memory of his beloved horse Bucephalus. Founded in May 326 BC, the town was located on the Hydaspes (Jhelum River), east of the Indus River. Bucephalus had died after the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC. The garrison was settled with Greek and Iranian veterans and Pauravas locals. It had large dockyards, suggesting it was intended as a center of commerce.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the individual who owned Bucephalus pass away? | [
{
"id": 826864,
"question": "Bucephalus >> owned by",
"answer": "Alexander the Great",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 17335,
"question": "When did #1 die?",
"answer": "323 BC",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
}
] | 323 BC | [] | true | When did the owner of Bucephalus die? |
2hop__632161_643449 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Ice Bound: A Woman's Survival at the South Pole",
"paragraph_text": "Ice Bound: A Woman's Survival at the South Pole is a 2003 CBS television movie starring Susan Sarandon as Dr. Jerri Nielsen in the true story of the cancer-stricken physician stranded at a South Pole research station who, under dangerous circumstances, and with the help of co-workers, treats her own illness.Ice Bound: A Woman's Survival at the South Pole is a 2003 CBS television movie starring Susan Sarandon as Dr. Jerri Nielsen in the true story of the cancer-stricken physician stranded at a South Pole research station who, under dangerous circumstances, and with the help of co-workers, treats her own illness.Ice Bound: A Woman's Survival at the South Pole is a 2003 made-for-television film starring Susan Sarandon as Dr. Jerri Nielsen in the true story of the cancer-stricken physician stranded at a South Pole research station who, under dangerous circumstances, and with the help of co-workers, treats her own illness.\n\n\n== Synopsis ==\nBased on the New York Times best-selling book Ice Bound: A Doctor's Incredible Battle for Survival at the South Pole, the movie tells the story of how, in 1999, 46-year-old physician Nielsen decides to leave Ohio and spend a year at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station on Antarctica, one of the most remote and perilous places on Earth. Conditions at the station will be far from manageable, with winter temperatures as low as 100 degrees below zero. Joining a team of researchers, construction workers and support staff, Dr. Nielsen is solely responsible for the mental and physical health of all fellow inhabitants stranded at the station through the winter. During the long Antarctic winter, Dr. Nielsen discovers a lump in her breast and is forced to self-administer a biopsy. Communicating via e-mail with doctors in the United States, she learns that the cancer is aggressive and rapid-growing. In order for her to survive several months until conditions will allow planes to land and rescue her from the continent, the doctors concur that she will need to begin chemotherapy treatments immediately.\nRisking death, rescuers heroically air-drop the necessary supplies to the station and, along with the help of fellow \"Polies\", including close friends Big John Penny (Aidan Devine) and Claire \"Fingers\" Furinski (Cynthia Mace), Nielsen begins her debilitating",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Middle of Nowhere (2008 film)",
"paragraph_text": ". A love triangle forms when Dorian is attracted to Grace, who is interested in Ben Pretzler (Justin Chatwin).\n\n\n== Cast ==\nEva Amurri as Grace Berry\nSusan Sarandon as Rhonda Berry\nAnton Yelchin as Dorian Spitz\nJustin Chatwin as Ben Pretzler\nWilla Holland as Taylor Elizabeth Berry\nScott A. Martin as Morris Kraven\nKenny Bordes as Ryan\nKyle Clements as Ted\n\n\n== Production ==\nOn May 14, 2007, it was announced that John Stockwell would direct the film, with Eva Amurri and Susan Sarandon attached to star and principal photography set to begin in September. On July 10, 2007, Anton Yelchin, Justin Chatwin, and Willa Holland joined the cast.\nThe film was shot at several locations in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, including the Blue Bayou Water Park and the LSU Quad.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nMiddle of Nowhere at IMDb\nMiddle of Nowhere at AllMovieMiddle of Nowhere is a 2008 coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by John Stockwell, written by Michelle Morgan, and starring Susan Sarandon and her real-life daughter, Eva Amurri. It premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nThe film follows Grace (Eva Amurri), a young woman whose irresponsible mother, Rhonda (Susan Sarandon), ruins her daughter's credit rating. Rhonda uses the money to finance Grace's younger sister, Taylor's (Willa Holland), modeling campaign. While working a summer job, Grace meets the lonely Dorian Spitz (Middle of Nowhere is a 2008 coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by John Stockwell, written by Michelle Morgan, and starring Susan Sarandon and her real-life daughter, Eva Amurri. It premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival. The film received a Golden Trailer Awards nomination in the category of \"Best Music\".Middle of Nowhere is a 2008 coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by John Stockwell, written by Michelle Morgan, and starring Susan Sarandon and her real-life daughter, Eva Amurri. It premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival. The film received a Golden Trailer Awards nomination in the category of \"Best Music\". woman whose irresponsible mother, Rhonda (Susan Sarandon), ruins her daughter's credit rating. Rhonda uses the money to finance Grace's younger sister, Taylor's (Willa Holland), modeling campaign. While working a summer job, Grace meets the lonely Dorian Spitz (Anton Yelchin) and they start selling drugs together for extra cash. A love triangle forms when Dorian is attracted to Grace, who is interested in Ben Pretzler (Justin Chatwin).\n\n\n== Cast ==\nEva Amurri as Grace Berry\nSusan Sarandon as Rhonda Berry\nAnton Yelchin as Dorian Spitz\nJustin Chatwin as Ben Pretzler\nWilla Holland as Taylor Elizabeth Berry\nScott A. Martin as Morris Kraven\nKenny Bordes as Ryan\nKyle Clements as Ted\n\n\n== Production ==\nOn May 14, 2007, it was announced that John Stockwell would direct the film, with Eva Amurri and Susan Sarandon attached to star and principal photography set to begin in September. On July 10, 2007, Anton Yelchin, Justin Chatwin, and Willa Holland joined the cast.\nThe film was shot at several locations in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, including the Blue Bayou Water Park and the LSU Quad.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nMiddle of Nowhere at IMDb\nMiddle of Nowhere at AllMovieMiddle of Nowhere is a 2008 coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by John Stockwell, written by Michelle Morgan, and starring Susan Sarandon and her real-life daughter, Eva Amurri. It premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nThe film follows Grace (Eva Amurri), a young woman whose irresponsible mother, Rhonda (Susan Sarandon), ruins her daughter's credit rating. Rhonda uses the money to finance Grace's younger sister, Taylor's (Willa Holland), modeling campaign. While working a summer job, Grace meets the lonely Dorian Spitz (Middle of Nowhere is a 2008 coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by John Stockwell, written by Michelle Morgan, and starring Susan Sarandon and her real-life daughter, Eva Amurri. It premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival. The film received a Golden Trailer Awards nomination in the category of \"Best Music\".Middle of Nowhere is a 2008 coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by John Stockwell, written by Michelle Morgan, and starring Susan Sarandon and her real-life daughter, Eva Amurri. It premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nThe film follows Grace (Eva Amurri), a young woman whose irresponsible mother, Rhonda (Susan Sarandon), ruins her daughter's credit rating. Rhonda uses the money to finance Grace's younger sister, Taylor's (Willa Holland), modeling campaign. While working a summer job, Grace meets the lonely Dorian Spitz (Anton Yelchin) and they start selling drugs together for extra cash. A love triangle forms when Dorian is attracted to Grace, who is interested in Ben Pretzler (Justin Chatwin).\n\n\n== Cast ==\nEva Amurri as Grace Berry\nSusan Sarandon as Rhonda Berry\nAnton Yelchin as Dorian Spitz\nJustin Chatwin as Ben Pretzler\nWilla Holland as Taylor Elizabeth Berry\nScott A. Martin as Morris Kraven\nKenny Bordes as Ryan\nKyle Clements as Ted\n\n\n== Production ==\nOn May 14, 2007, it was announced that John Stockwell would direct the film, with Eva Amurri and Susan Sarandon attached to star and principal photography set to begin in September. On July 10, 2007, Anton Yelchin, Justin Chatwin, and Willa Holland joined the cast.\nThe film was shot at several locations in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, including the Blue Bayou Water Park and the LSU Quad.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nMiddle of Nowhere at IMDb\nMiddle of Nowhere at AllMovieMiddle of Nowhere is a 2008 coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by John Stockwell, written by Michelle Morgan, and starring Susan Sarandon and her real-life daughter, Eva Amurri. It premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nThe film follows Grace (Eva Amurri), a young woman whose irresponsible mother, Rhonda (Susan Sarandon), ruins her daughter's credit rating. Rhonda uses the money to finance Grace's younger sister, Taylor's (Willa Holland), modeling campaign. While working a summer job, Grace meets the lonely Dorian Spitz (Anton Yelchin) and they start selling drugs together for extra cash. A love triangle forms when Dorian is attracted to Grace, who is interested in Ben Pretzler (Justin Chatwin).\n\n\n== Cast ==\nEva Amurri as Grace Berry\nSusan Sarandon as Rhonda Berry\nAnton Yelchin as Dorian Spitz\nJustin Chatwin as Ben Pretzler\nWilla Holland as Taylor Elizabeth Berry\nScott A. Martin as Morris Kraven\nKenny Bordes as Ryan\nKyle Clements as Ted\n\n\n== Production ==\nOn May 14, 2007, it was announced that John Stockwell would direct the film, with Eva Amurri and Susan Sarandon attached to star and principal photography set to begin in September. On July 10",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is the offspring of the actor from Ice Bound: A Woman's Survival at the South Pole? | [
{
"id": 632161,
"question": "Ice Bound: A Woman's Survival at the South Pole >> cast member",
"answer": "Susan Sarandon",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 643449,
"question": "#1 >> child",
"answer": "Eva Amurri",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
}
] | Eva Amurri | [] | true | Who is the child of the cast member of Ice Bound: A Woman's Survival at the South Pole? |
2hop__307218_161450 | [
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Minudasht County",
"paragraph_text": " are shown in the following table.\n\n\n== See also ==\n Media related to Minudasht County at Wikimedia Commons\n Iran portal\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==Minudasht County (Persian: شهرستان مینودشت) is in Golestan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Minudasht.\n\n\n== History ==\nAfter the 2006 National Census, Kuhsarat Rural District was separated from the Central District in the formation of Kuhsarat District, which was divided into Garu and Sar Gol Rural Districts. Galikash District was separated from the county in the establishment of Galikash County.\nAfter the 2016 census, the villages of Alqajar and Dowzeyn were elevated to city status.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\n\n=== Population ===\nAt the time of the 2006 census, the county's population was 126,676, in 30,791 households. The following census in 2011 counted 75,659 people in 20,852 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the county as 75,483 in 22,719 households.\n\n\n=== Administrative divisions ===\nMinudasht County's population history and administrative structure over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.\n\n\n== See also ==\n Media related to Minudasht County at Wikimedia Commons\n Iran portal\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==Minudasht County (Persian: شهرستان مینودشت) is in Golestan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Minudasht.\n\n\n== History ==\nAfter the 2006 National Census, Kuhsarat Rural District was separated from the Central District in the formation of Kuhsarat District, which was divided into Garu and Sar Gol Rural Districts. Galikash District was separated from the county in the establishment of Galikash County.\nAfter the 2016 census, the villages of Alqajar and Dowzeyn were elevated to city status.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\n\n=== Population ===\nAt the time of the 2006 census, the county's population was 126,676, in 30,791 households. The following census in 2011 counted 75,659 people in 20,852 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the county as 75,483 in 22,719 households.\n\n\n=== Administrative divisions ===\nMinudasht County's population history and administrative structure over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.\n\n\n== See also ==\n Media related to Minudasht County at Wikimedia Commons\n Iran portal\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==Minudasht County (Persian: شهرستان مینودشت) is in Golestan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Minudasht.\n\n\n== History ==\nAfter the 2006 National Census, Kuhsarat Rural District was separated from the Central District in the formation of Kuhsarat District, which was divided into Garu and Sar Gol Rural Districts. Galikash District was separated from the county in the establishment of Galikash County.\nAfter the 2016 census, the villages of Alqajar and Dowzeyn were elevated to city status.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\n\n=== Population ===\nAt the time of the 2006 census, the county's population was 126,676, in 30,791 households. The following census in 2011 counted 75,659 people in 20,852 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the county as 75,483 in 22,719 households.\n\n\n=== Administrative divisions ===Minudasht County () is a county in Golestan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Minudasht. At the 2006 census, the county's population (including those portions later split off to form Galikash County) was 126,676, in 30,791 families; excluding those portions, the population (as of 2006) was 69,272, in 17,085 families. Minudasht County consists of one district: Central District. The county has one city: Minudasht.MinMinudasht County () is a county in Golestan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Minudasht. At the 2006 census, the county's population (including those portions later split off to form Galikash County) was 126,676, in 30,791 families; excluding those portions, the population (as of 2006) was 69,272, in 17,085 families. Minudasht County consists of one district: Central District. The county has one city: Minudasht.ajar and Dowzeyn were elevated to city status.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\n\n=== Population ===\nAt the time of the 2006 census, the county's population was",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Golestan Province",
"paragraph_text": "-e Golestān) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the north-east of the country south of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is GGolestān Province (Persian: استان گلستان, Ostān-e Golestān) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the north-east of the country south of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Gorgan.7. Golestan was split off from Mazandaran Province in 1997.\nThe province was made a part of Region 1 upon the division of the provinces into 5 regionsGolestān Province (Persian: استان گلستان, Ostān-e Golestān) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the north-east of the country south of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Gorgan.Golestan Province (Persian: استان گلستان) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the northeast of the country and southeast of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is the city of Gorgan, formerly called Esterabad until 1937. Golestan was split off from Mazandaran Province in 1997.\nThe province was made a part of Region 1 upon the division of the provinces into 5 regions, solely for coordination and development purposes, on 22 June 2014. Majority of its population are Sunni Muslims.\nAt the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 1,593,055 in 379,354 households. The following census in 2011 showed an increase in population to 1,777,014 in 482,842 households. At the most recent census conducted in 2016, the population had risen to 1,868,819 in 550,249 households.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\nGulistan, Golestan, or Golastan translates to \"gul-\" meaning \"flower\" and \"-stan\" meaning \"land\" or \"region.\" Golestan, therefore, literally means \"land of flowers\" in Iranian languages (e.g., Persian, Kurdish, and Mazandar",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Where is Minudasht County located within the country? | [
{
"id": 307218,
"question": "Minudasht County >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Golestan Province",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 161450,
"question": "Where is #1 located?",
"answer": "in the north-east of the country south of the Caspian Sea",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | in the north-east of the country south of the Caspian Sea | [
"Caspian Sea"
] | true | In what part of the country is Minudasht County? |
3hop2__89854_92991_76291 | [
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Standing Rules of the United States Senate",
"paragraph_text": ". The stricter rules are often waived by unanimous consent.\n\n\n== Outline of rules ==\n\n\n=== Quorum ===\nThe Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a quorum to do business. Under the rules and customs of the Senate, a quorum is always assumed to be present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise. Any senator may request a quorum call by \"suggesting the absence of a quorum\"; a clerk then calls the roll of the Senate and notes which members are present. In practice, senators almost always request quorum calls not to establish the presence of a quorum, but to temporarily delay proceedings without having to adjourn the session. Such a delay may serve one of many purposes; often, it allows Senate leaders to negotiate compromises off the floor or to allow senators time to come to the Senate floor to make speeches without having to constantly be present in the chamber while waiting for the opportunity. Once the need for a delay has ended, any senator may request unanimous consent to rescind the quorum call.\n\n\n=== Debate ===\nThe Senate is presided over by the Presiding Officer, either the President of the Senate (the Vice President) or more often the President pro tempore (in special cases the Chief Justice presides). During debates, senators may speak only if called upon by the Presiding Officer. The Presiding Officer is, however, required to recognize the first senator who rises to speak. Thus, the Presiding Officer has little control over the course of debate. Customarily, the majority leader and minority leader are accorded priority during debates, even if another senator rises first. All speeches must be addressed to the Presiding Officer, using the words \"Mr. President\" or \"Madam President\". Only the Presiding Officer may be directly addressed in speeches; other members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, senators refer to each other not by name, but by state, using forms such as \"the senior senator from Virginia\" or \"the junior senator from California\".\nThere are very few restrictions on the content of speeches, and there is no requirement that speeches be germane to the matter before the Senate.\nThe Senate Rules provide that no senator may make more than two speeches on a motion or bill on the same legislative day (a legislative day begins when the Senate convenes and ends when it adjourns; hence, it does not necessarily coincide with the calendar day). The length of these speeches is not limited by the rules; thus, in most cases, senators may speak for as long as they please. Often, the Senate adopts unanimous consent agreements imposing time limits. In other cases (for example, for the budget process), limits are imposed by statute. In general, however, the right to unlimited debate is preserved.\n\n\n==== Filibuster ====\n\nThe filibuster is an obstructionary tactic used to defeat bills and motions by prolonging debate indefinitely. A filibuster may entail, but does not actually require, long speeches, dilatory motions, and an extensive series of proposed amendments. The longest filibuster speech in the history of the Senate was delivered by Strom Thurmond, who spoke for over twenty-four hours in an unsuccessful attempt to block the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957. The Senate may end a filibuster by invoking cloture. In most cases, cloture requires the support of three-fifths of the Senate. Cloture is invoked very rarely, particularly because bipartisan support is usually necessary to obtain the required supermajority. If the Senate does invoke cloture, debate does not end immediately; instead, further debate is limited to thirty additional hours unless increased by another three-fifths vote.\n\n\n==== Closed session ====\n\nOn occasion, the Senate may go into what is called a secret or closed session. During a closed session, the chamber doors are closed and the galleries are completely cleared of anyone not sworn to secrecy, not instructed in the rules of the closed session, or not essential to the session. Closed sessions are rare and are usually held only under certain circumstances in which the Senate is discussing sensitive subject matter, such as information critical to national security, private communications from the president, or discussions of Senate deliberations during impeachment trials. Any Senator has the right to call a closed session as long as the motion is seconded.\n\n\n=== Voting ===\nWhen debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. In many cases, the Senate votes by voice vote; the presiding officer puts the question, and Members respond either \"Aye!\" (in favor of the motion) or \"No!\" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote. Any senator, however, may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and request a recorded vote. The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the senators present. In practice, however, senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. When a recorded vote is held, the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order; each senator responds when their name is called. Senators who miss the roll call may still cast a vote as long as the recorded vote remains open. The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer but must remain open for a minimum of fifteen minutes. If the vote is tied, the Vice President, if present, is entitled to a casting vote. If the Vice President is not present, however, the motion is resolved in the negative.\n\n\n=== Committees ===\n\nTasks in the Senate are divided among sixteen standing committees, four select committees, four joint committees, and occasionally temporary committees. Senate rules establish the policy jurisdictions of each committee; for example, the Committee on Foreign Relations deals with all matters relating to foreign policy. Committees act, in effect, as \"little legislatures\", monitoring ongoing governmental operations, identifying issues suitable for legislative review, gathering and evaluating information, and recommending courses of action to their parent body in matters relating to their jurisdiction. Senate rules give committees significant gatekeeping authority over legislation that falls under their jurisdiction, with proposed bills submitted to the relevant committee, which can hold hearings, \"mark up\" bills, consolidate bills into a \"clean bill\", or ignore the bill altogether (there exist some workarounds for Senators to circumvent committees, but in general Senators work through the committee system).\nThe size of each standing committee is established by Senate rules. The makeup of committees are established through inter-party negotiations before each new Congress, with the percentage of a party's representation within the Senate determining the percentage of seats it will have on each committee.\n\n\n=== Reconciliation ===\n\nLegislation affecting spending, revenues, and the federal debt limit is governed under a special rules process called \"Reconciliation\" that prohibits filibusters by limiting debate to twenty hours. Congress can pass up to three reconciliation bills per year, with each bill addressing one of the topics of reconciliation (revenue, spending, or the debt limit). However, if Congress passes a reconciliation bill affecting more than one of those topics, it cannot pass another reconciliation bill later in the year affecting one of the topics addressed by the previous reconciliation bill. In practice, reconciliation bills have usually been passed once per year at most. Reconciliation cannot be used to enact or rescind discretionary spending (which is controlled through the annual appropriations process) or adjust Social Security spending, and is limited by the Byrd Rule, which allows senators to block provisions that are \"extraneous\" to spending, revenues, or the debt limit.\nReconciliation was created by the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, and significantly altered with the introduction of the Byrd Rule in 1985 (amended in 1990). Originally infrequently used (it did not see first use until 1980).\n\n\n=== Nominations ===\n\nSelected public positions in the United States are appointed by the president but require Senate approval. Senate rule XXXI governs the Senate process for considering the president's nominations.\nFor most positions, the nomination is passed first to a Senate committee for review. Generally, it is the Senate committee with jurisdiction over the topic or department related to the position to be filled.\nA public hearing by the committee is possible. Historically, about half of civilian appointees were approved without a hearing. After consideration, the committee can report a favorable recommendation, an unfavorable recommendation, or report no recommendation. It can also fail to act. To simplify the process, with the support of the committee, the Senate by unanimous consent can discharge a nomination from the committee without the committee having acted.\nIt is then up to the leadership of the Senate to place the nomination on the Senate calendar for a vote in executive session. Some nominations are passed by unanimous consent. The leadership may delay putting a nomination on the calendar, and it may not then be acted upon.\n\n\n====The Standing Rules of the Senate are the parliamentary procedures adopted by the United States Senate that govern its procedure. The Senate's power to establish rules derives from Article One, Section 5 of the United States Constitution: ``Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings... ''The Standing Rules of the Senate are the parliamentary procedures adopted by the United States Senate that govern its procedure. The Senate's power to establish rules derives from Article One, Section 5 of the United States Constitution: ``Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings... '' are currently forty-five rules, with the latest revision adopted on January 24, 2013. The most recent addition of a new rule occurred in 2006, when The Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act of 2006 introduced a 44th rule on earmarks. The stricter rules are often waived by unanimous consent.\n\n\n== Outline of rules ==\n\n\n=== Quorum ===\nThe Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a quorum to do business",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "114th United States Congress",
"paragraph_text": " its first session. Additionally, seven representatives (two Democrats, five Republicans) took office on various dates in order to fill vacancies during the 114th Congress before it ended on January 3, 2017.\nThe president of the House Democratic freshman class was Ted Lieu of California, while the president of the House Republican freshman class was Ken Buck of Colorado. Additionally, the Republican's freshmen liaison was Mimi Walters of California.\n\n\n== Senate ==\n\n\n==The One Hundred Fourteenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 2015, to January 3, 2017, during the final two full years of Barack Obama's presidency. The 2014 elections gave the Republicans control of the Senate (and control of both houses of Congress) for the first time since the 109th Congress. With 248 seats in the House of Representatives and 54 seats in the Senate, this Congress began with the largest Republican majority since the 71st Congress of 1929 -- 1931.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "2014 United States Senate elections",
"paragraph_text": "The Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They had needed a net gain of at least six seats to obtain a majority. They held all of their seats, and gained nine Democratic - held seats. Republicans defeated five Democratic incumbents:3 Class 3 seats were contested in special elections due to Senate vacancies. The elections marked 100 years of direct elections of U.S. senators. Going into the elections, 21 of the contested seats were held by the Democratic Party, while 15 were held by the Republican Party.\nThe Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the dominant party in the House of Representatives seize power over the entity that sets the regulations for the US House and Senate? | [
{
"id": 89854,
"question": "who hold the majority in the house of representatives",
"answer": "the Republicans",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 92991,
"question": "who determines the rules of the us house and us senate",
"answer": "The Senate",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 76291,
"question": "when did #1 take control of the #2",
"answer": "January 2015",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | January 2015 | [] | true | When did the majority party in the House of Representatives gain control of the body which determines rules of the US House and US Senate? |
3hop1__104237_214799_259594 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Literature of East Germany",
"paragraph_text": "East German literature is the literature produced in East Germany from the time of the Soviet occupation in 1945 until the end of the communist government in 1990. The literature of this period was heavily influenced by the concepts of socialist realism and controlled by the communist government. As a result, the literature of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was for decades dismissed as nothing more than \"Boy meet Tractor literature\", but its study is now considered a legitimate field. Because of its language, the literature is more accessible to western scholars and is considered to be one of the most reliable, if not the most reliable, sources about East Germany.East German literature is the literature produced in East Germany from the time of the Soviet occupation in 1945 until the end of the communist government in 1990. The literature of this period was heavily influenced by the concepts of socialist realism and controlled by the communist government. As a result, the literature of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was for decades dismissed as nothing more than \"Boy meet Tractor literature\", but its study is now considered a legitimate field. Because of its language, the literature is more accessible to western scholars and is considered to be one of the most reliable, if not the most reliable, sources about East Germany.East German literature is the literature produced in East Germany from the time of the Soviet occupation in 1945 until the end of the communist government in 1990. The literature of this period was heavily influenced by the concepts of socialist realism and controlled by the communist government. As a result, the literature of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was for decades dismissed as nothing more than \"Boy meet Tractor literature\", but its study is now considered a legitimate field. Because of its language, the literature is more accessible to western scholars and is considered to be one of the most reliable, if not the most reliable, sources about East Germany.\n\n\n== Cultural Heritage: German Socialists in the 1930s ==\nThe criticism of Georg Lukács greatly impacted the literature of the GDR. His theories served as a middle ground between the necessary creative independence of the author and the theory of socialist realism as it was functioning at that time in the Soviet Union, paving the way for an East German literature that was to be more independent and original than what was to be found in the soviet bloc. Central to Luckacs' theories was the importance of the quest for individual identity, which he felt was not portrayed by socialist realism. He rejected the work of many authors, including Willi Bredel, James Joyce, Franz Kafka, and Ernst Ottwalt for reasons pertaining to the development of characters. He was against the notion that a character can develop fully with only one major change in their lives without relation to the entire experience of the individual, usually the conversion to socialism in the socialist realist novels, which is what he, as a socialist, was most concerned with. Lukács took Goethe's work Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre as the model that authors should attempt to emulate.\n\n\n== 1945–1949 ==\nThe literature of this period was largely anti-fascist. This literature was written by those exiles who had managed to escape Nazi Germany and then had to be naturalized after the war had ended. The typical biography for an exile author of this time included an active interest in the defense of the Weimar Republic and democratic power against state authority, followed by exile during the time of National Socialism and then return to the Soviet Occupation Zone to support through their literature the development of an antifascist-democratic reform.\n\n\n== 1949–1961 ==\nThis period saw literature and other art forms become an official part of government planning. Culture and art were to reflect the ideals and values of socialism and to function as a means of educating the masses, an idea known as socialist realism. Special government divisions were set up, notably the Amt für Literatur und Verlagswesen (Office for Literature and Publishing) and the Staatlichen Kommission für Kunstangelegenheiten (State Arts Commission).\nThe literature produced during the 1950s is known as Aufbau which means 'building up'. It is concerned with the establishment of industry and raises the ordinary worker to the status of hero.\n\n\n== 1961–1971 ==\nThe beginning of this period is marked by the construction of the Berlin Wall dividing East and West Berlin. Aufbauliteratur was replaced by increasingly critical Ankunftsliteratur (literally: arrival literature) which was much less ideological but practical and realistic out of which the later artistic opposition to the ruling Socialist Unity Party",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Heinz-Josef Große",
"paragraph_text": " of his backhoe loader, climbed up on it and jumped over the fence. A few metres before he reached West German territory at the top of a short slope above the border fence, he was spotted by two East German border guards, who opened fire. He was struck by nine bullets fired from Kalashnikov rifles. Fatally wounded, he bled to death just inside GDR territory, while a West German border patrol – who saw the whole incident – stood by helplessly. In their subsequent report on the incident, the East German border guards stated that \"the attempted breach of the border in the direction GDR-FRG was prevented by the use of firearms and the individual succumbed to fatal injuries.\"\n\nThe incident provoked controversy in West Germany and condemnation of the GDR's \"order to shoot\" policy. A memorial cross was erected on the West German side of the border by local members of the (West German) Christian Democratic Union on 17 June 1982. It was inscribed with the slogan Einigkeit - Recht - Freiheit (\"Unity - Justice - Freedom\"). Thereafter, on each anniversary of the shooting, up to 2,000 people at a time demonstrated against the division of Germany at the point overlooking where Große was shot. The event was closely monitored by the GDR's security forces, who photographed the participants. It was not without controversy of its own; some in the West criticised the protest as mere rhetoric.\nThe two border guards who shot Große were put on trial in 1996 in the district court of Mühlhausen. Aged 20 and 23 at the time of the shooting, the two former guards were convicted of joint homicide and given suspended sentences of one year and three months.\nGroße is today commemorated by the original cross erected in 1982 as well as a memorial and explanatory display set up next to it. The memorial bears the inscription:\n\n Du wurdest Opfer der Unfreiheit. / Dein Tod soll uns mahnen für die / Freiheit einzustehen und über sie zu wachen / Auf den Wege von Deutschland (Ost) nach Deutschland (West) / wurde am 29. März 1982 erschossen / Landsmann / Heinz-Josef Große / Thalwenden (Eichsfeld)\nYou haveHeinz-Josef Große was a 34-year-old East German (GDR) construction worker who was shot and killed on 29 March 1982 by GDR border guards on the Inner German border at Schifflersgrund, near Bad Sooden-Allendorf.Heinz-Josef Große was a 34-year-old East German (GDR) construction worker who was shot and killed on 29 March 1982 by GDR border guards on the Inner German border at Schifflersgrund, near Bad Sooden-Allendorf.\nHe had been working on the border fortifications, digging cable trenches with a backhoe loader, when he noticed that the border guards were absent and that he was apparently unobserved. He drove his backhoe loader across the control strip and anti-vehicle ditch adjoining the border fence, lifted the bucket of his backhoe loader, climbed up on it and jumped over the fence. A few metres before he reached West German territory at the top of a short slope above the border fence, he was spotted by two East German border guards, who opened fire. He was struck by nine bullets fired from Kalashnikov rifles. Fatally wounded, he bled to death just inside GDR territory, while a West German border patrol – who saw the whole incident – stood by helplessly. In their subsequent report on the incident, the East German border guards stated that \"the attempted breach of the border in the direction GDR-FRG was prevented by the use of firearms and the individual succumbed to fatal injuries.\"\n\nThe incident provoked controversy in West Germany and condemnation of the GDRHeinz-Josef Große was a 34-year-old East German (GDR) construction worker who was shot and killed on 29 March 1982 by GDR border guards on the Inner German border at Schifflersgrund, near Bad Sooden-Allendorf.He had been working on the border fortifications, digging cable trenches with a backhoe loader, when he noticed that the border guards were absent and that he was apparently unobserved. He drove his backhoe loader across the control strip and anti-vehicle ditch adjoining the border fence, lifted the bucket of his backhoe loader, climbed up on it and jumped over the fence. A few metres before he reached West German territory at the top of a short slope above the border fence, he was spotted by two East German border guards, who opened fire. He was struck by nine bullets fired from Kalashnikov rifles. Fatally wounded, he bled to death just inside GDR territory, while a West",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Alfred Kurella",
"paragraph_text": "chule München. Kurella volunteered in the army in 1914 but was demobilized a year later. After his return, he worked as a teacher and journalist in left-wing newspapers. \n\n\n== Career ==\nIn 1918, he became a member of the German Communist Party, met Lenin in 1919 and became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Kurella began living in Moscow in spring 1934 and began writing for the Deutsche Zentral ZeitungAlfred Kurella (May 2, 1895 – June 12, 1975) was a German author and functionary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in East Germany.Alfred Kurella (May 2, 1895 – June 12, 1975) was a German author and functionary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in East Germany.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the shortened version of the name of the nation that Alfred Kurella originates from? | [
{
"id": 104237,
"question": "Which country is Alfred Kurella from?",
"answer": "East Germany",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 214799,
"question": "Literature of #1 >> country",
"answer": "German Democratic Republic",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 259594,
"question": "Border Troops of #2 >> country",
"answer": "GDR",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | GDR | [
"German Democratic Republic",
"East Germany"
] | true | What is the abbreviated form of the name of the country where Alfred Kurella hails from? |
2hop__13106_158105 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Xbox 360",
"paragraph_text": " the company will continue to support the platform. On August 17, 2023, Microsoft announced that on July 29, 2024, the Xbox 360 game marketplace would stop offering new purchases and Microsoft Movies & TV app will no longer function (the console will still be able to download previously purchased content, run it, and enter multiplayer sessions).\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Development ===\nKnownAt the 2007, 2008, and 2009 Consumer Electronics Shows, Microsoft had announced that IPTV services would soon be made available to use through the Xbox 360. In 2007, Microsoft chairman Bill Gates stated that IPTV on Xbox 360 was expected to be available to consumers by the holiday season, using the Microsoft TV IPTV Edition platform. In 2008, Gates and president of Entertainment & Devices Robbie Bach announced a partnership with BT in the United Kingdom, in which the BT Vision advanced TV service, using the newer Microsoft Mediaroom IPTV platform, would be accessible via Xbox 360, planned for the middle of the year. BT Vision's DVR-based features would not be available on Xbox 360 due to limited hard drive capacity. In 2010, while announcing version 2.0 of Microsoft Mediaroom, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer mentioned that AT&T's U-verse IPTV service would enable Xbox 360s to be used as set-top boxes later in the year. As of January 2010, IPTV on Xbox 360 has yet to be deployed beyond limited trials.At the 2007, 2008, and 2009 Consumer Electronics Shows, Microsoft had announced that IPTV services would soon be made available to use through the Xbox 360. In 2007, Microsoft chairman Bill Gates stated that IPTV on Xbox 360 was expected to be available to consumers by the holiday season, using the Microsoft TV IPTV Edition platform. In 2008, Gates and president of Entertainment & Devices Robbie Bach announced a partnership with BT in the United Kingdom, in which the BT Vision advanced TV service, using the newer Microsoft Mediaroom IPTV platform, would be accessible via Xbox 360, planned for the middle of the year. BT Vision's DVR-based features would not be available on Xbox 360 due to limited hard drive capacity. In 2010, while announcing version 2.0 of Microsoft Mediaroom, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer mentioned that AT&T's U-verse IPTV service would enable Xbox 360s to be used as set-top boxes later in the year. As of January 2010, IPTV on Xbox 360 has yet to be deployed beyond limited trials.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Windows 98",
"paragraph_text": "The release of Windows 98 was preceded by a notable press demonstration at COMDEX in April 1998. Microsoft CEO Bill Gates was highlighting the operating system's ease of use and enhanced support for Plug and Play (PnP). However, when presentation assistant Chris Capossela hot plugged a USB scanner in, the operating system crashed, displaying a Blue Screen of Death. Bill Gates remarked after derisive applause and cheering from the audience, \"That must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet.\" Video footage of this event became a popular Internet phenomenon.The release of Windows 98 was preceded by a notable press demonstration at COMDEX in April 1998. Microsoft CEO Bill Gates was highlighting the operating system's ease of use and enhanced support for Plug and Play (PnP). However, when presentation assistant Chris Capossela hot plugged a USB scanner in, the operating system crashed, displaying a Blue Screen of Death. Bill Gates remarked after derisive applause and cheering from the audience, \"That must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet.\" Video footage of this event became a popular Internet phenomenon.Windows 95 is a consumer-oriented operating system developed by Microsoft as part of its Windows 9x family of operating systems. The first operating system in the 9x family, it is the successor to Windows 3.1, and was released to manufacturing on July 14, 1995, and generally to retail on August 24, 1995, almost three months after the release of Windows NT 3.51. Windows 95 is the first version of Microsoft Windows to include the Modern Windows Feel (Taskbar, Start Menu.) Windows 95 merged Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows products, and featured significant improvements over its predecessor, most notably in the graphical user interface (GUI) and in its simplified \"plug-and-play\" features. There were also major changes made to the core components of the operating system, such as moving from a mainly cooperatively multitasked 16-bit architecture to a 32-bit preemptive multitasking architecture, at least when running only 32-bit protected mode applications.\nAccompanied by an extensive marketing campaign, Windows 95 introduced numerous functions and features that were featured in later Windows versions, and continue in modern variations to this day, such as the taskbar, notification area, and the \"Start\" button. It is considered to be one of the biggest and most important products in the personal computing industry.\nThree years after its introduction, Windows 95 was followed by Windows 98. Nevertheless, Windows 95 remained the most popular operating system in 1998, despite the release of Windows 98. Microsoft ended mainstream support for Windows 95 on December 31, 2000. Like Windows NT 3.51, Windows 95 received only one year of extended support, ending on December 31, 2001.\n\n\n== Development ==\n\nThe initial design and planning of Windows 95 can be traced back to around March 1992, just around the time before the release of Windows 3.1. At this time, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 and Windows NT 3.1 were still in development. At this point, Microsoft's strategy was to have a next generation, high-end OS based on Windows NT, namely, Cairo, and a low-end, consumer-focused one as an evolution of Windows 3.1. The latter strategy was to develop a 32-bit underlying kernel and filesystem with 32-bit protected mode device drivers in Windows for Workgroups 3.11, to be used as the basis for the next version of Windows, code named \"Chicago.\" Cairo would be Microsoft's next-generation operating system based on Windows NT, featuring a new user interface and an object-based file system, but it was not planned to be shipped before 1994. Cairo would never be shipped, however, although elements from the Cairo project eventually shipped in Windows NT 4.0 in late July 1996, without the object-based file system, which would later evolve into WinFS.\nSimultaneously with Windows 3.1's release, IBM started shipping OS/2 2.0. Microsoft realized they required an updated version of Windows that could support 32-bit applications and preemptive multitasking, but could still run on low-end hardware (Windows NT did not). Initially, the \"Chicago\" team did not know how the product would be packaged. Initial thoughts were there might be two products, MS-DOS 7, which would just be the underlying OS, an evolution of the Windows for Workgroups 3.11 kernel, with a character mode OS on top, and a fully integrated graphical Windows OS. But soon into the project, the idea of MS-DOS 7 was abandoned and the decision was made to develop only an integrated graphical OS Windows \"Chicago.\"\n\n\n=== Beta ===\nBefore Windows 95's official release, users in the United States and United Kingdom had an opportunity to participate in the Windows 95 Preview Program. For US$19.95/£19.95, users would receive several 3.5-inch floppy disks that would be used to install Windows 95 either as an upgrade from Windows 3.1 or as a fresh installation. Participants were also given a free preview of The Microsoft Network (MSN), the online service that Microsoft launched with Windows 95. During the preview period, Microsoft established various electronic distribution points for promotional and technical documentation on Chicago, including a detailed document for media reviewers describing the new system highlights. The preview versions expired in November 1995, after which the user would have to purchase their copy of the final version of Windows 95.\n\n\n== Architecture ==\n\nWindows 95 was designed to be maximally compatible with existing MS-DOS and 16-bit Windows programs and device drivers while offering a more stable and better performing system. The Windows 95 architecture is an evolution of Windows for Workgroups' 386 enhanced mode.\n\nConfiguration Manager (CONFIGMG)\nResponsible for implementing Plug and Play functionality; monitoring hardware configuration changes; detecting devices using bus enumerators; and allocating I/O ports, IRQs, DMA channels and memory in a conflict-free fashion.\nInstallable File System Manager (Input/Output Subsystem)\nCoordinates access to supported file systems. Windows 95 initially shipped with support for FAT12, FAT16, the VFAT extension, ISO 9660 (CDFS), Joliet and network redirectors, with later releases supporting FAT32.\nAccess requests to physical media are sent to Input/Output Supervisor, a component responsible for scheduling the requests. Each physical media has its device driver: access to the disk is performed by a port driver, while access to a SCSI device is handled by a miniport driver working atop the SCSI layer. Port and Miniport drivers perform I/O operations in 32-bit protected mode, bypassing MS-DOS and BIOS, significantly improving performance. In case there is no native Windows driver for a certain storage device, or if a device is forced to run in compatibility mode, the Real Mode Mapper can access it through MS-DOS.\n32-bit Windows programs are assigned their memory segments, which can be adjusted to any desired size. Memory areas outside the segment cannot be accessed by a program. If a program crashes, nothing else is harmed. Before this, programs used fixed non-exclusive 64 KB segments. While the 64 KB size was a serious handicap in DOS and Windows 3.x, lack of guarantee of exclusiveness was the cause of stability issues because programs sometimes overwrote each other's segments. A crashing Windows 3.x program could knock out surrounding processes. \nThe Win32 API is implemented by three modules, each consisting of a 16-bit and a 32-bit component:\n\nKernel\nProvides high-level access to memory and process management, and access to the file system. Consists of KRNL386.EXE, KERNEL32.DLL, and VWIN32.VXD.\nUser\nResponsible for managing and drawing the various user interface components, such as windows, menus and buttons. Consists of USER.EXE and USER32.DLL.\nGraphics Device Interface (GDI)\nResponsible for drawing graphics in a device-independent way. Consists of GDI.EXE and GDI32.DLL.\n\n\n=== Dependence on MS-DOS ===\n\nTo end-users, MS-DOS appears as an underlying component of Windows 95. For example, it is possible to prevent the loading of the graphical user interface and boot the system into a real-mode MS-DOS environment. This was done by inserting command.com into the autoexec.bat file or changing the BootGUI variable in the MSDOS.SYS file to 0. This sparked debate amongst users and professionals regarding the extent to which Windows 95 is an operating system or merely a graphical shell running on top of MS-DOS.\nWhen the graphical user interface is started, the virtual machine manager takes over the filesystem-related and disk-related functionality. MS-DOS itself is demoted to a compatibility layer for 16-bit device drivers. This contrasts with earlier versions of Windows which rely on MS-DOS to perform file and disk access (Windows for Workgroups 3.11 could also largely bypass MS-DOS when 32-bit file access and 32-bit disk access were enabled). Keeping MS-DOS in memory allows Windows 95 to use DOS device drivers when suitable Windows drivers are unavailable. Windows 95 is capable of using all 16-bit Windows 3.x drivers.\nUnlike Windows 3.x, DOS programs running in Windows 95 do not need DOS drivers for the mouse, CD-ROM and sound card; Windows drivers are used instead. HIMEM.SYS is still required to boot Windows 95. EMM386 and other memory managers, however, are only used by DOS programs. In addition, CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT settings (aside from HIMEM.SYS) do not affect Windows programs. DOS games, which could not be executed on Windows 3.x, can run inside Windows 95 (games tended to lock up Windows 3.x or cause other problems). As with Windows 3.x, DOS programs that use EGA or VGA graphics modes run in windowed mode (CGA and text mode programs can continue to run).\nOn startup, the MS-DOS component in Windows 95 responds to a pressed F8 key by temporarily pausing the default",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What two characteristics were emphasized by the Microsoft executive who unveiled IPTV in 2007? | [
{
"id": 13106,
"question": "Which Microsoft executive announced IPTV as \"soon\" in 2007?",
"answer": "Bill Gates",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 158105,
"question": "Which two features were played up by #1",
"answer": "ease of use and enhanced support for Plug and Play",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | ease of use and enhanced support for Plug and Play | [] | true | Which two features were played up the Microsoft executive who announced IPTV in 2007? |
2hop__92385_2072 | [
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "New York City",
"paragraph_text": " on the mainland, absorbing territory from Westchester County into New York County in 1874 (West Bronx) and 1895 (East Bronx). During the 1898 consolidation, this territory was organized as the Borough of the Bronx, though still part of New York County. In 1914, Bronx County was split off from New York County so that each borough was then coterminous with a county.\nWhen the western part of Queens County was consolidated with New York City in 1898, that area became the Borough of Queens. In 1899, the remaining eastern section of Queens County was split off to form Nassau County on Long Island, thereafter making the borough and county of Queens coextensive with each other.\n\n\n== Terminology ==\nThe term borough was adopted in 1898 to describe a form of governmental administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, a borough is a municipal corporation that is created when a county is merged with populated areas within it. The limited powers of the boroughs are inferior to the authority of the government of New York City, contrasting significantly with the powers of boroughs as that term is used in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, where a borough is an independent level of government, as well as with borough forms used in other states and in Greater London.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\nNew York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs, which can unambiguously refer to the city proper as a whole, avoiding confusion with any particular borough or with the Greater New YorkNew York City traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the United States and its democracy.The boroughs of New York City are the five major governmental districts that compose New York City. The boroughs are the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island. Each borough is coextensive with a respective county of the State of New York: The Bronx is Bronx County, Brooklyn is Kings County, Manhattan is New York County, Queens is Queens County, and Staten Island is Richmond County.\nAll five boroughs came into existence with the creation of modern New York City in 1898, when New York County (then including the Bronx), Kings County, Richmond County, and part of Queens County were consolidated within one municipal government under a new city charter. All former municipalities within the newly consolidated city were dissolved.\nNew York City was originally confined to Manhattan Island and the smaller surrounding islands that formed New York County. As the city grew northward, it began annexing areas on the mainland, absorbing territory from Westchester County into New York County in 1874 (West Bronx) and 1895 (East Bronx). During the 1898 consolidation, this territory was organized as the Borough of the Bronx, though still part of New York County. In 1914, Bronx County was split off from New York County so that each borough was then coterminous with a county.\nWhen the western part of Queens County was consolidated with New York City in 1898, that area became the Borough of Queens. In 1899, the remaining eastern section of Queens County was split off to form Nassau County on Long Island, thereafter making the borough and county of Queens coextensive with each other.\n\n\n== Terminology ==\nThe term borough was adopted in 1898 to describe a form of governmental administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, a borough is a municipal corporation that is created when a county is merged with populated areas within it. The limited powers of the boroughs are inferior to the authority of the government of New York City, contrasting significantly with the powers of boroughs as that term is used in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, where a borough is an independent level of government, as well as with borough forms used in other states and in Greater London.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\nNew York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs, which can unambiguously refer to the city proper as a whole, avoiding confusion with any particular borough or with the Greater New York metropolitan area. The term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the term outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan, even though the geographic center of the city is along the Brooklyn–Queens border.\n\n\n=== Changes ===\nAll five boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the city's modern boundaries were established.\nThe Bronx originally included parts of New York County outside of Manhattan that had previously been ceded by neighboring Westchester County in two stages; in 1874 (southern Yonkers, and the towns of Kingsbridge, West Farms, and Morrisania) and then following a referendum in 1894 (towns of Westchester, Williamsbridge, and the southern portion of Eastchester). Ultimately in 1914, the present-day separate Bronx County became the most recent county to be created in the State of New York.\nThe borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. In 1899, the three eastern towns of Queens County that had not joined the city the year before—the towns of Hempstead, North Hempstead, and Oyster Bay—formally seceded from Queens County to form theThe New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn.",
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"idx": 17,
"title": "The Cosby Show",
"paragraph_text": "The show focuses on the Huxtable family, an upper middle - class African - American family, living in a brownstone in Brooklyn Heights, New York, at 10 Stigwood Avenue. The patriarch is Cliff Huxtable, an obstetrician and son of a prominent jazz trombonist. The matriarch is his wife, attorney Clair Huxtable.The show focuses on the Huxtable family, an upper middle - class African - American family, living in a brownstone in Brooklyn Heights, New York, at 10 Stigwood Avenue. The patriarch is Cliff Huxtable, an obstetrician and son of a prominent jazz trombonist. The matriarch is his wife, attorney Clair Huxtable.The show focuses on the Huxtable family, an upper middle - class African - American family, living in a brownstone in Brooklyn Heights, New York, at 10 Stigwood Avenue. The patriarch is Cliff Huxtable, an obstetrician and son of a prominent jazz trombonist. The matriarch is his",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What's the name of the public library system located in the New York residence of the Cosby family? | [
{
"id": 92385,
"question": "where did the cosbys live in new york",
"answer": "in Brooklyn",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 2072,
"question": "What is #1 's public library system called?",
"answer": "Brooklyn Public Library",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | Brooklyn Public Library | [] | true | What is the public library system called in the place where the Cosbys live in New York? |
4hop2__71753_158279_70784_79935 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "History of Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_text": "For much of the region's history a patchwork of tribal rulers controlled most of the area. The Al Saud (the Saudi royal family) emerged as minor tribal rulers in Najd in central Arabia. From the mid-18th century, imbued with the religious zeal of the Wahhabi Islamic movement, they became aggressively expansionist. Over the following 150 years, the extent of the Al Saud territory fluctuated. However, between 1902 and 1927, the Al Saud leader, Abdulaziz, carried out a series of wars of conquest which resulted in his establishing the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1930. 632, his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering huge and unprecedented swathes of territory (from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to modern-day Pakistan in the east) in a matter of decades. Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661–750), Abbasid (750–1517), and Fatimid (909–1171)",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Geography of Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_text": " area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in West Asia, the largest country on the Arabian Peninsula, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. Its extensive coastlines provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian GulfThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts. coastal border of almost 1,800 km (1,100 mi) that extends to the southern part of Yemen and follows",
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},
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Israel",
"paragraph_text": " alongside elements of Arab culture, involving cuisine, music, and art. Israel has one of the biggest and most advanced economies inIsrael (/ ˈɪzreɪəl /; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל , Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل ), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל , Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل ), is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over East Jerusalem is not recognised internationally. The population of Israel was estimated in 2017 to be 8,777,580 people, of whom 74.7% were Jewish, 20.8% Arab and 4.5% others. who emigrated, fled, or were expelled from the Muslim world. The 1949 Armistice Agreements established Israel's borders over most of the former Mandate territory. The 1967 Six-Day War saw Israel occupy the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Egyptian Sinai Peninsula and Syrian Golan Heights. Israel has established and continues",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Shiraz",
"paragraph_text": ", citrus fruits, cotton and rice. Industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate. Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries. 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz.ShShiraz is the economic center of southern Iran. The second half of the 19th century witnessed certain economic developments that greatly changed the economy of Shiraz. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 allowed the extensive import into southern Iran of inexpensive European factory-made goods, either directly from Europe or via India. Farmers in unprecedented numbers began planting cash crops such as opium poppy, tobacco, and cotton. Many of these export crops passed through Shiraz on their way to the Persian Gulf. Iranian long-distance merchants from Fars developed marketing networks for these commodities, establishing trading houses in Bombay, Calcutta, Port Said, Istanbul and even Hong Kong.Shiraz's economic base is in its provincial products, which include grapes, citrus fruits, cotton and rice. Industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate. Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries. 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz.tesiphon, where Shirin took the cross in her palace.\nLong after her death Shirin became an important heroine of Persian literature, as a model of a faithful lover and wife. She appears in the Shahnameh and the romance Khosrow and Shirin by Nizami Ganjavi (1141−1209Shiraz is the economic center of southern Iran. The second half of the 19th century witnessed certain economic developments that greatly changed the economy of Shiraz. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 allowed the extensive import into southern Iran of inexpensive European factory-made goods, either directly from Europe or via India. Farmers in unprecedented numbers began planting cash crops such as opium poppy, tobacco, and cotton. Many of these export crops passed through Shiraz on their way to the Persian Gulf. Iranian long-distance merchants from Fars developed marketing networks for these commodities, establishing trading houses in Bombay, Calcutta, Port Said, Istanbul and even Hong Kong.Shiraz's economic base is in its provincial products, which include grapes, citrus fruits, cotton and rice. Industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate. Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries. 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz.Shirin (Persian: شیرین; died 628) was wife of the Sasanian emperor Khosrow II (r.��590–628). In the revolution after the death of Khosrow's father Hormizd IV, the General Bahram Chobin took power over the Persian empire. Shirin fled with Khosrow to Roman Syria, where they lived under the protection of Byzantine emperor Maurice.\nIn 591, Khosrow returned to Persia to take control of the empire and Shirin was made queen. She used her new influence to support the Christian minority in Iran, but the political situation demanded that she do so discreetly. Initially, she belonged to the Church of the East but later she joined the miaphysite church of Antioch, now known as the Syriac Orthodox Church. After the Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem of 614 amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, the Sasanians captured the True Cross of Jesus and brought it to their capital Ctesiphon, where Shirin took the cross in her palace.\nLong after her death Shirin became an important heroine of Persian literature, as a model of a faithful lover and wife. She appears in the Shahnameh and the romance Khosrow and Shirin by Nizami Ganjavi (1141−1209), and is referred to in very many other works. Her elaborated story in literature bears little or no resemblance to the fairly few known historical facts of her life, although her Christianity and difficulties after the assassination of her husband remain part of the story, as well as Khosrow's exile before he regained his throne. After their first accidental meeting, when Khosrow was initially unaware of her identity, their courtship takes a number of twists and turns, with the pair often apart, that occupy most of the story. After Khosrow's son kills him, the son demands that Shirin marry him, which she avoids by committing suicide.\n\n\n== Origin ==\nThe background of Shirin is uncertain. According to the 7th-century Armenian historian Sebeos (died after 661), she was a native of Khuzistan in southwestern Iran. However, two Syriac chronicles state that she was \"Aramean\" i.e., from the region of Beth Aramaye. The Persian historian Mirkhvand (died 1498), writing much later, states that she used to be a servant in a Persian house which Khosrow II used to regularly visit during his teens. The 11th-century Persian epic Shahnameh (\"The Book of Kings\") of Ferdowsi (died 1019/1025), which was based on the Middle Persian text Khwaday-Namag (\"Book of Lords\"), states that Shirin was already married to Khosrow II by the time he fled to the Byzantine Empire. None of these reports are substantiated by earlier sources, which may indicate that they were later established legends. The early 7th-century Byzantine historian Theophylact Simocatta does not mention the names of the two women who fled with Khosrow II.\nThe tradition identifying Shirin as Armenian appears to be of later origin.\n\n\n== Marriage ==\n\nThe earliest source mentioning Shirin is",
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}
] | What was the timeline for the northern region adjacent to Israel, which was the end-point for the exportation of produced crops? | [
{
"id": 71753,
"question": "what region of the world is israel located",
"answer": "Middle East,",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 158279,
"question": "Where was the final destination for the export crops ?",
"answer": "Persian Gulf",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 70784,
"question": "what region lies immediately to the north of #1 and #2",
"answer": "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 79935,
"question": "when was #3 created",
"answer": "1930",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
}
] | 1930 | [] | true | When was the region immediately north of the region where Israel is located and the final destination for the export crops created? |
2hop__422295_8311 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Alice de Lusignan, Countess of Surrey",
"paragraph_text": " brothers and three full sisters, besides her royal half-siblings from her mother's first marriage.\n\n\n== Marriage ==\nIn 1247, a year after her mother's death, Alice accompanied the new papal legate William of Modena, the Cardinal-bishop of Sabina, to England, which she had decided to make her home, and live at the expense of the Crown. In August of that year, her half-brother, King Henry married her to John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (August 1231 – 29 September 1304). The marriage caused some resentment amongst the English nobility, as they considered the king's Lusignan siblings to be parasites and a liability to the kingdom. Many prestigious honours and titles were granted to the Lusignans. Alice was also said to have been disdainful of all things English.\nJohn was the son of William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey and Maud Marshal. Together theyAlice de Lusignan, Countess of Surrey (1224 – 9 February 1256) was a uterine half-sister of King Henry III of England and the wife of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey. Shortly after her arrival in England from France in 1247, her half-brother arranged her marriage to the Earl, which incurred some resentment from the English nobility.AAlice de Lusignan, Countess of Surrey (1224 – 9 February 1256) was a uterine half-sister of King Henry III of England and the wife of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey. Shortly after her arrival in England from France in 1247, her half-brother arranged her marriage to the Earl, which incurred some resentment from the English nobility.== Lineage ==\nAlice was the second-eldest daughter of Hugh X of Lusignan (\"le Brun\"), Seigneur de Lusignan and Count of La Marche, and Isabella of Angoulême, queen dowager of England. She was born in Lusignan, Poitou, France in 1224, and was a member of the House of Lusignan.\nShe had five full brothers and three full sisters, besides her royal half-siblings from her mother's first marriage.\n\n\n== Marriage ==\nIn 1247, a year after her mother's death, Alice accompanied the new papal legate William of Modena, the Cardinal-bishop of Sabina, to England, which she had decided to make her home, and live at the expense of the Crown. In August of that year, her half-brother, King Henry married her to John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (August 1231 – 29 September 1304). The marriage caused some resentment amongst the English nobility, as they considered the king's Lusignan siblings to be parasites and a liability to the kingdom. Many prestigious honours and titles were granted to the Lusignans. Alice was also said to have been disdainful of all things English.\nJohn was the son of William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey and Maud Marshal. Together theyAlice de Lusignan, Countess of Surrey (1224 – 9 February 1256) was a uterine half-sister of King Henry III of England and the wife of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey. Shortly after her arrival in",
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"idx": 9,
"title": "Westminster Abbey",
"paragraph_text": " styles or later Baroque and modern styles. The Henry VII Chapel, at the east end of the church, is a typical example of Perpendicular Gothic architecture; antiquarian John Leland called it orbis miraculum (\"the wonder of the world\").\nThe abbey is the burial site of more than 3,300 people, many prominent in British history: monarchs, prime ministers, poets laureate, actors, musicians, scientists, military leaders, and the Unknown Warrior. Due to the fame of the figures buried there, artist William Morris described the abbey as a \"National Valhalla\".\n\n\n== History ==\nHistorians agree that there was a monastery dedicated to Saint Peter on the site prior to the 11th century, though its exact origin is somewhat obscure. One legend claims that it was founded by the Saxon king Sæberht of Essex, and another claims that its founder was the fictional 2nd-century British king Lucius. One tradition claims that a young fisherman on the River Thames had a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to have been quoted as theSince the coronations in 1066 of both King Harold and William the Conqueror, coronations of English and British monarchs were held in the abbey. In 1216, Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne, because the French prince Louis had taken control of the city, and so the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral. This coronation was deemed by the Pope to be improper, and a further coronation was held in the abbey on 17 May 1220. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]Since the coronations in 1066 of both King Harold and William the Conqueror, coronations of English and British monarchs were held in the abbey. In 1216, Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne, because the French prince Louis had taken control of the city, and so the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral. This coronation was deemed by the Pope to be improper, and a further coronation was held in the abbey on 17 May 1220. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]s, commissioned by King Edward the Confessor, who is buried inside. Construction of the present church began in 1245 on the orders of Henry III. The monastery was dissolved in 1559, and the church was made a royal peculiar – a Church of England church, accountable directly to the sovereign – by Elizabeth I. The abbey, the Palace of Westminster and St. Margaret's Church became a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987 because of their historic and symbolic significance.\nThe church's Gothic architecture is chiefly inspired by 13th-century French and English styles, although some sections of the church have earlier Romanesque styles or later Baroque and modern styles. The Henry VII Chapel, at the east end of the church, is a typical example of Perpendicular Gothic architecture; antiquarian John Leland called it orbis miraculum (\"the wonder of the world\").\nThe abbey is the burial site of more than 3,300 people, many prominent in British history: monarchs, prime ministers, poets laureate, actors, musicians, scientists, military leaders, and the Unknown Warrior. Due to the fame of the figures buried there, artist William Morris described the abbey as a \"National Valhalla\".\n\n\n== History ==\nHistorians agree that there was a monastery dedicated to Saint Peter on the site prior to the 11th century, though its exact origin is somewhat obscure. One legend claims that it was founded by the Saxon king Sæberht of Essex, and another claims that its founder was the fictional 2nd-century British king Lucius. One tradition claims that a young fisherman on the River Thames had a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to have been quoted as theSince the coronations in 1066 of both King Harold and William the Conqueror, coronations of English and British monarchs were held in the abbey. In 1216, Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne, because the French prince Louis had taken control of the city, and so the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral. This coronation was deemed by the Pope to be improper, and a further coronation was held in the abbey on 17 May 1220. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, is an Anglican church in the City of Westminster, London, England. Since 1066, it has been the location of the coronations of 40 English and British monarchs and a burial site for 18 English, Scottish, and British monarchs. At least 16 royal weddings have taken place at the abbey since 1100.\nAlthough the origins of the church are obscure, an abbey housing Benedictine monks was on the site by the mid-10th century. The church got its first large building from the 1040s, commissioned by King Edward the Confessor, who is buried inside. Construction of the present church began in 1245 on the orders of Henry III. The monastery was dissolved in 1559, and the church was made a royal peculiar – a Church of England church, accountable directly to the sovereign – by Elizabeth I. The abbey, the Palace of Westminster and St. Margaret's Church became a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987 because of their historic and symbolic significance.\nThe church's Gothic architecture is chiefly inspired by 13th-century French and English styles, although some sections of the church have earlier Romanesque styles or later Baroque and modern styles. The Henry VII Chapel, at the east end of the church, is a typical example of Perpendicular Gothic architecture; antiquarian John Leland called it orbis miraculum (\"the wonder of the world\").\nThe abbey is the burial site of more than 3,300 people, many prominent in British history: monarchs, prime ministers, poets laureate, actors, musicians, scientists, military leaders, and the Unknown Warrior. Due to the fame of the figures buried there, artist William Morris described the abbey as a \"National Valhalla\".\n\n\n== History ==\nHistorians agree that there was a monastery dedicated to Saint Peter on the site prior to the 11th century, though its exact origin is somewhat obscure. One legend claims that it was founded by the Saxon king Sæberht of Essex, and another claims that its founder was the fictional 2nd-century British king Lucius. One tradition claims that a young fisherman on the River Thames had a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to have been quoted as the origin of the salmon that Thames fishermen offered to the abbey, a custom still observed annually by the Fishmongers' Company.\nThe origins of the abbey are generally thought to date to about 959, when Saint Dunstan and King Edgar installed a community of Benedictine monks on the site. At that time, the location was an island in the middle of the River Thames called Thorn Ey. This",
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] | When did the coronation take place for Alice de Lusignan, Countess of Surrey's sibling? | [
{
"id": 422295,
"question": "Alice de Lusignan, Countess of Surrey >> sibling",
"answer": "Henry III",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 8311,
"question": "When was #1 crowned?",
"answer": "1216",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | 1216 | [] | true | When was the sibling of Alice de Lusignan, Countess of Surrey crowned? |
2hop__58939_213732 | [
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Dirty Sexy Politics",
"paragraph_text": " her maternal grandfather, Jim Hensley, recounts her experiences while campaigning for her father during the 2008 United States presidential election.\n\n\n== Critical reception ==\nThe Huffington Post mocked the book cover, asking, \"Beyond Sex With an Elephant, Meghan, What Are You Trying to Tell Me?\" The American Spectator remarked that \"Meghan cries a lot in this brief book.\" They added that it was hard to take her political ideas seriously, concluding that it would be \"an effort that can only end in tears.\"\nRedState blogger Leon Wolf criticized the book in The New Ledger (a web publication founded and edited by McCain's future husband Ben Domenech). Wolf argued it showed \"her unbearable narcissism, delusions of persecution, anti-religious bigotry, and mendacity' as well as 'her manifestly below-average intelligence.\" They added, \"that a publishing company let this authorial abortion go to print is an insult to the collective self-worth of our thinking nation.\" Wolf went on to say that the book \"contain[ed] not one citation or reference to any factual source,\" adding that it was 'predictably disastrous.' They added that the book included examples of \"spoiled-brattishness\" and demonstrated \"her sense of entitlement.\"\nThe Washington Post described it as a \"youthful narrative\" with a \"healthy sense of humor.\" They went on to say that it was \"as much a scathing critique of the Republican Party as it is a passionate tale of life on the campaign trail.\" However, they added that she \"writes movingly of election day,\" but that she \"felt gloomy enough to imagine the worst for the party.\" Out & About Newspaper agreed, suggesting, \"the most striking element in this book is her naivete and, at times, the brashness of youth she embodies.\" They stressed \"her lack of experience and her raw feelings,\" adding that she was \"unschooled in groupthink – which she regards as counter to individual freedom,\" yet \"undaunted and energized.\"\nThe Christian Science Monitor suggested she did not toe the Republican Party line, but opined that was because she was \"the daughter of a maverick.\" They concluded that she told the reader \"tell us more than [they] wanted to know.\"\n\n\n== References ==Dirty Sexy Politics is a 2010 political memoir written by Meghan McCain, the daughter of Republican Senator John McCain, about the 2008 United States presidential election.\n\n\n== Content ==\nIn this political memoir, Meghan McCain, the daughter of Republican Senator John McCain and heiress to the Hensley & Co. beer distribution fortune through her maternal grandfather, Jim Hensley, recounts her experiences while campaigning for her father during the 2008 United States presidential election.\n\n\n== Critical reception ==\nThe Huffington Post mocked the book cover, asking, \"Beyond Sex With an Elephant, Meghan, What Are You Trying to Tell Me?\" The American Spectator remarked that \"Meghan cries a lot in this brief book.\" They added that it was hard to take her political ideas seriously, concluding that it would be \"an effort that can only end in tears.\"\nRedState blogger Leon Wolf criticized the book in The New Ledger (a web publication founded and edited by McCain's future husband Ben Domenech). Wolf argued it showed \"her unbearable narcissism, delusions of persecution, anti-religious bigotry, and mendacity' as well as 'her manifestly below-average intelligence.\" They added, \"that a publishing company let this authorial abortion go to print is an insult to the collective self-worth of our thinking nation.\" Wolf went on to say that the book \"contain[ed] not one citation or reference to any factual source,\" adding that it was 'predictably disastrous.' They added that the book included examples of \"spoiled-brattishness\" and demonstrated \"her sense of entitlement.\"\nThe Washington Post described it as a \"youthful narrative\" with a \"healthy sense of humor.\" They went on to say that it was \"as much a scathing critique of the Republican Party as it is a passionate tale of life on the campaign trail.\" However, they added that she \"writes movingly of election day,\" but that she \"felt gloomy enough to imagine the worst for the party.\" Out & About Newspaper agreed, suggesting, \"the most striking element in this book is her naivete and, at times, the brashness of youth she embodies.\" They stressed \"her lack of experience and her raw feelings,\" adding that she was \"unschooled in groupthink – which she regards as counter to individual freedom,\" yet \"undaunted and energized.\"\nThe Christian Science Monitor suggested she did not toe the Republican Party line, but opined that was because she was \"the daughter of a maverick.\" They concluded that she told the reader \"tell us more than [they] wanted to know.\"\n\n\n== References ==Dirty Sexy Politics is a 2010 political memoir written by Meghan McCain, the daughter of Republican Senator John McCain, about the 2008 United States presidential election.\n\n\n== Content ==\nIn this political memoir, Meghan McCain, the daughter of Republican Senator John McCain and heiress to the Hensley & Co. beer distribution fortune through her maternal grandfather, Jim Hensley, recounts her experiences while campaigning for her father during the 2008 United States presidential election.\n\n\n== Critical reception ==\nThe Huffington Post mocked the book cover, asking, \"Beyond Sex With an Elephant, Meghan, What Are You Trying to Tell Me?\" The American Spectator remarked that \"Meghan cries a lot in this brief book.\" They added that it was hard to take her political ideas seriously, concluding that it would be \"an effort that can only end in tears.\"\nRedState blogger Leon Wolf criticized the book in The New Ledger (a web publication founded and edited by McCain's future husband Ben Domenech). Wolf argued it showed \"her unbearable narcissism, delusions of persecution, anti-religious bigotry, and mendacity' as well as 'her manifestly below-average intelligence.\" They added, \"that a publishing company let this authorial abortion go to print is an insult to the collective self-worth of our thinking nation.\" Wolf went on to say that the book \"contain[ed] not one citation or reference to any factual source,\" adding that it was 'predictably disastrous.' They added that the book included examples of \"spoiled-brattishness\" and demonstrated \"her sense of entitlement.\"\nThe Washington Post described it as a \"youthful narrative\" with a \"healthy sense of humor.\" They went on to say that it was \"as much a scathing critique of the Republican Party as it is a passionate tale of life on the campaign trail.\" However, they added that she \"writes movingly of election day,\" but that she \"felt gloomy enough to imagine the worst for the party.\" Out & About Newspaper agreed, suggesting, \"the most striking element in this book is her naivete and, at times, the brashness of youth sheDirty Sexy Politics is a 2010 political memoir written by Meghan McCain, the daughter of Republican Senator John McCain, about the 2008 United States presidential election.DDirty Sexy Politics is a 2010 political memoir written by Meghan McCain, the daughter of Republican Senator John McCain, about the 2008 United States presidential election.== Content ==\nIn this political memoir, Meghan McCain, the daughter of Republican Senator John McCain and heiress to the Hensley & Co. beer distribution fortune through her maternal grandfather, Jim Hensley, recounts",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "2008 United States presidential election",
"paragraph_text": ", and Joe Biden, a long - time Senator from Delaware, defeated the Republican ticket of Senator John McCain of Arizona and Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska. Obama became the first African American ever to be elected as president.TheThe United States presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 4, 2008. The Democratic ticket of Barack Obama, a Senator from Illinois, and Joe Biden, a long - time Senator from Delaware, defeated the Republican ticket of Senator John McCain of Arizona and Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska. Obama became the first African American ever to be elected as president. as well as being only the third sitting United States senator elected president, joining Warren G. Harding and John F. Kennedy. Meanwhile, this was only the second successful all-senator ticket since the 1960The United States presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 4, 2008. The Democratic ticket of Barack Obama, a Senator from Illinois, and Joe Biden, a long - time Senator from Delaware, defeated the Republican ticket of Senator John McCain of Arizona and Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska. Obama became the first African American ever to be elected as president.The 2008 United States presidential election was the 56th quadrennial presidential election, held on November 4, 2008. The Democratic ticket of Barack Obama, the junior senator from Illinois, and Joe Biden, the senior senator from Delaware, defeated the Republican ticket of John McCain, the senior senator from Arizona, and Sarah Palin, the governor of Alaska. Obama became the first African American to be elected to the presidency, as well as being only the third sitting United States senator elected president, joining Warren G. Harding and John F. Kennedy. Meanwhile, this was only the second successful all-senator ticket since the 1960 election and is the only election where both major party nominees were sitting senators. This was the first election since 1952 in which neither the incumbent president nor vice president was on the ballot, as well as the first election since 1928 in which neither ran for the nomination.\nIncumbent Republican President George W. Bush was ineligible to pursue a third term due to the term limits established by the Twenty-second Amendment. McCain secured the Republican nomination by March 2008, defeating former governors Mitt Romney, Mike Huckabee, and other challengers. The Democratic primaries were marked by a sharp contest between Obama and the initial front-runner, former first lady and Senator Hillary Clinton, as well as other challengers that dropped out before most of the primaries were held, including Senators John Edwards and Obama's future running mate, Joe Biden. Clinton's victory in the New Hampshire primary made her the first woman to win a major party's presidential primary. After a long primary season, Obama secured the Democratic nomination in June 2008.\nEarly campaigning focused heavily on the Iraq War and Bush's unpopularity. McCain supported the war, as well as a troop surge that had begun in 2007, while Obama strongly opposed the war. Bush endorsed McCain, but the two did not campaign together, and Bush did not appear in person at the 2008 Republican National Convention. Obama campaigned on the theme that \"Washington must change,\" while McCain emphasized his experience. The campaign was strongly affected by the onset of a major financial crisis, which peaked in September 2008. McCain's decision to suspend his campaign during the height of the financial crisis backfired as voters viewed his response as erratic.\nObama won a decisive victory over McCain, winning the Electoral College and the popular vote by a sizable margin, including states that had not voted for the Democratic presidential candidate since 1976 (North Carolina) and 1964 (Indiana, Virginia, and Nebraska's 2nd congressional district). Obama received the largest share of the popular",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is the offspring of the contender against Obama during his initial political campaign? | [
{
"id": 58939,
"question": "who ran against obama in his first election",
"answer": "John McCain",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 213732,
"question": "#1 >> child",
"answer": "Meghan McCain",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | Meghan McCain | [] | true | Who is the child of Obama's opponent in his first election? |
2hop__603365_120259 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Battle of Maserfield",
"paragraph_text": " ninth-century \"Canu Heledd\"), probably as allies of the Mercians. Bede reports the commonly accepted date given above; the Welsh \"Annales Cambriae\" is generally considered incorrect in giving the year of the battle as 644. The site of the battle is traditionally identified with Oswestry; arguments have been made for and against the accuracy of this identification.TheThe Battle of Maserfield (or Maserfeld, \"marsh (border) field\"; Welsh: \"Maes Cogwy\"), was fought on 5 August 641 or 642, between the Anglo-Saxon kings Oswald of Northumbria and Penda of Mercia, ending in Oswald's defeat, death, and dismemberment. The battle was also known as \"Cogwy\" to the Welsh, with their countrymen from Pengwern participating in the battle (according to the probably ninth-century \"Canu Heledd\"), probably as allies of the Mercians. Bede reports the commonly accepted date given above; the Welsh \"Annales Cambriae\" is generally considered incorrect in giving the year of the battle as 644. The site of the battle is traditionally identified with Oswestry; arguments have been made for and against the accuracy of this identification. \n\n\n== Background ==\n\"Since the death of Oswald's uncle Edwin of Northumbria at Hatfield Chase in 633, the Mercians under Penda had presented an obstacle to the power of Northumbria over the lands of Britain south of the Humber. Oswald had defeated Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd, King of the Britons (Penda's allyThe Battle of Maserfield (or Maserfeld, \"marsh (border) field\"; Welsh: \"Maes Cogwy\"), was fought on 5 August 641 or 642, between the Anglo-Saxon kings Oswald of Northumbria and Penda of Mercia, ending in Oswald's defeat, death, and dismemberment. The battle was also known as \"Cogwy\" to the Welsh, with their countrymen from Pengwern participating in the battle (according",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Mercia",
"paragraph_text": "Marcia M. Anderson, first African-American woman to attain major general in the United States Army Reserve\nMarcia Andrade Braga, Brazilian military officer and peacekeeper\nMarcia Angell, American physician and author\nMarcia Ball, American blues singer and pianist\nMarcia Sherlon Barnwell, Vincentian politician\nMarcia Barrett, Jamaican-British singer\nMarcia Brown, American writer and illustrator\nMarcia Ciol, Brazilian-American statistician\nMarcia Clark, American prosecutor, author, television correspondent and television producer\nMarcia Cross, AmericanWhen ��thelflæd died in 918, ��lfwynn, her daughter by ��thelred, succeeded as 'Second Lady of the Mercians', but within six months Edward had deprived her of all authority in Mercia and taken her into Wessex.MWhen Æthelflæd died in 918, Ælfwynn, her daughter by Æthelred, succeeded as 'Second Lady of the Mercians', but within six months Edward had deprived her of all authority in Mercia and taken her into Wessex. legendary monarch of Britain\nMarcia (mistress of Commodus)\nMarcia (mother of Trajan)\nMarcia (wife of Cato)\nMarcia (vestal), Roman Vestal\nMarcia Anastasia Christoforides\nMarcia Francis Liles Carroll Cleckler.\nMarcia M. Anderson, first African-American woman to attain major general in the United States Army Reserve\nMarcia Andrade Braga, Brazilian military officer and peacekeeper\nMarcia Angell, American physician and author\nMarcia Ball, American blues singer and pianist\nMarcia Sherlon Barnwell, Vincentian politician\nMarcia Barrett, Jamaican-British singer\nMarcia Brown, American writer and illustrator\nMarcia Ciol, Brazilian-American statistician\nMarcia Clark, American prosecutor, author, television correspondent and television producer\nMarcia Cross, AmericanWhen ��thelflæd died in 918, ��lfwynn, her daughter by ��thelred, succeeded as 'Second Lady of the Mercians', but within six months Edward had deprived her of all authority in Mercia and taken her into Wessex.Marcia () is a female given name of Italian origin, derived from Latin meaning \"dedicated to Mars\". It is a female form of Marcius. Marcy/Marcie is a short form.\nNotable people and characters with this name include:\n\n\n== People ==\nQueen Marcia, legendary monarch of Britain\nMarcia (mistress of Commodus)\nMarcia (mother of Trajan)\nMarcia (wife of Cato)\nMarcia (vestal), Roman Vestal\nMarcia Anastasia Christoforides\nMarcia Francis Liles Carroll Cleckler.\nMarcia M. Anderson, first African-American woman to attain major general in the United States Army Reserve\nMarcia Andrade Braga, Brazilian military officer and peacekeeper\nMarcia Angell, American physician and author\nMarcia Ball, American blues singer and pianist\nMarcia Sherlon Barnwell, Vincentian politician\nMarcia Barrett, Jamaican-British singer\nMarcia Brown, American writer and illustrator\nMarcia Ciol, Brazilian-American statistician\nMarcia Clark, American prosecutor, author, television correspondent and television producer\nMarcia Cross, American actress\nMarcia Davenport, American writer and music critic\nMarcia Falkender, Baroness Falkender, British labor politician, civil servant and life peer\nMarcia Fudge, American attorney and politician\nMarcia Gallo, American historian and author\nMarcia Mitzman Gaven, American actress\nMarcia Griffiths, Jamaican reggae singer\nMarcia Gudereit, Canadian curler\nMarcia Gay Harden, American actress\nMarcia Hines, Australian singer\nMarcia A. Karrow, American politician\nMarcia V. Keizs, Jamaican academic\nMarcia Kramer, American journalist\nMarcia Langton, Australian Aboriginal scholar and activist\nMarcia Layne, British playwright\nMarcia Lucas, American film editor\nMarcia MacMillan, Canadian journalist\nMarcia Marx, American artist\nMarcia Mead, American architect\nMarcia Neave, Australian legal academic and judge\nMarcia Pankratz, American field hockey player\nMarcia Pelham, Countess of Yarborough, British countess\nMarcia Y. Riggs, American scholar, professor and theologian\nMarcia Rodd, American actress\nMarcia Strassman, American actress and singer\nMarcia Theophilo, Brazilian poet\nMarcia Trimble, American murder victim\nMarcia Wallace, American actress and comedian\nMarcia Yockey, American weather presenter\n\n\n== Fictional characters ==\nMarcia Barton in the film The Creature Walks Among Us\nMarcia Brady of The Brady Bunch\nMarcia Montenegro in telenovela Mariana de la Noche\nMarcia of The Outsiders\nMarcia Overstrand of the book series Septimus Heap\nMarcia, a character from Fire Emblem: Path of Radiance, and its sequel Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn\n\n\n== See also ==\nMarcia (gens)\nMarsha\nMarcie\nMarzia (given name)\nMarcus (name), the male equivalent\nMarcius (disambiguation)\nMárcio\n\n\n== References ==\n\n Media related to Marcia (given name) at Wikimedia CommonsMarcia () is a female given name of Italian origin, derived from Latin meaning \"dedicated to Mars\". It is a female form of Marcius. Marcy/Marcie is a short form.\nNotable people and characters with this name include:\n\n\n== People ==\nQueen Marcia, legendary monarch of Britain\nMarcia (mistress of Commodus)\nMarcia (mother of Trajan)\nMarcia (wife of Cato)\nMarcia (vestal), Roman Vestal\nMarcia Anastasia Christoforides\nMarcia Francis Liles Carroll Cleckler.\nMarcia M. Anderson, first African-American woman to attain major general in the United States Army Reserve\nMarcia Andrade Braga, Brazilian military officer and peacekeeper\nMarcia Angell, American physician and author\nMarcia Ball, American blues singer and pianist\nMarcia Sherlon Barnwell, Vincentian politician\nMarcia Barrett, Jamaican-British singer\nMarcia Brown, American writer and illustrator\nMarcia Ciol, Brazilian-American statistician\nMarcia Clark, American prosecutor, author, television correspondent and television producer\nMarcia Cross, American actress\nMarcia Davenport, American writer and music critic\nMarcia Falkender, Baroness Falkender, British labor politician, civil servant and life peer\nMarcia Fudge, American attorney and politician\nMarcia Gallo, American historian and author\nMarcia Mitzman Gaven, American actress\nMarcia Griffiths, Jamaican reggae singer\nMarcia Gudereit, Canadian curler\nMarcia Gay Harden, American actress\nMarcia Hines, Australian singer\nMarcia A. Karrow, American politician\nMarcia V. Keizs, Jamaican academic\nMarcia Kramer, American journalist\nMarcia Langton, Australian Aboriginal scholar and activist\nMarcia Layne, British playwright\nMarcia Lucas, American film editor\nMarcia MacMillan, Canadian journalist\nMarcia Marx, American artist\nMarcia Mead, American architect\nMarcia Neave, Australian legal academic and judge\nMarcia Pankratz, American field hockey player\nMarcia Pelham, Countess of Yarborough, British countess\nMarcia Y. Riggs, American scholar, professor and theologian\nMarcia Rodd, American actress\nMarcia Strassman, American actress and singer\nMarcia Theophilo, Brazilian poet\nMarcia Trimble, American murder victim\nMarcia Wallace, American actress and comedian\nMarcia Yockey, American weather presenter\n\n\n== Fictional characters ==\nMarcia Barton in the film The Creature Walks Among Us\nMarcia Brady of The Brady Bunch\nMarcia Montenegro in telenovela Mariana de la Noche\nMarcia of The Outsiders\nMarcia Overstrand of the book series Septimus Heap\nMarcia, a character from Fire Emblem: Path of Radiance, and its sequel Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn\n\n\n== See also ==\nMarcia (gens)\nMarsha\nMarcie\nMarzia (given name)\nMarcus (name), the male equivalent\nMarcius",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When was a combatant involved in the Maserfield Battle eliminated? | [
{
"id": 603365,
"question": "Battle of Maserfield >> participant",
"answer": "Mercia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 120259,
"question": "When was #1 abolished?",
"answer": "918",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
}
] | 918 | [] | true | When was a participant in the Battle of Maserfield abolished? |
3hop1__491648_339990_15538 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Coles Creek (Pennsylvania)",
"paragraph_text": "0 °C (32 °F) to slightly under 20 °C (68 °F). Coles Creek is named after Ezekiel Cole.\n\n\n== Course ==\n\nColes Creek begins on Central Mountain in southeastern Sullivan County, Pennsylvania and flows south into Sugarloaf Township, Columbia County, near the border between Columbia County, Luzerne County, and Sullivan County. The creek flows south, leaving Central Mountain behind, to Pennsylvania Route 118, where it receives the tributary Chimneystack Run (which also starts on Central Mountain). It turns southwest and begins flowing parallel to Pennsylvania Route 487. It receives Ashelman Run and Fellow Hollow before flowing through the community of Tri Mills. Downstream of Tri Mills, it receives Hess Hollow and continues southwest to the communityColes Creek (also known as Cole's Creek) is a tributary of Fishing Creek, in Columbia County, Pennsylvania and Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is long and is the first named tributary of Fishing Creek downstream of where East Branch Fishing Creek and West Branch Fishing Creek meet to form Fishing Creek. The creek is on the edge of Columbia County and parts of its watershed are in Luzerne County.CColes Creek (also known as Cole's Creek) is a tributary of Fishing Creek, in Columbia County, Pennsylvania and Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is long and is the first named tributary of Fishing Creek downstream of where East Branch Fishing Creek and West Branch Fishing Creek meet to form Fishing Creek. The creek is on the edge of Columbia County and parts of its watershed are in Luzerne County. County and parts of its watershed are in Luzerne County.\nThe watershed of Coles Creek has an area of 11.6 square miles. There are 15.08 miles (24.27 km) of streams in the watershed. Most of the watershed is over rock of the Catskill Formation, although a small part of it is over rocks of the Huntley Mountain Formation. The water temperature of the creek ranges from slightly under 0 °C (32 °F) to slightly under 20 °C (68 °F). Coles Creek is named after Ezekiel Cole.\n\n\n== Course ==\n\nColes Creek begins on Central Mountain in southeastern Sullivan County, Pennsylvania and flows south into Sugarloaf Township, Columbia County, near the border between Columbia County, Luzerne County, and Sullivan County. The creek flows south, leaving Central Mountain behind, to Pennsylvania Route 118, where it receives the tributary Chimneystack Run (which also starts on Central Mountain). It turns southwest and begins flowing parallel to Pennsylvania Route 487. It receives Ashelman Run and Fellow Hollow before flowing through the community of Tri Mills. Downstream of Tri Mills, it receives Hess Hollow and continues southwest to the communityColes Creek (also known as Cole's Creek) is a tributary of Fishing Creek, in Columbia County, Pennsylvania and Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is long and is the first named tributary of Fishing Creek downstream of where East Branch Fishing Creek and West Branch Fishing Creek meet to form Fishing Creek. The creek is on the edge of Columbia County and parts of its watershed are in Luzerne County.Coles Creek (also known as Cole's Creek) is a tributary of Fishing Creek, in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, and Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is 6.0 miles (9.7 km) long and is the first named tributary of Fishing Creek downstream of where East Branch Fishing Creek and West Branch Fishing Creek meet to form Fishing Creek. The creek is on the edge of Columbia County and parts of its watershed are in Luzerne County.\nThe watershed of Coles Creek has an area of 11.6 square miles. There are 15.08 miles (24.27 km) of streams in the watershed. Most of the watershed is over rock of the Catskill Formation, although a small part of it is over rocks of the Huntley Mountain Formation. The water temperature of the creek ranges from slightly under 0 °C",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Capital punishment in the United States",
"paragraph_text": " capital punishment statutes in Furman v. Georgia, reducing all pending death sentences to life imprisonment at the time. Subsequently, a majorityAs of November 2008, there is only one person on death row facing capital punishment who has not been convicted of murder. Demarcus Sears remains under a death sentence in Georgia for the crime of \"kidnapping with bodily injury.\" Sears was convicted in 1986 for the kidnapping and bodily injury of victim Gloria Ann Wilbur. Wilbur was kidnapped and beaten in Georgia, raped in Tennessee, and murdered in Kentucky. Sears was never charged with the murder of Wilbur in Kentucky, but was sentenced to death by a jury in Georgia for \"kidnapping with bodily injury.\"In the United States, capital punishment (killing a person as punishment for allegedly committing a crime) is a legal penalty throughout the country at the federal level, in 27 states, and in American Samoa. It is also a legal penalty for some military offenses. Capital punishment has been abolished in 23 states and in the federal capital, Washington, D.C. It is usually applied for only the most serious crimes, such as aggravated murder. Although it is a legal penalty in 27 states, 19 of them have authority to execute death sentences, with the other 8, as well as the federal government and military, subject to moratoriums. \nAs of 2023, of the 38 OECD member countries, only two (the United States and Japan) allow capital punishment. Taiwan is the only other advanced democracy with capital punishment, but its constitutional court could strike it down when it rules on its constitutionality by the fall of 2024. \nThe existence of capital punishment in the United States can be traced to early colonial Virginia. There were no executions in the United States between 1967 and 1977. In 1972, the Supreme Court of the United States struck down capital punishment statutes in Furman v. Georgia, reducing all pending death sentences to life imprisonment at the time. Subsequently, a majority of states enacted new death penalty statutes, and the court affirmed the legality of the practice in the 1976 case Gregg v. Georgia. Since then, more than 8,700 defendants have been sentenced to death; of these, more than 1,550 have been executed. At least 190 people who were sentenced to death since 1972 have since been exonerated, about 2.2% or one in 46. As of AprilOther states with long histories of no death penalty include Wisconsin (the only state with only one execution), Rhode Island (although later reintroduced, it was unused and abolished again), Maine, North Dakota, Minnesota, West Virginia, Iowa, and Vermont. The District of Columbia has also abolished the death penalty; it was last used in 1957. Oregon abolished the death penalty through an overwhelming majority in a 1964 public referendum but reinstated it in a 1984 joint death penalty/life imprisonment referendum by an even higher margin after a similar 1978 referendum succeeded but was not implemented due to judicial rulings. as the federal government and military, subject to moratoriums. \nAs of 2023, of the 38 OECD member countries, only two (the United States and Japan) allow capital punishment. Taiwan is the only other advanced democracy with capital punishment, but its constitutional court could strike it down when it rules on its constitutionality by the fall of 2024. \nThe existence of capital punishment in the United States can be traced to early colonial Virginia. There were no executions in the United States between 1967 and 1977. In 1972, the Supreme Court of the United States struck down capital punishment statutes in Furman v. Georgia, reducing all pending death sentences to life imprisonment at the time. Subsequently, a majorityAs of November 2008, there is only one person on death",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Socialist Party of Oregon (Columbia County, Oregon)",
"paragraph_text": " the twentieth century.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the county has an area of 688 square miles (1,780 km2), of which 657 square miles (1,700 km2) is land and 31 square miles (80 km2) (4.5%) is water. It is Oregon's third-smallest county by land area and fourth-smallest by total area.\n\n\n=== Adjacent counties ===\nWahkiakum County, Washington (northwest)\nCowlitz County, Washington (northeast)\nClark County, Washington (east)\nMultnomah County (southeast)\nWashington County (south)\nClatsop County (west)\n\n\n=== National protected area ===\nJulia Butler Hansen National Wildlife Refuge (part)\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\n\n=== 2010The Socialist Party of Oregon in Columbia County, Oregon began around the First Red Scare. The first year (1914) it went mainstream, the Socialist party had 27 more registered members than the Prohibition Party, who were some members of the Suffrage movement. The Socialist party was similar to the Progressive Party in the county, as it tried from the outskirts of government to make change. While Socialism failed its first year, it still received attention from the press who was aware of the October Revolution (1918) in Russia (Now the Soviet Union) by a similarly named government led by Vladimir Lenin.6.\nColumbia County was created in 1854 from the northern half of Washington County. Milton served as the county seat until 1857 when it was moved to St. Helens.\nColumbia County has been afflicted by numerous flooding disasters, the most recent in December 2007. Heavy rains caused the Nehalem River to escape its banks and flood the city of Vernonia and rural areas nearby. Columbia County received a presidential disaster declaration for this event.\nIn the 1910s the Socialist Party of Oregon won a handful of votes. This party was distinct from the better-known SPO which operated throughout the",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When was the death penalty reintroduced in the state where Coles Creek is situated? | [
{
"id": 491648,
"question": "Coles Creek >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Columbia County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 339990,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Oregon",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 15538,
"question": "When did #2 reinstate the death penalty?",
"answer": "1984",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | 1984 | [] | true | When did the state where Coles Creek is located reinstate the death penalty? |
3hop1__617062_127905_86588 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Home run",
"paragraph_text": " run if it touches either a foul pole or its attached screen before touching the ground, as the foul poles are by definition in fair territory. Additionally, many major-league ballparks have ground rules stating that a batted ball in flight that strikes a specified location or fixed object is a home run; this usually applies to objects that are beyond the outfield wall but are located such that it may be difficult for the umpire to judge.\nIn professional baseball, a batted ball that goes over the outfield wall after touching the ground (i.e. a ball that bounces over the outfield wall) becomes an automatic double. This is colloquially referred to as a \"ground rule double\" even though it is uniform across all of Major League Baseball, per MLB rules 5.05(a)(6) through 5.05(a)(9).:��22–23��\nA fielder is allowed to reach over the wall to try to catch the ball as long as his feet are on or over the field during the attempt, and if the fielder successfully catches the ball while it is in flight the batter is out, even if the ball had already passed the vertical plane of the wall. However, since the fielder is not part of the field, a ball that bounces off a fielder (including his glove) and over the wall without touching the ground is still a home run. A fielder may not deliberately throw his glove, cap, or any other equipment or apparel to stop or deflect a fair ball, and an umpire may award a home run to the batter if a fielder does so on a ball that, in the umpire's judgment, would have otherwise been a home run (this is rare in modern professional baseball).\nA home run accomplished in any of the above manners is an automatic home run. The ball is dead, even if it rebounds back onto the field (e.g., from striking a foul pole), and the batter and any preceding runners cannot be put out at any time while running the bases. However, if one or more runners fail to touch a base or one runner passes another before reaching home plate, that runner or runners can be called out on appeal, though in the case of not touching a base a runner can go back and touch it if doing so will not cause them to be passed by another preceding runner and they have not yet touched the next base (or home plate in the case of missing third base). This stipulation is in Approved Ruling (2) of Rule 7.10(b).\n\n\n=== Inside-the-park home run ===\n\nAn inside-the-park home run is a rare play in which a batter rounds all four bases for a home run without the baseball leaving the field of play. Unlike with an outside-the-park homeOther legendary home run hitters include Jimmie Foxx, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle (who on September 10, 1960, mythically hit ``the longest home run ever ''at an estimated distance of 643 feet (196 m), although this was measured after the ball stopped rolling), Reggie Jackson, Harmon Killebrew, Ernie Banks, Mike Schmidt, Dave Kingman, Sammy Sosa (who hit 60 or more home runs in a season 3 times), Ken Griffey, Jr. and Eddie Mathews. In 1987, Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hit the longest verifiable home run in professional baseball history. The home run was measured at a distance of 582 feet (177 m) and was hit inside Denver's Mile High Stadium. Major League Baseball's longest verifiable home run distance is about 575 feet (175 m), by Babe Ruth, to straightaway center field at Tiger Stadium (then called Navin Field and before the double - deck), which landed nearly across the intersection of Trumbull and Cherry.",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 5,
"title": "Jim Wilson (first baseman)",
"paragraph_text": "He was released by the Indians following the 1986 season. After a brief tour in the Minnesota Twins organization, Wilson signed as a free agent with the Seattle Mariners on March 1, 1988, playing five games for them in the 1989 season. in Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan.\n\n\n== Career ==\nWilson attended Oregon State University where he played both baseball and football for the Beavers. In 1982, he set school records in home runs and slugging percentage. He was inducted into the school's athletics hall of fame in 2003.\nHe was selected by the Cleveland Indians in the 2nd round of the 1982 Major League Baseball draft, and played four games for the Indians in 1985.\nHe was released by the Indians following the 1986 season. After a brief tour in the Minnesota Twins organization, Wilson signed as a free agent with the Seattle Mariners on March 1, 1988, playing five games for them in the 1989 season.\nIn 1990, Wilson played in six games for the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks in the Japanese Pacific League. He returned to North America, playing in the minor leagues, Mexican League, and independent leagues until 1994, when he retired.\nAfter his playing days were over, Wilson became a high school and legion coach in Vancouver, Washington, where he now resides. He is a play-by-play announcer with Mike Parker for the Oregon State Beavers football team.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nJim Wilson Statistics on Baseball Alman",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 9,
"title": "Cleveland Indians",
"paragraph_text": " in 1901, Cleveland was one of its eight charter franchises. Originally called the Cleveland Bluebirds or Blues, the team was also unofficially called the Cleveland Bronchos in 1902. Beginning in 1903, the team was named the Cleveland Napoleons or Naps, after team captain Nap Lajoie.\nLajoie left after the 1914 season and club owner Charles Somers requested that baseball writers choose a new name. They chose the name Cleveland Indians. That name stuck and remained in use for more than a century. Common nicknames for the Indians were \"the Tribe\" and \"the Wahoos\", the latter referencing their longtime logo, Chief Wahoo. After the Indians name came under criticism as part of the Native American mascot controversy, the team adopted the Guardians name following the 2021 season.\nFrom August 24 to September 14, 2017, the team won 22 consecutive games, the longest winning streak in American League history, and the second longest winning streak in Major League Baseball history.\nAs of the end of the 2023 season, the franchise's overall record is 9,760–9,300 (.512).\n\n\n== Early Cleveland baseball teams ==\n\nAccording to one historian of baseball, \"In 1857, baseball games were aThe Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The Indians compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) Central division. Since , they have played at Progressive Field. The team's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear, Arizona. Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901, the Indians have won two World Series championships: in 1920 and 1948, along with 10 Central Division titles and six American League pennants. The Indians' current World Series championship drought is the longest active drought among all 30 current Major League teams.1932 Art Deco sculptures by Henry Hering on the city's Hope Memorial Bridge, which is adjacent to Progressive Field. The team's mascot is named \"Slider\". The team's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear, Arizona.\nThe franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers, a minor league team based in Grand Rapids, Michigan, that played in the Western League. The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was called the Cleveland Lake Shores. The Western League itself was renamed the American League prior to the 1900 season while continuing its minor league status. When the American League declared itself a major league in 1901, Cleveland was one of its eight charter franchises. Originally called the Cleveland Bluebirds or Blues, the team was also unofficially called the Cleveland Bronchos in 1902. Beginning in 1903, the team was named the Cleveland Napoleons or Naps, after team captain Nap Lajoie.\nLajoie left after the 1914 season and club owner Charles Somers requested that baseball writers choose a new name. They chose the name Cleveland Indians. That name stuck and remained in use for more than a century. Common nicknames for the Indians were \"the Tribe\" and \"the Wahoos\", the latter referencing their longtime logo, Chief Wahoo. After the Indians name came under criticism as part of the Native American mascot controversy, the team adopted the Guardians name following the 2021 season.\nFrom August 24 to September 14, 2017, the team won 22 consecutive games, the longest winning streak in American League history, and the second longest winning streak in Major League Baseball history.\nAs of the end of the 2023 season, the franchise's overall record is 9,760–9,300 (.512).\n\n\n== Early Cleveland baseball teams ==\n\nAccording to one historian of baseball, \"In 1857, baseball games were a daily spectacle in Cleveland's Public Squares. City authorities tried to find an ordinance forbidding it, to the joy of the crowd, they were unsuccessful.\"\n\n1865–1868 Forest Citys of Cleveland (Amateur)\n1869–1872 Forest Citys of Cleveland\nFrom 1865 to 1868 Forest Citys was an amateur ball club. During the 1869 season, Cleveland was among several cities that established professional baseball teams following the success of the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team. In the newspapers before and after 1870, the team was often called the Forest Citys, in the same generic way that the team from Chicago was sometimes called The Chicagos.\nIn 1871 the Forest Citys joined the new National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NA), the first professional league. Ultimately, two of the league's western clubs went out of business during the first season and the Chicago Fire left that city's White Stockings impoverished, unable to field a team again until 1874. Cleveland was thus the NA's westernmost outpost in 1872, the year the club folded. Cleveland played its full schedule to July 19 followed by two games versus Boston in mid-August and disbanded at the end of the season.\n\n1879–1881 Cleveland Forest Citys\n1882–1884 Cleveland Blues\nIn 1876, the National League (NL) supplanted the NA as the major professional league. Cleveland was not among its charter members, but by 1879 the league was looking for new entries and the city gained an NL team. A new Cleveland Forest Citys were recreated, but by 1882 were known as the Cleveland Blues, because the National League required distinct colors for that season. The Blues had mediocre records for six seasons and were ruined by a trade war with the Union Association (UA) in 1884, when its three best players (Fred Dunlap, Jack Glasscock, and Jim McCormick) jumped to the UA after being offered higher salaries. The Cleveland Blues merged with the St. Louis Maroons UA team in 1885.\n\n1887–1899 Cleveland Spiders – nickname \"Blues\"\n\nCleveland went without major league baseball for two seasons until gaining a team in the American Association (AA) in 1887. After the AA's Pittsburgh Alleghenys jumped to the NL, Cleveland followed suit in 1889, as the AA began to crumble. The Cleveland ball club, called the Spiders (supposedly inspired by their \"skinny and spindly\" players), slowly became a power in the league. In 1891, the Spiders moved into League Park, which would serve as the home of Cleveland professional baseball for the next 55 years. Led by native Ohioan Cy Young, the Spiders became a contender in the mid-1890s, playing in the Temple Cup Series (that era's World Series) twice and winning it in 1895. The team began to fade after this success, and was dealt a severe blow under the ownership of the Robison brothers.\nPrior to the 1899 season, Frank Robison, the Spiders' owner, bought the St. Louis Browns, thus owning two clubs at the same time. The Browns were renamed the \"Perfectos\", and restocked with Cleveland talent. Just weeks before the season opener, most of the better Spiders were transferred to St. Louis, including three future Hall of Famers: Cy Young, Jesse Burkett and Bobby Wallace. The roster maneuvers failed to create a powerhouse Perfectos team, as St. Louis finished fifth in both 1899 and 1900. The Spiders were left with essentially a minor league lineup, and began to",
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] | Within the league where Jim Wilson's team participates, what is the record for the furthest home run? | [
{
"id": 617062,
"question": "Jim Wilson >> member of sports team",
"answer": "Indians",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 127905,
"question": "What league was Cleveland #1 ?",
"answer": "Major League Baseball",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 86588,
"question": "longest home runs in #2 history",
"answer": "582 feet (177 m)",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
}
] | 582 feet (177 m) | [] | true | What is the longest home run in the history of the league that Jim Wilson's team is a part of? |
2hop__250030_7298 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "All That Echoes",
"paragraph_text": "All That Echoes is the sixth studio album by American singer-songwriter Josh Groban, produced by Rob Cavallo. The album debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, selling 145,000 copies in its first week. The album has sold 532,000 copies in the United States as of April 2015.All That Echoes is the sixth studio album by American singer-songwriter Josh Groban, produced by Rob Cavallo. The album debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, selling 145,000 copies in its first week. The album has sold 532,000 copies in the United States as of April 2015.All That Echoes is the sixth studio album by American singer-songwriter Josh Groban, produced by Rob Cavallo. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 145,000 copies in its first week. The album has sold 532,000 copies in the United States as of April 2015.\n\n\n== Background ==\nOn November 18, 2012, the album was announced, revealing the cover art, title, and date of release: February 5, 2013. It was available for preorder through retailer Amazon.com on November 27. Groban has recorded cover songs by Stevie Wonder and Glen Hansard for the album. The first track, \"Brave\", was released as a single on December 18, 2012. Groban promoted the album with the All That Echoes World Tour.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nJosh Groban – vocals, piano, e-bow, additional drums\nCurt Bisquera – drums\nChris Chaney – bass guitar\nTim Pierce – guitar\nRamon Stagnaro – acoustic guitar, charango\nCarlos del Puerto – bass guitar\nArturo Sandoval – trumpet\nWalter Afanasieff – piano\nPaul Bushnell – bass guitar\nLuis Conte – percussion\nMatt Chamberlain – drums\nEleanore Choate – harp\nSean Hurley – bass guitar\nJamie Muhoberac – keyboards, piano\nAbe Laboriel Jr. – drums, percussion\nRob Cavallo – acoustic guitar, piano, additional bass guitar\nDan Chase – drum programming, synthesizer\nAndré Manga – bass guitar\nEric Rigler – bagpipes, low whistle\nLester Mendez – synthesizer, programming\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== Certifications ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nAll that Echoes at AllMusicAll That Echoes is the sixth studio album by American singer-songwriter Josh Groban, produced by Rob Cavallo. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 145,000 copies in its first week. The album has sold 532,000 copies in the United States as of April 2015.\n\n\n== Background ==\nOn November 18, 2012, the album was announced, revealing the cover art, title, and date of release: February 5, 2013. It was available for preorder through retailer Amazon.com on November 27. Groban has recorded cover songs by Stevie Wonder and Glen Hansard for the album. The first track, \"Brave\", was released as a single on December 18, 2012. Groban promoted the album with the All That Echoes World Tour.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nJosh Groban – vocals, piano, e-b",
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"idx": 16,
"title": "Adult contemporary music",
"paragraph_text": " music may feature synthesizers (and other electronics, such as drum machines).\nAn AC radio station may play mainstream music, but it usually excludes hip hop, house/techno or electronic dance music and some forms of dance-pop and teen pop, as these are less popular among adults, the target demographic. AC radio often targets the 25–44 age group, the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s. A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past, even some songs that never even charted the AC charts. This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart.\nOver the years, AC has spawned subgenres including \"hot AC\" (also known as \"modern AC\"), \"softWhile most artists became established in other formats before moving to adult contemporary, Michael Bublé and Josh Groban started out as AC artists. Throughout this decade, artists such as Nick Lachey, James Blunt, John Mayer, Bruno Mars, Jason Mraz, Kelly Clarkson, Adele, Clay Aiken and Susan Boyle have become successful thanks to a ballad heavy sound. Much as some hot AC and modern rock artists have crossed over into each other, so too has soft AC crossed with country music in this decade. Country musicians such as Faith Hill, Shania Twain, LeAnn Rimes and Carrie Underwood have had success on both charts.Adult contemporary music (AC) is a form of radio-played popular music, ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the 1980s to the present day, with varying degrees of easy listening, pop, soul, R&B, quiet storm and rock influence. Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music.\nAdult contemporary tends to have lush, soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated. It is usually melodic enough to get a listener's attention, abstains from profanity or complex lyricism, and is most commonly used as background music in heavily-frequented family areas such as supermarkets, shopping malls, convention centers, or restaurants. Like most of pop music, its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse–chorus structure. The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which use acoustic instruments such as pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. However, electric guitars and bass is also usually used, with the electric guitar sound relatively faint and high-pitched. Additionally post-80s adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers (and other electronics, such as drum machines).\nAn AC radio station may play mainstream music, but it usually excludes hip hop, house/techno or electronic dance music and some forms of dance-pop and teen pop, as these are less popular among adults, the target demographic. AC radio often targets the 25–44 age group, the demographic that has receivedWhile most artists became established in other formats before moving to adult contemporary, Michael Bublé and Josh Groban started out as AC artists. Throughout this decade, artists such as Nick Lachey, James Blunt, John Mayer, Bruno Mars, Jason Mraz, Kelly Clarkson, Adele, Clay Aiken and Susan Boyle have become successful thanks to a ballad heavy sound. Much as some hot AC and modern rock artists have crossed over into each other, so too has soft AC crossed with country music in this decade. Country musicians such as Faith Hill, Shania Twain, LeAnn Rimes and Carrie Underwood have had success on both charts. is usually melodic enough to get a listener's attention, abstains from profanity or complex lyricism, and is most commonly used as background music in heavily-frequented family areas such as supermarkets, shopping malls, convention centers, or restaurants. Like most of pop music, its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse–chorus structure. The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which use acoustic instruments such as pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. However, electric guitars and bass is also usually used, with the electric guitar sound relatively faint and high-pitched. Additionally post-80s adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers (and other electronics, such as drum machines).\nAn AC radio station may play mainstream music, but it usually excludes hip hop, house/techno or electronic dance music and some forms of dance-pop and teen pop, as these are less popular among adults, the target demographic. AC radio often targets the 25–44 age group, the demographic that has received the",
"is_supporting": true
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] | Which individual began their professional journey on adult contemporary radio together with the person who sang All That Echoes? | [
{
"id": 250030,
"question": "All That Echoes >> performer",
"answer": "Josh Groban",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 7298,
"question": "Along with #1 , what notable pop artist started out his career on adult contemporary radio?",
"answer": "Michael Bublé",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | Michael Bublé | [] | true | Who started out his career on adult contemporary radio along with the performer of All That Echoes? |
2hop__61714_52026 | [
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Pam Beesly",
"paragraph_text": "?' I said, 'No.' And that was it. I didn't speak any more than that. And they started laughing.\"\nFischer found herself creating a very elaborate backstory for the character. For the first few seasons, she kept a list of the character history revealed on-screen by the creators, as well as her own imaginative thoughts on Pam's history. She created a rule with the set's hair and make-up department that it could not look as though it took Pam more than 30 minutes to do her hair, and she formulated ideas as to who gave Pam each piece of jewelry she wore or where she went to college. Fischer also carefully crafted Pam's quiet persona. \"Well, my character of Pam is really stuck,\" she explained to NPR. \"I mean, she's a subordinate in this office. And so, I think that for her, the only way she can express herself is in the silences, but you can say so much by not saying anything.\" Kathryn Hahn also auditioned for the role. Daniels originally envisioned Erica Vittina Phillips in the role.\nOriginally meek and passive, the character grew more assertive as the seasons passed, prompting Fischer to reassess her portrayal. \"I have to approach Pam differently [now],\" she explained in Season 4, a defining season in which her character finally begins a long-awaited relationship with Jim and is accepted into the Pratt Institute. \"She is in a loving relationship, she has found her voice, she has started taking art classes. All of these things must inform the character and we need to see changes in the way she moves, speaks, dresses, etc.\"\nPam Halpert appeared in almost every episode with the exceptions of \"Business Ethics\", \"St. Patrick's Day\", and \"New Leads\" in which only her voice is heard, and several season 8 episodes from \"Mrs. California\" to \"Pool Party\", where she did not appear at all as Fischer was on maternity leave at the same time as the character.\n\n\n== Storylines ==\n\n\n=== Seasons 1–3 ===\nAt the beginning of the series, Pam and Roy have been dating for eight years and engaged for three years. Their open-ended engagement has become one of Michael's running gags and a sore spot for Pam.\nPam does not want her current job to become permanent, remarking that \"I don't think it's many little girls' dream to be a receptionist.\" She will often do extra, unnecessary work to make her other co-workers happy. Pam is apathetic toward her work, evidenced by her frequent games of FreeCell on her office computer. However, in the pilot episode, she breaks down crying when Michael pulls an ill-judged prank by telling her that she will be fired.\nDespite the abuse she takes from Michael in the early seasons, Pam becomes more honest and forward with Michael as the series progresses, often making sarcastic comments toward him.\nWhile engaged to Roy, Pam denies, or is in denial about, having any romantic feelings for Jim. When Jim confesses his love for her at the Dunder Mifflin \"Casino Night\" she turns him down. She later talks to her mom on the phone and says Jim is her best friend (though she doesn't say his name), and says \"Yeah, I think I am\" to an unheard question. She is interrupted by Jim, who enters and kisses her; she responds by kissing him back.\nSeason 3 marks a turning point for Pam's character: she gains self-confidence and appears less passive and more self-assured as the season progresses. In \"Gay Witch Hunt\", the season's opener, it is revealed that Pam got cold feet before her wedding and did not marry Roy after all. Meanwhile, Jim has transferred to a different Dunder Mifflin branch, in Stamford, shortly after Pam rejected him a second time after their kiss. Pam moves into her own apartment, begins taking art classes, a pursuit that Roy had previously dismissed as a waste of time, and buys a new car. When the Scranton and Stamford branches merge, Jim returns to Scranton alongside a female co-worker, Karen Filippelli, whom he begins dating. Jim and Pam appeared to have ended all communication after Jim transfers to the Stamford branch; after Jim returns to Scranton, the encounters between the two are tense, despite both admitting to still harboring feelings for the other during the presence of the documentary cameras.\nRoy vows to win Pam back, and after his initial efforts to improve his relationship with Pam are successful, the two get back together. After attending an after-work get-together at a local bar with their co-workers, Pam, feeling that she should be more honest with Roy, tells him about Jim kissing her at the casino night. An angered Roy yells, smashes a mirror, and trashes the bar. Pam, frightened and embarrassed by his reaction, breaks up with Roy immediately. Roy vows to kill Jim and in \"The Negotiation\", Roy unsuccessfully tries to attack Jim at work when he is pepper sprayed by Dwight; Roy is subsequently fired. Pam later reluctantly agrees to meet Roy for coffee at his request, and after the polite but brief meeting, it appears that their relationship has ended amicably, with Roy encouraging Pam to pursue Jim.\nPam participates in an art show, but few people attend. When Oscar and his partner visit the art show, they criticize Pam's work, not knowing that Pam is standing behind them. Affected by their statements, Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest, culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next-to-last episode of the season, \"Beach Games\", and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship. Michael also comes to the art show and reveals his loyalty and erratically kind heart by offering genuine and enthuaiastic praise of Pam's art, and by buying, framing and hanging Pam's drawing of the Dunder Mifflin building in the office. In the season finale, \"The Job\", she leaves a friendly note in Jim's briefcase and an old memento depicting the 'gold medal' yogurt lid from the Office Olympics, which he sees during an interview for a job at Corporate in New York City. While he isThe ``will they or wo n't they ''tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of The Office, encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3. In the opener of Season 4, the two characters are revealed to be dating, and as such, other character romances, such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin, begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes. In Season 6, Jim and Pam are married in the season's 4th and 5th episodes (hour long), a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics, as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture. Their child is born in the second half of the season, during another hour long,`` The Delivery''. Pam and Jim's second child is born during season 8. In season 9, their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia. They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job.PThe ``will they or wo n't they ''tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of The Office, encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3. In the opener of Season 4, the two characters are revealed to be dating, and as such, other character romances, such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin, begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes. In Season 6, Jim and Pam are married in the season's 4th and 5th episodes (hour long), a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics, as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture. Their child is born in the second half of the season, during another hour long,`` The Delivery''. Pam and Jim's second child is born during season 8. In season 9, their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia. They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job.When I went in for The Office, the casting director said to me, 'Please look normal',\" recalls Jenna Fischer. \"Don't make yourself all pretty, and dare to bore me with your audition. Those were her words. Dare to bore me.\"\nTaking heed of the advice, Fischer said little during the auditions, during which she was interviewed in character by show producers, in an improvisational format, to imitate the show's documentary premise. \"My take on the character of Pam was that she didn't have any media training, so she didn't know how to be a good interview. And also, she didn't care about this interview,\" she told NPR. \"So, I gave very short one-word answers and I tried very hard not to be funny or clever, because I thought that the comedy would come out of just, you know, the real human reactions to the situation... and they liked that take on it.\"\n\"When I went into the audition, the first question that they asked me in the character of Pam—they said, 'Do you like working as a receptionist?' I said, 'No.' And that was it. I didn't speak any more than that. And they started laughing.\"\nFischer found herself creating a very elaborate backstory for the character. For the first few seasons, she kept a list of the character history revealed on-screen by the creators, as well as her own imaginative thoughts on Pam's history. She created a rule with the set's hair and make-up department that it could not look as though it took Pam more than 30 minutes to do her hair, and she formulated ideas as to who gave Pam each piece of jewelry she wore or where she went to college. Fischer also carefully crafted Pam's quiet persona. \"Well, my character of Pam is really stuck,\" she explained to NPR. \"I mean, she's a subordinate in this office. And so, I think that for her, the only way she",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 18,
"title": "Niagara (The Office)",
"paragraph_text": " demographic making it the second highest viewed episode of the season after \"The Delivery.\"\n\n\n== Plot ==\nJim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) head up to Niagara Falls for their wedding and the rest of the office follows them. Michael Scott (Steve Carell) and Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) seek women to hook up with while Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) pursues Erin Hannon (Ellie Kemper). Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) and Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez) meet Pam's sister Penny (Anna Camp), who accidentally offends Oscar by thinking Kevin was his boyfriend Gil. Pam's mother Helene (Linda Purl) is visibly disturbed at the fact that Pam's father and Helene's ex-husband, William (Rick Overton) has come to the wedding with his new girlfriend who is half his own age.\nPam's grandmother, \"Meemaw\", or \"Sylvia\", (played by Peggy Stewart), is a woman of conservative morals, so everyone is told not to mention Pam's pregnancy. At the rehearsal dinner, Jim gives a moving toast to his soon-to-be wife. However, he finishes by saying that everyone but Pam will drink to the toast \"for obvious reasons\". Meemaw questions this remark, and after fumbling through several weak excuses Jim finally admits that Pam is pregnant. Michael tries to fix the issue by saying they had \"lots of consensual sex\" but Meemaw remains offended``Niagara ''The Office episode Episode no. Season 6 Episode 4 / 5 Directed by Paul Feig Written by Greg Daniels Mindy Kaling Production code 604 / 605 Original air date October 8, 2009 Running time 44 minutes Guest appearance (s) Linda Purl as Helene Beesly Anna Camp as Penny Beesly Kelen Coleman as Isabel Poreba Tug C``Niagara ''is an hour - long episode of the sixth season of the U.S. comedy series The Office. It is the 4th and 5th episodes in the season's episode count and the 104th and 105th episode of the series overall. The episode was written by executive producer Greg Daniels and Mindy Kaling, and was directed by Paul Feig. It originally aired on October 8, 2009 on NBC in the United States. not all television critics reacted positively to Andy's dancing injury sub-plot, \"Niagara\" has nonetheless come to be considered a classic episode of the series. In a poll conducted by OfficeTally at the end of season six, the episode was named the second",
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] | In which episode of "The Office" did Pam tie the knot with her partner? | [
{
"id": 61714,
"question": "who is pam married to on the office",
"answer": "Jim",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 52026,
"question": "what episode in the office is #1 and pam's wedding",
"answer": "``Niagara ''",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | ``Niagara '' | [
"Niagara"
] | true | What episode in the office did Pam get married to her spouse? |
2hop__293131_110222 | [
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Gustave Courbet",
"paragraph_text": " for his involvement with the Paris Commune and lived in exile in Switzerland from 1873 until his death four years later.\n\n\n== Biography ==\n\nGustave Courbet was born in 1819 to Régis and Sylvie Oudot Courbet in Ornans (department of Doubs). Anti-monarchical feelings prevailed in the household. (His maternal grandfather fought in the French Revolution.) Courbet's sisters, Zoé, Zélie, and Juliette were his first models for drawing and painting. After moving to Paris he often returned home to Ornans to hunt, fish, and find inspiration.\nCourbet went to Paris in 1839 and worked at the studio of Steuben and Hesse. An independent spirit, he soon left, preferring to develop his own style by studying the paintings of Spanish, Flemish and French masters in the Louvre, and painting copies of their work.\n\nCourbet's first works were an Odalisque inspired by the writing of Victor Hugo and a Lélia illustrating George Sand, but he soon abandoned literary influences, choosing instead to base his paintings on observed reality. Among his paintings of the early 1840s are several self-portraits, Romantic in conception, in which the artist portrayed himself in various roles. These include Self-Portrait with Black Dog (c.��1842–44, accepted for exhibition at the 1844 Paris Salon), the theatrical Self-Portrait which is also known as Desperate Man (c.��1843–45), Lovers in the Countryside (1844, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lyon), The Sculptor (1845), The Wounded Man (1844–54, Musée d'Orsay, Paris), The Cellist, Self-Portrait (1847, Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, shown at the 1848 Salon), and Man with a Pipe (1848–49, Musée Fabre, Montpellier).\nTrips to the Netherlands and Belgium in 1846–47 strengthened Courbet's belief that painters should portray the life around them, as Rembrandt, Hals and other Dutch masters had. By 1848, he had gained supporters among the younger critics, the Neo-romantics and Realists, notably Champfleury.\nCourbet achieved his first Salon success in 1849 with his painting After Dinner at Ornans. The work, reminiscent of Chardin and Le Nain, earned Courbet a gold medal and was purchased by the state. The gold medal meant that his works would no longer require jury approval for exhibition at the Salon—an exemption Courbet enjoyed until 1857 (when the rule changed).\nIn 1849–50, Courbet painted The Stone Breakers (destroyed in the Allied Bombing of Dresden in 1945), which Proudhon admired as an icon of peasant life; it has been called \"the first of his great works\". The painting was inspired by a scene Courbet witnessed on the roadside. He later explained to Champfleury and the writer Francis Wey: \"It is not often that one encounters so complete an expression of poverty and so, right then and there I got the idea for a painting. I told them to come to my studio the next morning.\"\n\n\n== Realism ==\n\nCourbet's work belonged neither to the predominant Romantic nor Neoclassical schools. History painting, which the Paris Salon esteemed as a painter's highest calling, did not interest him, for he believed that \"the artists of one century [are] basically incapable of reproducing the aspect of a past or future century ...\" Instead, he maintained that the only possible source for living art is the artist's own experience. He and Jean-François Millet would find inspiration painting the life of peasants and workers.\nCourbet painted figurative compositions, landscapes, seascapes, and still lifes. He courted controversy by addressing social issues in his work, and by painting subjects that were considered vulgar, such as the rural bourgeoisie, peasants, and working conditions of the poor. His work, along with that of Honoré Daumier and Jean-François Millet, became known as Realism. For Courbet realism dealt not with the perfection of line and form, but entailed spontaneous and rough handling of paint, suggesting direct observation by the artist while portraying the irregularities in nature. He depicted the harshness of life, and in doing so challenged contemporary academic ideas of art. One of the distinctive features of Courbet's RealJean Désiré Gustave Courbet (; 10 June 1819 – 31 December 1877) was a French painter who led the Realism movement in 19th-century French painting. Committed to painting only what he could see, he rejected academic convention and the Romanticism of the previous generation of visual artists. His independence set an example that was important to later artists, such as the Impressionists and the Cubists. Courbet occupies an important place in 19th-century French painting as an innovator and as an artist willing to make bold social statements through his work.bet occupies an important place in 19th-century French painting as an innovator and as an artist willing to make bold social statements through his work.\nCourbet's paintings of the late 1840s and early 1850s brought him his first recognition. They challenged convention by depicting unidealized peasants and workers, often on a grand scale traditionally reserved for paintings of religious or historical subjects. Courbet's subsequent paintings were mostly of a less overtly political character: landscapes, seascapes, hunting scenes, nudes, and still lifes. Courbet was imprisoned for six months in 1871 for his involvement with the",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Woman with a Parrot",
"paragraph_text": "se in Belgium.\nIt and the rest of the Andriesses' collection were placed in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium's store in 1939 for safe keeping and they fled to the United States via Portugal on the German invasion of BelgiumLa Femme au perroquet (\"Woman with a Parrot\") is an oil painting on canvas by French artist Gustave Courbet. It was the first nude by the artist to be accepted by the Paris Salon in 1866 after a previous entry in 1864 was rejected as indecent. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city.WLa Femme au perroquet (\"Woman with a Parrot\") is an oil painting on canvas by French artist Gustave Courbet. It was the first nude by the artist to be accepted by the Paris Salon in 1866 after a previous entry in 1864 was rejected as indecent. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city.\nOriginally in the Alte Pinakothek in Munich, it was probably confiscated by the Nazi regime in the late 1930s to sell for foreign currency. It was handed to the Kunsthandlung Julius Böhler auction house which in 1938 sold it to a Dutch art dealer. It was bought by the Jewish couple Hugo and Elisabeth Jacoba Andriesse in Belgium.\nIt and the rest of the Andriesses' collection were placed in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium's store in 1939 for safe keeping and they fled to the United States via Portugal on the German invasion of BelgiumLa Femme au perroquet (\"Woman with a Parrot\") is an oil painting on canvas by French artist Gustave Courbet. It was the first nude by the artist to be accepted by the Paris Salon in 1866 after a previous entry in 1864 was rejected as indecent. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city.Woman with a Parrot at a Window, Woman at a Window or Woman with a Parrot is a 1666 oil-on-canvas painting by Caspar Netscher (1639–1684), which has been in the National Gallery of Art, in Washington, D.C., since 2016.\n\n\n== Provenance ==\n\n\n=== 1930–1950 ===\nOriginally in the Alte Pinakothek in Munich, it was probably confiscated by the Nazi regime in the late 1930s to sell for foreign currency. It was handed to the Kunsthandlung Julius Böhler auction house which in 1938 sold it to a Dutch art dealer. It was bought by the Jewish couple Hugo and Elisabeth Jacoba Andriesse in Belgium.\nIt and the rest of the Andriesses' collection were placed in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium's store in 1939 for safe keeping and they fled to the United States via Portugal on the German invasion of Belgium the following year. Hugo died in 1942 in the USA, leaving his wife as his sole heir – she died in 1963. The whole of the Andriesses' collection was confiscated by the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When was the artist who created 'Woman with a Parrot' born? | [
{
"id": 293131,
"question": "Woman with a Parrot >> creator",
"answer": "Gustave Courbet",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 110222,
"question": "The date of birth of #1 is?",
"answer": "10 June 1819",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | 10 June 1819 | [] | true | What is the date of birth of the 'Woman with a Parrot' creator? |
3hop1__404541_629431_64412 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Paenitentiam agere",
"paragraph_text": "Penance for sins\") was the seventh encyclical made by Pope John XXIII, and was issued on 1 July 1962.\n\n\n== Contents ==\nThe encyclical calls on Christians to practice penance, including mortification of the flesh.\nIt also considers the upcoming Second Vatican Council.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of encyclicals of Pope John XXIII\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nSource text from the Holy See.Paenitentiam agere (\"Penance for sins\") was the seventh encyclical made by Pope John XXIII, and was issued on 1 July 1962.\n\n\n== Contents ==\nThe encyclical calls on Christians to practice penance, including mortification of the flesh.\nIt also considers the upcoming Second Vatican Council.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of encyclicals of Pope John XXIII\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nSource text from the Holy See.Paenitentiam agere (\"Penance for sins\") was the seventh encyclical made by Pope John XXIII, and was issued on 1 July 1962.\n\n\n== Contents ==\nThe encyclical calls on Christians to practice penance, including mortification of the flesh.\nIt also considers the upcoming Second Vatican Council.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of encyclicals of Pope John XXIII\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nSource text from the Holy See.Paenitentiam agere (\"Penance for sins\") wasPaenitentiam agere (\"Penance for sins\") was the seventh encyclical made by Pope John XXIII, and was issued on 1 July 1962. It calls on Christians to practice penance and considers the upcoming Second Vatican Council.Paenitentiam agere (\"Penance for sins\") was the seventh encyclical made by Pope John XXIII, and was issued on 1 July 1962. It calls on Christians to practice penance and considers the upcoming Second Vatican Council.",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 4,
"title": "Canonization of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II",
"paragraph_text": "Pope John XXIII (25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963) and Pope John Paul II (18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) reigned as popes of the Roman Catholic Church and the sovereigns of Vatican City (respectively from 1958 to 1963 and 1978 to 2005). Their canonizations were held on 27 April 2014. The decision to canonize was made official by Pope Francis on 5 July 2013 following the recognition of a miracle attributed to the intercession of John Paul II, while John XXIII was canonized for his merits of opening the Second Vatican Council. The date of the canonization was assigned on 30 September 2013.Pope John XXIII (25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963) and Pope John Paul II (18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) reigned as popes of the Roman Catholic Church and the sovereigns of Vatican City (respectively from 1958 to 1963 and 1978 to 2005). Their canonizations were held on 27 April 2014. The decision to canonize was made official by Pope Francis on 5 July 2013 following the recognition of a miracle attributed to the intercession of John Paul II, while John XXIII was canonized for his merits of opening the Second Vatican Council. The date of the canonization was assigned on 30 September 2013.Pope John XXIII (25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963) and Pope John Paul II (18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) reigned as popes of the Roman Catholic Church and the sovereigns of Vatican City (respectively from 1958 to 1963 and 1978 to 2005). Their canonizations were held on 27 April 2014. The decision to canonize was made official by Pope Francis on 5 July 2013 following the recognition of a miracle attributed to the intercession of John Paul II, while John XXIII was canonized for his merits of opening the Second Vatican Council. The date of the canonization was assigned on 30 September 2013.\nThe Canonization Mass was celebrated by Pope Francis (with Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI concelebrating), on 27 April 2014 (Divine Mercy Sunday), in St. Peter's Square (Pope John Paul had died on the vigil of Divine Mercy Sunday in 2005). About 150 Cardinals and 700 bishops concelebrated the Mass, and at least 500,000 people attended the Mass with an estimated 300,000 others watching from video screens placed around Rome.\n\n\n== People present at the canonization ==\nDelegations from over a hundred States or international organizations were present for the canonization in Rome, including 19 heads of state and 24 heads of government.\n\n\n== Images ==\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== References ==Pope John XXIII (25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963) and Pope John Paul II (18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) reigned as popes of the Roman Catholic Church and the",
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{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Vatican City",
"paragraph_text": " 1:1 aspect ratio, along with the flag of Switzerland.\n\n\n== Description ==\nThe 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State states: \"The flag of the Vatican City State is made up of two vertically divided sides, one yellow adhering to the hoist and the other white, and in the latter carries the tiara with the keys, all according to the model on Annex A of this Law\".\n\n\n== Regulations ==\n\n\n=== Current regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 23 of the 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\n\n\n=== Previous regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 19 of the 1929 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\nThe flag is also described in Article 20 of the 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A. The 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State's Attachment A, shows a square flag.\nIn 2010, the Apostolic Nunciature to Germany stated that the flag does not have to be square.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nBefore 1808, the Papal States commonly used a bicolor, yellow-red flag, which was derived from the colours of the Holy See's coat of arms, as well as being the two tradional colours of the Senate and the Roman people. In 1798, Napoleon established the Roman Republic, which introduced a black, white, and red flag; after the Papal rule was restored, Pope Pius VII restored the Papal cockade, which was described as red and yellow.\nIn 1808, Pope Pius VII ordered the Vatican's Noble Guard and other troops to replace red color with white, in order to distinguish them from the troops that had been incorporated into Napoleon's army.\nIn 1803, the Papal States started using a white merchant flag with the Papal coat of arms in the centre. This flag was made official on 7 June 1815. On 17 September 1825, it was replaced with a yellow and white flag which took its colours from the materials of the two keys (yellow for gold, white for silver). These colors were probably taken from the 1808 flag of the Palatine guard. This was the first bicolour used by the Papal States and the ancestor of the modern flag of Vatican City. The merchant flag also served as a state flag on land.\nStarting in 1831, the papal infantry flew square yellow and white flags. At first, they were diagonally dividedThe name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''. at Catholic churches.\nThe flag is a vertical bicolour of yellow and white, with the white half charged with the coat of arms of Vatican City (a papal tiara and the crossed keys of Saint Peter). It was modeled after the 1808 flag of the Papal States, a yellow-and-white bicolour defaced with the tiara and keys in the centre. It is one of only two national flags that use a 1:1 aspect ratio, along with the flag of Switzerland.\n\n\n== Description ==\nThe 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State states: \"The flag of the Vatican City State is made up of two vertically divided sides, one yellow adhering to the hoist and the other white, and in the latter carries the tiara with the keys, all according to the model on Annex A of this Law\".\n\n\n== Regulations ==\n\n\n=== Current regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 23 of the 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\n\n\n=== Previous regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 19 of the 1929 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\nThe flag is also described in Article 20 of the 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A. The 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State's Attachment A, shows a square flag.\nIn 2010, the Apostolic Nunciature to Germany stated that the flag does not have to be square.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nBefore 1808, the Papal States commonly used a bicolor, yellow-red flag, which was derived from the colours of the Holy See's coat of arms, as well as being the two tradional colours of the Senate and the Roman people. In 1798, Napoleon established the Roman Republic, which introduced a black, white, and red flag; after the Papal rule was restored, Pope Pius VII restored the Papal cockade, which was described as red and yellow.\n",
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] | When did the country, where the author of Paenitentiam Agere died, gain its independence? | [
{
"id": 404541,
"question": "Paenitentiam Agere >> author",
"answer": "John XXIII",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 629431,
"question": "#1 >> place of death",
"answer": "Vatican City",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 64412,
"question": "when did #2 become its own country",
"answer": "11 February 1929",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
}
] | 11 February 1929 | [] | true | When did the place of death of Paenitentiam Agere's author become its own country? |
4hop3__275416_24325_156850_10557 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Carnival",
"paragraph_text": "The Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarmê. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarmê is a pure walloon and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarmê Sunday is the most important and insteresting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The Cwarmê is a \"street carnival\" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the Cwarmê of Malmedy are the Haguète, the Longuès-Brèsses and the Long-Né.The Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarmê. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarmê is a pure walloon and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarmê Sunday is the most important and insteresting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The Cwarmê is a \"street carnival\" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the Cwarmê of Malmedy are the Haguète, the Longuès-Brèsses and the Long-Né.Carnival or Shrovetide is a festive season that occurs at the close of the Christian pre-Lenten period, consisting of Quinquagesima or Shrove Sunday, Shrove Monday, and Shrove Tuesday or Mardi Gras.\nCarnival typically involves public celebrations, including events such as parades, public street parties and other entertainments, combining some elements of a circus. Elaborate costumes and masks allow people to set aside their everyday individuality and experience a heightened sense of social unity. Participants often indulge in excessive consumption of alcohol, meat, and other foods that will be forgone during upcoming Lent. Traditionally, butter, milk, and other animal products were not consumed \"excessively\", rather, their stock was fully consumed during Shrovetide as to reduce waste. This festival is known for being a time of great indulgence before Lent (which is a time stressing the opposite), with drinking, overeating, and various other activities of indulgence being performed. For example, pancakes, donuts, and other desserts are prepared and eaten for a final time. During Lent, lacticinia and animal products are eaten less, and individuals make a Lenten sacrifice, thus giving up a certain object or activity of desire.\nAs such, during the season of Shrovetide, it is customary for Christians to ponder what Lenten sacrifices they will make for the coming Lent. The traditions of carrying Shrovetide rods and consuming Shrovetide buns after attending church are celebrated. On the final day of the season, Shrove Tuesday, many traditional Christians, such as Lutherans, Anglicans, and Roman Catholics, \"make a special point of self-examination, of considering what wrongs they need to repent, and what amendments of life or areas of spiritual growth they especially need to ask God's help in dealing with.\" During Shrovetide, many churches place a basket in the narthex to collect the previous year's Holy Week palm branches that were blessed and distributed during the Palm Sunday liturgies. On Shrove Tuesday (the final day of Shrovetide), churches burn these palms to make the ashes used during the services held on the very next day, Ash Wednesday.\nThe term \"Carnival\" is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence, as well as in Greece. The celebration is known as Fastelavn in historically Evangelical Lutheran countries. It is called Shrovetide in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans (Church of England",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 13,
"title": "Guido Maus",
"paragraph_text": " media, with a strong emphasis on issue-driven artwork and committed to experimentation and risk-taking. Through representing emerging, established, and internationally recognized artists, the gallery is committed to bringing a global perspective to contemporary issues and practices across the visual arts. The program consists of exhibitions, print publications, and media outreach.\nThe gallery represents the artists Jelili Atiku, John Bankston, Jarrod Beck, Steven Bindernagel, Manuel Caeiro, Willie Cole, Clayton Colvin, Derek Gracco, John Fields, Mark Flood, Peter Fox (artist), Irene Grau, Deborah Karpman, Barbara and Michael Leisgen, Sharon Louden, Odili Donald Odita, Sonja Rieger, Bayeté Ross Smith, Leslie Smith III, Susana Solano, Travis Somerville, Taravat Talepasand, Melissa Vandenberg, and the Estate of Yoshishige Furukawa.\nbeta pictoris gallery is a member of ICI, Independent Curators International (ICI), New York, a supporting member of The Birmingham Museum of Art, and its Collectors Circle for Contemporary Art, as well as its Sankofa Society, a support group for African and African-American Art. beta pictoris gallery is also a supporting member of the Museum of Contemporary Art Denver in Denver, Colorado and the Boulder Museum of Contemporary Art in Boulder, Colorado.\nGallery exhibits curated by Maus in beta pictoris gallery / Maus Contemporary have been reviewed in many art magazines and art blogs including Artforum, ARTslant, Square Cylinder Northern California Art, and Hyperallergic, among others.\n\n\n== Notes and references ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nbeta pictoris Gallery / Maus Contemporary Home Page Retrieved 2013-07-20.\n3rd ArtPad iteration represents more than typical fare by Scott Jennings, June 2013 Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2013-07-20.\nEmotionally charged exhibits on display at Beta Pictoris by Walter Lewellyn, January 2013 Retrieved 2013-07-20.\nEveryone in the ArtPad, Artnet Magazine, May 2012 Retrieved 2013-07-20.\nArt of the Urbane, Bhamarchitect's Blog, May 2010 Retrieved 2013-07-20.Guido Maus (born 5 November 1964, Malmedy) is a Belgian-born gallery owner, gallerist, curator, and long-time collector of contemporary art. He is currently living and working in Birmingham, Alabama.\n\n\n== Gallery ==\nIn early 2010, Maus opened beta pictoris Gallery / Maus Contemporary dedicated to supporting contemporary creativity across the visual arts in photography, painting, sculpture and works on paper as well as mixed media, with a strong emphasis on issue-driven artwork and committed to experimentation and risk-taking. Through representing emerging, established, and internationally recognized artists, the gallery is committed to bringing a global perspective to contemporary issues and practices across the visual arts. The program consists of exhibitionsGuido Maus (born 5 November 1964, Malmedy) is a Belgian-born gallery owner, gallerist, curator, and long-time collector of contemporary art currently living and working in Birmingham, Alabama.GuidoGuido Maus (born 5 November 1964, Malmedy) is a Belgian-born gallery owner, gallerist, curator, and long-time collector of contemporary art currently living and working in Birmingham, Alabama., Alabama.\n\n\n== Gallery ==\nIn early 2010, Maus opened beta pictoris Gallery / Maus Contemporary dedicated to supporting contemporary creativity across the visual arts in photography, painting, sculpture and works on paper as well as mixed media, with a strong emphasis on issue-driven artwork and committed to experimentation and risk-taking. Through representing emerging, established, and internationally recognized artists, the gallery is committed to bringing a global perspective to contemporary issues and practices across the visual arts. The program consists of exhibitions, print publications, and media outreach.\nThe gallery represents the artists Jelili Atiku, John Bankston, Jarrod Beck, Steven Bindernagel",
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"idx": 17,
"title": "Fastrada",
"paragraph_text": " to solidify a Frankish alliance east of the Rhine when Charles was still fighting the Saxons.\nDue to her influence Pepin the Hunchback, son of Charlemagne and Himiltrude, was publicly tonsured after an attempted rebellion against his father. Fastrada soon won a reputation for cruelty, although this is reported by chronicler Einhard in his Vita Karoli Magni, who had not arrived at Charlemagne's court while she was still alive. Contemporary sources suggest that she played an active role alongside her husband.\nA letter from 785 has survived in which Charlemagne asked Fastrada to come toFastrada became the third wife of Charlemagne, marrying him in October 783 at Worms, Germany, a few months after Queen Hildegard’s death. A probable reason behind the marriage was to solidify a Frankish alliance east of the Rhine when Charles was still fighting the Saxons. powerful East Frankish Count Rudolph (also called Eadolf), and his wife, Aeda.\nFastrada became the third wife of Charlemagne, marrying him in October 783 at Worms, Germany, a few months after Queen Hildegard’s death. A probable reason behind the marriage was to solidify a Frank",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Middle Ages",
"paragraph_text": " which accelerated the separation of the western Catholic and eastern Orthodox Churches and triggered the Investiture Controversy between the papacy and secular powers. With the spread of heavy cavalry, a new aristocracy stabilised their position through strict inheritance customs. In the system of feudalism, noble knights owed military service to their lords in return for the landsCharlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the \"Carolingian Renaissance\". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria. Charlemagne's chancery—or writing office—made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule,[M] allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe. Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy, imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains, as well as the Gregorian chant in liturgical music for the churches. An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying, correcting, and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics, with the aim of encouraging learning. New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced. Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language, changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the church and government. By the reign of Charlemagne, the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin.",
"is_supporting": true
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] | Although the native Carnival of Guido Maus' birthplace is situated in Eastern Belgium, it only refers to a specific region. Can you identify the language that shares its name with this region, from the period known by the moniker of Fastrada's husband? | [
{
"id": 275416,
"question": "Guido Maus >> place of birth",
"answer": "Malmedy",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 24325,
"question": "Despite being located in East Belgium, #1 's Carnival harks purely to what area?",
"answer": "Latin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 156850,
"question": "What is Fastrada's spouse's name?",
"answer": "Charlemagne",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 10557,
"question": "What was the #2 of #3 's era later known as?",
"answer": "Medieval Latin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
}
] | Medieval Latin | [] | true | Despite being located in East Belgium, the Carnival of the birth place of Guido Maus harks purely to an area. What was the language having the same name as this area of the era with Fastrada's spouse's name later known as? |
2hop__622637_120171 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Acornsoft",
"paragraph_text": " granted a licence to publish some Acornsoft games and rereleased many, individually and as compilations such as the \"Play It Again Sam\" and \"Acornsoft Hits\" series. By agreement, the Acornsoft name was also used on the packaging of some of the subsequent Superior games. Superior chose not to take on Acornsoft's text adventure gamesAcornsoft ceased to operate as a separate company upon the departure of David Johnson-Davies in January 1986. Past this date, Acorn Computers used the Acornsoft name on office software it released in the \"VIEW\" family for the BBC Master series. In 1986 Superior Software was granted a licence to publish some Acornsoft games and rereleased many, individually and as compilations such as the \"Play It Again Sam\" and \"Acornsoft Hits\" series. By agreement, the Acornsoft name was also used on the packaging of some of the subsequent Superior games. Superior chose not to take on Acornsoft's text adventure games, most of which were released in updated versions by Topologika along with some sequels from the same authors. joined by Tim Dobson, Programmer and Chris Jordan, Publications Editor.\nWhile some of their games were clones or remakes of popular arcade games (e.g. Hopper is a clone of Sega's Frogger",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 3,
"title": "Starship Command",
"paragraph_text": " BBC and ROM cartridge for the Acorn Electron Plus 1 expansion module. The game was written by Peter Irvin who, along with Jeremy Smith, went on to create the complex arcade adventure \"Exile\".Acornsoft's Starship Command is a computer game released in 1983 for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron. It was available on cassette as well as 5.25\" disc for the BBC and ROM cartridge for the Acorn Electron Plus 1 expansion module. The game was written by Peter Irvin who, along with Jeremy Smith, went on to create the complex arcade adventure \"Exile\". Gameplay ==\n\nThe player assumes the role of captain of a battle starship, charged with defending the frontiers of space from hostile alien ships, which come in two sizes — large and small. Some of theAcornsoft's Starship Command is a computer game released in 1983 for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron. It was available on cassette as well as 5.25\" disc for the BBC and ROM cartridge for the Acorn Electron Plus 1 expansion module. The game was written by Peter Irvin who, along with Jeremy Smith, went on to create the complex arcade adventure \"Exile\".Acornsoft's Starship Command is a multidirectional shooter released in 1983 for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron. It was available on cassette as well as 5.25\" disc for the BBC and ROM cartridge for the Acorn Electron Plus 1 expansion module. The game was written by Peter Irvin who, along with Jeremy Smith, went on to create the arcade adventure Exile.\n\n\n== Gameplay ==\n\nThe player assumes the role of captain of a battle starship, charged with defending the frontiers of space from hostile alien ships, which come in two sizes — large and small. Some of the larger ships have cloaking devices which make them invisible. Damage is inflicted on ships when they are shot or rammed by other ships.\nThe player vessel remains locked in the centre of the screen and the world rotates and moves around it. Player shots also have limited range and are subject to the same rotation as everything else, which means the player needs to predict where shots will need to go in order to hit the enemies. The ship has both long range scanners and shields but may only use one at a time. By default, the game will automatically switch between them based on the proximity of enemy vessels but the player can optionally take full control.\nUsing shields, thrusting, turning and firing all use up energy which is also depleted when hit by enemies. Energy will automatically replenish, most quickly if the shields are off and the starship is not moving, but this leaves the player open to attack.\nUnusually, the player is never expected to return their ship from the frontiers. Each individual voyage is a separate command, and lasts either until the player's vessel is destroyed or until they use an escape capsule. If the escape capsule is successfully launched, which means firing it so that it does not collide with any enemy ships, and the player is judged by Star-Fleet to have killed enough enemies during his command then he is given a new commission and a new and visually different ship. 8 points are scored for a small ship and 12 for a large ship. Starfleet's opinion of the player's performance ranges from them being \"furious\" to \"delighted\". The number of points required to reach the next level is not fixed. Sometimes a score of 60 will suffice and sometimes a score of 80 will not be enough to guarantee automatic promotion to the next level, assuming the escape capsule was jettisoned safely. Strangely, more points were awarded when an escape capsule collided with and destroyed an enemy ship as opposed to being shot or colliding with the starship.\nLater commands take place in faster environments and with greater numbers of enemy. There are 8 different starship designs, which repeat after level 8.\n\n\n== Reception ==\nAlthough none of the Acorn magazines were in the habit of giving review scores at the time, the game received generally very favourable reviews. Peter Gray, writing in the October 1983 edition of Electron User, concluded that \"The game seems to have everything. The graphics are superb, the instructions thorough and, once you get used to the way your ship stays still while the aliens move, the whole thing is enthralling\". The BBC version was reviewed in Computer and Video Games and received a score of 90%.\n\nStarship Command reached number one in the BBC games charts replacing Snooker, another Acornsoft title. It spent one week at the top of the charts before being replaced by another Acornsoft game, Geoff Crammond's Super Invaders.\n\n\n== References ==Acornsoft's Starship Command is a multidirectional shooter released in 1983 for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron. It was available on cassette as well as 5.25\" disc for the BBC and ROM cartridge for the Acorn Electron Plus 1 expansion module. The game was written by Peter Irvin who, along with Jeremy Smith, went on to create the arcade adventure Exile.\n\n\n== Gameplay ==\n\nThe player assumes the role of captain of a battle starship, charged with defending the frontiers of space from hostile alien ships, which come in two sizes — large and small. Some of the larger ships have cloaking devices which make them invisible. Damage is inflicted on ships when they are shot or rammed by other ships.\nThe player vessel remains locked in the centre of the screen and the world rotates and moves around it. Player shots also have limited range and are subject to the same rotation as everything else, which means the player needs to predict where shots will need to go in order to hit the enemies. The ship has both long range scanners and shields but may only use one at a time. By default, the game will automatically switch between them based on the proximity of enemy vessels but the player can optionally take full control.\nUsing shields, thrusting, turning and firing all use up energy which is also depleted when hit by enemies. Energy will automatically replenish, most quickly if the shields are off and the starship is not moving, but this leaves the player open to attack.\nUnusually, the player is never expected to return their ship from the frontiers. Each individual voyage is a separate command, and lasts either until the player's vessel is destroyed or until they use an escape capsule. If the escape capsule is successfully launched, which means firing it so that it does not collide with any enemy ships, and the player is judged by Star-Fleet to have killed enough enemies during his command then he is given a new commission and a new and visually different ship. 8 points are scored for a small ship and 12 for a large ship. Starfleet's opinion of the player's performance ranges from them being \"furious\" to \"delighted\". The number of points required to reach the next level is not fixed. Sometimes a score of 60 will suffice and sometimes a score of 80 will not be enough to guarantee automatic promotion to the next level, assuming the escape capsule was jettisoned safely. Strangely, more points were awarded when an escape capsule collided with and destroyed an enemy ship as opposed to being shot or colliding with the starship.\nLater commands take place in faster environments and with greater numbers of enemy. There are 8 different starship designs, which repeat after level 8.\n\n\n== Reception ==\nAlthough none of the Acorn magazines were in the habit of giving review scores at the time, the game received generally very favourable reviews. Peter Gray, writing in the October 1983 edition of Electron User, concluded that \"The game seems to have everything. The graphics are superb, the instructions thorough and, once you get used to the way your ship stays still while the aliens move, the whole thing is enthralling\". The BBC version was reviewed in Computer and Video Games and received a score of 90%.\n\nStarship Command reached number one in the BBC games charts replacing Snooker, another Acornsoft title. It spent one week at the top of the charts before being replaced by another Acornsoft game, Geoff Crammond's Super Invaders.\n\n\n== References ==Acornsoft's Starship Command is a multidirectional shooter released in 1983 for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron. It was available on cassette as well as 5.25\" disc for the BBC and ROM cartridge for the Acorn Electron Plus 1 expansion module. The game was written by Peter Irvin who, along with Jeremy Smith, went on to create the arcade adventure Exile.\n\n\n== Gameplay ==\n\nThe player assumes the role of captain of a battle starship, charged with defending the frontiers of space from hostile alien ships, which come in two sizes — large and small. Some of the larger ships have cloaking devices which make them invisible. Damage is inflicted on ships when they are shot or rammed by other ships.\nThe player vessel remains locked in the centre of the screen and the world rotates and moves around it. Player shots also have limited range and are subject to the same rotation as everything else, which means the player needs to predict where shots will need to go in order to hit the enemies. The ship has both long range",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In what year did the business responsible for publishing Starship Command cease operations? | [
{
"id": 622637,
"question": "Starship Command >> publisher",
"answer": "Acornsoft",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 120171,
"question": "What year did #1 end?",
"answer": "1986",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
}
] | 1986 | [] | true | What year did the company that published Starship Command end? |
2hop__52283_75184 | [
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "List of Back to the Future characters",
"paragraph_text": " descendants. Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time.\n\n\n=== Emmett \"Doc\" Brown ===\n\nDoctor Emmett Lathrop (\"Doc\") Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine. At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel.\nIn 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at No. 20.\n\n\n=== George McFly ===\nGeorge Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future, Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III, voiced by Michael X. Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is married to Lorraine McFly (née Baines) and is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave. Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III.\nIn the first film, George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen's bullying. The novelization of the film expounds on George's history of weakness, describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself. In 1955, in contrast with Marty, George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school. He has a penchant for science fiction, and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection. In 1955, with Marty's help, he gets the courage to stand up to Biff, knocking him unconscious. As a result, he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight. In the new future, they are both married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around. In the dystopian timeline in Part II, George was murdered by Biff in 1973.\nGeorge's character was greatly reduced in the sequels, and the role was recast. Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover's rendering of McFly, and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future. The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it. However, Glover did not appreciate this and sued. The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again.\n\n\n=== Lorraine Baines/McFly ===\nLorraine McFly, née Baines (portrayed by Lea Thompson, voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game), is married to George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave. She is the oldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey.\nIn Back to the Future, Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle-aged and unhappy.The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future. However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character. Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future. In the spin - off Back to the Future: the Animated Series, Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini. the trilogy, he travels through time using a DeLorean time machine invented by his friend Emmett Brown. He also encounters the central antagonist, Biff Tannen, in several different time periods and visits his ancestors and descendants.\n\n\n== Main characters ==\n\n\n=== Marty McFly ===\n\nMartin Seamus (\"Marty\") McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox in the films and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series) is the son of George and Lorraine McFly. Marty travels between the past and the future, encountering his ancestors and descendants. Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time.\n\n\n=== Emmett \"Doc\" Brown ===\n\nDoctor Emmett Lathrop (\"Doc\") Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine. At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel.\nIn 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at No. 20.\n\n\n=== George McFly ===\nGeorge Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future, Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III, voiced by Michael X. Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is married to Lorraine McFly (née Baines) and is the father",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Marty McFly",
"paragraph_text": " Lego Dimensions, voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine. At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel.\nIn 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at No. 20.\n\n\n=== George McFly ===\nGeorge Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future, Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III, voiced by Michael X. Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is married to Lorraine McFly (née Baines) and is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave. Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III.\nIn the first film, George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen's bullying. The novelization of the film expounds on George's historyMartin Seamus ``Marty ''McFly is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the Back to the Future trilogy. He is portrayed by actor Michael J. Fox. Marty also appears in the animated series, where he was voiced by David Kaufman. In the videogame by Telltale Games, he is voiced by A.J. Locascio; in addition, Fox voiced Marty's future counterparts at the end of the game. In 2008, Marty McFly was selected by Empire magazine as the 12th Greatest Movie Character of All Time.TheMartin Seamus ``Marty ''McFly is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the Back to the Future trilogy. He is portrayed by actor Michael J. Fox. Marty also appears in the animated series, where he was voiced by David Kaufman. In the videogame by Telltale Games, he is voiced by A.J. Locascio; in addition, Fox voiced Marty's future counterparts at the end of the game. In 2008, Marty McFly was selected by Empire magazine as the 12th Greatest Movie Character of All Time. Fox in the films and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series) is the son of George and Lorraine McFly. Marty travels between the past and the future, encountering his ancestors and descendants. Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time.\n\n\n=== Emmett \"Doc\" Brown ===\n\nDoctor Emmett Lathrop (\"Doc\") Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine. At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel.\nIn 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at No. 20.\n\n\n=== George McFly ===\nGeorge Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future, Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III, voiced by Michael X. Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is married to Lorraine McFly (née Baines) and is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave. Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III.\nIn the first film, George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen's bullying. The novelization of the film expounds on George's historyMartin Seamus ``Marty ''McFly is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the Back to the Future trilogy. He is portrayed by actor Michael J. Fox. Marty also appears in the animated series, where he was voiced by David Kaufman. In the videogame by Telltale Games, he is voiced by A.J. Locascio; in addition, Fox voiced Marty's future counterparts at the end of the game. In 2008, Marty McFly was selected by Empire magazine as the 12th Greatest Movie Character of All Time.The Back to the Future film trilogy and subsequent animated series feature characters created by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale.\nThe lead character of the series is Marty McFly. During the course of the trilogy, he travels through time using a DeLorean time machine invented by his friend Emmett Brown. He also encounters the central antagonist, Biff Tannen, in several different time periods and visits his ancestors and descendants.\n\n\n== Main characters ==\n\n\n=== Marty McFly ===\n\nMartin Seamus (\"Marty\") McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox in the films and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series) is the son of George and Lorraine McFly. Marty travels between the past and the future, encountering his ancestors and descendants. Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time.\n\n\n=== Emmett \"Doc\" Brown ===\n\nDoctor Emmett Lathrop (\"Doc\") Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine. At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel.\nIn 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at No. 20.\n\n\n=== George McFly ===\nGeorge",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In the movie Back to the Future, who is the actress that portrays Marty's girlfriend? | [
{
"id": 52283,
"question": "who plays marty in back to the future",
"answer": "Michael J. Fox",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 75184,
"question": "who played #1 girlfriend in back to the future",
"answer": "Claudia Wells",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
}
] | Claudia Wells | [] | true | Who play's Marty's girlfriend in back to the future? |
3hop1__454441_55349_651302 | [
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "The Hobbit (South Park)",
"paragraph_text": " Kim has \"the body of a hobbit\", and that commercialized images of her are photoshopped to make her look attractive, which leads to the development of poor body image on the part of the general female population.\nWhen Mr. Mackey speaks to Wendy and a devastated Butters, he instead criticizes Wendy for her comments about Kardashian, accusing her of being motivated by jealousy. As a result of this, Kardashian's fiancé Kanye West visits the fourth grade class to explain that Kardashian is in fact not a hobbit. Wendy subsequently tries to demonstrate to Butters how Photoshop is used to make people appear more attractive by altering a photo of Lisa, but instead of understanding Wendy's point that the popular image of Kim Kardashian is a fantasy, Butters instead thinks that the altered image of Lisa represents her true appearance. Horrified at the realization that he turned her down for a date, he uploads her altered photo to the Internet, and is about to ask her out, only to hear from Eric Cartman that she and Clyde Donovan are now dating. When Wendy sees that everyone else in school now regards Lisa's photo-shopped image as her true appearance, she tries to tell them that Lisa is actually \"fat and ugly\". As a result of this, she is again called into Mr. Mackey's office for her jealousy, and agrees to change her behavior in order to pacify him.\nAt a ceremony in which Pope Francis is named Time magazine's Person of the Year, West storms the stage to again challenge the characterization of Kardashian as a \"hobbit\". As Lisa's popularity in school increases, the other cheerleaders point out to Wendy that no one is noticing the rest of them any more, and ask her to produce photo-shopped images of them as well in order to increase their standing among the student body. When Wendy refuses, the cheerleaders, spurred by an increasingly shallow and haughty Lisa, photo-shop their own photos. When the boys now take notice of them, Stan Marsh asks Wendy if he can have a photo-shopped image of her, and she angrily refuses. She points out that all people have imperfections, including herself, Stan, and other students in the school, including the cheerleaders. However, the cheerleaders, Mackey, and a crowd of other students overhear the latter portion of her statement and believe she is a \"hater\". Wendy appears on the Channel 9 Morning News to speak out against how the media's inauthentic images of women create an unrealistic standard for girls to live up to, but she is again dismissed as a \"hater\". Nonetheless, she refuses to cease speaking out in favor of having photo-shopped images explicitly labeled as such.\nIn the middle of the night, Wendy is woken up by West, who appears in her bedroom to read her story of a hobbit who dreamed of being beautiful. In the story, the hobbit becomes beautiful through a magical power called \"Photoshop\", but her true nature is exposed by a little girl who takes her Photoshop away. However, the hobbit's fiancé tells her that he loves her regardless. The story moves Wendy, who apologizes for being a \"hater\". Abandoning her crusade, Wendy tearfully photo-shops her image and sends it out in a mass email.\n\n\n== Reception ==\nMax Nicholson of IGN gave the episode a rating of 8.7 out of 10, saying, that it \"ended Season 17 on a high note, thanks to a well-thought-out premise and a significant character arc for Wendy (probably her best). Meanwhile, the return of Kanye West made for a wealth of pop culture references that ranged from hilarious to decent. Overall, this year's finale was a great final bow for the season.\"\nRyan McGee of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B+ grade. He compared the final scene with Wendy emailing her Photoshopped picture to her classmates to the final scene in the episode \"You're Getting Old,\" commenting that the scene \"wrecked me.\" He went on to say, \"The fact that South Park doesn't take its foot off the neck of this episode and return the world back to normal gives the entire endeavor more power.\"\nDavid Crow of Den of Geek gave the episode 4 stars out of 5. He called it \"the series' most biting social satire of the whole season,\" and praised Trey Parker and Matt Stone's ability to \"tell the perfect 30-minute joke.\"\nDanica Bellini of Mstars found the episode to be \"hilarious\". She listed Kanye West's inadvertent comparing of Kim Kardashian to a hobbit along with her being \"Butters' perception of true female beauty\" among its highlights.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\n\"The Hobbit\" Full episode at South Park Studios\n\"The Hobbit\" at IMDb\"The Hobbit\" is the tenth and final episode in the seventeenth season of the American animated television series South Park. The 247th episode of the series overall, it premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on December 11, 2013. The story centers upon Wendy Testaburger's attempts to raise awareness of media impact on body image, which leads to a crusade by rapper Kanye West to convince the world that his then-fiancée, Kim Kardashian, is not a hobbit. The episode received largely positive reviews from critics, who praised Wendy's story arc and the return of West.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nDuring cheerleading practice\"The Hobbit\" is the tenth and final episode in the seventeenth season of the American animated television series \"South Park\". The 247th episode of the series overall, it premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on December 11, 2013. The story centers upon Wendy Testaburger's attempts to raise awareness of media impact on body image, which leads to a crusade by rapper Kanye West to convince the world that his fiancée, Kim Kardashian, is not a hobbit. The episode received largely positive reviews from critics, who praised Wendy's story arc and the return of West.\"The Hobbit\" is the tenth and final episode in the seventeenth season of the American animated television series \"South Park\". The 247th episode of the series overall, it premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on December 11, 2013. The story centers upon Wendy Testaburger's attempts to raise awareness of media impact on body image, which leads to a crusade by rapper Kanye West to convince the world that his fiancée, Kim Kardashian, is not a hobbit. The episode received largely positive reviews from critics, who praised Wendy's story arc and the return of West.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "List of South Park cast members",
"paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip.Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip.South Park is an American animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone who also do the majority of the voices. Both Parker and Stone do most of the male characters on the show along with April Stewart and Mona Marshall, who do the female characters on the show. Guest stars have lent their voices to the show including Jay Leno, George Clooney, Jennifer Aniston, Bill Hader, Robert Smith and the comedy duo Cheech & Chong voiced characters representing their likenesses for the season four (2000) episode \"Cherokee Hair Tampons\", which was the duo's first collaborative effort in 20 years. The entirety of the Nu-Metal band Korn also provided their voices and likenesses in the season three episode \"Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery\".\nCharacters in the show, according to Parker and Stone, are inspired by people they met when they were kids. Stan Marsh is made based on Parker himself while Kyle Broflovski is based on Stone himself. Eric Cartman is partially named after and based on Matt Karpman, a high school classmate of Parker who remains a friend of both Parker and Stone. Cartman is also inspired by All in the Family patriarch Archie Bunker, of whom Parker and Stone are fans. They state that creating Cartman as a \"little eight-year-old fat kid\" made it easier for the two to",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Dian Bachar",
"paragraph_text": "\nDian Bachar at AllMovie\nDian Bachar at Metacritic\nDian Bachar at NYTimes.comDian Bachar is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as Cannibal! The Musical (George Noon), Orgazmo (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's BASEketball, as well as making the occasional appearance on South Park.\n\n\n== Career ==\nIn 1998, Bachar won a Leonardo da Vinci Award from the Beaux Arts Society, Inc. in the category of Actor, Debut Performance (Film) for his role in BASEketball and an award for Best Actor in the 2012 short film Coaching Me Softly at the 48-Hour Film Project.\nDue to his friendship with creators Parker and Stone, Bachar had provided several guest voices on their animated series South Park.\n\n\"Cow Days\" - the gameDian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\".Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\".2012 short film Coaching Me Softly at the 48-Hour Film Project.\nDue to his friendship with creators Parker and Stone, Bachar had provided several guest voices on their animated series South Park.\n\n\"Cow Days\" - the game show announcer\n\"Merry Christmas Charlie Manson!\" - the fake Mr. Hankey\n\"Do the Handicapped Go to Hell?\" - Satan's lover Chris\n\"Probably\" - Satan's lover Chris\nBachar and fellow actor Sam Macaroni are the leads in the internet series Roommates: The Series and Dimwits.\n\n\n== Filmography ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nDian Bachar at IMDb\nDian Bachar at AllMovie\nDian Bachar at Metacritic\nDian Bachar at NYTimes.comDian Bachar is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as Cannibal! The Musical (George Noon), Orgazmo (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's BASEketball, as well as making the occasional appearance on South Park.\n\n\n== Career ==\nIn 1998, Bachar won a Leonardo da Vinci Award from the Beaux Arts Society, Inc. in the category of Actor, Debut Performance (Film) for his role in BASE",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Where was the male individual, who provides Stan's voice in the TV show featuring 'The Hobbit' episode, born? | [
{
"id": 454441,
"question": "The Hobbit >> part of the series",
"answer": "South Park",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 55349,
"question": "who does the voice of stan on #1",
"answer": "Trey Parker",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 651302,
"question": "#2 >> place of birth",
"answer": "Denver",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | Denver | [
"Denver, Colorado"
] | true | What is the birthplace of the man who does the voice of Stan on the series that includes the episode The Hobbit? |
2hop__168816_144857 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Raymond Carver",
"paragraph_text": " a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice Carter (née Casey) and Clevie Raymond Carver. His father, a sawmill worker from Arkansas, was a fisherman and a heavy drinker. Carver's mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk. His brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943.\nCarver was educated at local schools in Yakima. In his spare time, he read mostly novels by Mickey Spillane or publications such as Sports Afield and Outdoor Life, and hunted and fished with friends and family.\nAfter graduating from Yakima High School in 1956, Carver worked with his father at a sawmill in California. In June 1957, at age 19, he married 16-year-old Maryann Burk, who had just graduated from a private Episcopal school for girls. Their daughter, Christine La Rae, was born in December 1957. TheirCarver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice (née Casey) and Clevie Raymond Carver. His father, a sawmill worker from Arkansas, was a fisherman and heavy drinker. Carver's mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk. His brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943. which Carver considered his watershed and is widely regarded as his masterpiece. The definitive collection of his stories, Where I'm Calling From, was published shortly before his death in 1988. In their 1989 nomination of Carver for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, the jury concluded, \"The revival in recent years of the short story is attributable in great measure to Carver's mastery of the form.\"\n\n\n== Early life ==\nCarver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice Carter (née Casey) and Clevie Raymond Carver. His father, a sawmill worker from Arkansas, was a fisherman and a heavy drinker. Carver's mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk. His brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943.\nCarver was educated at local schools in Yakima. In his spare time, he read mostly novels by Mickey Spillane or publications such as Sports Afield and Outdoor Life, and hunted and fished with friends and family.\nAfter graduating from Yakima High School in 1956, Carver worked with",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Elephant (stories)",
"paragraph_text": " Stories ==\nThe collection contains the following stories:\n\n\n=== Boxes ===\nThe narrator and Jill find each other after failed marriages. Soon after they set up a household, their comfortable life is disrupted by the arrival of the narrator's seventy-year-old mother. She is constantly on the move, going from one place to another, hoping to find a good life, but is always disappointed by what she encounters. When she moves to her son's community, she dislikes everything about it. No sooner does she move into her quarters then she packs her possessions into boxes (the story's title) in preparation to return to California. A half year passes before she finally departs. During this time, Jill's easy going response to the mother's disruptive presence keeps the narrator and Jill's relationship on even keel. When the mother finally heads back to California in her packed car, both she and her son realize that they are not likely to see each other again.\n\n\n=== Whoever Was Using This Bed ===Elephant is a collection of short stories by American writer Raymond Carver published in Great Britain, 1988. The stories in the collection were first published in the United States in \"Where I'm Calling From: New & Selected Stories\" (1988).Elephant is a collection of short stories by American writer Raymond Carver published in Great Britain, 1988. The stories in the collection were first published in the United States in \"Where I'm Calling From: New & Selected Stories\" (1988). Collins Harvill in London on August 4, 1988, two days after Carver's death.\nIn the United States, these seven stories were published as a section of Where I'm Calling From: New and Selected Stories (1988).\n\n\n== Stories ==\nThe collection contains the following stories:\n\n\n=== Boxes ===\nThe narrator and Jill find each other after failed marriages. Soon after they set up a household, their comfortable life is disrupted by the arrival of the narrator's seventy-year-old mother. She is constantly on the move, going from one place to another, hoping to find a good life, but is always disappointed by what she encounters. When she moves to her son's community, she dislikes everything about it. No sooner does she move into her quarters then she packs her possessions into boxes (the story's title) in preparation to return to California. A half year passes before she finally departs. During this time, Jill's easy going response to the mother's disruptive presence keeps the narrator and Jill's relationship on even keel. When the mother finally heads back to California in her packed car, both she and her son realize that they are not likely to see each other again.\n\n\n=== Whoever Was Using This Bed ===Elephant is a collection of short stories by American writer Raymond Carver published in Great Britain, 1988. The stories in the collection were first published in the United States in \"Where I'm Calling From: New & Selected Stories\" (1988).Elephant and Other Stories (1988) is the last collection of short stories by American writer Raymond Carver. They were the final seven stories Carver wrote before his death, and only appeared as a separate book in Great Britain. The book was published by Collins Harvill in London on August 4, 1988, two days after Carver's death.\nIn the United States, these seven stories were published as a section of Where I'm Calling From: New and Selected Stories (1988).\n\n\n== Stories ==\nThe collection contains the following stories:\n\n\n=== Boxes ===\nThe narrator and Jill find each other after failed marriages. Soon after they set up a household, their comfortable life is disrupted by the arrival of the narrator's seventy-year-old mother. She is constantly on the move, going from one place to another, hoping to find a good life, but is always disappointed by what she encounters. When she moves to her son's community, she dislikes everything about it. No sooner does she move into her quarters then she packs her possessions into boxes (the story's title) in preparation to return to California. A half year passes before she finally departs. During this time, Jill's easy going response to the mother's disruptive presence keeps the narrator and Jill's relationship on even keel. When the mother finally heads back to California in her packed car, both she and her son realize that they are not likely to see each other again.\n\n\n=== Whoever Was Using This Bed ===\nA 3:00 am phone call wakes the narrator and his wife, Iris, from a deep sleep. When the narrator answers the phone, a woman's voice asks to speak to \"Bud.\" The narrator tells the woman she has a wrong number and hangs up. But she persistently calls back, forcing him to take the phone off the hook. Once back in bed, Iris starts chain smoking and engages the narrator in conversation. The narrator desperately wants to go back to sleep, but he gets caught up in Iris's ruminations. He begins chain smoking as well. Iris talks about the dream the phone call interrupted. She doesn't remember the details, but she recalls that the dream did not include the narrator, which upsets him. As the night moves on, the narrator is very much aware of the passage of time, and hopes to be able to catch some sleep before daybreak, when he needs to get up to go to work. But he is engaged in the chat with his wife. Ultimately, the conversation focuses on whether one partner will \"pull the plug\" on the other if either were mortally incapacitated. Iris wants the narrator to pull the plug, but after some thought, the narrator asks Iris to let the doctors do what they can do. Don't pull the plug. At daybreak, the narrator gets up and goes to work. Throughout the day he reflects on his conversation with Iris and on his fatigue. That night, the phone rings and the familiar woman's voice asks for \"Bud.\" While the narrator is holding the phone, Iris pulls the plug—and disconnects the phone.\n\n\n=== Intimacy ===\nThe narrator has achieved a measure of public recognition as a writer. While on the road, he drops by his ex-wife's house unannounced. It has been four years since they last met. When she sees him, she launches into a non-stop soliloquy, enumerating her hurts and anger at his betrayal. Through her onslaught, it is clear that she cared dearly for him and the lost life they built together. After her diatribe dies down,",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which town did the writer of Elephant come into the world? | [
{
"id": 168816,
"question": "Elephant >> author",
"answer": "Raymond Carver",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 144857,
"question": "What is the name of the city #1 was born in?",
"answer": "Clatskanie",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
}
] | Clatskanie | [
"Clatskanie, Oregon"
] | true | In what city was the author of Elephant born? |
2hop__75207_53316 | [
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "The Motorcycle Diaries (film)",
"paragraph_text": " Rodrigo de la Serna, who incidentally is a second cousin to the real-life Guevara on his maternal side. Directed by Brazilian director Walter Salles and written by Puerto Rican playwright José Rivera, the film was an international co-production among production companies from Argentina, the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Chile, Peru and France. The film's executive producers were Robert Redford, Paul Webster, and Rebecca Yeldham; the producers were Edgard Tenenbaum, Michael Nozik, and Karen Tenkhoff; and the co-producers were Daniel Burman and Diego Dubcovsky.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nThe Che of The Motorcycle Diaries is more akin to Jack Kerouac or Neal Cassady than Marx or Lenin.\"\nIn 1952, a semester before Ernesto \"Fuser\" Guevara is due to complete his medical degree, he and his older friend Alberto Granado, a biochemist, leave Buenos Aires to travel across South America. While there is a goal at the end of their journey – they intend to work in a leper colony in Peru – the main purpose is initially fun and adventure. They desire to see as much of Latin America as they can, more than 14,000 kilometres (8,700 mi) in just four and a half months, while Granado's purpose is also to bed as many women as will fall for his pickup lines. Their initial method of transport is Granado's dilapidated Norton 500 motorcycle christened La Poderosa (\"The Mighty One\").\nTheir planned route is ambitious, bringing them north across the Andes, along the coast of Chile, through the Atacama Desert and into the Peruvian Amazon in order to reach Venezuela just in time for Granado's 30th birthday on 2 April. However, due to La Poderosa's breakdown, they are forced to travel at a much slower pace, often walking, and do not make it to Caracas until July.\nDuring their expedition, Guevara and Granado encounter the poverty of the indigenous peasants, and the movie assumes a greater seriousness once the men gain a better sense of the disparity between the \"haves\" (to which they belong) and the obviously exploited \"have-nots\" (who make up the majority of those they encounter) by travelling on foot. In Chile, for instance, they encounter a penniless and persecuted couple forced onto the road because of their communist beliefs. In a fire-lit scene, Guevara and Granado ashamedly admit to the couple that they are not out looking for work as well. The duo then accompanies the couple to the Chuquicamata copper mine, where Guevara becomes angry at the treatment of the workers.\nHowever, it is a visit to the ancient Incan ruins of Machu Picchu in Peru that solidifies something in Guevara. His musings are then somberly refocused to how an indigenous civilization capable of building such beauty could be destroyed by the creators of the eventually polluted urban decay of nearby Lima.\nLater, in Peru, they volunteer for three weeks at the San Pablo leper colony. There, Guevara observes both literally and metaphorically the division of society, as the staff live on the north side of a river, separated from the deprived lepers living across the river to the south. To demonstrate his solidarity, and his medical belief that leprosy is not contagious, Guevara refuses to wear rubber gloves during his visit as the head nun requires, choosing instead to shake bare hands and interact normally with the surprised leper patients.\nAt the end of the film, after his sojourn at the leper colony, Guevara confirms his nascent egalitarian, revolutionaryDuring their expedition, Guevara and Granado encounter the poverty of the indigenous peasants, and the movie assumes a greater seriousness once the men gain a better sense of the disparity between the ``haves ''(to which they belong) and the obviously exploited`` have - nots'' (who make up the majority of those they encounter) by traveling on foot. In Chile, for instance, they encounter a penniless and persecuted couple forced onto the road because of their communist beliefs. In a fire - lit scene, Guevara and Granado ashamedly admit to the couple that they are not out looking for work as well. The duo then accompanies the couple to the Chuquicamata copper mine, where Guevara becomes angry at the treatment of the workers. and Granado witness first hand the injustices that the destitute face and are exposed to people and social classes they would have never encountered otherwise. To their surprise, the road presents to them both a genuine and captivating picture of Latin American identity. As a result, the trip also plants the initial seed of radicalization within Guevara, who would later challenge the continent's endemic economic inequalities and political repression.\nThe screenplay is based primarily on Guevara's trip diary of the same name, with additional context supplied by Traveling with Che Guevara: The Making of a Revolutionary by Alberto Granado. Guevara is played by Gael García Bernal (who previously played Che in the 2002 miniseries Fidel), and Granado by the Argentine actor Rodrigo de la Serna, who incidentally is a second cousin to the real-life Guevara on his maternal side. Directed by Brazilian director Walter Salles and written by Puerto Rican playwright José Rivera, the film was an international co-production among production companies from Argentina, the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Chile, Peru and France. The film's executive producers were Robert Redford, Paul Webster, and Rebecca Yeldham; the producers were Edgard Tenenbaum, Michael Nozik, and Karen Tenkhoff; and the co-producers were Daniel Burman and Diego Dubcovsky.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nThe Che of The Motorcycle Diaries is more akin to Jack Kerouac or Neal Cassady than Marx or Lenin.\"\nIn 1952, a semester before Ernesto \"Fuser\" Guevara is due to complete his medical degree, he and his older friend Alberto Granado, a biochemist, leave Buenos Aires to travel across South America. While there is a goal at the end of their journey – they intend to work in a leper colony in Peru – the main purpose is initially fun and adventure. They desire to see as much of Latin America as they can, more than 14,000 kilometres (8,700 mi) in just four and a half months, while Granado's purpose is also to bed as many women as will fall for his pickup lines. Their initial method of transport is Granado's dilapidated Norton 500 motorcycle christened",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "1973 Chilean coup d'état",
"paragraph_text": ", particularly communist and socialist parties, such as the Communist Party of Chile and the Socialist Party of Chile, as well as the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR). Pinochet swiftly consolidated power and was officially declared president of Chile in late 1974. The Nixon administration, which had played a role in creating favorable conditions for the coup, promptly recognized the junta government and supported its efforts to consolidate power. During the air raids and ground attacks preceding the coup, Allende delivered his final speech, expressing his determination to remain at Palacio de La Moneda and rejecting offers of safe passage for exile. Although he died in the palace, the exact circumstances of Allende's death are still disputed.\nIn 2000, the CIA admitted its role in the 1970 kidnapping and killing of René Schneider (then Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army), who had refused to use the army to stop Allende's inauguration. 2023 declassified documents showed that Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and the United States government, which had branded Allende as a dangerous communist, were aware of the military's plans to overthrow Allende in the days before the coup d'état.\nChile had previously been regarded as a symbol of democracy and political stability in South America, while other countries in the region suffered under military juntas and caudillismo; the Chilean period prior to the coup is known as the Presidential Republic (1925–1973) era. At the time, Chile was a middle-class country, with about 30% or 9 million Chileans being middle class. The collapse of Chilean democracy marked the end of a series of democratic governments that had held elections since 1932. Historian Peter Winn described the 1973 coup as one of the most violent events in Chilean history. It led to a series of human rights abuses in Chile under PinoThe 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed moment in both the history of Chile and the Cold War. Following an extended period of social unrest and political tension between the opposition - controlled Congress of Chile and the socialist President Salvador Allende, as well as economic warfare ordered by US President Richard Nixon, Allende was overthrown by the armed forces and national police.TheThe 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed moment in both the history of Chile and the Cold War. Following an extended period of social unrest and political tension between the opposition - controlled Congress of Chile and the socialist President Salvador Allende, as well as economic warfare ordered by US President Richard Nixon, Allende was overthrown by the armed forces and national police. with the opposition-controlled National Congress of Chile, and economic warfare ordered by United States president Richard Nixon. On 11 September 1973, a group of military officers, led by General Augusto Pinochet, seized power in a coup, ending civilian rule.\nFollowing the coup, a military junta was established, and suspended all political activities in Chile and suppressed left-wing movements, particularly communist and socialist parties, such as the Communist Party of Chile and the Socialist Party of Chile, as well as the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR). Pinochet swiftly consolidated power and was officially declared president of Chile in late 1974. The Nixon administration, which had played a role in creating favorable conditions for the coup, promptly recognized the junta government and supported its efforts to consolidate power. During the air raids and ground attacks preceding the coup, Allende delivered his final speech, expressing his determination to remain at Palacio de La Moneda and rejecting offers of safe passage for exile. Although he died in the palace, the exact circumstances of Allende's death are still disputed.\nIn 2000, the CIA admitted its role in the 1970 kidnapping and killing of René Schneider (then Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army), who had refused to use the army to stop Allende's inauguration. 2023 declassified documents showed that Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and the United States government, which had branded Allende as a dangerous communist, were aware of the military's plans to overthrow Allende in the days before the coup d'état.\nChile had previously been regarded as a symbol of democracy and political stability in South America, while other countries in the region suffered under military juntas and caudillismo; the Chilean period prior to the coup is known as the Presidential Republic (1925–1973) era. At the time, Chile was a middle-class country, with about 30% or 9 million Chileans being middle class. The collapse of Chilean democracy marked the end of a series of democratic governments that had held elections since 1932. Historian Peter Winn described the 1973 coup as one of the most violent events in Chilean history. It led to a series of human rights abuses in Chile under PinoThe 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed moment in both the history of Chile and the Cold War. Following an extended period of social unrest and political tension between the opposition - controlled Congress of Chile and the socialist President Salvador Allende, as well as economic warfare ordered by US President Richard Nixon, Allende was overthrown by the armed forces and national police.The 1973 Chilean coup d'état (Spanish: Golpe de",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who was the nation’s president, where Fuser and Alberto encountered the native pair looking for jobs, prior to the execution of the military takeover? | [
{
"id": 75207,
"question": "where do fuser and alberto meet the indigenous couple who were traveling to look for work",
"answer": "In Chile",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 53316,
"question": "who was the president of #1 before the military coup was staged",
"answer": "Salvador Allende",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
}
] | Salvador Allende | [] | true | Before the military coup was staged, who was the president of the country where Fuser and Alberto met the indigenous couple who were traveling to look for work? |
2hop__27650_27628 | [
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "European Central Bank",
"paragraph_text": "2023. The current President of the ECB is Christine Lagarde. Seated in Frankfurt, Germany, the bank formerly occupied the Eurotower prior to the construction of its new seat.\nThe ECB is directly governed by European Union law. Its capital stock, worth €11 billion, is owned by all 27 central banks of the EU member states as shareholders. The initial capital allocation key was determined in 1998 on the basis of the states' population and GDP, but the capital key has been readjusted since. Shares in the ECB are not transferable and cannot be used as collateral.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early years (1998–2007) ===\n\nThe European Central Bank is the de facto successor of the European Monetary Institute (EMI). The EMI was established at the start of the second stage of the EU's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) to handle the transitional issues of states adopting the euro and prepare for the creation of the ECB and European System of Central Banks (ESCB). The EMI itself took over from the earlier European Monetary Cooperation Fund (EMCF).\nThe ECB formally replaced the EMI on 1 June 1998 by virtue of the Treaty on European Union (TEU, Treaty of Maastricht), however it did not exercise its full powers until the introduction of the euro on 1 January 1999, signalling the third stage of EMU. The bank was the final institution needed for EMU, as outlined by the EMU reports of Pierre Werner and President JacquesThe primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, to take care of the foreign reserves of the European System of Central Banks and operation of the financial market infrastructure under the TARGET2 payments system and the technical platform (currently being developed) for settlement of securities in Europe (TARGET2 Securities). The ECB has, under Article 16 of its Statute, the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes. Member states can issue euro coins, but the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand.The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central component of the Eurosystem and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) as well as one of seven institutions of the European Union. It is one of the world's most important central banks with a balance sheet total of around 7 trillion.\nThe ECB Governing Council makes monetary policy for the Eurozone and the European Union, administers the foreign exchange reserves of EU member states, engages in foreign exchange operations, and defines the intermediate monetary objectives and key interest rate of the EU. The ECB Executive Board enforces the policies and decisions of the Governing Council, and may direct the national central banks when doing so. The ECB has the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes. Member states can issue euro coins, but the volume must be approved by the ECB beforehand. The bank also operates the TARGET2 payments system.\nThe ECB was established by the Treaty of Amsterdam in May 1999 with the purpose of guaranteeing and maintaining price stability. On 1 December 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon became effective and the bank gained the official status of an EU institution. When the ECB was created, it covered a Eurozone of eleven members. Since then, Greece joined in January 2001, Slovenia in January 2007, Cyprus and Malta in January 2008, Slovakia in January 2009, Estonia in January 2011, Latvia in January 2014, Lithuania in January 2015 and Croatia in January 2023. The current President of the ECB is Christine Lagarde. Seated in Frankfurt, Germany, the bank formerly occupied the Eurotower prior to the construction of its new seat.\nThe ECB is directly governed by European Union law. Its capital stock, worth €11 billion, is owned by all 27 central banks of the EU member states as shareholders. The initial capital allocation key was determined in 1998 on the basis of the states' population and GDP, but the capital key has been readjusted since. Shares in the ECB are not transferable and cannot be used as collateral.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early years (1998–2007) ===\n\nThe European Central Bank is the de facto successor of the European Monetary Institute (EMI). The EMI was established at the start of the second stage of the EU's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) to handle the transitional issues of states adopting the euro and prepare for the creation of the ECB and European System of Central Banks (ESCB). The EMI itself took over from the earlier European Monetary Cooperation Fund (EMCF).\nThe ECB formally replaced the EMI on 1 June 1998 by virtue of the Treaty on European Union (TEU, Treaty of Maastricht), however it did not exercise its full powers until the introduction of the euro on 1 January 1999, signalling the third stage of EMU. The bank was the final institution needed for EMU, as outlined by the EMU reports of Pierre Werner and President Jacques Delors. It was established on 1 June 1998 The first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute. While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI (taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium) just before the ECB came into existence, the French government wanted Jean-Claude Trichet, former head of the French central bank, to be the ECB's first president. The French argued that since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French. This was opposed by the German, Dutch and Belgian governments who saw Duisenberg as a guarantor of a strong euro. Tensions were abated by a gentleman's agreement in which Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet.\nTrichet replaced Duisenberg as president in November 2003. Until 2007, the ECB had very successfullyThe European Central Bank had stepped up the buying of member nations debt. In response to the crisis of 2010, some proposals have surfaced for a collective European bond issue that would allow the central bank to purchase a European version of US Treasury bills. To make European sovereign debt assets more similar to a US Treasury, a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency would be necessary.[b] But the German government has resisted this proposal, and other analyses indicate that \"the sickness of the euro\" is due to the linkage between sovereign debt and failing national banking systems. If the European central bank were to deal directly with failing banking systems sovereign debt would not look as leveraged relative to national income in the financially weaker member states.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "European Central Bank",
"paragraph_text": "The Executive Board is responsible for the implementation of monetary policy (defined by the Governing Council) and the day-to-day running of the bank. It can issue decisions to national central banks and may also exercise powers delegated to it by the Governing Council. It is composed of the President of the Bank (currently Mario Draghi), the Vice-President (currently Vitor Constâncio) and four other members. They are all appointed for non-renewable terms of eight years. They are appointed \"from among persons of recognised standing and professional experience in monetary or banking matters by common accord of the governments of the Member States at the level of Heads of State or Government, on a recommendation from the Council, after it has consulted the European Parliament and the Governing Council of the ECB\". The Executive Board normally meets every Tuesday., but the volume must be approved by the ECB beforehand. The bank also operates the TARGET2 payments system.\nThe ECB was established by the Treaty of Amsterdam in May 1999 with the purpose of guaranteeing and maintaining price stability. On 1 December 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon became effective and the bank gained the official status of an EU institution. When the ECB was created, it covered a Eurozone of eleven members. Since then, Greece joined in January 2001, Slovenia in January 2007, Cyprus and Malta in January 2008, Slovakia in January 2009, Estonia in January 2011, Latvia in January 2014, Lithuania in January 2015 and Croatia in January 2023. The current President of the ECB is Christine Lagarde. Seated in Frankfurt, Germany, the bank formerly occupied the Eurotower prior to the construction of its new seat.\nThe ECB is directly governed by European Union law. Its capital stock, worth €11 billion, is owned by all 27 central banks of the EU member states as shareholders. The initial capital allocation key was determined in 1998 on the basis of the states' population and GDP, but the capital key has been readjusted since. Shares in the ECB are not transferable and cannot be used as collateral.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early years (1998–2007) ===\n\nThe European Central Bank is the de facto successor of the European Monetary Institute (EMI). The EMI was established at the start of the second stage of the EU's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) to handle the transitional issues of states adopting the euro and prepare for the creation of the ECB and European System of Central Banks (ESCB). The EMI itself took over from the earlier European Monetary Cooperation Fund (EMCF).\nThe ECB formally replaced the EMI on 1 June 1998 by virtue of the Treaty on European Union (TEU, Treaty of Maastricht), however it did not exercise its full powers until the introduction of the euro on 1 January 1999, signalling the third stage of EMU. The bank was the final institution needed for EMU, as outlined by the EMU reports of Pierre Werner and President JacquesThe primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, to take care of the foreign reserves of the European System of Central Banks and operation of the financial market infrastructure under the TARGET2 payments system and the technical platform (currently being developed) for settlement of securities in Europe (TARGET2 Securities). The ECB has, under Article 16 of its Statute, the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes. Member states can issue euro coins, but the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand.The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central component of the Eurosystem and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) as well as one of seven institutions of the European Union. It is one of the world's most important central banks with a balance sheet total of around 7 trillion.\nThe ECB Governing Council makes monetary policy for the Eurozone and the European Union, administers the foreign exchange reserves of EU member states, engages in foreign exchange operations, and defines the intermediate monetary objectives and key interest rate of the EU. The ECB Executive Board enforces the policies and decisions of the Governing Council, and may direct the national central banks",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who holds the position of Vice-President in the organization that started expanding their protection of less secure financial obligations? | [
{
"id": 27650,
"question": "Who began to increase their coverage of weaker debts?",
"answer": "The European Central Bank",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 27628,
"question": "Who is the Vice-President of #1 ?",
"answer": "Vitor Constâncio",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | Vitor Constâncio | [] | true | Who is the Vice-President of the body that began to increase their coverage of weaker debts? |
3hop1__680374_503371_21711 | [
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Gothic architecture",
"paragraph_text": "rals and churches, as well as abbeys, and parish churches. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guildhalls, universities and, less prominently today, private dwellings. Many of the finest examples of medieval Gothic architecture are listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites.\nWith the development of Renaissance architecture in Italy during the mid-15th century, the Gothic style was supplanted by the new style, but in some regions, notably England and Belgium, Gothic continued to flourish and develop into the 16th century. A series of Gothic revivals began in mid-18th century England, spread through 19th-century Europe and continued, largely for churches and university buildings, into the 20th century.\n\n\n== Name ==\n Medieval contemporaries described the style as Latin: opus Francigenum, lit.��'French work' or 'Frankish work', as opus modernum, 'modern work', novum opus, 'new work', or as Italian: maniera tedesca, lit.��'German style'.\nThe term \"Gothic architecture\" originated as a pejorative description. Giorgio Vasari used the term \"barbarous German style\" in his Lives of the Artists to describe what is now considered the Gothic style, and in the introduction to the Lives he attributes various architectural features to the Goths, whom he held responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered Rome, and erecting new ones in this style. When Vasari wrote, Italy had experienced a century of building in the Vitruvian architectural vocabulary of classical orders revived in the Renaissance and seen as evidence of a new Golden Age of learning and refinement. Thus the Gothic style, being in opposition to classical architecture, from that point of view was associated with the destruction of advancement and sophistication. The assumption that classical architecture was better than Gothic architecture was widespread and proved difficult to defeat. Vasari was echoed in the 16th century by François Rabelais, who referred to Goths and Ostrogoths (Gotz and Ostrogotz).\nThe polymath architect Christopher Wren disapproved of the name Gothic for pointed architecture. He compared it to Islamic architecture, which he called the 'Saracen style', pointing out that the pointed arch's sophistication was not owed to the Goths but to the Islamic Golden Age. He wrote:\n\nThis we now call the Gothic manner of architecture (so the Italians called what was not after the Roman style) though the Goths were rather destroyers than builders; I think it should with more reason be called the Saracen style, for these people wanted neither arts nor learning: and after we in the west lost both, we borrowed again from them, out of their Arabic books, what they with great diligence had translated from the Greeks.\nWren was the first to popularize the belief that it was not the Europeans, but the Saracens that had created the Gothic style. The term 'Saracen' was still in use in the 18th century and it typically referred to all Muslims, including the Arabs and Berbers. Wren mentions Europe's architectural debt to the Saracens no fewer than twelve times in his writings. He also decidedly broke with tradition in his assumption that Gothic architecture did not merely represent a violent and bothersome mistake, as suggested by Vasari. Rather, he saw that the Gothic style had developed over time along the lines of a changing society, and that it was thus a legitimate architectural style of its own.\nIt was no secret that Wren strongly disliked the building practices of the Gothic style. When he was appointed Surveyor of the Fabric at Westminster Abbey in the year 1698, he expressed his distaste for the Gothic style in a letter to the bishop of Rochester:\n\nNothing was thought magnificent that was not high beyond Measure, with the Flutter of Arch-buttresses, so we call the sloping Arches that poise the higher Vaultings of the Nave. The Romans always concealed their Butments, whereas the Normans thought them ornamental. These I have observed are the first Things that occasion the Ruin of Cathedrals, being so much exposed to the Air and Weather; the Coping, which cannot defend them, first failing, and if they give Way, the Vault must spread. Pinnacles are no Use, and as little Ornament.\nThe chaos of the Gothic left much to be desired in Wren's eyes. His aversion of the style was so strong that he refused to put a Gothic roof on the new St. Paul's, despite being pressured to do so. Wren much preferred symmetry and straight lines in architecture, which is why he constantly praised the classic architecture of 'the Ancients' in his writings.\nEven though he openly expressed his distaste for the Gothic style, Wren did not blame the Saracens for the apparent lack of ingenuity. Quite the opposite: he praised the Saracens for their 'superior' vaulting techniques and their widespread use of the pointed arch. Wren claimed the inventors of the Gothic had seen the Saracen architecture during the Crusades, also called the Religious war or Holy War, organised by the Kingdom of France in the year 1095:\n\nThe Holy War gave the Christians, who had been there, an Idea of the Saracen Works, which were afterwards by them imitated in the West; and they refined upon it every day, as they proceeded in building Churches.\nThere are several chronological issues that arise with this statement, which is one of the reasons why Wren's theory is rejected by many. The earliest examples of the pointed arch in Europe date from before the Holy War in the year 1095; this is widely regarded as proof that the Gothic style could not have possibly been derived from Saracen architecture. Several authors have taken a stance against this allegation, claiming that the Gothic style had most likely filtered into EuropeThe Palais des Papes in Avignon is the best complete large royal palace, alongside the Royal palace of Olite, built during the 13th and 14th centuries for the kings of Navarre. The Malbork Castle built for the master of the Teutonic order is an example of Brick Gothic architecture. Partial survivals of former royal residences include the Doge's Palace of Venice, the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona, built in the 15th century for the kings of Aragon, or the famous Conciergerie, former palace of the kings of France, in Paris.GothicThe Palais des Papes in Avignon is the best complete large royal palace, alongside the Royal palace of Olite, built during the 13th and 14th centuries for the kings of Navarre. The Malbork Castle built for the master of the Teutonic order is an example of Brick Gothic architecture. Partial survivals of former royal residences include the Doge's Palace of Venice, the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona, built in the 15th century for the kings of Aragon, or the famous Conciergerie, former palace of the kings of France, in Paris.ity.\nThe defining design element of Gothic architecture is the pointed arch. The use of the pointed arch in turn led",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Isuerre",
"paragraph_text": ", Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 53 inhabitants.IsIsuerre is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, in Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 53 inhabitants.== References ==Isuerre is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, in Aragon, SpainIsuerre is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, in Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 53 inhabitants.Isuerre is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, in Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Martin of Aragon",
"paragraph_text": " 31 May 1410), also called the Elder and the Ecclesiastic, was King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica and Count of Barcelona from 1396 and King of Sicily from 1409 (as Martin II). He failed to secure the accession of his illegitimate grandson, Frederic, Count of Luna, and with him the rule of the House of Barcelona came to an end.Martin the Humane (29 July Martin the Humane (29 July 1356 – 31 May 1410), also called the Elder and the Ecclesiastic, was King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica and Count of Barcelona from 1396 and King of Sicily from 1409 (as Martin II). He failed to secure the accession of his illegitimate grandson, Frederic, Count of Luna, and with him the rule of the House of Barcelona came to an end.== Background ==\nMartin was born in 1356, in either Girona or Perpignan, both then in the Principality of Catalonia. He was the second son of King Peter IV of Aragon and Eleanor of Sicily (Leonora), princess of the Sicilian branch of the House of Aragon.\nAs a cadet prince of the Aragon",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the date of construction for the Palau de la Generalitat, located at the site where Martin died, in the area encompassing Isuerre? | [
{
"id": 680374,
"question": "Isuerre >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Aragon",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 503371,
"question": "Martin of #1 >> place of death",
"answer": "Barcelona",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 21711,
"question": "When was the Palau de la Generalitat in #2 constructed?",
"answer": "built in the 15th century",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | built in the 15th century | [
"15th century"
] | true | When was the construction of the Palau de la Generalitat in the place of death of Martin, of the region that contained Isuerre? |
2hop__358270_108549 | [
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Finale (Smallville)",
"paragraph_text": " in time to stop Darkseid's arrival on Earth. The finale episodes feature a flashforward seven years into the future, revealing Clark's new superhero persona, \"Superman\".\nThe episodes, written in advance during the fall of 2010, were conceived to successfully bring an end to the series. Showrunners Brian Peterson and Kelly Souders attempted to preserve the intended ending envisioned by original series developers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar several years earlier. The episodes featured the return of several former actors, including John Schneider, Aaron Ashmore, Annette O'Toole, and Michael Rosenbaum. In addition, Michael McKean made an uncredited voice cameo. The episodes also contained several overt references, homages, and connections to previous Superman franchises, such as the 1978 film Superman and the 2006 film Superman Returns.\nUpon its premiere, the two-episode finale was watched by 3.35 million viewers. The episodes received generally positive reviews from commentators, many of whom felt that the series was successfully able to wrap up its story arcs. Rosenbaum's return was met with critical applause, but the artistic decision to not show Welling in the full Superman suit and instead to render Superman using computer-generated imagery (CGI) was met with negativity.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nSeven years in the future, Chloe Sullivan (Allison Mack) reads a comic book titled \"Smallville\", detailing the rise of Superman, to her son. Flashing back seven years, Lois Lane (Erica Durance) and Clark Kent (Tom Welling) argue about their upcoming wedding. Lois wants to call off the wedding, believing that she is hindering Clark's destiny. Chloe gives Lois a copy of Clark's vows to help convince her to go through with the wedding. Meanwhile, Clark has a discussion with his mother, Martha (Annette O'Toole) about letting go of the past. Clark visits Lois at their apartment, where she tells him that the wedding is on, admitting that she read his vows, and gives him hers in exchange. Clark reads her vows and tells her that he will meet her at the chapel.\nAt the Luthor Mansion, Tess Mercer (Cassidy Freeman) is confronted by Granny Goodness, who offers her one final chance to join Darkseid's forces to spare her life during the coming destruction. Tess refuses, declaring that, just because she was born a Luthor, her fate is not sealed. At Watchtower, discovering that Oliver Queen (Justin Hartley) disabled the organization's satellites, Tess brings up previous satellite footage revealing the planet Apokolips descending toward Earth. Before Tess can warn the team, she is ambushed by a group of armed men and taken captive. Granny Goodness, Desaad, and Gordon Godfrey meet in their lair. Oliver—possessed by the power of Darkseid—arrives and is instructed to remove Clark's powers with a gold kryptonite wedding ring. At the wedding, Chloe realizes the ring is kryptonite and stops Oliver. Clark helps Oliver overcome Darkseid's control just as Apokolips enters Earth's atmosphere.\nTess, awakening on a table inside a laboratory, is greeted by the parallel universe version of Lionel Luthor (John Glover) from Earth-2, who reveals that they are underneath the ruins of the Luthor Mansion, where Lex has been hiding, taking his clones' vital parts and grafting them to his body to mend himself (as revealed in the season premiere episode \"Lazarus\"). Lionel attempts to use Tess's heart to bring Lex back to life, but she breaks free and fatally shoots Lionel during her escape. Lionel makes a deal with Darkseid to bring his doppelgänger's son to life in exchange for Lionel's soul. Clark tracks Tess to the mansion, where he is confronted by Lex. Clark apologizes for not being able to save Lex from the loss of his soul, but declares that he will always be there to stop Lex in the future. Oliver confronts Granny Goodness, Desaad, and Gordon Godfrey, dispatching them with three arrows. At LuthorCorp, Tess confronts Lex, who reveals that he always knew that she was his sister and that he used her. Lex embraces Tess, and stabs her in the stomach as he tells her he loves her, claiming to be saving her from becoming like him. As she lies dying, she poisons Lex with a neurotoxin that erases all of his memories within 30 seconds.\nAfter overhearing a government radio broadcast containing disguised references to nuclear weapons, Lois sneaks on board Air Force One. She manipulates her way into a room with the Secretary of State, where she tells him that the supposed meteor is really a planet, and that the heroes they tried to destroy can save them. They agree to give the heroes a chance, but give them only five minutes. In the Kent barn, Clark is attacked by Darkseid, who is possessing Lionel's body. Jor-El taps into Clark's thoughts, showing him images of his trials over the past 10 years, revealing that his entire life has\"Finale\" is the title of the two-episode series finale of the superhero television series \"Smallville\". The episodes are the 21st and 22nd of the 10th season, and the 216th and 217th episodes overall. The finale originally aired on The CW in the United States on May 13, 2011. The first half was written by Al Septien and Turi Meyer, and directed by Kevin G. Fair, and the second half was written by Kelly Souders and Brian Peterson, and directed by Greg Beeman.\"\"Finale\" is the title of the two-episode series finale of the superhero television series \"Smallville\". The episodes are the 21st and 22nd of the 10th season, and the 216th and 217th episodes overall. The finale originally aired on The CW in the United States on May 13, 2011. The first half was written by Al Septien and Turi Meyer, and directed by Kevin G. Fair, and the second half was written by Kelly Souders and Brian Peterson, and directed by Greg Beeman. series follows the adventures of the young Clark Kent (Tom Welling) in the fictional town of Smallville, Kansas, before he becomes Superman. In the series finale, Tess Mercer (Cassidy Freeman) learns that the planet Apokolips is coming to destroy humanity, and that Oliver Queen (Justin Hartley) is under the possession of Darkseid. Meanwhile, the Lionel Luthor from Earth-2 (John Glover) attempts to bring his deceased doppelgänger's son Lex (Michael Rosenbaum) back to life. Clark finally realizes his true destiny",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Smallville",
"paragraph_text": " As the series progresses, recurring guests appear at various times to help move the overall storyline of the show or just provide a side-story arc for one of the main characters, such as Brainiac or Adam Knight. Other recurring guests appear as background characters, showing up for only a few scenes, which includes characters like Sheriff Nancy Adams or Dr. Virgil Swann.\n\n\n== Main characters ==\nAccording to co-creator Miles Millar, \"unlike most shows, which pick up in January and you've got four weeks [...] to do your casting\", Millar and co-creatorSmallville is an American television series developed by writer-producers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar, based on the DC Comics character Superman created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster. The series, initially broadcast by The WB, premiered on October 16, 2001. After \"Smallville\"s fifth season, The WB and UPN merged to form The CW, the series' later United States broadcaster. \"Smallville\", which ended its tenth and final season on May 13, 2011, follows Clark Kent (Tom Welling) in the fictional town of Smallville, Kansas, before he becomes known as Superman. The first four seasons focus on Clark and his friends in high school. After season five \"Smallville\" ventures into adult settings, eventually focusing on his career at the \"Daily Planet\" and introducing other DC comic-book superheroes and villains. the series chronicles Lex Luthor's path to the dark side, and his metamorphosis from Clark's best friend to greatest enemy. Smallville depicts the relationship between Clark and his first love interest, Lana Lang, as well as his relationship with Lois Lane, the woman he ultimately marries in the comic books. The series also features recurring appearances from other DC Universe characters, such as Arthur Curry and John Jones.\nWith five months devoted to casting for the pilot, Gough and Miller cast ultimately hired eight actors to take on the role of series regulars for the first season. Since then, only two characters from the first season have remained regulars through to the tenth season, with eight new actors taking on lead roles from seasons two through nine. Four of those new actors began as recurring guests in their first seasonal appearance, but were given top billing the following season. As the series progresses, recurring guests appear at various times to help move the overall storyline of the show or just provide a side-story arc for one of the main characters, such as Brainiac or Adam Knight. Other recurring guests appear as background characters, showing up for only a few scenes, which includes characters like Sheriff Nancy Adams or Dr. Virgil Swann.\n\n\n== Main characters ==\nAccording to co-creator Miles Millar, \"unlike most shows, which pick up in January and you've got four weeks [...] to do your casting\", Millar and co-creator Al Gough had five months to cast their lead characters. In October",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is the author of the television series that includes the final episodes? | [
{
"id": 358270,
"question": "Finale >> part of the series",
"answer": "Smallville",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 108549,
"question": "Who is #1 by?",
"answer": "Alfred Gough",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | Alfred Gough | [
"Miles Millar"
] | true | Who wrote the TV Series containing the Finale episodes? |
2hop__697729_576069 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Adolf Overweg",
"paragraph_text": ", he joined a three-man expedition under the command of James Richardson and Heinrich Barth. They set to leave Tripoli in the spring of 1850 to help the British government forge relations with central African kingdoms and explore unknown territory there. They crossed the Sahara carrying a boat on the backs of camels, splitting up in 1851 with Overweg trekking by route of Zinder to Kukawa. After 18 months of exploring the Adamawa Emirate, Benue River, and finally completing his most notable feat of circumnavigating Lake Chad, he died of an unknown illness in Maduari after swimming in cold waters.\nBarth and Overweg were close friends. Barth wrote of Overweg's great talents as a scientist and observer, but hisIn 1849, he joined a 3-man expedition under the command of James Richardson and Heinrich Barth (who later took command after Richardson's death). They set to leave Tripoli in the Spring of 1850 in order to help the British government forge relations with central African kingdoms and explore unknown territory there. They crossed the Sahara carrying a boat on the backs of camels, splitting up in 1851 with Overweg trekking by route of Zinder to Kukawa, rejoining expedition scientist (now leader) Heinrich Barth. After 18 months of exploring the Adamawa Emirate, Benue River, and finally completing his most notable feat of circumnavigating Lake Chad, he died of an unknown illness in Maduari, Chad after swimming in cold waters.AdIn 1849, he joined a 3-man expedition under the command of James Richardson and Heinrich Barth (who later took command after Richardson's death). They set to leave Tripoli in the Spring of 1850 in order to help the British government forge relations with central African kingdoms and explore unknown territory there. They crossed the Sahara carrying a boat on the backs of camels, splitting up in 1851 with Overweg trekking by route of Zinder to Kukawa, rejoining expedition scientist (now leader) Heinrich Barth. After 18 months of exploring the Adamawa Emirate, Benue River, and finally completing his most notable feat of circumnavigating Lake Chad, he died of an unknown illness in Maduari, Chad after swimming in cold waters. Benue River, and finally completing his most notable feat of circumnavigating Lake Chad, he died of an unknown illness in Maduari after swimming in cold waters.\nBarth and Overweg were close friends. Barth wrote of Overweg's great talents as a scientist and observer, but his lack of discipline in keeping orderly notes, and his youthful disregard for his own safety doomed him to obscurity and an early death in the prime of his youth.\n\n\n== References ==Adolf Overweg (24 July 1822 – 27 September 1852) was a German astronomer, geologist, and explorer of Africa. As a member of a mission to fix trade routes in Central Africa he became the first person of European origin to circumnavigate Lake Chad by boat.\nIn 1849, he joined a three-man expedition under the command of James Richardson and Heinrich Barth. They set to leave Tripoli in the spring of 1850 to help the British government forge relations with central African kingdoms and explore unknown territory there. They crossed the Sahara carrying a boat on the backs of camels, splitting up in 1851 with Overweg trekking by route of Zinder to Kukawa. After 18 months of exploring the Adamawa Emirate, Benue River, and finally completing his most notable feat of circumnavigating Lake Chad, he died of an unknown illness in Maduari after swimming in cold waters.\nBarth and Overweg were close friends. Barth wrote of Overweg's great talents as a scientist and observer, but hisIn 1849, he joined a 3-man expedition under the command of James Richardson and Heinrich Barth (who later took command after Richardson's death). They set to leave Tripoli in the Spring of 1850 in order to help the British government forge relations with central African kingdoms and explore unknown territory there. They crossed the Sahara carrying a boat on the backs of camels, splitting up in 1851 with Overweg trekking by route of Zinder to Kukawa, rejoining expedition scientist (now leader) Heinrich Barth. After 18 months of exploring the Adamawa Emirate, Benue River, and finally",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Ngadda River",
"paragraph_text": " confirmed by Muhammad Usman, the NEMA North East Coordinator, in an interview with the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Maiduguri.\n\n\n== Pollution ==\nThe Ngadda river receives all sorts of waste from residential houses, it is also contaminated with metal pollutants. River Ngadda is a significant waterway inside Maiduguri city. Its fields and banks are known to have various activities and assets. At the point when the waterway spills over its shores, adjoining other neighboring, lands could face obliteration, and there could be loss of lives and properties when these occurs.\n\n\n== References ==The Ngadda River is a seasonal river in Nigeria that flows into Lake Chad and the Chad Basin. The Alau Dam built on the river has interfered with fertile seasonal floodplains in the region of Maiduguri.[1]\n\n\n== Flood ==\nThe flooded River Ngadabul in Maiduguri, Borno State, has reportedly yielded no fewer than 15 bodies, according to the National Emergency Management Agency, NEMA. This was confirmed by Muhammad Usman, the NEMA North East Coordinator, in an interview with the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Maiduguri.\n\n\n== Pollution ==\nThe Ngadda river receives all sorts of waste from residential houses, it is also contaminated with metal pollutants. River Ngadda is a significant waterway inside Maiduguri city. Its fields and banks are known to have various activities and assets. At the point when the waterway spills over its shores, adjoining other neighboring, lands could face obliteration, and there could be loss of lives and properties when these occurs.\n\n\n== References ==The Ngadda River is a seasonal river in Nigeria that flows into Lake Chad and the Chad Basin. The Alau Dam built on the river has interfered with fertile seasonal floodplains in the region of Maiduguri.[1]\n\n\n== Flood ==\nThe flooded River Ngadabul in Maiduguri, BornoThe Ngadda River is a river in Nigeria that flows into Lake Chad and the Chad Basin. The Alau dam built on the river has interfered with fertile seasonal floodplains in the region of Maiduguri.TheThe Ngadda River is a river in Nigeria that flows into Lake Chad and the Chad Basin. The Alau dam built on the river has interfered with fertile seasonal floodplains in the region of Maiduguri..[1]\n\n\n== Flood ==\nThe flooded River Ngadabul in Maiduguri, Borno State, has reportedly yielded no fewer than 15 bodies, according to the National Emergency Management Agency, NEMA. This was confirmed by Muhammad Usman, the NEMA North East Coordinator, in an interview with the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Maiduguri.\n\n\n== Pollution ==\nThe Ngadda river receives all sorts of waste from residential houses, it is also contaminated with metal pollutants. River Ngadda is a significant waterway inside Maiduguri city. Its fields and banks are known to have various activities and assets. At the point when the waterway spills over its shores, adjoining other neighboring, lands could face obliteration, and there could be loss of lives and properties when these occurs.\n\n\n== References ==The Ngadda River is a seasonal river in Nigeria that flows into Lake Chad and the Chad Basin. The Alau Dam built on the river has interfered with fertile seasonal floodplains in the region of Maiduguri.[1]\n\n\n== Flood ==\nThe flooded River Ngadabul in Maiduguri, Borno State, has reportedly yielded no fewer than 15 bodies, according to the National Emergency Management Agency, NEMA. This was confirmed by Muhammad Usman, the NEMA North East Coordinator, in an interview with the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Maidug",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which geological region did Adolf Overweg pass away? | [
{
"id": 697729,
"question": "Adolf Overweg >> place of death",
"answer": "Lake Chad",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 576069,
"question": "#1 >> located on terrain feature",
"answer": "Chad Basin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
}
] | Chad Basin | [] | true | Adolf Overweg died in what geological area? |
3hop2__326964_789654_7713 | [
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_text": " the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the person's neck, causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.\nThis method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials, including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: \"The hangman botched the execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired.\" A Life magazine report on the execution merely says: \"The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight.\"\n\n\n=== Long drop ===\n\nThe long-drop process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advance on the standard drop. Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's height and weight were used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken, but not so much that the person was decapitated. Careful placement of the eye or knot of the noose (so that the head was jerked back as the rope tightened) contributed to breaking the neck.\nPrior to 1892, the drop was between four and ten feet (about one to three metres), depending on the weight of the body, and was calculated to deliver an energy of 1,260 foot-pounds force (1,710 J), which fractured the neck at either the 2nd and 3rd or 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae. This force resulted in some decapitations, such as the infamous case of Black Jack Ketchum in New Mexico Territory in 1901, owing to a significant weight gain while in custody not having been factored into the drop calculations. Between 1892 and 1913, the length of the drop was shortened to avoid decapitation. After 1913, other factors were also taken into account, and the energy delivered was reduced to about 1,000 foot-pounds force (1,400 J).\n\nThe decapitation of Eva Dugan during a botched hanging in 1930 led the state of Arizona to switch to the gas chamber as its primary execution method, on the grounds that it was believed more humane. One of the more recent decapitations as a result of the long drop occurred when Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti was hanged in Iraq in 2007. Accidental decapitation also occurred during the 1962 hanging of Arthur Lucas, one of the last two individuals to be put to death in Canada.\nNazis executed under British jurisdiction, including Josef Kramer, Fritz Klein, Irma Grese and Elisabeth Volkenrath, were hanged by Albert Pierrepoint using the variable-drop method devised by Marwood. The record speed for a British long-drop hanging was seven seconds from the executioner entering the cell to the drop. Speed was considered to be important in the British system as it reduced the condemned's mental distress.\nLong-drop hanging is still practiced as the method of execution in a few countries, including Japan and Singapore.\n\n\n== As suicide ==\n\nHanging is a common suicide method. The materials necessary for suicide by hanging are readily available to the average person, compared with firearms or poisons. Full suspension is not required, and for this reason, hanging is especially commonplace among suicidal prisoners (see suicide watch). A type of hanging comparable to full suspension hanging may be obtained by self-strangulation using a ligature around the neck and the partial weight of the body (partial suspension) to tighten the ligature. When a suicidal hanging involves partial suspension the deceased is found to have both feet touching the ground, e.g., they are kneeling, crouching or standing. Partial suspension or partial weight-bearing on the ligature is sometimes used, particularly in prisons, mental hospitals or other institutions, where full suspension support is difficult to devise, because high ligature points (e.g., hooks or pipes) have been removed.\nIn Canada, hanging is the most common method of suicide, and in the U.S., hanging is the second most common method, after self-inflicted gunshot wounds. In the United Kingdom, where firearms are less easily available, in 2001 hanging was the most common method among men and the second most commonplace among women (after poisoning).\nThose who survive a suicide-via-hanging attempt, whether due to breakage of the cord or ligature point, or being discovered and cut down, face a range of serious injuries, including cerebral anoxia (which can lead to permanent brain damage), laryngeal fracture, cervical spine fracture (which may cause paralysis), tracheal fracture, pharyngeal laceration, and carotid artery injury.\n\n\n== As human sacrifice ==\nThere are some suggestions that the Vikings practiced hanging as human sacrifices to Odin, to honour Odin's own sacrifice of hanging himself from Yggdrasil. In Northern Europe, it is widely speculated that the Iron Age bog bodies, many who show signs of having been hanged were examples of human sacrifice to the gods.\n\n\n== Medical effects ==\n\nA hanging may induce one or more of the following medical conditions, some leading to death:\n\nClosure of carotid arteries causing cerebral hypoxia\nClosure of the jugular veins\nBreaking of the neck (cervical fracture) causing traumatic spinal cord injury or even unintended decapitation\nClosure of the airway\nThe cause of death in hanging depends on the conditions related to the event. When the body is released from a relatively high position, the major cause of death is severe trauma to the upper cervical spine. The injuries produced are highly variable. One study showed that only a small minority of a series of judicial hangings produced fractures to the cervical spine (6 out of 34 cases studied), with half of these fractures (3 out of 34) being the classic \"hangman's fracture\" (bilateral fractures of the pars interarticularis of the C2 vertebra). The location of the knot of the hanging rope is a major factor in determining the mechanics of cervical spine injury, with a submental knot (hangman's knot under the chin) being the only location capable of producing the sudden, straightforward hyperextension injury that causes the classic \"hangman's fracture\".\nAccording to Historical and biomechanical aspects of hangman's fracture, the phrase in the usual execution order, \"hanged by the neck until dead\", was necessary. By the late 19th century that methodical study enabled authorities to routinely employ hanging in ways that would predictArchaeological discovery shows that \"Nanjing Man\" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang..\nA rope is attached around the condemned's feet and routed through a pulley at the base of the pole.\nThe condemned is hoisted to the top of the pole by means of a sling running across the chest and under",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Yaxing Coach",
"paragraph_text": " Air Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. This was moved to Yangzhou in April 1958, where it was merged with the Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance Factory as the Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance and Manufacture Factory, whichYaxing Coach (Yangzhou Yaxing Motor Coach Co., Ltd) is a bus manufacturer based in Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China. It is a subsidiary of Jiangsu Yaxing that was founded in 1998. Buses are produced under the \"Yaxing\", \"Yangtse（Yangzlv）\", and more recently Asiastar brands.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Mao Yushi",
"paragraph_text": "Mao Yushi (; born 14 January 1929 in Nanjing, Jiangsu) is a Chinese economist. Mao graduated from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 1950 and was labeled a 'rightist' in 1958. In 1986 Mao was a visiting scholar at Harvard University and in 1990 Mao was a senior lecturer at Queensland University.Mao Yushi (; born 14 January 1929 in Nanjing, Jiangsu) is a Chinese economist. Mao graduated from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 1950 and was labeled a 'rightist' in 1958. In 1986 Mao was a visiting scholar at Harvard University and in 1990 Mao was a senior lecturer at Queensland University.Mao Yushi (Chinese: ���于��; born 14 January 1929 in Nanjing, Jiangsu) is a Chinese economist. Mao graduated from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 1950 and was labeled a 'rightist' in 1958. In 1986, Mao was a visiting scholar at Harvard University, and in 1990, Mao was a senior lecturer at Queensland University.\n\n\n== Career ==\nHe co-founded the Unirule Institute of Economics, which educated new and old generations of Chinese on the importance of private property, freedom of choice, voluntary exchange, rule of law, and other aspects of the free market economy, teaching how to transition away from central planning. On 4 May 2012, Mao Yushi was awarded the Cato Institute's Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty for his work in classical liberalism and free-market economics. In October 2014, Beijing began a \"crackdown on dissent\" by banning the publication of his works. In January 2017, they also shut down his website.\n\n\n=== Criticism of Mao Zedong ===\nMao Yushi wrote an online column criticizing the communist and totalitarian policies of Mao Zedong in China. He was attacked by Maoists in the country, who called for his arrest.\n\n\n=== Move to Canada ===\nMao Yushi has been suppressed for a long time because his speech and ideological views are not compatible with the Chinese authorities. In",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | For how long has the birth city of Mao Yushi served as the capital city where the headquarters of Yaxing Coach is located? | [
{
"id": 326964,
"question": "Yaxing Coach >> headquarters location",
"answer": "Yangzhou",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 789654,
"question": "Mao Yushi >> place of birth",
"answer": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 7713,
"question": "How long had #2 been the capital city of #1 ?",
"answer": "about 400 years",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | about 400 years | [] | true | How long had Mao Yushi's birthplace been the capitol city of Yaxing Coach's headquarters location? |
4hop2__161602_426860_88460_20985 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Myanmar",
"paragraph_text": "Myanmar (myan-MAR i/miɑːnˈmɑːr/ mee-ahn-MAR, /miˈɛnmɑːr/ mee-EN-mar or /maɪˈænmɑːr/ my-AN-mar (also with the stress on first syllable); Burmese pronunciation: [mjəmà]),[nb 1] officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma, is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Myanmar's total perimeter of 1,930 km (1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The country's 2014 census revealed a much lower population than expected, with 51 million people recorded. Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi) in size. Its capital city is Naypyidaw and its largest city is Yangon (Rangoon).The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty.Myanmar, officially the Republic of the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Geography of Myanmar",
"paragraph_text": " the Shan Plateau dominating the east. The central valley follows the Irrawaddy River, the most economically important river to the country with 39.5 million people, including the largest city Yangon, living within its basin. The country is home to many diverse ethnic groups, with 135 officially recognized groups. It is strategically located near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes and was historically home to overland trade routes into China from the Bay of Bengal. The neighboring countries are China, India, Bangladesh, Thailand and Laos.\n\n\n== Area and boundaries ==\nArea\n\nTotal: 676,578 km2 (261,228 sq mi)\ncountry rank in the world: 39th\nLand: 653,508 km2 (252,321 sq mi)\nWater: 23,070 km2 (8,910 sq mi)\n\n\n=== Maritime borders ===\nThe southern maritime boundary follows coordinates marked by both Myanmar and Thailand towards the maritime tripoint with India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The maritime India-Myanmar border resumes end south ofMyanmar (also known as Burma) is the northwestern-most country of mainland Southeast Asia, bordering China, India, Bangladesh, Thailand and Laos. It lies along the Indian and Eurasian Plates, to the southeast of the Himalayas. To its west is the Bay of Bengal and to its south is the Andaman Sea. It is strategically located near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes.,275 miles (2,050 km) with a long tail running along the western coast of the Malay Peninsula.\nMyanmar lies along the Indian and Eurasian Plates, to the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. To its west is the Bay of Bengal and to its south is the Andaman Sea. The country is nestled between several mountain ranges with the Arakan Mountains on the west and the Shan Plateau dominating the east. The central valley follows the Irrawaddy River, the most economically important river to the country with 39.5 million people, including the largest city Yangon, living within its basin. The country is home to many diverse ethnic groups, with 135 officially recognized groups. It is strategically located near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes and was historically home to overland trade routes into China from the Bay of Bengal. The neighboring countries are China, India, Bangladesh, Thailand and Laos.\n\n\n== Area and boundaries ==\nArea\n\nTotal: 676,578",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "That Dam",
"paragraph_text": "ientiane, Laos. The stupa is situated in the middle of the roundabout between Chantha Khoumane road and Bartholonie road.\nMany Lao people believe it is inhabited by a seven-headed nāga who tried to protect them from an invasion by the Siamese army in 1827.That Dam (Lao ����������� [t��â��t dàm], meaning Black Stupa) is a large stupa located in VThat Dam (Lao �����������, meaning Black Stupa) is a large stupa located in Vientiane, Laos. Many Laotians believe it is inhabited by a seven-headed nāga who tried to protect them from an invasion by the Siamese army in 1827.That Dam (Lao ����������� [t��â��t dàm], meaning Black Stupa) is a large stupa located inThat Dam (Lao ທາດດຳ, meaning Black Stupa) is a large stupa located in Vientiane, Laos. Many Laotians believe it is inhabited by a seven-headed nāga who tried to protect them from an invasion by the Siamese army in 1827.olonie road.\nMany Lao people believe it is inhabited by a seven-headed nāga who tried to protect them from an invasion by the Siamese army in 1827.That Dam (Lao ����������� [t��â��t dàm], meaning Black Stupa) is a large stupa located in Vientiane, Laos. The stupa is situated in the middle of the roundabout between Chantha Khoumane road and Bartholonie road.\nMany Lao people believe it is inhabited by a seven-headed nāga who tried to protect them from an invasion by the Siamese army in 1827.That Dam (Lao ����������� [t��â��t dàm], meaning Black Stupa) is a large stupa located in VThat Dam (Lao ��",
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{
"idx": 13,
"title": "2020 AFC U-23 Championship qualification",
"paragraph_text": " Thailand.\nThe tournament acted as the AFC qualifiers for the 2020 Summer Olympics men's football tournament. The top three teams of the tournament would qualify for the Olympics in Japan as the AFC representatives. As Japan had already qualified as the hosts, had they reached the semi-finals, the other semi-finalists were guaranteed qualification even before the phase would have commenced.\nUzbekistan were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the semi-finals. South Korea became the fourth different country to win the tournament, beating Saudi Arabia in the final, while Australia defeated Uzbekistan in the third place game 1–0.\n\n\n== Host selection ==\nSeveral nations expressed interest to host the tournament,Of the 47 AFC member associations, a total of 44 teams entered the competition. The final tournament hosts Thailand decided to participate in qualification despite having automatically qualified for the final tournament.TheOf the 47 AFC member associations, a total of 44 teams entered the competition. The final tournament hosts Thailand decided to participate in qualification despite having automatically qualified for the final tournament. Confederation (AFC) for under-23 national teams. A total of 16 teams competed in the tournament. It took place between 8–26 January 2020 in Thailand.\nThe tournament acted as the AFC qualifiers for the 2020 Summer Olympics men's football tournament. The top three teams of the tournament would qualify for the Olympics in Japan as the AFC representatives. As Japan had already qualified as the hosts, had they reached the semi-finals, the other semi-finalists were guaranteed qualification even before the phase would have commenced.\nUzbekistan were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the semi-finals. South Korea became the fourth different country to win the tournament, beating Saudi Arabia in the final, while Australia defeated Uzbekistan in the third place game 1–0.\n\n\n== Host selection ==\nSeveral nations expressed interest to host the tournament,Of the 47 AFC member associations, a total of 44 teams entered the competition. The final tournament hosts Thailand decided to participate in qualification despite having automatically qualified for the final tournament.The 2020 AFC U-23 Championship was the fourth edition of the AFC U-23 Championship, the biennial international age-restricted men's football championship organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) for under-23 national teams. A total of 16 teams competed in the tournament. It took place between 8–26 January 2020 in Thailand.\nThe tournament acted as the AFC qualifiers for the 2020 Summer Olympics men's football tournament. The top three teams of the tournament would qualify for the Olympics in Japan as the AFC representatives. As Japan had already qualified as the hosts, had they reached the semi-finals, the other semi-finalists were guaranteed qualification even before the phase would have commenced.\nUzbekistan were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the semi-finals. South Korea became the fourth different country to win the tournament, beating Saudi Arabia in the final, while Australia defeated Uzbekistan in the third place game 1–0.\n\n\n== Host selection ==\nSeveral nations expressed interest to host the tournament, including Australia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. Thailand were selected as host of the competition at an AFC Competition Committee's meeting in Tokyo in August 2018.\n\n\n== Qualification ==\n\nThe qualifiers were held from 18 to 26 March 2019, during the FIFA International Match Calendar.\n\n\n=== Qualified teams ===\nThirteen of the sixteen teams (including hosts Thailand) that qualified for 2018 AFC U-23 Championship qualified again for the 2020 final tournament. The 2013 champions Iraq, 2016 champions Japan, 2018 champions Uzbekistan all qualified for the 2020 final tournament. The teams: Iraq, Japan, Uzbekistan, Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, North Korea, South Korea, China PR, Australia qualified for all editions of AFC U-23 Championship till 2020.\nIran, United Arab Emirates come back after missing out in 2018, with Bahrain making their debut at the tournament finals.\nThe following 16 teams qualified for the final tournament.\n\n\n== Venues ==\nThe competition was played in four venues across four cities/provinces.\n\n\n== Draw ==\nThe draw of the final tournament was held on 26 September 2019, 15:00 ICT (UTC+7), at the Swissotel Bangkok Ratchada in Bangkok. The 16 teams were drawn into four groups of four teams. The teams were seeded according to their performance in the 2018 AFC U-23 Championship final tournament and qualification, with the hosts Thailand automatically seeded and assigned to Position A1 in the draw.\n\n\n== Match officials ==\nOn 3 January 2020, the AFC announced the list of referees chosen for the 2020 AFC U-23 Championship. 34 referees, 26 assistant referees and 2 support assistant referees were appointed for the tournament. Video assistant referees will be used in this tournament.\n\nReferees\n\nAssistant referees\n\nSupport assistant referees\n\n\n== Squads ==\n\nPlayers born on or after 1 January 1997 were eligible to compete in the tournament. Each team had to register a squad of minimum 18 players and maximum 23 players, minimum three of whom must have been goalkeepers (Regulations Articles 24.1 and 24.2).\n\n\n== Group stage ==\nThe top two teams of each group advanced to the quarter-finals.\n\nTiebreakers\nTeams are ranked according to points (3 points for a",
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] | What is the biggest city in the nation which serves as a geographical divide between the country where the competition was held and the country where That Dam is situated? | [
{
"id": 161602,
"question": "Who hosted the tournament?",
"answer": "Thailand",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 426860,
"question": "That Dam >> country",
"answer": "Laos",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 88460,
"question": "what natural boundary lies between #1 and #2",
"answer": "Myanmar",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 20985,
"question": "Is the capital city the holder of the largest amount of the population in #3 ?",
"answer": "largest city is Yangon (Rangoon)",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
}
] | largest city is Yangon (Rangoon) | [
"Yangon",
"Rangoon"
] | true | what is the largest city the country that is a natural boundary between the country that hosted the tournament and the country That Dam is located? |
3hop1__702699_792411_51423 | [
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Gavin Bradley",
"paragraph_text": " Branford Marsalis and John Coltrane were early influences.\nIn his early teens Bradley developed a strong interest in creating and manipulating music electronically using synthesizers, turntables, tape splicing and effects units. Some electronic influences Bradley cites are experimental Toronto band Syrinx led by Anne Murray keyboardist John Mills-Cockell, early Pink Floyd, Tomita, Giorgio Moroder, Eurythmics, Yaz, Thomas Dolby, Pet Shop Boys, Depeche Mode, New Order, William Orbit and Björk.\n\n\n== Early studio work ==\nIn 1991, Bradley relocated to Toronto to study film and music at York University and began a residency at Toronto club Work. In 1992 he began an apprenticeship in Toronto recording studio Number Nine Sound and later was an assistant engineer at R&B production house TazzDab Productions. His early production work included remixes for R&B singer Carlos Morgan, Canadian independent artist Jane Siberry and as well as Sony Music artist Esthero.\n\n\n== Collaborations ==\nThrough Esthero's manager, Canadian Idol judge Zack Werner, Bradley met and began collaborating with Jon Levine, songwriter and keyboard player for The Philosopher Kings. Together they worked with EMI artist Dayna Manning and received a Best R&B Recording Juno Award for JackSoul's 'Sleepless' album on BMG Records. In 2007 they collaborated on 'Calling to Say' for EMI artist Serena Ryder, which rose to No. 1 on the Canadian charts.\nBradley's work on Nelly Furtado's third album 'Loose' brought him to the attention of Los Angeles writer-producer Rick Nowels resulting in collaborations on material for Joss Stone, Kylie Minogue, Charlotte Church and Shaznay Lewis of All Saints. Holly Knight, another Los Angeles writer-producer brought Bradley in to work on material for The Donnas, Alaina Beaton and Joe Elliot of Def Leppard.\nIn 2009 Bradley began composing music for film and theatre. He was nominated for an Outstanding Sound Design/Composition Dora Award for the Darren Anthony play Secrets of a Black Boy.\n\n\n== Solo singer-songwriter work ==\nIn 2006 Bradley released 'Deep Freeze', his first solo album as a singer-songwriter, on Prozzak/Philosopher Kings guitarist James Bryan's label UMI Records. In Canadian newspaper The National Post interviewer Mike Doherty refers to 'Bradley's trademark piano, which sounds as though it were recorded underwater'2. In that article, Bradley explains that his breathy vocals and organic piano sound are intentionally set against inhuman, icy beats and sterile analog synthesizer sweeps to accentuate their warmth and humanness by contrast. In 2006 and 2007 Bradley toured the album in Canada with James Bryan's project Sunshine State. The tracks 'In The Way', 'Games', 'Love Song 1968', 'I Wonder Where You Are' and 'Deep Freeze' enjoyed radio play in Canada and the U.S.\n'Daylight Fading Out' followed in 2012 and the 'Sea & Space' EP in 2013, both on Bradley's own Afternoon Tea label.\nThe dual-album project 'Quiet Life' and 'Violet Life' released digitally on October 14, 2022 features 10 songs presented with the same lead vocal but with a jazz trio and electronic backdrop respectively. The podcast series 'Liner Notes' chronicled the making of the albums.\n\n\n== House music projects ==\nUnder the alias Gavo, Bradley has also produced a steady stream of remixes including work for Atlantic Records artist Tori Amos, EMI artist Thomas Dolby and Nelly Furtado. In 2000 his remix of Furtado's 'I'm Like A Bird' was cited as a Dance Hot Plate in Billboard Magazine.\nBradley also maintains ongoing collaborations with Toronto DJ Dwayne Minard with disco-house project Righteous and electro-funk project White Punks On Dope. The Righteous single 'Love Is Love' featuring New York singer MJ White on vocals was released on the prestigious UK-based Hed Kandi label. White Punks On Dope have performed live at various locales around Toronto, including Shane Percy's Candybar party series in 2007. House singlesGavin Bradley is an award-winning Canadian singer-songwriter and producer based in Toronto who has worked with artists like Nelly Furtado, Tori Amos and Jane Siberry. Fusing acoustic and electronic elements, his work is identifiable for its signature \"warm\" piano sound and live strings mixed with filtered synthesizers and other electronic manipulations . Besides production, Bradley is a solo recording artist. His debut album 'Deep Freeze' was released on UMI Records in 2006.GGavin Bradley is an award-winning Canadian singer-songwriter and producer based in Toronto who has worked with artists like Nelly Furtado, Tori Amos and Jane Siberry. Fusing acoustic and electronic elements, his work is identifiable for its signature \"warm\" piano sound and live strings mixed with filtered synthesizers and other electronic manipulations . Besides production, Bradley is a solo recording artist. His debut album 'Deep Freeze' was released on UMI Records in 2006.== Early years ==\nGrowing up in Ottawa, Bradley began studying classical piano at four. At age 10, he obtained a pre-1900 Nord",
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{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Maria (album)",
"paragraph_text": "iberry. It was her first album not to include any musical contributions from longtime collaborators such as Ken Myhr, John Switzer and Rebecca Jenkins.Maria is a 1995 critically acclaimed album by Canadian singer and songwriter Jane Siberry. It was her first album not to include any musical contributions from longtime collaborators such as Ken Myhr, John Switzer and Rebecca Jenkins.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Casa Loma",
"paragraph_text": "Casa Loma (Spanish for ``Hill House '') is a Gothic Revival style mansion and garden in midtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that is now a historic house museum and landmark. It was constructed from 1911 to 1914 as a residence for financier Sir Henry Pellatt. The architect was E. J. Lennox, who designed several other city landmarks. Casa Loma sits at an elevation of 140 metres (460 ft) above sea level., made up of top-flight studio musicians under the direction of its most notable leader of the past, Glen Gray. The reconstituted band made a limited number of appearances live and on television and recorded fifteen LP albums for Capitol Records before Gray died in 1963.\nThe band recorded and released the original version of the jazz and big band standard \"Sunrise Serenade\" in 1938 with Frankie Carle on piano.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe band assembled in 1927 as the Orange Blossoms, one of several Detroit groups that came out of the Jean Goldkette office. The band adopted the name \"Casa Loma\" by the time of its first recordings in 1929, shortly after it played an eight-month engagement at Casa Loma in Toronto, which was being operated as a hotel at the time. The band never played at Casa Loma under that name, still appearing as the Orange Blossoms at that time.\nIn 1930, the Casa Loma Orchestra was incorporated in New York with the members becoming owners, shareholders, and board members. The band members were hired on the grounds of \"musical and congenial\" competence and followed strict conduct and financial rules. Because the band operated as a collective group, as opposed to almost all other bands that had a \"leader\" for whom everyone worked, the band maintained a stable collection of personnel that varied little. Members who broke the rules could be summoned",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the castle called in the city where the artist who recorded the album Maria was born? | [
{
"id": 702699,
"question": "Maria >> performer",
"answer": "Jane Siberry",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 792411,
"question": "#1 >> place of birth",
"answer": "Toronto",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 51423,
"question": "what is the name of the castle in #2",
"answer": "Casa Loma",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | Casa Loma | [] | true | What is the name of the castle in the birth city of the performer on the album Maria? |
2hop__434218_29905 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "CBC Television",
"paragraph_text": " An exception to this rule are the CBC North stations in Yellowknife, Whitehorse and Iqaluit, whose call signs begin with \"CF\" due to their historic association with the CBC's Frontier Coverage Package prior to the advent of microwave and satellite broadcasting.The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (FrenchWhile its fellow Canadian broadcasters converted most of their transmitters to digital by the Canadian digital television transition deadline of August 31, 2011, CBC converted only about half of the analogue transmitters in mandatory areas to digital (15 of 28 markets with CBC Television stations, and 14 of 28 markets with Télévision de Radio-Canada stations). Due to financial difficulties reported by the corporation, the corporation published digital transition plans for none of its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to be converted to digital by the deadline. Under this plan, communities that receive analogue signals by rebroadcast transmitters in mandatory markets would lose their over-the-air signals as of the deadline. Rebroadcast transmitters account for 23 of the 48 CBC and Radio-Canada transmitters in mandatory markets. Mandatory markets losing both CBC and Radio-Canada over-the-air signals include London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000). In both of those markets, the corporation's television transmitters are the only ones that were not planned to be converted to digital by the deadline.-Canada Nord. The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca, CBC Radio 3, CBC Music/ICI.mu, and Ici.TOU.TV.\nCBCMost CBC television stations, including those in the major cities, are owned and operated by the CBC itself. CBC O&O stations operate as a mostly seamless national service with few deviations from the main network schedule, although there are some regional differences from time to time. For on-air identification, most CBC stations use the CBC brand rather than their call letters, not identifying themselves specifically until sign-on or sign-off (though some, like Toronto's CBLT, do not ID themselves at all except through PSIP). All CBC O&O stations have a standard call letter naming convention, in that the first two letters are \"CB\" (an ITU prefix allocated not to Canada, but to Chile) and the last letter is \"T\". Only the third letter varies from market to market; however, that letter is typically the same as the third letter of the CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 stations in the same market. An exception to this rule are the CBC North stations in Yellowknife, Whitehorse and Iqaluit, whose call signs begin with \"CF\" due to their historic association with the CBC's Frontier Coverage Package prior to the advent of microwave and satellite broadcasting.The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (French: Société Radio-Canada), branded as CBC/Radio-Canada, is the Canadian public broadcaster for both radio and television. It is a Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster, with its English-language and French-language service units commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada, respectively.\nAlthough some local stations in Canada predate its founding, the CBC is the oldest continually-existing broadcasting network in Canada. The CBC was established on November 2, 1936. The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks: The English-language CBC Radio One and CBC Music, and the French-language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique (international radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio, but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website). The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks, the English-language CBC Television and the French-language Ici Radio-Canada Télé, along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network, Ici RDI, Ici Explora, Documentary Channel (partial ownership), and Ici ARTV. The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North, and Radio-Canada Nord. The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca, CBC Radio 3, CBC Music/ICI.mu, and Ici.TOU.TV.\nCBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English, French, and eight indigenous languages on its domestic radio service, and in five languages on its web-based international radio service, Radio Canada International (RCI). However, budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves, discontinuing RCI's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters, including communities not subject to Canada's over-the-air digital television transition.\nThe CBC's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts. The radio service employed commercials from its inception to 1974, but since then its primary radio networks have been commercial-free. In 2013, the CBC's secondary radio networks, CBC Music and Ici Musique, introduced limited advertising of up to four minutes an hour, but this was discontinued in 2016.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nIn 1929, the Aird Commission on public broadcasting recommended the creation of a national radio broadcast network. A major concern was the growing influence of American radio broadcasting as U.S.-based networks began to expand into Canada. Meanwhile, Canadian National Railways was making a radio network to keep its passengers entertained and give it an advantage over its rival, CP. This, the CNR Radio, is the forerunner of the CBC. Graham Spry and Alan Plaunt lobbied intensely for the project on behalf of the Canadian Radio League. In 1932 the government of R. B. Bennett established the CBC's predecessor, the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC).\n\nThe CRBC took over a network of radio stations formerly set up by a federal Crown corporation, the Canadian National Railway. The network was used to broadcast programming to riders aboard its passenger trains, with coverage primarily in central and eastern Canada. On November 2, 1936, the CRBC was reorganized under its present name. While the CRBC was a state-owned company, the CBC was a Crown corporation on the model of",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Don Newman (broadcaster)",
"paragraph_text": "1976, he moved to CBC and remained in Washington until 1979. He served two years as the Edmonton correspondent before moving to the parliamentary bureau in 1981. From 1981 to 1993, he was the host of CBC’s This Week in Parliament. In 1989, he began to host the daily Capital Report on the new Newsworld channel.\nHe anchored major political events that affected Canadians on CBC Newsworld. Some of them include:\n\nCanadian federal elections\nLeadership conventions\nOpening of a new session of Parliament\nVisits by world leaders, notably, American presidents\nDuring George W. Bush's visit to Canada in 2004, Newman appeared on MSNBC\nElections in the United States, including U.S. presidential elections\nState of the Union addresses by American presidents\nState funeral of former U.S. president Ronald Reagan\nDuring the coverage of the state funeral, Newman got expert help in the commentary from former ambassador Allan Gotlieb, Canadian ambassador to Washington in Reagan's day\nU.S. presidential inaugurations\nDuring major political events in the United States, he anchored coverage of it from the Canadian Embassy in Washington. The only events he did not anchor from Washington were the State of the Union addresses and the state funeral of Reagan. He anchored coverage of both those events from the CBC Ottawa bureau, where his daily politics program is based.\nIn 1998, Newman became the first recipient of the Charles Lynch Award for his outstanding coverage of national issues. In 1999, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. On 14 September 2007, at a special convocation honoring the 40th Anniversary of his alma mater, the University of Winnipeg conferred on him an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree.\nOn 2 May 2009, Newman's retirement from CBC was announced.\nDon Newman made his final \"Politics\" broadcast on 19 June 2009 and retired at the end of June 2009. Newman stated that he would occasionally write cbc.ca articles, and file reports on TV. He returned to CBC (briefly) for the 2011 federal election coverage.\nHe was a founder of the Science Media Centre of Canada.\n\n\n== Publications ==\nWelcome to the Broadcast: a Memoir was published in 2013 by HarperCollins.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCBC biography\nWebsite for Don Newman's Politics, with online archives for episodes from the past seven days\nCBC icon Don Newman to retire. The Globe and Mail, retrieved 3 May 2009.Donald Kenneth Newman, OC (born 28 October 1940) is a retired senior parliamentary editor for CBC Television who also hosted CBC Newsworld's daily politics program CBC News: Politics. Newman is known for his signature introductory phrase to the viewer \"Welcome to the Broadcast\", in which he enunciates the first syllable of the last word more slowly than the rest of the greeting. The phrase became the title of his memoir, published in 2013.\n\n\n== Career ==\nBorn in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Newman began his career at CTV where he served as the network’s Washington correspondent from 1972 until 1976. In 1976, he moved to CBC and remained in Washington until 1979. He served two years as the Edmonton correspondent before moving to the parliamentary bureau in 1981. From 1981 to 1993, he was the host of CBC’s This Week in Parliament. In 1989, he began to host the daily Capital Report on the new Newsworld channel.\nHe anchored major political events that affected Canadians on CBC Newsworld. Some of them include:\n\nCanadian federal elections\nLeadership conventions\nOpening of a new session of Parliament\nVisits by world leaders, notably, American presidents\nDuring George W. Bush's visit to Canada in 2004, Newman appeared on MSNBC\nElections in the United States, including U.S. presidential elections\nState of the Union addresses by American presidents\nState funeral of former U.S. president Ronald Reagan\nDuring the coverage of the state funeral, Newman got expert help in the commentary from former ambassador Allan Gotlieb, Canadian ambassador to Washington in Reagan's day\nU.S. presidential inaugurations\nDuring major political events in the United States, he anchored coverage of it from the Canadian Embassy in Washington. The only events he did not anchor from Washington were the State of the Union addresses and the state funeral of Reagan. HeDuring major political events in the United States, he anchored coverage of it from the Canadian Embassy in Washington. The only events he did not anchor from Washington were the State of the Union addresses and the state funeral of Reagan. He anchored coverage of both those events from the CBC Ottawa bureau, where his daily politics program is based.DDuring major political events in the United States, he anchored coverage of it from the Canadian Embassy in Washington. The only events he did not anchor from Washington were the State of the Union addresses and the state funeral of Reagan. He anchored coverage of both those events from the CBC Ottawa bureau, where his daily politics program is based.able of the last word more slowly than the rest of the greeting. The phrase became the title of his memoir, published in 2013.\n\n\n== Career ==\nBorn in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Newman began his career at CTV where he served as the network’s Washington correspondent from 1972 until 1976. In 1976, he moved to CBC and remained in Washington until 1979. He served two years as the Edmonton correspondent before moving to the parliamentary bureau in 1981. From 1981 to 1993, he was the host of CBC’s This Week in Parliament. In 1989, he began to host the daily Capital Report on the new Newsworld channel.\nHe anchored major political events that affected Canadians on CBC Newsworld. Some of them include:\n\nCanadian federal elections\nLeadership conventions\nOpening of a new session of Parliament\nVisits by world leaders, notably, American presidents\nDuring George W. Bush's visit to Canada in 2004, Newman appeared on MSNBC\nElections in the United States, including U.S. presidential elections\nState of the Union addresses by American presidents\nState funeral of former U.S. president Ronald Reagan\nDuring the coverage of the state funeral, Newman got expert help in the commentary from former ambassador Allan Gotlieb, Canadian ambassador to Washington in Reagan's day\nU.S. presidential inaugurations\nDuring major political events in the United States, he anchored coverage of it from the Canadian Embassy in Washington. The only events he did not anchor from Washington were the State of the Union addresses and the state funeral of Reagan. He anchored coverage of both those",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Before the deadline, how many required transmitters of the organization where Don Newman works were upgraded? | [
{
"id": 434218,
"question": "Don Newman >> employer",
"answer": "CBC",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 29905,
"question": "How many of #1 's mandatory transmitters were updated before the deadline?",
"answer": "only about half",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
}
] | only about half | [] | true | How many mandatory transmitters of Don Newman's employer were updated before the deadline? |
2hop__347686_127399 | [
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Madina Lake",
"paragraph_text": " and Matthew Leone befriended Torelli and Camargo, and unhappy with their current situations decided to disband their respective bands, and form Madina Lake. Shawn Currie of The Blank Theory was in the original line up as the band's keyboardist for Madina Lake, but left shortly after the band started working on material causing Camargo to become the band's keyboardist. They played their first show as Madina Lake on May 21, 2005, at Chicago's historic Metro.\nNathan and Matthew Leone first gained nationwide media recognition when they appeared in a special edition of Twin Fear Factor. They won $45,000 – $20,000 from finishing the first stunt the fastest, and $25,000 from finishing one of the two last stunts the fastest – and used it to pay for a recording process and demo of Madina Lake's first self-produced EP entitled The Disappearance of Adalia, which was released on August 22, 2006.\n\n\n=== From Them, Through Us, to You (2006–2008) ===\nAfter releasing The Disappearance of Adalia, Madina Lake gained a recording contract and signed with Roadrunner Records in April 2006 and created their first full length album entitled From Them, Through Us, to You, which was released on March 27, 2007. It was produced, engineered and mixed by Mark Trombino. The album debuted at No. 154 on the Billboard 200 album charts, and at No. 60 on the UK album charts.\n\nThe release of From Them, Through Us, to You was followed up by a headlining tour with Fightstar and participating in the Projekt Revolution tour. At first they had originally planned to play Warped Tour 2007, but dropped out to play on the Revolution Stage when Linkin Park specifically chose them. The band has also toured (at different times) alongside such acts as Story of the Year, Aiden, Halifax, and Mayday Parade, among others.\nBetween Jan and Feb 2008 they toured the UK playing in the Kerrang tour alongside Fightstar and Coheed and Cambria.\nOn May 3, 2008, Madina Lake played their third year of The Bamboozle festival in New Jersey and on June 14, 2008, they also played the infamous Download Festival in Donington Park on the Main stage and wrapped up touring From Them, Through Us, to You on Warped Tour 2008 from July 9 to July 25.\nA DVD that chronicles the writing and recording process of From Them, Through Us, to You as well as tours and events that followed was scheduled to be released before the end of 2008.\nMadina Lake was also given a slot to play in Osaka, Japan at the Summer Sonic Festival 2007. Madina Lake recorded a cover of Caught Somewhere In Time from the Iron Maiden Album Somewhere in Time for a cover CD called Maiden Heaven: A Tribute to Iron Maiden, which was given away with the July 16 issue of Kerrang! magazine.\n\n\n=== Attics to Eden (2009–2010) ===\nMadina Lake recorded their second studio album, and it was produced by David Bendeth and was released on May 5, 2009.\nTo start off the touring stint for Attics to Eden, Madina Lake supported Anberlin on their Canadian tour. They will also play a show with Emery and Silverstein at the Pipeline Cafe in Honolulu, Hawaii in late February.\nMadina Lake are scheduled to play Soundwave festival 2009 from February 21 through March 2. After Soundwave they will be playing three shows in Japan with Less Than Jake.\nThey are also confirmed to play all dates in the 2009 Vans Warped Tour.\nThey have also confirmed that \"Let's Get Outta Here\" will be the second single released from their 2009 second studio album Attics to Eden, they will shoot a video for the song, as confirmed via their website. Madina Lake is doing a few shows with Escape The Fate and A Skylit Drive.\nTo begin the promotional tour for Attics to Eden, Madina Lake supported Anberlin on their Canadian tour. They will also play a show with Emery and Silverstein at the Pipeline Cafe in Honolulu, Hawaii inMadina Lake is an American alternative rock band formed in Chicago in 2005. Madina Lake released their debut album \"From Them, Through Us, to You\" through Roadrunner Records on March 27, 2007. Madina Lake won Best International Newcomer at the Kerrang! Awards 2007. The group disbanded in September 2013 before reuniting in February 2017. 2017.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Formation and The Disappearance of Adalia EP (2005–2006) ===\nNathan and",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Attics to Eden",
"paragraph_text": " May 2009 in the United States. The track listing was announced in January 2009 by the British music magazine, \"Kerrang\".Attics to Eden is the second studio album by American band Madina Lake. It was released on 1 May 2009 in Australia, 4 May in the UK and 5 May 2009 in the United States. The track listing was announced in January 2009 by the British music magazine, \"Kerrang\"., it is much different from the band's debut album From Them, Through Us, to You. The booklet folds out to a map showing MadinaAttics to Eden is the second studio album by American band Madina Lake. It was released on 1 May 2009 in Australia, 4 May in the UK and 5 May 2009 in the United States. The track listing was announced in January 2009 by the British music magazine, \"Kerrang\".Attics to Eden is the second studio album by American band Madina Lake. It was released on 1 May 2009 in Australia, 4 May in the UK and 5 May 2009 in the United States. The track listing was announced in January 2009 by the British music magazine, Kerrang.\nMusically, it is much different from the band's debut album From Them, Through Us, to You. The booklet folds out to a map showing Madina Lake's fictional character, Adalia's, journey to Eden.\nThe album debuted and peaked at #44 on the UK Albums Chart.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\nDigital bonus tracks\n\nJapan bonus track\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nNathan Leone – lead vocals\nMateo Camargo – guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, programming, backing vocals\nMatthew Leone – bass guitar, backing vocals\nDan Torelli – drums, percussion\n\n\n== Release history ==\n\n\n== \"Never Take Us Alive\" ==\nThe first single \"Never Take Us Alive\"",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the formation year of the band that executed the piece Attics To Eden? | [
{
"id": 347686,
"question": "Attics to Eden >> performer",
"answer": "Madina Lake",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 127399,
"question": "Which year witnessed the formation of #1 ?",
"answer": "2005",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | 2005 | [] | true | In what year was the group who performed Attics To Eden formed? |
4hop1__749065_698949_157828_162309 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Serbian language",
"paragraph_text": "Serbian (српски / srpski, pronounced [sr̩̂pskiː]) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs. It is the official language of Serbia, co-official in the territory of Kosovo, and one of the three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition, it is a recognized minority language in Montenegro, where it is spoken by the relative majority of the population, as well as in Croatia, North Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic.more specifically on the dialects of ��umadija-Vojvodina and Eastern Herzegovina), which is also the basis of standard Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin varieties and therefore the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, andSerbian (српски / srpski, pronounced [sr����pski��]) is the standardized",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Yugoslavia at the Olympics",
"paragraph_text": " Zagreb in 1919 (recognized by the IOC in 1920), before moving to Belgrade in 1927, and it took the place of the Serbian Olympic Committee in the Association of National Olympic Committees. During the dissolution of Yugoslavia, several new committees were formed in the break-away countries. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, consisting of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, participated at the Games since 1996Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, formed as a joint state by only Montenegro and Serbia after the breakup of Yugoslavia, from 1992–2002 (due to UN ban allowed to compete as Independent Olympic Participants at the 1992 Summer Olympics and was not allowed to compete at 1994 Winter Olympics)Two of the successor nations (Croatia and Slovenia) began to compete as independent teams at the Olympics starting at the 1992 Winter Games and Bosnia and Herzegovina at the 1992 Summer Games and as of the 2008 Summer Olympics, all six successor nations, former socialist republics, have participated independently. Kosovo, a former autonomous province, made its Olympic debut as an independent national team at the 2016 Summer Olympics.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Belgrade (film)",
"paragraph_text": "Belgrade (also known as Belgrade with Boris Malagurski) is a 2013 Serbian documentary film directed by Boris Malagurski about Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. The documentary film had its world premiere on 19 October 2013 at Sava Centar in Belgrade and was aired on Radio Television Serbia on 20 October 2014. and the third most populous city on the Danube river.\nBelgrade is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Europe and the world. One of the most important prehistoric cultures of Europe, the Vinča culture, evolved within the Belgrade area in the 6th millennium BC. In antiquity, Thraco-Dacians inhabited the region and, after 279 BC, Celts settled the city, naming it Singidūn. It was conquered by the Romans under the reign of Augustus and awarded Roman city rights in the mid-2nd century. It was settled by the Slavs in the 520s, and changed hands several times between the Byzantine Empire, the Frankish Empire, the Bulgarian Empire, and the Kingdom of Hungary before it became the seat of the Serbian king Stefan Dragutin in 1284. Belgrade served as capital of the Serbian Despotate during the reign of Stefan Lazarević, and then his successor Đurađ Branković returned it to the Hungarian king in 1427. Noon bells in support of the Hungarian army against the Ottoman Empire during the siege in 1456 have remained a widespread church tradition to this day. In 1521, Belgrade was conquered by the Ottomans and became the seat of the Sanjak of Smederevo. It frequently passed from Ottoman to Habsburg rule, which saw the destruction of most of the city during the Ottoman–Habsburg wars.\nFollowing the Serbian Revolution, Belgrade was once again named the capital of Serbia in 1841. Northern Belgrade remained the southernmost Habsburg post until 1918, when it was attached to the city, due to former Austro-Hungarian territories becomingBelgrade (also known as Belgrade with Boris Malagurski) is a 2013 Serbian documentary film directed by Boris Malagurski about Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. The documentary film had its world premiere",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Slavko Šurdonja",
"paragraph_text": " some time playing in Zagreb's club 1.H��K Građanski but, his best years were spent playing in BSK Beograd, from 1932 until 1940, where he won three national Championships. He played one season for SK Bata Borovo in 1940, and ended his career having already health problems in Belgrade's BASK and SK Jedinstvo, where he played until 1943.\nHe died in Belgrade during World War II, at age 30, from tuberculosis, in great poverty and hunger.\n\n\n== International career ==\nBeside having played three matches for the Belgrade city selection, he played one match for the Yugoslavia national football team. It was in Warsaw on 10 September 1933 against Poland (3–4 loss) and he played as a right midfielder.\n\n\n== Honours ==\nBSK Belgrade\n3 times Yugoslav First League Champion: 1932–33, 1934–35 and 1935–36\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nSlavko ��urdonja at National-Football-Teams.com \nSlavko ��urdonja at Reprezentacija.rs (in Serbian)Slavko ��urdonja (1 October 1912 – 8 January 1943) was a Croatian football player who appeared for Yugoslavia in international competitions.\n\n\n== Club career ==\nHe was famous as being a big, strong forward, with great ball control, excellent shot and an impeccable header.\nSlavko started playing as right midfielder in his hometown club NK Orijent and spend some time playing in Zagreb's club 1.H��K Građanski but, his best years were spent playing in BSK Beograd, fromSlavko ��urdonja (1 October 1912 in Sušak – 8 January 1943 in Belgrade) was a Croatian, Yugoslav international, football player.SlavkoSlavko Šurdonja (1 October 1912 in Sušak – 8 January 1943 in Belgrade) was a Croatian, Yugoslav international, football player. was famous as being a big, strong forward, with great ball control, excellent shot and an impeccable header.\nSlavko started playing as right midfielder in his hometown club NK Orijent and spend some time playing in Zagreb's club 1.H��K Građanski but, his best years were spent playing in BSK Beograd, from 1932 until 1940, where he won three national Championships. He played one season for SK Bata Borovo in 1940, and ended his career having already health problems in Belgrade's BASK and SK Jedinstvo, where he played until 1943.\nHe died in Belgrade during World War II, at age 30, from tuberculosis, in great poverty and hunger.\n\n\n== International career ==\nBeside having played three matches for the Belgrade city selection, he played one match for the Yugoslavia national football team. It was in Warsaw on 10 September 1933 against Poland (3–4 loss) and he played as a right midfielder.\n\n\n== Honours ==\nBSK Belgrade\n3 times Yugoslav First League Champion: 1932–33, 1934–35 and 1935–36\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nSlavko ��urdonja at National-Football-Teams.com \nSlavko ��urdonja at Reprezentacija.rs (in Serbian)Slavko ��urdonja (1 October 1912 – 8 January 1943) was a Croatian football player who appeared for Yugoslavia in international competitions.\n\n\n== Club career ==\nHe was famous as being a big, strong forward, with great ball control, excellent shot and an impeccable header.\nSlavko started playing as right midfielder in his hometown club NK Orijent and spend some time playing in Zagreb's club 1.H��K Građanski but, his best years were spent playing in BSK Beograd, fromSlavko ��urdonja (1 October 1912 in Sušak – 8 January 1943 in Belgrade) was a Croatian, Yugoslav international, football player.Slavko ��urdonja (1 October 1912 – 8 January 1943) was a Croatian football player who",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What was the initial participation of the country as an independent team in the Olympic games, where the co-official language was employed in a show named after the place where Slavko Surdonja passed away? | [
{
"id": 749065,
"question": "Slavko Šurdonja >> place of death",
"answer": "Belgrade",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 698949,
"question": "#1 >> original language of film or TV show",
"answer": "Serbian",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 157828,
"question": "#2 is the co-official language of what country?",
"answer": "Kosovo",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 162309,
"question": "When did #3 first attend the Olympics games as an independent team?",
"answer": "2016",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | 2016 | [] | true | When did the country whose co-official language was used in the show named for the place Slavko Surdonja died first attend the Olympics games as an independent team? |
2hop__29606_600504 | [
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Planck constant",
"paragraph_text": " four constants above.\n\n\n== Introduction ==\nAny system of measurement may be assigned a mutually independent set of base quantities and associated base units, from which all other quantities and units may be derived. In the International System of Units, for example, the SI base quantities include length with the associated unit of the metre. In the system of Planck units, a similar set of base quantities and associated units may be selected, in terms of which other quantities and coherent units may be expressed.:��1215�� The Planck unit of length has become known as the Planck length, and the Planck unit of time is known as the Planck time, but this nomenclature has not been established as extending to all quantities.\nAll Planck units are derived from the dimensional universal physical constants that define the system, and in a convention in which these units are omitted (i.e. treated as having the dimensionless value 1), these constants are then eliminated from equations of physics in which they appear. For example, Newton's law of universal gravitation,\n\ncan be expressed as:\n\nBoth equations are dimensionally consistent and equally valid in any system of quantities, but the second equation, with G absent, is relating only dimensionless quantities since any ratio of two like-dimensioned quantities is a dimensionless quantity. If, by a shorthand convention, it is understood that each physical quantity is the corresponding ratio with a coherent Planck unit (or \"expressed in Planck units\"), the ratios above may be expressed simply with the symbols of physical quantity, without being scaled explicitly by their corresponding unit:\n\nThis last equation (without G) is valid with F′, m1′, m2′, and r′ being the dimensionless ratio quantities corresponding to the standard quantities, written e.g. F′ �� F or F′ = F/FP, but not as a direct equality of quantities. This may seem to be \"setting the constants c, G, etc., to 1\" if the correspondence of the quantities is thought of as equality. For this reason, Planck or other natural units should be employed with care. Referring to \"G = c = 1\", Paul S. Wesson wrote that, \"Mathematically it is an acceptable trick which saves labour. Physically it represents a loss of information and can lead to confusion.\"\n\n\n== History and definition ==\nThe concept of natural units was introduced in 1874, when George Johnstone Stoney, noting that electric charge is quantized, derived units of length, time, and mass, now named Stoney units in his honor. Stoney chose his units so that G, c, and theThe assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object changes with the temperature, so that \"white hot\" is hotter than \"red hot\". Nevertheless, Wilhelm Wien discovered the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures, by using the principle of adiabatic invariance. At each different temperature, the curve is moved over by Wien's displacement law (1893). Wien also proposed an approximation for the spectrum of the object, which was correct at high frequencies (short wavelength) but not at low frequencies (long wavelength). It still was not clear why the spectrum of a hot object had the form that it has (see diagram).In particle physicsThe assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object changes with the temperature, so that \"white hot\" is hotter than \"red hot\". Nevertheless, Wilhelm Wien discovered the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures, by using the principle of adiabatic invariance. At each different temperature, the curve is moved over by Wien's displacement law (1893). Wien also proposed an approximation for the spectrum of the object, which was correct at high frequencies (short wavelength) but not at low frequencies (long wavelength). It still was not clear why the spectrum of a hot object had the form that it has (see diagram). of around 10−35 m (approximately the energy-equivalent of the Planck mass, the Planck time and the Planck length, respectively). At the Planck scale, the predictions of the Standard Model, quantum field theory and general relativity are not expected to apply, and quantum effects of gravity are expected to dominate. One example is represented by the conditions in the first 10−43 seconds of our universe after the Big Bang, approximately 13.8 billion years ago.\nThe four universal constants that, by definition, have a numeric value 1 when expressed in these units are:\n\nc, the speed of light in vacuum,\nG, the gravitational constant,\n��, the reduced Planck constant, and\nkB, the Boltzmann constant.\nVariants of the basic idea of Planck units exist, such as alternate choices of normalization that give other numeric values to one or more of the four constants above.\n\n\n== Introduction ==\nAny system of measurement may be assigned a mutually independent set of base quantities and associated base units, from which all other quantities and units may be derived. In the International System of Units, for example, the SI base quantities include length with the associated unit of the metre. In the system of Planck units, a similar set of base quantities and associated units may be selected, in terms of which other quantities and coherent units may be expressed.:��1215�� The Planck unit of length",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Wien approximation",
"paragraph_text": " of the temperature multiplied by a constant. Fundamental constants were later introduced by Max Planck. \nThe law may be written as\n\n \n \n \n I\n (\n ν\n ,\n T\n )\n =\n \n \n \n 2\n h\n \n ν\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n \n h\n ν\n \n \n \n k\n \n B\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I(\\nu ,T)={\\frac {2h\\nu ^{3}}{c^{2}}}e^{-{\\frac {h\\nu }{k_{\\text{B}}T}}},}\n \n\n(note the simple exponential frequency dependence of this approximation) or, by introducing natural Planck units,\n\n \n \n \n I\n (\n ν\n ,\n x\n Wien's approximation (also sometimes called Wien's law or the Wien distribution law) is a law of physics used to describe the spectrum of thermal radiation (frequently called the blackbody function). This law was first derived by Wilhelm Wien in 1896. The equation does accurately describe the short wavelength (high frequency) spectrum of thermal emission from objects, but it fails to accurately fit the experimental data for long wavelengths (low frequency) emission.WienWien's approximation (also sometimes called Wien's law or the Wien distribution law) is a law of physics used to describe the spectrum of thermal radiation (frequently called the blackbody function). This law was first derived by Wilhelm Wien in 1896. The equation does accurately describe the short wavelength (high frequency) spectrum of thermal emission from objects, but it fails to accurately fit the experimental data for long wavelengths (low frequency) emission.-frequency) emission.\n\n\n== Details ==\nWien derived his law from thermodynamic arguments, several years before Planck introduced the quantization of radiation.\nWien's original paper did not contain the Planck constant. In this paper, Wien took the wavelength of black-body radiation and combined it with the Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution for atoms. The exponential curve was created by the use of Euler's number e raised to the power of the temperature multiplied by a constant. Fundamental constants were later introduced by Max Planck. \nThe law may be written as\n\n \n \n \n I\n (\n ν\n ,\n T\n )\n =\n \n \n \n 2\n h\n \n ν\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n \n h\n ν\n \n \n \n k\n \n B\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I(\\nu ,T)={\\frac {2h\\nu ^{3}}{c^{2}}}e^{-{\\frac {h\\nu }{k_{\\text{B}}T}}},}\n \n\n(note the simple exponential frequency dependence of this approximation) or, by introducing natural Planck units,\n\n \n \n \n I\n (\n ν\n ,\n x\n Wien's approximation (also sometimes called Wien's law or the Wien distribution law) is a law of physics used to describe the spectrum of thermal radiation (frequently called the blackbody function). This law was first derived by Wilhelm Wien in 1896. The equation does accurately describe the short wavelength (high frequency) spectrum of thermal emission from objects, but it fails to accurately fit the experimental data for long wavelengths (low frequency) emission.Wien's approximation (also sometimes called Wien's law or the Wien distribution law) is a law of physics used to describe the spectrum of thermal radiation (frequently called the blackbody function). This law was first derived by Wilhelm Wien in 1896. The equation does accurately describe the short-wavelength (high-frequency) spectrum of thermal emission from objects, but it fails to accurately fit the experimental data for long-wavelength (low-frequency) emission.\n\n\n== Details ==\nWien derived his law from thermodynamic arguments, several years before Planck introduced the quantization of radiation.\nWien's original paper did not contain the Planck constant. In this paper, Wien took the wavelength of black-body radiation and combined it with the Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution for atoms. The exponential curve was created by the use of Euler's number e raised to the power of the temperature multiplied by a constant. Fundamental constants were later introduced by Max Planck. \nThe law may be written as\n\n \n \n",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which professional field did the individual who identified the mathematical correlation between the peaks and curves of light at varying temperatures operate? | [
{
"id": 29606,
"question": "Who discovered the mathematical relationship between peaks and curves of light at different temperatures?",
"answer": "Wilhelm Wien",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 600504,
"question": "#1 >> field of work",
"answer": "physic",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | physic | [
"Physic"
] | true | What field of work was the person who discovered the mathematical relationship between peaks and curves of light at different temperatures in? |
3hop1__131783_131926_90707 | [
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "The Minikahda Club",
"paragraph_text": ".S. Open in 1916, the U.S. Amateur in 1927, and the Walker Cup in 1957.\n\n\n== History ==\nMinikahda was founded in 1898 on the hills above the west shore of Bde Maka Ska, the land, purchased from the Oglala Lakota Chief \"Swift Dog\" who owned the land in which the golf course stands to this day. At the time, there were no roads around the lake, so the property extended to the lake, with a boathouse for sailing and other aquatic activities. The name Minikahda comes from the Lakota, a combination of two native words meaning 'by the side of the water'. The club logo is a Native American shield, similar to the original artifact which is framed in the clubhouse, the shield belonging to Swift Dog himself.\n\n\n== Golf ==\nMinikahda owns an 18-hole golf course extending to the south and west of the clubhouse with holes on either side of Excelsior Boulevard that is open to members at any time during the golf season. Included on the grounds are a putting green, a chipping green, a driving range, and an iron range as practice areas.\nAmateur Chick Evans won the U.S. Open at Minikahda in 1916 and then won the U.S. Amateur later that year at Merion Golf Club to become the first to win both titles in the same season.\nIn addition to the 1916 U.S. Open, the club has also held the U.S. Amateur in 1927, the Walker Cup in 1957, the U.S. Women's Amateur in 1988, the Curtis Cup in 1998, and the U.S. Senior Amateur in 2017.\n\n\n== Golf course architects ==\nWillie Watson (1899): Watson, who was the club's first professional, laid out the original nine-hole course.\nRobert Foulis (1907): Foulis, a Scottish professional golfer and course designer, oversaw the expansion of the course to 18 holes.\nTom Bendelow (1908): Bendelow, made some minor modifications to the course shortly after its completion.\nDonald Ross (1920): Ross redesigned the course after the club hosted the 1916 U.S. Open.\nGeoffrey Cornish and Craig Schreiner (1988–1992): Course lengthening and forward tee additions.\nRon Prichard (2001): Prichard, known for his restorations of Donald Ross courses, was called in to design and execute a project restoring original green sizes/shapes and reconstructing many bunkers.\nKyle Franz (2018): Franz was commissioned to develop a golf course master plan to bring back many of the Ross features enjoyed in 1927 when the U.S. Amateur was won by Bobby Jones. The master plan work was completed in the fall of 2021.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial websiteThe Minikahda Club is a private country club in southwest Minneapolis, Minnesota. The club is located just west of Bde Maka Ska and is the oldest country club west of the Mississippi River. The clubhouse, which is situated on a high hill, overlooks the lake and has expansive views of the surrounding area and the Minneapolis skyline.\nEstablished in 1898 by a group of wealthy Minneapolis families, the club’s golf course, named one of the top 100 classic golf courses in the United States by Golfweek, has been host to several golf tournaments including the U.S. Open in 1916, the U.S. Amateur in 1927, and the Walker Cup in 1957.\n\n\n== History ==\nMinikahda was founded in 1898 on the hills above the west shore of Bde Maka Ska, the land, purchased from the Oglala Lakota Chief \"Swift Dog\" who owned the land in which the golf course stands to this day. At the time, there were no roads around the lake, so the property extended to the lake, with a boathouse for sailing and other aquatic activities. The name Minikahda comes from the Lakota, a combination of two native words meaning 'by the side of the water'. The club logo is a Native American shield, similar to the original artifact which is framed in the clubhouse, the shield belonging toThe Minikahda Club is a golf club and course located in southwest Minneapolis, Minnesota, just west of Lake Calhoun. The course hosted the U.S. Open in 1916, the U.S. Amateur in 1927, and the Walker Cup in 1957.TheThe Minikahda Club is a golf club and course located in southwest Minneapolis, Minnesota, just west of Lake Calhoun. The course hosted the U.S. Open in 1916, the U.S. Amateur in 1927, and the Walker Cup in 1957. expansive views of the surrounding area and the Minneapolis skyline.\nEstablished in 1898 by a group of wealthy Minneapolis families, the club’s golf course, named one of the top 100 classic golf courses in the United States by Golfweek, has been host to several golf tournaments including the U.S. Open in 1916, the U.S. Amateur in 1927, and the Walker Cup in 1957.\n\n\n== History ==\nMinikahda was",
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{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Ohio River",
"paragraph_text": " 14 states. Through its largest tributary, the Tennessee River, the basin includes several states of the southeastern U.S. It is the source of drinking water for five million people.\nThe river became a primary transportation route for pioneers during the westward expansion of the early U.S. The lower Ohio River just below Louisville was obstructed by rapids known as the Falls of the Ohio where the elevation falls 26 feet (7.9 m) in 2The river then follows a roughly southwest and then west - northwest course until Cincinnati, before bending to a west - southwest course for most of its length. The course forms the northern borders of West Virginia and Kentucky; and the southern borders of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, until it joins the Mississippi River at the city of Cairo, Illinois.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Minneapolis",
"paragraph_text": "Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber. The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle. As of 2018, Minneapolis was home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, and the Twin Cities were the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States. As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. public park system is connected by the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway.\nDakota people originally inhabited the site of today's Minneapolis. European colonization and settlement began north of Fort Snelling along Saint Anthony Falls—the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi River. The city's early growth was attributed to its proximity to the fort and the falls providing power for industrial activity. Minneapolis was the 19th-century lumber and flour milling capital of the world, and as home to the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, it has preserved its financial clout into the 21st century. A Minneapolis Depression-era labor strike brought about federal worker protections. Work in Minneapolis contributed to the computing industry, and the city is the birthplace of General Mills, the Pillsbury brand, Target Corporation, and Thermo King mobile refrigeration.\nThe city's major arts institutions include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Walker Art Center, and the Guthrie Theater. Four professional sports teams play downtown. Prince is survived by his favorite venue, the First Avenue nightclub. Minneapolis is home to the University of Minnesota's main campus. The city's public transport is provided by Metro Transit, and the international airport, serving the Twin Cities region, is located towards the south on the city limits.\nResidents adhere to more than fifty religions. Despite its wellMinneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul",
"is_supporting": true
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] | At what point do the body of water near the city that houses The Minikahda Club and the Ohio River intersect? | [
{
"id": 131783,
"question": "Which state is The Minikahda Club located?",
"answer": "Minneapolis",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 131926,
"question": "Which is the body of water by #1 ?",
"answer": "Mississippi River",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 90707,
"question": "where does #2 and ohio river meet",
"answer": "at the city of Cairo, Illinois",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | at the city of Cairo, Illinois | [] | true | Where does the body of water by the city where The Minikahda Club is located and the Ohio River meet? |
3hop1__813285_774554_124169 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Flag of Vatican City",
"paragraph_text": "The flag of Vatican City was adopted on June 7, 1929, the year Pope Pius XI signed the Lateran Treaty with Italy, creating a new independent state governed by the Holy See. The Vatican flag is modeled on the 1808 yellow and white flag of the earlier Papal States, to which a papal tiara and keys were later added. The Vatican (and the Holy See) also refer to it, interchangeably, as the flag of the Holy See.",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 1,
"title": "Quadragesimo anno",
"paragraph_text": "Quadragesimo anno (Latin for \"In the 40th Year\") is an encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI on 15 May 1931, 40 years after Leo XIII's encyclical \"Rerum novarum,\" further developing Catholic social teaching. Unlike Leo XIII, who addressed the condition of workers, Pius XI discusses the ethical implications of the social and economic order. He describes the major dangers for human freedom and dignity arising from unrestrained capitalism, socialism, and totalitarian communism. He also calls for the reconstruction of the social order based on the principles of solidarity and subsidiarity.Quadragesimo anno (Latin for \"In the 40th Year\") is an encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI on 15 May 1931, 40 years after Leo XIII's encyclical \"Rerum novarum,\" further developing Catholic social teaching. Unlike Leo XIII, who addressed the condition of workers, Pius XI discusses the ethical implications of the social and economic order. He describes the major dangers for human freedom and dignity arising from unrestrained capitalism, socialism, and totalitarian communism. He also calls for the reconstruction of the social order based on the principles of solidarity and subsidiarity.Quadragesimo anno (Latin pronunciation: [k��a.dra��d��������.si.mo ��an.no]) (Latin for \"In the 40th Year\") is an encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI on 15 May 1931, 40 years after Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum novarum, further developing Catholic social teaching. Unlike Leo XIII, who addressed the condition of workers, Pius XI discusses the ethical implications of the social and economic order. He describes the major dangers for human freedom and dignity arising from unrestrained capitalism, from socialism, and from communism as practised in Russia. He also calls for the reconstruction of the social order based on the principles of solidarity and subsidiarity.\nEssential contributors to the formulation of the encyclical were the German Jesuits, Roman Catholic theologians and social philosophers Gustav Gundlach and the Königswinter Circle through one of its main authors Oswald von Nell-Breuning.\n\n\n== Changes since Rerum novarum ==\nPope Pius XI issued his encyclical exactly forty years after Rerum novarum. In the interim there were other papal statements from Leo XIII, and also the encyclical Singulari quadam of Pius X. Pius XI subtitled his encyclical Reconstruction of the Social Order. In the first part he reviews and applauds the encyclical of his predecessor. The Catholic Church can be credited with participating in the progress made and contributing to it. It developed a new social conscience.\n\n\n== Private property ==\nThe Church has a vital role in discussing social and economic issues, not in their technical, but their moral and ethical aspects. This includes the nature of private property, concerning which several conflicting views had developed within the Catholic Church. Pius XI proclaims private property to be essential for the development and freedom of the individual, which are Christian values not to be denied. But, says Pius, private property has a social function as well, and it loses its moral value if it is not subordinated to the common good. Therefore, governments have a right to pursue redistribution policies, and in extreme cases to expropriate private property.\n\n\n== Capital and labour ==\nA related issue, says Pius, is the relation between capital and labour and the determination of fair wages. The Church considers it perverse in industrial society to have fiercely opposed social classes based on income. He welcomes all attempts to alleviate this strife and ameliorate its causes. Three elements determine a fair wage: The needs of the worker and his family, the economic condition of the enterprise, and the economy as a whole. The family has an innate right to development, but this is only possible within the framework of a functioning economy and sound enterprises. For this, Pius XI concludes that what is needed is not class conflict between worker and employer but solidarity, given the mutual interdependence of the parties involved.\n\n\n== Social order ==\nIndustrialization, says Pius XI, resulted in less freedom at the individual and communal level, because numerous free social entities were absorbed by larger ones. A society of individuals became a mass and class society. Today people are much less interdependent than in ancient times, and become egoistic or class-conscious in order to recover some freedom for themselves. The pope demands more solidarity, especially between employers and employees through new forms of cooperation and communication. Pius draws a negative view of capitalism, especially of the anonymous international",
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"idx": 17,
"title": "Governor of Vatican City",
"paragraph_text": " State since 2001.\n\n\n== External links ==\nFrancesco Clementi: La nuova \"Costituzione\" dello Stato della Città del Vaticano\nLuca Martini: Le caratteristiche peculiari dello Stato della Città del Vaticano: istituzioni e nuova costituzione\nSullo Stato della Città del Vaticano, v. F. Clementi, Città del Vaticano, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2009The post of Governor of the Vatican City State (Italian: Governatore dello Stato della Città del Vaticano) was held by Marchese Camillo Serafini from the foundation of the state in 1929 until his death in 1952. No successor was appointed, and the post itself was not mentioned in the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State issued by Pope John Paul II on 26 November 2000, which entered into force on 22 February 2001.\nEven during Serafini's lifetime, the powers of the governor were limited by Pope Pius XII in 1939 by the establishment of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State—consisting of a number of cardinals, originally three, but later increased to seven. The president of the pontifical commission has exercised the functions that were previously attributed to the governor since 1952, and has also held the title of President of the Governorate of the Vatican City State since 2001.\n\n\n== External links ==\nFrancesco Clementi: La nuova \"Costituzione\" dello Stato della Città del Vaticano\nLuca Martini: Le caratteristiche peculiari dello Stato della Città del Vaticano: istituzioni e nuova costituzione\nSullo Stato della Città del Vaticano, v. F. Clementi, Città del Vaticano, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2009The post of Governor of the Vatican City State (Italian: Governatore dello Stato della Città del Vaticano) was held by Marchese Camillo Serafini from the foundation of the state in 1929 until his death in 1952. No successor was appointed, and the post itself was not mentioned in the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State issued by Pope John Paul II on 26 November 2000, which entered into force on 22 February 2001.\nEven during Serafini's lifetime, the powers of the governor were limited by Pope Pius XII in 1939 by the establishment of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State—consisting of a number of cardinals, originally three, but later increased to seven. The president of the pontifical commission has exercised the functions that were previously attributed to the governor since 1952, and has also held the title of President of the Governorate of the Vatican City State since 2001.\n\n\n== External links ==\nFrancesco Clementi: La nuova \"Costituzione\" dello Stato della Città del Vaticano\nLuca Martini: Le caratteristiche peculiari dello Stato della Città del Vaticano: istituzioni e nuova costituzione\nSullo Stato della Città del Vaticano, v. F. Clementi, Città del Vaticano, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2009The post of Governor of the Vatican City State (Italian: Governatore dello Stato della Città del Vaticano) was held byThe post of Governor of Vatican City (Governatore dello Stato della Città del Vaticano in Italian) was held by Marchese Camillo Serafini from the foundation of the state in 1929 until his death in 1952. No successor was appointed, and the post itself was not mentioned in the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State issued by Pope John Paul II on 26 NovemberThe post of Governor of Vatican City (Governatore dello Stato della Città del Vaticano in Italian) was held by Marchese Camillo Serafini from the foundation of the state in 1929 until his death in 1952. No successor was appointed, and the post itself was not mentioned in the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State issued by Pope John Paul II on 26 November 2000, which entered into force on 22 February 2001.1.\nEven during Serafini's lifetime, the powers of the governor were limited by Pope Pius XII in 1939 by the establishment of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State—consisting of a number of cardinals, originally three, but later increased to seven. The president of the pontifical commission has exercised the functions that were previously attributed to the governor since 1952, and has also held the title of President of the Governorate of the Vatican City State since 2001.\n\n\n== External links ==\nFrancesco Clementi: La nuova \"Costituzione\" dello Stato della Città del Vaticano\nLuca Martini: Le caratteristic",
"is_supporting": true
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] | In what year did the term of the city's Governor conclude, a city that is known for the death of the author who wrote Quadragesimo Anno? | [
{
"id": 813285,
"question": "Quadragesimo Anno >> author",
"answer": "Pius XI",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
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{
"id": 774554,
"question": "#1 >> place of death",
"answer": "Vatican City",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 124169,
"question": "On what date did Governor of #2 end?",
"answer": "1952",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | 1952 | [] | true | What year did the post end of Governor of the city where the author of Quadragesimo Anno died? |
2hop__678516_179720 | [
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Staithes group",
"paragraph_text": " Edward E. Anderson, Joseph R. Bagshawe, Thomas Barrett and James W. Booth.\n\n\n== Member artists ==\nEdward Enoch Anderson (1878–1961)\nJohn Atkinson (1863–1924)\nJoseph R. Bagshawe (1870–1909)\nThomas Barrett (1848–1924)\nJames William Booth (1867–1953)\nOwen Bowen (1873–1967)\nJohn Bowman (1872–1915)\nAndrew Charles Colley (1859–1910)\nHarold Edward Conway (b.1872)\nLionel Townsend Crawshaw (1864–1949)\nErnest Dade (1868–1936)\nWilliam Gilbert Foster (1855–1906)\nArthur A Friedenson (1872–1955)\nSidney Valentine Gardner (1869–1957)\nLeandro Ramón Garrido (1869–1909)\nRalph Hedley (1848–1913)\nFlorence Adelina Hess (1891–1974)\nRowland Henry Hill (1873–1952)\nHenry Silkstone Hopwood (1860–1914)\nJohn William Howey (1873–1938)\nJohn Spence Ingall (1850–1936)\nFrederick William Jackson (1859–1918)\nIsabella (Isa) Jobling (née Thompson) (1851–1926)\nRobert Jobling (1841–1923)\nHarold Knight (1874–1961)\nDame Laura Knight (née Johnson) (1877–1970)\nCharles Hodge Mackie (1862–1920)\nFrank Henry Mason (1875–1965)\nHannah Mayor (née Hoyland) (1871–1947)\nWilliam Frederick Mayor (1865–1916)\nPaul Paul (1865–1937)\nFrederick Stuart Richardson (1855–1934)\nErnest Higgins Rigg (1868–1947)\nMark Senior (1862–1927)\nAlbert George Stevens (1863–1925)\nPercy Morton Teasdale (1870–1961)\nJoseph Alfred Terry (1872–1939)\nHirst Walker (1868–1957)\nJames Watson (1851–1936)\nJohn Wright (1857–1933)\n\n\n== Exhibitions ==\nPannett Park Museum and Art Gallery, Whitby, North Yorkshire\nBrockfield Hall, Warthill, North Yorkshire\n\n\n== See also ==\nArt colony\nCullercoats\nNewlyn School\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nThe Staithes Group – David Duggleby\nThe Staithes Group (1894–1909) A Brief History...\nThe Staithes Group Exhibition & Lecture 2015\nT.B. & R. Jordan\nFrederick Jackson\n\"Artists' colonies in Staithes and Runswick Bay c.1880–1914\" PhD thesis by Robert Slater, 2010The Staithes group or Staithes School was an art colony of 19th-century painters based in the North Yorkshire fishing village of Staithes.\nInspired by French Impressionists such as Monet, Cézanne and Renoir, the group of about 25 artists worked together in plein air, in oil or watercolour.\nThe group contained renowned artists such as Laura Knight (who kept a studio in the village with her husband and fellow painter Harold Knight), Frederick W. Jackson, Edward E. Anderson, Joseph R. Bagshawe, Thomas Barrett and James W. Booth.\n\n\n== Member artists ==\nEdward Enoch Anderson (1878–1961)\nJohn Atkinson (1863–1924)\nJoseph R. Bagshawe (1870–1909)\nThomas Barrett (1848–1924)\nJames William Booth (1867–1953)\nOwen Bowen (1873–1967)\nJohn Bowman (1872–1915)\nAndrew Charles Colley (1859–1910)\nHarold Edward Conway (b.1872)\nLionel Townsend Crawshaw (1864–1949)\nErnest Dade (1868–1936)\nWilliam Gilbert Foster (1855–1906)\nArthur A Friedenson (1872–1955)\nSidney Valentine Gardner (1869–1957)\nLeandro Ramón Garrido (1869–1909)\nRalph Hedley (1848–1913)\nFlorence Adelina Hess (1891–1974)\nRowland Henry Hill (1873–1952)\nHenry Silkstone Hopwood (1860–1914)\nJohn William Howey (1873–1938)\nJohn Spence Ingall (1850–1936)\nFrederick William Jackson (1859–1918)\nIsabella (Isa) Jobling (née Thompson) (1851–1926)\nRobert Jobling (1841–1923)\nHarold Knight (1874–1961)\nDame Laura Knight (née Johnson) (1877–1970)\nCharles Hodge Mackie (1862–1920)\nFrank Henry Mason (1875–1965)\nHannah Mayor (née Hoyland) (1871–1947)\nWilliam Frederick Mayor (1865–1916)\nPaul Paul (1865–1937)\nFrederick Stuart Richardson (1855–1934)\nErnest Higgins Rigg (1868–1947)\nMark Senior (1862–1927)\nAlbert George Stevens (The group contained renowned artists such as Laura Knight (who kept a studio in the village with her husband and fellow painter Harold Knight), Frederick W. Jackson, Edward E. Anderson, Joseph R. Bagshawe, Thomas Barrett and James W. Booth.TheThe group contained renowned artists such as Laura Knight (who kept a studio in the village with her husband and fellow painter Harold Knight), Frederick W. Jackson, Edward E. Anderson, Joseph R. Bagshawe, Thomas Barrett and James W. Booth., the group of about 25 artists worked together in plein air, in oil or watercolour.\nThe group contained renowned artists such as Laura Knight (who kept a studio in the village with her husband and fellow painter Harold Knight), Frederick W. Jackson, Edward E. Anderson, Joseph R. Bagshawe, Thomas Barrett and James W. Booth.\n\n\n== Member artists ==\nEdward Enoch Anderson (1878–1961)\nJohn Atkinson (1863–1924)\nJoseph R. Bagshawe (1870–1909)\nThomas Barrett (1848–1924)\nJames William Booth (1867–1953)\nOwen Bowen (1873–1967)\nJohn Bowman (1872–1915)\nAndrew Charles Colley (1859–1910)\nHarold Edward Conway (b.1872)\nLionel Townsend Crawshaw (1864–1949)\nErnest Dade (1868–1936)\nWilliam Gilbert Foster (1855–1906)\nArthur A Friedenson (1872–1955)\nSidney Valentine Gardner (1869–1957)\nLeandro Ramón Garrido (1869–1909)\nRalph Hedley (1848–1913)\nFlorence Adelina Hess (1891–1974)\nRowland Henry Hill (1873–1952)\nHenry Silkstone Hopwood (1860–1914)\nJohn William Howey (1873–1938)\nJohn Spence Ingall (1850–1936)\nFrederick William Jackson (1859–1918)\nIsabella (Isa) Jobling (née Thompson) (1851–1926)\nRobert Jobling (1841–1923)\nHarold Knight (1874–1961)\nDame Laura Knight (née Johnson) (1877–1970)\nCharles Hodge Mackie (1862",
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"idx": 18,
"title": "Ruby Loftus Screwing a Breech Ring",
"paragraph_text": " chairmanship of Sir Kenneth Clark, the director of the National Gallery. The committee was \"to draw up a list of artists qualified to record the war at home and abroad\". One of those commissioned on several occasions was the British painter Laura Knight, who had painted for the Canadian government during the First World War.\n\nDiscontent within the factory workforce lead to strikes in the UK in the lead up to January 1943. According to the social research organisation Mass-Observation, women working in war production considered their abilities to be under used, and that potential employees perceived factory girls to be \"low class, rough, dirty and immoral\". Women, in particular, were more likely to be absent from work than men, with childcare and running the household the probable reasons, according to the art historian Brian Foss. With a shortage in the number of women working in the factories, the Ministry of Production pushed for the war artists to depict production workers.\nKnight was commissioned to paint Ruby Loftus in late 1942. She was a machine operator described by the Ministry of Supply as \"an outstanding factory worker\". Knight, who was working on A Balloon Site, Coventry, turned down the fee of 75 guineas, negotiating 100 guineas plus expenses; even the higher figure was, she said \"infinitely lower than I should ask for any otherRuby Loftus Screwing a Breech Ring is a 1943 painting by the British painter Laura Knight depicting a young woman, Ruby Loftus (1921–2004), working at an industrial lathe as part of the British war effort in World War II. The painting was commissioned by the War Artists' Advisory Committee (WAAC), and is now part of the Imperial War Museum's art collection. The painting brought instant fame to Loftus, and has been likened to the American figure of \"Rosie the Riveter\".Ruby Loftus Screwing a Breech Ring is a 1943 painting by the British painter Laura Knight depicting a young woman, Ruby Loftus (1921–2004), working at an industrial lathe as part of the British war effort in World War II. The painting was commissioned by the War Artists' Advisory Committee (WAAC), and is now part of the Imperial War Museum's art collection. The painting brought instant fame to Loftus, and has been likened to the American figure of \"Rosie the Riveter\". the several years it normally took. The painting was commissioned to promote women's work in factories; women dominate the picture, and only one man is visible, in the background. When unveiled at the 1943 Royal Academy Summer Exhibition,",
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] | Who was the spouse of the person who created Ruby Loftus Screwing a Breech Ring? | [
{
"id": 678516,
"question": "Ruby Loftus Screwing a Breech Ring >> creator",
"answer": "Laura Knight",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
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{
"id": 179720,
"question": "#1 >> spouse",
"answer": "Harold Knight",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | Harold Knight | [] | true | Who was married to the creator of Ruby Loftus Screwing a Breech Ring? |
2hop__34595_160249 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Roman Republic",
"paragraph_text": " the difficulties it faced, such as the creation of promagistracies to rule its conquered provinces, or the composition of the senate.\nUnlike the Pax Romana of the Roman Empire, throughout the republican era Rome was in a state of quasi-perpetual warDespite early victories, Pyrrhus found his position in Italy untenable. Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy. Facing unacceptably heavy losses from each encounter with the Roman army, Pyrrhus withdrew from the peninsula (hence the term \"Pyrrhic victory\"). In 275 BC, Pyrrhus again met the Roman army at the Battle of Beneventum. While Beneventum was indecisive, Pyrrhus realised his army had been exhausted and reduced by years of foreign campaigns. Seeing little hope for further gains, he withdrew completely from Italy. entire Mediterranean world.\nRoman society at the time was primarily a cultural mix of Latin and Etruscan societies, as well as of Sabine, Oscan, and Greek cultural elements, which is especially visible in the Ancient Roman religion and its Pantheon. Its political organization developed at around the same time as direct democracy in Ancient Greece, with collective and annual magistracies, overseen by a senate. There were annual elections, but the republican system was an elective oligarchy, not a democracy; a small number of powerful families largely monopolised the magistracies. Roman institutions underwent considerable changes throughout the Republic to adapt to the difficulties it faced, such as the creation of promagistracies to rule its conquered provinces, or the composition of the senate.\nUnlike the Pax Romana of the Roman Empire, throughout the republican era Rome was in a state of quasi-perpetual war. Its first enemies were its Latin and Etruscan neighbours, as well as the Gauls, who sacked Rome in 387 BC. After the Gallic sack, Rome conquered the whole Italian Peninsula in a century and thus became a major power in the Mediterranean. Its greatest strategic rival was Carthage, against which it waged three wars. Rome defeated Carthage at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC, becoming the dominant power of the ancient Mediterranean world. It then embarked on a long series of difficult conquests, defeating Philip V and Perseus of Macedon, Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire, the Lusitanian Viriathus, the Numidian Jugurtha, the Pontic king Mithridates VI, Vercingetorix of the Arverni tribe of Gaul, and the Egyptian queen Cleopatra. \nAt home, during the Conflict of the Orders, the patricians, the closed oligarchic elite",
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"idx": 10,
"title": "Hieronymus of Cardia",
"paragraph_text": " made him polemarch of Thespiae, and by Antigonus Gonatas, at whose court he died at the purported age of 104.\nHe wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus.\nHe made use of official papers and was careful in his investigation of facts. The simplicity of his style seemingly rendered his work unpopular to people of his time, but modern historians believe it was very goodHe wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus.Hieronymus of Cardia (Greek: ���ερ��νυμος ��� ��αρδιανός, c. 354 – c. 250 BC) was a Greek general and historian from Cardia in Thrace, and a contemporary of Alexander the Great (356–323 BC).\nAfter the death of Alexander III, he followed the fortunes of his friend and fellow-countryman Eumenes. He was wounded and taken prisoner by Antigonus, who pardoned him and appointed him superintendent of the asphalt beds in the Dead Sea. He was treated with equal friendliness by Antigonus's son Demetrius, who made him polemarch of Thespiae, and by Antigonus Gonatas, at whose court he died at the purported age of 104.\nHe wroteHe wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus. BC).\nAfter the death of Alexander III, he followed the fortunes of his friend and fellow-countryman Eumenes. He was wounded and taken prisoner by Antigonus, who pardoned him and appointed him superintendent of the asphalt beds in the Dead Sea. He was treated with equal friendliness by Antigonus's son Demetrius, who made him polemarch of Thespiae, and by Antigonus Gonatas, at whose court he died at the purported age of 104.\nHe wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus.\nHe made use of official papers and was careful in his investigation of facts. The simplicity of his style seemingly rendered his work unpopular to people of his time, but modern historians believe it was very goodHe wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus.Hieronymus of Cardia (Greek: ���ερ��νυμος ��� ��αρδιανός, c. 354 – c. 250 BC) was a Greek general and historian from Cardia in Thrace, and a contemporary of Alexander the Great (356–323 BC).\nAfter the death of Alexander III, he followed the fortunes of his friend and fellow-countryman Eumenes. He was wounded and taken prisoner by Antigonus, who pardoned him and appointed him superintendent of the asphalt beds in the Dead Sea. He was treated with equal friendliness by Antigonus's son Demetrius, who made him polemarch of Thespiae, and by Antigonus Gonatas, at whose court he died at the purported age of 104.\nHe wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus.\nHe made use of official papers and was careful in his investigation of facts. The simplicity of his style seemingly rendered his work unpopular to people of his time, but modern historians believe it was very good. In the last part of his work he made a praiseworthy attempt to acquaint the Greeks with the character and early history of the Romans. He is reproached by Pausanias (i. 9. 8) with unfairness towards all rulers with the exception of Antigonus Gonatas.\nLike the even more famous lost history of Alexander by Ptolemy I of Egypt, no significant amount of his work survived the end of the ancient world. He is among the authors whose fragments were collected in Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller's Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum (II pp. 450–61), and in Felix Jacoby's Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (= FGrHist 154).\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\nThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Hieronymus of Cardia\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 454. This work in turn cites:\nLucian, Macrobii, 22\nPlutarch, Demetrius, 39",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | During what years did the conflict involving the military leader who inspired the phrase 'Pyrrhic victory' take place? | [
{
"id": 34595,
"question": "What military leader does the term Pyrrhic victory come from?",
"answer": "Pyrrhus",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 160249,
"question": "In which years did the war with #1 occur?",
"answer": "323–272 BC",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
}
] | 323–272 BC | [] | true | In which years did the war with the military leader from which the term Pyrrhic victory comes occur? |
2hop__596188_297986 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Maze Hill",
"paragraph_text": " Bacon's map of 1888.\nWhile working as Surveyor to the Royal Hospital, the architect Sir John Vanbrugh lived (1719-1726) in a house of his own design, now known as Vanbrugh Castle, overlooking the parkMaze Hill is an area in Greenwich and Blackheath, in south-east London, lying to the east of Greenwich Park, and west of the Westcombe Park area of Blackheath. It is part of the Royal Borough of Greenwich, and takes its name from the main thoroughfare, Maze Hill. It gives its name to Maze Hill railway station.MMaze Hill is an area in Greenwich and Blackheath, in south-east London, lying to the east of Greenwich Park, and west of the Westcombe Park area of Blackheath. It is part of the Royal Borough of Greenwich, and takes its name from the main thoroughfare, Maze Hill. It gives its name to Maze Hill railway station.The road is believed to have taken its name from Sir Algernon May, who lived nearby until 1693, or after Robert May who lived there in 1683. 'Moys Hill' is marked on Rocque's 1745 map, 'Maize Hill' on Greenwood's 1827 map, and 'Maze Hill' on Bacon's map of 1888.\nWhile working as Surveyor to the Royal Hospital, the architect Sir John Vanbrugh lived (1719-1726) in a house of his own design, now known as Vanbrugh Castle, overlooking the parkMaze Hill is an area in Greenwich and Blackheath, in south-east London, lying to the east of Greenwich Park, and west of the Westcombe Park area of Blackheath. It is part of the Royal Borough of Greenwich, and takes its name from the main thoroughfare, Maze Hill. It gives its name to Maze Hill railway station.Maze Hill is an area in Greenwich and Blackheath, in south-east London, lying to the east of Greenwich Park, and west of the Westcombe Park area of Blackheath. It is part of the Royal Borough of Greenwich, and takes its name from the main thoroughfare, Maze Hill. It gives its name to Maze Hill railway station.\nThe road is believed to have taken its name from Sir Algernon May, who lived nearby until 1693, or after Robert May who lived there in 1683. 'Moys Hill' is marked on Rocque's 1745 map, 'Maize Hill' on Greenwood's 1827 map, and 'Maze Hill' on Bacon's map of 1888.\nWhile working as Surveyor to the Royal Hospital, the architect Sir John Vanbrugh lived (1719-1726) in a house of his own design, now known as Vanbrugh Castle,",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Mycenae House",
"paragraph_text": " of the Assumption, after the end of the First World War. Proceeds from the sale of part of the land were used to fund construction of a novitiate house, which opened in 1933.\nAfter the Little Sisters of the Assumption moved to Paddington in 1967, the properties and grounds were purchased by London Borough of Greenwich. The novitiate house became a community centre, known then as Kidbrooke House (taking its name from a public building demolished during the construction of a large roundabout—the Sun in the Sands—forming the junction of Shooters Hill Road and the A102 Blackwall Tunnel southern approach road). In 1994, management of the building passed to the Vanbrugh Community Association, and the building was renamed Mycenae House.\nDuring the early 2000s, Greenwich council sought fresh finance to maintain both Woodlands and Mycenae House. Woodlands and a strip of land in the south and southwest corner of the grounds were sold in 2007 on a long lease to the Greenwich Steiner School. Development of a block of flats on the land provided funds for the lease purchase and renovation of Woodlands.\nToday, Mycenae House is used for events, including concerts and political hustings, for educational activities (music classes, for example), and as a meeting place for various clubs and societies - for example, the Blackheath Scientific Society, Charlton Chess Club, the Woodcraft Folk, and the Woolwich Photographic Society.\n\n\n== Mycenae Gardens and The Dell ==\nThe buildings' gardens, Mycenae Gardens, along with an adjacent space (The Dell), are a public open space, owned and maintained by the Royal Borough ofMycenae House is a community centre housed in a former convent building adjacent to the Georgian villa, Woodlands House, in Mycenae Road, in the Westcombe Park area of Greenwich, London.MMycenae House is a community centre housed in a former convent building adjacent to the Georgian villa, Woodlands House, in Mycenae Road, in the Westcombe Park area of Greenwich, London. The adjacent Mycenae Gardens are a public open space and are also used for community events.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nWoodlands House and surrounding land was acquired by a Catholic novitiate order, the Little Sisters of the Assumption, after the end of the First World War. Proceeds from the sale of part of the land were used to fund construction of a novitiate house, which opened in 1933.\nAfter the Little Sisters of the Assumption moved to Paddington in 1967, the properties and grounds were purchased by London Borough of Greenwich. The novitiate house became a community centre, known then as Kidbrooke House (taking its name from a public building demolished during the construction of a large roundabout—the Sun in the Sands—forming the junction of Shooters Hill Road and the A102 Blackwall Tunnel southern approach road). In 1994, management of the building passed to the Vanbrugh Community Association, and the building was renamed Mycenae House.\nDuring the early 2000s, Greenwich council sought fresh finance to maintain both Woodlands and Mycenae House. Woodlands and a strip of land in the south and southwest corner of the grounds were sold in 2007 on a long lease to the Greenwich Steiner School. Development of a block of flats on the land provided funds for the lease purchase and renovation of Woodlands.\nToday, Mycenae House is used for events, including concerts and political hustings, for educational activities (music classes, for example), and as a meeting place for various clubs and societies - for example, the Blackheath Scientific Society, Charlton Chess Club, the Woodcraft Folk, and the Woolwich Photographic Society.\n\n\n== Mycenae Gardens and The Dell ==\nThe buildings' gardens, Mycenae Gardens, along with an adjacent space (The Dell), are a public open space, owned and maintained by the Royal Borough ofMycenae House is a community centre housed in a former convent building adjacent to the Georgian villa, Woodlands House, in Mycenae Road, in the Westcombe Park area of Greenwich, London.Mycenae House is a community centre housed in a former convent building adjacent to the Georgian villa, Woodlands House, in Mycenae Road, in the Westcombe Park area of Greenwich, London. The adjacent Mycenae Gardens are a public open space and are also used for community events.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nWoodlands House and surrounding land was acquired by a Catholic novitiate order, the Little Sisters of the Assumption, after the end of the First World War. Proceeds from the sale of part of the land were used to fund construction of a novitiate house, which opened in 1933.\nAfter the Little Sisters of the Assumption moved to Paddington in 1967, the properties and grounds were purchased by London Borough of Greenwich. The novitiate house became a community centre, known then as Kidbrooke House (taking its name from a public building demolished during the construction of a large roundabout—the Sun in the Sands—forming the junction of Shooters Hill Road and the A102 Blackwall Tunnel southern approach road). In 1994, management of the building passed to the Vanbrugh Community Association, and the building was renamed Mycenae House.\nDuring the early 2000s, Greenwich council sought fresh finance to maintain both Woodlands and Mycenae House. Woodlands and a strip of land in the south and southwest corner of the grounds were sold in 2007 on a long lease to the Greenwich Steiner School. Development of a block of flats on the land provided funds for the lease purchase and renovation of Woodlands.\nToday, Mycenae House is used for events, including concerts and political hustings, for educational activities (music classes, for example), and as a meeting place for various clubs and societies - for example, the Blackheath Scientific Society, Charlton Chess Club, the Woodcraft Folk, and the Woolwich Photographic Society.\n\n\n== Mycenae Gardens and The Dell ==\nThe buildings' gardens, Mycenae Gardens, along with an adjacent space (The Dell), are a public open space, owned and maintained by the Royal Borough of Greenwich.\nThe Gardens are described as a \"secluded gardens consisting of grass areas and small copse of trees,\" with the open space also used for events by local organisations such as the Westcombe Society and by the Steiner School. They are accessed via the main entrance to the Woodlands and Mycenae House.\nThe Dell, situated to the north of the Gardens, is accessed directly",
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}
] | What administrative division houses the location of Mycenae House? | [
{
"id": 596188,
"question": "Mycenae House >> location",
"answer": "Westcombe Park",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 297986,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Royal Borough of Greenwich",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
}
] | Royal Borough of Greenwich | [
"Greenwich"
] | true | What administrative territorial entity contains the place where Mycenae House is located? |
3hop2__127483_60649_10557 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Auctor",
"paragraph_text": " a numinous content and symbolized the mysterious \"power of command\" of heroic Roman figures.\nNoble women could also achieve a degree of auctoritas. For example, the wives, sisters, and mothers of the Julio-Claudians had immense influence on society, the masses, and the political apparatus. Their auctoritas was exercised less overtly than that of their male counterparts due to Roman societal norms, but they were powerful nonetheless.\n\n\n== Etymology and origin ==\nAccording to linguist Emile Benveniste, auctor (which also gives us English \"author\") isAuctor is Latin for author or originator. The term is used in Scholasticism for a \"renowned scholar\", and in biological taxonomy for the scientist describing a species or other taxon. The term is widely replaced by author in English-language works..\nIn ancient Rome, auctoritas referred to the level of prestige a person had in Roman society, and, as a consequence, his standing, influence, and ability to rally support around his will. Auctoritas was not merely political, however; it had a numinous content and symbolized the mysterious \"power of command\" of heroic Roman figures.\nNoble women could also achieve a degree of auctoritas. For example, the wives, sisters, and mothers of the Julio-Claudians had immense influence on society, the masses, and the political apparatus. Their auctoritas was exercised less overtly than that of their male counterparts due to Roman societal norms, but they were powerful nonetheless.\n\n\n== Etymology and origin ==\nAccording to linguist Emile Benveniste, auctor (which also gives us English \"author\") is derived from Latin augeō (\"to augment\", \"to enlarge\", \"to enrich\"). The auctor is \"is qui auget\", the one who augments the act or the juridical situation of another. Arguably, Benveniste defended that Latin \"auctoritas\" was based on a divine conception of power and not on the individual that happened to the position of authority.\nAuctor in the sense of \"author\", comes from auctor as founder or, one might say, \"planter-cultivator\". Similarly, auctoritas refers to rightful ownership, based on one's having \"produced\" or homesteaded the article of property in question – more in the sense of \"sponsored\"",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 6,
"title": "Middle Ages",
"paragraph_text": " which accelerated the separation of the western Catholic and eastern Orthodox Churches and triggered the Investiture Controversy between the papacy and secular powers. With the spread of heavy cavalry, a new aristocracy stabilised their position through strict inheritance customs. In the system of feudalism, noble knights owed military service to their lords in return for the lands they had received in fief. Stone castles were built in regions where central authority was weak, but state power was on the rise by the end of the period. The settlement of Western European peasants and aristocrats towards the eastern and southern peripheries of Europe, often spurred by crusades, led to the expansion of Latin Christendom. The spread of cathedral schools and universities stimulated a new method of intellectual discussion, with an emphasis on rational argumentation known as scholasticism. Mass pilgrimages prompted the construction of massive Romanesque churches, while structural innovations led to the development of the more delicate Gothic architecture.\nCalamities which included a great famine and the Black Death, which reduced the population by 50 per cent, began the Late Middle Ages in the 14th century. Conflicts between ethnic and social groups intensified and local conflicts often escalated into full-scale warfare, such as the Hundred Years' War. By the end of the period, the Byzantine Empire and the Balkan states were conquered by a new Muslim power: the Ottoman Empire; in the Iberian Peninsula, Christian kingdoms won their centuries-old war against their Muslim neighbours. The prominence of personal faith is well documented, but the Western Schism and dissCharlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the \"Carolingian Renaissance\". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria. Charlemagne's chancery—or writing office—made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule,[M] allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe. Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy, imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains, as well as the Gregorian chant in liturgical music for the churches. An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying, correcting, and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics, with the aim of encouraging learning. New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced. Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language, changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the church and government. By the reign of Charlemagne, the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin. the mass migration of tribes (mainly Germanic peoples), and Christianisation, which had begun in late antiquity, continued into the Early Middle Ages. The movement of peoples led to the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of new kingdoms. In the post-Roman world, taxation declined, the army was financed through land grants, and the blending of Later Roman civilisation and the invaders' traditions is well documented. The Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire) survived, but lost the Middle East and North Africa to Muslim conquerors in the 7th century. Although the Carolingian dynasty of the Franks reunited many of the Western Roman lands by the early 9th century, the Carolingian Empire quickly fell apart into competing kingdoms which later fragmented into autonomous duchies and lordships.\nDuring the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as the Medieval Warm Period allowed crop yields to increase, and technological and agricultural innovations introduced a \"commercial revolution\". Slavery nearly disappeared, and peasants could improve their status by colonising faraway regions in return for economic and legal concessions. New towns developed from local commercial centers, and urban artisans united into local guilds to protect their common interests. Western church leaders accepted papal supremacy to get rid of lay influence, which accelerated the separation of the western Catholic and eastern Orthodox Churches and triggered the Investiture Controversy between the papacy and secular powers. With the spread of heavy cavalry, a new aristocracy stabilised their position through strict inheritance customs. In the system of feudalism, noble knights owed military service to their lords in return for the lands they had received in fief. Stone castles were built in regions where central authority was weak, but state power was on the rise by the end of the period. The settlement of Western European peasants and aristocrats towards the eastern and southern peripheries of Europe, often spurred by crusades, led to the expansion of Latin Christendom. The spread of cathedral schools and universities stimulated a new method of intellectual discussion, with an emphasis on rational argumentation known as scholasticism. Mass pilgrimages prompted the construction of massive Romanesque churches, while structural innovations led to the development of the more delicate Gothic architecture.\nCalamities which included a great famine and the Black Death, which reduced the population by 50 per cent, began the Late Middle Ages in the 14th century. Conflicts between ethnic and social groups intensified and local conflicts often escalated into full-scale warfare, such as the Hundred Years' War. By the end of",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Holy Roman Empire",
"paragraph_text": " until the 12th century, the empire was one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe. The functioning of government depended on the harmonious cooperation between emperor and vassals; this harmony wasIn 768 Pepin's son Charlemagne became King of the Franks and began an extensive expansion of the realm. He eventually incorporated the territories of present - day France, Germany, northern Italy, and beyond, linking the Frankish kingdom with Papal lands. On Christmas Day of 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, restoring the title in the West for the first time in over three centuries.The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages and lasted for almost a thousand years until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.\nOn 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned Frankish king Charlemagne as Roman emperor, reviving the title in Western Europe more than three centuries after the fall of the ancient Western Roman Empire in 476. The title lapsed in 924, but was revived in 962 when Otto I was crowned emperor by Pope John XII, fashioning himself as Charlemagne's and the Carolingian Empire's successor, and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries. From 962 until the 12th century, the empire was one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe. The functioning of government depended on the harmonious cooperation between emperor and vassals; this harmony was disturbed during the Salian period. The empire reached the apex of territorial expansion and power under the House of Hohenstaufen in the mid-13th century, but overextension of its power led to a partial collapse.\nScholars generally describe an evolution of the institutions and principles constituting the empire, and a gradual development of the imperial role. While the office of emperor had been reestablished, the exact term for his realm as the \"Holy Roman Empire\" was not used until the 13th century, although the emperor's theoretical legitimacy from the beginning rested on the concept of translatio imperii, that he held supreme power inherited from the ancient emperors of Rome. Nevertheless, in the Holy Roman Empire, the imperial office was traditionally elective by the mostly German prince-electors. In theory and diplomacy, the emperors were considered the first among equals of all Europe's Catholic monarchs.\nA process of Imperial Reform in the late In 768 Pepin's son Charlemagne became King of the Franks and began an extensive expansion of the realm. He eventually incorporated the territories of present - day France, Germany, northern Italy, and beyond, linking the Frankish kingdom with Papal lands. On Christmas Day of 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, restoring the title in the West for the first time in over three centuries. Roman emperor, reviving the title in Western Europe more than three centuries after the fall of the ancient Western Roman Empire in 476. The title lapsed in 924, but was revived in 962 when Otto I was crowned emperor by Pope John XII, fashioning himself as Charlemagne's and the Carolingian Empire's successor, and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries. From 962 until the 12th century, the empire was one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe. The functioning of government depended on the harmonious cooperation between emperor and vassals; this harmony wasIn 768 Pepin's son Charlemagne became King of the Franks and began an extensive expansion of the realm. He eventually incorporated the territories of present - day France, Germany, northern Italy, and beyond, linking the Frankish kingdom with Papal lands. On Christmas Day of 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, restoring the title in the West for the first time in over three centuries.The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages and lasted for almost a thousand years until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.\nOn 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned Frankish king Charlemagne as Roman",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the version of the Auctor language utilized during the reign of the Frankish ruler credited with establishing the Holy Roman Empire, later recognized as? | [
{
"id": 127483,
"question": "In what language is Auctor?",
"answer": "Latin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 60649,
"question": "what was the name of the frankish king who formed the holy roman empire",
"answer": "Charlemagne",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 10557,
"question": "What was the #1 of #2 's era later known as?",
"answer": "Medieval Latin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
}
] | Medieval Latin | [] | true | What was the form of the language Auctor is in, used in the era of the Frankish king who created the Holy Roman Empire, later known as? |
2hop__256336_714772 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "King of the Mountain (film)",
"paragraph_text": " activities of real people who raced in the Los Angeles area. It also marked somewhat of a return for Dennis Hopper, who had spent several months secluded away from Los Angeles prior to making his appearance.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nSteve (Harry Hamlin) works at a Porsche repair garage by day and by night reigns as the \"King of The Mountain\", the most successful and talented of a group that organize, wager on and participate in races up and down the narrow, winding roads of Mulholland Drive in the hills on the edge of the San Fernando Valley. In his highly tuned 356 Speedster, Steve races against both newcomers and veterans alike, never really considering the risks associated with the lifestyle or if there might be more for him elsewhere.\nSteve's friends Buddy (Joseph Bottoms) and Roger (Richard Cox) want to get into the music industry, and although they once raced alongside Steve, their focus has shifted away from racing in favor of their potential careers, leaving Steve to reign as King alone, racing night after night for the thrills, but without much of the joy he once got from the racing. Aside from wanting the thrill, Steve is egged on by Cal (Dennis Hopper), a co-worker and the former King who reigned until a near-fatal accident destroyed his now aging, dilapidated Corvette and drove him over the edge mentally.\nWhen Steve meets Tina (Deborah Van Valkenburgh), a young singer working with Buddy and Roger, he quickly falls for her and tries to introduce her to the world of street racing, but finds that she isn't as enthralled with it as he is and isn't interested in returning to the races or in being involved with a man who is constantly risking his life for a thrill. Torn between Tina and his life as a racer, Steve must choose to either remain King, or abdicate and leave so that he can start over in \"real life\". All the while, Cal is secretly rebuilding his Corvette, and he wants a shot at winning his title back.\nThe film's climax depicts a dangerous, high speed race down the hill between Steve and Cal.\n\n\n== Background ==\nDuring the 1960s and 1970s small groups were racing on some of the narrow, steep, twisting and particularly dangerous portions of Mulholland in and near the Santa Monica Mountains as well as on nearby stretches of Laurel Canyon Boulevard, Coldwater Canyon, Nichols Canyon Road and other adjacent streets. This community of racers became notorious to the nearby canyon residents and later, to people all across the city. LightThe film's primary focus is Steve (Harry Hamlin), who has found himself generally content with his uncomplicated life of working and racing. This creates some amount of tension between him and his friends, who have been losing their interest in racing and have been attempting to make serious inroads in the music industry. Steve's blossoming relationship with singer Tina (Deborah Van Valkenburgh) causes him to re-think his mantra, as he realizes that a truly fulfilling life involves more than just work and play.KThe film's primary focus is Steve (Harry Hamlin), who has found himself generally content with his uncomplicated life of working and racing. This creates some amount of tension between him and his friends, who have been losing their interest in racing and have been attempting to make serious inroads in the music industry. Steve's blossoming relationship with singer Tina (Deborah Van Valkenburgh) causes him to re-think his mantra, as he realizes that a truly fulfilling life involves more than just work and play. interest in racing and have been attempting to make serious inroads in the music industry. Steve's blossoming relationship with singer Tina (Deborah Van Valkenburgh) causes him to re-think his mantra, as he realizes that a truly fulfilling life involves more than just work and play.\nThe film was poorly regarded critically and did not perform well in the box office, although it was significant in being among the first films about street racing and communities of street racers, as well as because it was inspired by the activities of real people who raced in the Los Angeles area. It also marked somewhat of a return for Dennis Hopper, who had spent several months secluded away from Los",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 8,
"title": "Harry Loves Lisa",
"paragraph_text": " airing, the premiere was the highest rated TVLand reality premiere since 2007.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nHarry Loves Lisa at IMDbHarry Loves Lisa is an American reality television series on TV Land starring married couple Harry Hamlin and Lisa Rinna. The series follows the couple and their two preteen daughters as they live a hectic Hollywood lifestyle.\nThe series premiered on TV Land on October 6, 2010, at Harry Loves Lisa is an American reality television series on TV Land starring Harry Hamlin and Lisa Rinna, a married couple. The series follows the couple and their two preteen daughters as they live a hectic Hollywood lifestyle.HarryHarry Loves Lisa is an American reality television series on TV Land starring Harry Hamlin and Lisa Rinna, a married couple. The series follows the couple and their two preteen daughters as they live a hectic Hollywood lifestyle. premiered on TV Land on October 6, 2010, at 10pm and ran for six episodes. The series was produced by Good Clean Fun.\n\n\n== Episodes ==\n\n\n== Ratings ==\nAt the time of its airing, the premiere was the highest rated TVLand reality premiere since 2007.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nHarry Loves Lisa at IMDbHarry Loves Lisa is an American reality television series on TV Land starring married couple Harry Hamlin and Lisa Rinna. The series follows the couple and their two preteen daughters as they live a hectic Hollywood lifestyle.\nThe series premiered on TV Land on October 6, 2010, at Harry Loves Lisa is an American reality television series on TV Land starring Harry Hamlin and Lisa Rinna, a married couple. The series follows the couple and their two preteen daughters as they live a hectic Hollywood lifestyle.Harry Loves Lisa is an American reality television series on TV Land starring married couple Harry Hamlin and Lisa Rinna. The series follows the couple and their two preteen daughters as they live a hectic Hollywood lifestyle.\nThe series premiered on TV Land on October 6, 2010, at 10pm and ran for six episodes. The series was produced by Good Clean Fun.\n\n\n== Episodes ==\n\n\n== Ratings ==\nAt the time of its airing, the premiere was the highest rated TVLand reality premiere since 2007.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nHarry Loves Lisa at IMDbHarry Loves Lisa is an American reality television series on TV Land starring married couple Harry Hamlin and Lisa Rinna. The series follows the couple and their two preteen daughters as they live a hectic Hollywood lifestyle.\nThe series premiered on TV Land on October 6, 2010, at 10pm and ran for six episodes. The series was produced by Good Clean Fun.\n\n\n== Episodes ==\n\n\n== Ratings ==\nAt the time of its airing, the premiere was the highest rated TVLand reality premiere since 2007.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nHarry Loves Lisa at IMDbHarry Loves Lisa is an American reality television series on TV Land starring married couple Harry Hamlin and Lisa Rinna. The series follows the couple and their two preteen daughters as they live a hectic Hollywood lifestyle.\nThe series premiered on TV Land on October 6, 2010, at 10pm and ran for six episodes. The series was produced by Good Clean Fun.\n\n\n== Episodes ==\n\n\n== Ratings ==\nAt the time of its airing, the premiere was the highest rated TVLand reality premiere since 2007.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nHarry Loves Lisa at IMDbHarry Loves Lisa is an American reality television series on TV Land starring married couple Harry Hamlin and Lisa Rinna. The series follows the couple and their two preteen daughters as they live a hectic Hollywood lifestyle.\nThe series premiered on TV Land on October 6, 2010, at 10pm and ran for six episodes. The series was produced by Good Clean Fun.\n\n\n== Episodes ==\n\n\n== Ratings ==\nAt the time of its airing, the premiere was the highest rated TVLand reality premiere since 2007.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nHarry Loves Lisa at IMDbHarry Loves Lisa is an American reality television series on TV Land starring married couple Harry Hamlin and Lisa Rinna. The series follows the couple and their two preteen daughters as they live a hectic Hollywood lifestyle.\nThe series premiered on TV Land on October 6, 2010, at 10pm and ran for six episodes. The series was produced by Good Clean Fun.\n\n\n== Episodes ==\n\n\n== Ratings ==\nAt the time of its airing, the premiere was the highest rated TVLand reality premiere since 2007.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nHarry Loves Lisa at IMDbHarry Loves Lisa is an American reality television series on TV Land starring married couple Harry Hamlin and Lisa Rinna. The series follows the couple and their two preteen daughters as they live a hectic Hollywood lifestyle.\nThe series premiered on TV Land on October 6, 2010, at 10pm and ran for six episodes. The series was produced by Good Clean Fun.\n\n\n== Episodes ==\n\n\n== Ratings ==\nAt the time of its airing, the premiere was the highest rated TVLand reality premiere since 2007.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nHarry Loves Lisa at IMDbHarry Loves Lisa is an American reality television series on TV Land starring married",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is married to an actor from King of the Mountain? | [
{
"id": 256336,
"question": "King of the Mountain >> cast member",
"answer": "Harry Hamlin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 714772,
"question": "#1 >> spouse",
"answer": "Lisa Rinna",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
}
] | Lisa Rinna | [] | true | Who is the spouse of a cast member from King of the Mountain? |
2hop__92051_827343 | [
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Five Finger Exercise",
"paragraph_text": " appearance by Lana Wood, the sister of Natalie Wood.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nStanley and Louise Harrington are a married couple who constantly argue, and their son and daughter are on the same path. When a music teacher enters their lives, things begin to change for the better, but the peace is only temporary.\n\n\n== Cast ==\nRosalind Russell as Louise Harrington\nJack Hawkins as Stanley Harrington\nRichard Beymer as Philip Harrington\nAnnette Gorman as Pamela Harrington\nMaximilian Schell as Walter\nLana Wood as Mary\nTerry Huntingdon as Helen\nValora Noland - scene cut before release of film.\n\n\n== Production ==\nThe film was based on Five Finger Exercise, a play that premiered at the Comedy Theatre in London's West End in July 1958 and played for 337 performances at the Music Box Theatre on Broadway from December 1958 until October 1960. The film project's title was temporarily changed to Five Kinds of Love before reverting to Five Finger Exercise.\nAlec Guinness was originally cast in the role of Stanley Harrington but left the project because of other commitments. The producers asked Trevor Howard to take the role, but he was involved with a London stage play. The role finally went to Jack Hawkins.\nFilming began on June 26, 1961 near Carmel, California. Action scenes were also filmed along the Pacific Coast in Ventura County. To film the scene in which Walter rescues Pamela from drowning, a special team of lifeguards, first-aid providers and highway patrol officers was assembled to ensure safety.\nMaximilian Schell, who plays the piano in the film, was an accomplished pianist.\n\n\n== Reception ==\nIn a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Bosley Crowther wrote:Something vital and essential to the dramatic quality of Peter Shaffer's successful British drama, ''Five Finger Exercise,\" has been lost, mislaid or stolen in the translation of it to the screen—and in the shift of its location from a British to an American middle-class milieu. What it is that is missing ... is the solid ring of truth, the artful illusion that the people in this stark family drama are real. The measure of its artificiality is in the performance that Rosalind Russell gives as a selfish and snobbish American woman who drives her husband, son and daughter to blank despair. Miss Russell is much too blithe and bouncy, too much of a bourgeois Aunty Mame, to convey a conviction of a woman who is a serious, sinister influence in her home. ... Obviously, Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett coarsened and cheapened the original play in rewriting it into an American situation and idiom. But Delbert Mann [sic] really lost it in his fumbling direction of the cast.Reviewer Martin Russell of the San Francisco Examiner echoed similar sentiments: \"It is a fine psychological drama, or so it appeared when Peter Shaffer's play came to San Francisco last year. Now the film version has arrived ... and something has happened. ... The small additions and subtractions have made the picture barely identifiable with the original. ... [T]he movie characters seem to have diminished in depth and stature. You hardly care what happens to them. ... Daniel Mann's direction suggests that he knew what he was doing—the continuity and approach to individual scenes is fine—but at the same time it shows no grasp nor particular interest in the drama's fascinating undertones.\"\nHowever, critic Cyrus Durgin praised the film in his review for The Boston Globe: \"'Five Finger Exercise,' on the screen as upon the stage, is theatrical enterprise of quality. It is good drama, well acted, and will appeal to those of serious tastes. ... [O]nce the drama of the family dissension begins to mount, so does the emotional temperature, and slowness and lack of visual variety do not seem to matter. ... 'Five Finger Exercise' has style and polish in its progress of a disunited family toward understanding and more love. It is accordingly recommended—to the serious-minded.\"\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nFive Finger Exercise at IMDb\nFive Finger Exercise at the Internet Broadway DatabaseFive Finger Exercise [sic] is a 1962 American drama film directed by Daniel Mann and produced by Frederick Brisson from a screenplay by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett based on the play by Peter Shaffer. The film was distributed by Columbia Pictures.\nThe film stars Rosalind Russell, Jack Hawkins, Richard Beymer, Maximilian Schell and Annette Gorman, with an early screen appearance by Lana Wood, the sister of Natalie Wood.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nStanley and Louise Harrington are a married couple who constantly argue, and their son and daughter are on the same path. When a music teacher enters their lives, things begin to change for the better, but the peace is only temporary.\n\n\n== Cast ==\nRosalind Russell as Louise Harrington\nJack Hawkins as Stanley Harrington\nRichard Beymer as Philip Harrington\nAnnette Gorman as Pamela Harrington\nMaximilian Schell as Walter\nLana Wood as Mary\nTerry Huntingdon as Helen\nValora Noland - scene cut before release of film.\n\n\n== Production ==\nThe film was based on Five Finger Exercise, a play that premiered at the Comedy Theatre in London's West End in July 1958 and played for 337 performances at the Music Box Theatre on Broadway from December 1958 until October 1960. The film project's title was temporarily changed to Five Kinds of Love before reverting to Five Finger Exercise.\nAlec Guinness was originally cast in the role of Stanley Harrington but left the project because of other commitments. The producers asked Trevor Howard to take the role, but he was involved with a London stage play. The role finally went to Jack Hawkins.\nThe film stars Rosalind Russell, Jack Hawkins, Richard Beymer, Maximilian Schell, and Annette Gorman, with an early screen appearance from Lana Wood, the sister of Natalie Wood.FThe film stars Rosalind Russell, Jack Hawkins, Richard Beymer, Maximilian Schell, and Annette Gorman, with an early screen appearance from Lana Wood, the sister of Natalie Wood. Peter Shaffer. The film was distributed by Columbia Pictures.\nThe film stars Rosalind Russell, Jack Hawkins, Richard Beymer, Maximilian Schell and Annette Gorman, with an early screen appearance by Lana Wood, the sister of Natalie Wood.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nStanley and Louise Harrington are a married couple who constantly argue, and their son and daughter are on the same path. When a music teacher enters their lives, things begin to change for the better, but the peace is only temporary.\n\n\n== Cast ==\nRosalind Russell as Louise Harrington\nJack Hawkins as Stanley Harrington\nRichard Beymer as Philip Harrington\nAnnette Gorman as Pamela Harrington\nMaximilian Schell as Walter\nLana Wood as Mary\nTerry Huntingdon as",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Miracle on 34th Street",
"paragraph_text": " tales, but Susan is shaken after seeing Kris speak Dutch with a girl who does not know English. Doris asks Kringle to tell Susan that he is not Santa, but he insists that he is.Miracle on 34th Street is a 1994 American Christmas fantasy comedy-drama film directed by Les Mayfield and produced and co-written by John Hughes. The film stars Richard Attenborough, Elizabeth Perkins, Dylan McDermott, J. T. Walsh, James Remar, Mara Wilson, and Robert Prosky. It is the first theatrical remake of the original 1947 film. Like the original, this film was released by 20th Century Fox.\nThe New York City based Macy's department store declined any involvement with this remake, saying \"we feel theMaureen O'Hara as Doris Walker John Payne as Frederick M. ``Fred ''Gailey Edmund Gwenn as Kris Kringle Gene Lockhart as The Hon. Henry X. Harper Natalie Wood as Susan Walker Porter Hall as Granville Sawyer William Frawley as Charlie Halloran Jerome Cowan as District Attorney Thomas Mara Philip Tonge as Julian Shellhammer, this film was released by 20th Century Fox.\nThe New York City based Macy's department store declined any involvement with this remake, saying \"Attorney Fred Gailey (John Payne), Doris's neighbor, takes the young divorcée's daughter Susan (Natalie Wood) to see Santa. Doris has raised her to not believe in fairy tales, but Susan is shaken after seeing Kris speak Dutch with a girl who does not know English. Doris asks Kringle to tell Susan that he is not Santa, but he insists that he is.Miracle on 34th Street is a 1994 American Christmas fantasy comedy-drama film directed by Les Mayfield and produced and co-written by John Hughes. The film stars Richard Attenborough, Elizabeth Perkins, Dylan McDermott, J. T. Walsh, James Remar, Mara Wilson, and Robert Prosky. It is the first theatrical remake of the original 1947 film. Like the original, this film was released by 20th Century Fox.\nThe New York City based Macy's department store declined any involvement with this remake, saying \"we feel the original stands on its own and could not be improved upon\"; the fictitious \"Cole's\" became its replacement. Gimbels had",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the name of the sibling of the actress who portrayed Susan Walker in the movie Miracle on 34th street? | [
{
"id": 92051,
"question": "who played susan walker in miracle on 34th street",
"answer": "Natalie Wood",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 827343,
"question": "#1 >> sibling",
"answer": "Lana Wood",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | Lana Wood | [] | true | Who is the sibling of the actress who played Susan Walker in Miracle on 34th street? |
4hop1__47210_53706_795904_580996 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Valley girl",
"paragraph_text": " the term was broadly applied to any American woman who epitomized frivolity, ditziness, airheadedness, or who prioritizes superficial concerns such as personal appearance, physical attractiveness, and excessive materialism over intellectual or personal accomplishment.\n\n\n== Valleyspeak ==\nValleyspeak, or Valspeak, is a California English social dialect and accompanying vocal features, best associated with Valley girls, though elements of it have spread to other demographics, including men called \"Val dudes\". This sociolect became an international fad for a certain period in the 1980s and 1990s, with a peak period from around 1981 to 1985. Valleyspeak is popularly characterized by both the steady use of uptalk and its vocabulary.\n\n\n=== Language ideology ===\n\nThis lends itself to explicit language ideologies about dialects in the area as they receive more scrutiny than dialects in other nearby regions. Linguistic characteristics of valleyspeak are often thought to be \"silly\" and \"superficial\" and seen as a sign of low intelligence. Speakers are also often perceived as \"materialistic\" and \"air-headed\". The use of \"like\" or the quotative phrase \"be like\" are often ideologically linked to California and Valleyspeak despite the now-widespread use of the terms among youth, which results in their also receiving the \"superficial\" cast. In the national understanding, California speech is thought to be a product of the combination of Valley girl and surfer dude speech, and \"is associated with good English, but never proper\".\nA study on regional language ideologies done in California in 2007 found that, despite its prevalence and association with California in past decades, Californians themselves do not consider \"Valley girls\" to be an overly prevalent social or linguistic group within the state. State residents listed factors such as immigrant populations and north–south regional slang as more relevant than Valleyspeak within the state.\nAmanda Ritchart, a doctoral candidate studying linguistics at the University of California San Diego, analyzed 23-year-olds (college age students) from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and ethnicities, specifically in the Southern California region. After this study, Ritchart once stated, \"Women used uptalk more frequently than men did. Their pitch rose higher overall, and the rise began much later in theValley girl is a socio - economic stereotype depicting a class of women characterized by the colloquial California English dialect Valleyspeak and materialism.AValley girl is a socio - economic stereotype depicting a class of women characterized by the colloquial California English dialect Valleyspeak and materialism.-middle-class young woman, associated with unique vocal and California dialect features, from the Los Angeles commuter communities of the San Fernando Valley. In subsequent years, the term was broadly applied to any American woman who epitomized frivolity, ditziness, airheadedness, or who prioritizes superficial concerns such as personal appearance, physical attractiveness, and excessive materialism over intellectual or personal accomplishment.\n\n\n== Valleyspeak ==\nValleyspeak, or Valspeak, is a California English social dialect and accompanying vocal features, best associated with Valley girls, though elements of it have spread to other demographics, including men called \"Val dudes\". This sociolect became an international fad for a certain period in the 1980s and 1990s, with a peak period from around 1981 to 1985. Valleyspeak is popularly characterized by both the steady use of uptalk and its vocabulary.\n\n\n=== Language ideology ===\n\nThis lends itself to explicit language ideologies about dialects in the area as they receive more scrutiny than dialects in other nearby regions. Linguistic characteristics of valleyspeak are often thought to be \"silly\" and \"superficial\" and seen as a sign",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Rio Linda High School",
"paragraph_text": " opportunities.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n2,035 students attend Rio Linda High School. 41% of them are White, 22% are Hispanic, 13% are Asian, and 8% are African-American and 4% are Middle Eastern/Indian. 93% of the students receive a reduced price/free lunch and 19% of the student body (386 students) are English language learners. The 3 most commonly spoken languages spoken by English language learners at this school are Spanish (205 students), Hmong (86 students), and Russian (40 students) Punjabi/Urdu/Arabic (40 students)\n\n\n== Rankings ==\nIn 2012, after evaluating 21,776 high schools across the nation, U.S. News & World Report awarded Rio Linda High School a silver medal. Rio Linda was ranked 1,605th nationally (top 8%) and 337th within the state of California (top 14%)\n\n\n== Notable alumni ==\nJay Mosley, member of the Missouri House of Representatives\nDarren Oliver, Major League Baseball player\nSheila Hudson, Olympian, USATF Board of Director & Hall of Fame, Cal State LosRio Linda High School is a high school located in Rio Linda, Sacramento, CA. It has an enrollment of 2,035 students. It is part of the Twin Rivers Unified School District, and was formerly part of the Grant Unified School District. School District.\nRio Linda High School opened in 1962 and has been one of the primary high schools for students in the Rio Linda/Elverta and Natomas Communities. It offers a wide range of extracurricular activities and academic opportunities.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n2,035 students attend Rio Linda High School. 41% of them are White, 22% are Hispanic, 13% are Asian, and 8% are African-American and 4% are Middle Eastern/Indian. 93% of the students receive a reduced price/free lunch and 19% of the student body (386 students) are English language learners. The 3 most commonly spoken languages spoken by English language learners at this school",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "History of Sacramento, California",
"paragraph_text": " inhabited the Sacramento Valley area. The Spanish were the first Europeans to explore the area, and Sacramento fell into the Alta California province of New Spain when the conquistadors claimed Central America and the American Southwest for the Spanish Empire. The area was deemed unfit for colonization by a number of explorers and as a result remained relatively untouched by the Europeans who claimed the region, excepting early 19th Century coastal settlements north of San Francisco Bay which constituted the southernmost Russian colony in North America and were spread over an area stretching from Point Arena to Tomales Bay. When John Sutter arrived in the provincial colonial capital of Monterey in 1839, governor Juan Bautista Alvarado provided Sutter with the land he asked for,The history of Sacramento, California, began with its founding by Samuel Brannan and John Augustus Sutter, Jr. in 1848 around an embarcadero that his father, John Sutter, Sr. constructed at the confluence of the American and Sacramento Rivers a few years prior.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "California Gold Rush",
"paragraph_text": "Rumors of the discovery of gold were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher and merchant Samuel Brannan. Brannan hurriedly set up a store to sell gold prospecting supplies, and walked through the streets of San Francisco, holding aloft a vial of gold, shouting ``Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River! '' into the money supply reinvigorated the American economy; the sudden population increase allowed California to go rapidly to statehood in the Compromise of 1850. The Gold Rush had severe effects on Native Californians and accelerated the Native American population's decline from disease, starvation, and the California genocide.\nThe effects of the Gold Rush were substantial. Whole indigenous societies were attacked and pushed off their lands by the gold-seekers, called \"forty-niners\" (referring to 1849, the peak year for Gold Rush immigration). Outside of California, the first to arrive were from Oregon, the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which place can you find the city that was established by an ex-newspaper seller supplying necessities, situated in the birth state of the valley girl dialect? | [
{
"id": 47210,
"question": "where did the valley girl accent come from",
"answer": "California",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 53706,
"question": "someone who went to #1 during the gold rush",
"answer": "Samuel Brannan",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 795904,
"question": "#2 >> work location",
"answer": "Sacramento",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 580996,
"question": "#3 >> shares border with",
"answer": "Rio Linda",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | Rio Linda | [] | true | What location borders the city founded by a former newspaper publisher selling supplies in the state where the valley girl accent originated? |
2hop__151455_120171 | [
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Castle of Riddles",
"paragraph_text": " 1982) and Acorn Electron (1984) home computers. The game was written by Peter Killworth and was one of a series of text adventures written for, or ported to the BBC Micro by the same author (others including Countdown to Doom and Philosopher's Quest). As with all such games, only text is used. The player must use a simple 'verb-noun' format (e.g. 'Go North', 'Get lamp') to control the game. Unlike Killworth's other Acornsoft adventures, Castle of Riddles was not updated and reissued by Topologika so it became unavailable after 1985 when Acorn Computers (parent company of Acornsoft) pulled out of the games publishing market. Some of the puzzles however were included in the Topologika version of Philosopher's Quest.[2]\n\n\n== Plot ==\n\nThe player takes the role of a 'professional adventurer' who is 'down to his last silver piece'. His services are hired by a wizard whose castle has been taken over by a warlock. The warlock has also found the wizard's Magic Ring of Power which must be returned. The player must navigate the castle, solve problems and avoid booby traps set by the warlock in order to recover the magic ring for the wizard. At various moments in the game, the adventurer is asked to answer a riddle. The adventurer must also search for treasure and deposit it in a safe. The treasure may be kept as payment.\n\n\n== Gameplay ==\nPoints are awarded for picking up treasure and again for depositing it in the safe and completing certain tasks. The maximum possible score is 250.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCastle of Riddles in the Interactive Fiction DatabaseCastle of Riddles is a text adventure released by Acornsoft for the BBC Micro (in 1982) and Acorn Electron (1984) home computers. The game was written by Peter Killworth and was one of a series of text adventures written for, or ported to the BBC Micro by the same author (others including Countdown to Doom and Philosopher's Quest). As with all such games, only text is used. The player must use a simple 'verb-noun' format (e.g. 'Go North', 'Get lamp') to control the game. Unlike Killworth's other Acornsoft adventures, Castle of Riddles was not updated and reissued by Topologika so it became unavailable after 1985 when Acorn Computers (parent company of Acornsoft) pulled out of the games publishing market. Some of the puzzles however were included in the Topologika version of Philosopher's Quest.[2]\n\n\n== Plot ==\n\nThe player takes the role of a 'professional adventurer' who is 'down to his last silver piece'. His services are hired by a wizard whose castle has been taken over by a warlock. The warlock has also found the wizard's Magic Ring of Power which must be returned. The player must navigate the castle, solve problems and avoid booby traps set by the warlock in order to recover the magic ring for the wizard. At various moments in the game, the adventurer is asked to answer a riddle. TheCastle of Riddles is a text adventure released by Acornsoft for the BBC Micro (in 1982) and Acorn Electron (1984) home computers. The game was written by Peter Killworth and was one of a series of text adventures written for, or ported to the BBC Micro by the same author (others including \"Countdown to Doom\" and \"Philosopher's Quest\"). As with all such games, only text is used. The player must use a simple 'verb-noun' format (e.g. 'Go North', 'Get lamp') to control the game. Unlike Killworth's other Acornsoft adventures, \"Castle of Riddles\" was not updated and reissued by Topologika so became unavailable after 1985 when Acorn Computers (parent company of Acornsoft) pulled out of the games publishing market. Some of the puzzles however were included in the Topologika version of \"Philosopher's Quest\".Castle of Riddles is a text adventure released by Acornsoft for the BBC Micro (in 1982) and Acorn Electron (1984) home computers. The game was written by Peter Killworth and was one of a series of text adventures written for, or ported to the BBC Micro by the same author (others including \"Countdown to Doom\" and \"Philosopher's Quest\"). As with all such games, only text is used. The player must use a simple 'verb-noun' format (e.g. 'Go North', 'Get lamp') to control the game. Unlike Killworth's other Acornsoft adventures, \"Castle of Riddles\" was not updated and reissued by Topologika so became unavailable after 1985 when Acorn Computers (parent company of Acornsoft) pulled out of the games publishing market. Some of the puzzles however were included in the Topologika version of \"Philosopher's Quest\".The player takes the role of a 'professional adventurer' who is 'down to his last silver piece'. His services are hired by a wizard whose castle has been taken over by a warlock. The warlock has also found the wizard's Magic Ring of Power which must be returned. The player must navigate the castle, solve problems and avoid booby traps set by the warlock in order to recover the magic ring for the wizard. At various moments in the game, the adventurer is",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Acornsoft",
"paragraph_text": " granted a licence to publish some Acornsoft games and rereleased many, individually and as compilations such as the \"Play It Again Sam\" and \"Acornsoft Hits\" series. By agreement, the Acornsoft name was also used on the packaging of some of the subsequent Superior games. Superior chose not to take on Acornsoft's text adventure games, most of which were released in updated versions by Topologika along with some sequels from the same authors.AAcornsoft ceased to operate as a separate company upon the departure of David Johnson-Davies in January 1986. Past this date, Acorn Computers used the Acornsoft name on office software it released in the \"VIEW\" family for the BBC Master series. In 1986 Superior Software was granted a licence to publish some Acornsoft games and rereleased many, individually and as compilations such as the \"Play It Again Sam\" and \"Acornsoft Hits\" series. By agreement, the Acornsoft name was also used on the packaging of some of the subsequent Superior games. Superior chose not to take on Acornsoft's text adventure games, most of which were released in updated versions by Topologika along with some sequels from the same authors. joined by Tim Dobson, Programmer and Chris Jordan, Publications Editor.\nWhile some of their games were clones or remakes of popular arcade games (e.g. Hopper is a clone of Sega's Frogger, Snapper is Namco's Pac-Man, Arcadians is Namco's Galaxian), they also published a number of original titles such as Aviator, Elite, and Revs. Acornsoft also published text adventures by authors such as Peter Killworth, includingAcornsoft ceased to operate as a separate company upon the departure of David Johnson-Davies in January 1986. Past this date, Acorn Computers used the Acornsoft name on office software it released in the \"VIEW\" family for the BBC Master series. In 1986 Superior Software was granted a licence to publish some Acornsoft games and rereleased many, individually and as compilations such as the \"Play It Again Sam\" and \"Acornsoft Hits\" series. By agreement, the Acornsoft name was also used on the packaging of some of the subsequent Superior games. Superior chose not to take on Acornsoft's text adventure games, most of which were released in updated versions by Topologika along with some sequels from the same authors.Acornsoft was the software arm of Acorn Computers, and a major publisher of software for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron. As well as games, it also produced a large number of educational titles, extra computer languages and business and utility packages – these included word processor VIEW and the spreadsheet ViewSheet supplied on ROM and cartridge for the BBC Micro/Acorn Electron and included as standard in the BBC Master and Acorn Business Computer.\n\n\n== History ==\nAcornsoft was formed in late 1980 by Acorn Computers directors Hermann Hauser and Chris Curry, and David Johnson-Davies, author of the first game for a UK personal computer and of the official Acorn Atom manual \"Atomic Theory and Practice\". David Johnson-Davies was managing director and in early 1981 was joined by Tim Dobson, Programmer and Chris Jordan, Publications Editor.\nWhile some of their",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the publisher of Castle of Riddles last operate? | [
{
"id": 151455,
"question": "Who was the publisher of Castle of Riddles?",
"answer": "Acornsoft",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 120171,
"question": "What year did #1 end?",
"answer": "1986",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
}
] | 1986 | [] | true | What was the last year of the Castle of Riddles publisher? |
2hop__68162_482364 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Golden Fleece",
"paragraph_text": "otia (a region of southeastern Greece), took the goddess Nephele as his first wife. They had two children, the boy Phrixus (whose name means \"curly\", as in the texture of the ram's fleece) and the girl Helle. Later Athamas became enamored of and married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus. When Nephele left in angerIn Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece (Greek: ��ρυσόμαλλον δέρας chrysómallon déras) is the fleece of the gold - haired winged ram, which was held in Colchis. The fleece is a symbol of authority and kingship. It figures in the tale of the hero Jason and his crew of Argonauts, who set out on a quest for the fleece by order of King Pelias, in order to place Jason rightfully on the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly. Through the help of Medea, they acquire the Golden Fleece. The story is of great antiquity and was current in the time of Homer (eighth century BC). It survives in various forms, among which the details vary.InIn Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece (Greek: χρυσόμαλλον δέρας chrysómallon déras) is the fleece of the gold - haired winged ram, which was held in Colchis. The fleece is a symbol of authority and kingship. It figures in the tale of the hero Jason and his crew of Argonauts, who set out on a quest for the fleece by order of King Pelias, in order to place Jason rightfully on the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly. Through the help of Medea, they acquire the Golden Fleece. The story is of great antiquity and was current in the time of Homer (eighth century BC). It survives in various forms, among which the details vary. a quest for the fleece by order of King Pelias in order to place Jason rightfully on the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly. Through the help of Medea, they acquire the Golden Fleece. The story is of great antiquity and was current in the time of Homer (eighth century BC). It survives in various forms, among which the details vary.\nNowadays, the heraldic variations of the Golden Fleece are featured frequently in Georgia, especially for Coats of Arms and Flags associated with Western Georgian (Historical Colchis) municipalities and cities, including the Coats of Arms of City of Kutais",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Aeson",
"paragraph_text": "son is the act of willfully and deliberately setting fire to or charring property. Although the act of arson typically involves buildings, the term can also refer to the intentional burning of other things, such as motor vehicles, watercraft, or forests. The crime is typically classified as a felony, with instances involving risk to human life or property carrying a stricter penalty. Arson which results in death can be further prosecuted as manslaughter or murder. A common motive for arson is to commit insurance fraud. In such cases, a person destroys their own property by burning it and then lies about the cause in order to collect against their insurance policy.\nA person whoDuring Jason's absence, Pelias intended to kill Aeson. However, Aeson committed suicide by drinking bull's blood. His wife killed herself as well, and Pelias murdered their infant son Promachus.During Jason's absence, Pelias intended to kill Aeson. However, Aeson committed suicide by drinking bull's blood. His wife killed herself as well, and Pelias murdered their infant son Promachus.Arson is the act of willfully and deliberately setting fire to or charring property. Although the act of arson typically involves buildings, the term can also refer to the intentional burning of other things, such as motor vehicles, watercraft, or forests. The crime is typically classified as a felony, with instances involving risk to human life or property carrying a stricter penalty. Arson which results in death can be further prosecuted as manslaughter or murder. A common motive for arson is to commit insurance fraud. In such cases, a person destroys their own property by burning it and then lies about the cause in order to collect against their insurance policy.\nA person who commits arson is referred to as an arsonist, or a serial arsonist if arson has been committed several times. Arsonists normally use an accelerant (such as gasoline or kerosene) to ignite, propel, and direct fires, and the detection and identification of ignitable liquid residues is an important part of fire investigations. Pyromania is an impulse control disorder characterized by the pathological setting of fires. Most acts of arson are not committed by pyromaniacs.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\nThe term derives from Law French arsoun (late 13th century), from Old French arsion, from Late Latin ��rsiōnem \"a burning,\" (acc.) from the verb ardēre, \"to burn.\"\nThe Old English term was bærnet, lit. \"burning\"; and Edward Coke has indictment of burning (1640). Arsonist is from 1864.\n\n\n== English common law ==\nEnglish Common Law defines arson as \"the malicious burning of the dwelling of another.\"\nThis definition has four elements:\n\nMalicious\nFor purposes of common law arson, \"malicious\" refers to intention of starting the fire. Fires can be started on purpose or by accident. In either case, there is legal precedent charge the guilty person with arson whether their intention was to start a fire or not. \"Malicious\" in this case is describing the intention of the arsonist as ill-intentioned and intending to cause harm or death.\nBurning\nAccording to common law charring to any part of dwelling was sufficient to satisfy this element. No significant amount of damage to the dwelling was required. Any injury or damage to the structure caused by exposure to heat or flame is sufficient.\nOf the dwelling\n'Dwelling' refers to a place of residence. The destruction of an unoccupied building was not considered arson: \"... since arson protected habitation, the burning of an unoccupied house did not constitute arson.\" At common law a structure did not become a residence until the first occupants had moved in, and ceased to be a dwelling if the occupants abandoned the premises with no intention of resuming their residency. Dwelling includes structures and outbuildings within the curtilage. Dwellings were not limited to houses. A barn could be the subject of arson if occupied as a dwelling.\nOf another\nBurning one's own dwelling does not constitute common law arson, even if the purpose was to collect insurance, because \"it was generally assumed in early England that one had the legal right to destroy his own property in any manner he chose\". Moreover, for purposes of common law arson, possession or occupancy rather than title determines whose dwelling the structure is. Thus a tenant who sets fire to his rented house would not be guilty of common law arson, while the landlord who set fire to a rented dwelling house would be guilty.\n\n\n== Degrees ==\nMany U.S. state legal systems and the legal systems of several other countries divide arson into degrees, depending sometimes on the value of the property but more commonly on its use and whether the crime was committed in the day or night.\n\nFirst-degree arson – Burning an occupied structure such as a school or a place where people are normally present\nSecond-degree arson – Burning an unoccupied building such as an empty barn or an unoccupied house or other structure in order to claim insurance on such property\nThird-degree arson – Burning an abandoned building or an abandoned area, such as a field, forest or woods.\nMany statutes vary the degree of the crime according to the criminal intent of the accused. Some US states use other degrees of arson, such as \"fourth\" and \"fifth\" degree, while some states do not categorize arson by any degree. For example, in the state of Tennessee, arson is categorized as \"arson\" and \"aggravated arson.\"\n\n\n== Insurance fraud ==\nA common",
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] | Who served as the paternal figure to the one who headed the Argonauts on their quest for the golden fleece? | [
{
"id": 68162,
"question": "who led the argonauts in search of the golden fleece",
"answer": "Jason",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 482364,
"question": "#1 >> father",
"answer": "Aeson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
}
] | Aeson | [] | true | Who was the father of the leader of the Argonauts in the search for the golden fleece? |
2hop__6827_86319 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Brian Moynihan",
"paragraph_text": " Early life and education ==\nMoynihan was born in Marietta, Ohio October 9, in 1959, the sixth of eight children in a Catholic family of Irish descent. Moynihan graduated from Brown University in 1981, where he majored in history, co-captained the rugby team and met his future wife, classmate Susan E. Berry. He earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Notre Dame Law School, before returning to Providence, Rhode Island to join Edwards & Angell LLP, the city's largest corporate law firm.\n\n\n== Career ==\n\nMoynihan held numerous banking positions before becoming president of consumer and small business banking (SBB) at Bank of America in January 2009.\nHe joined Fleet Boston bank in April 1993 as a deputy general counsel. From 1999 to April 2004, he served as executive vice president, managing Fleet's brokerage and wealth management division. After Bank of America (BofA) merged with FleetBoston Financial in 2004, he joined BofA as president of global wealth and investment management. He was named CEO of Merrill Lynch after its sale to BofA in September 2008 and became the CEO of Bank of America after Ken Lewis stepped down in 2010.\nOn August 25, 2011, CNBC's Drew Sandholm noted that \"[d]espite having recently told investors Bank of America ... doesn't need to raise capital, CEO Brian Moynihan will accept $5 billion in capital from famed investor Warren Buffett. The deal not only surprised the Fast Money traders on Thursday, it also caused them to question Moynihan's credibility.\" \nOnBrian Thomas Moynihan (born October 9, 1959) is an American lawyer, businessman and the chairman and CEO of Bank of America. He joined the board of directors, following his promotion to president and CEO.Brian Thomas Moynihan (born October 9, 1959) is an American lawyer, investment banker and businessman who is the chairman and CEO of Bank of America. He joined the board of directors, following his promotion to president and CEO in 2010.\nHe is a member of the Council on Competitiveness and Partnership for Rhode Island, among other boards. He is slated to become the Chancellor of Brown University onBrian Thomas Moynihan (born October 19, 1959) is an American lawyer, businessman and the chairman and CEO of Bank of America. He joined the board of directors, following his promotion to president and CEO in 2010. president and CEO in 2010.\nHe is a member of the Council on Competitiveness and Partnership for Rhode Island, among other boards. He is slated to become the Chancellor of Brown University on July 1, 2024. \n\n\n== Early life and education ==\nMoynihan was born in Marietta, Ohio October 9, in 1959, the sixth of eight children in a Catholic family of Irish descent. Moynihan graduated from Brown University in 1981, where he majored in history, co-captained the rugby team and met his future wife, classmate Susan E. Berry. He earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Notre Dame Law School, before returning to Providence, Rhode Island to join Edwards & Angell LLP, the city's largest corporate law firm.\n\n\n== Career ==\n\nMoynihan held numerous banking positions before becoming president of consumer and small business banking (SBB) at Bank of America in January 2009.\nHe joined Fleet Boston bank in April 1993 as a deputy general counsel. From 1999 to April 2004, he served as executive vice president, managing Fleet's brokerage and wealth management division. After Bank of America (BofA) merged with FleetBoston Financial in 2004, he joined BofA as president of global wealth and investment management. He was named CEO of Merrill Lynch after its sale to BofA in September 2008 and became the CEO of Bank of America after Ken Lewis stepped down in 2010.\nOn August 25, 2011, CNBC's Drew Sandholm noted that \"[d]espite having recently told investors Bank of America ... doesn't need to raise capital, CEO Brian Moynihan will accept $5 billion in capital from famed investor Warren Buffett. The deal not only surprised the Fast Money traders on Thursday, it also caused them to question Moynihan's credibility.\" \nOnBrian Thomas Moynihan (born October 9, 1959) is an American lawyer, businessman and the chairman and CEO of Bank of America. He joined the board of directors, following his promotion to president and CEO.Brian Thomas Moynihan (born October 9, 1959) is an American lawyer, investment banker and businessman who is the chairman and CEO of Bank of America. He joined the board of directors, following his promotion to president and CEO in 2010.\nHe is a member of the Council on Competitiveness and Partnership for Rhode Island, among other boards. He is slated to become the Chancellor of Brown University on July 1, 2024. \n\n\n== Early life and education ==\nMoynihan was born in Marietta, Ohio October 9, in 1959, the sixth of eight children in a",
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"idx": 18,
"title": "Boston",
"paragraph_text": " companies, the city is considered a global pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship, and more recently in artificial intelligence. Boston's economy also includes finance, professional and business services, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States. Furthermore, Boston's businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country overall for environmental sustainability and new investment.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Indigenous era ===\nPrior to European colonization, the region surrounding present-day Boston was inhabited by the Massachusett people who had small, seasonal communities. When a group of settlers led by John Winthrop arrived in 1630, the Shawmut Peninsula was nearly empty of the Native people, as many had died of European diseases brought by early settlers and traders. Archaeological excavations unearthed one of the oldest fishweirs in New England on Boylston Street, which Native people constructed as early as 7,000 years before European arrival in the Western Hemisphere.\n\n\n=== Settlement by Europeans ===\nThe first European to live in what would become Boston was a Cambridge-educated Anglican cleric named William Blaxton. He was the person most directly responsible for the foundation of Boston by Puritan colonists in 1630. This occurred after Blaxton invited one of their leaders, Isaac Johnson, to cross Back Bay from the failing colony of Charlestown and share the peninsula. The Puritans made the crossing in September 1630.\n\n\n==== The name \"Boston\" ====\nBefore Johnson died on September 30, 1630, he named their then-new settlement across the river \"Boston\". (This was one of his last official acts as the leader of the Charlestown community.) The settlement's name came from Johnson's hometown of Boston, Lincolnshire, from which he, his wife (namesake of the Arbella) and John Cotton (grandfather of Cotton Mather) had emigrated to New England. The name of the English town ultimately derives from its patron saint, St. Botolph, in whose church John Cotton served as the rector until his emigration with Johnson. In early sources, Lincolnshire's Boston was known as \"St. Botolph's town\", later contracted to \"Boston\". Before this renaming, the settlement on the peninsula had been known as \"Shawmut\" by Blaxton and \"Tremontaine\" by the Puritan settlers he had invited.\n\n\n==== Puritan occupation ====\nPuritan influence on Boston began even before the settlement was founded with the 1629 Cambridge Agreement. This document created the Massachusetts Bay Colony and was signed by its first governor John Winthrop. Puritan ethics and their focus on education also influenced the early history of the city. America's first public school, Boston Latin SchoolBoston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the Cincinnati–based Macy's. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities. the Boston Massacre (1770), the Boston Tea Party (1773), Paul Revere's Midnight Ride (1775), the Battle of Bunker Hill (1775",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is the Chief Executive Officer of the entity that bought FleetBoston Financial? | [
{
"id": 6827,
"question": "Who bought FleetBoston Financial?",
"answer": "Bank of America",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 86319,
"question": "who's the ceo of #1",
"answer": "Brian Thomas Moynihan",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | Brian Thomas Moynihan | [
"Brian Moynihan"
] | true | Who is the CEO of FleetBoston Financial's purchaser? |
2hop__677160_110882 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "So Nice (James Cottriall song)",
"paragraph_text": " Austria as a digital download on 6 August 2010. It entered the Austrian Singles Chart at number 24. The song was written by James Cottriall and produced by Gwenael Damman.\"\"So Nice\" is a song by English musician James Cottriall, from his first studio album \"Sincerely Me\". It was released in Austria as a digital download on 6 August 2010. It entered the Austrian Singles Chart at number 24. The song was written by James Cottriall and produced by Gwenael Damman. Track listing ==\nDigital download\n\"So Nice\" – 3:21\n\"So Nice\" (Live Acoustic Demo) – 3:38\n\"Unbreakable\" (Live Acoustic Demo)\"So Nice\" is a song by English musician James Cottriall, from his first studio album \"Sincerely Me\". It was released in Austria as a digital download on 6 August 2010. It entered the Austrian Singles Chart at number 24. The song was written by James Cottriall and produced by Gwenael Damman.\"So Nice\" is a song by English musician James Cottriall, from his first studio album Sincerely Me. It was released in Austria as a digital download on 6 August 2010. It entered the Austrian Singles Chart at number 24. The song was written by James Cottriall and produced by Gwenael Damman.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\nDigital download\n\"So Nice\" – 3:21\n\"So Nice\" (Live Acoustic Demo) – 3:38\n\"Unbreakable\" (Live Acoustic Demo) – 2:59\n\n\n== Credits and personnel ==\nLead vocals – James Cottriall\nProducer – Gwenael Damman\nLyrics – James Cottriall\nLabel: Pate Records\n\n\n== Chart performance ==\n\n\n== Release history ==\n\n\n== References ==\"So Nice\" is a song by English musician James Cottriall, from his first studio album Sincerely Me. It was released in Austria as a digital download on 6 August 2010. It entered the Austrian Singles Chart at number 24. The song was written by James Cottriall and produced by Gwenael Damman.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\nDigital download\n\"So Nice\" – 3:21\n\"So Nice\" (Live Acoustic Demo) – 3:38\n\"Unbreakable\" (Live Acoustic Demo) – 2:59\n\n\n== Credits and personnel ==\nLead vocals – James Cottriall\nProducer – Gwenael Damman\nLyrics – James Cottriall\nLabel: Pate Records\n\n\n== Chart performance ==\n\n\n== Release history ==\n\n\n== References ==\"So Nice\" is a song by English musician James Cottriall, from his first studio album Sincerely Me. It was released in Austria as a digital download on 6 August 2010. It entered the Austrian Singles Chart at number 24. The song was written by James Cottriall and produced by Gwenael Damman.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\nDigital download\n\"So Nice\" – 3:21\n\"So Nice\" (Live Acoustic Demo) – 3:38\n\"Unbreakable\" (Live Acoustic Demo) – 2:59\n\n\n== Credits and personnel ==\nLead vocals – James Cottriall\nProducer – Gwenael",
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"idx": 13,
"title": "James Cottriall",
"paragraph_text": " to study for one year abroad in a German-speaking country. He chose to study at the University of Vienna in Austria. Following encouragement from fellow students and friends, he began to give performances of his songs in cafés and bars around Vienna, playing a combination of covers together with his own, newly composed songs. He was also a regular and notorious busker on the Kärntnerstraße, in Vienna's town centre. Following a measure of success, when his one year of study was completed, Cottriall chose to remain in Vienna to actively promote his music. On 29 December 2016 his first child, Lily Joy Cottriall was born in Los Angeles. After divorcing his ex- wife in California in 2018 James moved back to Vienna and became engaged to long-term girlfriend Jessica Garrison in 2021.\n\n\n=== 2010: Sincerely Me ===\nCottriall released his single, \"Unbreakable\", in Austria on 9 April 2010. It received generous airplay from almost every local and national Austrian radio station. It reached number 1 in the Ö3 Hörercharts (Most Requested by listeners charts for Austria) and remained in the Top 40 Charts for 20 weeks. The song was included on the Ö3 Greatest Hits vol. 50 and AustroPop Forever vol. 4 compilation albums. The song was accompanied by a promotional video of Cottriall with a fictional girlfriend going through an emotional break-up, with a concurrent sub-plot of him playing his guitar in an apartment with a broken water pipe gradually flooding the room, leaving him eventually submerged.\nHis follow-up single, \"So Nice\" was released on 6 August 2010 through Pop Pate Records/Edel. In contrast to the hurt and heartache of \"Unbreakable\", \"So Nice\" focuses on the positive aspects of love and relationships. It was produced by Gwenael Damman, bass guitarist for Christina Stürmer. Damman also produced Cottriall's first album, Sincerely Me, which was released in Austria 15 October 2010, also through Pop Pate/Edel. Drums were played by Klaus Pérez-Salado (also part of the Christina Stürmer band) and the piano and keyboards were played by Mark Royce.\n\n\n=== 201James Cottriall (born 1 January 1986, Stratford upon Avon) is an English musician, currently living in Los Angeles, California. He became famous throughout Austria with the success of his first single, \"Unbreakable\", which spent twenty weeks in the Austrian top 40 charts in summer 2010. \"Unbreakable\" was nominated for the Song of the Year category at the 2010 Austrian music Amadeus Awards.JJames Cottriall (born 1 January 1986, Stratford upon Avon) is an English musician, currently living in Los Angeles, California. He became famous throughout Austria with the success of his first single, \"Unbreakable\", which spent twenty weeks in the Austrian top 40 charts in summer 2010. \"Unbreakable\" was nominated for the Song of the Year category at the 2010 Austrian music Amadeus Awards. Amadeus Awards.\n\n\n== Background ==\nCottriall grew up in the countryside of Warwickshire, England, just outside Stratford-upon-Avon. He has two brothers, Ben Cottriall and Alex Cottriall. His father is a stamp dealer. His Mother has a degree from Warwick University. He studied German at King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon, and then at the University of Nottingham where part of the course required him to study for one year abroad in a German-speaking country. He chose to study at the University of Vienna in Austria. Following encouragement from fellow students and friends, he began to give performances of his songs in cafés and bars around Vienna, playing a combination of covers together with his own, newly composed songs. He was also a regular and notorious busker on the Kärntnerstraße, in Vienna's town centre. Following a measure of success, when his one year of study was completed, Cottriall chose to remain in Vienna to actively promote his music. On 29 December 2016 his first child, Lily Joy Cottriall was born in Los Angeles. After divorcing his ex- wife in California in 2018 James moved back to Vienna and became engaged to long-term girlfriend Jessica Garrison in 2021.\n\n\n=== 2010: Sincerely Me ===\nCottriall released his single, \"Unbreakable\", in Austria on 9 April 2010. It received generous airplay from almost every local and national Austrian radio station. It reached number 1 in the Ö3 Hörercharts (Most Requested by listeners charts for Austria) and remained in the Top 40 Charts for 20 weeks. The song was included on the Ö3 Greatest Hits vol. 50 and AustroPop Forever vol. 4 compilation albums. The song was accompanied by a promotional video of Cottriall with a fictional girlfriend going through an emotional break-up, with a concurrent sub-plot of him playing his guitar in an apartment with a broken water pipe gradually flooding the room, leaving him eventually submerged.\nHis follow-up single, \"So Nice\" was released on 6 August 2010 through Pop Pate Records/Edel. In contrast to the hurt and heartache of \"Unbreakable\", \"So Nice\" focuses on the positive aspects of love and relationships. It was produced by Gwenael Damman, bass guitarist for Christina Stürmer. Damman also produced Cottriall's first album, Sincerely Me, which was released in Austria 15 October 2010, also through Pop Pate/Edel. Drums were played by Klaus Pérez-Salado (also part of the Christina Stürmer band) and the piano and keyboards were played by Mark Royce.\n\n\n=== 201James Cottriall (born 1 January 1986, Stratford upon Avon) is an English musician, currently living in Los Angeles, California. He became famous throughout Austria",
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] | What is the birth date of the artist who performed So Nice? | [
{
"id": 677160,
"question": "So Nice >> performer",
"answer": "James Cottriall",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
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{
"id": 110882,
"question": "What is the date of birth for #1 ?",
"answer": "1 January 1986",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
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] | 1 January 1986 | [] | true | When was the performer of So Nice born? |
3hop1__135392_87694_64412 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "St. Peter's Basilica",
"paragraph_text": " was built in the fourth century by Roman emperor Constantine the Great. Construction of the present basilica began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626.\nDesigned principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, and Carlo Maderno, with piazza and fittings by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's is one of the most renowned works of Italian Renaissance architecture and is the largest church in the world by interior measure. While it is neither the mother church of the Catholic Church nor the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome (these equivalent titles being held by the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome), St. Peter's is regarded as one of the holiest Catholic shrines. It has been described as \"holding a unique position in the Christian world\", and as \"the greatest of all churches of Christendom.\"\nCatholic tradition holds that the basilica is the burial site of Saint Peter, chief among Jesus's apostles and also the first Bishop of Rome (Pope). Saint Peter's tomb is directly below the high altar of the basilica, also known as the Altar of the Confession. For this reason,The Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican (Italian: Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply St. Peter's Basilica (Latin: Basilica Sancti Petri), is an Italian Renaissance church in Vatican City, the papal enclave within the city of Rome.�pj����tro]), is a church of the Italian High Renaissance located in Vatican City, an independent microstate enclaved within the city of Rome, Italy. It was initially planned in the 15th century by Pope Nicholas V and then Pope Julius II to replace the ageing Old St. Peter's Basilica, which was built in the fourth century by Roman emperor Constantine the Great. Construction of the present basilica began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626.\nDesigned principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, and Carlo Maderno, with piazza and fittings by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's is one of the most renowned works of Italian Renaissance architecture and is the largest church in the world by interior measure. While it is neither the mother church of the Catholic Church nor the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome (these equivalent titles being held by the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome), St. Peter's is regarded as one of the holiest Catholic shrines. It has been described as \"holding a unique position in the Christian world\", and as \"the greatest of all churches of Christendom.\"\nCatholic tradition holds that the basilica is the burial site of Saint Peter, chief among Jesus's apostles and also the first Bishop of Rome (Pope). Saint Peter's tomb is directly below the high altar of the basilica, also known as the Altar of the Confession. For this reason, many popes, cardinals and bishops have been interred at St. Peter's since the Early Christian period.\nSt. Peter's is famous as a place of pilgrimage and for its liturgical functions. The pope presides at a number of liturgies throughout the year both within the basilica or the adjoining St. Peter's Square; these liturgies draw audiences numbering from 15,000 to over 80,000 people. St. Peter's has many historical associations, with the early Christian Church, the Papacy, the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation and numerous artists, especially Michelangelo. As a work of architecture, it is regarded as the greatest building of its age. St. Peter's is one of the four churches in the world that hold the rank of Major papal basilica, all four of which are in Rome, and is also one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome. Contrary to popular misconception, it is not a cathedral because it is not the seat of a bishop; the cathedra of the pope as bishop of Rome is at the",
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"idx": 13,
"title": "Bremen Cathedral",
"paragraph_text": " sandstone. Only the outer wall of the southern row of chapels shows unhidden bricks. St Peter's is one of the largest historic brick structures in Europe, but it comprises too many stone structures to be subsumed to Brick Gothic. During the great restoration of 1888 to 1901, the western towers and most of the western façade were rebuilt relatively close to previous structures. The crossing tower was a new addition, using the medieval crossing tower of Worms Cathedral as an example. The roofs above the transepts and the northern aisle were redesigned.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early buildings ===\n\nThe first church structure that can be verified on the site of St Peter's Cathedral in Bremen was a timber church on a high point overseeing the Weser River built by Saint Willehad, an early missionary to the Frisians. The church was built about 789 in conjunction with the creation of the Diocese of Bremen, with Willehad as the first bishop. Willehad died the same year.\nJust three years later Saxons attacked and burned Bremen and its tiny timber cathedral. No trace of it remains. The see remained vacant for thirteen years until it was reestablished under Bishop Willerich in 805. St Peter's was built as the cathedral church of local sandstone in several stages by Bishop Willerich.\nAfter the sack of Hamburg by the Danes in 845, Bremen became the seat of the combined Bremen and Hamburg Archdiocese under Archbishop Saint Ansgar who held the see from 848 to his death in 865. He was one of the most prominent missionaries to northern Europe and is credited with the beginnings of the conversion of the Danes and Swedes to Christianity. He was succeeded by Archbishop Rimbert.\nIt is believed that during Ansgar's time the cathedral had a central nave and two side aisles with a choir at each end of the nave, a typical Carolingian church form. There was a cathedral school and cloister.\nEarly in the tenure of Archbishop Adalbrand (1035–1043) the church was in the process of being rebuilt and enlarged, but in Bremen Cathedral (), dedicated to St. Peter, is a church situated in the market square in the center of Bremen, in northern Germany. The cathedral belongs to the Bremian Evangelical Church, a member of the Protestant umbrella organization named Evangelical Church in Germany. It is the previous cathedral of the former Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. Since 1973, it is protected by the monument protection act.BremenBremen Cathedral (), dedicated to St. Peter, is a church situated in the market square in the center of Bremen, in northern Germany. The cathedral belongs to the Bremian Evangelical Church, a member of the Protestant umbrella organization named Evangelical Church in Germany. It is the previous cathedral of the former Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. Since 1973, it is protected by the monument protection act. is protected by the monument protection act.\n\n\n== Periods and materials ==\n \nIn general, Bremen Cathedral is a medieval building. The oldest visible structures are the two crypts. The last parts built in romanesque style and in sandstone were the lower storeys of the western façade and the western towers. Since the late 1220s, vaults and walls were erected in bricks, partly hidden by sheets of sandstone. Only the outer wall of the southern row of chapels shows unhidden bricks. St Peter's is one of the largest historic brick structures in Europe, but it comprises too many stone structures to be subsumed to Brick Gothic. During the great restoration of 1888 to 1901, the western towers and most of the western façade were rebuilt relatively close to previous structures. The crossing tower was a new addition, using the medieval crossing tower of Worms Cathedral as an example. The roofs above the transepts and the northern aisle were redesigned.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early buildings ===\n\nThe first church structure that can be verified",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Vatican City",
"paragraph_text": " 1:1 aspect ratio, along with the flag of Switzerland.\n\n\n== Description ==\nThe 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State states: \"The flag of the Vatican City State is made up of two vertically divided sides, one yellow adhering to the hoist and the other white, and in the latter carries the tiara with the keys, all according to the model on Annex A of this Law\".\n\n\n== Regulations ==\n\n\n=== Current regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 23 of the 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\n\n\n=== Previous regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 19 of the 1929 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\nThe flag is also described in Article 20 of the 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A. The 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State's Attachment A, shows a square flag.\nIn 2010, the Apostolic Nunciature to GermanyThe name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''. at Catholic churches.\nThe flag is a vertical bicolour of yellow and white, with the white half charged with the coat of arms of Vatican City (a papal tiara and the crossed keys of Saint Peter). It was modeled after the 1808 flag of the Papal States, a yellow-and-white bicolour defaced with the tiara and keys in the centre. It is one of only two national flags that use a 1:1 aspect ratio, along with the flag of Switzerland.\n\n\n== Description ==\nThe 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State states:",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the place where the basilica, which shares its namesake saint with the Bremen Cathedral, attain its country status? | [
{
"id": 135392,
"question": "The Bremen Cathedral was named for whom?",
"answer": "Peter",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 87694,
"question": "st. #1 ’s basilica the head of the catholic religion is located in",
"answer": "Vatican City",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 64412,
"question": "when did #2 become its own country",
"answer": "11 February 1929",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | 11 February 1929 | [] | true | When did the location of the basilica which is named for the same saint that the Bremen Cathedral is named for become a country? |
2hop__227791_75487 | [
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election",
"paragraph_text": " of his staff leaked the list. On February 11, 2019, the Conservative Party released a statement from its Leadership Election Organizing Committee (LEOC) which concluded: \"In short, LEOC does not believe there is evidence that the Trost Campaign was responsible for leaking of the membership list....\" The fine was therefore removed from the Brad Trost Campaign. Trost went on to lose renomination as the party candidate for his riding during the 43rd Federal election on March 10, 2018, to Corey Tochor, former speaker of the Saskatchewan Legislature.\nCriticism has been raised about how the party memberships were handled, with some prominent members saying they never received a ballot, even after contacting the party about it.\nIn addition, the result of the leadership race and party handling was questioned by some supporters of such as runner-up Maxime Bernier and fifth place candidate Kellie Leitch due to discrepancies in the final ballot count, specifically a gap between the number of ballots cast and the announced result – a 7,466 vote discrepancy, which is greater than Andrew Scheer's 7,049 votes margin of victory in the final round. There was criticism over the exact role of the accounting firm Deloitte during the voting process – a deal revealed that Deloitte was not specifically tasked with auditing the vote but \"observe\" the counting process. It was also reported that some of Brad Trost's supporters contravened the Elections Act and party membership rules by offering incentives to vote. Dimitri Soudas, a former Stephen Harper aide, pointed out that it violated election rules and it benefited Scheer's campaign but the ballots have been destroyed so the results stood.\nMany considered Scheer's victory as an upset,The 2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election was held on May 27, 2017. Party members chose Andrew Scheer as leader, replacing Stephen Harper, who led the Conservative Party of Canada as its leader from 2004 following the merger of the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative parties. Harper led the party through five federal elections: the party increased its seat count in the House of Commons in 2004, formed two minority governments in 2006, and 2008, and then a majority government in 2011. Following the defeat of the party in the 2015 federal election on October 19, Harper tendered his resignation as party leader. In a statement, Conservative Party President Harry Walsh said he had spoken to Harper, ``and he has instructed me to reach out to the newly elected parliamentary caucus to appoint an Interim Leader and to implement the leadership selection process. ''The 2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election was held on May 27, 2017. Party members chose Andrew Scheer as leader, replacing Stephen Harper, who led the Conservative Party of Canada as its leader from 2004 following the merger of the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative parties. Harper led the party through five federal elections: the party increased its seat count in the House of Commons in 2004, formed two minority governments in 2006, and 2008, and then a majority government in 2011. Following the defeat of the party in the 2015 federal election on October 19, Harper tendered his resignation as party leader. In a statement, Conservative Party President Harry Walsh said he had spoken to Harper, ``and he has instructed me to reach out to the newly elected parliamentary caucus to appoint an Interim Leader and to implement the leadership selection process. '',010 party members were eligible to vote in the leadership contest. 141,000 members cast a vote. According to raw voting figures, Scheer received 62,593 votes on the final ballot compared to 55,544 votes for Bernier with 23,000 voters who had voted in the first round ranking neither Scheer or Bernier in their ranked ballot. Votes were apportioned among ridings so that each riding was allocated 100 points, regardless of the number of voters, resulting in 17,222.20 points (50.95%) for Scheer and 16,577.80 points (49.05%) for Bernier.\nSubsequent to the election, fourth placed candidate Brad Trost and his campaign were fined $50,000 by the Conservative Party of Canada for allegedly leaking the party's membership list to the National Firearms Association. Trost denied that he or any of his staff leaked the list. On February 11, 2019, the Conservative Party released a statement from its Leadership Election Organizing Committee (LEOC) which concluded: \"In short, LEOC does not believe there is evidence that the Trost Campaign was responsible for leaking of the membership list....\" The fine was therefore removed from the Brad Trost Campaign. Trost went on to lose renomination as the party candidate for his riding during the 43rd Federal election on March 10, 2018, to Corey Tochor, former speaker of the Saskatchewan Legislature.\nCriticism has been raised about how the party memberships were handled, with some prominent members saying they never received a ballot, even after contacting the party about it.\nIn addition, the result of the leadership race and party handling was questioned by some supporters of such as runner-up Maxime Bernier and fifth place candidate Kellie Leitch due to discrepancies in the final ballot count, specifically a gap between the number of ballots cast and the announced result – a 7,466 vote discrepancy, which is greater than Andrew Scheer's 7,049 votes margin of victory in the final round. There was criticism over the exact role of the accounting firm Deloitte during the voting process – a deal revealed that Deloitte was not specifically tasked with auditing the vote but \"observe\" the counting process. It was also reported that some of Brad Trost's supporters contravened the Elections Act and party membership rules by offering incentives to vote. Dimitri Soudas, a former Stephen Harper aide, pointed out that it violated election rules and it benefited Scheer's campaign but the ballots have been destroyed so the results stood.\nMany considered Scheer's victory as an upset,The 2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election was held on May 27",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Ken Epp",
"paragraph_text": " of Canada biographyMarvin Kenneth Epp (May 11, 1939 – February 20, 2022) was a Canadian politician.\nEpp was a member of the Conservative Party of Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, representing the riding of Edmonton—Sherwood Park since its creation in June 2004. He was previously the MP for Elk Island from 1993 to 2004. He has also been a member of the Canadian Alliance (2000-2003) and the Reform Party of Canada (1993-2000). Epp was a former mathematics instructor at the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in Edmonton.\nEpp did not run in the 2008 federal election, having announced his intention to retire on August 17, 2006.\nEpp died on February 20, 2022, at the age of 82.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nHow'd They Vote?: Ken Epp's voting history and quotes\n\nKen Epp – Parliament of Canada biographyMarvin Kenneth Epp (May 11, 1939 – February 20, 2022) was a Canadian politician.\nEpp was a member of the Conservative Party of Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, representing the riding of Edmonton—Sherwood Park since its creation in June 2004. He was previously the MP for Elk Island from 1993 to 2004. He has also been a member of the Canadian Alliance (2000-2003) and the Reform Party of Canada (1993-2000). Epp was a former mathematics instructor at the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in Edmonton.\nEpp did not run in the 2008 federal election, having announced his intention to retire on August 17, 2006.\nEpp died on February 20, 2022, at the age of 82.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nHow'd They Vote?: Ken Epp's voting history and quotes\n\nKen Epp – Parliament of Canada biographyMarvin Kenneth Epp (May 11, 1939 – February 20, 2022) was a Canadian politician.\nEpp was a member of the Conservative Party of Canada in the HouseEpp was a member of the Conservative Party of Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, representing the riding of Edmonton—Sherwood Park since its creation in June 2004. He was previously the MP for Elk Island from 1993 to 2004. He has also been a member of the Canadian Alliance (2000-2003) and the Reform Party of Canada (1993-2000). Epp is a former mathematics instructor at the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in Edmonton.Epp was a member of the Conservative Party of Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, representing the riding of Edmonton—Sherwood Park since its creation in June 2004. He was previously the MP for Elk Island from 1993 to 2004. He has also been a member of the Canadian Alliance (2000-2003) and the Reform Party of Canada (1993-2000). Epp is a former mathematics instructor at the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in Edmonton.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is the chief at the federal level of the political party that Ken Epp is a member of? | [
{
"id": 227791,
"question": "Ken Epp >> member of political party",
"answer": "Conservative Party of Canada",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 75487,
"question": "federal leader of #1",
"answer": "Andrew Scheer",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
}
] | Andrew Scheer | [] | true | Who is the federal leader of the political party Ken Epp belongs to? |
2hop__398344_85513 | [
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "List of Steven Universe episodes",
"paragraph_text": "; in blocks of multiple new episodes in the course of a week, marketed as \"Stevenbombs\"; or back-to-back as specials with an umbrella title.\nDuring the course of the series, 160 episodes of Steven Universe aired over five seasons, between November 4, 2013, and January 21, 2019. A television film, Steven Universe: The Movie, was released on September 2, 2019, following the fifth and final season. A concluding limited series, Steven Universe Future, premiered on December 7, 2019, and ended on March 27, 2020.\n\n\n== Series overview ==\n\n\n== Episodes ==\nThe order and length of the first three seasons is inconsistent between official sources; this list uses the \"intended order\" of the episodes as specified by co–executive producer Ian Jones-Quartey, which re-orders six episodes from the first two seasons compared to the broadcast order.\n\n\n=== Pilot (2013) ===\n\n\n=== Season 1 (2013–15) ===\n26 half-hours (52 episodes) were produced for Season 1; this list includes a 53rd, \"Say Uncle,\" which was produced and aired as part of Season 2, but which in terms of story chronology is placed by Jones-Quartey's list late in Season 1.\nEpisode premieres initially occurred weekly on Monday nights, but moved to Wednesday nights beginning with the episode \"Steven the Sword Fighter,\" then to Thursday nights beginning with the episode \"Coach Steven\". The episodes \"Open Book\", \"Shirt Club\", and \"Story for Steven\" were bumped to air during the second season in order to facilitate airing the final 'arc' of season one over five consecutive nights.\nIan Jones-Quartey was the supervising director for each episode, but is uncredited in \"Say Uncle\".\n\n\n=== Season 2 (2015–16) ===\nSeason 2 and Season 3 were produced as one season of 26 half-hours, comprising 49 regular episodes, 1 double-length special, and 6 shorts. When the season was officially split in two after the fact, 26 of the regular episodes and the shorts were aired as \"Season 2\". This included \"Say Uncle,\" but as previously noted, this list moves that episode to Season 1.\nJasmin Lai is the art director for every episode, with Elle Michalka co-directing \"Full Disclosure\".\n\n\n=== Season 3 (2016) ===\nSeason 3 consists of the remaining 23 regular episodes and 1 double-sized episode produced alongside season 2.\nThe episodes \"Super Watermelon Island\", \"Gem Drill\", \"Same Old World\", \"Barn Mates\", and \"Hit the Diamond\" aired as a four-week special event titled In Too Deep.\nThe remaining episodes of the season all aired during another four-week special event titled Summer Adventures.\n\n\n=== Season 4 (2016–17) ===\nSeason 4 was initially ordered together with Season 5, as a set of 26 half-hours, but the two were split into separate seasons during production. Season 4 consists of 13 half-hours (23 regular episodes, 1 double-length special, and 5 shorts).\nThe episodes \"Kindergarten Kid\" and \"Know Your Fusion\" were the last two episodes to air during a four-week special event titled Summer Adventures.\n\"Steven's Dream\", \"Adventures in Light Distortion\", \"Gem Heist\", \"The Zoo\", and \"That Will Be All\" aired as a four-night special event titled Out of This World.\nEpisode premieres moved to Fridays beginning with the episode \"The New Crystal Gems\".\n\n\n=== Season 5 (2017–19) ===\nSeason 5 consists of the remaining 13 half-hours ordered alongside Season 4, plus 3 additional half-hours ordered after it was decided to bring the series to an end, to conclude the story. Together, they comprise 26 regular episodes, 1 double-length special, and 1 quadruple-length finale.\nThe episodes \"Stuck Together\", \"The Trial\", \"Off Colors\", and \"Lars' Head\" aired together as a one-hour special, under the umbrella title Wanted.\nThe episodes \"Lars of the Stars\" and \"Jungle Moon\" aired together as a half-hour special, under the umbrella title Stranded.\nEpisode premieres moved to Monday nights beginning with the episode \"Your Mother and Mine\".\nThe episodes \"Now We're Only Falling Apart\", \"What's Your Problem\", \"The Question\", \"Made of Honor\", and \"Reunited\" aired as a five-night special event titled Heart of the Crystal Gems.\nThe episodes \"Legs from Here to Homeworld\", \"Familiar\", \"Together Alone\", \"Escapism\", and \"Change Your Mind\" aired as a five-week special event titled Diamond Days.\nEach episode was art directed by Liz Artinian.\n\n\n== Film (2019) ==\n\nA television film based on the series, titled Steven Universe: The Movie, premiered on Cartoon Network on September 2, 2019; its production was first announced on July 21, 2018, at San Diego Comic-Con with the release of its first teaser trailer. The film is a musical, featuring musical collaborations with Chance the Rapper, Estelle, Gallant, Aimee Mann, James Fauntleroy, Macie Stewart, Mike Krol, and others, and takes153 25 ``Legs From Here to Homeworld ''Kat Morris (supervising), Liz Artinian (art) Amber Cragg, Hilary Florido and Tom Herpich 2018 (2018) TBA TBD153 25 ``Legs From Here to Homeworld ''Kat Morris (supervising), Liz Artinian (art) Amber Cragg, Hilary Florido and Tom Herpich 2018 (2018) TBA TBDvoiced by Michaela Dietz) and Pearl (voiced by Deedee Magno Hall), three magical alien guardians known as the Crystal Gems. During the original run of the series, episodes of Steven Universe were variously broadcast once a week; in blocks of multiple new episodes in the course of a week, marketed as \"Stevenbombs\"; or back-to-back as specials with an umbrella title.\nDuring the course of the series, 160 episodes of Steven Universe aired over five seasons, between November 4, 2013, and January 21, 2019. A television film, Steven Universe: The Movie, was released on September 2, 2019, following the fifth and final season. A concluding limited series, Steven Universe Future, premiered on December 7, 2019, and ended on March 27, 2020.\n\n\n== Series overview ==\n\n\n== Episodes ==\nThe order and length of the first three seasons is inconsistent between official sources; this list uses the \"intended order\" of the episodes as specified by co–executive producer Ian Jones-",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Steven the Sword Fighter",
"paragraph_text": " The episode was viewed by 1.098 million viewers, becoming the thirty-sixth most watched episode aired by the network for the week of April 7 to April 13, 2014.\nThe episode shows Pearl attempting to teach Steven the art of sword-fighting using Holo-Pearl, a holographic version of herself. However, during the lessons, Pearl gets injured and retreats into her gem to heal and make a new body to project.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nWhile Steven (Zach Callison), Garnet (Estelle), Amethyst (Michaela Dietz) and Pearl (Deedee Magno Hall) are watching the fictional Japanese movie Lonely Blade, Pearl critiques the film's sword fighting techniques and offers to give Steven a proper demonstration. At her arena, Pearl summons \"Holo-Pearl\", a holographic version of herself to spar with. After Pearl wins a sparring match with Holo-Pearl, she begins to show Steven the basics of sword-fighting. However, Pearl's lessons bore Steven, making him clamor for Pearl to teach him the signature\"Steven the Sword Fighter\" is the sixteenth episode of the first season of the American animated television series \"Steven Universe\". It is written by Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu. the United States, the episode originally aired on Cartoon Network on April 9, 2014, the first new episode to air on the series' new Wednesday time slot. The episode was viewed by 1.098 million viewers, becoming the thirty-sixth most watched episode aired by the network for the week of April 7 to April 13, 2014.\nThe episode shows Pearl attempting to teach Steven the art of sword-fighting using Holo-Pearl, a holographic version of herself. However, during the lessons, Pearl gets injured and retreats into her gem to heal and make a new body to project.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nWhile Steven (Zach Callison), Garn",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When will the series featuring Steven the Sword Fighter release its next episode? | [
{
"id": 398344,
"question": "Steven the Sword Fighter >> part of the series",
"answer": "Steven Universe",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 85513,
"question": "when is the next #1 episode being released",
"answer": "TBD",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
}
] | TBD | [] | true | When is the next episode of the series that Steven the Sword Fighter is a part of being released? |
2hop__37353_23241 | [
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Mosaic",
"paragraph_text": " cultural tradition. Music is played in public and private contexts, highlighted at events such as festivals and concerts for various different types of ensembles. Music is used in the production of other media, such as in soundtracks to films, TV shows, operas, and video games.\nListening to music is a common means of entertainment. The culture surrounding music extends into areas of academic study, journalism, philosophy, psychology, and therapy. The music industry includes songwriters, performers, sound engineers, producers, tour organizers, distributors of instruments, accessories, and publishers of sheet music and recordings. Technology facilitating the recording and reproduction of music has historically included sheet music, microphones, phonographs, and tape machines, with playback of digital musics being a common use for MP3 players, CD players, and smartphones.\n\n\n== Etymology and terminology ==\n\nThe modern English word 'music' came into use in the 1630s. It is derived from a long line of successive precursors: the Old English 'musike' of the mid-13th century; the Old French musique of the 12th century; and the Latin mūsica. The Latin word itself derives from the Ancient Greek mousiké (technē)—μουσική (τέχνη)—literally meaning \"(art) of the Muses\". The Muses were nine deities in Ancient Greek mythology who presided over the arts and sciences. They were included in tales by the earliest Western authors, Homer and Hesiod, and eventually came to be associated with music specifically. Over time, Polyhymnia would reside over music more prominently than the other muses. The Latin word musica was also the originator for both the Spanish música and French musique via spelling and linguistic adjustment, though other European terms were probably loanwords, including the Italian musica, German Musik, Dutch muziek, Norwegian musikk, PolishIslamic architecture used mosaic technique to decorate religious buildings and palaces after the Muslim conquests of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire. In Syria and Egypt the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Roman and Early Christian mosaic art. During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of zellige and azulejo in various parts of the Arab world, although tile was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration.MIslamic architecture used mosaic technique to decorate religious buildings and palaces after the Muslim conquests of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire. In Syria and Egypt the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Roman and Early Christian mosaic art. During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of zellige and azulejo in various parts of the Arab world, although tile was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration. of music, and are often divided into categories of composition, improvisation, and performance. Music may be performed using a wide variety of musical instruments, including the human voice. It can also be composed, sequenced, or otherwise produced to be indirectly played mechanically or electronically, such as via a music",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Nigeria",
"paragraph_text": " more than 250 ethnic groups speaking 500 distinct languages, all identifying with a wide variety of cultures. The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa in the north, Yoruba in the west, and Igbo in the east, together constituting over 60% of the total population.According to a 2001 report from The World Factbook by CIA, about 50% of Nigeria's population is Muslim, 40% are Christians and 10% adhere to local religions. But in some recent report, the Christian population is now sightly larger than the Muslim population. An 18 December 2012 report on religion and public life by the Pew Research Center stated that in 2010, 49.3 percent of Nigeria's population was Christian, 48.8 percent was Muslim, and 1.9 percent were followers of indigenous and other religions, or unaffiliated. Additionally, the 2010s census of Association of Religion Data Archives has reported that 46.5 percent of the total population is Christian, slightly bigger than the Muslim population of 45.5 percent, and that 7.7 percent are members of other religious groups., with the Nok civilization in the 15th century BC marking the first internal unification. The modern state originated with British colonialization in the 19th century, taking its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914. The British set up administrative and legal structures while practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms. Nigeria became a formally independent federation on 1 October 1960. It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970, followed by a succession of military dictatorships and democratically elected civilian governments until achieving a stable government in the 1999 Nigerian presidential election, with the election of Olusegun Obasanjo of the Peoples Democratic Party. However, the country frequently experiences electoral fraud, and corruption is rampant in various levels of Nigerian politics.\nNigeria is a multinational state inhabited by more than 250 ethnic groups speaking 500 distinct languages, all identifying with a wide variety of cultures. The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa in the north, Yoruba in the west, and Igbo in the east, together constituting over 60% of the total population. The official language is English, chosen to facilitate linguistic unity at the national level. Nigeria's constitution ensures de jure freedom of religion, and it is home to some of the world's largest Muslim and Christian populations. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Muslims, who live mostly in the north part of the country, and Christians, who live mostly in the south; indigenous religions, such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities, are in the minority.\nNigeria is a regional power in Africa and a middle power in international affairs. Nigeria's economy is the fourth-largest in Africa, the 53rd-largest in the world by nominal GDP, and 27th-largest by PPP. Nigeria is often referred to as the GiantAccording to a 2001 report from The World Factbook by CIA, about 50% of Nigeria's population is Muslim, 40% are Christians and 10% adhere to local religions. But in some recent report, the Christian population is now sightly larger than the Muslim population. An 18 December 2012 report on religion and public life by the Pew Research Center stated that in 2010, 49.3 percent of Nigeria's population was Christian, 48.8 percent was Muslim, and 1.9 percent were followers of indigenous and other religions, or unaffiliated. Additionally, the 2010s census of Association of Religion Data Archives has reported that 46.5 percent of the total population is Christian, slightly bigger than the Muslim population of 45.5 percent, and that 7.7 percent are members of other religious groups.Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea to the south in the Atlantic Ocean. It covers an area of 923,769 square kilometres (356,669 sq mi). With a population of more than 230 million, it is the most populous country in Africa, and the world's sixth-most populous country. Nigeria borders Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the east, and Benin in the west. Nigeria is a federal republic comprising 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja, is located. The largest city in Nigeria is Lagos, one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world and the largest in Africa.\nNigeria has been home to several indigenous pre-colonial states and kingdoms since the second millennium BC, with the Nok civilization in the 15th century BC marking the first internal unification. The modern state originated with British colonialization in the 19th century, taking its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914. The British set up administrative and legal structures while practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms. Nigeria became a formally independent federation on 1 October 1960. It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970, followed by a succession of military dictatorships and democratically elected civilian governments until achieving a stable government in the 1999 Nigerian presidential election, with the election of Olusegun Obasanjo of the Peoples Democratic Party. However, the country frequently experiences electoral fraud, and corruption is rampant in various levels of Nigerian politics.\nNigeria is a multinational state inhabited by more than 250 ethnic groups speaking 500 distinct languages, all identifying with a wide variety of cultures. The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa in the north, Yoruba in the west, and Igbo in the east, together constituting over 60% of the total population. The official language is English, chosen to facilitate linguistic unity at the national level. Nigeria's constitution ensures de jure freedom of religion, and it is home to some of the world's largest Muslim and Christian populations. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Muslims, who live mostly in the north part of the country, and Christians, who live mostly in the south; indigenous religions, such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities, are in the minority.\nNigeria is a regional power in Africa and a middle power in international affairs. Nigeria's economy is the fourth-largest in Africa, the 53rd-largest in the world by nominal GDP, and 27th-largest by PPP. Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa owing to its large population and economy, and is considered to be an emerging market by the World Bank. Nigeria is a founding member of the African Union and a member of many international organizations, including the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, NAM, the Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and OPEC. It is also a member of the informal MINT group of countries and is one of the Next Eleven economies.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\nThe name Nigeria derives from the Niger River running through the country. This name",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What percentage of Nigeria's population in 2010, as reported by Pew, was made up of individuals who had once seized the Eastern regions of the Byzantine Empire? | [
{
"id": 37353,
"question": "Who conquered the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine empire?",
"answer": "Muslim",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 23241,
"question": "According to Pew, in 2010, what percent of Nigeria's population was #1 ?",
"answer": "48.8 percent",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | 48.8 percent | [] | true | According to Pew in 2010, what percent of Nigeria's population was the people who conquered the Eastern provinces of the Byzantine empire? |
2hop__13548_13529 | [
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "FC Barcelona",
"paragraph_text": " During this decade they won six Copas del Generalísimo de Baloncesto and were runners-up once. In 1956 they were founding members of the Liga Española de Baloncesto and finished as runners-up. In 1959 they won Spanish basketball's first-ever league and cup double.\n\n\n=== Decline in the 1960s ===\nThe 1960s and 1970s saw the team in decline. In 1961 the club president Enric Llaudet dissolved the team in spite of its popularity. However, in 1962, the club was reformed after a campaign by the fans. In 1964 the league's Primera División was cut from fourteen teams to eight and the club found themselves in the Segunda División after not finishing between the two first qualified teams in the relegation playoffs. However they quickly returned to the top division after being crowned Segunda champions in 1965. During the 1970s the club was persistently overshadowed by its rivals Real Madrid and Joventut.\n\n\n=== Revival in the 1980s ===\nIn the 1980s club president Josep Lluís Núñez gave the team his full support with the aim of making the club the best in Spain and Europe. His support produced results and during the decade inspired by their coach Aíto García Reneses and players like Juan Antonio San Epifanio (better known as Epi), Andrés Jiménez, Sibilio, Audie Norris and Solozábal, the club won six Spanish championships, five Spanish cups, two European Cup Winners' Cups, the Korać Cup and the World Championship. However the European Cup remained elusive, ending as runners-up in 1984. In the 1987–88 season Barça won the Copa Príncipe, Liga ACB, Copa del Rey and the Supercopa completing a quadruple.\n\n\n=== Champions of Europe ===\nThe club built on this success during the 1990s, winning a further four Spanish championships and two Spanish cups. They were still unable to win the European Cup despite playing in a further four finals in 1990, 1991, 1996 and 1997. They also made a record six EuroLeague Final Four appearances. The star player during this era was Juan Antonio San Epifanio.\nTheir persistence eventually paid off and in 2003, inspired by Dejan Bodiroga, Gregor Fučka, ��arūnas Jasikevičius and Juan Carlos Navarro, they won the EuroLeague, beating Benetton Treviso 76–65 in front of a packed Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona. They repeated the feat in 2010, defeating Olympiacos by a wide 86–68 in Paris, and that October, they made further history when they beat the two-time defending NBA champion Los Angeles Lakers – including Kobe Bryant and FCB Bàsquet alumnus and Barcelona native Pau Gasol – 92–88 at the Palau Sant Jordi as part of the 2010 NBA Europe Live Tour. The match was also notable for being both a match-up between the reigning NBA and EuroLeague champions and the first time a European team had won against a defending NBA champion. Two FCB Bàsquet players in that game – captain Navarro and point guard Ricky Rubio – either had or went on to play in the NBA.\n\n\n=== Recent years ===\n\nIn the following years, Barcelona would stay on top of Spanish basketball, playing almost all league and cup finals against rival Real Madrid. From 2012 until 2014, Barcelona managed to reach the Euroleague Final Four. However, it could not reach further than the semifinals. Barcelona won the Spanish Championship in 2014, but the next few seasons became absolute disasters, both in the Euroleague, and the Spanish League. However, the team saw a return to form in the Copa del Rey, which was won in 2018, in 2019 and in 2021 defeating Real Madrid on all three finals. In 2021 the Spanish Championship was won for the 19th time—the first in seven years—and only a narrow defeat against Anadolu Efes in the championship game of the 2021 EuroLeague Final Four prevented the Catalan giants from winning the competition for the third time. On june 21 2023 Barça defeated Real Madrid 82-93 to win their 20th Spanish Championship.\n\n\n== Sponsorship naming ==\nFrom 2004 until 2007 the club was sponsored by the Winterthur Group, a Swiss insurance company with offices in Barcelona since 1910, which led to the team featuring the birthplace of Joan Gamper, the club's founder, on their shirts. In 2006 the Winterthur Group was taken over by AXA, leading to a change in the club name. In the 2008–09 season, the club's sponsorship changed to Spanish insurer Regal (a division of Liberty Seguros, the Spanish subsidiary of American insurer Liberty Mutual). This sponsorship finished in JuneDespite being the favourites and starting strongly, Barcelona finished the 2006–07 season without trophies. A pre-season US tour was later blamed for a string of injuries to key players, including leading scorer Eto'o and rising star Lionel Messi. There was open feuding as Eto'o publicly criticized coach Frank Rijkaard and Ronaldinho. Ronaldinho also admitted that a lack of fitness affected his form. In La Liga, Barcelona were in first place for much of the season, but inconsistency in the New Year saw Real Madrid overtake them to become champions. Barcelona advanced to the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey, winning the first leg against Getafe 5–2, with a goal from Messi bringing comparison to Diego Maradona's goal of the century, but then lost the second leg 4–0. They took part in the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup, but were beaten by a late goal in the final against Brazilian side Internacional. In the Champions League, Barcelona were knocked out of the competition in the last 16 by eventual runners-up Liverpool on away goals.FCDespite being the favourites and starting strongly, Barcelona finished the 2006–07 season without trophies. A pre-season US tour was later blamed for a string of injuries to key players, including leading scorer Eto'o and rising star Lionel Messi. There was open feuding as Eto'o publicly criticized coach Frank Rijkaard and Ronaldinho. Ronaldinho also admitted that a lack of fitness affected his form. In La Liga, Barcelona were in first place for much of the season, but inconsistency in the New Year saw Real Madrid overtake them to become champions. Barcelona advanced to the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey, winning the first leg against Getafe 5–2, with a goal from Messi bringing comparison to Diego Maradona's goal of the century, but then lost the second leg 4–0. They took part in the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup, but were beaten by a late goal in the final against Brazilian side Internacional. In the Champions League, Barcelona were knocked out of the competition in the last 16 by eventual runners-up Liverpool on away goals. players that have played with the team included Pau Gasol, Rony Seikaly, Marc Gasol, Anderson Varejão, Juan Carlos Navarro, Jaka Lakovič, ��arūnas Jasikevičius, Dejan Bodiroga, Gianluca Basile, Ricky Rubio, Juan Antonio San Epifanio, Saša Đorđević, and Tony Massenburg.\nFC Barcelona also has a reserve team, called FC Barcelona Bàsquet B, that plays in the Spanish 2nd-tier LEB Oro.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early years ===\nFounded on 24 August 1926, the club entered its first competition in 1927, playing in the Campionat de Catalunya de Basquetbol (Catalan Basketball Championship). During these early years, basketball in Catalonia was dominated by clubs such as CE Europa, Laietà BC and Société Patrie (later CB Atlètic Gràcia) and it was not until the 1940s that FC Barcelona became established as a basketball team. During this decade they won six Copas del Generalísimo de Baloncesto and were runners-up once. In 1956 they were founding members of the Liga Española de Baloncesto and finished as runners-up. In 1959 they won Spanish basketball's first-ever league and cup double.\n\n\n=== Decline in the 1960s ===\nThe 1960s and 1970s saw the team in decline. In 1961 the club president Enric Llaudet dissolved the team in spite of its popularity. However, in 1962, the club was reformed after a campaign by the fans. In 1964 the league's Primera División was cut from fourteen teams to eight and the club found themselves in the Segunda División after not finishing between the two first qualified teams in the relegation playoffs. However they quickly returned to the top division after being crowned Segunda champions in 1965. During the 1970s the club was persistently overshadowed by its rivals Real Madrid and Joventut.\n\n\n=== Revival in the 1980s ===\nIn the 1980s club president Josep Lluís Núñez gave the team his full support with the aim of making the club the best in Spain and Europe. His support produced results and during the decade inspired by their coach Aíto García Reneses and players like Juan Antonio San Epifanio (better known as Epi), Andrés Jiménez, Sibilio, Audie Norris and Solozábal, the club won six Spanish championships, five Spanish cups, two European Cup Winners' Cups, the Korać Cup and the World Championship. However the European Cup remained elusive, ending as runners-up in 1984. In the 1987–88 season Barça won the Copa Príncipe, Liga ACB, Copa del Rey and the Supercopa completing a quadruple.\n\n\n=== Champions of Europe ===\nThe club built on this success during the 1990s, winning a further four Spanish championships and two Spanish cups. They were still unable to win the European Cup despite playing in a further four finals in 1990, 1991, 1996 and 1997. They also made a record six EuroLeague Final Four appearances. The star player during this era was Juan Antonio San Epifanio.\nTheir persistence eventually paid off and in 2003, inspired by Dejan Bodiroga, Gregor Fučka, ��arūnas Jasikevičius and Juan Carlos Navarro, they won the EuroLeague, beating Benetton Treviso 76–65 in front of a packed Palau Sant Jordi in",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "FC Barcelona",
"paragraph_text": " entered its first competition in 1927, playing in the Campionat de Catalunya de Basquetbol (Catalan Basketball Championship). During these early years, basketball in Catalonia was dominated by clubs such as CE Europa, Laietà BC and Société Patrie (later CB Atlètic Gràcia) and it was not until the 1940s that FC Barcelona became established as a basketball team. During this decade they won six Copas del Generalísimo de Baloncesto and were runners-up once. In 1956 they were founding members of the Liga Española de Baloncesto and finished as runners-up. In 1959 they won Spanish basketball's first-ever league and cup double.\n\n\n=== Decline in the 1960s ===\nThe 1960s and 1970s saw the team in decline. In 1961 the club president Enric Llaudet dissolved the team in spite of its popularity. However, in 1962, the club was reformed after a campaign by the fans. In 1964 the league's Primera División was cut from fourteen teams to eight and the club found themselves in the Segunda División after not finishing between the two first qualified teams in the relegation playoffs. However they quickly returned to the top division after being crowned Segunda champions in 1965. During the 1970s the club was persistently overshadowed by its rivals Real Madrid and Joventut.\n\n\n=== Revival in the 1980s ===\nIn the 1980s club president Josep Lluís Núñez gave the team his full support with the aim of making the club the best in Spain and Europe. His support produced results and during the decade inspired by their coach Aíto García Reneses and players like Juan Antonio San Epifanio (better known as Epi), Andrés Jiménez, Sibilio, Audie Norris and Solozábal, the club won six Spanish championships, five Spanish cups, two European Cup Winners' Cups, the Korać Cup and the World Championship. However the European Cup remained elusive, ending as runners-up in 1984. In the 1987–88 season Barça won the Copa Príncipe, Liga ACB, Copa del Rey and the Supercopa completing a quadruple.\n\n\n=== Champions of Europe ===\nThe club built on this success during the 1990s, winning a further four Spanish championships and two Spanish cups. They were still unable to win the European Cup despite playing in a further four finals in 1990, 1991, 1996 and 1997. They also made a record six EuroLeague Final Four appearances. The star player during this era was Juan Antonio San Epifanio.\nTheir persistence eventually paid off and in 2003, inspired by Dejan Bodiroga, Gregor Fučka, ��arūnas Jasikevičius and Juan Carlos Navarro, they won the EuroLeague, beating Benetton Treviso 76–65 in front of a packed Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona. They repeated the feat in 2010, defeating Olympiacos by a wide 86–68 in Paris, and that October, they made further history when they beat the two-time defending NBA champion Los Angeles Lakers – including Kobe Bryant and FCB Bàsquet alumnus and Barcelona native Pau Gasol – 92–88 at the Palau Sant Jordi as part of the 2010 NBA Europe Live Tour. The match was also notable for being both a match-up between the reigning NBA and EuroLeague champions and the first time a European team had won against a defending NBA champion. Two FCB Bàsquet players in that game – captainIn June 1982, Diego Maradona was signed for a world record fee of £5 million from Boca Juniors. In the following season, under coach Luis, Barcelona won the Copa del Rey, beating Real Madrid. However, Maradona's time with Barcelona was short-lived and he soon left for Napoli. At the start of the 1984–85 season, Terry Venables was hired as manager and he won La Liga with noteworthy displays by German midfielder Bernd Schuster. The next season, he took the team to their second European Cup final, only to lose on penalties to Steaua Bucureşti during a dramatic evening in Seville. players that have played with the team included Pau Gasol, Rony Seikaly, Marc Gasol, Anderson Varejão, Juan Carlos Navarro, Jaka Lakovič, ��arūnas Jasikevičius, Dejan Bodiroga, Gianluca Basile, Ricky Rubio, Juan Antonio San Epifanio, Saša Đorđević, and Tony Massenburg.\nFC Barcelona also has a reserve team, called FC Barcelona Bàsquet B, that plays in the Spanish 2nd-tier LEB Oro.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early years ===\nFounded on 24 August 1926, the club entered its first competition in 1927, playing in the Campionat de Catalunya de Basquetbol (Catalan Basketball Championship). During these early years, basketball in Catalonia was dominated by clubs such as",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did Barcelona sign the player to whom Messi's Copa del Rey goals were compared? | [
{
"id": 13548,
"question": "To whom was Messi's goal in the first leg of the Copa del Rey compared?",
"answer": "Diego Maradona",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 13529,
"question": "When was #1 signed by Barcelona?",
"answer": "June 1982",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | June 1982 | [] | true | When was the person who Messi's goals in Copa del Rey compared to get signed by Barcelona? |
3hop1__186307_503371_21711 | [
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Jaulín",
"paragraph_text": " According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nJaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.JJaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Points of interest ==\nGamesa G128-4.5 MW wind turbine\n\n\n== References ==Jaulín is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Ar",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Martin of Aragon",
"paragraph_text": " 31 May 1410), also called the Elder and the Ecclesiastic, was King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica and Count of Barcelona from 1396 and King of Sicily from 1409 (as Martin II). He failed to secure the accession of his illegitimate grandson, Frederic, Count of Luna, and with him the rule of the House of Barcelona came to an end.Martin the Humane (29 July 1356 – 31 May 1410), also called the Elder and the Ecclesiastic, was King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica and Count of Barcelona from 1396 and King of Sicily from 1409 (as Martin II). He failed to secure the accession of his illegitimate grandson, Frederic, Count of Luna, and with him the rule of the House of Barcelona came to an end.\n\n\n== Background ==\nMartin was born in 1356, in either Girona or Perpignan, both then in the Principality of Catalonia. He was the second son of King Peter IV of Aragon and Eleanor of Sicily (Leonora), princess of the Sicilian branch of the House of Aragon.\nAs a cadet prince of the Aragonese royal family, Martin was given the County of Besalú. In Barcelona on 13 June 1372, Martin married María López de Luna (d. Villarreal, 20 December 1406), the daughter and heiress of Lope, Lord and 1st Count of Luna and Lord of Segorbe and his wife Brianda de Got, who was born in Provence and was related to Pope Clement V.\nIn 1380 his father appointed him lord and regent of the island of Sicily, then known also as Trinacria, since its queen Maria of Sicily, who was also Martin's cousin, was underage (Maria's father, Frederick III the Simple, died in 1377). As a son of Eleanor of Sicily, Martin was himself an heir to the island, should Maria's family die out.\n\n\n== Kingship ==\nIn 1396, Martin succeeded his elder brother John I, who had died sonless, on the throne of Aragon. However, Sicilian nobles were causing unrest and so Martin was kept in Sicily. Meanwhile, Martin's wife, María López de Luna, claimed the throne on his behalf and acted as his representative until he arrived in 1397. Still, the delay opened the way for more problems and quarrels to surface in Aragon. His right to the throne was contested, first by Count Matthew of Foix on behalf of his wife Joanna, elder daughter of John I. However, Martin succeeded in quashing an invasion by troops of the count. AfterMartin the Humane (29 July 1356 – 31 May 1410), also called the Elder and the Ecclesiastic, was King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica and Count of Barcelona from 1396 and King of Sicily from 1409 (as Martin II). He failed to secure the accession of his illegitimate grandson, Frederic, Count of Luna, and with him the rule of the House of Barcelona came to an end.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Gothic architecture",
"paragraph_text": "The Palais des Papes in Avignon is the best complete large royal palace, alongside the Royal palace of Olite, built during the 13th and 14th centuries for the kings of Navarre. The Malbork Castle built for the master of the Teutonic order is an example of Brick Gothic architecture. Partial survivals of former royal residences include the Doge's Palace of Venice, the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona, built in the 15th century for the kings of Aragon, or the famous Conciergerie, former palace of the kings of France, in Paris.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the date of construction for the Palau de la Generalitat, situated in the same city where Jaulin's Martin passed away? | [
{
"id": 186307,
"question": "Jaulín >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Aragon",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 503371,
"question": "Martin of #1 >> place of death",
"answer": "Barcelona",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 21711,
"question": "When was the Palau de la Generalitat in #2 constructed?",
"answer": "built in the 15th century",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
}
] | built in the 15th century | [
"15th century"
] | true | When was the Palau de la Generalitat constructed in the city where Martin from where Jaulin is located died? |
2hop__243084_523417 | [
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Seta Sōjirō",
"paragraph_text": ",\" the name Okita had in his early life. The specific personality model is from the Okita in Ryōtarō Shiba's novel Shinsengumi Keppūroku (\"Record of Shinsengumi Bloodshed\"); in that version Okita \"lost an important part in his human heart,\" making him without emotions and \"pretty scary.\" Watsuki reported that some fans did not like the fact that a character modeled on Okita is a villain; Watsuki argued that since Sōjirō is based on the Shinsengumi Keppuroku Okita, the design \"works well\" and that Sōjirō is \"a strong antagonist.\" Watsuki felt that Sōjirō was more difficult to draw than Watsuki initially anticipated, and that he only accomplished around one fourth of what he imagined the character would appear in his mind. Watsuki had no design model for Sōjirō; Watsuki envisioned Okita as having bangs (fringes), so to Watsuki it was no surprise that Sōjirō also had bangs. Watsuki gave Sōjirō a \"slightly feminized air\" so that Sōjirō's smile would \"look good\" on the character. In Volume 9 Watsuki stated that he wants to properly portray Sōjirō since he is a popular character.\nThe fact that Sōjirō has no emotions is also based on Shiba's version of Okita Sōji. Watsuki said that this concept became one of the most difficult aspects to reflect in the drawing. Okita died when he was young, but Watsuki decided not to kill Sōjirō in the story in order to atone for the murders he committed, but instead start living on his own instead of having someone make his decisions for him. He hoped to draw him in more of the next chapters but soon thought that would not be possible.\n\n\n== Character outline ==\n\n\n=== Personality ===\n\nSōjirō is Shishio's right-hand man, a young assassin trained by Shishio himself. Sōjirō is known for his lack of kenki (offensive aura) in a fight, his apparent emotionless state reflected also in his sarcasm and polite manners with his smile hiding his true feelings. However, he does have a special relationship with Komagata Yumi, who functions as an older-sister figure towards him. Sōjirō usually dresses up in a blue kimono with white handguards.\n\n\n=== Plot ===\nBorn in Kanagawa Prefecture in September of the first year of Bunkyū (1861), Sōjirō is an illegitimate child who was badly mistreated by his father's family to the point of being beaten for faltering in his tasks. To build a tolerance to the beatings, Sōjirō put on a smiling face as his tormenters decide to let him be. One night, at age eight, Sōjirō witnessed the recently scarred Shishio Makoto killing two police officers and was spared due to the criminal seeing the boy's smile. While secretly feeding Shishio and providing him with bandages, Sōjirō takes the man's ideals to heart while receiving a wakizashi. When his family learned that he is harboring Shishio and decide to murder the child and pin the blame on the fugitive, Sōjirō uses the wakizashi Shishio gave him to slaughter his family. Soon after, once Shishio's wounds are healed, Sōjirō travels with him as his right hand and member of the Jupongatana.\nSōjirō first appears in the storyline when he uses his superhuman speed to reach and assassinate government official ��kubo Toshimichi, also killing the official's would-be samurai assassins who would historically take credit for ��kubo's death nonetheless. Later, after Senkaku's defeat, Sōjirō duels with Kenshin using Battōjutsu with the fight ending in a tie when their swords shattered. Sōjirō is then assigned by Shishio to gather the Jupongatana located in the east side of Japan.\nWhen Kenshin finally arrives at the Room of Reduced Space in Shishio's lair, he finds Sōjirō waiting for him and at first has the upper hand due to his superior speed. But when the confrontation forces Sōjirō to question Shishio's principles, his true emotions surface with allowing Kenshin now able to read his moves and defeat him. Despite his defeat, Sōjirō informs Yumi of the key to Kenshin's ultimate attack while asking her to give Shishio the wakizashi that kept before leaving.\nIn the aftermath of Shishio's death, Sōjirō becomes a wanderer to find his own truth and ideals. Five years later, he makes his way to Hokkaido where he is reunited with fellow Jupongatana member Yūkyūzan Anji, who was being escorted to Hakodate by Sugimura Yoshie (Nagakura Shinpachi), and joins them.\n\n\n=== Techniques ===\n\nSōjirō's apparent lack of emotion, his simple, cold-blooded mentality that the strong will live and the weak shall die (�������, addressed as Sojiro Seta in the English anime, is a fictional character from the \"Rurouni Kenshin\" manga series created by Nobuhiro Watsuki. He is Shishio Makoto's right-hand man. Sōjirō has been favorably popular with the \"Rurouni Kenshin\" reader base, placing high in several popularity polls.ouni Kenshin reader, addressed as Sojiro Seta in the English anime, is a fictional character from the \"Rurouni Kenshin\" manga series created by Nobuhiro Watsuki. He is Shishio Makoto's right-hand man. Sōjirō has been favorably popular with the \"Rurouni Kenshin\" reader base, placing high in several popularity polls.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection",
"paragraph_text": "Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection, known as in Japan, is the second OVA series of the \"Rurouni Kenshin\" anime television series, acting as its sequel. It was directed by Kazuhiro Furuhashi and written by Reiko Yoshida, and was released in Japan in 2001.Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection, known as in Japan, is the second OVA series of the \"Rurouni Kenshin\" anime television series, acting as its sequel. It was directed by Kazuhiro Furuhashi and written by Reiko Yoshida, and was released in Japan in 2001.Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection, known in Japan as Rurōni Kenshin -Meiji Kenkaku Romantan- Seisōhen (Japanese: ��ろうに��心 -明治��客������- �������, \"Rurouni Kenshin: Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story – Time\"), is a Japanese original video animation (OVA) which serves as a sequel to the 1996 anime television series Rurouni Kenshin, an adaptation of the manga series of the same name by Nobuhiro Watsuki. It was animated by Studio Deen, directed by Kazuhiro Furuhashi and written by Reiko Yoshida. It was released from December 2001 to March 2002.\nThe OVA series is",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which anime features the character Seta Sōjirō? | [
{
"id": 243084,
"question": "Seta Sōjirō >> present in work",
"answer": "Rurouni Kenshin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 523417,
"question": "#1 : Reflection >> instance of",
"answer": "OVA",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | OVA | [
"OAD"
] | true | What is the anime that has Seta Sōjirō an instance of? |
3hop1__309596_160713_77246 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Partition of India",
"paragraph_text": " thousands of Muslim weavers under the banner of Momin Conference and coming from Bihar and Eastern U.P. descended in Delhi demonstrating against the proposed two-nAbul Kalam Azad expressed concern over the likelihood of violent riots, to which Mountbatten replied:At least on this question I shall give you complete assurance. I shall see to it that there is no bloodshed and riot. I am a soldier and not a civilian. Once the partition is accepted in principle, I shall issue orders to see that there are no communal disturbances anywhere in the country. If there should be the slightest agitation, I shall adopt the sternest measures to nip the trouble in the bud. Jagmohan has stated that this and what followed shows the \"glaring\" \"failure of the government machinery\".On 3 June 1947, the partition plan was accepted by the Congress Working Committee. Boloji states that in Punjab there were no riots but there was communal tension, while Gandhi was reportedly isolated by Nehru and Patel and observed maun vrat (day of silence). Mountbatten visited Gandhi and said he hoped that he would not oppose the partition, to which Gandhi wrote the reply: \"Have I ever opposed you?\"Within British India, the border between India and Pakistan (the Radcliffe Line) was determined by a British Government-commissioned report prepared under the chairmanship of a London barrister, Sir Cyril Radcliffe. Pakistan came into being with two non-contiguous enclaves, East Pakistan (today Bangladesh) and West Pakistan, separated geographically by India. India was formed out of the majority Hindu regions of British India, and Pakistan from the majority Muslim areas.Opposition to the Partition of India was widespread in British India in the 20th century and it continues to remain a talking point in South Asian politics. Those who opposed it often adhered to the doctrine of composite nationalism in the Indian subcontinent. The Hindu, Christian, Anglo-Indian, Parsi and Sikh communities were largely opposed to the Partition of India (and its underlying two-nation theory), as were many Muslims (these were represented by the All India Azad Muslim Conference).\nPashtun politician and Indian independence activist Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of the Khudai Khidmatgar viewed the proposal to partition India as un-Islamic and contradictingAbul Kalam Azad expressed concern over the likelihood of violent riots, to which Mountbatten replied:At least on this question I shall give you complete assurance. I shall see to it that there is no bloodshed and riot. I am a soldier and not a civilian. Once the partition is accepted in principle, I shall issue orders to see that there are no communal disturbances anywhere in the country. If there should be the slightest agitation, I shall adopt the sternest measures to nip the trouble in the bud. Jagmohan has stated that this and what followed shows the \"glaring\" \"failure of the government machinery\".On 3 June 1947, the partition plan was accepted by the Congress Working Committee. Boloji states that in Punjab there were no riots but there was communal tension, while Gandhi was reportedly isolated by Nehru and Patel and observed maun vrat (day of silence). Mountbatten visited Gandhi and said he hoped that he would not oppose the partition, to which Gandhi wrote the reply: \"Have I ever opposed you?\"Within British India, the border between India and Pakistan (the Radcliffe Line) was determined by a British Government-commissioned report prepared under the chairmanship of a London barrister, Sir Cyril Radcliffe. Pakistan came into being with two non-contiguous enclaves, East Pakistan (today Bangladesh) and West Pakistan, separated geographically by India. India was formed out of the majority Hindu regions of British India, and Pakistan from the majority Muslim areas. the rulers of independent Pakistan in helping the Muslim minorities living in Hindu-majority areas.\" Deobandis pointed to the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, which was made between the Muslims and Qureysh of Mecca, that \"promoted mutual interaction between the two communities thus allowing more opportunities for Muslims to preach their religion to Qureysh through peaceful tabligh.\" Deobandi Sunni scholar Sayyid Husain Ahmad Madani argued for a united India in his book Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam (Composite Nationalism and Islam), promulgating the idea that different religions do not constitute different nationalities and that the proposition for a partition of India was not justifiable, religiously.\nKhaksar Movement leader Allama Mashriqi opposed the partition of India because he felt that if Muslims and Hindus had largely lived peacefully together in India for centuries, they could also do so in a free and united India. He reasoned that a division of India along religious lines would breed fundamentalism and extremism on both sides of the border. Mashriqi",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Punial",
"paragraph_text": " Gurunjur, Gahkuch bala, Gahkuch pine ( Puya ai Mali, translates into Mother of Punial), Silpi, Damas, Ayshi, Golo Dass, Hatoon, Hasis, Haim, Birgal, Famani and \nGohar Abad, Gitch,and Thingdass are mainly part of larger Singal.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe word “Punial” is from the Shina language. It has two meanings: “fertile land” and “bucket of fruits”.\nPunial is related to neighbour areas of Gilgit agency. Punially people belonged to ArianThe valley of Punial (Urdu: ��و نيا ل) is situated in Ghizer District in the Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, where hundreds of thousands of tourists visit annually. Punial is a mountainous valley situated at an elevation of about 5000–9000 feet. It has pleasant weather and a hospitable populace. The territory of Punial has an area of about .The valley of Punial (Urdu: ڀو نيا ل) is situated in Ghizer District in the Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, where hundreds of thousands of tourists visit annually. Punial is a mountainous valley situated at an elevation of about 5000–9000 feet. It has pleasant weather and a hospitable populace. The territory of Punial has an area of about .900 km2 (13,900 sq mi).\n\n\n== Villages of Punial Valley ==\nGulapur (Door of Punial), Sher Qillah, Dalnati, Hamuchal, Gohar Abad (Gutmsas), Japukay, Gitch, Dass Japukay, Singal(Heart of Punial), Thingdass, Gulmuti, Buber, Gurunjur, Gahkuch bala, Gahkuch pine ( Puya ai Mali, translates into Mother of Punial), Silpi, Damas, Ayshi, Golo Dass, Hatoon, Hasis, Haim, Birgal, Famani and \nGohar Abad, Gitch,and Thingdass are mainly part of larger Singal.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe word “Punial” is from the Shina language. It has two meanings: “fertile land” and “bucket of fruits”.\nPunial is related to neighbour areas of Gilgit agency. Punially people belonged to ArianThe valley of Punial (Urdu: ��و نيا ل) is situated in Ghizer District in the Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, where hundreds of thousands of tourists visit annually. Punial is a mountainous valley situated at an elevation of about 5000–9000 feet. It has pleasant weather and a hospitable populace. The territory of Punial has an area of about .The valley of Punial (Urdu: پونیال) is situated in Ghizer District in the Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, where hundreds of thousands of tourists visit annually. Punial is a mountainous valley situated at an elevation of about 5000–9000 feet. It has pleasant weather and a hospitable populace. The territory of Punial has an area of about 35,900 km2 (13,900 sq mi).\n\n\n== Villages of Punial Valley ==\nGulapur (Door of Punial), Sher Qillah, Dalnati",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Hindus",
"paragraph_text": " used the phrase Hindu dharma (Hinduism) and contrasted it with Turaka dharma (Islam). The Christian friar Sebastiao Manrique used the term 'Hindu' in a religious context in 1649. In the 18th century, European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus, in contrast to Mohamedans for groups such as Turks, Mughals and Arabs, who were adherents of Islam. By the mid-19th century, colonial orientalist texts further distinguished Hindus from Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains, but the colonial laws continued to consider all of them to be within the scope of the term Hindu until about mid-20th century. Scholars state that the custom of distinguishing between Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs is a modern phenomenon.\nAt approximately 1.2 billion, Hindus are the world's third-largest religious group after Christians and Muslims. The vast majority of Hindus, approximately 966 million (94.3% of the global Hindu population), live in India, according to the 2011 Indian census. After India, the next nine countries with the largest Hindu populations are, in decreasing order: Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, the United States, Malaysia, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. These together accounted for 99% of the world's Hindu population, and the remaining nations of the world combined had about 6 million Hindus as of 2010.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\n\nThe word Hindu is an exonym. This word Hindu is derived from the Indo-Aryan and Sanskrit word Sindhu, which means \"a large body of water\", covering \"river, ocean\". It was used as the name of the Indus River and also referred to its tributaries. The actual term 'hindu' first occurs, states Gavin Flood, as \"a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: Sindhu)\", more specifically in the 5th-century BCE, DNa inscription ofThe word Hindu is derived from the Indo - Aryan and Sanskrit word Sindhu, which means ``a large body of water '', covering`` river, ocean''. It was used as the name of the Indus river and also referred to its tributaries. The actual term 'hindu' first occurs, states Gavin Flood, as ``a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: Sindhu) '', more specifically in the 6th - century BCE inscription of Darius I. The Punjab region, called Sapta Sindhava in the Vedas, is called Hapta Hindu in Zend Avesta. The 6th - century BCE inscription of Darius I mentions the province of Hi (n) dush, referring to northwestern India. The people of India were referred to as Hinduvān (Hindus) and hindavī was used as the adjective for Indian in the 8th century text Chachnama. The term 'Hindu' in these ancient records is an ethno - geographical term and did not refer to a religion. The Arabic equivalent Al - Hind likewise referred to the country of India. around or beyond the Sindhu (Indus) River. By the 16th century CE, the term began to refer to residents of the subcontinent who were not Turkic or Muslims. Since ancient times, Hindu has been used to refer to people inhibiting region beyond the Sindhu river, therefore some assumptions that medieval Persian authors considered Hindu as derogatory is not accepted by practicing Hindus themselves as those references are much later to references used in pre-Islamic Persian sources, early Arab and Indian sources, all of them had positive connotation only as they either referred to region or followers of Hinduism.\nThe historical development of Hindu self-identity within the local Indian population, in a religious or cultural sense, is unclear. Competing theories state that Hindu identity developed in the British colonial era, or that it may have developed post-8th century CE after the Muslim invasions and medieval Hindu–Muslim wars. A sense of Hindu identity and the term Hindu appears in some texts dated between the 13th and 18th century in Sanskrit and Bengali. The 14th- and 18th-century Indian poets such as Vidyapati, Kabir, Tulsidas and Eknath used the phrase Hindu dharma (Hinduism) and contrasted it with Turaka dharma (Islam). The Christian friar Sebastiao Manrique used the term 'Hindu' in a religious context in 1649. In the 18th century, European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus, in contrast to Mohamedans for groups such as Turks, Mughals and Arabs, who were adherents of Islam. By the mid-19th century, colonial orientalist texts further distinguished Hindus from Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains, but the colonial laws continued to consider all of them to be within the scope of the term Hindu until about mid-20th century. Scholars state that the custom of distinguishing between Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs is a modern phenomenon.\nAt approximately 1.2 billion, Hindus are the world's third-largest religious group after Christians and Muslims. The vast majority of Hindus, approximately 966 million (94.3% of the global Hindu population), live in India, according to the 2011 Indian census. After India, the next nine countries with the largest Hindu populations are, in decreasing order: Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, the United States, Malaysia, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. These together accounted for 99% of the world's Hindu population, and the remaining nations of the world combined had about 6 million Hindus as of 2010.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\n\nThe word Hindu is an exonym. This word Hindu is derived from the Indo-Aryan and Sanskrit word Sindhu, which means \"a large body of water\", covering \"river, ocean\". It was used as the name of the Indus River and also referred to its tributaries. The actual term 'hindu' first occurs, states Gavin Flood, as \"a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: Sindhu)\", more specifically in the 5th-century BCE, DNa inscription of Darius I. The Punjab region, called Sapta Sindhu in the Vedas,The word Hindu is derived from the Indo - Aryan and Sanskrit word Sindhu, which means ``a large body of water '', covering`` river, ocean''. It was used as the name of the Indus river and also referred to its tributaries. The actual term 'hindu' first occurs, states Gavin Flood, as ``a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: Sindhu) '', more specifically in the 6th - century BCE inscription of Darius I. The Punjab region, called Sapta Sindhava in the Vedas, is called Hapta Hindu in Zend Avesta. The 6th - century BCE inscription",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What does the term, which also represents the prevalent religion in the territory that evolved into India when the country containing Punial was established, signify in the Arabic dictionary? | [
{
"id": 309596,
"question": "Punial >> country",
"answer": "Pakistan",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 160713,
"question": "What was the majority religion in the area of British India that become India when #1 was created?",
"answer": "Hindu",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 77246,
"question": "what is the meaning of #2 in arabic dictionary",
"answer": "the country of India",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
}
] | the country of India | [
"IND",
"IN",
"India",
"in",
"Republic of India"
] | true | What is the meaning of the word that is also a majority religion in the area that became India when the country where Punial is located was created in the arabic dictionary? |
2hop__35989_623159 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Rostov",
"paragraph_text": "Rostov () is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, one of the oldest in the country and a tourist center of the Golden Ring. It is located on the shores of Lake Nero, northeast of Moscow. Population: mi) from the Sea of Azov, directly north of the North Caucasus. The southwestern suburbs of the city lie above the Don river delta. Rostov-on-Don has a population of over one million people and is an important cultural centre of Southern Russia.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early history ===\nFrom ancient times, the area around the mouth of the Don River has held cultural and commercial importance. Ancient indigenous inhabitants included the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes. It was the site of Tanais, an ancient Greek colony, Fort Tana under the Genoese, and Fort Azak in the time of the Ottoman Empire.\nIn 1749, a custom house was established on the Temernik River, a tributary of the Don, by edict of the Empress Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter the Great, in order to control trade with Turkey. It was co-located with a fortress named for Dimitry of Rostov, a metropolitan bishop of the old northern town of Rostov the Great. Azov, a town closer to the Sea of Azov on the Don, gradually lost its commercial importance in the region to the new fortress, but it remains an important historical center.\nIn 1756, the \"Russian commercial and trading company of Constantinople\" was founded at the \"merchants' settlement\" (Kupecheskaya Sloboda) on the high bank of the Don. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, with the incorporation of previously Ottoman Black Sea territories into the Russian Empire, the settlement lost much of its militarily strategic importance as a frontier post.\nIn 1796, the settlement was chartered and in 1797, it became the seat of Rostovsky Uyezd within Novorossiysk Governorate. In 1806, it was officially renamed Rostov-on-Don. During the 19th century, due to its river connections with Russia's interior, Rostov developed into a major trade centre and communications hub. A railway connection with Kharkiv was completed in 1870, with further links following in 1871 to Voronezh and in 1875 to Vladikavkaz.\nConcurrent with improvements in communications, heavy industry developed. Coal from the Donets Basin and iron ore from Krivoy Rog supported the establishment of an iron foundry in 1846. In 1859, the production of pumps and steam",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Kievan Rus'",
"paragraph_text": " of Russia in 1598. The modern nations of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural ancestor, with Belarus and Russia deriving their names from it, and the name Kievan Rus' derived from what is now the capital of Ukraine.\n\n\n== Names ==\n\nDuring its existence, Kievan Rus' was known as the \"Rus' land\" (Old East Slavic: ро́усьска�� земл��́, romanized: rus��skaę zemlę, from the ethnonym Роусь, Rus��; Medieval Greek: ������ς, romanized: Rhos; Arabic: الروس, romanized: ar-Rūs), in Greek as ���ωσία, Rhosia, in Old French as Russie, Rossie, in Latin as Rusia or Russia (with local German spelling variants Ruscia and Ruzzia), and from the 12th century also as Ruthenia or Rutenia. Various etymologies have been proposed, including Ruotsi, the Finnish designation for Sweden or Ros, a tribe from the middle Dnieper valley region.\nAccording to the prevalent theory, the name Rus', like the Proto-FinnIn the northeast, Slavs from the Kievan region colonized the territory that later would become the Grand Duchy of Moscow by subjugating and merging with the Finnic tribes already occupying the area. The city of Rostov, the oldest centre of the northeast, was supplanted first by Suzdal and then by the city of Vladimir, which become the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal'. The combined principality of Vladimir-Suzdal asserted itself as a major power in Kievan Rus' in the late 12th century. In 1169 Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy of Vladimir-Suzdal sacked the city of Kiev and took over the title of the (Великий Князь/Velikiy Knyaz/Grand Prince or Grand Duke) to Vladimir, this way claiming the primacy in Rus'. Prince Andrey then installed his younger brother, who ruled briefly in Kiev while Andrey continued to rule his realm from Suzdal. In 1299, in the wake of the Mongol invasion, the metropolitan moved from Kiev to the city of Vladimir and Vladimir-Suzdal.Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus', wasIn the northeast, Slavs from the Kievan region colonized the territory that later would become the Grand Duchy of Moscow by subjugating and merging with the Finnic tribes already occupying the area. The city of Rostov, the oldest centre of the northeast, was supplanted first by Suzdal and then by the city of Vladimir, which become the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal'. The combined principality of Vladimir-Suzdal asserted itself as a major power in Kievan Rus' in the late 12th century. In 1169 Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy of Vladimir-Suzdal sacked the city of Kiev and took over the title of the (Великий Князь/Velikiy Knyaz/Grand Prince or Grand Duke) to Vladimir, this way claiming the primacy in Rus'. Prince Andrey then installed his younger brother, who ruled briefly in Kiev while Andrey continued to rule his realm from Suzdal. In 1299, in the wake of the Mongol invasion, the metropolitan moved from Kiev to the city of Vladimir and Vladimir-Suzdal. from Khazar incursions from the east, and took control of the city. Sviatoslav I (r.��943–972) achieved the first major territorial expansion of the state, fighting a war of conquest against the Khazars. Vladimir the Great (r.��980–1015) spread Christianity with his own baptism and, by decree, extended it to all inhabitants of Kiev and beyond. Kievan Rus' reached its greatest extent under Yaroslav the Wise (r.��1019–1054); his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code, the Russkaya Pravda, shortly after his death.\nThe state began to decline in the late 11th century, gradually disintegrating into various rival regional powers throughout the 12th century. It was further weakened by external factors, such as the decline of the Byzantine Empire, its major economic partner, and the accompanying diminution of trade routes through its territory. It finally fell to the Mongol invasion in the mid-13th century, though the Rurik dynasty would continue to rule until the death of Feodor I of Russia in 1598. The modern nations of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural ancestor, with Belarus and Russia deriving their names from it, and the name Kievan Rus' derived from what is now the capital of Ukraine.\n\n\n== Names ==\n\nDuring its existence, Kievan Rus' was known as the \"Rus' land\" (Old East Slavic: ро́усьска�� земл��́, romanized: rus��skaę zemlę, from the ethnonym Роусь, Rus��; Medieval Greek: ������ς, romanized: Rhos; Arabic: الروس, romanized: ar-Rūs), in Greek as ���ωσία, Rhosia, in Old French as Russie, Rossie, in Latin as Rusia or Russia (with local German spelling variants Ruscia and Ruzzia), and from the 12th century also as Ruthenia or Rutenia. Various etymologies have been proposed, including Ruotsi, the Finnish designation for Sweden or Ros, a tribe from the middle Dnieper valley region.\nAccording to the prevalent theory, the name Rus', like the Proto-FinnIn the northeast, Slavs from the Kievan region colonized the territory that later would become the Grand Duchy of Moscow by subjugating and merging with the Finnic tribes already occupying the area. The city of Rostov, the oldest centre of the northeast, was supplanted first by Suzdal and then by the city of Vladimir, which become the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal'. The combined principality of Vladimir-Suzdal asserted itself as a major power in Kievan Rus' in the late 12th century. In 1169 Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy of Vladimir-Suzdal sacked the city of Kiev and took over the title of the (Великий Князь/Velikiy Knyaz/Grand Prince or Grand Duke) to Vladimir, this way claiming the primacy in Rus'. Prince Andrey then installed his younger brother, who ruled briefly in Kiev while Andrey continued to rule his realm from Suzdal. In 1299, in the wake of the Mongol invasion, the metropolitan moved from Kiev to the city of Vladimir and Vladimir-Suzdal.Kievan",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Where is the northeast's oldest city situated in terms of oblast? | [
{
"id": 35989,
"question": "What was the name of the oldest city in the north east?",
"answer": "Rostov",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 623159,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Yaroslavl Oblast",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
}
] | Yaroslavl Oblast | [] | true | In what oblast is the oldest city in the northeast located? |
3hop1__465684_160545_34751 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Bodindecha",
"paragraph_text": "Chao Phraya Bodindecha (, , 1777–1849), personal name Sing Sinhaseni (), was one of the most prominent political and military figures of the early Bangkok Rattanakosin Kingdom. Bodindecha was both a top military general () and Chief Minister in charge of civilian affairs as the \"Akkhra Maha Senabodi\" () of the \"Samuha Nayok\" ) during the reign of King Rama III. He was known for putting down the Laotian Rebellion (1826–1828} (ปราบกบฎ) of Lord Anouvong of Vientiane (เจ้าอนุวงศ์ เวียงจันทน์) and for campaigns during the Siamese-Vietnamese Wars of 1831–1834 and 1841–1845.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Pacific War",
"paragraph_text": "The Axis states which assisted Japan included the authoritarian government of Thailand in World War II, which quickly formed a temporary alliance with the Japanese in 1941, as the Japanese forces were already invading the peninsula of southern Thailand. The Phayap Army sent troops to invade and occupy northeastern Burma, which was former Thai territory that had been annexed by Britain much earlier. Also involved were the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang (consisting of most of Manchuria and parts of Inner Mongolia respectively), and the collaborationist Wang Jingwei regime (which controlled the coastal regions of China). the Japanese simultaneously attacked American military bases in Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam, and the Philippines, the British colonies of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong, and invaded Thailand.\nThe Pacific War saw the Allies pitted against Japan, the latter aided by Thailand and to a lesser extent by the Axis powers, Germany and Italy. The Japanese achieved great success in the initial phase of the campaign, but were gradually driven back using an island hopping strategy. The Allies adopted a Europe first stance, giving first priority to defeating Nazi Germany. The Japanese had great difficulty replacing their losses in ships and aircraft, while American factories and shipyards produced ever increasing numbers of both. Fighting included some of the largest naval battles in history and massive Allied air raids over Japan, as well as the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.\nJapan surrendered unconditionally on 15 August 1945 and was occupied by the Allies. Japan lost its former possessions in Asia and the Pacific and had its sovereignty limited to the four main home islands and other minor islands as determined by the Allies.\n\n\n== Overview ==\n\n\n=== Names of the war ===\nIn Allied countries during the war, the \"Pacific War\" was not usually distinguished from World War II, or was known simply as the War against Japan. In the United States, the term Pacific theater was widely used. The US Armed Forces considered the China Burma India theater to be distinct from the Asiatic-Pacific theater during the conflict.\nJapan used the name Greater East Asia War (大��������, Dai Tō-A Sensō), as chosen by a cabinet decision on 10 December 1941, to refer to both the war with the Western Allies and the ongoing war in China. This name was released to the public on 12 December, with an explanation that it involved Asian nations achieving their independence from the Western powers through armed forces of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese officials integrated what they called the Japan–China Incident (日支事��, Nisshi Jihen) into the Greater East Asia War. During the Occupation of Japan (1945–52), these terms were prohibited in official documents (although their informal usage continued). The war became officially known as the Pacific War (��平������, Taiheiyō Sensō). The Fifteen Years' War (十五年����, Jūgonen Sensō) is also used, referring to the period from the Mukden Incident of 1931 through 1945.\n\n\n=== Participants ===\n\n\n==== Allies ====\nThe major Allied participants were China, the United States and the British Empire. China had already been engaged in a war against Japan since 1937. The US and its territories, including the Philippine Commonwealth, entered the war after being attacked by Japan. The British Empire was also a major belligerent consisting of British troops along with colonial troops from India as well as from Burma, Malaya, Fiji, Tonga; in addition to troops from Australia, New Zealand and Canada. The Dutch government-in-exile (as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies) was also involved. All of these were members of the Pacific War Council. From 1944 the French commando group Corps Léger d'Intervention also took part in resistance operations in Indochina. Some active pro-allied guerrillas in Asia included the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army, the Korean Liberation Army, the Free Thai Movement, the Việt Minh, and the Hukbalahap.\nThe Soviet Union fought two short, undeclared border conflicts with Japan in 1938 and again in 1939, then remained neutral through the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact of April 1941, until August 1945 when it (and Mongolia) joined the rest of the Allies and invaded the territory of Manchukuo, China, Inner Mongolia, the Japanese protectorate of Korea and Japanese-claimed territory such as South Sakhalin.\nMexico provided air support in the form of the 201st Fighter Squadron and Free France sent naval support in the form of Le Triomphant and later the Richelieu.\n\n\n==== Axis powers and aligned states ====\n",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Bang Bon District",
"paragraph_text": " at the Thepyada Arak Fresh Market building, but later moved to a permanent location on Ekkachai Road.\nThe name Bang Bon is reference to a type of herbaceous in taro family called bon (บอน, pronounced [b������n]) in Thai, also known internationally as elephant ears (Colocasia esculenta var. aquatilis). Bang Bon is therefore \"a place of elephant ears\".\n\n\n== Administration ==\nThe district has four sub-districts (khwaeng).\n\nThe missing number 1 is the sub-district that was dissolved and divided into four current sub-districts.\n\n\n== Economy ==\nAgriculture is an important part of the area economy. Among Bang Bon's famous products are Nam Doc Mai mangos, coconuts, orchids, and lotus.\n\n\n== Places ==\nWat Bang Bon\n7th Cycle Birthday Anniversary Park, Bang Bon, otherwise known as 9 Hills Park\nSarasas Witaed Bangbon School\nSuksanareewittaya School, formerly and still colloquially known as Suksanari 2 School (shared with Samut Sakhon province)\n\n\n== Notable people ==\nChalerm Yubamrung – politician\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nDistrict website (Thai)\nBMA website with the tourist landmarks of Bang BonBang Bon (Thai: บางบอน, pronounced [bā���� b������n]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. Its neighbours, clockwise from north, are Bang Khae, Phasi Charoen, Chom Thong, and Bang Khun Thian districts of Bangkok, Mueang Samut Sakhon district and Krathum Baen district of Samut Sakhon province, and Nong Khaem district of Bangkok.\n\n\n== History ==\nFormerly Bang Bon was a tambon of amphoe Bang Khun Thian in Thonburi Province, prior to the merger of Thonburi and Phra Nakhon into a single province, after which it was a sub-district of Bang Khun Thian District.\nOn 14 October 1997, Bang Bon was split from Bang Khun Thian and established as a new district. The district office opened on 6 March 1998, the last of Bangkok's 50 districts to open, first established temporarily at the Thepyada Arak Fresh Market building, but later moved to a permanent location on Ekkachai Road.\nThe name Bang Bon is reference to a type of herbaceous in taro family called bon (บอน, pronounced [b������n]) in Thai, also known internationally as elephant ears (Colocasia esculenta var. aquatilis). Bang Bon is therefore \"a place of elephant ears\".\n\n\n== Administration ==\nThe district has four sub-districts (khwaeng).\n\nThe missing number 1 is the sub-district that was dissolved and divided into four current sub-districts.\n\n\n== Economy ==\nAgriculture is an important part of the area economy. Among Bang Bon's famous products are Nam Doc Mai mangos, coconuts, orchids, and lotus.\n\n\n== Places ==\nWat Bang Bon\n7th Cycle Birthday Anniversary Park, Bang Bon, otherwise known as 9 Hills Park\nSarasas Witaed Bangbon School\nSuksanareewittaya School, formerly and still colloquially known as Suksanari 2 School (shared with Samut Sakhon province)\n\n\n== Notable people ==\nChalerm Yubamrung – politician\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nDistrict website (Thai)\nBMA website with the tourist landmarks of Bang BonBang Bon (Thai: บางบอน, pronounced [bā���� b������n]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. Its neighbours, clockwise from north, are Bang Khae, Phasi Charoen, Chom Thong, and Bang Khun Thian districts of Bangkok, MueangBang Bon (Thai: บางบอน, pronounced [bāːŋ bɔ̄ːn]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. Its neighbours, clockwise from north, are Bang Khae, Phasi Charoen, Chom Thong, and Bang Khun Thian districts of Bangkok, Mueang Samut Sakhon District and Krathum Baen District of Samut Sakhon Province, and Nong Khaem District of Bangkok.== History ==\nFormerly Bang Bon was a tambon of amphoe Bang Khun Thian in Thonburi Province, prior to the merger of Thonburi and Phra Nakhon into a single province, after which it was a sub-district of Bang Khun Thian District.\nOn 14 October 1997, Bang Bon was split from Bang Khun",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In what year did Japan form a partnership with the nation that is home to Bodindecha’s birthplace? | [
{
"id": 465684,
"question": "Bodindecha >> place of birth",
"answer": "Bangkok",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 160545,
"question": "Where is #1 located?",
"answer": "Thailand",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 34751,
"question": "What year did #2 form an alliance with Japan?",
"answer": "1941",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
}
] | 1941 | [] | true | What year did the country that includes the birth city of Bodindecha form an alliance with Japan? |
2hop__25396_593388 | [
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "William Yates Peel",
"paragraph_text": "10 July 1828)\nHenry Peel (born 1 October 1829, died young)\nOctavia Peel (born 1830)\nEmily Peel (born 15 December 1831)\nFrederick Peel (16 August 1833 – 31 March 1915) – father of Arthur Peel (diplomat)\nFrancis Peel (1835 – 3 September 1894) – the father of Robert Francis Peel\nFlora Jane Peel (2 March 1837 – 1876)\nJane Elizabeth died in Warwickshire in 1847. Peel survived her by eleven years and died at his residence in Baginton Hall, Warwickshire, in June 1858, aged 68.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Sources ==\nThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Peel, Sir Robert\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.\nLee, Sidney, ed. (1895). \"Peel, Robert (1750-1830)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 44. London: Smith, Elder & Co.\nPeel, George; Curthoys, M. C. \"Peel, William Yates (1789–1858)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21767. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n\n== External links ==\nLeigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs \nHansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by William Yates Peel\n\n´William Yates Peel (3 August 1789 – 1 June 1858) was a British Tory politician.\nPeel was the second son of Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet, and his first wife Ellen (née Yates). He was the younger brother of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, and the elder brother of Jonathan Peel. He was educated at Harrow and St John's College, Cambridge. Peel sat as Member of Parliament for Bossiney from 1817 to 1818, for Tamworth from 1818 to 1830, 1835 to 1837 and in 1847, for Yarmouth from 1830 to 1831 and for Cambridge University from 1831 to 1832, and served under the Duke of Wellington as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1828 to 1830 and as a Lord of the Treasury under Wellington in 1830 and again under his brother Sir Robert Peel from 1834 to 1835. In 1834 he was admitted to the Privy Council.\n\n\n== Family ==\nPeel married Lady Jane Elizabeth Moore, daughter of Stephen Moore, 2nd Earl Mount Cashell, and his wife Margaret King, on 8 July 1819 at St Marylebone Parish Church, London. They had six sons and ten daughters, all bar two sons survived childhood.\n\nRobert Moore Peel (1820 – 17 October 1878)\nEllen Peel (born 1821)\nWilliam Yates Peel (1822 – 20 January 1879)\nEdmund Peel (born c. 1823, died young)\nElizabeth Peel (born 4 May 1824)\nJane Peel (born 14 July 1825)\nJulia Augusta Peel (born 13 July 1826)\nMatilda Katherine Peel (born 8 July 1827)\nAlice Anne Peel (born 10 July 1828)\nAdelaide Elizabeth Peel (born 10 July 1828)\nHenry Peel (born 1 October 1829, died young)\nOctavia Peel (born 1830)\nEmily Peel (born 15 December 1831)\nFrederick Peel (16 August 1833 – 31 March 1915) – father of Arthur Peel (diplomat)\nFrancis Peel (1835 – 3 September 1894) – the father of Robert Francis Peel\nFlora Jane Peel (2 March 1837 – 1876)\nJane Elizabeth died in Warwickshire in 1847. Peel survived her by eleven years and died at his residence in Baginton Hall, Warwickshire, in June 1858, aged 68.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Sources ==\nThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Peel, Sir Robert\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.\nLee, Sidney, ed. (1895). \"Peel, Robert (1750-1830)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 44. London: Smith, Elder & Co.\nPeel, George; Curthoys, M. C. \"Peel, William Yates (1789–1858)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21767. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n\n== External links ==\nLeigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs \nHansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by William Yates Peel\n\n´William Yates Peel (3 August 1789 – 1 June 1858) was a British Tory politician.\nPeel was the second son of Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet, and his first wife Ellen (née Yates). He was the younger brother of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel, 2nd BaronetPeel was the second son of Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet, and his first wife Ellen (née Yates). He was the younger brother of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, and the elder brother of Jonathan Peel. He was educated at Harrow and St John's College, Cambridge. Peel sat as Member of Parliament for Bossiney from 1817 to 1818, for Tamworth from 1818 to 1830, 1835 to 1837 and in 1847, for Yarmouth from 1830 to 1831 and for Cambridge University from 1831 to 1832 and served under the Duke of Wellington as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1828 to 1830 and as a Lord of the Treasury under Wellington in 1830 and again under his brother Sir Robert Peel from 1834 to 1835. In 1834 he was admitted to the Privy Council.Peel was the second son of Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet, and his first wife Ellen (née Yates). He was the younger brother of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, and the elder brother of Jonathan Peel. He was educated at Harrow and St John's College, Cambridge. Peel sat as Member of Parliament for Bossiney from 1817 to 1818, for Tamworth from 1818 to 1830, 1835 to 1837 and in 1847, for Yarmouth from 1830 to 1831 and for Cambridge University from 1831 to 1832 and served under the Duke of Wellington as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1828 to 1830 and as a Lord of the Treasury under Wellington in 1830 and again under his brother Sir Robert Peel from 1834 to 1835. In 1834 he was admitted to the Privy Council.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Political party",
"paragraph_text": "The modern Conservative Party was created out of the 'Pittite' Tories of the early 19th century. In the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results. Following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coalition of forces. Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto in 1834 which set out the basic principles of Conservatism; – the necessity in specific cases of reform in order to survive, but an opposition to unnecessary change, that could lead to \"a perpetual vortex of agitation\". Meanwhile, the Whigs, along with free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel, and independent Radicals, formed the Liberal Party under Lord Palmerston in 1859, and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle-class, under the long leadership of William Ewart Gladstone.atism; – the necessity in specific cases of reform in order to survive, but an opposition to unnecessary change, that could lead to \"a perpetual vortex of agitation\". Meanwhile, the Whigs, along with free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel, and independent Radicals, formed the Liberal Party under Lord Palmerston in 1859, and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle-class, under the long leadership of William Ewart Gladstone.The modern Conservative Party was created out of the 'Pittite' Tories of the early 19th century. In the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results. Following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coalition of forces. Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto in 1834 which set out the basic principles of Conservatism; – the necessity in specific cases of reform in order to survive, but an opposition to unnecessary change, that could lead to \"a perpetual vortex of agitation\". Meanwhile, the Whigs, along with free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel, and independent Radicals, formed the Liberal Party under Lord Palmerston in 1859, and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle-class, under the long leadership of William Ewart Gladstone.The modern Conservative Party was created out of the 'Pittite' Tories of the early 19th century. In the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results. Following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coalition of forces. Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto in 1834 which set out the basic principles of Conservatism; – the necessity in specific cases of reform in order to survive, but an opposition to unnecessary change, that could lead to \"a perpetual vortex of agitation\". Meanwhile, the Whigs, along with free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel, and independent Radicals, formed the Liberal Party under Lord Palmerston in 1859, and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle-class, under the long leadership of William Ewart Gladstone.The",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is the paternal figure of the person responsible for releasing the Tamworth manifesto? | [
{
"id": 25396,
"question": "Who Issued the Tamworth manifesto?",
"answer": "Robert Peel",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 593388,
"question": "#1 >> father",
"answer": "Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet | [] | true | Who was the father of the person who issued the Tamworth manifesto? |
2hop__62369_84616 | [
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Moon River",
"paragraph_text": " at the beginning of each episode of his eponymous television show and named his production company and venue in Branson, Missouri, after it; his autobiography is called \"Moon River\" and Me. Williams' version was never released as a single, but it charted as an LP track that he recorded for Columbia on a hit album of 1962, Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes. In 2022, Williams' rendition of the song was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress.\nThe song's success was responsible for relaunching Mercer's career as a songwriter, which had stalled in the mid-1950s because rock and roll had replaced jazz standards as the popular music of the time. The song's popularity is such that it has been used as a test sample in a study on people's memories of popular songs. Comments about the lyrics have noted that they are particularly reminiscent of Mercer's youth in the southern United States and his longing to expand his horizons. Robert Wright wrote in The Atlantic Monthly, \"This is a love sung [sic] to wanderlust. Or a romantic song in which the romantic partner is the idea of romance.\" An inlet near Savannah, Georgia, Johnny Mercer's hometown, was named Moon River in honor of him and this song.\n\n\n== Versions ==\n\n\n=== Original ===\nMercer and Mancini wrote the song for Audrey Hepburn to sing in the film Breakfast at Tiffany's. The lyrics, written by Mercer, are reminiscent of his childhood in Savannah, Georgia, including its waterways. As a child, he had picked huckleberries in summer, and he connected them with a carefree childhood and Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn. Although an instrumental version is played over the film's opening titles, the lyrics are first heard in a scene where Paul \"Fred\" Varjak (George Peppard) discovers Holly Golightly (Hepburn) singing the song, accompanying herself on the guitar while sitting on the fire escape outside their apartments.\nThere was an eruption of behind-the-scenes consternation when a Paramount Pictures executive, Martin Rackin, suggested removing the song from the film after a tepid Los Angeles preview. Hepburn's reaction was described by Mancini and others in degrees varying from her saying, \"Over my dead body!\" to her using more colorful language to make the same point.\nAn album version was recorded by Mancini and his orchestra and chorus (without Hepburn's vocal) on December 8, 1960. It was released as a single in 1961 and became a number 11 hit in December of that year. Due to unpublished charts in Billboard, Joel Whitburn's Top Adult (Contemporary) Songs variously reported the song as a number 3 or number 1 easy listening hit. Mancini's original version was also featured in the film Born on the Fourth of``Moon River ''is a song composed by Henry Mancini with lyrics by Johnny Mercer. It was originally performed by Audrey Hepburn in the 1961 movie Breakfast at Tiffany's, winning an Academy Award for Best Original Song. The song also won the 1962 Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. In 1999, Mancini's recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.\nThe song has been recorded by many other artists. It became the theme song for Andy Williams, who first recorded it in 1962 (and performed it at the Academy Awards ceremony that year). He sang the first eight bars of the song at the beginning of each episode of his eponymous television show and named his production company and venue in Branson, Missouri, after it; his autobiography is called \"Moon River\" and Me. Williams' version was never released as a single, but it charted as an LP track that he recorded for Columbia on a hit album of 1962, Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes. In 2022, Williams' rendition of the song was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress.\nThe song's success was responsible for relaunching Mercer's career as a songwriter, which had stalled in the mid-1950s because rock and roll had replaced jazz standards as the popular music of the time. The song's popularity is such that it has been used as a test sample in a study on people's memories of popular songs. Comments about the lyrics have noted that they are particularly reminiscent of Mercer's youth in the southern United States and his longing to expand his horizons. Robert Wright wrote in The Atlantic Monthly, \"This is a love sung [sic] to wanderlust. Or a romantic song in which the romantic",
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{
"idx": 15,
"title": "List of awards and honours received by Audrey Hepburn",
"paragraph_text": ". Hepburn was nominated for five competitive awards, winning once. In addition, she was the recipient of the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award posthumously. Hepburn's son Sean H. Ferrer accepted the award on her behalf.\n\n\n=== Emmy Awards ===\nThe Primetime Emmy Awards, presented by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), honor American prime time television entertainment. Hepburn was the recipient of one Emmy Award posthumously.\n\n\n=== Grammy Awards ===\nThe Grammy Awards are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States for outstanding achievements in the music industry. Hepburn won one Grammy Award posthumously.\n\n\n=== Tony Awards ===\nThe Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Awards, recognize achievement in live American theatre, and are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League. Hepburn won one competitive Tony Award, and was the recipient of the Special Tony Award in 1968.\n\n\n== Major associations ==\n\n\n=== BAFTA Awards ===\nThe BAFTA Awards, presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is an annual awards show to celebrate excellence in film, television, television craft, video games, and forms of animation. Hepburn was nominated five times for a competitive award, winning three. In addition, she was the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992.\n\n\n=== Golden Globe Awards ===\nThe Golden Globe AwardsAudrey Hepburn received numerous awards and honors during her career. Hepburn won, or was nominated for, awards for her work in motion pictures, television, spoken - word recording, on stage, and humanitarian work. She was five - times nominated for an Academy Award, and was awarded the 1954 Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Roman Holiday and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993, post-humously, for her humanitarian work. She won a record three BAFTA Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading Role, from five nominations, and received a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992. Hepburn received 10 Golden Globe Award nominations, winning two, and was the recipient of the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1990. She also won the 1954 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in Ondine, and received a Special Tony Award in 1968.8.\nPost-humously, Hepburn also received a number of awards and honors, including a Primetime Emmy Award for her television series Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn, while her contributions to a spoken-word recording titled Audrey Hepburn's Enchanted Tales earned her a Grammy Award. Hepburn stands as one of few entertainers who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards. She has been honored on United States postage stamps, and she has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The American Film Institute has repeatedly recognized her talent, placing Hepburn third on its list of the top 100 female stars of all time and placing several of the films she starred in on its 100 best... lists.\n\n\n== EGOT ==\n\n\n=== Academy Awards ===\nThe Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are presented annually by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to recognize excellence of professionals in the film industry. Hepburn was nominated for five competitive awards, winning once. In addition, she was the recipient of the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award posthumously. Hepburn's son Sean H. Ferrer accepted the award on her behalf.\n\n\n=== Emmy Awards ===\nThe",
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}
] | For what did the artist who performed "Moon River" in Breakfast at Tiffany's receive a Tony Award? | [
{
"id": 62369,
"question": "who sang moon river in the movie breakfast at tiffany",
"answer": "Audrey Hepburn",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 84616,
"question": "what did #1 won a tony for",
"answer": "for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in Ondine",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
}
] | for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in Ondine | [
"leading role",
"star",
"leading actress",
"lead"
] | true | What did the singer of "Moon River" in the movie Breakfast at Tiffany win a Tony for? |
2hop__342746_679190 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "The Actress",
"paragraph_text": " for an Oscar for Best Costume Design, Black-and-White. Tracy won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Actor in a Drama, and he was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Foreign Actor. Simmons was named Best Actress by the National Board of Review, and Gordon's screenplay was nominated Best Written American Comedy by the Writers Guild of America despite being far more dramatic than comedic.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nIn Wollaston, Massachusetts in 1913, teenage student Ruth Gordon Jones dreams of a theatrical career after becoming mesmerized by a performance of The Pink Lady in a Boston theater. She writes a fan letter to leading lady Hazel Dawn, who then encouages Ruth to pursue her dreams.\nRuth schemes to drop out of school and move to New York City, unknown to her father, Clinton Jones, a former seaman now working at a menial factory job, who wants her to continue her education and become a physical education instructor. As a young man, Clinton's bad experiences at home forced him to leave school and run away to sea, so he is dismayed that his daughter rejects the educational opportunities he would have liked for himself. In addition to overcoming her father's objections, RuthThe Actress is a 1953 American comedy-drama film based on Ruth Gordon's autobiographical play \"Years Ago\". Gordon herself wrote the screenplay. The film was directed by George Cukor and stars Jean Simmons, Spencer Tracy, Teresa Wright, and Anthony Perkins in his film debut.TheThe Actress is a 1953 American comedy-drama film based on Ruth Gordon's autobiographical play \"Years Ago\". Gordon herself wrote the screenplay. The film was directed by George Cukor and stars Jean Simmons, Spencer Tracy, Teresa Wright, and Anthony Perkins in his film debut. film is basically a series of vignettes involving Ruth, her parents, her best friends, and the college boy romantically pursuing her. Although Gordon did become an accomplished Academy Award-winning actress and a successful writer, the film ends without the audience seeing Gordon achieve her goals.\nThe Actress was nominated for an Oscar for Best Costume Design, Black-and-White. Tracy won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Actor in a Drama, and he was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Foreign Actor. Simmons was named Best Actress by the National Board of Review, and Gordon's screenplay was nominated Best Written American Comedy by the Writers Guild of America despite being far more dramatic than comedic.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nIn Wollaston, Massachusetts in 1913, teenage student Ruth Gordon Jones dreams of a theatrical career after becoming mesmerized by a performance of The Pink Lady in a Boston theater. She writes a fan letter to leading lady Hazel Dawn, who then encouages Ruth to pursue her dreams.\nRuth schemes to drop out of school and move to New York City, unknown to her father, Clinton Jones, a former seaman now working at a menial factory job, who wants her to continue her education and become a physical education instructor. As a young man, Clinton's bad experiences at home forced him to leave",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Adam's Rib",
"paragraph_text": " follows her husband with a gun in Manhattan one day, suspecting he is having an affair with another woman. In her rage, she fires wildly and blindly around the room and at the couple multiple times. One of the bullets hits her husband in the shoulder. His lover escapes unscathed.\nThe following morning, the married New York lawyers Adam and Amanda Bonner read about the incident in the newspaper. Adam is an assistant district attorney, while Amanda is a solo-practicing defense attorney. They argue over the case. Amanda sympathizes with the woman, particularly noting the double standard that exists for men and women regarding adultery. Adam thinks Doris is guilty of attempted murder. When Adam arrives at work, he learns that he has been assigned to prosecute the case. When Amanda hears this, she seeks out DorisAdam's Rib is a 1949 American romantic comedy film directed by George Cukor from a screenplay written by Ruth Gordon and Garson Kanin. It stars Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn as married lawyers who come to oppose each other in court. Judy Holliday co-stars as the third lead in her second credited movie role. The music was composed by Miklós Rózsa, except for the song \"Farewell, Amanda\", which was written by Cole Porter.AdamAdam's Rib is a 1949 American romantic comedy film directed by George Cukor from a screenplay written by Ruth Gordon and Garson Kanin. It stars Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn as married lawyers who come to oppose each other in court. Judy Holliday co-stars as the third lead in her second credited movie role. The music was composed by Miklós Rózsa, except for the song \"Farewell, Amanda\", which was written by Cole Porter. and the song \"Farewell, Amanda\" was written by Cole Porter.\nThe film was well received upon its release and is considered a classic romantic comedy. It ranked at No. 22 on the AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs list. In 1992, this film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\"\n\n\n== Plot ==\n\nDoris Attinger follows her husband with a gun in Manhattan one day, suspecting he is having an affair with another woman. In her rage, she fires wildly and blindly around the room and at the couple multiple times. One of the bullets hits her husband in the shoulder. His lover escapes unscathed.\nThe following morning, the married New York lawyers Adam and Amanda Bonner read about the incident in the newspaper. Adam is an assistant district attorney, while Amanda is a solo-practicing defense attorney. They argue over the case. Amanda sympathizes with the woman, particularly noting the double standard that exists for men and women regarding adultery. Adam thinks Doris is guilty of attempted murder. When Adam arrives at work, he learns that he has been assigned to prosecute the case. When Amanda hears this, she seeks out DorisAdam's Rib is a 1949 American romantic comedy film directed by George Cukor from a screenplay written by Ruth Gordon and Garson Kanin. It stars Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn as married lawyers who come to oppose each other in court. Judy Holliday co-stars as the third lead in her second credited movie role. The music was composed by Miklós Rózsa, except for the song \"Farewell, Amanda\", which was written by Cole Porter.Adam's Rib is a 1949 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by George Cukor from a screenplay written by Ruth Gordon and Garson Kanin. It stars Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn as married lawyers who come to oppose each other in court. Judy Holliday co-stars as the third lead in her second credited movie role. Also featured are Tom Ewell, David Wayne, and Jean Hagen. The music was composed by Miklós Rózsa, and the song \"Farewell, Amanda\" was written by Cole Porter.\nThe film was well received upon its release and is considered a classic romantic comedy. It ranked at No. 22 on the AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs list. In 1992, this film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\"\n\n\n== Plot ==\n\nDoris Attinger follows her husband with a gun in Manhattan one day, suspecting he is having an affair with another woman. In her rage, she fires wildly and blindly around the room and at the couple multiple times. One of the bullets hits her husband in the shoulder. His lover escapes unscathed.\nThe following morning, the married New York lawyers Adam and Amanda Bonner read about the incident in the newspaper. Adam is an assistant",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is married to the person who wrote the screenplay for The Actress? | [
{
"id": 342746,
"question": "The Actress >> screenwriter",
"answer": "Ruth Gordon",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 679190,
"question": "#1 >> spouse",
"answer": "Garson Kanin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
}
] | Garson Kanin | [] | true | Who is the spouse of the screenwriter of The Actress? |
4hop3__270458_88460_30152_20999 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Geography of Myanmar",
"paragraph_text": " the Shan Plateau dominating the east. The central valley follows the Irrawaddy River, the most economically important river to the country with 39.5 million people, including the largest city Yangon, living within its basin. The country is home to many diverse ethnic groups, with 135 officially recognized groups. It is strategically located near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes and was historically home to overland trade routes into China from the Bay of Bengal. The neighboring countries are China, India, Bangladesh, Thailand and Laos.\n\n\n== Area and boundaries ==\nArea\n\nTotal: 676,578 km2 (261,228 sq mi)\ncountry rank in the world: 39th\nLand: 653,508 km2 (252,321 sq mi)\nWater: 23,070 km2 (8,910 sq mi)\n\n\n=== Maritime borders ===\nThe southern maritime boundary follows coordinates marked by both Myanmar and Thailand towards the maritime tripoint with India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The maritime India-Myanmar border resumes end south of Coco Islands before heading towards Myanmar's narrow boundary with international Bay of Bengal waters. Myanmar has a total coastline of 1,384 mi (2,227 km) and has several islandsMyanmar (also known as Burma) is the northwestern-most country of mainland Southeast Asia, bordering China, India, Bangladesh, Thailand and Laos. It lies along the Indian and Eurasian Plates, to the southeast of the Himalayas. To its west is the Bay of Bengal and to its south is the Andaman Sea. It is strategically located near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes.,275 miles (2,050 km) with a long tail running along the western coast of the Malay Peninsula.\nMyanmar lies along the Indian and Eurasian Plates, to the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. To its west is the Bay of Bengal and to its south is the Andaman Sea. The country is nestled between several mountain ranges with the Arakan Mountains on the west and the Shan Plateau dominating the east. The central valley follows the Irrawaddy River, the most economically important river to the country with 39.5 million people, including the largest city Yangon, living within its basin. The country is home to many diverse ethnic groups, with 135 officially recognized groups. It is strategically located near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes and was historically home to overland trade routes into China from the Bay of Bengal. The neighboring countries are China, India, Bangladesh, Thailand and Laos.\n\n\n== Area and boundaries ==\nArea\n\nTotal: 676,578 km2 (261,228 sq mi)\ncountry rank in the world: 39th\nLand: 653,508 km2 (252,321 sq mi)\nWater: 23,070 km2 (8,910 sq mi)\n\n\n=== Maritime borders ===\nThe southern maritime boundary follows coordinates marked by both Myanmar and Thailand towards the maritime tripoint with India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The maritime India-Myanmar border resumes end south of Coco Islands before heading towards Myanmar's narrow boundary with international Bay of Bengal waters. Myanmar has a total coastline of 1,384 mi (2,227 km) and has several islands and archipelagos- most notably the Mergui Archipelago. The county has a total water area is 8,910 square miles (23,100 km2) and an Exclusive Economic Zone covering 205,706 sq mi (532,780 km2).\n\n\n=== Land borders ===\nMyanmar has a land border totaling 4,053 miles (6,523 km) bordering five countries and encompassing a total land area of 261,228 square miles (676,",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Ottoman Empire",
"paragraph_text": " the Ottomans presided over 32 provinces and numerous vassal states, which over time were either absorbed into the Empire or granted various degrees of autonomy. With its capital at Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Middle East and Europe for six centuries.\nWhile the Ottoman Empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline after the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, modern academic consensus posits that the empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society and military into much of the 18th century. However, during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system fell behind those of its chief European rivals, the Habsburg and Russian empires. The Ottomans consequently suffered severe military defeats in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, culminating in the loss of both territory and global prestige. This prompted a comprehensive process of reform and modernization known as the Tanzimat; over the course of the 19th century, the Ottoman state became vastly more powerful and organized internally, despite suffering further territorial losses, especially in the Balkans, where a number of new states emerged.\nBeginning in the late 19th century, various Ottoman intellectuals sought to further liberalize society and politics along European lines, culminating in the Young Turk RevolutionThe discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese.The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe,The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese. much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II, which marked the Ottomans' emergence as a major regional power. Under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), the empire reached the peak of its power, prosperity, and political development. By the start of the 17th century, the Ottomans presided over 32 provinces and numerous vassal states, which over time were either absorbed into the Empire or granted various degrees of autonomy. With its capital at Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Middle East and Europe for six centuries.\nWhile",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Myanmar",
"paragraph_text": "yanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma (the official name until 1989), is a country in Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest. The country's capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city is Yangon (formerly Rangoon).\nEarly civilisations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley, and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 105The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty.The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Nam Khan",
"paragraph_text": " Mekong, with which it joins at Luang Prabang.The NamNam Khan is a river in Laos. It flows through Luang Prabang. It is a major tributary of the river Mekong, with which it joins at Luang Prabang. which it joins at Luang Prabang.The Nam Khan (LaoNam Khan is a river in Laos. It flows through Luang Prabang. It is a major tributary of the river Mekong, with which it joins at Luang Prabang.The Nam Khan (Lao: ��������������) is a river in Laos that is a major tributary of the river Mekong, with which it joins at Luang Prabang.The Nam Khan (Lao: ��������������) is a river in Laos that is a major tributary of the river Mekong, with which it joins at Luang Prabang.The Nam Khan (Lao: ��������������) is a river in Laos that is a major tributary of the river Mekong, with which it joins at Luang Prabang.The Nam Khan (Lao: ��������������) is a river in Laos that is a major tributary of the river Mekong, with which it joins at Luang Prabang.The Nam Khan (Lao: ��������������) is a river in Laos that is a major tributary of the river Mekong, with which it joins at Luang Prabang.The Nam Khan (Lao: ��������������) is a river in Laos that is a major tributary of the river Mekong, with which it joins at Luang Prabang.The Nam Khan (Lao: ��������������) is a river in Laos that is a major tributary of the river Mekong, with which it joins at Luang Prabang.The Nam Khan (Lao: ��������������) is a river in Laos that is a major tributary of the river Mekong, with which it joins at Luang Prabang.The Nam Khan (Lao: ��������������) is a river in Laos that is a major tributary of the river Mekong, with which it joins at which it joins at Luang Prabang.The Nam Khan (LaoNam Khan is a river in Laos. It flows through Luang Prabang. It is a major tributary of the river",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What method was used to expel the identical group of individuals, from whom the Ajuran Empire of Somali Muslims proclaimed independence, from the borderline area distinguishing Thailand and the nation where Nam Khan is located? | [
{
"id": 270458,
"question": "Nam Khan >> country",
"answer": "Laos",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 88460,
"question": "what natural boundary lies between thailand and #1",
"answer": "Myanmar",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 30152,
"question": "New coins were a proclamation of independence by the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire from whom?",
"answer": "the Portuguese",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 20999,
"question": "How were the #3 expelled from #2 ?",
"answer": "The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese | [] | true | How were the same people who the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire declared independence from expelled from the natural boundary between Thailand and the country where Nam Khan is found? |
3hop1__518381_709625_84283 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Ain't Living Long Like This",
"paragraph_text": "Ain't Living Long Like This is the debut studio album by American country music singer-songwriter Rodney Crowell, released in 1978 by Warner Bros. Records. It failed to enter the Top Country Albums chart. The songs, \"Elvira\", \"Baby Better Start Turnin' 'Em Down\" and \"(Now and Then, There's) A Fool Such as I\" were released as singles but they all failed to chart within the top 40. Despite this, \"Ain't Living Long Like This\" is considered one Crowell's best and most influential albums. Brett Hartenbach of Allmusic says it \"\"not only showcases his songwriting prowess, but also his ability to deliver a song, whether it's one of his own or the work of another writer\"\". Most of the songs on this album were later covered by other artists including The Oak Ridge Boys and Alan Jackson. When the album was re-released in 2002 the font on the cover was enlarged to make it more legible. are cover songs:\n\n\"Elvira\" – Dallas Frazier, Elvira (1966)\n\"(Now and Then, There's) A Fool Such as I\" – Hank Snow(1952) [Covered by many other artists such as Elvis Presley, Bob Dylan, Eddy Arnold, Jim Reeves and Lou Rawls]\n\"I Thought I Heard You Callin' My Name\" – Norma Jean, Let's Go All the Way (1965)\nMany Crowell-penned songs have since been covered by other artists. \"Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight\" was covered by Emmylou Harris in 1978 and, a year later, by The Oak Ridge Boys from The Oak Ridge Boys Have Arrived. They released it as a single that reached Number One.\n\"Voila, An American Dream\" was covered (as \"An American",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Lovin' All Night",
"paragraph_text": " peaking at number 10. It was Crowell's final Top 10 hit on that chart.\n\n\n=== Year-end charts ===\n\n\n== Patty Loveless version ==\n\nPatty Loveless included a version of the song on her eighth album with Epic Records, On Your Way Home, her thirteenth album of original music overall. The single was released in 2003. It was the first single released from the album.\nAccording to Loveless \"...On the Down From The Mountain tour last year (2002), a friend of mine, Rodney Crowell was out there with me\"Lovin' All Night\" is a song written and performed by American country music artist Rodney Crowell. It was released in March 1992 as the first single from his album \"Life Is Messy\". The song peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart.\"\"Lovin' All Night\" is a song written and performed by American country music artist Rodney Crowell. It was released in March 1992 as the first single from his album \"Life Is Messy\". The song peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart..\n\n\n== Critical reception ==\nAlanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly described the song as \"randy\" and \"celebrat[ing] his new sexual freedom\" following his divorce from Rosanne Cash.\n\n\n== Chart performance ==\n\"Lovin' All Night\" spent 20 weeks on Hot Country Songs, peaking at number 10. It was Crowell's final Top 10 hit on that chart.\n\n\n=== Year-end charts ===\n\n\n== Patty Loveless version ==\n\nPatty Loveless included a version of the song on her eighth album with Epic Records, On Your Way Home, her thirteenth album of original music overall. The single was released in 2003. It was the first single released from the album.\nAccording to Loveless \"...On the Down From The Mountain tour last year (2002), a friend of mine, Rodney Crowell was out there with me\"Lovin' All Night\" is a song written and performed by American country music artist Rodney Crowell. It was released in March 1992 as the first single from his album \"Life Is Messy\". The song peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart.\"Lovin' All Night\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Rodney Crowell. It was released in March 1992 as the first single from his album Life Is Messy. The song peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart.\n\n\n== Critical",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Warner Records",
"paragraph_text": " so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. In 1928, the studio acquired several smaller music publishing firms which included M. Witmark & Sons, Harms Inc., and a partial interest in New World Music Corp., and merged them to form the Music Publishers Holding Company. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, and the new division was soon earning solid profits of up to US$2 million every year.\nIn 1930, Music Publishers Holding Company (MPHC) paid US$28 million to acquire Brunswick Records (which included Vocalion), whose roster included Duke Ellington, Red Nichols, Nick Lucas, Al Jolson, Earl Burtnett, Ethel Waters, Abe Lyman, Leroy Carr, Tampa Red and Memphis Minnie, and soon after the sale to Warner Bros., the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. Unfortunately for Warner Bros., the dual impact of the Great Depression and the introduction of broadcast radio greatly harmed the recording industry—sales crashed, dropping by around 90% from more than 100 millionWarner Bros. Records Parent company Warner Music Group Founded March 19, 1958; 60 years ago (1958 - 03 - 19) Founder James Conkling Distributor (s) Self - distributed (In the US) WEA International (Outside the US) Rhino Entertainment Company (ReWarner Bros. Records Parent company Warner Music Group Founded March 19, 1958; 60 years ago (1958 - 03 - 19) Founder James Conkling Distributor (s) Self - distributed (In the US) WEA International (Outside the US) Rhino Entertainment Company (Re-issues) Genre Various Country of origin United States Location Burbank, California, U.S. Official website warnerbrosrecords.com Halen, Kylie Minogue, ZZ Top, Gorillaz, Bette Midler, Grateful Dead, Jane's Addiction, Duran Duran, Fleetwood Mac, Rod Stewart, James Taylor, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Mac Miller, R.E.M., and the Sex Pistols.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Founding ===\nAt the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros. Pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. In 1928, the studio acquired several smaller music publishing firms which included M. Witmark & Sons, Harms Inc., and a partial interest in New World Music Corp., and merged them to form the Music Publishers Holding Company. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, and the new division was soon earning solid profits of up to US$2 million every year.\nIn 1930, Music Publishers Holding Company (MPHC) paid US$28 million to acquire Brunswick Records (which included Vocalion), whose roster included Duke Ellington, Red Nichols, Nick Lucas, Al Jolson, Earl Burtnett",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is the owner of the record company for the artist who sang Lovin' All Night? | [
{
"id": 518381,
"question": "Lovin' All Night >> performer",
"answer": "Rodney Crowell",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 709625,
"question": "#1 >> record label",
"answer": "Warner Bros. Records",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 84283,
"question": "who is the owner of #2",
"answer": "Warner Music Group",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
}
] | Warner Music Group | [
"Warner Music"
] | true | Who owns the record label of the Lovin' All Night performer? |
4hop1__151903_5274_458768_33637 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Santa Monica, California",
"paragraph_text": "anga was established in the Santa Monica area. One of the village's notable residents was Victoria Reid, who was the daughter of the chief of the village. During the Spanish period, she was taken to Mission San Gabriel from her parents at the age of six.\n\n\n=== Spanish era ===\n\nThe first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolá, which camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769.\nThere are two different accounts of how the city's name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is May 4. Another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety.\n\n\n=== Mexican era ===\n\nIn 1839, Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado granted Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica to Francisco Sepúlveda II, of theSanta Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language. The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769. There are two different versions of the naming of the city. One says that it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is actually May 4. Another version says that it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springsAround the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in or near Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was located near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in both Santa Monica and Venice. The two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an integral economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community. Bandini de Stearns Baker, founded Santa Monica, which incorporated as a city in 1886. The city developed into a seaside resort during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the creation of tourist attractions such as Palisades Park, the Santa Monica Pier, Ocean Park, and the Hotel Casa del Mar",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Sony Music",
"paragraph_text": " in Japan, so releases under Columbia Records from another country appears on Sony Records in Japan, but retains the usage of the \"walking eye\" logo. The Columbia name and trademark is controlled by Nippon Columbia, which was, in fact, the licensee for the American Columbia Records up until 1968, even though relations were officially severed asSony Music Entertainment Inc. (sometimes known as Sony Music or by the initials, SME) is an American music corporation managed and operated by Sony Corporation of America (SCA), a subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation. In 1929, the enterprise was first founded as American Record Corporation (ARC) and, in 1938, was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, following ARC's acquisition by CBS. In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. In 1987, Sony Corporation of Japan bought the company, and in 1991, renamed it SME. It is the world's second largest recorded music company, after Universal Music Group.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "The Lost Trident Sessions",
"paragraph_text": "The Lost Trident Sessions is a studio album by jazz fusion group the Mahavishnu Orchestra, released on 21 September 1999 through Sony Music Entertainment. It was originally recorded in June 1973 at Trident Studios but was not released until 26 years later. According to the album's detailed liner notes, in November 1998 Columbia Records producer Bob Belden stumbled upon two quarter-inch tapes in Columbia's Los Angeles vault whilst gathering material for a remastered reissue of the Mahavishnu Orchestra's 1973 album \"Birds of Fire\". The tapes were otherwise unlabelled besides the recording location, but upon further inspection, they were revealed to be the two-track mixes for what would have been the Mahavishnu Orchestra's third studio album at the time.ist John McLaughlin told gig - The Music Magazine in 1977:\n\nMcLaughlin feels that the Orchestra was never recorded at their peak. \"There is a studio album that never got released which is really good\", he explains. It would have been their third studio album, following Inner Mounting Flame and Birds of Fire. \"But at the time the record was being made, emotion in the band was running so high that people could no longer see clearly. Everyone felt nervous about it\". Why?",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "The Right Stuff Records",
"paragraph_text": " various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others. TheThe Right Stuff Records is a reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California..\nThe label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others. The label was started by former EMI and Capitol Records executive Tom Cartwright.\n\n\n== Selected artists on reissues ==\n\n\n== References ==The Right Stuff Records is an American reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California.\nThe label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others. The label was started by former EMI and Capitol Records executive Tom Cartwright.\n\n\n== Selected artists on reissues ==\n\n\n== References ==The Right Stuff Records is an American reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California.\nThe label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others. The label was started by former EMI and Capitol Records executive Tom Cartwright.\n\n\n== Selected artists on reissues ==\n\n\n== References ==The Right Stuff Records is an American reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California.\nThe label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others. The label was started by former EMI and Capitol Records executive Tom Cartwright.\n\n\n== Selected artists on reissues ==\n\n\n== References ==The Right Stuff Records is an American reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California.\n",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In the area where the headquarters of the record label for The Lost Trident Sessions - the only one larger, how many ethnic minorities were perceived differently? | [
{
"id": 151903,
"question": "Which was the record label for The Lost Trident Sessions?",
"answer": "Sony Music Entertainment",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 5274,
"question": "What company is the only group larger than #1 ?",
"answer": "Universal Music Group.",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 458768,
"question": "#2 >> headquarters location",
"answer": "Santa Monica",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 33637,
"question": "How many ethnic minorities were looked at differently in #3 ?",
"answer": "two",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | two | [] | true | How many ethnic minorities were looked at differently where the only group larger than the record label of The Lost Trident Sessions is headquartered? |
2hop__161872_21567 | [
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Late Middle Ages",
"paragraph_text": " the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy.\nCombined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing, which facilitated the dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. Those two things would later lead to the ReThe main representatives of the new style, often referred to as ars nova as opposed to the ars antiqua, were the composers Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut. In Italy, where the Provençal troubadours had also found refuge, the corresponding period goes under the name of trecento, and the leading composers were Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini. Prominent reformer of Orthodox Church music from the first half of 14th century was John Kukuzelis; he also introduced a system of notation widely used in the Balkans in the following centuries.The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500. The late Middle Ages followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the onset of the early modern period (and in much of Europe, the Renaissance).\nAround 1350, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it had been before the calamities. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict, the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was temporarily shattered by the Western Schism. Collectively, those events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.\nDespite the crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy.\nCombined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing, which facilitated the dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. Those two things would later lead to the Reformation. Toward the end of the period, the Age of Discovery began. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire cut off trading possibilities with the East. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the Spanish expedition under Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492 and Vasco da Gama's voyage to Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.\nThe changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern history and of early modern Europe. However, the division is somewhat artificial, since ancient learning was never entirely absent from European society. As a result, there was developmental continuity between the ancient age (via classical antiquity) and the modern age. Some historians, particularly in Italy, prefer not to speak of the late Middle Ages at all but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era.\n\n\n== Historiography and periodization ==\n\nThe term \"late Middle Ages\" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683).\nFor 18th-century historians studying the 14th and 15th centuries, the central theme was the Renaissance, with its rediscovery of ancient learning and the emergence of an individual spirit. The heart of this rediscovery lies in Italy, where, in the words of Jacob Burckhardt, \"Man became a spiritual individual and recognized himself as such.\" This proposition was later challenged, and it was argued that the 12th century was a period of greater cultural achievement.\nAs economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth.\nModern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now generally acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and the term \"late Middle Ages\" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term \"Renaissance\" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century is rather seen as characterized by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of Western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation-state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe limits of Christian Europe were still being defined in the 14th and 15th centuries. While the Grand Duchy of Moscow was beginning to repel the Mongols, and the Iberian kingdoms completed the Reconquista of the peninsula and turned their attention outwards, the Balkans fell under the dominance of the Ottoman Empire. Meanwhile, the remaining nations of the continent were locked in almost constant international or internal conflict.\nThe situation gradually led to the consolidation of central authority and the emergence of the nation state. The financial demands of war necessitated higher levels of taxation, resulting in the emergence of representative bodies – most notably the English Parliament. The growth of secular authority was further aided by the decline of the papacy with the Western Schism and the coming of the Protestant Reformation.\n\n\n=== Northern Europe ===\n\nAfter the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814.\nIceland benefited from its relative isolation and was the last Scandinavian country to be struck by the Black Death. Meanwhile, the Norse colony in Greenland died out, probably under extreme weather conditions in the 15th century. These conditions might have been the effect of the Little Ice Age.\n\n\n=== Northwest Europe ===\n\nThe death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286 threw the country into a succession crisis, and the English king, Edward I, was brought in to arbitrate. Edward claimed overlordship over Scotland, leading to the Wars of Scottish Independence. The English were eventually defeated, and the Scots were able to develop a stronger state under the Stewarts.\nFrom 1337, England's attention was largely directed towards France in the Hundred Years' War. Henry V's victory at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 briefly paved the way for a unification of the two kingdoms, but his son Henry VI soon squandered all previous gains. The loss of France led to discontent at home. Soon after the end of the war in 1453, the dynastic struggles of the Wars ofThe main representatives of the new style, often referred to as ars nova as opposed to the ars antiqua, were the composers Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut. In Italy, where the Provençal troubadours had also found refuge, the corresponding period goes under the name of trecento, and the leading composers were Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini. Prominent reformer of Orthodox Church music from the first half of 14th century was John Kukuzelis; he also introduced a system of notation widely used in the Balkans in the following centuries. uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict, the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was temporarily shattered by the Western Schism.",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 16,
"title": "24 (TV series)",
"paragraph_text": " from FoxSeason 1 begins at midnight on the day of the California presidential primary. Jack Bauer's protocol is to protect Senator David Palmer from an assassination plot and rescue his own family from those responsible, who seek retribution for Jack and Palmer's involvement with a covert American mission in the Balkans.Season 1 begins at midnight on the day of the California presidential primary. Jack Bauer's protocol is to protect Senator David Palmer from an assassination plot and rescue his own family from those responsible, who seek retribution for Jack and Palmer's involvement with a covert American mission in the Balkans. Iyer, directed by Abhinay Deo and produced by Ramesh Deo Productions. Season 2 aired from 23 July 2016 to 9 October 2016.\nThe Hindi version of 24 is the first adaptation of the show; the India rights were acquired from FoxSeason 1 begins at midnight on the day of the California presidential primary. Jack Bauer's protocol is to protect Senator David Palmer from an assassination plot and rescue his own family from those responsible, who seek retribution for Jack and Palmer's involvement with a covert American mission in the Balkans.24 is an Indian Hindi-language action thriller television series which aired on Colors TV, based on the American series of the same name. It aired from 4 October 2013 through 21 December 2013. It was written by Rensil D'Silva, Bhavani Iyer, directed by",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who initiated the musical scoring system in the 14th century, which was later employed in the secret operation where Jack was involved? | [
{
"id": 161872,
"question": "Where did Jack participate in a covert mission?",
"answer": "the Balkans",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 21567,
"question": "Who introduced a system of musical notation used in the #1 in the 14th century?",
"answer": "John Kukuzelis",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | John Kukuzelis | [] | true | Who in the14th century introduced musical notation used where Jack later participated in a covert mission? |
3hop2__326964_320101_7713 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Yaxing Coach",
"paragraph_text": " Air Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. This was moved to Yangzhou in April 1958, where it was merged with the Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance Factory as the Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance and Manufacture Factory, which began producing automobiles (branded Yunhe) and tractors (branded Gongnong), alongside farm equipment. After gaining experience, the factory began producing the JS130/JS140 heavy-duty trucks and JS340 dump trucks in the late 1960s, then began producing the JT661A bus chassis in 1979.\nThe factory was renamed to the Jiangsu Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance and Manufacture Factory (江��省��州汽车修造��) in 1981, and the first JT663 coach was built and delivered to the Eighth Team of Jiangsu Passenger Transportation Co., Ltd. in February 1981. The JT663 was the first dedicated bus chassis built and the factory was renamed again to the Jiangsu Yangzhou Coach Manufacture Factory (江��省��州客车制造��) in 1985. The company continued to develop buses, launching the JS6879 coach in 1989 in cooperation with the Xi'an Highway Institute, as the first domestic sleeper coach. The factory was renamed again to the Jiangsu Yangzhou Coach Manufacture Main Factory (江��省��州客车制造总��) in 1990.\nThe JS6971 luxury inter-city tourism coach was launched in 1993, which marked the first use of a domestically-produced rear axle. The Jiangsu Asiastar Bus (Group) Co., Ltd. (江����星客车集��有限公司) was founded in August 1996, followed by the Yangzhou Asiastar Motor Coach Co., Ltd. (��州��星客车��Yaxing Coach (Yangzhou Yaxing Motor Coach Co., Ltd) is a bus manufacturer based in Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China. It is a subsidiary of Jiangsu Yaxing that was founded in 1998. Buses are produced under the \"Yaxing\", \"Yangtse（Yangzlv）\", and more recently Asiastar brands. in a number of international markets. It is listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange.\n\n\n== History ==\nYangzhou Yaxing Motor Coach Co., Ltd., aka Asiastar, traces its origins to May 1949, when the Shanghai Military Control Commission assumed control of the former sapper squadron of the Kuomintang, renaming it the Automobile Maintenance Firm of Logistics Department of East China Air Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. This was moved to Yangzhou in April 1958, where it was merged with the Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance Factory as the Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance and Manufacture Factory, which began producing automobiles (branded Yunhe) and tractors (branded Gongnong), alongside farm equipment. After gaining experience, the factory began producing the JS130/JS140 heavy-duty trucks and JS340 dump trucks in the late 1960s, then began producing the JT661A bus chassis in 1979.\nThe factory was renamed to the Jiangsu Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance and",
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"idx": 9,
"title": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_text": " the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the person's neck, causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.\nThis method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials, including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: \"The hangman botched the execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired.\" A Life magazine report on the execution merely says: \"The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight.\"\n\n\n=== Long drop ===\n\nThe long-drop process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advance on the standard drop. Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the personArchaeological discovery shows that \"Nanjing Man\" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang..\nA rope is attached around the condemned's feet and routed through a pulley at the base of the pole.\nThe condemned is hoisted to the top of the pole by means of a sling running across the chest and under the armpits.\nA narrow-diameter noose is looped around the prisoner's neck, then secured to a hook mounted at the top of the pole.\nThe chest sling is released, and the prisoner is rapidly jerked downward by the assistant executioners via the foot rope.\nThe executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high beside",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 12,
"title": "Noël Lee",
"paragraph_text": " with Walter Piston, Irving Fine, and Tillman Merritt and was also a student at the Longy School of Music in the early 1940s. Following World War II, he traveled to Paris where he studied music with Nadia Boulanger and was a friend of Douglas Allanbrook. He composed orchestral, chamber, piano, vocal, and film music. In addition, he completed several unfinished piano works by Franz Schubert, and composed cadenzas for piano concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. He was also well known for his piano accompaniment.NoBorn in 1924 in Nanjing, China, Lee studied music in Lafayette, Indiana, then attended Harvard University, studying with Walter Piston, Irving Fine, and Tillman Merritt and was also a student at the Longy School of Music in the early 1940s. Following World War II, he traveled to Paris where he studied music with Nadia Boulanger and was a friend of Douglas Allanbrook. He composed orchestral, chamber, piano, vocal, and film music. In addition, he completed several unfinished piano works by Franz Schubert, and composed cadenzas for piano concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. He was also well known for his piano accompaniment.as for piano concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. He was also well known for his piano accompaniment.\nLee was a visiting professor at Brandeis University, Cornell University, and Dartmouth College. He received numerous awards throughout his career, an award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters for his creative work in 1959, and from France, twice laureate of the Fondation de France, in 1998, the grade of Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, and, in 1999, from the city of Paris,Born in 1924 in Nanjing, China, Lee studied music in Lafayette, Indiana, then attended Harvard University, studying with Walter Piston, Irving Fine, and Tillman Merritt and was also a student at the Longy School of Music in the early 1940s. Following World War II, he traveled to Paris where he studied music with Nadia Boulanger and was a friend of Douglas Allanbrook. He composed orchestral, chamber, piano, vocal, and film music. In addition, he completed several unfinished piano works by Franz Schubert, and composed cadenzas for piano concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. He was also well known for his piano accompaniment.Noël Lee (December 25, 1924 – July 15, 2013) was an American classical pianist and composer.\nBorn in 1924 in Nanjing, China, Lee studied music in Lafayette, Indiana, then attended Harvard University, studying with Walter Piston, Irving Fine, and Tillman Merritt and was also a student at the Longy School of Music in the early 1940s. Following World War II, he traveled to Paris where he studied music with Nadia Boulanger and was a friend of Douglas Allanbrook. He composed orchestral, chamber, piano, vocal, and film music. In addition, he completed several unfinished piano works by Franz Schubert, and composed cadenzas for piano concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. He was also well known for his piano accompaniment.\nLee was a visiting professor at Brandeis University, Cornell University, and Dartmouth College. He received numerous awards throughout his career, an award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters for his creative work in 1959, and from France, twice laureate of the Fondation de France, in 1998, the grade of Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, and, in 1999, from the city of Paris, the Grand Prix de la Musique.\nLee's first recordings were for the Valois label of Michel Bernstein. He recorded, together with French pianist Christian Ivaldi, the complete works for four hands by Schubert for the label Arion. He was the pianist for the American violinist Paul Makanowitzki (1920-1998), the Dutch baritone Bernard Kruysen (1933-2000) and the French soprano Anne-Marie Rodde. As a pianist, he toured on six continents and recorded 198 LPs and CDs since 1955, particularly of Schubert (including the complete sonatas), Debussy, Ravel, Charles Ives, Bartók, Stravinsky, Aaron Copland and Elliott Carter. He was instrumental to the rediscovery of American composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829–69), and his Gottshalk recording (CD Erato reissued on Warner Classics/Apex) was used in the soundtrack to the 1994 Michel Deville film Aux petits bonheurs. Thirteen of these recordings have received a Grand Prix du Disque.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Sources ==\nGoogle Books: International Who's Who in Classical Music 2003, 457 (Search: Lee, Noel)\n\n\n== External links ==\nNoël Lee's Homepage\nNoël Lee page from American Music Center site\nNoël Lee interview, October 21, 1993Noël Lee (December 25, 1924 – July 15, 2013) was an American classical pianist and composer.\nBorn in 1924 in Nanjing, China, Lee studied music in Lafayette, Indiana, then attended Harvard University, studying with Walter Piston, Irving Fine, and Tillman Merritt and was also a student at the Longy School of Music in the early 1940s. Following World War II, he traveled to Paris where he studied music with Nadia Boulanger and was a friend of Douglas Allanbrook. He composed orchestral, chamber, piano, vocal, and film music. In addition, he completed several unfinished piano works by Franz Schubert, and composed cadenzas for piano concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. He was also well known for his piano accompaniment.\nLee was a visiting professor at Brandeis University, Cornell University, and Dartmouth College. He received numerous awards throughout his career, an award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters for his",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | For what duration was Noel Lee's birthplace considered the capital of the area where the Yaxing Coah's main office is based? | [
{
"id": 326964,
"question": "Yaxing Coach >> headquarters location",
"answer": "Yangzhou",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 320101,
"question": "Noël Lee >> place of birth",
"answer": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 7713,
"question": "How long had #2 been the capital city of #1 ?",
"answer": "about 400 years",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | about 400 years | [] | true | How long had the place of birth of Noel Lee been the capital city of where Yaxing Coah headquarters is located? |
2hop__560534_91104 | [
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "ATS-6",
"paragraph_text": " the geosynchronous orbit. This reduced the on-board fuel requirements to less than 40 kilograms (88 lb) (for a total mass at launch of nearly 1,400 kilograms (3,100 lb)). The highly accurate orbit insertion further lowered the amount of fuel required for final positioning to 9 kilograms (20 lb). This enabled a life extension from the original 2 year to 5 years, even accounting for the premature failure of the electric propulsion subsystem (the station-keeping fuel requirement being around 1.6 kilograms per year (3.5 lb/a)).\n\n\n== Structure, power subsystem and antenna ==\nOne of the major innovations of ATS-6 was an in-flight deployable antenna of more than 9 metres (30 ft) in diameter. The antenna reflector was furled during launch under the launch vehicle fairing, and was deployed in orbit much like an umbrella. The antenna reflector was built from 48 aluminum ribs, supporting a metallized Dacron mesh. The antenna feeds (in C, S, L, UHF and VHF bands) were placed on the spacecraft body, facing the antenna reflector, and linked to the antenna and the solar panels masts by a carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) truss. The solar panels were rigidly mounted on two deployable masts. They were of hemi-cylinder shape, thus providing a relatively constant power (595 W beginning of life). Electric power was supplied during eclipses by two Nickel cadmium batteries of 15-A·h capacity, powering a regulated 30.5-V bus. The satellite dimensions in orbit were 15.8-metre (52 ft) width by 8.2-metre (27 ft) height.\nThis deployable antenna parabola was designed and developed by Lockheed Missiles and Space Company (LMSC), now Lockheed Martin, under subcontract to Fairchild Aerospace, after several years of small study contracts at LMSC. The program manager at LMSC was GKC (Colin) Campbell. The deployment of the reflector was initiated by pyrotechnically operated SQUIB cable cutters. Deployment time was on the order of 2.5 seconds producing 3,400 newton-metres (2,500 lb���ft) of torque at the spacecraft interface. The reflector surface was designed for optimal operation at S-Band frequencies. It weighed 83 kilograms (182 lb) at launch and stowed into a toroidal volume (doughnut shaped) approximately 1.8 metres (6 ft) in diameter and 250 millimetres (10 in) thick. Three models were fabricated, the STM or structural test model, the F reflector and the G reflector. The STM was destroyed by Fairchild shortly after the program was finished and the F model was launched with the spacecraft in 1972. The G model sat unprotected in the Farchild parking lot for several years before it was donated to the Smithsonian. Bill Wade, the assistant program manager and test manager on the program supported The Smithsonian in the restoration by providing a complete set of drawings and specifications and visited the Silver Hill facility to provide technical guidance.\nAt the time of launch it was the largest parabolic surface launched into orbit.\n\n\n=== Three-axis stabilisation ===\nATS-6 has been the first geostationary satellite with three-axis stabilization and pointing., This subsystem was capable of a highly accurate pointing (better than 0.1° through the inertial measurement units, down to 0.002° by using a radio-frequency interferometer.). Furthermore, the satellite was able to follow low Earth orbit satellites through slewing, by tracking the low Earth-orbit satellite through an S-band RF sensing. The system was also able to perform orbitography of the tracked satellite, and was a precursor to the operational system TDRSS.\nThis highly advanced (for the time) pointing subsystem used Earth and Sun sensors, a star tracker pointed to theATS - 6 (Applications Technology Satellite - 6) was a NASA experimental satellite, built by Fairchild Space and Electronics Division It has been called the world's first educational satellite as well as world's first experimental Direct Broadcast Satellite as part of the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment between NASA and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was launched May 30, 1974, and decommissioned July 1979. At the time of launch, it was the most powerful telecommunication satellite in orbit. ATS - 6 carried no fewer than 23 different experiments, and introduced several breakthroughs. It was the first 3 - axis stabilized spacecraft in geostationary orbit. It was also the first to use experimentally with some success electric propulsion in geostationary orbit. It also carried several particle physics experiments, including the first heavy ion detector in geostationary orbit.-year life, ATS-6 transmitted connection programming to various countries, including India, the United States and other regions. The vehicle also conducted air traffic control tests, was used to practice satellite-assisted search and rescue techniques, carried an experimental radiometer subsequently carried as a standard instrument aboard weather satellites, and pioneered direct broadcast TV.\nATS-6 was a precursor to many technologies still in use today on geostationary spacecraft: large deployable antenna, 3-axis attitude control with slewing capabilities, antenna pointing through RF sensing, electric propulsion, meteorological radiometer in geostationary orbit, and direct to home broadcasting. It is also possible that ATS-6 was a forerunner of the large ELINT satellites such as Mentor.\n\n\n== Launch ==\n\nATS-6 was launched on May 30, 1974, by a Titan III-C launch vehicle. The spacecraft was inserted directly in the geosynchronous orbit. This reduced the on-board fuel requirements to less than 40 kilograms (88 lb) (for a total mass at launch of nearly 1,400 kilograms (3,100 lb)). The highly accurate orbit insertion further lowered the amount of fuel required for final positioning to 9 kilograms (20 lb). This enabled a life extension from the original 2 year to 5 years, even accounting for the premature failure of the electric propulsion subsystem (the station-keeping fuel requirement being around 1.6 kilograms per year (3.",
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"idx": 14,
"title": "IRS-P3",
"paragraph_text": " Sensing Programme of Earth observation satellites, assembled, launched and maintained by Indian Space Research Organisation. There was no data recording device on board of the IRS-P3 and data was transmitted in real-time to the ground stationd in Hyderabad, India and Neustrelitz, Germany.\n\n\n== Instruments ==\nIRS-P3 carried two remote sensing instruments and one X-ray astronomy experiment:\n\nModular opto-electronic scanner (MOS), which was provided by German Aerospace Center (DLR), in the framework of a cooperative agreement between ISRO and DLR. MOS was designed for ocean remote sensing.\nIndian X-ray astronomy experiment (IXAE). IXAE was to study the time variability and spectral characteristics of cosmic X-ray sources and for detection of transient X-ray sources. The experiment was developed by ISRO Satellite Centre (URSC) and Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR). The experiment was intended to study periodic and aperiodic intensity variation in galactic/extragalactic X-ray, spectral characteristics of various sources and properties of newly discovered X-ray transients. IXAE instruments consisted of three identical pointed mode proportional counters (PPCs) operated in the energy range 2-20 keV, FOV ofIRS-P3 was an experimental earth observation mission undertaken by ISRO. The objectives of the mission was processing and interpretation of data generated by its two payloads, the Wide Field sensor and Modular Optoelectric Sensor, developed by the German Aerospace Center.IIRS-P3 was an experimental earth observation mission undertaken by ISRO. The objectives of the mission was processing and interpretation of data generated by its two payloads, the Wide Field sensor and Modular Optoelectric Sensor, developed by the German Aerospace Center.AE), for the study of X-ray astronomy. The IRS-P3 satellite contained an X-ray astronomy instrument, a C-band transponder and two remote sensing instruments. \n\n\n== History ==\nIRS-P3 was one of the satellite in the Indian Remote Sensing Programme of Earth observation satellites, assembled, launched and maintained by Indian Space Research Organisation. There was no data recording device on board of the IRS-P3 and data was transmitted in real-time to the ground stationd in Hyderabad, India and Neustrelitz, Germany.\n\n\n== Instruments ==\nIRS-P3 carried two remote sensing instruments and one X-ray astronomy experiment:\n\nModular opto-electronic scanner (MOS), which was provided by German Aerospace Center (DLR), in the framework of a cooperative agreement between ISRO and DLR. MOS was designed for ocean remote sensing.\nIndian X-ray astronomy experiment (IXAE). IXAE was to study the time variability and spectral characteristics of cosmic X-ray sources and for detection of transient X-ray sources. The experiment was developed by ISRO Satellite Centre (URSC) and Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR). The experiment was intended to study periodic and aperiodic intensity variation in galactic/extragalactic X-ray, spectral characteristics of various sources and properties of newly discovered X-ray transients. IXAE instruments consisted of three identical pointed mode proportional counters (PPCs) operated in the energy range 2-20 keV, FOV ofIRS-P3 was an experimental earth observation mission undertaken by ISRO. The objectives of the mission was processing and interpretation of data generated by its two payloads, the Wide Field sensor and Modular Optoelectric Sensor, developed by the German Aerospace Center.IRS-P3 was a remote sensing satellite launched by ISRO on board of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) launch vehicle for remote sensing of Earth's natural resources. It also hosted a scientific instrument, the Indian X-ray Astronomy Experiment (IXAE), for the study of X-ray astronomy. The IRS-P3 satellite contained an X-ray astronomy instrument, a C-band transponder and two remote sensing instruments. \n\n\n== History ==\nIRS-P3 was one of the satellite in the Indian Remote Sensing Programme of Earth observation satellites, assembled, launched and maintained",
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] | What was the title of the prototype satellite that paved the way for the communication satellite operated by the organization behind IRS-P3? | [
{
"id": 560534,
"question": "IRS-P3 >> operator",
"answer": "ISRO",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 91104,
"question": "the experimental satellite which was forerunner to communication satellite of #1 is called",
"answer": "ATS - 6 (Applications Technology Satellite - 6)",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
}
] | ATS - 6 (Applications Technology Satellite - 6) | [
"ATS-6"
] | true | What is the name of the experimental satellite that was the forerunner to the communication satellite of IRS-P3's operator? |
2hop__488811_30078 | [
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Erich Zakowski",
"paragraph_text": " After the Second World War, his mother fled from East Prussia with 11-years-old Erich and his four siblings, initially to a refugee camp in Lübeck, and finally the family settled in Niederzissen. He graduated in Andernach as an apprentice auto mechanic, and eventually passed his master exam. He founded his own garage in Niederzissen, which was the location of the Zakspeed racing operation, starting in 1968. In 1968, still under the previous name \"Zakowski Niederzissen Tuning\", he started using a Ford Escort 1300 GT for automobile races on the nearby Nürburgring.\nIn the 1970s and 1980s, under the direction of Erich Zakowski, Zakspeed established itself in various racing series, (especially in the Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft (DRM) and Sports car racing). Zakspeed entered the Formula 1 series in 1985. In 1990, after five years of racing, his F1 team had to give up, due to the loss of main sponsor West. Contemporaneous Zakowski senior retired active leadership of the team and handed it over to his son Peter Zakowski.\nErich Zakowski died on 1 November 2023, aged 89, at his home in Balkhausen.\n\n\n== References ==Erich Zakowski (25 November 1933 – 1 November 2023) was a German mechanic with master craftsman certificate (Kfz-Mechatroniker-Meister), and the founder and longtime head of the Zakspeed racing team.\nZakowski was born in Allenstein, East Prussia (now Olsztyn in Poland). After the Second World War, his mother fled from East Prussia with 11-years-old Erich and his four siblings, initially to a refugee camp in Lübeck, and finally the family settled in Niederzissen. He graduated in Andernach as an apprentice auto mechanic, and eventually passed his master exam. He founded his own garage in Niederzissen, which was the location of the Zakspeed racing operation, starting in 1968. In 1968, still under the previous name \"Zakowski Niederzissen Tuning\", he started using a Ford Escort 1300 GT for automobile races on the nearby Nürburgring.\nIn the 1970s and 1980s, under the direction of Erich Zakowski, Zakspeed established itself in various racing series, (especially in the Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft (DRM) and Sports car racing). Zakspeed entered the Formula 1 series in 1985. In 1990, after five years of racing, his F1 team had to give up, due to the loss of main sponsor West. Contemporaneous Zakowski senior retired active leadership of the team and handed it over to his son Peter Zakowski.\nErich Zakowski died on 1 November 2023, aged 89, at his home in Balkhausen.\n\n\n== References ==Erich Zakowski (25 November 1933 – 1 November 2023) was a German mechanic with master craftsman certificate (Kfz-Mechatroniker-Meister), and the founder and longtime head of the Zakspeed racing team.\nZakowski was born in Allenstein, East Prussia (now Olsztyn in Poland). After the Second World War, his mother fled from East Prussia with 11-years-old Erich and his four siblings, initially to a refugee camp in Lübeck, and finally the family settled in Niederzissen. He graduated in Andernach as an apprentice auto mechanic, and eventually passed his master exam. He founded his own garage in Niederzissen, which was the location of the Zakspeed racing operation, starting in 1968. In 1968, still under the previous name \"Zakowski Niederzissen Tuning\", he started using a Ford Escort 1300 GT for automobile races on the nearby Nürburgring.\nIn the 1970s and 1980s, under the direction of Erich Zakowski, Zakspeed established itself in various racing series, (especially in the Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft (DRM) and Sports car racing). Zakspeed entered the Formula 1 series in 1985. In 1990, after five years of racing, his F1 team had to give up, due to the loss of main sponsor West. Contemporaneous Zakowski senior retired active leadership of the team and handed it over to his son Peter Zakowski.\nErich Zakowski died on 1 November 2023, aged 89, at his home in Balkhausen.\n\n\n== References ==Erich Zakowski (25 November 1933 – 1 November 2023) was a German mechanic with master craftsman certificate (Kfz-Mechatroniker-Meister), and the founder and longtime head of the Zakspeed racing team.\nZakowski was born in Allenstein, East Prussia (now Olsztyn in Poland). After the Second World War, his mother fled from East Prussia with 11-years-old Erich and his four siblings, initially to a refugee camp in Lübeck, and finally the family settled in Niederzissen. He graduated in Andernach as an apprentice auto mechanic, and eventually passed his master exam. He founded his own garage in Niederzissen, which was the location of the Zakspeed racing operation, startingErich Zakowski (born 25 November 1934 in East Prussia) is a German master mechanic, and the founder and longtime head of the Zakspeed racing team.EErich Zakowski (born 25 November 1934 in East Prussia) is a German master mechanic, and the founder and longtime head of the Zakspeed racing team.ister), and the founder and longtime head of the Zakspeed racing team.\nZakowski was born in Allenstein,",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "East Prussia",
"paragraph_text": " the areas under Soviet control. Both spurious and factual accounts of Soviet atrocities were disseminated through the official news and propaganda outletsApproximately one-third of East Prussia's population died in the plague and famine of 1709–1711, including the last speakers of Old Prussian. The plague, probably brought by foreign troops during the Great Northern War, killed 250,000 East Prussians, especially in the province's eastern regions. Crown Prince Frederick William I led the rebuilding of East Prussia, founding numerous towns. Thousands of Protestants expelled from the Archbishopric of Salzburg were allowed to settle in depleted East Prussia. The province was overrun by Imperial Russian troops during the Seven Years' War. most people already held German citizenship. German citizens in Memel and other regions with proximity to East Prussia also took part in the evacuation, wishing to escape by sea, even though in their regions there was no official evacuation announced.\nThe evacuation, which had been delayed for months, was initiated due to fear of the Red Army advances during the East Prussian Offensive. Some parts of the evacuation were planned as a military necessity, Operation Hannibal being the most important military operation involved in the evacuation. However, many refugees took to the roads on their own initiative because",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which armed forces had overrun a significant part of the birthplace of Erich Zakowski? | [
{
"id": 488811,
"question": "Erich Zakowski >> place of birth",
"answer": "East Prussia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 30078,
"question": "What military overran much of #1 ?",
"answer": "Russian troops",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | Russian troops | [] | true | What military overran much of Erich Zakowski's place of birth? |
2hop__63214_319330 | [
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre",
"paragraph_text": " Phi Beta sorority. After her graduation from Goucher, she worked at a settlement home in Philadelphia for three years.\n\n\n=== White House years ===\n\nIn July 1913, four months after her father assumed the presidency, the Wilsons announced Jessie's engagement to Francis Bowes Sayre, Sr. Her fiancé, a 1911 graduate of Harvard Law School, was the son of Robert Sayre, builder of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and organizer and general manager of the Bethlehem Iron Works. At the time of their engagement he was serving in the office of a district attorney. Their November 25, 1913, wedding was the thirteenth White House wedding, and the first since Alice Roosevelt and Nicholas Longworth were wed in 1906.\nUpon their return from their honeymoon in Europe, they moved to Williamstown, Massachusetts, where her husband began his service as an assistant to the president of Williams College.\nOn January 17, 1915, she gave birth in the White House to a son, Francis B. Sayre, Jr. (January 17, 1915 – October 3, 2008), who became a noted clergyman and was a social activist like his mother. The following year, a daughter, Eleanor Axson Sayre (March 26, 1916 – May 12, 2001), was born. In 1919 they were joined by Woodrow Wilson Sayre (February 22, 1919 – September 16, 2002).\n\n\n=== Massachusetts and Siam ===\nAfter World War I, the Sayres moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where Francis accepted a position on the Harvard Law School faculty. There, she worked in the interests of the Democratic Party, the League of Nations, and the League of Women Voters. She was also involved with the YWCA, serving on its national board. At the time of Woodrow Wilson's death in 1924, the couple were living in Siam (now Thailand) where Francis was working as an advisor on international law at the Royal Court of Siam.\nIn 1928, she made the introductory speech for presidential nominee Al Smith at the Democratic National Convention. In 1929 her name was mentioned as a candidate for the Democratic nomination for United States Senator, for the seat then held by Republican Frederick H. Gillett. However, she declined. She became secretary of the Massachusetts Democratic State Committee instead.\n\n\n=== Death ===\nSayre died at age 45 after undergoing abdominal surgery at Cambridge Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some reports state that she suffered from a gall bladder disorder, while others state that she had undergone an emergency appendectomy. Two years later, the Boston branch of the Women's Democratic League was renamed the Jessie Woodrow Sayre Women's Democratic League.\nShe is buried in Nisky Hill Cemetery in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nJessie Wilson Sayre Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University\nWoodrow Wilson's Letters: to his \"darling Daughter\" Shapell Manuscript FoundationJessie Woodrow Sayre (née Wilson; August 28, 1887 – January 15, 1933) was a daughter of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. She was a political activist, worked for women's suffrage, social issues, to promote her father's call for the creation of the League of Nations, and was significant in the Massachusetts Democratic Party during the 1920s.\n\n\n== Biography ==\n\nJessie Woodrow Wilson was born in Gainesville, Georgia, the second daughter of Woodrow and Ellen Axson Wilson. She was the middle sister of Margaret Woodrow Wilson and Eleanor Wilson McAdoo. She was educated privately in Princeton, New Jersey at Miss Fine's School and at Goucher College in Baltimore, Maryland. She was a member of Gamma Phi Beta sorority. After her graduation from Goucher, she worked at a settlement home in Philadelphia for three years.\n\n\n=== White House years ===\n\nIn July 1913, four months after her father assumed the presidency, the Wilsons announced Jessie's engagement to Francis Bowes Sayre, Sr. Her fiancé, a 1911 graduate of Harvard Law School, was the son of Robert Sayre, builder of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and organizer and general manager of the Bethlehem Iron Works. At the time of their engagement he was serving in the office of a district attorney. Their November 25, 1913, wedding was the thirteenth White House wedding, and the first since Alice Roosevelt and Nicholas Longworth were wed in 1906.\nUpon their return from their honeymoon in Europe, they moved to Williamstown, Massachusetts, where her husband began his service as an assistant to the president of Williams College.\nOn January 17, 1915, she gave birth in the White House to a son, Francis B. Sayre, Jr. (January 17, 1915 – October 3, 2008), who became a noted clergyman and was a social activist like his mother. The following year, a daughter, Eleanor Axson Sayre (March 26, 1916 – May 12, 2001), was born. In 1919 they were joined by Woodrow Wilson Sayre (February 22, 1919 – September 16, 2002).\n\n\n=== Massachusetts and Siam ===\nAfter World War I, the Sayres moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where Francis accepted a position on the Harvard Law School faculty. There, she worked in the interests of the Democratic Party, the League of Nations, and the League of Women Voters. She was also involved with the YWCA, serving on its national board. At the time of Woodrow Wilson's death in 1924, the couple were living in Siam (now Thailand) where Francis was working as an advisor on international law at the Royal Court of Siam.\nIn 1928, she made the introductory speech for presidential nominee Al Smith at the Democratic National Convention. In 1929 her name was mentioned as a candidate for the Democratic nomination for United States Senator, for the seat then held by Republican Frederick H. Gillett. However, she declined. She became secretary of the Massachusetts Democratic State Committee instead.\n\n\n=== Death ===\nSayre died at age 45 after undergoing abdominal surgery at Cambridge Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some reports state that she suffered from a gall bladder disorder, while others state that she had undergone an emergency appendectomy. Two years later, the Boston branch of the Women's Democratic League was renamed the Jessie Woodrow Sayre Women's Democratic League.\nShe is buried in Nisky Hill Cemetery in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.\n\n\n== References ==Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre (August 28, 1887 – January 15, 1933) was a daughter of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. She was a political activist, and \"She worked vigorously for women's suffrage, social issues, and to promote her father's call for a League of Nations, and emerged as a force in the Massachusetts Democratic Party.\"Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre (August 28, 1887 – January 15, 1933) was a daughter of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. She was a political activist, and \"She worked vigorously for women's suffrage, social issues, and to promote her father's call for a League of Nations, and emerged as a force in the Massachusetts Democratic Party.\" the 1920s.\n\n\n== Biography ==\n\nJessie Woodrow Wilson was born in Gainesville, Georgia, the second daughter of Woodrow and Ellen Axson Wilson. She was the middle sister of Margaret Woodrow Wilson and Eleanor Wilson McAdoo. She was educated privately in Princeton, New Jersey at Miss Fine's School and at Goucher College in Baltimore, Maryland. She was a member of Gamma Phi Beta sorority. After her graduation from Goucher, she worked at a settlement home in Philadelphia for three years.\n\n\n=== White House years ===\n\nIn July 1913, four months after her father assumed the presidency, the Wilsons announced Jessie's engagement to Francis Bowes Sayre, Sr. Her fiancé, a 1911 graduate of Harvard Law School, was the son of Robert Sayre, builder of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and organizer and general manager of the Bethlehem Iron Works. At the time of their engagement he was serving in the office of a district attorney. Their November 25, 1913, wedding was the thirteenth White House wedding, and the first since Alice Roosevelt and Nicholas Longworth were wed in 1906.\nUpon their return from their honeymoon in Europe, they moved to Williamstown, Massachusetts, where her husband began his service as an assistant to the president of Williams College.\n",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Prohibition in the United States",
"paragraph_text": " problems such as alcoholism, family violence, and saloon-based political corruption. Many communities introduced alcohol bans in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and enforcement of these new prohibition laws became a topic of debate. Prohibition supporters, called \"drys\", presented it as a battle for public morals and health. The movement was taken up by progressives in the Prohibition, Democratic and Republican parties, and gained a national grassroots base through the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. After 1900, it was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League. Opposition from the beer industry mobilized \"wet\" supporters from the wealthy Catholic and German Lutheran communities, but the influence of these groups receded from 1917 following the entry of the U.S. into the First World War against Germany.\nThe Eighteenth Amendment passed in 1919 \"with a 68 percent supermajority in the House of Representatives and 76 percent support in the Senate\" and was ratifiedOn October 28, 1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilson's veto. The act established the legal definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them. Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the federal government lacked resources to enforce it.TheOn October 28, 1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilson's veto. The act established the legal definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them. Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the federal government lacked resources to enforce it. 1919. Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 5, 1933.\nLed by Pietistic Protestants, prohibitionists first attempted to end the trade in alcoholic drinks during the 19th century. They aimed to heal what they saw as an ill society beset by alcohol-related problems such as alcoholism, family violence, and saloon-based political corruption. Many communities introduced alcohol bans in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and enforcement of these new prohibition laws became a topic of debate. Prohibition supporters, called \"drys\", presented it as a battle for public morals and health. The movement was taken up by progressives in the Prohibition, Democratic and Republican parties, and gained a national grassroots base through the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. After 1900, it was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League. Opposition from the beer industry mobilized \"wet\" supporters from the wealthy Catholic and German Lutheran communities, but the influence of these groups receded from 1917 following the entry of the U.S. into the First World War against Germany.\nThe Eighteenth Amendment passed in 1919 \"with a 68 percent supermajority in the House of Representatives and 76 percent support in the Senate\" and was ratifiedOn October 28, 1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilson's veto. The act established the legal definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them. Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the federal government lacked resources to enforce it.The Prohibition era was the period from 1920 to 1933 when the United States prohibited the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages. The alcohol industry was curtailed by a succession of state legislatures, and Prohibition was formally introduced nationwide under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified on January 16, 1919. Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 5, 1933.\nLed by Pietistic Protestants, prohibitionists first attempted to end the trade in alcoholic drinks during the 19th century. They aimed to heal what they saw as an ill society beset by alcohol-related problems such as alcoholism, family violence, and saloon-based political corruption. Many communities introduced alcohol bans in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and enforcement of these new prohibition laws became a topic of debate. Prohibition supporters, called \"drys\", presented it as a battle for public morals and health. The movement was taken up by progressives in the Prohibition, Democratic and Republican parties, and gained a national grassroots base through the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. After 1900, it was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League. Opposition from the beer industry mobilized \"wet\" supporters from the wealthy Catholic and German Lutheran communities, but the influence of these groups receded from 1917 following the entry of the U.S. into the First World War against Germany.\nThe Eighteenth Amendment passed in 1919 \"with a 68 percent supermajority in the House of Representatives and 76 percent support in the Senate\" and was ratified by 46 out of 48 states. Enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, set down the rules for enforcing the federal ban and defined the types of alcoholic beverages that were prohibited. Not all alcohol was banned; for example, religious use of wine was permitted. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law, but local laws were stricter in many areas, some states banning possession outright.\nBy the late 1920s, a new opposition to Prohibition emerged nationwide. The opposition attacked the policy, claiming that it lowered local revenues and imposed \"rural\" Protestant religious values on \"urban\" America. Some criminal gangs gained control of the beer and liquor supply in some cities. The Twenty-first Amendment ended Prohibition, though it continued in some states. To date, this is the only time in American history in which a constitutional amendment was passed for the purpose of repealing another.\nThe overall effects of Prohibition on society are disputed and hard to pin down. Some research indicates that alcohol consumption declined substantially due to Prohibition, while other research indicates that Prohibition did not reduce alcohol consumption in the long term. Americans who wanted to continue drinking alcohol found loopholes in Prohibition laws or used illegal methods to obtain alcohol, resulting in the emergence of black markets and crime syndicates dedicated to distributing alcohol. By contrast, rates of liver cirrhosis, alcoholic psychosis, and infant mortality declined during Prohibition. Because of the lack of uniform national statistics gathered about crime prior to 1930, it is difficult to draw conclusions about Prohibition's impact on crime at the national level. Prohibition had a negative effect on the economy by eliminating jobs dedicated to the then-fifth largest industry in the United States. Support for Prohibition diminished steadily throughout its duration, including among former supporters of Prohibition, and lowered government tax revenues at a critical time before and during the Great",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is the offspring of the president during whose term prohibition was enforced? | [
{
"id": 63214,
"question": "who was president the prohibition of alcohol went into effect",
"answer": "Woodrow Wilson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 319330,
"question": "#1 >> child",
"answer": "Jessie Woodrow Wilson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
}
] | Jessie Woodrow Wilson | [
"Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre"
] | true | Who is the child of the president under whom prohibition occurred? |
3hop1__135659_87694_64412 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Mantua Cathedral",
"paragraph_text": " was followed by a building destroyed by a fire in 894. It was quickly re erected in Protoromanesque style. The church was rebuilt beginning in 1132 by Bishop Manfredo, initially in the Romanesque style. The bell tower was finished before 1150.\nThe current church stands on the Romanesque church of San Pietro, of which only some wall structures and the bell tower are preserved. It was rebuilt in 1395–1401 with the addition of side chapels and a Gothic west front, which can still be seen in a sketch by Domenico Morone (preserved in the Palazzo Ducale of Mantua).\n\nIn 1395 Francesco I Gonzaga, to celebrate the birth of his firstborn son, ordered the construction of a new facade in the Gothic style. It was carried out by the Venetian brothers Jacobello and Pierpaolo dalle Masegne. Of their original work, only the right flank of the cathedral has survived. The façade was equipped with a prothyrum, rose windows and pinnacles. The organ of the cathedral wasMantua Cathedral () in Mantua, Lombardy, northern Italy, is a Roman Catholic cathedral dedicated to Saint Peter. It is the seat of the Bishop of Mantua. Catholic cathedral dedicated to Saint Peter. It is the seat of the Bishop of Mantua.\n\n\n== History ==\nAn initial structure probably existed on the site in the Early Christian era, which was followed by a building destroyed by a fire in 894. It was quickly re erected in Protoromanesque style. The church was rebuilt beginning in 1132 by Bishop Manfredo, initially in the Romanesque style. The bell tower was finished before 1150.\nThe current church stands on the Romanesque church of San Pietro, of which only some wall structures and the bell tower are preserved. It was rebuilt in 1395–1401 with the addition of side chapels and a Gothic west front, which can still be seen in a sketch by Domenico Morone (preserved in the Palazzo Ducale of Mantua).\n\nIn 1395 Francesco I Gonzaga, to celebrate the birth of his firstborn son, ordered the construction of a new facade in the Gothic style. It was carried out by the Venetian brothers Jacobello and Pierpaolo dalle Masegne. Of their original work, only the right flank of the cathedral has survived. The façade was equipped with a prothyrum, rose windows and pinnacles. The organ of the cathedral was built by Hans Tugi in c. 1503.\nAfter another fire in 1545, Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga, then regent of the Duchy of Mantua, commissioned Giulio Romano to renovate the church. Romano left the facade and perimeter walls intact but substantially altered the interior, transforming it into a form similar to the ancient early Christian version of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Notable characteristics of the Renaissance structure are the cusps, decorated with rose windows on the south side, which end at the Romanesque bell tower. After Giulio Romano's death in 1546, the work continued under Giovan Battista Bertani.\nDuring the period of French occupation, the cathedral was subjected to heavy Napoleonic spoliation. The altarpiece Temptations of St. Anthony the Abbot, by Paolo Veronese was among the 10 canvases in the Cathedral of Mantua, commissioned from Veronese and Mantuan artists by Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga in the mid-1500s that are now in the Museum of Caen, Normandy, from the time of the Napoleonic occupation. \n\n\n== Architecture ==\n\nThe cathedral is an overlay of three styles: the late Baroque facade, the Gothic left flank, and the Romanesque bell tower",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Vatican City",
"paragraph_text": " 1:1 aspect ratio, along with the flag of Switzerland.\n\n\n== Description ==\nThe 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State states: \"The flag of the Vatican City State is made up of two vertically divided sides, one yellow adhering to the hoist and the other white, and in the latter carries the tiara with the keys, all according to the model on Annex A of this Law\".\n\n\n== Regulations ==\n\n\n=== Current regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 23 of the 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\n\n\n=== Previous regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 19 of the 1929 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\nThe flag is also described in Article 20 of the 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A. The 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State's Attachment A, shows a square flag.\nIn 2010, the Apostolic Nunciature to Germany stated that the flag does not have to be square.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nBefore 1808, the Papal States commonly used a bicolor, yellow-red flag, which was derived from the colours of the Holy See's coat of arms, as well as being the two tradional colours of the Senate and the Roman people. In 1798, Napoleon established the Roman Republic, which introduced a black, white, and red flag; after the Papal rule was restored, Pope Pius VII restored the Papal cockade, which was described as red and yellow.\nIn 1808, Pope Pius VII ordered the Vatican's Noble Guard and other troops to replace red color with white, in order to distinguish them from the troops that had been incorporated into Napoleon's army.\nIn 1803, the Papal States started using a white merchant flag with the Papal coat of arms in the centre. This flag was made official on 7 June 1815. On 17 September 1825, it was replaced with a yellow and white flag which took its colours from the materials of the two keys (yellow for gold, white for silver). These colors were probably taken from the 1808 flag of the Palatine guard. This was the first bicolour used by the Papal States and the ancestor of the modern flag of Vatican City. The merchant flag also served as a state flag on land.\nStarting in 1831, the papal infantry flew square yellow and white flags. At first, they were diagonally divided, but after The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "St. Peter's Basilica",
"paragraph_text": "The Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican (Italian: Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply St. Peter's Basilica (Latin: Basilica Sancti Petri), is an Italian Renaissance church in Vatican City, the papal enclave within the city of Rome.�pj����tro]), is a church of the Italian High Renaissance located in Vatican City, an independent microstate enclaved within the city of Rome, Italy. It was initially planned in the 15th century by Pope Nicholas V and then Pope Julius II to replace the ageing Old St. Peter's Basilica, which was built in the fourth century by Roman emperor Constantine the Great. Construction of the present basilica began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626.\nDesigned principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, and Carlo Maderno, with piazza and fittings by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's is one of the most renowned works of Italian Renaissance architecture and is the largest church in the world by interior measure. While it is neither the mother church of the Catholic Church nor the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome (these equivalent titles being held by the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome), St. Peter's is regarded as one of the holiest Catholic shrines. It has been described as \"holding a unique position in the Christian world\", and as \"the greatest of all churches of Christendom.\"\nCatholic tradition holds that the basilica is the burial site of Saint Peter, chief among Jesus's apostles and also the first Bishop of Rome (Pope). Saint Peter's tomb is directly below the high altar of the basilica, also known as the Altar of the Confession. For this reason, many popes, cardinals and bishops have been interred at St. Peter's since the Early Christian period.\nSt. Peter's is famous as a place of pilgrimage and for its liturgical functions. The pope presides at a number of liturgies throughout the year both within the basilica or the adjoining St. Peter's Square; these liturgies draw audiences numbering from 15,000 to over 80,000 people. St. Peter's has many historical associations, with the early Christian Church, the Papacy, the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation and numerous artists, especially Michelangelo. As a work of architecture, it is regarded as the greatest building of its age. St. Peter's is one of the four churches in the world that hold the rank of Major papal basilica, all four of which are in Rome, and is also one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome. Contrary to popular misconception, it is",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the location, where the basilica dedicated to the St, for whom the Mantua Cathedral was named, became a separate nation and the center of the Catholic faith? | [
{
"id": 135659,
"question": "The Mantua Cathedral was named for whom?",
"answer": "Peter",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 87694,
"question": "st. #1 ’s basilica the head of the catholic religion is located in",
"answer": "Vatican City",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 64412,
"question": "when did #2 become its own country",
"answer": "11 February 1929",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | 11 February 1929 | [] | true | When did the place where St for whom the Mantua Cathedral was named for basilica the head of the catholic religion is located in become its own country? |
3hop1__857_846_7888 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_text": " and under the armpits.\nA narrow-diameter noose is looped around the prisoner's neck, then secured to a hook mounted at the top of the pole.\nThe chest sling is released, and the prisoner is rapidly jerked downward by the assistant executioners via the foot rope.\nThe executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high beside the condemned. The executioner would place the heel of his hand beneath the prisoner's jaw to increase the force on the neck vertebrae at the end of the drop, then manually dislocate the condemned's neck by forcing the head to one side while the neck vertebrae were under traction.\nThis method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by Czechoslovakia, where the \"pole\" method was used as the single type of execution from 1918 until the abolition of capital punishment in 1990. Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank, executed in 194Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities of mainland China with lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains, historical buildings and monuments, relics and much more, which attracts thousands of tourists every year.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty",
"paragraph_text": "During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.stein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceasedDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.The Ming dynasty considered Tibet to be part of the Western Regions. While the Ming dynasty at its height had some degree of influence in Tibet, the exact nature of their relations is under dispute by modern scholars. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. The Historical Status of China's Tibet, a book published by the People's Republic of China, asserts that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet by pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of the titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars in China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and so it was a part of the Ming Empire. However, most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvyn C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceased relations with Tibet.\n\nSome scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming–Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet. Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship.\nIn the hope of reviving the unique relationship during the Yuan dynasty, and his spiritual superior Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, the Yongle Emperor made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa, the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school. However, the Yongle Emperor's attempts were unsuccessful.\nThe Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century but did not garrison permanent troops there. The Tibetans also sometimes used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor made attempts to re-establish Ming–Tibetan relations after the Mongol–Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578, which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty in its support for the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty",
"paragraph_text": "10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.The Ming dynasty considered Tibet to be part of the Western Regions. While the Ming dynasty at its height had some degree of influence in Tibet, the exact nature of their relations is under dispute by modern scholars. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. The Historical Status of China's Tibet, a book published by the People's Republic of China, asserts that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet by pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of the titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars in China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and so it was a part of the Ming Empire. However, most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvyn C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceased relations with Tibet.\n\nSome scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming–Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet. Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship.\nIn the hope of reviving the unique relationship during the Yuan dynasty, and his spiritual superior Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, the Yongle Emperor made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa, the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school. However, the Yongle Emperor's attempts were unsuccessful.\nThe Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century but did not garrison permanent troops there. The Tibetans also sometimes used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor made attempts to re-establish Ming–Tibetan relations after the Mongol–Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578, which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty in its support for the Dalai Lama of the Gelug school. By the late 16th century, the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama after they increased their presence in the Amdo region. That culminated in Güshi Khan's conquest of Tibet from 1637 to 1642 and the establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5thThe Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa:stein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceasedDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.The Ming dynasty considered Tibet to be part of the Western Regions. While the Ming dynasty at its height had some degree of influence in Tibet, the exact nature of their relations is under dispute by modern scholars. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. The Historical Status of China's Tibet, a book published by the People's Republic of China, asserts that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet by pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of the titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars in China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and so it was a part of the Ming Empire. However, most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvyn C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceased relations with Tibet.\n\nSome scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming–Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet. Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Can you name three natural sites in the city where the edict recipient was received by Emperor Yongle? | [
{
"id": 857,
"question": "Who was the edict addressed to?",
"answer": "the Karmapa",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 846,
"question": "Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the #1 ?",
"answer": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 7888,
"question": "List three natural attractions of #2 .",
"answer": "lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
}
] | lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains | [] | true | What are three natural attractions in the city where the Yongle emperor greeted the person to whom the edict was addressed? |
2hop__157251_556157 | [
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Mzingwane River",
"paragraph_text": "aries of the Mzingwane River include the Insiza, Inyankuni, Ncema, Umchabezi (not to be confused with Mtshabezi) and Mtetengwe Rivers.\nThe lower Mzingwane River is a sand filled channel, with extensive alluvial aquifers in the river channel and below the alluvial plains. Estimated water resources potential of these aquifers ranges between 175,000 and 5,430,000 cubic metres (6,200,000 and 191,800,000 cu ft) in the channels and between 80,000 and 6,920,000 cubic metres (2,800,000 and 244,400,000 cu ft) in the plains. Currently, some of these aquifers are being used to provide water for domestic use, livestock watering and dip tanks, commercial irrigation and market gardening.\n\n\n== Settlements ==\nThe settlements below are ordered from the beginning of the river to its end:\n\nMbalabala village\nGwanda town\nWest Nicholson village\nBeitbridge town is located about 6 km ESE of the confluence of the Bubye River and the Limpopo on the border with South Africa. It was established in 1929.\n\n\n== Bridges and crossings ==\n\nThere are four main bridges over the Mzingwane River:\n\nBridge on main Bulawayo - Beitbridge road, between Esigodini and Mbalabala, downstream of Mzingwane Dam. There is also a rail bridge.\nBridge on main Mbalabala - Masvingo road.\nBridge on main Bulawayo - Beitbridge road at West Nicholson, downstream of confluence with Insiza River. There is also a rail bridge.\nBertie Knott Bridge, on the road from Beitbridge to Shashe Irrigation Scheme, near the mouth.\nThere are also a number of fords, including:\n\nTwo fords upstream of West Nicholson on Silalabuhwa and Mosholomoshe roads.\nDoddieburn ford, downstream of West Nicholson.\nGems Drift, near Beitbridge.\nFulton's Drift, near Beitbridge.\n\n\n== Development ==\n\nIn addition to a number of small weirs, there are two major dams on the Mzingwane River:\n\nMzingwane Dam, built in 1962, with a full supply capacity of 42 MCM (million cubic metres). It is located near the source of the river and supplies water to the city of Bulawayo.\nZhovhe Dam, built in 1995, with a full supply capacity of 136 MCM. It is located near the confluence with the Limpopo River and supplies water for irrigation to Beitbridge\nAdditional dam sites have been identified at Glassblock and Oakley Block, but development is not currently scheduled.\nA project is underway to construct a pipeline from the upper Mtshabezi River (not to be confused with Umchabezi River) to Mzingwane Dam.\n\n\n== References ==The Mzingwane River, formerly known as Umzingwane River or Umzingwani River, is a major left-bank tributary of the Limpopo River in Zimbabwe. It rises near Fort Usher, Matobo District, south of Bulawayo and flows into the Limpopo River near Beitbridge, downstream of the mouth of the Shashe River and upstream of the mouth of the Bubye River.\n\n\n== Hydrology ==\nThe Mzingwane River is an ephemeral river with flow generally restricted to the months when rain takes place (November to March), with most flow recorded between December and February, except where it has been modified by dam operations. The river contributes 9.3% of the mean annual runoff of the Limpopo Basin, making it the third largest tributary to the Limpopo basin.\nMajor tributaries of the Mzingwane River include the Insiza, Inyankuni, Ncema, Umchabezi (not to be confused with Mtshabezi) and Mtetengwe Rivers.\nThe lower Mzingwane River is a sand filled channel, with extensive alluvial aquifers in the river channel and below the alluvial plains. Estimated water resources potential of these aquifers ranges between 175,000 and 5,430,000 cubic metres (6,200,000 and 191,800,000 cu ft) in the channels and between 80,000 and 6,920,000 cubic metres (2,800,000 and 244,400,000 cu ft) in the plains. Currently, some of these aquifers are being used to provide water for domestic use, livestock watering and dip tanks, commercial irrigation and market gardening.\n\n\n== Settlements ==\nThe settlements below are ordered from theThe Mzingwane River, formerly known Umzingwane River as or Umzingwani River is a major left-bank tributary of the Limpopo River in Zimbabwe. It rises near Fort Usher, Matobo District, south of Bulawayo and flows into the Limpopo River near Beitbridge, downstream of the mouth of the Shashe River and upstream of the mouth of the Bubye River.TheThe Mzingwane River, formerly known Umzingwane River as or Umzingwani River is a major left-bank tributary of the Limpopo River in Zimbabwe. It rises near Fort Usher, Matobo District, south of Bulawayo and flows into the Limpopo River near Beitbridge, downstream of the mouth of the Shashe River and upstream of the mouth of the Bubye River..\n\n\n== Hydrology ==\nThe Mzingwane River is an ephemeral river with flow generally restricted to the months when rain takes place (November to March), with most flow recorded between December and February, except where it has been modified by dam operations. The river contributes 9.3% of the mean annual runoff of the Limpopo Basin, making it the third largest tributary to the Limpopo basin.\n",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Umchabezi River",
"paragraph_text": " Dam, which supplies water for commercial irrigation.\n\n\n== References ==The Umchabezi River is a tributary of the Mzingwane River in Beitbridge District and GwandaThe Umchabezi River is a tributary of the Mzingwane River in Beitbridge District and Gwanda District, Zimbabwe. The main dam on the river is Makado Dam, which supplies water for commercial irrigation.TheThe Umchabezi River is a tributary of the Mzingwane River in Beitbridge District and Gwanda District, Zimbabwe. The main dam on the river is Makado Dam, which supplies water for commercial irrigation. commercial irrigation.\n\n\n== References ==The Umchabezi River is a tributary of the Mzingwane River in Beitbridge District and Gwanda District, Zimbabwe. The main dam on the Umchabezi is Makado Dam, which supplies water for commercial irrigation.\n\n\n== References ==The Umchabezi River is a tributary of the Mzingwane River in Beitbridge District and GwandaThe Umchabezi River is",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which river system uses the Umchabezi River as its outlet? | [
{
"id": 157251,
"question": "Which river system contains Umchabezi River?",
"answer": "Mzingwane River",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 556157,
"question": "#1 >> mouth of the watercourse",
"answer": "Limpopo River",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | Limpopo River | [
"Limpopo"
] | true | What river does the system containing Umchabezi River serve as the mouth of? |
3hop1__462960_160545_34751 | [
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Bang Bon District",
"paragraph_text": " at the Thepyada Arak Fresh Market building, but later moved to a permanent location on Ekkachai Road.\nThe name Bang Bon is reference to a type of herbaceous in taro family called bon (บอน, pronounced [b������n]) in Thai, also known internationally as elephant ears (Colocasia esculenta var. aquatilis). Bang Bon is therefore \"a place of elephant ears\".\n\n\n== Administration ==\nThe district has four sub-districts (khwaeng).\n\nThe missing number 1 is the sub-district that was dissolved and divided into four current sub-districts.\n\n\n== Economy ==\nAgriculture is an important part of the area economy. Among Bang Bon's famous products are Nam Doc Mai mangos, coconuts, orchids, and lotus.\n\n\n== Places ==\nWat Bang Bon\n7th Cycle Birthday Anniversary Park, Bang Bon, otherwise known as 9 Hills Park\nSarasas Witaed Bangbon School\nSuksanareewittaya School, formerly and still colloquially known as Suksanari 2 School (shared with Samut Sakhon province)\n\n\n== Notable people ==\nChalerm Yubamrung – politician\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nDistrict website (Thai)\nBMA website with the tourist landmarks of Bang BonBang Bon (Thai: บางบอน, pronounced [bā���� b������n]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. Its neighbours, clockwise from north, are Bang Khae, Phasi Charoen, Chom Thong, and Bang Khun Thian districts of Bangkok, Mueang Samut Sakhon district and Krathum Baen district of Samut Sakhon province, and Nong Khaem district of Bangkok.\n\n\n== History ==\nFormerly Bang Bon was a tambon of amphoe Bang Khun Thian in Thonburi Province, prior to the merger of Thonburi and Phra Nakhon into a single province, after which it was a sub-district of Bang Khun Thian District.\nOn 14 October 1997, Bang Bon was split fromBang Bon (Thai: บางบอน, pronounced [bāːŋ bɔ̄ːn]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. Its neighbours, clockwise from north, are Bang Khae, Phasi Charoen, Chom Thong, and Bang Khun Thian districts of Bangkok, Mueang Samut Sakhon District and Krathum Baen District of Samut Sakhon Province, and Nong Khaem District of Bangkok.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Pacific War",
"paragraph_text": "The Axis states which assisted Japan included the authoritarian government of Thailand in World War II, which quickly formed a temporary alliance with the Japanese in 1941, as the Japanese forces were already invading the peninsula of southern Thailand. The Phayap Army sent troops to invade and occupy northeastern Burma, which was former Thai territory that had been annexed by Britain much earlier. Also involved were the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang (consisting of most of Manchuria and parts of Inner Mongolia respectively), and the collaborationist Wang Jingwei regime (which controlled the coastal regions of China). the Japanese simultaneously attacked American military bases in Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam, and the Philippines, the British colonies of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong, and invaded Thailand.\nThe Pacific War saw the Allies pitted against Japan, the latter aided by Thailand and to a lesser extent by the Axis powers, Germany and Italy. The Japanese achieved great success in the initial phase of the campaign, but were gradually driven back using an island hopping strategy. The Allies adopted a Europe first stance, giving first priority to defeating Nazi Germany. The Japanese had great difficulty replacing their losses in ships and aircraft, while American factories and shipyards produced ever increasing numbers of both. Fighting included some of the largest naval battles in history and massive Allied air raids over Japan, as well as the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.\nJapan surrendered unconditionally on 15 August 1945 and was occupied by the Allies. Japan lost its former possessions in Asia and the Pacific and had its sovereignty limited to the four main home islands and other minor islands as determined by the Allies.\n\n\n== Overview ==\n\n\n=== Names of the war ===\nIn Allied countries during the war, the \"Pacific War\" was not usually distinguished from World War II, or was known simply as the War against Japan. In the United States, the term Pacific theater was widely used. The US Armed Forces considered the China Burma India theater to be distinct from the Asiatic",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Pao Sarasin",
"paragraph_text": "1978 until 1983. In 1987, he became the Chief of the Royal Thai Police.\nIn 1992, Sarasin briefly held the posts of Deputy Prime Minister and Interior Minister under the Royal Thai Army military junta and the post-coup government of former Prime Minister Anand Panyarachun.\nDuring his later life, Sarasin served as the council presidents of both Mae Fah Luang University in Chiang Rai province and Khon Kaen University in Khon Kaen province.\n\n\n== Death ==\nPao Sarasin died at Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok after a month-long hospitalization for a blood infection on March 7, 2013, at the age of 83. A royal bathing rite ceremony for Sarasin was held at the Wat Benchamabophit with Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn in attendance representing the royal familyPao Sarasin died at Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok after a month-long hospitalization for a blood infection on March 7, 2013, at the age of 83. A royal bathing rite ceremony for Sarasin was held at the Wat Benchamabophit with Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn in attendance representing the royal family. He was survived by his wife, Thapuying Tawika Sarasin, and three sons, including Thai television host, Kanit Sarasin.PPao Sarasin died at Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok after a month-long hospitalization for a blood infection on March 7, 2013, at the age of 83. A royal bathing rite ceremony for Sarasin was held at the Wat Benchamabophit with Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn in attendance representing the royal family. He was survived by his wife, Thapuying Tawika Sarasin, and three sons, including Thai television host, Kanit Sarasin. Sarasin. Pao Sarasin graduated from Vajiravudh College, a boarding school in Bangkok. He then moved to the United States, where he received a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Johns Hopkins University and a second bachelor's degree from the University of California in criminology.\n\n\n== Careers ==\nSarasin enlisted the Royal Thai Police in 1954, rising to the rank of police general during his career. He served as the Chief of the force's Office of the Narcotics Control Board from 1978 until 1983. In 1987, he became the Chief of the Royal Thai Police.\nIn 1992, Sarasin briefly held the posts of Deputy Prime Minister and Interior Minister under the Royal Thai Army military junta and the post-coup government of former Prime Minister Anand Panyarachun.\nDuring his later life, Sarasin served as the council presidents of both Mae Fah Luang University in Chiang Rai province and Khon Kaen University in Khon Kaen province.\n\n\n== Death ==\nPao Sarasin died at Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok after a month-long hospitalization for a blood infection on March 7, 2013, at the age of 83. A royal bathing rite ceremony for Sarasin was held at the Wat Benchamabophit with Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn in attendance representing the royal familyPao Sarasin died at Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok after a month-long hospitalization for a blood infection on March 7, 2013, at the age of 83. A royal bathing rite ceremony for Sarasin was held at the Wat Benchamabophit with Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn in attendance representing the royal family. He was survived by his wife, Thapuy",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In what year did the nation of Pao Sarasin's birth establish a partnership with Japan? | [
{
"id": 462960,
"question": "Pao Sarasin >> place of birth",
"answer": "Bangkok",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 160545,
"question": "Where is #1 located?",
"answer": "Thailand",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 34751,
"question": "What year did #2 form an alliance with Japan?",
"answer": "1941",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
}
] | 1941 | [] | true | What year did the country where Pao Sarasin was born form an alliance with Japan? |
4hop1__836115_49925_13759_736921 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Mary, mother of Jesus",
"paragraph_text": "Despite Martin Luther's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the ecumenical councils and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and the Theotokos or Mother of God. Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some three-hundred years before the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view. Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception, which, at that time was undefined in the Church, maintaining however the sinlessness of Mary throughout her life. For Luther, early in his life, the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact, although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death. \"Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics. His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety.\" Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the \"Papists\" for blurring the line, between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating saints' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be idolatry. His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death: Protestants hold less exalted views of Mary's role, often based on a perceived lack of biblical support for many traditional Christian dogmas pertaining to her.\nThe multiple forms of Marian devotions include various prayers and hymns, the celebration of several Marian feast days in liturgy, the veneration of images and relics, the construction of churches dedicated to her and pilgrimages to Marian shrines. Many Marian apparitions and miracles attributed to her intercession have been reported by believers over the centuries. She has been a traditional subject in arts, notably in Byzantine art, medieval art and Renaissance art.\n\n\n== Names and titles ==\n\nMary's name in the original manuscripts of the New Testament was based on her original Aramaic name מרי��, transliterated as Maryam or Mariam. The English name",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Reformation",
"paragraph_text": "though there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as a source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes wasAlthough there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as a source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.Although there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulg",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Wittenberg (district)",
"paragraph_text": " Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Anhalt-Bitterfeld, the district-free city of Dessau-Roßlau, the districts of Potsdam-Mittelmark, Teltow-Fläming and Elbe-Elster in Brandenburg, and the district of NordsWittenberg is a district () in the east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Anhalt-Bitterfeld, the district-free city of Dessau-Roßlau, the districts of Potsdam-Mittelmark, Teltow-Fläming and Elbe-Elster in Brandenburg, and the district of Nordsachsen in the Free State of Saxony.. The capital and largest city is Wittenberg, famous for its association with the influential religious reformer Martin Luther and containing a UNESCO World Heritage Site.\n\n\n== History ==\nIn 1994, the district was merged with the district of Jessen and a small part of the district of Gräfenhainichen. In 2007, 27Wittenberg is a district () in the east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Anhalt-Bitterfeld, the district-free city of Dessau-Roßlau, the districts of Potsdam-Mittelmark, Teltow-Fläming and Elbe-Elster in Brandenburg, and the district of Nordsachsen in the Free State of Saxony.Wittenberg is a district (German: Kreis) in the east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Anhalt-Bitterfeld, the district-free city of Dessau-Roßlau, the districts of Potsdam-Mittelmark, Teltow-Fläming and Elbe-Elster in Brandenburg, and the district of Nordsachsen in Saxony. The capital and largest city is Wittenberg, famous for its association with the influential religious reformer Martin Luther and containing a UNESCO World Heritage Site.\n\n\n== History ==\nIn 1994, the district was merged with the district of Jessen and a small part of the district of Gräfenhainichen. In 2007, 27 municipalities from the former district Anhalt-Zerbst were added to the district of Wittenberg.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nThe area of the district is 1,933.3 km2 (746.5 sq mi). The main rivers in",
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},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Vincentas Sladkevičius",
"paragraph_text": " Ona, Emilija, Jonas and Marija. After studying at the Kaunas Priest Seminary and Theological Faculty in Kaunas, Sladkevičius was ordained to the priesthood on 25 March 1944. He then did pastoral work in Kaišiadorys until 1959, including serving as a professor and the prefect of studies and discipline at the Kaunas seminary.\nOn 14 November 1957, Sladkevičius was appointed Auxiliary Bishop sedi datus of Kaišiadorys and Titular Bishop of Abora. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 25 December from Bishop Teofilius Matulionis. However, Bishop Sladkevičius was impeded from performing his ministry by his country's Communist government, and he took up residence at Nemun��lio Radviliškis, where he was under virtual house arrest from 1963 to 1982. He was named Apostolic Administrator ad nutum Sanctae Sedis of Kaišiadorys on 15 July 1982, and became President of the Lithuanian Episcopal Conference on 27 April 1988.\nPope John Paul II created Sladkevičius Cardinal Priest of Spirito Santo alla Ferratella in the consistory of 28 June 1988, and later Archbishop of Kaunas on 10 March 1989. In 1993 he entered the Congregation ofVincentas Sladkevičius, MIC (20 August 1920 – 28 May 2000) was a Lithuanian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Kaunas from 1989 to 1996, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1988.VinVincentas Sladkevičius, MIC (20 August 1920 – 28 May 2000) was a Lithuanian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Kaunas from 1989 to 1996, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1988.1988.\n\n\n== Biography ==\nVincentas Sladkevičius was born in ��asliai, Kaišiadorys, to Mykolas Sladkevičius and his wife Uršule Kavaliauskaite. He was the youngest of five children, his siblings being named Ona, Emilija, Jonas and Marija. After studying at the Kaunas Priest Seminary and Theological Faculty in Kaunas, Sladkevičius was ordained to the priesthood on 25 March 1944. He then did pastoral work in Kaišiadorys until 1959, including serving as a professor and the prefect of studies and discipline at the Kaunas seminary.\nOn 14 November 1957, Sladkevičius was appointed Auxiliary Bishop sedi datus of Kaišiadorys and Titular Bishop of Abora. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 25 December from Bishop Teofilius Matulionis. However, Bishop Sladkevičius was impeded from performing his ministry by his country's Communist government, and he took up residence at Nemun��lio Radviliškis, where he was under virtual house arrest from 1963 to 1982. He was named Apostolic Administrator ad nutum Sanctae Sedis of Kaišiadorys on 15 July 1982, and became President of the Lithuanian Episcopal Conference on 27 April 1988.\nPope John Paul II created Sladkevičius Cardinal Priest of Spirito Santo alla Ferratella in the consistory of 28 June 1988, and later Archbishop of Kaunas on 10 March 1989. In 1993 he entered the Congregation ofVincentas Sladkevičius, MIC (20 August 1920 – 28 May 2000) was a Lithuanian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Kaunas from 1989 to 1996, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1988.Vincentas Sladkevičius, M.I.C. (20 August 1920 – 28 May 2000) was a Lithuanian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Kaunas from 1989 to 1996, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1988.\n\n\n== Biography ==\nVincentas Sladkevičius was born in ��asliai, Kaišiadorys, to Mykolas Sladkevičius and his wife Uršule Kavaliauskaite. He was the youngest of five children, his siblings being named Ona, Emilija, Jonas and Marija. After studying at the Kaunas Priest Seminary and Theological Faculty in Kaunas, Sladkevičius was ordained to the priesthood on 25 March 1944. He then did pastoral work in Kaišiadorys until 1959, including serving as a professor and the prefect of studies and discipline at the Kaunas seminary.\nOn 14 November 1957, Sladkevičius was appointed Auxiliary Bishop sedi datus of Kaišiadorys and Titular Bishop of Abora. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 25 December from Bishop Teofilius Matulionis. However, Bishop Sladkevičius was impeded from performing his ministry by his country's Communist government, and he took up residence at Nemun��lio Radviliškis, where he was under virtual house arrest from 1963 to 1982. He was named Apostolic Administrator ad nutum Sanctae Sedis of Kaišiadorys on 15 July 1982, and became President of the Lithuanian Episcopal Conference on 27 April ",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which location can one find the district where the individual advocating for changes and addressing Vincentas Sladkevičius' faith delivered a sermon on Marian piety prior to passing away? | [
{
"id": 836115,
"question": "Vincentas Sladkevičius >> religion",
"answer": "Catholic Church",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 49925,
"question": "who wanted #1 to reform and address",
"answer": "Martin Luther",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 13759,
"question": "Where did #2 preach a sermon on Marian devotion a month before his death?",
"answer": "Wittenberg",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 736921,
"question": "#3 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Saxony-Anhalt",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
}
] | Saxony-Anhalt | [] | true | Where is the district that the person who wanted to reform and address Vincentas Sladkevičius' religion preached a sermon on Marian devotion before his death located? |
3hop1__152880_131926_13165 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Military history of the United States",
"paragraph_text": " newly trained army to the region, which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.The military history of the United States spans over two centuries, the entire history of the United States. During those centuries, the United States evolved from a newly formed nation which fought for its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (1775–1783) to world superpower status in the aftermath of World War II to the present. As of 2024, the United States Armed Forces consists of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force and Space Force, all under the command of the Department of Defense, and the Coast Guard, which is controlled by the Department of Homeland Security.\nIn 1775, the Continental Congress established the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, and the Continental Marines. This newly formed military, fighting alongside the Kingdom of France, triumphed over the British during the war, which led to independence via the Treaty of Paris. In 1789, the new Constitution made the U.S. president the commander-in-chief, and gave Congress the authority to declare war. Major conflicts involving the U.S. military include the American Indian Wars, the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the American Civil War, the Banana Wars, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Iraq War.\n\n\n== Colonial wars (1607–1774) ==\n\nThe beginning of the United States military lies in civilian frontier settlers, armed for hunting and basic survival in the wilderness. These were organized into local militias for small military operations, mostly against Native American tribes but also to resist possible raids by the small military forces of neighboring European colonies. They relied on the British regular Army and Navy for any serious military operation.\nIn major operations outside the locality involved, the militia was not employed as a fighting force. Instead the colony asked for (and paid) volunteers, many of whom were also militia members.\nIn the early years of the British colonization of North America, military action in the thirteen colonies that would become the United States were the result of conflicts with Native Americans, such as in the Pequot War of 1637, King Philip's War in 1675, the Yamasee War in 1715 and Father Rale's War in 1722.\nBeginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War.\n\n\n=== War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–1748) ===\n\nIn the struggle for control of North America, the contest between Great Britain and France was the vital one, the conflict with Spain, a declining power, important but secondary. This latter conflict reached its height in the \"War of Jenkins Ear,\" a prelude to the War of AustrianIn the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution, the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting the Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there. Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British, the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties, and began dividing these lands for settlement. This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the most severe defeat ever suffered by the United States at the hands of American Indians. President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region, which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. led to independence via the Treaty of Paris. In 1789, the new Constitution made the U.S. president the commander-in-chief,In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution, the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting the Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there. Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British, the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties, and began dividing these lands for settlement. This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the most severe defeat ever suffered by the United States at the hands of American Indians. President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region, which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.The military history of the United States spans over two centuries, the entire history of the United States. During those centuries, the United States evolved from a newly formed nation which fought for its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (1775–1783) to world superpower status in the aftermath of World War II to the present. As of 2024, the United States Armed Forces consists of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force and Space Force, all under the command of the Department of Defense, and the Coast Guard, which is controlled by the Department of Homeland Security.\nIn 1775, the Continental Congress established the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, and the Continental Marines. This newly formed military,",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Minneapolis",
"paragraph_text": " major arts institutions include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Walker Art Center, and the Guthrie Theater. Four professional sports teams play downtown. Prince is survived by his favorite venue, the First Avenue nightclub. Minneapolis is home to the University of Minnesota's main campus. The city's public transport is provided by Metro Transit, and the international airport, serving the Twin Cities region, is located towards the south on the city limits.\nResidents adhere to more than fifty religions. Despite its wellMinneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber. The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle. As of 2018, Minneapolis was home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, and the Twin Cities were the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States. As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city.Minneapolis, officially the City of Minneapolis, is a city in and the county seat of Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. With a population of 429,954, it is the state's most populous city as of the 2020 census. It occupies both banks of the Mississippi River and adjoins Saint Paul, the state capital of Minnesota. MinneapolisMinneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber. The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle. As of 2018, Minneapolis was home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, and the Twin Cities were the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States. As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. public park system is connected by the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway.\nDakota people originally inhabited the site of today's Minneapolis. European colonization and settlement began north of Fort Snelling along Saint Anthony Falls—the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi River. The city's early growth was attributed to its proximity to the fort and the falls providing power for industrial activity. Minneapolis was the 19th-century lumber and flour milling capital of the world, and as home to the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, it has preserved its financial clout into the 21st century. A Minneapolis Depression-era labor strike brought about federal worker protections. Work in Minneapolis contributed to the computing industry, and the city is the birthplace of General Mills, the Pillsbury brand, Target Corporation, and Thermo King mobile refrigeration.\nThe city's major arts institutions include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Walker Art Center, and the Guthrie Theater. Four professional sports teams play downtown. Prince is survived by his favorite venue, the First Avenue nightclub. Minneapolis is home to the University of Minnesota's main campus. The city's public transport is provided by Metro Transit, and the international airport, serving the Twin Cities region, is located towards the south on the city limits.\nResidents adhere to more than fifty religions. Despite its wellMinneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Astronautalis",
"paragraph_text": " 2003. He eventually signed with Fighting Records and the record was re-released in 2005, followed by his second album, The Mighty Ocean and Nine Dark TheCharles Andrew Bothwell (born December 13, 1981), known by his stage name 'Astronautalis', is an American alternative hip hop artist currently based in Minneapolis, Minnesota.Charles Andrew Bothwell (born December 13, 1981), better known by his stage name Astronautalis, is an American alternative hip hop artist currently based in Brooklyn, New York.\n\n\n== History ==\nAfter gaining some recognition in local circles in Jacksonville, Florida and competing at Scribble Jam, Astronautalis self-released his debut album, You and Yer Good Ideas, in 2003. He eventually signed with Fighting Records and the record was re-released in 2005, followed by his second album, The Mighty Ocean and Nine Dark Theaters, in 2006. He released the third album, Pomegranate, on Eyeball Records in 2008. In winter 2009, he toured with the Canadian indie rock band Tegan and Sara through Europe, and supported them again through the spring of 2010 in Australia. His fourth album, This Is Our Science, was released on Fake Four Inc. in 2011. His latest release, Cut the Body Loose, was released in 2016.\nAstronautalis is a descendant of James Hepburn, 4th Earl ofCharles Andrew Bothwell (born December 13, 1981), known by his stage name 'Astronautalis', is an American alternative hip hop artist currently based in Minneapolis, Minnesota.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which agreement resulted in the US gaining land stretching towards the body of water near the city where the artist Astronautalis hails from? | [
{
"id": 152880,
"question": "What city is Astronautalis from?",
"answer": "Minneapolis",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 131926,
"question": "Which is the body of water by #1 ?",
"answer": "Mississippi River",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 13165,
"question": "What treaty ceded territory to the US extending west to #2 ?",
"answer": "Treaty of Paris",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
}
] | Treaty of Paris | [] | true | What treaty ceded territory to the US extending west to the body of water by the city Astronautalis is from? |
2hop__82669_768138 | [
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Melissa & Joey",
"paragraph_text": " availability of its episodes to non-provider-authenticated ABC Family subscribers with Hulu Plus to three weeks post broadcast. On February 9, 2015, ABC Family announced its decision to end the series after four seasons. The series finale aired on August 5, 2015.\n\n\n== Series overview ==\nMel is a local politician from a political family. When a family scandal leaves her niece, Lennox, and nephew, Ryder, without their parents, Mel takes them in. Meanwhile, Joe is a former commodities trader left bankrupt after a Ponzi scheme, and finds himself searching for a job. So when Mel finds it hard to handle an instant family and her own life, she hires Joe to become the family's new male nanny, or \"manny\".\nThe show stars two former teen idols who were notable for roles they played in popular 1990s sitcoms, Lawrence for Blossom and Hart for Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. Hart and Lawrence are both listed as executive producers of the series, and have each directed individual episodes.\n\n\n== Episodes ==\n\n\n== Cast and characters ==\n\n\n=== Main ===\nMelanie Alison \"Mel\" Burke (Melissa Joan Hart) is a city councilwoman in Toledo, Ohio (the youngest in the city's history, as Mel repeatedly brags). She is also a senator's daughter. Growing up, she was a rebellious, irresponsible party girl, and now she must take care of her niece and nephew after their mother (her sister, Meredith) was arrested for money laundering and their father disappeared to avoid arrest for running a Ponzi scheme. Over the course of season 3, she and Joe start dating in the mid-season episode \"A Decent Proposal\", becomes engaged in \"Right Time, Right Place\", and marry in the season finale, \"At Last\". She runs for Congress in season 4 and learns that she and Joe are having twins.\nJoseph Paul \"Joe\" Longo (Joey Lawrence) is a former executive and commodities trader with an MBA who lost his job, money and marriage in the wake of Mel's brother-in-law's Ponzi scheme and wound up living in his car. Seeing that Mel needed help raising her niece and nephew (and that he needed a job), he has agreed to be the live-in nanny/ house manager to assist Mel and give advice to the kids. He was born in a U.S. Army hospital in Uijeongbu, South Korea, and raised in Secaucus, New Jersey. He also has a brother named Tony who briefly dated Mel and a sister named Teresa. It was revealed he has a 13-year-old daughter named Dani (Jada Facer) with a woman named Felicia (Brooke Burke). Over the course of season 3, he and Mel start dating, get engagedMelissa & Joey Genre Sitcom Created by David Kendall Bob Young Starring Melissa Joan Hart Joey Lawrence Taylor Spreitler Nick Robinson Theme music composer Joey Lawrence & Matthew Gerrard Opening theme ``Stuck With Me '', performed by Joey Lawrence Composer (s) Danny Lux Michael Reola Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 104 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) David Kendall Bob Young Melissa Joan Hart Joey Lawrence Paula Hart John Ziffren Seth Kurland Producer (s) Ken Ornstein Sarah Jane Cunningham Suzie V. Freeman David Hartle Brenda Hsueh Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company (s) Hartbreak Films JL Veritas ABC Family Original Productions Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Family Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release August 17, 2010 (2010 - 08 - 17) -- August 5, 2015 (2015 - 08 - 05) External links Official website freeform.go.com/shows/melissa-joeyMelissa & Joey Genre Sitcom Created by David Kendall Bob Young Starring Melissa Joan Hart Joey Lawrence Taylor Spreitler Nick Robinson Theme music composer Joey Lawrence & Matthew Gerrard Opening theme ``Stuck With Me '', performed by Joey Lawrence Composer (s) Danny Lux Michael Reola Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 104 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) David Kendall Bob Young Melissa Joan Hart Joey Lawrence Paula Hart John Ziffren Seth Kurland Producer (s) Ken Ornstein Sarah Jane Cunningham Suzie V. Freeman David Hartle Brenda Hsueh Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company (s) Hartbreak Films JL Veritas ABC Family Original Productions Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Family Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release August 17, 2010 (2010 - 08 - 17) -- August 5, 2015 (2015 - 08 - 05) External links Official website freeform.go.com/shows/melissa-joey #1 telecast at 8 o'clock across target audiences 18–34, 18–49 and 12–34 demographics.\nOn August 17, 2012, ABC Family renewed Melissa & Joey for a third season, set to premiere on May 29, 2013.\nOn May 28, 2013, ABC Family announced that the third season would be expanded by 20 episodes, and that the show had also been renewed for a fourth season, bringing the series total to 100 episodes.\nThe show proved to be quite successful for ABC Family as, in its third season, it established a 13-week high in total viewers, an eight-week high in viewers between the ages of 18–34 and 18–49 and a 15-week high in female viewers between the ages of 12–34. During the fourth season, the show reached a milestone of 100 episodes for syndication purposes but declined in the ratings. Along with most ABC Family shows, the declining number of viewers watching Melissa & Joey occurred in tandem with a general trend of reduced numbers of television network subscribers. Looking to marginalize these declines, the show accelerated the availability of its episodes to non-provider-authenticated ABC Family subscribers with Hulu Plus to three weeks post broadcast. On February 9, 2015, ABC Family announced its decision to end the series after four seasons. The series finale aired on August 5, 2015.\n\n\n== Series overview ==\nMel is a local politician from a political family. When a family scandal leaves her niece, Lennox, and nephew, Ryder, without their parents, Mel takes them in. Meanwhile, Joe is a former commodities trader left bankrupt after a Ponzi scheme, and finds himself searching for a job. So when Mel finds it hard to handle an instant family and her own life, she hires Joe to become the family's new male nanny, or \"manny\".\nThe show stars two former teen idols who were notable for roles they played in popular 1990s sitcoms, Lawrence for Blossom and Hart for Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. Hart and Lawrence are both listed as executive producers of the series, and have each directed individual episodes.\n\n\n== Episodes ==\n\n\n== Cast and characters ==\n\n\n=== Main ===\nMelanie Alison \"Mel\" Burke (Melissa Joan Hart) is a city councilwoman in Toledo, Ohio (the youngest in the city's history, as Mel repeatedly brags). She is also a senator's daughter. Growing up, she was a rebellious, irresponsible party girl, and now she must take care of her niece and nephew after their mother (her sister, Meredith) was arrested for money laundering and their father disappeared to avoid arrest for running a Pon",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Pulse (1988 film)",
"paragraph_text": " father whom he is visiting. It gradually takes control of everything, injuring the stepmother, and trapping father and son, who must fight their way out.\n\n\n== Cast ==\nCliff De Young as Bill Rockland\nRoxanne Hart as Ellen Rockland\nJoey Lawrence as David Rockland\nMatthew Lawrence as Stevie\nCharles Tyner as Old Man Holger\nDennis Redfield as Pete\nRobert Romanus as Paul\nMyron Healey as Howard\nMichael Rider as Foreman\nJean Sincere as Ruby\nTerry Beaver as Policeman\nGreg Norberg as Policeman\nTim Russ as Policeman\n\n\n== Release ==\nThe film was promoted by the taglines \"It traps you in your house...then pulls the plug,\" \"In every second of every day, it improves our lives. And in a flash, it can end them,\" and also \"the ultimate shocker.\"\n\n\n== Production ==\nThe film was produced by Aspen Film Society, a film production company founded by Steve Martin and William E. McEuen.\nPaul Golding got the idea for Pulse from two unrelated events with the first being when the screenwriter Caleb Deschanel spent the night in his house and told him that at night he'd been listening to “the sounds of the house…..the house was alive and it was taking care of me“, and the second was when he heard about a computer that reprogrammed itself .\nGolding wrote the screenplay under the working titles of House, Tract and Currents in 1981 but couldn't get it made until Columbia eventually took it on seven years later. David Morse and Tommy Lee Jones both auditioned for the role of Bill but lost to Cliff De Young. Production was completed a day early and $1 million under its $6 million budget, and as a result were able to afford Oxford Scientific Films to do many of the special effects.\n\n\n== Release ==\nDavid V. Picker, the head of Paramount Pictures at the time, was impressed by the film and intended to position it as a wide release, but changes in studio management curtailed this and it was only released theatrically in Texas and Oklahoma, while it went straight to video elsewhere. The movie did however become a success on video.\n\n\n== Reception ==\nPulse has a 64% approval rating at the online review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 14 reviews.\n\n\n== Music ==\nThe musical score for Pulse was composed by Jay Ferguson, who also composed \"Pictures of You\" from the soundtrack to The Terminator, and the film score to A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nPulse at IMDbPulse is a 1988 American science-fiction horror film written and directed by Paul GoldingPulse is a 1988 American science-fiction horror film written and directed by Paul Golding, drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror, and starring Cliff De Young, Roxanne Hart, Joseph Lawrence, and Matthew Lawrence. The film's title refers to a highly aggressive and intelligent pulse of electricity that terrorizes the occupants of a suburban house in Los Angeles, California. The film was produced through Columbia Pictures and the Aspen Film Society and distributed by Columbia Pictures. The titular Pulse and its accompanying elements were designed by Cinema Research.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is the sibling of the individual who sings the theme song for Melissa and Joey? | [
{
"id": 82669,
"question": "who sings the melissa and joey theme song",
"answer": "Joey Lawrence",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 768138,
"question": "#1 >> sibling",
"answer": "Matthew Lawrence",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
}
] | Matthew Lawrence | [] | true | Who is the brother of the Melissa and Joey Theme Song singer? |
2hop__705035_152093 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Crazy Love (Hawk Nelson album)",
"paragraph_text": " our first album, Letters to the President.\"\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n== The Light Sides ==\n\nPackaged with Crazy Love is a second disc called \"The Light Sides\", which features 11 acoustic versions of Hawk Nelson favorites from the band's previous albums. \"Stagefright\" is not featured on any of Hawk Nelson's previous albums.\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== References ==Crazy Love is the fifth studio album from Canadian Christian rock band Hawk Nelson. It was released on February 8, 2011. It is the last album with lead vocalist Jason Dunn, who left the band in 2012 to pursue a solo career. The album netted a nomination for Best Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album at the Juno Awards of 2012.\n\n\n== Concept and musical style ==\nAt live shows in 2010, the band claimed that Crazy Love will be very fast, and much more of aCrazy Love is the fifth studio album from Canadian Christian rock band Hawk Nelson. It was released on February 8, 2011. It is the last album with lead vocalist Jason Dunn, who left the band in 2012 to pursue a solo career. The album netted a nomination for Best Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album at the Juno Awards of 2012.CCrazy Love is the fifth studio album from Canadian Christian rock band Hawk Nelson. It was released on February 8, 2011. It is the last album with lead vocalist Jason Dunn, who left the band in 2012 to pursue a solo career. The album netted a nomination for Best Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album at the Juno Awards of 2012..\n\n\n== Concept and musical style ==\nAt live shows in 2010, the band claimed that Crazy Love will be very fast, and much more of a throwback to their first album Letters to the President. Guitarist Jon Steingard claims on his blog that it's \"the most high-energy Hawk Nelson record ever. I'd even cautiously say it's more high-energy than our first album, Letters to the President.\"\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n== The Light Sides ==\n\nPackaged with Crazy Love is a second disc called \"The Light Sides\", which features 11 acoustic versions of Hawk Nelson favorites from the band's previous albums. \"Stagefright\" is not featured on any of Hawk Nelson's previous albums.\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== References ==Crazy Love is the fifth studio album from Canadian Christian rock band Hawk Nelson. It was released on February 8, 2011. It is the last album with lead vocalist Jason Dunn, who left the band in 2012 to pursue a solo career. The album netted a nomination for Best Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album at the Juno Awards of 2012.\n\n\n== Concept and musical style ==\nAt live shows in 2010, the band claimed that Crazy Love will be very fast, and much more of aCrazy Love is the fifth studio album from Canadian Christian rock band Hawk Nelson. It was released on February 8, 2011. It is the last album with lead vocalist Jason Dunn, who left the band in 2012 to pursue a solo career. The album netted a nomination for Best Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album at the Juno Awards of 2012.Crazy Love is the fifth studio album from Canadian Christian rock band Hawk Nelson. It was released on February 8, 2011. It is the last album with lead vocalist Jason Dunn, who left the band in 2012 to pursue a solo career. The album netted a nomination for Best Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album at the Juno Awards of 2012.\n\n\n== Concept and musical style ==\nAt live shows in 2010, the band claimed that Crazy Love will be very fast, and much more of a throwback to their first album Letters to the President. Guitarist Jon Steingard claims on his blog that it's \"the most high-energy Hawk Nelson record ever. I'd even cautiously say it's more high-energy than our first album, Letters to the President.\"\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n== The Light Sides ==\n\nPackaged with Crazy Love is a second disc called \"The Light Sides\", which features 11 acoustic versions of Hawk Nelson favorites from the band's previous albums. \"Stagefright\" is not featured on any of Hawk Nelson's previous albums.\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== References ==Crazy Love is the fifth studio album from Canadian Christian rock band Hawk Nelson. It was released on February 8, 2011. It is the last album with lead vocalist Jason Dunn, who left the band in 2012 to pursue a solo career. The album netted a nomination for Best Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album at the Juno Awards of 2012.\n\n\n== Concept and musical style ==\nAt live shows in 2010, the band claimed that Crazy Love will be very fast, and much more of a throwback to their first album Letters to the President. Guitarist Jon Steingard claims on his blog that it's \"the most high-energy Hawk Nelson record ever. I'd even cautiously say it",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Hawk Nelson",
"paragraph_text": " recommendation of Trevor McNevan, the lead singer of fellow Tooth & Nail bands Thousand Foot Krutch and FM Static. McNevan, also from Peterborough, Ontario, is credited with discovering the band. In July 2004, Hawk Nelson released their debut album Letters to the President. It was produced by Aaron Sprinkle and McNevan, who also co-wrote the album's fourteen songs. He has also appeared on some of the band's songs, as well as in their video for the song \"California\".\nPopular with Christian rock fans, the band has achieved some success in the mainstream as well. They portrayed The Who on an episode of the NBC drama American Dreams, and they recorded a song named \"Bring 'Em Out\" as the theme for the 2005 motion picture Yours, Mine and Ours featuring Drake Bell. This song and another hit song \"The Show\" were both used on Sunday Night Football commercials. \"Things We Go Through\" from Letters to the President was also featured in Yours, Mine and Ours. In October 2005, the band re-released Letters to the President, with new material including their cover of The Who's \"My Generation\", three acoustic versions of some of their hits, and a limited edition cover. Hawk Nelson plays the party band for the film Yours, Mine and Ours (2005). On December 20, 2005, Hawk Nelson released an EP titled Bring 'Em Out.\n\n\n=== Smile, It's the End of the World (2006–2007) ===\nHawk Nelson continued to gain popularity and was voted \"Favorite New Artist\" by CCM Magazine in their February 2006 Reader's Choice Awards.\nOn April 4, 2006, Hawk Nelson released Connect Sets EP with six acoustic tracks, including \"Bring Em' Out\", \"Thing We Go Through\", and \"California\".\nThe band released their second studio album, Smile, It's the End of the World, on April 4, 2006. The album was also co-written by Trevor McNevan of Thousand Foot Krutch. The album won a GMA Canada Covenant Award for \"Modern Rock/Alternative Album of the Year\" in 2006. The album's first single, \"Everything You Ever Wanted\", went on to hit No. 1 for 9 weeks on the R&R Christian CHR chart, and was the fourth most-played song of 2006. The band spent the middle of 2006 touring the major Christian music festivals, and also took part in Jeremy Camp's Beyond Measure tour. Hawk Nelson released a three-track Christmas EP titled Gloria on November 21, 2006, and then toured with TobyMac's Winter Wonder Slam tour along with The Afters, Family Force 5, and Ayiesha Woods.\nBulletproof Records and producer Ralph Sall have assembled the compilation Charlotte's Web: Music Inspired By TheDunn's departure from the band, with Steingard replacing him on vocals marked the shift in the band's genre from fast-paced pop punk to a softer, contemporary alternative pop rock. On December 11, 2012, Hawk Nelson announced they had signed with Fair Trade Services. \"Made\" was released on April 2, 2013. The album's release was preceded by the release of the album's debut single on January 15, 2013, \"Words\", featuring Bart Millard of MercyMe, which reached No. 1 on the Christian Hot AC/CHR charts.HDunn's departure from the band, with Steingard replacing him on vocals marked the shift in the band's genre from fast-paced pop punk to a softer, contemporary alternative pop rock. On December 11, 2012, Hawk Nelson announced they had signed with Fair Trade Services. \"Made\" was released on April 2, 2013. The album's release was preceded by the release of the album's debut single on January 15, 2013, \"Words\", featuring Bart Millard of MercyMe, which reached No. 1 on the Christian Hot AC/CHR charts. 2000, SWISH released their first independent album, Riding Around the Park on Mime Radio, an independent record label based in Peterborough. In January 2002, Biro moved to Peterborough to join Dunn, Clark and Paige and SWISH was renamed \"Reason Being\", before finally settling with the name \"Hawk Nelson\". In 2003, they released their second independent album, Saturday Rock Action.\n\n\n=== Letters to the President (2004–2005) ===\nThey continued to perform and tour independently in Ontario, Canada, before being signed with Tooth & Nail Records, largely on the recommendation of Trevor McNevan, the lead singer of fellow Tooth & Nail bands Thousand Foot Krutch and FM Static. McNevan, also from Peterborough, Ontario, is credited with discovering the band. In July 2004, Hawk Nelson released their debut album Letters to the President. It was produced by Aaron Sprinkle and McNevan, who also co-wrote the album's fourteen songs. He has also appeared on some of the band's songs, as well as in their video for the song \"California\".\nPopular with Christian rock fans, the band has achieved some success in the mainstream as well. They portrayed The Who on an episode of the NBC drama American Dreams, and they recorded a song named \"",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which record company backs the artist who sings Crazy Love? | [
{
"id": 705035,
"question": "Crazy Love >> performer",
"answer": "Hawk Nelson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 152093,
"question": "What label was responsible for #1 ?",
"answer": "Fair Trade Services",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | Fair Trade Services | [] | true | What label is responsible for the performer of Crazy Love? |
2hop__274110_413723 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Woolhampton",
"paragraph_text": " a swing bridge across the river and canal which share a common channel at this point. Woolhampton Lock lies just to the west. Two other unclassified roads leave the village to the north, climbing into the Berkshire Downs.\n\n\n== Transport ==\nThree major transport routes, the Bath Road, the Kennet and Avon Canal and the Reading to Taunton line pass through the village. \nWoolhampton is served by Midgham railway station in the village. The railway station was originally known as Woolhampton but, according to local legend, was renamed Midgham railway station, after the village of Midgham, 1 mi (1.6 km) west-north-west, in order to avoid possible confusion with the similarly named Wolverhampton (the Great Western Railway had stations in both places).\n\n\n== Amenities ==\nBecause of its location on the Bath Road, Woolhampton was well known for its coaching inns. Only one of these, the Angel, survives on the main road, after the Falmouth Arms closed in 2014 and was converted to residential property. A second pub, the Rowbarge, is, as its name suggests, situated alongside the Kennet and Avon Canal next to the swing bridge. The war memorial in Woolhampton was designed by Sir Robert Lorimer in 1920. The WoolWoolhampton is a village and civil parish in West Berkshire, England. The village straddles the London to Bath (A4) road between the towns of Reading (8 miles) and Newbury (6 miles). The village homes are clustered and are on the northern side of the plain of the River Kennet, with the Berkshire Downs rising through the fields and woods of the village northwards.WWoolhampton is a village and civil parish in West Berkshire, England. The village straddles the London to Bath (A4) road between the towns of Reading (8 miles) and Newbury (6 miles). The village homes are clustered and are on the northern side of the plain of the River Kennet, with the Berkshire Downs rising through the fields and woods of the village northwards. woods of the village northwards. On the higher land some half mile to the north of the village is the adjacent settlement of",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Ernie Watts (footballer, born 1872)",
"paragraph_text": "05 season. His later clubs included Grays Athletic and Clapton Orient, as well as two more spells with Reading.EBorn in Woolhampton in Berkshire, his earliest known club was Reading, before he moved to Notts County, where he made 17 appearances in The Football League. He had a second spell with Reading and also played for West Ham United, where he was captain for the club's final season at the Memorial Grounds, before joining New Brompton in 1904, where he was a regular starter during the 1904–05 season. His later clubs included Grays Athletic and Clapton Orient, as well as two more spells with Reading. regular starter during the 1904–05 season. His later clubs included Grays Athletic and Clapton Orient, asBorn in Woolhampton in Berkshire, his earliest known club was Reading, before he moved to Notts County, where he made 17 appearances in The Football League. He had a second spell with Reading and also played for West Ham United, where he was captain for the club's final season at the Memorial Grounds, before joining New Brompton in 1904, where he was a regular starter during the 1904–05 season. His later clubs included Grays Athletic and Clapton Orient, as well as two more spells with Reading.Ernest Arthur Watts (11 April 1872 – 1956) was an English footballer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.\nBorn in Woolhampton in Berkshire, his earliest known club was Reading, before he moved to Notts County, where he made 17 appearances in The Football League. He had a second spell with Reading and also played for West Ham United, where he was captain for the club's final season at the Memorial Grounds, before joining New Brompton in 1904, where he was a regular starter during the 1904–05 season. His later clubs included Grays Athletic and Clapton Orient, as well as two more spells with Reading.\nWatts was a soldier and played for the Royal Berkshire Regiment Cricket XI, as well as playing minor counties cricket for Berkshire from 1896 to 1908, making 85 appearances in the Minor Counties Championship.\n\n\n== References ==Ernest Arthur Watts (11 April 1872 – 1956) was an English footballer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.\nBorn in Woolhampton in Berkshire, his earliest known club was Reading, before he moved to Notts County, where he made 17 appearances in The Football League. He had a second spell with Reading and also played for West Ham United, where he was captain for the club's final season at the Memorial Grounds, before joining New Brompton in 1904, where he was a regular starter during the 1904–05 season. His later clubs included Grays Athletic and Clapton Orient, as well as two more spells with Reading.\nWatts was a soldier and played for the Royal Berkshire Regiment Cricket XI, as well as playing minor counties cricket for Berkshire from 1896 to 1908, making 85 appearances in the Minor Counties Championship.\n\n\n== References ==Ernest Arthur Watts (11 April 1872 – 1956) was an English footballer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.\nBorn in Woolhampton in Berkshire, his earliest known club was Reading, before he moved to Notts County, where he made 17 appearances in The Football League. He had a second spell with Reading and also played for West Ham United, where he was captain for the club's final season at the Memorial Grounds, before joining New Brompton in 1904, where he was a regular starter during the 1904–05 season. His later clubs included Grays Athletic and Clapton Orient, as well as two more spells with Reading.\nWatts was a soldier and played for the Royal Berkshire Regiment Cricket XI, as well as playing minor counties cricket for Berkshire from 1896 to 1908, making 85 appearances in the Minor Counties Championship.\n\n\n== References ==Ernest Arthur Watts (11 April 1872 – 1956) was an English footballer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.\nBorn in Woolhampton in Berkshire, his earliest known club was Reading, before he moved to Notts County, where he made 17 appearances in The Football League. He had a second spell with Reading and also played for West Ham United, where he was captain for the club's final season at the Memorial Grounds, before joining New Brompton in 1904, where he was a regular starter during the 1904–05 season. His later clubs included Grays Athletic and Clapton Orient, as well as two more spells with Reading.\nWatts was a soldier and played for the Royal Berkshire Regiment Cricket XI, as well as playing minor counties cricket for Berkshire from 1896 to 1908, making 85 appearances in the Minor Counties Championship.\n\n\n== References ==Ernest Arthur Watts (11 April 1872 – 1956) was an English footballer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.\nBorn in Woolhampton in Berkshire, his earliest known club was Reading, before he moved to Notts County, where he made 17 appearances in The Football League. He had a second spell with Reading and also played for West Ham United, where he was captain for the club's final season at the Memorial Grounds, before joining New Brompton in 1904, where he was a regular starter during the 1904–05 season. His later clubs included Grays Athletic and Clapton Orient, as well as two more spells with Reading.\nWatts was a soldier and played for the Royal Berkshire Regiment Cricket XI, as well as playing minor counties cricket for Berkshire from 1896 to 1908, making 85 appearances in the Minor Counties Championship.\n\n\n== References ==Ernest Arthur Watts (11 April 1872 – 1956) was an English footballer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.\nBorn in Woolhampton in Berkshire, his earliest known club was Reading, before he moved to Notts County, where he made 17 appearances in The Football League. He had a second spell with Reading and also played for West Ham United, where he was captain for the club's final season at the Memorial Grounds, before joining New Brompton in 1904, where he was a regular starter during the 1904–05 season. His later clubs included Grays Athletic and Clapton Orient, as well as two more spells with Reading.\nWatts was a soldier and played for the Royal Berkshire Regiment Cricket XI, as well as playing minor counties cricket for Berkshire from 1896 to 1908, making 85 appearances in the Minor Counties Championship.\n\n\n== References ==Ernest Arthur Watts (11 April 1872 – 1956) was an English footballer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.\nBorn in Woolhampton in Berkshire, his earliest known club was Reading, before he moved to Notts County, where he made 17 appearances in The Football League. He had a second spell with Reading and also played for West Ham United, where he was captain for the club's final season at the Memorial Grounds, before joining New Brompton in",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the district of birth for Ernie Watts? | [
{
"id": 274110,
"question": "Ernie Watts >> place of birth",
"answer": "Woolhampton",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 413723,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "West Berkshire",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
}
] | West Berkshire | [] | true | In which district was Ernie Watts born? |
3hop1__586087_339990_54675 | [
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Portland, Oregon",
"paragraph_text": " the horizon, while Mt. Adams and Mt. Rainier can also be seen in the distance.Portland ( PORT-lənd) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon, located in the Pacific Northwest region. Situated in the northwestern area of the state at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers, it is the county seat of Multnomah County, Oregon's most populous county. As of 2020, Portland's population was 652,503, making it the 26th-most populous city in the United States, the sixth-most populous on the West Coast, and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest, after Seattle. Approximately 2.5 million people live in the Portland metropolitan area, making it the 25th-most populous in the United States. About half of Oregon's population resides within the Portland metro area.\nNamed after Portland, Maine, which is itself named after the English Isle of Portland, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1840s, near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the timber industry was a major force in the city's early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous port cities in the world, a hub for organized crime and racketeering. After the city's economy experienced an industrial boom during World War II, its hard-edged reputation began to dissipate. Beginning in the 1960s, it became noted for its growing liberal and progressive political values, earning it a reputation as a bastion of counterculture.\nThe city operates with a commission-based government, guided by a mayor and four commissioners, as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool, rainy winters. This climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the \"City of Roses\" for over a century.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Pre-settlement history ===\nThough much of downtown Portland is relatively flat, the foothills of the Tualatin Mountains, more commonly referred to locally as the ``West Hills '', pierce through the northwest and southwest reaches of the city. Council Crest Park, commonly thought of as the highest point within city limits, is in the West Hills and rises to an elevation of 1,073 feet (327 m) The city's actual high point is a little - known and infrequently accessed point (1,180 feet) near Forest Park. The highest point east of the river is Mt. Tabor, an extinct volcanic cinder cone, which rises to 636 feet (194 m). Nearby Powell Butte and Rocky Butte rise to 614 feet (187 m) and 612 feet (187 m), respectively. To the west of the Tualatin Mountains lies the Oregon Coast Range, and to the east lies the actively volcanic Cascade Range. On clear days, Mt. Hood and Mt. St. Helens dominate the horizon, while Mt. Adams and Mt. Rainier can also be seen in the distance.. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of theThough",
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"idx": 9,
"title": "Socialist Party of Oregon (Columbia County, Oregon)",
"paragraph_text": " the twentieth century.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the county has an area ofThe Socialist Party of Oregon in Columbia County, Oregon began around the First Red Scare. The first year (1914) it went mainstream, the Socialist party had 27 more registered members than the Prohibition Party, who were some members of the Suffrage movement. The Socialist party was similar to the Progressive Party in the county, as it tried from the outskirts of government to make change. While Socialism failed its first year, it still received attention from the press who was aware of the October Revolution (1918) in Russia (Now the Soviet Union) by a similarly named government led by Vladimir Lenin.6.\nColumbia County was created in 1854 from the northern half of Washington County. Milton served as the county seat until 1857 when it was moved to St. Helens.\nColumbia County has been afflicted by numerous flooding disasters, the most recent in December 2007. Heavy rains caused the Nehalem River to escape its banks and flood the city of Vernonia and rural areas nearby. Columbia County received a presidential disaster declaration for this event.\nIn the 1910s the Socialist Party of Oregon won a handful of votes. This party was distinct from the better-known SPO which operated throughout the twentieth century.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the county has an area of 688 square miles (1,780 km2), of which 657 square miles (1,700 km2) is land and 31 square miles (80 km2) (4.5%) is water. It is Oregon's third-smallest county by land area and fourth-smallest by total area.\n\n\n=== Adjacent counties ===\nWah",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 14,
"title": "McCauley Mountain (Pennsylvania)",
"paragraph_text": ". An area of rock of the Mauch Chunk Formation along Nescopeck Creek mayMcCauley Mountain (also known as McAuley Mountain or McCauley's Mountain) is a mountain in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. Its official elevation is above sea level. The mountain is a synclinal mountain. Main rock formations on and near it include the Mauch Chunk Formation and the Pottsville Formation. There are also coal deposits on it. The coal deposits were discovered in 1826 and mining of them began in the 1850s. However, coal mining on the east side of the mountain proved to be a commercial failure. There are a number of ponds on the mountain, some of which were created during the mining. However, others are natural vernal pools. Some of the ponds are surrounded by hemlocks and deciduous trees. Major streams near the mountain include Scotch Run, Beaver Run, and Catawissa Creek. The mountain is named after Alexander McCauley, who settled there in 1774.MMcCauley Mountain (also known as McAuley Mountain or McCauley's Mountain) is a mountain in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. Its official elevation is above sea level. The mountain is a synclinal mountain. Main rock formations on and near it include the Mauch Chunk Formation and the Pottsville Formation. There are also coal deposits on it. The coal deposits were discovered in 1826 and mining of them began in the 1850s. However, coal mining on the east side of the mountain proved to be a commercial failure. There are a number of ponds on the mountain, some of which were created during the mining. However, others are natural vernal pools. Some of the ponds are surrounded by hemlocks and deciduous trees. Major streams near the mountain include Scotch Run, Beaver Run, and Catawissa Creek. The mountain is named after Alexander McCauley, who settled there in 1774., who settled there in 1774.\n\n\n== Geography and climate ==\n\nMcCauley Mountain has an official elevation of 1,571 feet (479 m), making it the ninth highest mountain in Columbia County (not counting ridges).\nMcCauley Mountain's official coordinates are in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Shumans. The mountain itself occupies both that quadrangle and the quadrangle of Nuremberg. The mountain is located in northern Beaver Township. It is 9 miles (14 km) east of the borough of Catawissa.\nThere are a number of wetlands or ponds on McCauley Mountain. Some are natural, but others are likely to be caused by past mining activity on the mountain. The mining activity has altered the mountain's landscape in some areas.\nMcCauley Mountain is a synclinal mountain. The Catawissa-McCauley Mountain Synclinorium borders the Berwick anticlinorium. An area of rock of the Mauch Chunk Formation along Nescopeck Creek mayMcCauley Mountain (also known as McAuley Mountain or McCauley's Mountain) is a mountain in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. Its official elevation is above sea level. The mountain is a synclinal mountain. Main rock formations on and near it include the Mauch Chunk Formation and the Pottsville Formation. There are also coal deposits on it. The coal deposits were discovered in 1826 and mining of them began in the 1850s. However, coal mining on the east side of the mountain proved to be a commercial failure. There are a number of ponds on the mountain, some of which were created during the mining. However, others are natural vernal pools. Some of the ponds are surrounded by hemlocks and deciduous trees. Major streams near the mountain include Scotch Run, Beaver Run, and Catawissa Creek. The mountain is named after Alexander McCauley, who settled there in 1774.McCauley Mountain (also known as McAuley Mountain or McCauley's Mountain) is a mountain in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. Its official elevation is 1,571 feet (479 m) above sea level. The mountain is a synclinal mountain. Main rock formations on and near it include the Mauch Chunk Formation and the Pottsville Formation. There are also coal deposits on it. The coal deposits were discovered in 1826 and mining of them began in the 1850s. However, coal mining on the east side of the mountain proved to be a commercial failure. There are a number of ponds on the mountain, some of which were created during the mining. However, others are natural vernal pools. Some of the ponds are surrounded by hemlocks and deciduous trees. Major streams near the mountain include Scotch Run, Beaver Run, and Catawissa Creek. The mountain is named after Alexander McCauley, who settled there in 1774.\n\n\n== Geography and climate ==\n\nMcCauley Mountain has an official elevation of 1,571 feet (479 m), making it the ninth highest mountain in Columbia County (not counting ridges).\nMcCauley Mountain's official coordinates are in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Shumans. The mountain itself occupies both that quadrangle and the quadrangle of Nuremberg. The mountain is located in northern Beaver Township. It is 9 miles (14 km) east of the borough of Catawissa.\nThere are a number of wetlands or ponds on McCauley Mountain. Some are natural, but others are likely to be caused by past mining activity on the mountain. The mining activity has altered the mountain's landscape in some areas.\nMcCauley Mountain is a synclinal mountain. The Catawissa-McCauley Mountain Synclinorium borders the Berwick anticlinorium. An area of rock of the Mauch Chunk Formation along Nescopeck Creek may represent the",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which mountain ranges are visible from Portland, situated in the same state that is home to the county where one can find McCauley Mountain? | [
{
"id": 586087,
"question": "McCauley Mountain >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Columbia County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 339990,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Oregon",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 54675,
"question": "what mountain can you see from portland #2",
"answer": "Tualatin Mountains",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
}
] | Tualatin Mountains | [] | true | What mountains can you see from Portland, in the state with the county where McCauley Mountain is located? |
2hop__152027_141308 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Apple Records",
"paragraph_text": " were contracted to EMI. In a new distribution deal, EMI and its US subsidiary Capitol Records agreed to distribute Apple Records until 1976, while EMI retained ownership of their recordings. Beatles recordings issued in the United Kingdom on the Apple label carried Parlophone catalogue numbers, while US issues carried Capitol catalogue numbers. Apple Records owns the rights to all of the Beatles' videos and movie clips, and the rights to recordings of other artists signed to the label. The first catalogue number Apple 1 was a single pressing of Frank Sinatra singing \"Maureen Is a Champ\" (with lyrics by Sammy Cahn) to the melody of \"The Lady Is a Tramp\" as a surprise gift for the 21st birthday of Ringo Starr's wife Maureen.\nApple Records and Apple Publishing signed a number of acts whom the Beatles personally discovered or supported, and one or more of the Beatles would be involved in the recording sessions in most cases. Several notable artists were signed in the first year, including James Taylor, Mary Hopkin, Billy Preston, the Modern Jazz Quartet, the Iveys (who became Badfinger), Doris Troy, and former Liverpool singer Jackie Lomax who recorded George Harrison's \"Sour Milk Sea\".\n\n\n=== 1969–1973: Klein era ===\nIn 1969, the Beatles were in need of financial and managerial direction, and John Lennon was approached by Allen Klein, manager of The Rolling Stones. When Klein went on to manage Apple, three of the Beatles supported him with Paul McCartney being the only group member opposed to his involvement. McCartney had suggested his father-in-law Lee Eastman for the job.\nKlein took control of Apple and shut down several sub-divisions, including Apple ElectronicsApple Records is a record label founded by the Beatles in 1968 as a division of Apple Corps Ltd. It was initially intended as a creative outlet for the Beatles, both as a group and individually, plus a selection of other artists including Mary Hopkin, James Taylor, Badfinger, and Billy Preston. In practice, the roster had become dominated by the mid-1970s with releases of the former Beatles as solo artists. Allen Klein managed the label from 1969 to 1973, then it was managed by Neil Aspinall on behalf of the Beatles and their heirs. Aspinall retired in 2007 and was replaced by Jeff Jones.== History ==\n\n\n=== 1967–1969: early years ===\n\nApple Corps Ltd was conceived by the Beatles in 1967 after the death of their manager Brian Epstein. It was intended to be a small group of companies (Apple Retail, Apple Publishing, Apple Electronics, and so on) as part of Epstein's plan to create a tax-effective business structure. The first project that the band released after forming the company was their film Magical Mystery Tour, which was produced under the Apple Films division. Apple Records was officially founded by the group after their return from India in 1968 as another sub-division of Apple Corps.\nAt this time, the Beatles were contracted to EMI. In a new distribution deal, EMI and its US subsidiary Capitol Records agreed",
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"idx": 9,
"title": "Cold Turkey",
"paragraph_text": " of cold turkey on the evening of his arrival. That cold turkey is poor substitute for the roasted and dressed dish is played for comic effect\"Cold Turkey\" is a song written by John Lennon, released as a single in 1969 by the Plastic Ono Band on Apple Records, catalogue Apples 1001 in the United Kingdom, Apple 1813 in the United States. It is the second solo single issued by Lennon, and it peaked at number 30 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number 14 on the UK Singles Chart. The song's first appearance on an album was \"Live Peace in Toronto 1969\" where the song had been performed live on 13 September 1969 with Lennon reading the lyrics off a clip-board.\"\"Cold Turkey\" is a song written by John Lennon, released as a single in 1969 by the Plastic Ono Band on Apple Records, catalogue Apples 1001 in the United Kingdom, Apple 1813 in the United States. It is the second solo single issued by Lennon, and it peaked at number 30 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number 14 on the UK Singles Chart. The song's first appearance on an album was \"Live Peace in Toronto 1969\" where the song had been performed live on 13 September 1969 with Lennon reading the lyrics off a clip-board. the phrase \"cold turkey\" in the sense of unpleasant withdrawal is a matter of some debate and ambiguity.\n\n\n=== Reaction to being served cheap meat ===\nScholars of 19th-century British periodicals have pointed to the UK satirical magazine Judy as the catalyst of the evolution in the phrase's meaning. The journal's issue of January 3, 1877, featured the fictional diary of one John Humes, Esquire, a Scrooge-like miser who disapproves of Christmas. When Hume is invited to stay at his cousin Clara's as a part of her household's celebrations, he is shocked to be served slices of cold turkey on the evening of his arrival. That cold turkey is poor substitute for the roasted and dressed dish is played for comic effect\"Cold Turkey\" is a song written by John Lennon, released as a single in 1969 by the Plastic Ono Band on Apple Records, catalogue Apples 1001 in the United Kingdom, Apple 1813 in the United States. It is the second solo single issued by Lennon, and it peaked at number 30 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number 14 on the UK Singles Chart. The song's first appearance on an album was \"Live Peace in Toronto 1969\" where the song had been performed live on 13 September 1969 with Lennon reading the lyrics off a clip-board.\"Cold turkey\" refers to the abrupt cessation of a substance dependence and the resulting unpleasant experience, as opposed to gradually easing the process through reduction over time or by using replacement medication. \nSudden withdrawal from drugs such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates can be extremely dangerous, leading to potentially fatal seizures. For long-term alcoholics, going cold turkey can cause life-threatening delirium tremens.\nIn the case of opioid withdrawal, going \"cold turkey\" is extremely unpleasant but less dangerous. Life-threatening issues are unlikely unless one has a pre-existing medical condition.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\n\nThe origin of the phrase \"cold turkey\" in the sense of unpleasant withdrawal is a matter of some debate and ambiguity.\n\n\n=== Reaction to being served cheap meat ===\nScholars of 19th-century British periodicals have pointed to the UK satirical magazine Judy as the catalyst of the evolution in the phrase's meaning. The journal's issue of January 3, 1877, featured the fictional diary of one John Humes, Esquire, a Scrooge-like miser who disapproves of Christmas. When Hume is invited to stay at his cousin Clara's as a part of her household's celebrations, he is shocked to be served slices of cold turkey on the evening of his arrival. That cold turkey is poor substitute for the roasted and dressed dish is played for comic effect. The dissatisfied barrister stays several days nonetheless, and with each passing day, he is more and more shocked to be served cold turkey each day. The story ends with Hume, disgusted at having been treated so badly, removing Clara from his will and testament.\nThe hypothesis posited by researchers is that Hume's behavior towards Clara - excluding and excommunicating her in retaliation for her ongoing ill-treatment of him - became known as \"the cold turkey treatment\", and that word quickly spread from London to the rest of Britain, and finally the United States.\nAn early print appearance of \"cold turkey\" in its exclusionary sense dates to 1910, in Canadian poet Robert W. Service's The Trail of '98: A Northland Romance: \"Once I used to gamble an' drink the limit. One morning I got up from the card-table after sitting there thirty-six hours. I'd lost five thousand dollars. I knew they'd handed me out 'cold turkey'...\"\n\n\n=== \"Talking turkey\" ===\nAnother possible origin relates to the American phrase talk turkey, meaning \"to speak bluntly with little preparation\". The phrase \"taking cold turkey\" has also been reported during the 1920s as slang for pleading guilty.\n\n\n=== Goosebumps ===\nThe term is also attributed to piloerection or \"goose bumps\" that occurs with abrupt withdrawal from opioids, which resembles the skin of a plucked refrigerated turkey. \nThe similar term \"kick the habit\" alludes to the muscle spasms that occur in addition to goosebumps in some cases.\n\n\n== Usage ==\nA term appears in its contemporary usage in a December 1920 New York City medical bulletin:\n\nSome addicts voluntarily stop taking opiates and \"suffer it out\" as they express it without medical assistance, a process which in their slang is called taking \"cold turkey\"... Another early printed use, this one in the media to refer to drug withdrawal occurred in the Daily Colonist in British Columbia in 1921:Perhaps the most pitiful figures who have appeared before Dr Carleton Simon ... are those who voluntarily surrender themselves. When they go before him, that are given what is called the 'cold turkey' treatment.\nThe Plastic Ono Band released the song \"Cold Turkey\" in 1969, which was lyrically inspired from brief heroin addictions endured by John Lennon and Yoko Ono.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nSmoking cessation\nDrug withdrawal\nDelirium tremens\n\n\n== References ==\"Cold turkey\" refers to the abrupt cessation of a substance dependence and the resulting unpleasant experience, as opposed to gradually easing the process through reduction over time or by using replacement medication. \nSudden withdrawal from drugs such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates can be extremely dangerous, leading to potentially fatal seizures. For long-term alcoholics, going cold turkey can cause life-threatening delirium tremens.\nIn the case of opioid withdrawal, going \"cold turkey\" is extremely unpleasant but less dangerous. Life-threatening issues are unlikely unless one has a pre-existing medical condition.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\n\nThe origin of the phrase \"cold turkey\" in the sense of unpleasant withdrawal is a matter of some debate and ambiguity.\n\n\n",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is the owning corporation of the record label that is putting out Cold Turkey? | [
{
"id": 152027,
"question": "What was the record label of Cold Turkey?",
"answer": "Apple Records",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 141308,
"question": "What company is #1 part of?",
"answer": "Apple Corps",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
}
] | Apple Corps | [] | true | What is the parent company of the record label releasing Cold Turkey? |
2hop__30741_85990 | [
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Republican Party (United States)",
"paragraph_text": " increased economic prosperity after World War II. His former vice president Richard Nixon carried 49 states in 1972 with what he touted as his silent majority. The 1980 election of Ronald Reagan realigned national politics, bringing together advocates of free-market economics, social conservatives, and Cold War foreign policy hawks under the Republican banner. Since 2008, the party has faced significant factionalism within its own ranks.\nIn the 21st century, the Republican Party receives its strongest support from rural voters, evangelical Christians, men, senior citizens, and white voters without college degrees. On economic issues, the party has maintained a pro-business attitude since its inception. It has a neoliberal outlook, supporting low taxes and deregulation while opposing socialism, labor unions and single-payer healthcare. The populist faction supports economic protectionism. On social issues, it advocates for restricting the legality of abortion, discouraging and often prohibiting recreational drug use, promoting gun ownership and easing gun restrictions, and opposing the transgender rights movement. In foreign policy, the party establishment is neoconservative, supports an aggressive foreign policy and tough stances against Iran, North Korea and Russia, while the populist faction is isolationist and supports non-interventionism.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== 19th century ===\n\nIn 1854, the Republican Party was founded in the Northern United States by forces opposed to the expansion of slavery, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers. The Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party and the briefly popular Know Nothing Party. The party grew out of opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and opened the Kansas and Nebraska Territories to slavery and future admission as slave states. They denounced the expansion of slavery as a great evil, but did not call for ending it in the Southern states. While opposition to the expansion of slavery was the most consequential founding principle of the party, like the Whig Party it replaced, Republicans also called for economic and social modernization.\nAt the first public meeting of the anti-Nebraska movement on March 20, 1854, at the Little White Schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin, the name \"Republican\" was proposed as the name of the party. The name was partly chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6, 1854, in Jackson, Michigan.\nThe party emerged from the great political realignment of the mid-1850s, united in pro-capitalist stances with members often valuing Radicalism. Historian William Gienapp argues that the great realignment of the 1850s began before the Whigs' collapse, and was caused not by politicians but by voters at the local level. The central forces were ethno-cultural, involving tensions between pietistic Protestants versus liturgical Catholics, Lutherans, and Episcopalians regarding Catholicism, prohibition and nativism. The Know Nothing Party embodied the social forces at work, but its weak leadership was unable to solidify its organization, and the Republicans picked it apart. Nativism was so powerful that the Republicans could not avoid it, but they did minimize it and turn voter wrath against the threat that slave owners would buy up the good farm lands wherever slavery was allowed. The realignment was powerful because it forced voters to switch parties, as typified by the rise and fall of the Know Nothings, the rise of the Republican Party and the splits in the Democratic Party.\nAt the Republican Party's first National Convention in 1856, held at Musical Fund Hall in Philadelphia, the party adopted a national platform emphasizing opposition to the expansion of slavery into the free territories. While Republican nominee John C. Frémont lost that year's presidential election to Democrat James Buchanan, Buchanan managed to win only four of the fourteen northern states and won his home state of Pennsylvania only narrowly. Republicans fared better in congressional and local elections, but Know Nothing candidates took a significant number of seats, creating an awkward three-party arrangement. Despite the loss of the presidency and the lack of a majority in the U.S. Congress, Republicans were able to orchestrate a Republican speaker of the House of Representatives, which went to Nathaniel P. Banks. Historian James M. McPherson writes regarding Banks' speakership that \"if any one moment marked the birth of the Republican party, this was it.\"\n\nThe Republicans were eager for the 1860 elections. Former Illinois U.S. representative Abraham Lincoln spent several years building support within the party, campaigning heavily for Frémont in 1856 and making a bid for the Senate in 1858, losing to Democrat Stephen A. Douglas but gaining national attention from the Lincoln–Douglas debates it produced. At the 1860 Republican National Convention, Lincoln consolidated support among opponents of New York U.S.Founded in the Northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex Whigs and ex Free Soilers, the Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party and the briefly popular Know Nothing Party. The main cause was opposition to the Kansas -- Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil. The first public meeting of the general ``anti-Nebraska ''movement where the name`` Republican'' was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20, 1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was partly chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party.igs and former Free Soilers to form majorities in nearly every northern state. White Southerners became alarmed at the threat to the slave trade. With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican president, the deep Southern states seceded from the United States.\nUnder the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress, the Republican Party led the fight to defeat the Confederate States in the American Civil War, preserving the Union and abolishing slavery. Afterward, the party largely dominated the national political scene until the Great Depression in the 1930s, when it lost its congressional majorities and the Democrats' New Deal programs proved popular. Dwight D. Eisenhower's election was a rare break in between Democratic presidents and he presided over a period of increased economic prosperity after World War II. His former vice president Richard Nixon carried 49 states in 1972 with what he touted as his silent majority. The 1980 election of Ronald Reagan realigned national politics, bringing together advocates of free-market economics, social conservatives, and Cold War foreign policy hawks under the Republican banner. Since 2008, the party has faced significant factionalism within its own ranks.\nIn the 21st century, the Republican Party receives its strongest support from rural voters, evangelical Christians, men, senior citizens, and white voters without college degrees. On economic issues, the party has maintained a pro-business attitude since its inception. It has a neoliberal outlook, supporting low taxes and deregulation while opposing socialism, labor unions and single-payer healthcare. The populist faction supports economic protectionism. On social issues, it advocates for restricting the legality of abortion, discouraging and often prohibiting recreational drug use, promoting gun ownership and easing gun restrictions, and opposing the transgender rights movement. In foreign policy, the party establishment is neoconservative, supports an aggressive foreign policy and tough stances against Iran, North Korea and Russia, while the populist faction is isolationist and supports non-interventionism.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== 19th century ===\n\nIn ",
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"idx": 19,
"title": "Philadelphia",
"paragraph_text": " International Airport, a major Transatlantic gateway and transcontinental hub, and the rapidly-growing PhilaPort seaport.\nPhiladelphia is a national cultural center, hosting more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other city in the nation. Fairmount Park, when combined with adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the same watershed, is 2,052 acres (830 ha), representing one of the nation's largest and the world's 45th-largest urban park. The city is known for its arts, culture, cuisine, and colonial and Revolution-era history; in 2016, it attracted 42 million domestic tourists who spent $6.8 billion, representing $11 billion in economic impact to the city and its surrounding Pennsylvania counties. With five professional sports teams and one of the nation's most loyal fan bases, Philadelphia is often ranked as the nation's best city for professional sports fans. The city has a culturally and philanthropically active LGBTQ+ community. Philadelphia also has played an immensely influential historic and ongoing role in the development and evolution of American music, especially R&B, soul, and rock.\nPhiladelphia is a city of many firsts, including the nation's first library (1731), hospital (1751), medical school (1765), national capital (1774), university (by some accounts) (1779), central bank (1781), stock exchange (1790), zoo (1874), and business school (1881). Philadelphia contains 67 National Historic Landmarks, including Independence Hall. From the city's 17th century founding through the present, Philadelphia has been the birthplace or home to an extensive number of prominent and influential Americans. In 2021, Time magazine named Philadelphia one of the world's greatest 100 places. Two years later, in 2023, travel guide publisher Lonely Planet ranked Philadelphia the best city in the nation to visit.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Native peoples ===\nPrior to the arrival of Europeans in the early 17th century, the Philadelphia area was home toFrom the American Civil War until the mid-20th century, Philadelphia was a bastion of the Republican Party, which arose from the staunch pro-Northern views of Philadelphia residents during and after the war (Philadelphia was chosen as the host city for the first Republican National Convention in 1856). After the Great Depression, Democratic registrations increased, but the city was not carried by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt in his landslide victory of 1932 (in which Pennsylvania was one of the few states won by Republican Herbert Hoover). Four years later, however, voter turnout surged and the city finally flipped to the Democrats. Roosevelt carried Philadelphia with over 60% of the vote in 1936. The city has remained loyally Democratic in every presidential election since. It is now one of the most Democratic in the country; in 2008, Democrat Barack Obama drew 83% of the city's vote. Obama's win was even greater in 2012, capturing 85% of the vote.",
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] | Who led the opposition against the party that held prominence until the middle of the 20th century? | [
{
"id": 30741,
"question": "What party dominated until the mid-20th century",
"answer": "Republican Party",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
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{
"id": 85990,
"question": "who were the leaders of the opposition #1",
"answer": "anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex Whigs and ex Free Soilers",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
}
] | anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex Whigs and ex Free Soilers | [] | true | Who were the leaders of the opposition of the party that dominated until the mid-20th century? |
2hop__848156_130869 | [
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "National Gallery of Art",
"paragraph_text": " decided to direct his collecting efforts towards the establishment of a new national gallery for the United States.\nIn 1930, partly for tax reasons, Mellon formed the A. W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, which was to be the legal owner of works intended for the gallery. In 1930–1931, the Trust made its first major acquisition, 21 paintings from the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg as part of the Soviet sale of Hermitage paintings, including such masterpieces as Raphael's Alba Madonna, Titian's Venus with a Mirror, and Jan van Eyck's Annunciation.\nIn 1929 Mellon had initiated contact with the recently appointed Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Charles Greeley Abbot. Mellon was appointed in 1931 as a Commissioner of the Institution's National Gallery of Art. When the director of the Gallery retired, Mellon asked Abbot not to appoint a successor, as he proposed to endow a new building with funds for expansion of the collections.\nHowever, Mellon's trial for tax evasion, centering on the Trust and the Hermitage paintings, caused the plan to be modified. In 1935, Mellon announced in The Washington Star his intention to establish a new gallery for old masters, separate from the Smithsonian. When asked by Abbot, he explained that the project was in the hands of the Trust and that its decisions were partly dependent on \"the attitude of the Government towards the gift\".\nIn January 1937, Mellon formally offered to create the new Gallery. On his birthday, 24 March 1937, an Act of Congress accepted the collection and building funds (provided through the Trust), and approved the construction of a museum on the National Mall.\nThe new gallery was to be effectively self-governing, not controlled by the Smithsonian, but took the old name \"National Gallery of Art\" while the Smithsonian's gallery would be renamed the \"National Collection of Fine Arts\" (now the Smithsonian American Art Museum).\n\n\n=== Construction and later history ===\nThe museum stands on the former site of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station, where in 1881 a disgruntled office seeker, Charles Guiteau, shot President James Garfield (see James A. Garfield assassination). The station was demolished in 1908 because it did not conform to the McMillan Plan for the Mall. In 1918, temporary war buildings were constructed on the site; these were demolished by 1921 to construct the foundation of the George Washington Memorial Building, which was never completed. The site was then reassigned to the new National Gallery of Art.\nDesigned by architect John Russell Pope, the new structure was completed and accepted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on behalf of the American people on March 17, 1941. At the time of its inception it was the largest marble structure in the world. Neither Mellon nor Pope lived to see the museum completed; both died in late August 1937, only two months after excavation had begun.\nAs anticipated by Mellon, the creation of the National Gallery encouraged the donation of other substantial art collections by a numberThe National Gallery of Art, and its attached Sculpture Garden, is a national art museum in Washington, D.C., located on the National Mall, between 3rd and 9th Streets, at Constitution Avenue NW. Open to the public and free of charge, the museum was privately established in 1937 for the American people by a joint resolution of the United States Congress. Andrew W. Mellon donated a substantial art collection and funds for construction. The core collection includes major works of art donated by Paul Mellon, Ailsa Mellon Bruce, Lessing J. Rosenwald, Samuel Henry Kress, Rush Harrison Kress, Peter Arrell Browne Widener, Joseph E. Widener, and Chester Dale. The Gallery's collection of paintings, drawings, prints, photographs, sculpture, medals, and decorative arts traces the development of Western Art from the Middle Ages to the present, including the only painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Americas and the largest mobile created by Alexander Calder.TheThe National Gallery of Art, and its attached Sculpture Garden, is a national art museum in Washington, D.C., located on the National Mall, between 3rd and 9th Streets, at Constitution Avenue NW. Open to the public and free of charge, the museum was privately established in 1937 for the American people by a joint resolution of the United States Congress. Andrew W. Mellon donated a substantial art collection and funds for construction. The core collection includes major works of art donated by Paul Mellon, Ailsa Mellon Bruce, Lessing J. Rosenwald, Samuel Henry Kress, Rush Harrison Kress, Peter Arrell Browne Widener, Joseph E. Widener, and Chester Dale. The Gallery's collection of paintings, drawings, prints, photographs, sculpture, medals, and decorative arts traces the development of Western Art from the Middle Ages to the present, including the only painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Americas and the largest mobile created by Alexander Calder. original neoclassical West Building designed by John Russell Pope, which is linked underground to the modernist East Building, designed by I. M. Pei, and is next to the 6.1-acre (25,000 m2) Sculpture Garden. The Gallery often presents temporary special exhibitions spanning the world and the history of art. It is one of the largest museums in North America. \nAttendance rose to nearly 3.3 million visitors in 2022, making it first among U.S. art museums, and third on the list of most-visited museums in the United States. Of the top three art museums in the United States by annual visitors, it is the only one that has no admission fee.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Origins ===\n\nAndrew W. Mellon, Pittsburgh banker and Treasury Secretary from 1921 until 1932, began gathering a private collection of old master paintings and sculptures during World War I",
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"idx": 19,
"title": "Fatata te Miti (By the Sea)",
"paragraph_text": "ahine no te vi (Woman of the Mango) (W 449) painted at the same time, it is an example of the relatively few straightforward genre scenes that Gauguin painted immediately after setting up his studio in a native bamboo hut at Mataiea, Papeari. Nevertheless, as Nancy Mowll Mathews, Gauguin's biographer, points out, neither represents what he actually saw; the paintings transforming the mundane and ordinary into an exoticized view of the island's life. A pendant painting Arearea no varua ino (The Amusement of the Evil Spirit) (W 514), executed shortly after Gauguin had returned to Paris, appears to share the same setting and demonstrates how he moved on from simple genre painting,Fatata te Miti is an 1892 oil painting by French artist Paul Gauguin, located in the National Gallery of Art, in Washington, DC.Fatata te Miti is an 1892 oil painting by French artist Paul Gauguin, located in the National Gallery of Art, in Washington, DC.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which state is the location where Fatata te Miti is exhibited? | [
{
"id": 848156,
"question": "Fatata te Miti >> location",
"answer": "National Gallery of Art",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 130869,
"question": "What state is #1 located?",
"answer": "Washington, D.C.",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | Washington, D.C. | [
"Washington",
"DC",
"Washington, DC",
"D.C."
] | true | What state contains the place where Fatata te Miti is displayed? |
3hop1__239036_15840_36002 | [
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Xexyz",
"paragraph_text": ".\nThe Japanese Famicom version is based on the tales of Urashima Tarō, features cutscenes throughout the game, a choice of three endings and has minor graphical differences in some of the NPCs.\n\n\n== Gameplay ==\nThe game revolves around the main character Apollo, who progresses through the game in an alternating format that switches between platform, side-scrolling action (similar to the Super Mario Bros. series) and side-scrolling shooter action (similar to Konami's Gradius series). The goal of the game is to destroy the evil Goruza, rescue Princess Maria, and save the planet.\nIn the platforming levels, defeated enemies drop life ('L' blocks) or money ('E' blocks) power-ups. Apollo can collect the currency of the land ('Balls'/'E Ball') in order to exchange it for power-ups and information, as well as access to minigames. Vendors are scattered throughout the platforming levels through doors or hidden gates. In the shooter levels, the player can obtain 'S' and 'P' items that upgrade speed and weapons, respectively.\n\n\n=== Platformer gameplay ===\nThe odd-numbered stages in the game (1, 3, 5, etc.) utilize mostly platform-style gameplay. These stages work in the familiar manner; the character progresses at his/her own pace, picking up new weapons and power-ups along the way. To leave the initial area of each of these levels the player has to collect a \"force star\" by defeating an enemy found in a hidden room. Once this star is obtained the character is able to enter the \"mechanical castle\" in the region. The mechanical castles, being mazelike indoor environments full of robots and machines, stand in stark contrast to the earlier parts of each level, which are organic outdoor environments. Each mechanical castle also has a brief auto-scrolling shooter segment through which the player must pass; these segments foreshadow the imminent transition to the following even-numbered stages. The segments in question consist of a sequence of corridors, at the end of which are two doors; choosing the wrong door loops the player back. Finally, at the very end of each mechanical castle, there is a door leading to a boss fight. The boss fights are set against a solid black background and Apollo must fight while standing on a controllable floating platform.\n\n\n=== Side-scrolling shooter gameplay ===\nFor the even-numbered stages (2, 4, 6, etc.) the character is prompted to jump into a vehicle (a different one each time) and take part in an auto-scrolling Gradius-like level ending with a boss fight.\n\n\n=== Boss fights ===\n\nIn the transition area after the platform-style levels, prior to the boss fight, Apollo is prompted to jump on a platform that lets him float. After moving into a previously out-of-reach door, the fight begins.\nIn side-scrolling shooter areas, the player simply appears in a boss area in the ship they played the level in.\nThe fights consist of a black area where the player fights a giant robot/ship. Their attack pattern, resembling that of a Manic shooter, is repetitive and avoidable; the player shoots the boss with either their conventional weaponXexyz (pronounced zeks'-zees/zeks'-iz), known in Japan as , is a 1988 video game published by Hudson Soft for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The game was released in Japan on August 26, 1988, and saw a North American release sometime in April, 1990. The game was never released in Europe and the game is not playable on PAL consoles.XXexyz (pronounced zeks'-zees/zeks'-iz), known in Japan as , is a 1988 video game published by Hudson Soft for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The game was released in Japan on August 26, 1988, and saw a North American release sometime in April, 1990. The game was never released in Europe and the game is not playable on PAL consoles. was released in Japan on August 26, 1988, and saw a North American release sometime in April 1990. The game was never released in Europe and the game is not playable on PAL consoles.\nThe story takes place in the post-apocalyptic year of 2777, after Earth has been devastated by nuclear war and natural disasters, with the island nation of Xexyz now being threatened by alien robots.\nThe Japanese Famicom version is based on the tales of Urashima Tarō, features cutscenes throughout the game, a choice of three endings and has minor graphical differences in some of the NPCs.\n\n\n== Gameplay ==\nThe game revolves around the main character Apollo, who progresses through the game in an alternating format that switches between platform, side-scrolling action (similar to the Super Mario Bros. series) and side-scrolling shooter action (similar to Konami's Gradius series). The goal of the game is to destroy the evil Goruza, rescue Princess Maria, and save the planet.\nIn the platforming levels, defeated enemies drop life ('L' blocks) or money ('E' blocks) power-ups. Apollo can collect the currency of the land ('Balls'/'E Ball') in order to exchange it for power-ups and information, as well as access to minigames. Vendors are scattered throughout the platforming levels through doors or hidden gates. In the shooter levels, the player can obtain 'S' and 'P' items that upgrade speed and weapons, respectively.\n\n\n=== Platformer gameplay ===\nThe odd-numbered stages in the game (1, 3, 5, etc.) utilize mostly platform-style gameplay. These stages work in the familiar manner; the character progresses at his/her own pace, picking up new weapons and power-ups along the way. To leave the initial area of each of these levels the player has to collect a \"force star\" by defeating an enemy found in a hidden room. Once this star is obtained the character is able to enter the \"mechanical castle\" in the region. The mechanical castles, being mazelike indoor environments full of robots and machines, stand in stark contrast to the earlier parts of each level, which are organic outdoor environments. Each mechanical castle also has a brief auto-scrolling shooter",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 15,
"title": "Nintendo Entertainment System",
"paragraph_text": " rapid growth and popularity from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, marked by the golden age of arcade games and the second generation of consoles. Games like Space Invaders (1978) became a phenomenon across arcades worldwide, while home consoles such as the Atari 2600 and the Intellivision gained footholds in the American market. Many companies emerged to capitalise on the growing industry, including the playing card manufacturer Nintendo. \nHiroshi Yamauchi, who had been Nintendo's president since 1949, realised that breakthroughs in the electronics industry meant that entertainment products could be produced at lower prices. Companies such as Atari and Magnavox were already selling gaming devices for use with television sets, to moderate success. Yamauchi negotiated a licence with Magnavox to sell its gameThe Nintendo Entertainment System (also abbreviated as NES) is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer (Japanese: ������リー��ンピュー��, Hepburn: Famirī Konpyūta?) (also known by the portmanteau abbreviation Famicom (フ����コン, Famikon?) and abbreviated as FC) on July 15, 1983, and was later released in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986, and Australia in 1987. In South Korea, it was known as the Hyundai Comboy (��대 ��보이 Hyeondae Keomboi) and was distributed by SK Hynix which then was known as Hyundai Electronics. It was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) is an 8-bit home video game console produced by Nintendo. It was first released in Japan on 15 July 1983 as the Family Computer (Famicom). It was released in US test markets as the redesigned NES in October 1985, and fully launched in the US the following year. The NES was distributed in Europe, Australia, and parts of Asia throughout the 1980s under various names. As a third-generation console, it mainly competed with Sega's Master System.\nThe NES was designed byThe Nintendo Entertainment System (also abbreviated as NES) is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer (Japanese: ファミリーコンピュータ, Hepburn: Famirī Konpyūta?) (also known by the portmanteau abbreviation Famicom (ファミコン, Famikon?) and abbreviated as FC) on July 15, 1983, and was later released in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986, and Australia in 1987. In South Korea, it was known as the Hyundai Comboy (현대 컴보이 Hyeondae Keomboi) and was distributed by SK Hynix which then was known as Hyundai Electronics. It was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. shooting games, and R.O.B, a toy robot accessory.\nThe NES is regarded as one of the most influential consoles. It helped revitalise the American gaming industry following the video game crash of 1983, and pioneered a now-standard business model of licensing third-party developers to produce and distribute games. The NES features several groundbreaking games, including Super Mario Bros. (1985), The Legend of Zelda (1986), Metroid (1986), and Mega Man (1987) which have become major franchises. \nThe NES dominated Japanese and North American markets, but initially underperformed in Europe where it faced strong competition from the Sega Master System and microcomputers. With 61.91 million units sold, it is one of the best-selling consoles of all time. It was succeeded in 1990 by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Background ===\n\nThe video game industry experienced rapid growth and popularity from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, marked by the golden age of arcade games and the second generation of consoles. Games like",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System",
"paragraph_text": " North America and Europe. Overlapping the NES's 61.9 million unit sales, the Super NES remained popular well into the 32-bit era, with 49.1 million units sold worldwide by the time it was discontinued in 2003. It continues to be popular among collectors and retro gamers, with new homebrew games and Nintendo's emulated rereleases, such as on the Virtual Console, the Super NES Classic Edition, Nintendo Switch Online; as well as several non-console emulators which operate on a desktop computer or mobile device, such as Snes9x.\n\n\n== History ==\nTo compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan, NEC Home Electronics launched the PC Engine in 1987, and Sega followed suit with the Mega Drive in 1988. The two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Sega Genesis respectively. Both systems were built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound over the 8-bit NES. It took several years for Sega's system to become successful. Nintendo executives wereTo compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan, NEC Home Electronics launched the PC Engine in 1987, and Sega Enterprises followed suit with the Mega Drive in 1988. The two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Genesis respectively. Both systems were built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound over the 8-bit NES. However, it took several years for Sega's system to become successful. Nintendo executives were in no rush to design a new system, but they reconsidered when they began to see their dominance in the market slipping.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What benefits did the Genesis platform have compared to Xexys? | [
{
"id": 239036,
"question": "Xexyz >> platform",
"answer": "Nintendo Entertainment System",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 15840,
"question": "What is the abbreviation of #1 ?",
"answer": "NES",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 36002,
"question": "What were the Genesis's advantages over the #2 ?",
"answer": "built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
}
] | built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound | [
"16-bit",
"16-bit architecture"
] | true | What were the Genesis's advantages over the platform of Xexys? |
2hop__552607_126089 | [
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "North Holland",
"paragraph_text": "orth Holland (Dutch: Noord-Holland, pronounced [��no��rt ������l��nt] ) is a province of the Netherlands in the northwestern part of the country. It is located on the North Sea, north of South Holland and Utrecht, and west of Friesland and Flevoland. As of January 2023, it had a population of about 2,952,000 and a total area of 4,092 km2 (1,580 sq mi), of which 1,429 km2 (552 sq mi) is water.\nFrom the 9th to the 16th century, the area was an integral part of the County of Holland. During this period West Friesland was incorporated. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the area was part of the province of Holland and commonly known as the Noorderkwartier (English: \"Northern Quarter\"). In 1840, the province of Holland was split into the two provinces of North Holland and South Holland. In 1855, the Haarlemmermeer was drained and turned into land.\nThe provincial capital is Haarlem (pop. 161,265). The province's largest city and also the largest city in the Netherlands is the Dutch capital Amsterdam, with a population of 862,965 as of November 2019. The King's Commissioner of North Holland is Arthur van Dijk, who has been serving since 2019. There are 45 municipalities and three (including parts of) water boards in the province. The busiest airport in the Netherlands and Europe's third-busiest airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, is in North Holland.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Emergence of a new province (1795 to 1840) ===\nThe province of North Holland as it is today has its origins in the period of French rule from 1795 to 1813. This was a time of bewildering changes to the Dutch system of provinces. In 1795, the old order was swept away and the Batavian Republic was established. In the Constitution enacted on 23 April 1798, the old borders were radically changed. The republic was reorganised into eight departments (département) with roughly equal populations. Holland was split up into five departments named \"Texel\", \"Amstel\", \"Delf\", \"Schelde en Maas\", and \"Rijn\". The first three of these lay within the borders of the old Holland;The capital and seat of the provincial government is Haarlem, and the province's largest city is the Netherlands' capital Amsterdam. The King's Commissioner of North Holland is Johan Remkes, serving since 2010. There are 51 municipalities and three (including parts of) water boards in the province.The capital and seat of the provincial government is Haarlem, and the province's largest city is the Netherlands' capital Amsterdam. The King's Commissioner of North Holland is Johan Remkes, serving since 2010. There are 51 municipalities and three (including parts of) water boards in the province.North Holland (Dutch: Noord-Holland, pronounced [��no��rt ������l��nt] ) is a province of the Netherlands in the northwestern part of the country. It is located on the North Sea, north of South Holland and Utrecht, and west of Friesland and Flevoland. As of January 2023, it had a population of about 2,952,000 and a total area of 4,092 km2 (1,580 sq mi), of which 1,429 km2 (552 sq mi) is water.\nFrom the 9th to the 16th century, the area was an integral part of the County of Holland. During this period West Friesland was incorporated. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the area was part of the province of Holland and commonly known as the Noorderkwartier (English: \"Northern Quarter\"). In 1840, the province of Holland was split into the two provinces of North Holland and South Holland. In 1855, the Haarlemmermeer was drained and turned into land.\nThe provincial capital is Haarlem (pop. 161,265). The province's largest city and also the largest city in the Netherlands is the Dutch capital Amsterdam, with a population of 862,965 as of November 2019. The King's Commissioner of North Holland is Arthur van Dijk, who has been serving since 2019. There are 45 municipalities and three (including parts of) water boards in the province. The busiest airport in the Netherlands and Europe's third-bus",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Zeevang",
"paragraph_text": "heim, Hobrede, Kwadijk, Middelie, Oosthuizen, Schardam, Warder.\n\n\n== Local government ==\nThe municipal council of Zeevang consisted of 13 seats, which at the 2014 elections were divided as follows:\n\nZeevangs Belang - 7 seats\nVVD - 3 seats\nPvdA - 2 seats\nCDA - 1 seat\nAn election was held in November 2015 for a council for the new merged Edam-Volendam municipality that commenced work on 1 January 2016, replacing Zeevang council.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Zeevang at Wikimedia Commons\nOfficial websiteZeevang (Dutch pronunciation: [��ze��v����] ) is a former municipality in northwestern Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Since January 2016, Zeevang has been part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam.\n\n\n== Population centres ==\nThe former municipality of Zeevang contained the following small towns and villages: Beets, Etersheim, Hobrede, Kwadijk, Middelie, Oosthuizen, Schardam, Warder.\n\n\n== Local government ==\nThe municipal council of Zeevang consisted of 13 seats, which at the 2014 elections were divided as follows:\n\nZeevangs Belang - 7 seats\nVVD - 3 seats\nPvdA - 2 seats\nCDA - 1 seat\nAn election was held in November 2015 for a council for the new merged Edam-Volendam municipality that commenced work on 1 January Zeevang () is a former municipality in northwestern Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Since 2016, Zeevang has been part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam.Zeevang (Dutch pronunciationZeevang () is a former municipality in northwestern Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Since 2016, Zeevang has been part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam., Zeevang has been part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam.\n\n\n== Population centres ==\nThe former municipality of Zeevang contained the following small towns and villages: Beets, Etersheim, Hobrede, Kwadijk, Middelie, Oosthuizen, Schardam, Warder.\n\n\n== Local government ==\nThe municipal council of Zeevang consisted of 13 seats, which at the 2014 elections were divided as follows:\n\nZeevangs Belang - 7 seats\nVVD - 3 seats\nPvdA - 2 seats\nCDA - 1 seat\nAn election was held in November 2015 for a council for the new merged Edam-Volendam municipality that commenced work on 1 January 2016, replacing Zeevang council.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Zeevang at Wikimedia Commons\nOfficial websiteZeevang (Dutch pronunciation: [��ze��v����] ) is a former municipality in northwestern Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Since January 2016, Zeevang has been part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam.\n\n\n== Population centres ==\nThe former municipality of Zeevang contained the following small towns and villages: Beets, Etersheim, Hobrede, Kwadijk, Middelie, Oosthuizen, Schardam, Warder.\n\n\n== Local government ==\nThe municipal council of Zeevang consisted of 13 seats",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who held the leadership role over the province that encompasses Zeevang? | [
{
"id": 552607,
"question": "Zeevang >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "North Holland",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 126089,
"question": "Who was in charge of #1 ?",
"answer": "Johan Remkes",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
}
] | Johan Remkes | [] | true | Who was in charge of the province which contains Zeevang? |
3hop1__409517_547811_41132 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Orlando furioso (Vivaldi, 1714)",
"paragraph_text": "Orlando furioso RV 819 (, Teatro San Angelo, Venice 1714) is a three-act opera surviving in manuscript in Antonio Vivaldi's personal library, only partly related to his better known Orlando furioso (RV 728) of 1727. It is a recomposition of an \"Orlando furioso\" written by Giovanni Alberto Ristori which had been very successfully staged by Vivaldi and his father's \"impresa\" in 1713, and whose music survives in a few fragments retained in the score of RV 819. Therefore, Vivaldi's first cataloguer Peter Ryom did not assign the opera a RV number, but catalogued it as RV Anh. 84. The libretto was by Grazio Braccioli.84. The libretto was by Grazio Braccioli.\n\n\n== Authorship ==\nFederico Maria Sardelli, according to the studies of Reinhard Strohm, argues that Orlando RV 819 was entirely recomposed by Vivaldi, starting from the original Ristori's opera that Vivaldi himself had already changed during the numerous representations of the season 1713. He assigned to it the catalogue number RV 819. One suggestion is that Vivaldi avoided putting his own name on the opera having himself only recently taken direction of the Teatro San Angelo. Against this others consider that the bulk of the opera is a copy of Ristori's lost work.\n\n\n== Opera ==\nUnlike the Orlando furioso (RV 728) of 1727, in which the role of Orlando is sung by a contralto",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Black Death",
"paragraph_text": " 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the timeIn 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years.In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years. Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–25, and again in 1635–36, 1655, and 1664. Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528. The plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. Over 60% of Norway's population died in 1348–50. The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Scanderbeg (opera)",
"paragraph_text": "Scanderbeg (; RV 732) is an opera (\"dramma per musica\") in three acts composed by Antonio Vivaldi to an Italian libretto by Antonio Salvi. It was first performed at the Teatro della Pergola in Florence on 22 June 1718 to mark the re-opening of the theatre to public performances. While the libretto has been preserved, only fragments of the original score remain.Scanderbeg (; RV 732) is an opera (\"dramma per musica\") in three acts composed by Antonio Vivaldi to an Italian libretto by Antonio Salvi. It was first performed at the Teatro della Pergola in Florence on 22 June 1718 to mark the re-opening of the theatre to public performances. While the libretto has been preserved, only fragments of the original score remain.Gjergj Kastrioti (c.��1405 – 17 January 1468), commonly known as Skanderbeg, was an Albanian feudal lord and military commander who led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in what is today Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro, and Serbia.\nA member of the noble Kastrioti family, he was sent as a hostage to the Ottoman court. He graduated from the Enderun School and entered the service of the Ottoman sultan Murad II (r.��1421–1444) for the next twenty years. His rise through the ranks culminated in his appointment as sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Dibra in 1440. During the Battle of Nish in 1443, he deserted the Ottomans and became the ruler of Krujë and nearby areas extending from Petrelë to Modrič. In March 1444, he established the League of Lezhë, with support from local noblemen, and unified the Albanian principalities.\nIn 1451, through the Treaty of Gaeta, he recognized de jure the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Naples over Albania, ensuring a protective alliance, although he remained a de facto independent ruler. In 1460–61, he supported Ferdinand I of Naples (r.��1458–1494) in his wars and led an Italian expedition against John II of Anjou (r.��1453–1470). In 1463, he was earmarked to be the chief commander of the crusading forces of Pope Pius II, but the Pope died while the armies were still gathering and the greater European crusade never took place. Together with Venetians, he fought against the Ottomans during the First Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479) until his death.\nSkanderbeg ranks high in the military history of that time as the most persistent—and ever-victorious—opponent of the Ottoman Empire during its heyday. He became a central figure in the Albanian National Awakening of the 19th century. He is honored in modern Albania and is commemorated with many monuments and cultural works. Skanderbeg's military skills presented a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion, and many in Western Europe considered him to be a model of Christian resistance against the Ottomans.\n\n\n== Name ==\nThe Kastrioti, in comparison to other Albanian noble families, so far remain absent from historical or archival records until their first historical appearance at the end of the 14th century. The historical figure of Konstantin Kastrioti Mazreku is attested in Giovanni Andrea Angelo Flavio Comneno's Genealogia diversarum principum familiarum. Angelo mentions Kastrioti as Constantinus Castriotus, cognomento Meserechus, Aemathiae & Castoriae Princeps (Constantinus Castriotus, surnamed Meserechus, Prince of Aemathia and Castoria). The toponym Castoria has been interpreted as Kastriot, Kastrat in Has, Kastrat in Dibra or the microtoponym \"Kostur\" near the village of Mazrek in the Has region. In connection to the Kastrioti family name, it is very likely that the name of one the different Kastriot or Kastrat which were fortified settlements as their etymology shows (castrum) was as their family name. The Kastrioti may have originated from this village or probably had acquired it as pronoia. Angelo used the cognomen Meserechus in reference to Skanderbeg and this link to the same name is produced in other sources and reproduced in later ones like Du Cange's Historia Byzantina (1680). These links highlight that the Kastrioti used Mazreku as a name that highlighted their tribal affiliation (farefisni). The name Mazrek(u), which means horse breeder in Albanian, is found throughout all Albanian regions.\nSkanderbeg's first name was Gjergj (George) in Albanian. Frang Bardhi in Dictionarium latino-epiroticum (1635) provides two first names in Albanian: Gjeç (Giec) and Gjergj (Gierg). In his personal correspondence in Italian and in most biographies produced after his death in Italy, his name was written as Giorgio. His name on his official seal and signature was Georgius Castriotus Scanderbego (Latin). His correspondence with Slavic states (Republic of Ragusa), was written by scribes like Ninac Vukosalić. Skanderbeg's name in Slavic is recorded the first time in the 1426 act of sale of St. George's tower to his father Gjon Kastrioti in Hilandar as Ге��рг and appears as Гюрьгь Кастри��ть in his later correspondence in the 1450s.\nThe Ottoman Turks gave him the name اسکندر بگ (İskender bey or İskender beğ), meaning \"Lord Alexander\", or \"Leader Alexander\". Skënderbeu and Skënderbej are the Albanian versions, with Skander being the Albanian form of \"Alexander\". Latinized in Barleti's version as Scanderbegi and translated into English as Skanderbeg or Scanderbeg, the combined appellative is assumed to have been a comparison of Skanderbeg's military skill to that of Alexander the Great. This name was itself used by Skanderbeg even after his re-conversion to Christianity and was later held by his descendants in Italy who became known as the Castriota-Scanderbeg. Skanderbeg always signed himself in Latin: Dominus Albaniae (\"Lord of Albania\"), and claimed no other titles but that in surviving documents.\n\n\n== Early life ==\nThere have been many theories on the place where Skanderbeg was born. One of the main Skanderbeg biographers, Frashëri, has, among others, interpreted Gjon Muzaka's book of genealogies, sources of Raffaele Maffei (\"il Volterrano\"; 1451–1522), and the Ottoman defter (census) of 1467, and placed the birth of Skanderbeg in the small village of Sinë, one of the two villages owned by his grandfather Pal Kastrioti. Fan Noli's placement of the year of his birth in 1405 is now largely agreed upon, after earlier disagreements, and lack of birth documents for him and his siblings. His father Gjon Kastrioti held territory between Lezhë and Prizren that included Mat, Mirditë and Dibër in north-central Albania. His mother was Voisava, whose origin is disputed. One view holds that she was a Slavic princess from the Polog region, which has been interpreted as her being a possible member of the Serbian Branković family or a local Bulgarian noble family. Although there are no primary or archival sources linking Voisava to the Branković family. The other view is that she was a member of the Albanian Muzaka family, daughter of Domenico Moncino Musachi a relative of Muzaka house. Skanderbeg had three older brothers: Stanisha, Reposh and Constantine, and five sisters: Mara, Jelena, Angelina, Vlajka and Mamica.\nAccording to the geopolitical contexts of the time, Gjon Kastrioti changed allegiances and religions when allied to Venice as a Catholic and Serbia as an Orthodox Christian. Gjon Kastrioti later became a vassal of the Sultan since the end of the 14th century, and, as a consequence, paid tribute and provided military services to the Ottomans (such as in the Battle of Ankara in 1402). In 1409, he sent his eldest son, Stanisha, to be the Sultan's hostage. According to Marin Barleti, a primary source, Skanderbeg and his three older brothers, Reposh, Kostandin, and Stanisha, were taken by the Sultan to his court as hostages; however, according to documents, besides Skanderbeg, only one of the brothers of Skanderbeg, probably Stanisha, was taken hostage and had been conscripted into the Devşirme system, a military institute that enrolled Christian boys, converted them to Islam, and trained them to become military officers. 21st-century historians are of the opinion that while Stanisha might have been conscripted at a young age, and had to go through the Devşirme, this was not the case with Skanderbeg, who is assumed to have been sent hostage to the Sultan by his father only at the age of 18. It was customary at the time that a local chieftain, who had been defeated by the Sultan, would send one of his children to the Sultan's court, where the child would be a hostage for an unspecified time; this way, the Sultan was able to exercise control in the area ruled by the hostage's father. The treatment of the hostages was not bad. Far from being held in a prison, the hostages were usually sent to the best military schools and trained to become future military leaders.\n\n\n== Ottoman service: 1423 to 1443 ==\n\nSkanderbeg was sent as a hostage to the Ottoman court in Adrianople (Edirne) in 1415, and again in 1423. It is assumed that he remained at Murad II's court as iç oğlan for a maximum of three years, where he received military training at Enderun School.\nThe earliest existing record of George's name is the First Act of Hilandar from 1426, when Gjon (John) Kastrioti and his four sons donated the right to the proceeds from taxes collected from two villages in Macedonia (in",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In the birthplace of the composer who created Scanderbeg, how often did the plague break out? | [
{
"id": 409517,
"question": "Scanderbeg >> composer",
"answer": "Antonio Vivaldi",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 547811,
"question": "#1 >> place of birth",
"answer": "Venice",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 41132,
"question": "How many times did plague occur in #2 ?",
"answer": "22",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | 22 | [] | true | How many times did the plague occur in the birth city of the composer of Scanderbeg? |
3hop1__857_846_7752 | [
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_text": " executioners via the foot rope.\nThe executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high beside the condemned. The executioner would place the heel of his hand beneath the prisoner's jaw to increase the force on the neck vertebrae at the end of the drop, then manually dislocate the condemned's neck by forcing the head to one side while the neck vertebrae were under traction.\nThis method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by Czechoslovakia, where the \"pole\" method was used as the single type of execution from 1918 until the abolition of capital punishment in 1990. Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank, executed in 1946 in Prague, was among approximately 1,000 condemned people executed in this manner in Czechoslovakia.\n\n\n=== Standard drop ===\n\nThe standard drop involves a drop of between 4 and 6 feet (1.2–1.8 m) and came into use from 1866, when the scientific details were published by Irish doctor Samuel Haughton. Its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those with judicial systems of English origin.\nIt was considered a humane improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the person's neck, causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.\nThis method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials, including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: \"The hangman botched the execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired.\" A Life magazine report on the execution merely says: \"The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight.\"\n\n\n=== Long drop ===\n\nThe long-drop process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advance on the standard drop. Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's height and weight were used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken, but not so much that the person was decapitated. Careful placement of the eye or knot of the noose (so that the head was jerked back as the rope tightened) contributed to breaking the neck.\nPrior to 1892, the drop was between four and ten feet (about one to three metres), depending on the weight of the body, and was calculated to deliver an energy of 1,260 foot-pounds force (1,710 J), which fractured the neck at either the 2nd and 3rd or 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae. This force resulted in some decapitations, such as the infamous case of Black Jack Ketchum in New Mexico Territory in 1901, owing to a significant weight gain while in custody not having been factored into the drop calculations. Between 1892 and 1913, the length of the drop was shortened to avoid decapitation. After 1913, other factors were also taken into account, and the energy delivered was reduced to about 1,000 foot-pounds force (1,400 J).\n\nThe decapitation of Eva Dugan during a botched hanging in 1930 led the state of Arizona to switch to the gas chamber as its primary execution method, on the grounds that it was believed more humane. One of the more recent decapitations as a result of the long drop occurred when Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti was hanged in Iraq in 2007. Accidental decapitation also occurred during the 1962 hanging of Arthur Lucas, one of the last two individuals to be put to death in Canada.\nNazis executed under British jurisdiction, including Josef Kramer, Fritz Klein, Irma Grese and Elisabeth Volkenrath, were hanged by Albert Pierrepoint using the variable-drop method devised by Marwood. The record speed for a British long-drop hanging was seven seconds from the executioner entering the cell to the drop. Speed was considered to be important in the British system as it reduced the condemned's mental distress.\nLong-drop hanging is still practiced as the method of execution in a few countries, including Japan and Singapore.\n\n\n== As suicide ==\n\nHanging is a common suicide method. The materials necessary for suicide by hanging are readily available to the average person, compared with firearms or poisons. Full suspension is not required, and for this reason, hanging is especially commonplace among suicidal prisoners (see suicide watch). A type of hanging comparable to full suspension hanging may be obtained by self-strangulation using a ligature around the neck and the partial weight of the body (partial suspension) to tighten the ligature. When a suicidal hanging involves partial suspension the deceased is found to have both feet touching the ground, e.g., they are kneeling, crouching or standing. Partial suspension or partial weight-bearing on the ligature is sometimes used, particularly in prisons, mental hospitals or other institutions, where full suspension support is difficult to devise, because high ligature points (e.g., hooks or pipes) have been removed.\nIn Canada, hanging is the most common method of suicide, and in the U.S., hanging is the second most common method, after self-inflicted gunshot wounds. In the United Kingdom, where firearms are less easily available, in 2001 hanging was the most common method among men and the second most commonplace among women (after poisoning).\nThose who survive a suicide-via-hanging attempt, whether due to breakage of the cord or ligature point, or being discovered and cut down, face a range of serious injuries, including cerebral anoxia (which can lead to permanent brain damage), laryngeal fracture, cervical spine fracture (which may cause paralysis), tracheal fracture, pharyngeal laceration, and carotid artery injury.\n\n\n== As human sacrifice ==\nThere are some suggestions that the Vikings practiced hanging as human sacrifices to Odin, to honour Odin's own sacrifice of hanging himself from Yggdrasil. In Northern Europe, it is widely speculated that the Iron Age bog bodies, many who show signs of having been hanged were examples of human sacrifice to the gods.\n\n\n== Medical effects ==\n\nA hanging may induce one or more of the following medical conditions, some leading to death:\n\nClosure of carotid arteries causing cerebral hypoxia\nClosure of the jugular veins\nBreaking of the neck (cervical fracture) causing traumatic spinal cord injury orThe Xinhai Revolution led to the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first provisional president and Nanking was selected as its new capital. However, the Qing Empire controlled large regions to the north, so revolutionaries asked Yuan Shikai to replace Sun as president in exchange for the abdication of Puyi, the Last Emperor. Yuan demanded the capital be Beijing (closer to his power base)..\nA rope is attached around the condemned's feet and routed through a pulley at the base of the pole.\nThe condemned is hoisted to the top of the pole by means of a sling running across the chest and under the armpits.\nA narrow-diameter noose is looped around the prisoner's neck, then secured to a hook mounted at the top of the pole.\nThe chest sling is released, and the prisoner is rapidly jerked downward by the assistant executioners via the foot rope.\nThe executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high beside the condemned. The executioner would place the heel of his hand beneath the prisoner's jaw to increase the force on the neck vertebrae at the end of the drop, then manually dislocate the condemned's neck by forcing the head to one side while the neck vertebrae were under traction.\nThis method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by Czechoslovakia, where the \"pole\" method was used as the single type of execution from 1918 until the abolition of capital punishment in 1990. Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank, executed in 1946 in Prague, was among approximately 1,000 condemned people executed in this manner in Czechoslovakia.\n\n\n=== Standard drop ===\n\nThe standard drop involves a drop of between 4 and 6 feet (1.2–1.8 m) and came into use from 1866, when the scientific details were published by Irish doctor Samuel Haughton. Its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those with judicial systems of English origin.\nIt was considered a humane improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the person's neck, causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.\nThis method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials, including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: \"The hangman botched the execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired.\" A Life magazine report on the execution merely says: \"The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight.\"\n\n\n=== Long drop ===\n\nThe long-drop process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 187",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty",
"paragraph_text": "abi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.The Ming dynasty considered Tibet to be part of the Western Regions. While the Ming dynasty at its height had some degree of influence in Tibet, the exact nature of their relations is under dispute by modern scholars. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. The Historical Status of China's Tibet, a book published by the People's Republic of China, asserts that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet by pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of the titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars in China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and so it was a part of the Ming Empire. However, most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvyn C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceased relations with Tibet.\n\nSome scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming–Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet. Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship.\nIn the hope of reviving the unique relationship during the Yuan dynasty, and his spiritual superior Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, the Yongle Emperor made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa, the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school. However, the Yongle Emperor's attempts were unsuccessful.\nThe Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century but did not garrison permanent troops there. The Tibetans also sometimes used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor made attempts to re-establish Ming–Tibetan relations after the Mongol–During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty",
"paragraph_text": "The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa:",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who relocated the capital to Beijing from the city where the individual who received the edict was welcomed by the Yongle Emperor? | [
{
"id": 857,
"question": "Who was the edict addressed to?",
"answer": "the Karmapa",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 846,
"question": "Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the #1 ?",
"answer": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 7752,
"question": "Who moved the capital from #2 to Beijing?",
"answer": "Yuan Shikai",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
}
] | Yuan Shikai | [] | true | Who moved the capitol from the city where the Yongle emperor greeted the person to whom the edict was addressed to Beijing? |
4hop1__399219_765799_282674_759393 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Jerome Quinn",
"paragraph_text": " realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – FebruaryBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican. Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Valley New School",
"paragraph_text": " However, it has remained small in keeping with its mission of creating a community.\n\n\n== Facility ==\nValley New School is located in downtown, Appleton, Wisconsin, on the second floor of the City Center. When the site of Valley New School was selected, it was decided that a location surrounded by the businesses, organizations and opportunities of downtown would be optimal. The City Center is near the bus station, which creates access to transportation in the Fox ValleyValley New School (VNS) is a charter school in Appleton, Wisconsin operated by the Appleton Area School District. It has a capacity of 68 students in grades 7 through 12. The school operates through a project-based learning model, with the philosophy that 21st century skills and the process of learning is more important than learning a standard curriculum.ValValley New School (VNS) is a charter school in Appleton, Wisconsin operated by the Appleton Area School District. It has a capacity of 68 students in grades 7 through 12. The school operates through a project-based learning model, with the philosophy that 21st century skills and the process of learning is more important than learning a standard curriculum.== History ==\nValley New School opened in fall 2003 after several years of development. In its first year the school served students in seventh through tenth grade, but in the next two years it expanded one grade each year to serve students in seventh through twelfth grade. The original intention of the school was to expand each year to eventually serve upwards of two hundred students. However, it has remained small in keeping with its mission of creating a community.\n\n\n== Facility ==\nValley New School is located in downtown, Appleton, Wisconsin, on the second floor of the City Center. When the site of Valley New School was selected, it was decided that a location surrounded by the businesses, organizations and opportunities of downtown would be optimal. The City Center is near the bus station, which creates access to transportation in the Fox ValleyValley New School (VNS) is a charter school in Appleton, Wisconsin operated by the Appleton Area School District. It has a capacity of 68 students in grades 7 through 12. The school operates through a project-based learning model, with the philosophy that 21st century skills and the process of learning is more important than learning a standard curriculum.Valley New School (VNS) is a charter school in Appleton, Wisconsin operated by the Appleton Area School District. It has a capacity of 68 students in grades 7 through 12. The school operates through a project-based learning model, with the philosophy that 21st century skills and the process of learning is more important than learning a standard curriculum.\n\n\n== History ==\nValley New School opened in fall 2003 after several years of development. In its first year the school served students in seventh through tenth grade, but in the next two years it expanded one grade each year to serve students in seventh through twelfth grade. The original intention of the school was to expand each year to eventually serve upwards of two hundred students. However, it has remained small in keeping with its mission of creating a community.\n\n\n== Facility ==\nValley New School is located in downtown,",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Pulaski High School",
"paragraph_text": " rapidly growing population.\n\n\n== Academics ==\nPulaski offers Advanced Placement classes. The student to teacher ratio is 18 to 1.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\nOver 90 percent of the student body is Caucasian, while 2.9 percent are American Indian, 2.5 percent are Hispanic, 1.4 percent are African American and 1.0 percent are Asian. The school is split 51/49 male to female, while just over 22 percent of the school is eligible for free or reduced lunch.\n\n\n== Athletics ==\n\n\n=== State championships ===\nBoys' Basketball: 2013\nWrestling: 1969, 1974, 1993 (all runner-up)\nFootball: 1980 (runner-up)\nSoftball: 1996 (runner-up)\nCross Country: 2004 (runner-up)\nRugby: 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2018\nPulaski has also had a number of individual state champions.\nIn 2016, Pulaski citizens privately funded a $4.9 million athletic expansion project, including a new football stadium, track, baseball and softball fields, as well as expanding the tennis facilities.\n\n\n=== Incident involving Mike McCarthy ===\nOn February 27, 2019, the school became the center of attention during a basketball game against Notre Dame Academy after former Green Bay Packers head coach Mike McCarthy was berating officials during the game. A complaint was submitted to the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association following the incident. McCarthy's behavior was criticized as \"unacceptable\" from the Notre Dame Academy and Pulaski athletic director Janet Batten. A day later, McCarthy apologized for the incident.\n\n\n== Music ==\nThe Red Raider Marching Band performed in the 2007, 2012, 2017 and 2024 Rose Parades and in the 2003 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City.\n\n\n== Notable alumni ==\nJacqui Banaszynski, Pulitzer Prize-winningPulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, in Brown County, Wisconsin (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12. Its mascot is the Red Raider. Raider.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe original school was built in 1909, with additions throughout the next five decades. In ",
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},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "John C. Petersen",
"paragraph_text": "etersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (TheJohn C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat).",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the center of administration for the county that is neighboring the one where Valley New School is situated? | [
{
"id": 399219,
"question": "Valley New School >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Appleton",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 765799,
"question": "#1 >> capital of",
"answer": "Outagamie County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 282674,
"question": "#2 >> shares border with",
"answer": "Brown County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 759393,
"question": "#3 >> capital",
"answer": "Green Bay",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
}
] | Green Bay | [] | true | What is the seat of the county sharing a border with the county in which Valley New School is located? |
2hop__472083_7298 | [
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Adult contemporary music",
"paragraph_text": " music may feature synthesizers (and other electronics, such as drum machines).\nAn AC radio station may play mainstream music, but it usually excludes hip hop, house/techno or electronic dance music and some forms of dance-pop and teen pop, as these are less popular among adults, the target demographic. AC radio often targets the 25–44 age group, the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s. A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past, even some songs that never even charted the AC charts. This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart.\nOver the years, AC has spawned subgenres including \"hot AC\" (also known as \"modern AC\"), \"softWhile most artists became established in other formats before moving to adult contemporary, Michael Bublé and Josh Groban started out as AC artists. Throughout this decade, artists such as Nick Lachey, James Blunt, John Mayer, Bruno Mars, Jason Mraz, Kelly Clarkson, Adele, Clay Aiken and Susan Boyle have become successful thanks to a ballad heavy sound. Much as some hot AC and modern rock artists have crossed over into each other, so too has soft AC crossed with country music in this decade. Country musicians such as Faith Hill, Shania Twain, LeAnn Rimes and Carrie Underwood have had success on both charts.Adult contemporary music (AC) is a form of radio-played popular music, ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the 1980s to the present day, with varying degrees of easy listening, pop, soul, R&B, quiet storm and rock influence. Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music.\nAdult contemporary tends to have lush, soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated. It is usually melodic enough to get a listener's attention, abstains from profanity or complex lyricism, and is most commonly used as background music in heavily-frequented family areas such as supermarkets, shopping malls, convention centers, or restaurants. Like most of pop music, its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse–chorus structure. The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which use acoustic instruments such as pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. However, electric guitars and bass is also usually used, with the electric guitar sound relatively faint and high-pitched. Additionally post-80s adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers (and other electronics, such as drum machines).\nAn AC radio station may play mainstream music, but it usually excludes hip hop, house/techno or electronic dance music and some forms of dance-pop and teen pop, as these are less popular among adults, the target demographic. AC radio often targets the 25–44 age group, the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s. A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer musicWhile most artists became established in other formats before moving to adult contemporary, Michael Bublé and Josh Groban started out as AC artists. Throughout this decade, artists such as Nick Lachey, James Blunt, John Mayer, Bruno Mars, Jason Mraz, Kelly Clarkson, Adele, Clay Aiken and Susan Boyle have become successful thanks to a ballad heavy sound. Much as some hot AC and modern rock artists have crossed over into each other, so too has soft AC crossed with country music in this decade. Country musicians such as Faith Hill, Shania Twain, LeAnn Rimes and Carrie Underwood have had success on both charts. is usually melodic enough to get a listener's attention, abstains from profanity or complex lyricism, and is most commonly used as background music in heavily-frequented family areas such as supermarkets, shopping malls, convention centers, or restaurants. Like most of pop music, its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse–chorus structure. The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which use acoustic instruments such as pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. However, electric guitars and bass is also usually",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 12,
"title": "Illuminations (Josh Groban album)",
"paragraph_text": "\", was released on September 13, and was also available to download for free on Groban's website and Facebook from SeptemberIlluminations is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Josh Groban, produced by Rick Rubin. Similar to his previous albums, \"Illuminations\" contains songs sung in a variety of languages, including his first take on a Portuguese song, \"Você Existe Em Mim\", which Groban co-wrote with Lester Mendez and Carlinhos Brown. The album was released on November 15, 2010.IIlluminations is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Josh Groban, produced by Rick Rubin. Similar to his previous albums, \"Illuminations\" contains songs sung in a variety of languages, including his first take on a Portuguese song, \"Você Existe Em Mim\", which Groban co-wrote with Lester Mendez and Carlinhos Brown. The album was released on November 15, 2010. ==\nThe official title and cover art for Illuminations was revealed in September 2010. In addition to the regular release, a special fan edition of the album is available for purchase on Groban's website that contains the original CD, a \"making-of\" DVD, a 48-page color photo book filled with lyrics and pictures, and two bonus tracks (to be delivered digitally).\nThe first single from the album, \"Hidden Away\", was released on September 13, and was also available to download for free on Groban's website and Facebook from SeptemberIlluminations is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Josh Groban, produced by Rick Rubin. Similar to his previous albums, \"Illuminations\" contains songs sung in a variety of languages, including his first take on a Portuguese song, \"Você Existe Em Mim\", which Groban co-wrote with Lester Mendez and Carlinhos Brown. The album was released on November 15, 2010.Illuminations is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Josh Groban, produced by Rick Rubin. Similar to his previous albums, Illuminations contains songs sung in a variety of languages, including his first take on a Portuguese song, \"Você Existe Em Mim\", which Groban co-wrote with Lester Mendez and Carlinhos Brown. The album was released on November 15, 2010.\n\n\n== Album information ==\nThe official title and cover art for Illuminations was revealed in September 2010. In addition to the regular release, a special fan edition of the album is available for purchase on Groban's website that contains the original CD, a \"making-of\" DVD, a 48-page color photo book filled with lyrics and pictures, and two bonus tracks (to be delivered digitally).\nThe first single from the album, \"Hidden Away\", was released on September 13, and was also available to download for free on Groban's website and Facebook from September 8–13.\nLeading up to the album's release, iTunes released songs periodically from the album to download, which began on October 12 with the release of the album's Portuguese song \"Você Existe Em Mim\". A third song, \"Higher Window\", was released on October 25. A fourth and final song, \"L'Ora Dell'Addio\", was released on November 9.\nBeginning May 12, 2011, Groban embarked on a worldwide tour entitled the Straight to You Tour to promote the album.\n\n\n== Reception ==\n\n\n=== Critical reception ===\n\nIlluminations received mostly positive reviews from music critics.\n\n\n=== Commercial reception ===\nThe album debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200, selling 190,000 copies in its first week and was certified platinum by the RIAA for shipping over a million copies. The album has since sold over 800,000 copies in the US. In Canada, the album debuted at No. 4 on the Canadian Albums Chart and was certified platinum for shipping over 80,000 copies.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\nThe following is the track listing for the regular album:\n\nOrchestra and Choir arranged and conducted by David Campbell\nMixed by Allen Sides, except \"War At Home\" mixed by Andrew Scheps\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== Certifications ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nIlluminations at AllMusicIlluminations is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Josh Groban, produced by Rick Rubin. Similar to his previous albums, Illuminations contains songs sung in a variety of languages, including his first take on a Portuguese song, \"Você Existe Em Mim\",",
"is_supporting": true
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] | Which prominent pop musician began his profession on adult contemporary radio together with the singer who delivered Illuminations? | [
{
"id": 472083,
"question": "Illuminations >> performer",
"answer": "Josh Groban",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 7298,
"question": "Along with #1 , what notable pop artist started out his career on adult contemporary radio?",
"answer": "Michael Bublé",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
}
] | Michael Bublé | [] | true | What notable pop artist started out his career on adult contemporary radio along with the performer of Illuminations? |
3hop1__458916_665330_51423 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Spirit If...",
"paragraph_text": "ed Out on the...\" was listed at #33 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007 and 99th on Pitchfork Media's list.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\"Farewell to the Pressure KidsSpirit If... is the debut solo album by Broken Social Scene co-founder Kevin Drew. It was released on September 18, 2007. The album is the first in a series entitled \"Broken Social Scene Presents:\", with each album in the series being a particular member's solo efforts, assisted by fellow Broken Social Scene members. Brendan Canning's album \"Something for All of Us\", the second in the series, was released in 2008.... was recorded with Ohad Benchetrit and Charles Spearin of Do Make Say Think and Broken Social Scene. The track listing, album cover, as well as an mp3 download for the song \"Tbtf\" (an initialism for \"Too Beautiful to Fuck\") were released on June 19, 2007. Spirit If... reached #113 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on the Top Heatseekers chart. \"Backed Out on",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Casa Loma",
"paragraph_text": " as the Orange Blossoms, one of several Detroit groups that came out of the Jean Goldkette office. The band adopted the name \"Casa Loma\" by the time of its first recordings in 1929, shortly after it played an eight-month engagement at Casa Loma in Toronto, which was being operated as a hotel at the time. The band never played at Casa Loma under that name, still appearing as the Orange Blossoms at that time.\nCasa Loma (Spanish for ``Hill House '') is a Gothic Revival style mansion and garden in midtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that is now a historic house museum and landmark. It was constructed from 1911 to 1914 as a residence for financier Sir Henry Pellatt. The architect was E. J. Lennox, who designed several other city landmarks. Casa Loma sits at an elevation of 140 metres (460 ft) above sea level.",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Kevin Drew",
"paragraph_text": "Kevin Drew (born September 9, 1976) is a Canadian musician and songwriter who, together with Brendan Canning, founded the expansive Toronto baroque-pop collective Broken Social Scene. He was also part of the lesser-known KC Accidental, which consisted of Drew and Charles Spearin, another current member of Broken Social Scene. Peroff (drums), Andrew Whiteman (guitar) and Charles Spearin (guitar).\nMost of its members play in various other groups and solo projects, mainly in the city of Toronto. These associated acts include Metric, Feist, Stars, Apostle of Hustle, Do Make Say Think, KC Accidental, Emily Haines & The Soft Skeleton, Amy Millan, and Jason Collett.\nThe group's sound combines elements of all of its members' respective musical projects, and is occasionally considered baroque pop. It includes grand orchestrations featuring guitars, horns, woodwinds, and violins, unusual song structures, and an experimental, and sometimes chaotic production style from David Newfeld, who produced the second and third albums.\nStuart Berman's This Book Is Broken (2009) covers the band from its inception to its critical acclaim. In 2010, Bruce McDonald made This Movie Is Broken, a movie about the band's Harbourfront show during the 2009 Toronto strike.\nThe collective and their respective projects have had a broad influence on alternative music and indie rock during the early 21st century, in 2021 Pitchfork listed the band among the \"most important artists\" of the last 25 years.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Feel Good Lost ===\nThe band was formed in 1999 by core members Kevin Drew and Brendan Canning. This duo recorded and released the band's ambient debut album, Feel Good Lost, on Noise Factory Records in 2001, with contributions by Justin Peroff, Charles Spearin, Bill Priddle, Leslie Feist, Jessica Moss and Stars' Evan Cranley.\nDrew and Canning's material at the time was almost entirely instrumental, so they brought together musicians from the Toronto indie scene, the album contributors as well as Andrew Whiteman, Jason Collett, and Metric's Emily Haines, to flesh out their live show with lyrics and vocals. Over time, the band came to include contributions from James Shaw, Justin Peroff, John Crossingham, and Stars member Amy Millan.\n\n\n=== You Forgot It in People ===\nAll of the musicians from the live show joined Drew, Canning, Peroff and Spearin to record the band's second album, You Forgot It in People. The album was produced by David Newfeld and released on Paper Bag Records in October 2002 and won the Alternative Album of the Year Juno Award in 2003. The album also included musical contributions by Priddle, Jessica Moss, Brodie West, Susannah Brady and Ohad Benchetrit, but these were credited as supporting musicians rather than band members. On the supporting tour, the core band consisted of Drew, Canning, Peroff, Whiteman and Jason Collett, along whichever band members were available on each show date.\nIn 2003, the B-sides and remix collection Bee Hives was released.\nBroken Social Scene's song \"Lover's Spit\" from 2002's You Forgot It in People has been featured in director Clément Virgo's movie Lie with Me (2005), Paul McGuigan's Wicker Park (2004), Bruce McDonald's The Love Crimes of Gillian Guess (2004), Showtime's Queer as Folk (2003) and the penultimate episode of the Canadian series Terminal City (2005). The version of \"Lover's Spit\" found on 2004's Bee Hives record was also featured in an episode of the third season of the FX series Nip/Tuck. Showtime's television program The L Word featured \"Pacific Theme\" and \"Looks Just Like the Sun\", both from You Forgot It in People, in the show's first season. \"Lover's Spit\" is referenced in the 2013 Lorde song, \"Ribs\". \"Looks Just Like the Sun\" was featured in the 2006 film Swedish Auto. \"Stars and Sons\" from You Forgot It in People also appeared in the movie The Invisible. Music from the band's albums was used to score the 2006 film Half Nelson.\n\n\n=== Broken Social Scene ===\nBroken Social Scene released their third full-length album, Broken Social Scene, also produced by Newfeld, in October 2005, with new contributors including k-os, Jason",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the castle called, located in the city where the band from Spirit If... was formed? | [
{
"id": 458916,
"question": "Spirit If... >> performer",
"answer": "Kevin Drew",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 665330,
"question": "#1 >> location of formation",
"answer": "Toronto",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 51423,
"question": "what is the name of the castle in #2",
"answer": "Casa Loma",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
}
] | Casa Loma | [] | true | What is the name of the castle in the city where the performers of Spirit If.. became a band? |
2hop__14121_15463 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Macintosh",
"paragraph_text": "Compaq, who had previously held the third place spot among PC manufacturers during the 1980s and early-mid 1990s, initiated a successful price war in 1994 that vaulted them to the biggest by the year end, overtaking a struggling IBM and relegating Apple to third place. Apple's market share further struggled due to the release of the Windows 95 operating system, which unified Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products. Windows 95 significantly enhanced the multimedia capability and performance of IBM PC compatible computers, and brought the capabilities of Windows to parity with the Mac OS GUI. as a professional workstation and not a personal computer. Beginning in 1994 with the Power Macintosh, the Mac transitioned from Motorola 68000 series processors to PowerPC. Despite the significant performance increase, the Mac was not fully competitive with commodity IBM PC compatibles throughout the 1990s.\nThe 1996 acquisition of NeXT returned Steve Jobs to Apple, whose focused product oversight pushed the Mac mainstream with the 1998 iMac G3, the Mac OS X operating system (renamed to macOS in 2016), and the Mac transition to Intel processors from 2005 to 2006. High pixel density Retina displays debuted in the iPhone 4 in 2010 and the MacBook Pro in 2012.The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the Commodore 64 for consumers, as well as the IBM Personal Computer and its accompanying clone market for businesses. Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade. In the 1990s, improvements in the rival Wintel platform, notably with the introduction of Windows 3.0, then Windows 95, gradually took market share from the more expensive Macintosh systems. The performance advantage of 68000-based Macintosh systems was eroded by Intel's Pentium, and in 1994 Apple was relegated to third place as Compaq became the top PC manufacturer. Even after a transition to the superior PowerPC-based Power Macintosh (later renamed the PowerMac, in line with the PowerBook series) line in 1994, the falling prices of commodity PC components and the release of Windows 95 saw the Macintosh user base decline.Mac, short for Macintosh (its official name until 1999), is a family of personal computers designed and marketed by Apple. The name Macintosh is a reference to a type of apple called McIntosh. The product lineup includes the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro laptops, and the iMac, Mac Mini, Mac Studio, and Mac Pro desktops. Macs are sold with the macOS operating system.\nJef Raskin conceived the Macintosh project in 1979, which was usurped and redefined by Apple co-founder Steve Jobs in 1981. The Macintosh was launched in January 1984, after Apple's \"1984\" advertisement during Super Bowl XVIII. The system has a 9-inch monochrome monitor and 3 1/2-inch floppy drive built into the case and shipped with a one-button mouse. A series of incrementally improved models followed, sharing the same integrated case design. Jobs left Apple in 1985.\nIn 1987, the Macintosh II brought color graphics, but priced as a professional workstation and not a personal computer. Beginning in 1994 with the Power Macintosh, the Mac transitioned from Motorola 68000 series processors to PowerPC. Despite the significant performance increase, the Mac was not fully competitive with commodity IBM PC compatibles throughout the 1990s.\nThe 1996 acquisition of NeXT returned Steve Jobs to Apple, whose focused product oversight pushed the Mac mainstream with the 1998 iMac G3, the Mac OS X operating system (renamed to macOS in 2016), and the Mac transition to Intel processors from 2005 to 2006. High pixel density Retina displays debuted in the iPhone 4 in 2010",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Dell",
"paragraph_text": "Divergence: \n \n \n \n div\n ��\n \n v\n \n =\n ��\n ���\n \n v\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {div} \\mathbf {v} =\\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf {v} }\n \n\nCurl: \n \n \n \n curl\n ��\n \n v\n \n =\n ��\n ×\n \n v\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {curl} \\mathbf {v} =\\nabla \\times \\mathbf {v} }\n \n\n\n== Definition ==\nIn the Cartesian coordinate system \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n with coordinates \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n})}\n \n and standard basis \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n e\n \n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n \n e\n \n \n n\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\mathbf {e} _{1},\\dots ,\\mathbf {e} _{n}\\}}\n \n, del is a vector operator whose \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n}}\n \n components are the partial derivative operators \n \n \n \n \n \n ��\n \n ��\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n \n ��\n \n ��\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\partial \\over \\partial x_{1}},\\dots ,{\\partial \\over \\partial x_{n}}}\n \n; that is,\n\n \n \n \n ��\n =\n \n ��\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n ��\n \n ��\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n \n \n ��\n \n ��\n \nFrom 1997 to 2004, Dell enjoyed steady growth and it gained market share from competitors even during industry slumps. During the same period, rival PC vendors such as Compaq, Gateway, IBM, Packard Bell, and AST Research struggled and eventually left the market or were bought out. Dell surpassed Compaq to become the largest PC manufacturer in 1999. Operating costs made up only 10 percent of Dell's $35 billion in revenue in 2002, compared with 21 percent of revenue at Hewlett-Packard, 25 percent at Gateway, and 46 percent at Cisco. In 2002, when Compaq merged with Hewlett Packard (the fourth-place PC maker), the newly combined Hewlett Packard took the top spot but struggled and Dell soon regained its lead. Dell grew the fastest in the early 2000s.DelFrom 1997 to 2004, Dell enjoyed steady growth and it gained market share from competitors even during industry slumps. During the same period, rival PC vendors such as Compaq, Gateway, IBM, Packard Bell, and AST Research struggled and eventually left the market or were bought out. Dell surpassed Compaq to become the largest PC manufacturer in 1999. Operating costs made up only 10 percent of Dell's $35 billion in revenue in 2002, compared with 21 percent of revenue at Hewlett-Packard, 25 percent at Gateway, and 46 percent at Cisco. In 2002, when Compaq merged with Hewlett Packard (the fourth-place PC maker), the newly combined Hewlett Packard took the top spot but struggled and Dell soon regained its lead. Dell grew the fastest in the early 2000s. can be formally defined as a vector operator whose components are the corresponding partial derivative operators. As a vector operator, it can act on scalar and vector fields in three different ways, giving rise to three different differential operations: first, it can act on scalar fields by a formal scalar multiplication—to give a vector field called the gradient; second, it can act on vector fields by a formal dot product—to give a scalar field called the divergence; and lastly, it can act on vector fields by a formal cross product—to give a vector field called the curl. These formal products do not necessarily commute with other operators or products. These three uses, detailed below, are summarized as:\n\nGradient: \n \n \n \n grad\n ��\n f\n =\n ��\n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {grad} f=\\nabla f}\n \n\nDivergence: \n \n \n \n div\n ��\n \n v\n \n =\n ��\n ���\n \n v\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {div} \\mathbf {v} =\\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf {v} }\n \n\nCurl: \n \n \n \n curl\n ��\n \n v\n \n =\n ��\n ×\n \n v\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {curl} \\mathbf {v} =\\nabla \\times \\mathbf {v} }\n \n\n\n== Definition ==\nIn the Cartesian coordinate system \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n with coordinates \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n})}\n \n and standard basis \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n e\n \n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n \n e\n \n \n n\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\mathbf {e} _{1},\\dots ,\\mathbf {e} _{n}\\}}\n \n, del is a vector operator whose \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n}}\n \n components are the partial derivative operators \n \n \n \n \n \n ��\n \n ��\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n \n ��\n \n ��\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\partial \\over \\partial x_{1}},\\dots ,{\\partial \\over \\partial x_{n}}}\n \n; that is,\n\n \n \n \n ��\n =\n \n ��\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n ��\n \n ��\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n \n \n ��\n \n ��\n \nFrom 1997 to 2004, Dell enjoyed steady growth and it gained market share from competitors even during industry slumps. During the same period, rival PC vendors such as Compaq, Gateway, IBM, Packard Bell, and AST Research struggled and eventually left the market or were bought out. Dell surpassed Compaq to become the largest PC manufacturer in 1999. Operating costs made up only 10 percent of Dell's $35 billion in revenue in 2002, compared with 21 percent of revenue at Hewlett-Packard, 25 percent at Gateway, and 46 percent at Cisco. In 2002, when Compaq merged with Hewlett Packard (the fourth-place PC maker), the newly combined Hewlett Packard took the top spot but struggled and Dell soon regained its lead. Dell grew the fastest in the early 2000s.Del, or nabla, is an operator used in mathematics (particularly in vector calculus) as a vector differential operator, usually represented by the nabla symbol ��. When applied to a function defined on a one-dimensional domain, it denotes the standard derivative of the function as defined in calculus. When applied to a field (a function defined on a multi-dimensional domain), it may denote any one of three operations depending on the way it is applied: the gradient or (locally) steepest slope of a scalar field (or sometimes of a vector field, as in the Navier–Stokes equations); the divergence of a vector field; or the curl (rotation) of a vector field.\nDel is a very convenient mathematical notation for those three operations (gradient, divergence, and curl) that makes many equations easier to write and remember. The del symbol (or nabla) can be formally defined as a vector operator whose components are the corresponding partial derivative operators. As a vector operator, it can act on scalar and vector fields in three different ways, giving rise to three different differential operations: first, it can act on scalar fields by a formal scalar multiplication—to give a vector field called the gradient; second, it can act on vector fields by a formal dot product—to give a scalar field called the divergence; and lastly, it can act on vector fields by a formal cross product—to give a vector field called the curl. These formal products do not necessarily commute with other operators or products. These three uses, detailed below, are summarized as:\n\nGradient: \n \n \n \n grad\n ��\n f\n =\n ��\n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {grad} f=\\nabla f}\n \n\nDivergence: \n \n \n \n div\n ��\n \n v\n \n =\n ��\n ���\n \n v\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {div} \\mathbf {v} =\\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf {v} }\n \n\nCurl: \n \n \n \n curl\n ��\n \n v\n \n =\n ��\n ×\n \n v\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {curl} \\mathbf {v} =\\nabla \\times \\mathbf {v} }\n \n\n\n== Definition ==\nIn the Cartesian coordinate system \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n with coordinates \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n})}\n \n and standard basis \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n e\n \n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n ",
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}
] | In 2002, which organization joined forces with the company responsible for starting a victorious price competition amidst personal computer producers back in 1994? | [
{
"id": 14121,
"question": "Who initiated a successful price war among PC manufacturers in 1994?",
"answer": "Compaq",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 15463,
"question": "What company did #1 merge with in 2002?",
"answer": "Hewlett Packard",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | Hewlett Packard | [
"Hewlett-Packard"
] | true | What company did the company that initiated a successful price war among PC manufacturers in 1994 merge with in 2002? |
3hop1__617062_127905_80487 | [
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Cleveland Indians",
"paragraph_text": " in 1901, Cleveland was one of its eight charter franchises. Originally called the Cleveland Bluebirds or Blues, the team was also unofficially called the Cleveland Bronchos in 1902. Beginning in 1903, the team was named the Cleveland Napoleons or Naps, after team captain Nap Lajoie.\nLajoie left after the 1914 season and club owner Charles Somers requested that baseball writers choose a new name. They chose the name Cleveland Indians. That name stuck and remained in use for more than a century. Common nicknames for the Indians were \"the Tribe\" and \"the Wahoos\", the latter referencing their longtime logo, Chief Wahoo. After the Indians name came under criticism as part of the Native American mascot controversy, the team adopted the Guardians name following the 2021 season.\nFrom August 24 to September 14, 2017, the team won 22 consecutive games, the longest winning streak in American League history, and the second longest winning streak in Major League Baseball history.\nAs of the end of the 2023 season, the franchise's overall record is 9,760–9,300 (.512).\n\n\n== Early Cleveland baseball teams ==\n\nAccording to one historian of baseball, \"In 1857, baseball games were a daily spectacle in Cleveland's Public Squares. City authorities tried to find an ordinance forbidding it, to the joy of the crowd, they were unsuccessful.\"\n\n1865–1868 Forest Citys of Cleveland (Amateur)\n1869–1872 Forest Citys of Cleveland\nFrom 1865 to 1868 Forest Citys was an amateur ball club. During the 1869 season, Cleveland was among several cities that established professional baseball teams following the success of the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team. In the newspapers before and after 1870, the team was often called the Forest Citys, in the same generic way that the team from Chicago was sometimes called The Chicagos.\nIn 1871 the Forest Citys joined the new National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NA), the first professional league. Ultimately, two of the league's western clubs went out of business during the first season and the Chicago Fire left that city's White Stockings impoverished, unable to field a team again until 1874. Cleveland was thus the NA's westernmost outpost in 1872, the year the club folded. Cleveland played its full schedule to July 19 followed by two games versus Boston in mid-August and disbanded at the end of the season.\n\n1879–1881 Cleveland Forest Citys\n1882–1884 Cleveland Blues\nIn 1876, the National League (NL) supplanted the NA as the major professional league. Cleveland was not among its charter members, but by 1879 the league was looking for new entries and the city gained an NL team. A new Cleveland Forest Citys were recreated, but by 1882 were known as the Cleveland Blues, because the National League required distinct colors for that season. The Blues had mediocre records for six seasons and were ruined by a trade war with the Union Association (UA) in 1884, when its three best players (Fred Dunlap, Jack Glasscock, and Jim McCormick) jumped to the UA after being offered higher salaries. The Cleveland Blues merged with the St. Louis Maroons UA team in 1885.\n\n1887–1899 Cleveland Spiders – nickname \"Blues\"\n\nCleveland went without major league baseball for two seasons until gaining a team in the American Association (AA) in 1887. After the AA's Pittsburgh Alleghenys jumped to the NL, Cleveland followed suit in 1889, as the AA began to crumble. The Cleveland ball club, called the Spiders (supposedly inspired by their \"skinny and spindly\" players), slowly became a power in the league. In 1891, the Spiders moved into League Park, which would serve as the home of Cleveland professional baseball for the next 55 years. Led by native Ohioan Cy Young, the Spiders became a contender in the mid-1890s, playing in the Temple Cup Series (that era's World Series)The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The Indians compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) Central division. Since , they have played at Progressive Field. The team's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear, Arizona. Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901, the Indians have won two World Series championships: in 1920 and 1948, along with 10 Central Division titles and six American League pennants. The Indians' current World Series championship drought is the longest active drought among all 30 current Major League teams.1932 Art Deco sculptures by Henry Hering on the city's Hope Memorial Bridge, which is adjacent to Progressive Field. The team's mascot is named \"Slider\". The team's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear, Arizona.\nThe franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers, a minor league team based in Grand Rapids, Michigan, that played in the Western League. The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was called the Cleveland Lake Shores. The Western League itself was renamed the American League prior to the 1900 season while continuing its minor",
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"idx": 8,
"title": "Jim Wilson (first baseman)",
"paragraph_text": " athletics hall of fame in 2003.\nHe was selected by the Cleveland Indians in the 2nd round of the 1982 Major League Baseball draft, and played four games for the Indians in 1985.\nHe was released by the Indians following the 1986 season. After a brief tour in the Minnesota Twins organization, Wilson signed as a free agent with the Seattle Mariners on March 1, 1988, playing five games for them in the 1989 season.\nIn 1990, Wilson played in six games for the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks in the Japanese Pacific League. He returnedHe was released by the Indians following the 1986 season. After a brief tour in the Minnesota Twins organization, Wilson signed as a free agent with the Seattle Mariners on March 1, 1988, playing five games for them in the 1989 season. in Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan.\n\n\n== Career ==\nWilson attended Oregon State University where he played both baseball and football for the Beavers. In 1982, he set school records in home runs and slugging percentage. He was inducted into the school's athletics hall of fame in 2003.\nHe was selected by the Cleveland Indians in the 2nd round of the 1982 Major League Baseball draft, and played four games for the Indians in 1985.\nHe was released by the Indians following the 1986 season. After a brief tour in the Minnesota Twins organization, Wilson signed as a free agent with the Seattle Mariners on March 1, 1988, playing five games for them in the 1989 season.\nIn 1990, Wilson played in six games for the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks in the Japanese Pacific League. He returned to North America, playing in the minor leagues, Mexican League, and independent leagues until 1994, when he retired.\nAfter his playing days were over, Wilson became a high school and legion coach in Vancouver, Washington, where he now resides. He is a play-by-play announcer with Mike Parker for the Oregon State Beavers football team.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nJim Wilson Statistics on Baseball Almanac\nCareer statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)James George Wilson (born December 29, 1960) is an American former professional baseball player. He played parts of two seasons in Major League Baseball, appearing most often defensively as a first baseman, but more often as a designated hitter. He also played one season in Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan.\n\n\n== Career ==\nWilson attended Oregon State University where he played both baseball and football for the Beavers. In 1982, he set school records in home runs and slugging percentage. He was inducted into the school's athletics hall of fame in 200",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 15,
"title": "2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game",
"paragraph_text": "7 All-Star Game starters began online May 1 and ended on June 29. The top vote-getters at each position (including the designated hitter for the American League) and the top three among outfielders, would be starters for their respective leagues. The results were announced on July 2. Bryce Harper was the leading vote-getter with 4,630,306 votes.\n\n\n=== Final roster spot ===\nAfter the rosters were finalized, a second ballot of five players per league was created for the All-Star Final Vote to determine the 33rd and final player of each roster. The online balloting was conducted from July 2 through July 6. The winners of the All-Star Final Vote were Mike Moustakas of the American League's Kansas City Royals and Justin Turner of the National League's Los Angeles Dodgers.\n\n\n== Rosters ==\n\n\n==== Roster notes ====\n\n\n== Game summary ==\nThe game was mostly pitching-dominated through the first four innings. After a two-out double by Jonathan Schoop, Miguel Sanó finally got the AL on the board with his fifth inning RBI bloop single. In the bottom of the sixth, Yadier Molina became the oldest catcher to hit a homeThe 2017 Major League Baseball All - Star Game was the 88th edition of the Major League Baseball All Star Game. The game was hosted by the Miami Marlins and was played at Marlins Park on July 11, 2017. It was televised nationally by Fox. The game was the first since 2002 whose outcome did not determine home - field advantage for the World Series; instead, the team with the better regular - season record will have home - field advantage. The Marlins were announced as the hosts on February 10, 2015, by Major League Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred; the game was the Marlins' first time hosting, leaving the Tampa Bay Rays as the only MLB franchise not to have hosted an All - Star game.TheThe 2017 Major League Baseball All - Star Game was the 88th edition of the Major League Baseball All Star Game. The game was hosted by the Miami Marlins and was played at Marlins Park on July 11, 2017. It was televised nationally by Fox. The game was the first since 2002 whose outcome did not determine home - field advantage for the World Series; instead, the team with the better regular - season record will have home - field advantage. The Marlins were announced as the hosts on February 10, 2015, by Major League Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred; the game was the Marlins' first time hosting, leaving the Tampa Bay Rays as the only MLB franchise not to have hosted an All - Star game. to host the 2000 All-Star Game, prior to having it revoked by then-National League president Len Coleman due to the concerns of both the franchise's long-term viability in the South Florida market, along with the habitually low attendance figures at Pro Player Stadium. That game was eventually moved to Turner Field in Atlanta. The Houston Astros led all of baseball in sending a record six All-Stars to the game.\nThe American League won, 2–1, in 10 innings. Robinson Canó, second baseman for the Seattle Mariners, hit the game-winning home run for the American League and was named the 2017 All-Star Game Most Valuable Player.\n\n\n== Fan balloting ==\n\n\n=== Starters ===\nBalloting for the 2017 All-Star Game starters began online May 1 and ended on June 29. The top vote-getters at each position (including the designated hitter for the American League) and the top three among outfielders, would be starters for their respective leagues. The results were announced on July 2. Bryce Harper was the leading vote-getter with 4,630,306 votes.\n\n\n=== Final roster spot ===\nAfter the rosters were finalized, a second ballot of five players per league was created for the All-Star Final Vote to determine the 33rd and final player of each roster. The online balloting was conducted from July 2 through July 6. The winners of the All-Star Final Vote were Mike Moustakas of the American League's Kansas City Royals and Justin Turner of the National League's Los Angeles Dodgers.\n\n\n== Rosters ==\n\n\n==== Roster notes ====\n\n\n== Game summary ==\nThe game was mostly pitching-dominated through the first four innings. After a two-out double by Jonathan Schoop, Miguel Sanó finally got the AL on the board with his fifth inning RBI bloop single. In the bottom of the sixth, Yadier Molina became the oldest catcher to hit a homeThe 2017 Major League Baseball All - Star Game was the 88th edition of the Major League Baseball All Star Game. The game was hosted by the Miami Marlins and was played at Marlins Park on July 11, 2017. It was televised nationally by Fox. The game was the first since 2002 whose outcome did not determine home - field advantage for the World Series; instead, the team with the better regular - season record will have home - field advantage. The Marlins were announced as the hosts on February 10, 2015, by Major League Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred; the game was the Marlins' first time hosting, leaving the Tampa Bay Rays as the only MLB franchise not to have hosted an All - Star game.The 2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 88th edition of the Major League Baseball All Star Game. The game was hosted by the Miami Marlins and was played at Marlins Park on July 11, 2017. It was televised nationally by Fox. The game was the first since 2002 whose outcome did not determine home-field advantage for the World Series; instead, the team with the better regular-season record will have home-field advantage. The Marlins were announced as the hosts on February 10, 2015, by Major League Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred; the game was the Marlins' first time hosting, leaving the Tampa Bay Rays as the only MLB franchise not to have hosted an All-Star game.\nThe Marlins initially were slated to host the 2000 All-Star Game, prior to having it revoked by then-National League president Len Coleman due to the concerns of both the franchise's long-term viability in the South Florida market, along with the habitually low attendance figures at Pro Player Stadium. That game was eventually moved to Turner Field in Atlanta. The Houston Astros led all of baseball in sending a record six All-Stars to the game.\nThe American League won, 2–1, in 10 innings. Robinson Canó, second baseman for the Seattle Mariners, hit the game-winning home run for the American League and was named the 2017 All-Star Game Most Val",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In the league where Jim Wilson is a player, when is the All-Star game scheduled? | [
{
"id": 617062,
"question": "Jim Wilson >> member of sports team",
"answer": "Indians",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 127905,
"question": "What league was Cleveland #1 ?",
"answer": "Major League Baseball",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 80487,
"question": "when is the #2 all-star game being played",
"answer": "July 11, 2017",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
}
] | July 11, 2017 | [] | true | When is the All-Star game being played in the league that Jim Wilson plays for? |
2hop__267938_92763 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Jack Clay",
"paragraph_text": " graduate of the Northwestern University school of speech under Alvina Krause, Clay taught at Oberlin College (1956 - 1957), the University of Miami (1957 - 1961), and the University of South Florida (1961 - 1966). He also headed the Professional Actors Training Programs at Southern Methodist University (1966 - 1986) and the University of Washington (1986 - 1991.) While in Dallas, He founded \"Stage #1,\" a professional acting company, and served as its artistic director for eight years.JA graduate of the Northwestern University school of speech under Alvina Krause, Clay taught at Oberlin College (1956 - 1957), the University of Miami (1957 - 1961), and the University of South Florida (1961 - 1966). He also headed the Professional Actors Training Programs at Southern Methodist University (1966 - 1986) and the University of Washington (1986 - 1991.) While in Dallas, He founded \"Stage #1,\" a professional acting company, and served as its artistic director for eight years.6 - 1991.) While in Dallas, he founded \"Stage #1,\" a professional acting company, and served as its artistic director for eight years. \nClay's teachers included Lee Strasberg, Martha Graham and Eric Hawkins. Among his best-known students were Kathy Bates, Powers Boothe, Patricia Richardson, Stephen Tobolowsky, Beth Henley and Christopher Evan Welch.\nClay was also a distinguished member of the College of Fellows of the American Theatre.\nClay died on September 2, 2019, in Seattle.\n\n\nA graduate of the Northwestern University school of speech under Alvina Krause, Clay taught at Oberlin College (1956 - 1957), the University of Miami (1957 - 1961), and the University of South Florida (1961 - 1966). He also headed the Professional Actors Training Programs at Southern Methodist University (1966 - 1986) and the University of Washington (1986 - 1991.) While in Dallas, He founded \"Stage #1,\" a professional acting company, and served as its artistic director for eight years.Jack DeWayne Clay (October 20, 1926 – September 2, 2019) was an American acting teacher, director and actor.\nA graduate of the Northwestern University school of speech under Alvina Krause, Clay taught at Oberlin College (1956 - 1957), University of Miami (1957 - 1961), and the University of South Florida (1961 - 1966). He also headed the Professional Actors Training Programs at Southern Methodist University (1966 - 1986) and the University of Washington (1986 - 1991.) While in Dallas, he founded \"Stage #1,\" a professional acting company, and served as its artistic director for eight years. \nClay's teachers included Lee Strasberg, Martha Graham and Eric Hawkins. Among his best-known students were Kathy Bates, Powers Boothe, Patricia Richardson, Stephen Tobolowsky, Beth Henley and Christopher Evan Welch.\nClay was",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "University of Miami",
"paragraph_text": "'s intercollegiate athletic teams are collectively known as the Miami Hurricanes and compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Its football team has won five national championships since 1983, and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Leadership ===\n\n\n==== Bowman Foster Ashe (1926 to 1952) ====\n\nIn 1925, the University of Miami was founded by a group of citizens who sought to offer \"unique opportunities to develop inter-American studies, further creative work in the arts and letters, and conduct teaching and research programs in tropical studies\", according to the university's founding charter. They believed that a local university would benefit the Miami metropolitan area and were optimistic that the university would be a beneficiary of future financial support, especially since South Florida was benefiting from the historic 1920s land boom. During this era of Jim Crow laws, there were three large state-funded universities in Florida for white male students, white female students, and black female students: the University of Florida in Gainesville and Florida State University and Florida A&M University, both in Tallahassee. Like most private universities of the time, the University of Miami was founded as a coeducational institution but not yet open toUniversity of Miami Latin: Universitas Miamiensis Motto Magna est veritas (Latin) Motto in English Great is the truth Type Private Established 1925; 93 years ago (1925) Academic affiliations NAICU SURA ORAU Endowment $949 million (2017) Budget $3.3 billion (2016) Chairman Richard D. Fain President Julio Frenk Provost Jeffrey Duerk Academic staff 3,045 Administrative staff 10,985 Students 16,801 Undergraduates 10,849 Postgraduates 5,952 Location Coral Gables, Florida, U.S. Campus Suburban Total 453 acres (1.83 km) Colors Orange, Green, White Nickname Hurricanes Sporting affiliations NCAA Division I -- ACC Mascot Sebastian the Ibis Website www.miami.eduUniversity of Miami Latin: Universitas Miamiensis Motto Magna est veritas (Latin) Motto in English Great is the truth Type Private Established 1925; 93 years ago (1925) Academic affiliations NAICU SURA ORAU Endowment $949 million (2017) Budget $3.3 billion (2016) Chairman Richard D. Fain President Julio Frenk Provost Jeffrey Duerk Academic staff 3,045 Administrative staff 10,985 Students 16,801 Undergraduates 10,849 Postgraduates 5,952 Location Coral Gables, Florida, U.S. Campus Suburban Total 453 acres (1.83 km) Colors Orange, Green, White Nickname Hurricanes Sporting affiliations NCAA Division I -- ACC Mascot Sebastian the Ibis Website www.miami.edu240 acres (0.97 km2), has over 5,700,000 square feet (530,000 m2) of buildings, and is located 7 miles (11 km) southwest of Downtown Miami, the heart of the nation's ninth-largest and world's 65th-largest metropolitan area. As of 2023, it is the 75th-largest research university in the nation with annual research expenditures of $456 million.\nAs of 2023, the University of Miami has 229,710 alumni from all 50 states and 174 foreign nations. University of Miami faculty include a number of notable academics across nearly all disciplines, including four Nobel Prize recipients. The university is classified among \"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\" and is a member of the Association of American Universities.\nThe University of Miami's intercollegiate athletic teams are collectively known as the Miami Hurricanes and compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Its football team has won five national championships since 1983, and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Leadership ===\n\n\n==== Bowman Foster Ashe (1926 to 1952) ====\n\nIn 1925, the University of Miami was founded by a group of citizens who sought to offer \"unique opportunities to develop inter-American studies, further creative work in the arts and letters, and conduct teaching and research programs in tropical studies\", according to the university's founding charter. They believed that a local university would benefit the Miami metropolitan area and were optimistic that the university would be a beneficiary of future financial support, especially since South Florida was benefiting from the historic 1920s land boom. During this era of Jim Crow laws, there were three large state-funded universities in Florida for white male students, white female students, and black female students: the University of Florida in Gainesville and Florida State University and Florida A&M University, both in Tallahassee. Like most private universities of the time, the University of Miami was founded as a coeducational institution but not yet open toUniversity of Miami Latin: Universitas Miamiensis Motto Magna est veritas (Latin) Motto in English Great is the truth Type Private Established 1925; 93 years ago (1925) Academic affiliations NAICU SURA ORAU Endowment $949 million (2017) Budget $3.3 billion (2016) Chairman Richard D. Fain President Julio Frenk Provost Jeffrey Duerk Academic staff 3,045 Administrative staff 10",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What's the total number of individuals enrolled at the place where Jack Clay is employed? | [
{
"id": 267938,
"question": "Jack Clay >> employer",
"answer": "University of Miami",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 92763,
"question": "what is the enrollment at #1",
"answer": "16,801",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | 16,801 | [] | true | What is the enrollment at Jack Clay's employer? |
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